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News. 


HEALTHY  HOMES  AND  HEALTHY  LIVING. 


A  WEEKLY 


ouRNAL  OF  Sanitary  Science. 


A.  H.  HARRYMAN,  Editor. 


VOLUME  XV. 

NOV.  2,  1889— APR.  26,  1890. 


CHICAGO: 

THOMAS  HUDSON,  Publisher, 
88  AND  90  La  Salle  Street. 
1890. 


CHICAGO: 

THOMAS  HUDSON,  PUBLISHER, 

88  AND  90  LA  SALLE  STREET, 

1890. 


LIBRARY 
DEC  -5  1958 

NEVi/  YORK  ACADEMY 
OF  I^IEDICINE 


320S5I 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XV. 

Nov.  2,  1SS9 — Ai'K.  26,  iSyo. 


Association,  Public  HluUIi   317 

An  Unknown  Gas   332 

A  Token  of  Regard   322 

Among  the  Phunbcrs,  324,  333,  355,  3611,  381,  3il3, 
m,  426,  440,  452,  4()4,  4T6,  488,  501,  512,  524, 
537,  54.S,  560,  573,  583,  596,  608, 

Association,  Oliio  State  Sanitary  

Architects,  Notice  to. 


Adulteration,  Legislation  Concerning  Food  

**Aniincs  Process^'  of  Sewage  Treatment  

Architects,  Responsibility  of  

Among  Chicago  Architects  

American  Institute  of  Architects  

Among  the  Architects  

A  Master  Plumber's  Entertainment  

Apprentices,  Suggestions  for  

A  Highly  Interesting  Open  Meeting  of  the  Chicago 

Alaster  Plumbers'  Association   392 

Antiseptic  Ventilation   412 

Architects,  Rivalry  Among   414 

Apprentice,  The   421 

Architects,  The  Brooklyn  Department  of   425 

A  New  Process — Gas  from  Petroleum   450 

A  Sanitary  Reform   458 

Annual  Report  of  Superintendent  of  Plumbing   462 

Apparent  failure  of  the  Soil  to  Filter  Water   483 

Arrangements,  Sanitary   484 

A  Sanitary  Pump   508 

Architecture,  Domestic,  in  New  York   510 

A  Close  Profession   530 

Atmosphere,  Organisms  in  and  Ventilation   554 

A  New  Illuminating  Gas   555 

Architecture  and  Popular  Demand   557 

Architects  to  Specify  the  Site  of  Window-Panes. . .  .557 

Amended  Plumbing  Bill   .  560 

A  New  Method  of  Determining  whether  Cesspools, 

Stables,  etc..  Drain  into  Neighboring  Wells. ..  580 

Architects  and  Builders   580 

A  Sanitary  House  and  its  Furnishings   591 

A  New  Ocean  Wave  Motor   593 

A  Carbonic  Oxide  Indicator   593 

Are  Sanitarians  Alarmists?   601 

Alarm,  The  SaniUiry  Influence  of   613 

B 

Bids  and  Contracts   336 

Buildings,  Vibrations  in   345 

Bridge,  The  Forth   351 

Brick,  Efflorescence  on   354 

Bids  and  Contracts,  3*3,  395,  408,  419,  429,  443,  454, 
467,  479,  490,  503,  515,  527,  539,  550,  562,  575, 

586,  598,  610,  623 

Buildings,  Harmony  in  Surroundings  with   387 

Baltimore  Resolutions   404 

Balancing  Accounts   405 

Business  Notes  431,  551 

Building  Laws,  More  Stringent   438 

Boiler  Explosions   445 

Bath-Rooms,  Much  Money  in   447 

Boiler  Corrosion,  Zinc  as  a  Preventive   448 

Boiler  Inspection  Improved   457 

Building  in  Other  Countries   471 

Builders,  Master  ;   473 

Buildings,  Fire-Proof   474 

Brick  the  Best  Building  Material   485 

Bonds  to  be  Issued   496 

Building,  Uniformity  in   496 

Banquet  Given  by  the  Chicago  Plumbers  in  Honor 

of  President  Hannan    500 

Boards  of  Health,  Local   555 

Builders  and  Arehitects   580 


Current  Topics  313,  325,  337,  349,  .361,  373 

Cities,  Use  of  Salt- Water  in   316 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers,  321,  34(),  393,  463,  501, 

522,  548,  572,  595,  620 

Comfort  in  the  House   330 

Competition,  Third  Annual  ^331 

Clark  Medal  Competition   332 

Certain  Provisions  of  Continental  Legislation  Con- 
cerning Food  Adulteration   337 

Coal,  Producing  Smokeless   344 

Contiimination  of  Drinking- Water  by  Lead   350 

Consumption,  Prevention  of   366 

Cellars,  Dry   376 

Conquest,  Professional   398 

Cremation,  Garbage   435 

Congressmen  and  Public  Building   438 

Contractors,  Estimates  from   451 

Cleveland,  Plumbing  Regulations  of   461 

Corrosion   473 

Chicago  Sanitary  District   481 

Corrugated  Iron,  TheLifeof     485 

Complimentary  to  the  St.  Paul  Plumbers   52a 

Certificated  Plumbers   536 

Carelessness  543 

Churches,  Pure  Air  in  543 

Chicago's  New  Water- Works   .543 

Col.  Auchmutv's  Address   559 

Contagion  vs.  Sanitation   566 

Class  Plumbing   589 

Care  of  House  Plumbing   607 

Consumption,  to  Prevent   614 


Disposal  of  Garbage  in  London   32'< 

Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting  352,  508 

Drainage,  Kitchen,  in  Philadelphia   374 


Dry  Cellars   376 

Danger  in  Water  Gas   482 

Damp  Proof  Houses   486 

Deserving  Careful  Consideration   485 

Detroit,  Plumbing  in   487 

Determining  Acoustic  Qualities   497 

Disposal  of  House  Refuse   506 

Domestic  Architecture  in  New  York   510 

Detecting  Defective  Pipes   512 

Detroit,  Some  Recollections   of    Plumbing  and 

Plumbers  in   523 

Drinking- Water,  How  to  Purify   531 

Drains,  Earthenware   544 

Drainage,  House   5.58 

Disposal  of  Sewage  of  Isolated  Country  Houses. ..  578 


Every  Man  His  Own  Plumber  

Electric  Lighting,  Dangers  of   352, 

Efflorescence  on  Brick  

Education,  Technical  

Entertainment,  A  Master  Plumber's   

Exposition,  Germany's  Floating  

Engineers'  License  in  Chicago  

Education  of  the  Plumber  

Every  One  to  His  Own  Trade  

Evaporation  of  Water  in  Traps  

Exhaust  Steam,  Re-Heating  

Elevator  Construction,  Plans  for  

Examination  of  Plumbers  

Explosion  of  Boilers  

Evaporation  of  the  Water  Seal  of  Traps  

Engmeers  and  Surveyors,  Illinois  Society  of  

Estimates  from  Contractors  

Executive  Committee,  N.  A.  M.  P.,  Meeting  of.. . 

Elevator  Accidents  

Epidemics,  When  to  Stop  

Economy  in  the  Use  of  Steel  in  Building  Construc- 
tion  

Engineering,  Oversight  in  

Exposition  Buildings,  Materials  for  

Earthenware  Drains  

Epidemics,  the  Psychology  of  

Electric  Railways  as  a  Sanitary  Measure  

Epidemic  Typhoid  Fever  at  Cumberland  

Engineers,  Instructions  for  


From  Chicago  Architects  

French  Plumbing.,  

Filtering  Material,  New  

Fatal  Colds  and  Our  Houses.. 

Fans  or  Hot  Water  

Fumigation,  Sulphur  in  

Flushing  Tunnel,  Milwaukee. 

Fire-Proof  Buildings  

Foundations  

For  Sanitary  Inspectors  

Fresh- Air  Inlets,  Valves  to. . . 
For  the  World's  Fair  


324,  3:32, 


Garbage,  Management  of,  in  Large  Cities   314 

General  Knowledge  of  Sanitary  Science   315 

Garbage,  Disposal  of,  in  London   328 

Gas,  Purification  of   329 

Great  Water  Power  Scheme   351 

Germany's  Floating  Exposition   377 

Good  Firing  as  a  Smoke  Preventer   378 

Garbage,  the  Care  and  Disposal  of   400 

Gas,  Utilit)-  of  Water  in  Manufacture  of   424 

Garbage  Cremation   435 

Glass,  New  Substitute  for   449 

Gas  from  Petroleum   4.50 

Godfrey  Water  Supply  System   508 

Germs   554 

Gas,  New  Illuminating   555 

H 

Health,  Public  Association   ,S17 

House,  Comfort  in  the   330 

Heating  and  Lighting.  .33.5,  346,  358  ,  370,  381,  394,  406 

417,  428,  441,  453,  465,  477,  489,  502,  513,  525,  538 

549,  562,  574,  585,  597,  609,  622 

Health  in  Michigan  340,  387,  435,  450,  495,  542,  591 

Health  and  Law   349 

Hot- Water  Heating  and  Plumbers   355 

Health  of  Rhode  Island   374 

Hints  for  Owners  of  Steam  Boilers   374 

Health  of  New  York  and  London   376 

How  to  Have  a  House  Built   378 

Harmony  with  Surroundings  in  Buildings   387 

Heating  and  Ventilating   397 

Heating  Boilers,  Safety  Valves  on   412 

Houses  and  Fatal  Colds   42t 

He  Knew  it  All   425 

Hot  Water  or  Fans   437 

Houses,  Sanitary   452 

Houses,  Damp-?roof  ;   485 

Heating  and  A'entilating  in  School  Houses   494 

Hansen  Chimney  Topping   498 

House  Refuse,  Disposal  of   506 

How  to  Purify  Drinking  Water   531 

House  Drainage   558 

How  We  Were  Ventilated   567 

Health  Departments  and  Plumbers   577 

How  Not  to  Do  It   582 

House  Plumbing,  Care  of   607 


Interception  of  Miasmatic   Emanations  from  the 

Subsoil  of  Dwellings   826 

Infectious  Disease  Notification  Act   342 

Institute  of  American  Architects   367 

Inspectors,  Plumbers  for   3*i8 

Instruction  for  Plumbers   404 

Inspectors,  Plumbing   446 

Inspectors,  Sanitary,  of  Scotland   447 

Iron,  Rustless  ,   449 

Illinois  Society  of  Engineers  and  Surveyors   449 

Inspection  Does  Inspect   452 

Improved  Boiler  Inspection   457 

Information  Wanted   472 

Increasing  Greatness  of  the  United  States   495 

Inspectors,  Sanitary   512 

Inspection  of  Plumber- Work   545 

Indianapolis  Master  Plumbers   547 

Is  Insanity  Preventable?   592 


Joint  Meeting  and  Consolidation  of  the  Two  Asso- 
ciations of  Architects   460 

Journeymen  Strikers   583 


Kitchen  Drainage  in  Philadelphia   374 

Kansas  Master  Plumbers   523 

Kalamazoo,  the  Se^yerage  of   556 


London,  Disposal  of  Garbage  in   328 

Law  and  Health   349 

Licensing  Architects   356 

London  and  New  York,  Health  of  376 

License,  Engineers'  in  Chicago   377 

Labor  of  Sanitarians  409 

Lodging  Houses  in  New  York   470 

Lead  Poisoning   549 

Labor,  The  Wages  of   553 

Liabilities  for  Injurious  Patent  Medicines   555 

Local  Boards  of  Health   555 

Labor  Situation   565 

License  Architects   563 

Liquids,  Movement  of.  Under  Pressure    579 

I>ow  Death-Rate,  Money  \'alue  of   609 

London,  Registration  in   618 

M 

Management  of  Garbage  in  Large  Cities   314 

Master  Plumbers'  Entertainment  369 

More  Chicago  Sky-Scrapers   379 

Master  Plumbers'  Trade  in  Relation  to  Hot- Water 

,    Heating   386,  402,  410,  422 

Meeting  of  the  Illinois  State  Association  of  Archi- 
tects   403 

Master  Plumbers'  Meeting   416,  501 

Mud,  Thames  ,   435 

More  Stringent  Building  Laws  438 

Master  Plumbers'  Meeting  and  Election  of  Officers  439 

Master  Plumbers,  New  York   440 

Much  Money  in  IJath-Rooms   447 

Aleeting  of  the  Executive  Committee,  N.  A.  M.  P.  463 

Modern  Magic  as  Applied  to  Coal   473 

Master  Builders   473 

Master  Plumbers   476 

Modern  Sanitary  Conditions   4S3 

Master  Plumbers,  St.  Paul   487 

Master  Plumbers'  National  Association,  Member- 
ship in   505 

Master  Plumbers,  Kansas   523 

Minneapolis  Master  Plumbers   534 

Master  Plumbers,  Brooklyn   536 

Master  Plumbers,  Stringent  Rules  for   537 

Materials  for  Exposition  Buildings   544 

Master  Plumbers,  National  Association  of   547 

Mineral  Wool  as  a  Filling   557 

Milwaukee  Master  Plumbers  '.  560 

Modern  Sanitation   570 

Movements  of  Liquids  Under  Pressure  •   579 

Medicated  Liquid  Soaps....;,  5S7 

Money  Value  of  a  Low  Death-Rate   603 

May  wood,  Sewerage  of   616 

McClellan  Anti-Syphon  Trap  Vent   619 


Notice  to  Architects   331 

Natural  Gas  in  Chicago   340 

Notification  Act  of  Infectious  Diseases   342 

New  York  and  London,  Health  of   376 

Notes  from  Architects,  378  ,  387,  403,  415,  425,  451,  460 
474,  486,  497,  510,  521,  535,  557,  569,  581,  593,  606,  618 

New  Filtering  Material   413 

New  York  Master  Plumbers   440 

New  Substitute  for  Glass   449 

National  Registration  of  Plumbers   511 

New  Pipe-Hooks,  Expansion -Plates  and  Ring- 
Plates  513 

National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers   547 


One  Cause  of  Sickness  and  Discomfort  Largely 

Preventable  '.  314 

Ohio  State  Sanitary  Association   339 

Ohio  Sanitarians   346 


4055 


INDEX. 


On  a  Method  of  Regulating;  the  Maximum  Dis- 
charge of  Sewers   401 

Our  Houses  and  Fatal  Colds   424 

Other  Countries,  Building  in   471 

On  Determining  Acoustic  Qualities  497 

One-Fare  Rate  to  Denver   524 

Oversight  in  Engineering   542 

Organisms  in  the  Atmosphere  and  Ventilation   554 

One  Southern  Need   581 

Ocean  Wave  Motor   592 


Puhlic  Health  Association   317 

Plumbing  in  Custom  House,  Knoxville,  Tenn  321 

Paris  Exposition,  Sanitary  Appliances  at   326 

Purification  of  Gas  '.   329 

Plumbers,  the  Technical  Education  of   332 

Plumber,  Every  Man  His  Own   333 

Promotion  of  Public  Health   342 

Producing  Smokeless  Coal   344 

Plumbers,  Registration  of,  in  England   346 

Plumbers  and  Hot- Water  Heating   355 

Puritication  of  Water  for  Household  Purposes   302 

Prevention  of  Consumption   366 

Plumbers  for  Inspectors   369 

Plumbers   391 

Plumbing  in  tlie  Olden  Time   391 

Professional  Conquest   398 

Plumbers,  Instruction  for   304 

Plumbing,  Results  of  Better  ;   426 

Public  Building  and  Congressmen  433 

Plans  for  Elevator  Construction   435 

Plumbers,  Examination  of   439 

Plumbing  Inspectors   446 

Petroleum,  Gas  from     450 

Plumbing  Regvilations  of  Cleveland  4(U 

Plumbing,  Report  of  Superintendent  of   462 

Prevention  of  Smoke   483 

Plumbers,  St.  Paul  Master   487 

Plumbing  in  Detroit   487 

Public  Pfealth,  the  Value  of  the  Plumber  to   493 

Philadelphia  Water  Supply   494 

Pike's  System  of  Plumbing  and  Ventilation   499 

Plumbing  and  Ventilation,  Pike's  System   499 

Plumbers,  Registration  of   499 

Pump,  A  Sanitary   5US 

Plumbers,  National  Registration  of   511 

Pipes,  Detecting  Defective   512 

Plumbers  in  New  Quarters   52i^ 

Plumbing,  Tests  for   536 

Pure  Air  in  Chxirches   543 

Plumber- Work,  the  Inspection  of   545 

Patent  Medicines,  Liabilities  for  Injurious  555 

Psychology  of  Epidemics   555 

Plumbers  and  Technical  Knowledge   559 

Plumbing  Bill,  Amended   560 

Plumbers  and  Health  Departments   577 

Plumbers  and  Sanitation   607 

Plumbers'  Certificates,  Presentation  of   619 

Preparing  for  the  Convention  at  Denver   620 


Question,  The  Sewage   373 

Quarantine  ._   375 

Question,  The  Sewage,  in  London   433 

Question,  The  Drainage   520 


Registration  of  Plumbers  in  England   346 

Rhode  Island,  The  Health  of   374 

Registers,  The  Size  to  Use   377 

Relation  of  Hot-A\'ater  Heating  to  the  Master 

Plumbers'  Trade   386,  402,  410,  422 

Re-Heating  Exhaust  Steam   414 

Rivalry  Among  Architects   414 

Results  of  Better  Plumbing   426 

Rustless  Iron   449 

Reform,  A  Sanitary   458 

Reviews  and  Notes   491,  533  ,  543,  592 

Registration  of  Plumbers   499 

Regarding  ^lembership  in  the  Master  Plumbers' 

National  Association   !505 

Recollections  of  Plumbing  and  Plumbers  in  Detroit  523 
Report  on  Sanitary  Regulations  of  the  Pan-Amer- 
ican Congress   556 

Regulation  of  the  Practice  of  Architecture  in  New 

York   617 

Registration  in  London   618 

s 

Sanitary  Science,  General  Knowledge  of   315 

Salt  Water,  Use  of,  in  Cities  and  Towns   316 

Steel,  Hard  Tinning  of   <J20 

Sketch  of  Some  Plumbing  in  Custom  House,  Knox- 
ville, Tenn   321 


Seweraee  Notes  324,  335,  348,  359,  384,  395, 

419,  430,  443,  454,  479,  490,  504  ,  514,  525,  539,  530, 
575,  586,  598,  610, 

Sanitary  Appliances  at  the  Paris  Exposition  

Sanitary  Association  of  Ohio  

Sewers  and  Sewage  

Sewage  Treatment,  The  "Amines  Process"  

Starving  the  Teeth  

Sanitarians,  Ohio  

Sewage,  The  Question  of  

Steam  Boilers,  Hints  for  Owners  of  

Suggestions  for  Apprentices  

Snfoke,  Good  Firing  as  a  Preventer  

Sewage  Disposal,  The  Problem  of  

Sewers,  Regulating  Maximum  Discharge  of  

Sanitarians,  Tlie  Labor  of  

Safety  Valves  on  Heating  Boilers.  

Sewage  Question,  The  London  

Sanit:iry  Requirements  of  the  Modern  Dwelling 

House. ..   

Sulphur  in  Fumigation  

Sanitary  Inspectors  of  Scotland  

Surveyors  and  Engineers,  Illinois  Society  of  

Sanitary  Houses  

Sanitary  Reform  

Superintendent  of  Plumbing,  Annual  Report  of  

Sanitary  Association,  Tri-htate  

Sewage,  Treatment  of,  at  Kingston-on-Thames .... 

Sanitary  District,  Chicago  

Sanitary  Conditions,  Modern  

Smoke,  Prevention  of  

Sanitary  Arrangements  

St.  Paul  Master  Plumbers  

Sewage  Precipitation  Works  

Sponfaneous  Ignition  

Sanitary  Pump  

Sub- Contracting. . . .  i  

Sandy  Foundations  

St.  Paul  Plumbing  

Sanitary  Inspectors  

Some  KecoUections  of  Plumbing  and  Plumbers  in 

Detroit  

Sanitary  Convention  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va  

Stringent  Rules  for  Master  Plumbers  

-Sanitary  Regulation,  Report  of  the  Pan-American 

Congress  

Sanitation  vs.  Contagion  

Sanitation,  Modern  

Sewerage  

Sewage,  Disposal  of,  for  Isolated  Country  Houses 

Some  Interesting  Statistics  

Suggestions  for  Sewerage  Committees  

Some  Statistics  of  "The  Grip"  

Structural  Iron  and  Steel  

Sanitary  Plumbing  

Sanitary  Inspectors,  Association  of  

Sanitation  and  Plumbers  

Statistics  of  Breathing;  

Sewerage  of  May  wood  


Tinning  Hard  Steel  

Third  Annual  Convention  

The  Clark  Medal  Comp<;tition  

The  Technical  Education  of  Plumbers  

The  "Amines  Process"  of  Sewage  Treatment.. 

The  Responsibility  of  Architects  

The  Forth  Bridge  

The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting  

The  Gas  Jet  

Technical  Education  

The  Sewerage  Question  

The  Size  of  Registers  to  Use  

To  the  Master  Plumbers  of  Chicago  

The  Plumber,  Education  of  

The  Problem  of  Sewage  Disposal  

The  Care  and  Disposal  of  Garbage  

The  Baltimore  Resolutions  

The  Labor  of  Sanitarians..../  

Traps,  F^vaporation  of  Water  in  

The  Plumber's  Wooing  

The  Apprentice  

The  Brooklyn  Department  of  Architects  

The  London  Sewage  Question  

Thames  Mud  

The  Sanitary  Requirements  of  the  Modern  Dwell- 
ing House  

Traps,  Evaporation  of  Water  Seal  of  


To  Prolong  the  Natural  Gas  Supply  

The  Enforcement  of  the  Law  for  Municipal  Lodg- 
ing Houses  in  New  York  

Tri- State  Sanitary  Association  

Treatment  of  Sewage  at  Kingston-on-Thames  

The  Milwaukee  F'lushing  Tunnel  

Tests  for  Water  

The  What-Is-It  

The  Chicago  Sanitary  District  


408 
562 
622 
3-27 
329 
339 
340 
364 
364 
373 
374 
376 
378 
399 
401 
409 
412 
433 

436 
437 
447 
449 
452 
458 
462 
470 
472 
481 
483 
483 
484 
487 
495 
496 
508 
509 
510 
511 
512 

523 
532 
537 

556 
566 
570 
572 
5™ 
580 
590 
.592 
593 
594 
605 
607 
611 
616 


320 
331 
332 
332 
340 
344 
351 
S52 

•m 

3<>8 
373 
377 
381 
388 
399 
400 
404 
409 
413 
416 
421 
425 
433 
435 

4.S6 
446 
449 

470 
470 
472 
472 
473 
476 
481 


485 

493 

497 

507 

508 

50S 

520 

523 

527 

536 

536 

.541 

545 

553 

555 

556 

559 

565 

567 

568 

578 

580. 

596 

608 
605 
605 
607 
613 
614 
415 
616 
617 
619 


The  Life  of  Corrugated  Iron  

The  Value  of  the  Plumber  to  Public  Health  

To  Corner  Building  Construction  

To  L'tilize  the  Power  of  Niagara  

The  Godfrey  Water  Supply  System  

The  Old  Well  

The  Drainage  Question  

The  Tracy  Fire  

Trade  and  Business  

The  Brooklyn  Master  Plumbers  

Tests  for  Plumbing  

The  World's  Fair  

The  Inspection  of  Plumber- Work  

The  Wages  of  Labor  

The  Psychology  of  Epidemics  

The  Sewerage  of  Kalamazoo  

Technical  Knowledge  and  Plumbers  

The  Labor  Situation  

Technical  Education  

To  License  Architects  ;.. 

The  Disposal  of  Sewage  of  Isolated  Country  Houses 

TheTansa  Water  Scheme  ".  

The  Strike  Ended  

The  Importance  of  Educating  Our  Youth  in  the 

Principles  of  Hygiene  

The  Association  of  Public  Sanitary  Inspectors  

The  Electric  Railway  as  a  Sanitary  Measure  

The  Care  of  House  Plumbing  

The  Sanitary  Influence  of  Alarm  

To  Prevent  Consumption  

The  Typhoid  Fever  Epidemic  at  Cumberland  

The  Sewerage  of  May  wood  

Typhoid  Fever  Epidemics  

Trap  Vent,  The  McClellan  Anti-Syphon..  

u 

Use  of  Salt  Water  in  Cities  and  Towns   316 

Unsanitary  Science   385 

Utility  of  Water  in  Gas  Manufacture   424 

Uniformity  in  Building   496 

Utilize  the  Power  of  Niagara   507 

Untidiness  and  Ruin   527 

Use  of  Steel  in  Building  Construction   534 


Vibration  in  Buildings   345 

Ventilating  and  Heating   397 

A'entilation,  Antiseptic   412 

Value  of  the  Plumber  to  Public  Health   493 

\'entilation  and  Heating  in  School-Houses   494 

^■entilation  and  Plumbing,  Pike's  System  499 

Ventilation   529 

Ventilation,  and  Organisms  in  the  Atmosphere   5.54 

Valves  to  Fresh-Air  Inlets   5S3 

Valuable  Instructions  for  Engineers   617 

w 

Where  New  Work  Will  Be  Done.... 324,  334,  346,  357 
370,  382,  393,  406,  416,  427,  440,  453,  465,  477,  488 
502.  513  ,  524,  537,  549,  561,  574,  584,  596,  608,  621 

What  10  Eat   331 

Water- Works  Notes... 336,  348,  :i59,  371,  394,  407,  418 
42<J,  442,  454,  466,  478,  489,  503,  514,  526,  5:18,  550 
562,  575,  586,  598,  610,  623 

Who  is  Responsible?   349 

Water,  Contamination  of,  by  Lead   350 

Water  Power  Scheme   351 

Water,  Purification  of,  for  Household  Purposes...  362 

Well  Water   376 

Whilethe  Solder  Melts  405,  416,  427 

What  Water  Costs   412 

Water,  Utility  of,  in  Gas  Manufacture   424 

Water  Seal  of  Traps,  Evaporation  of   446 

Water,  Tests  for   47-'$ 

What-Is-It,  The   476 

W^tcr  Gas,  Danger  in   482 

Water,  Apparent  Failure  of  Soil  to  Filter   488 

When  to  Stop  Epidemics   484 

Water  Supply  System,  The  Godfrey   708 

Water,  How  to  Purify  531 

World's  Fair   541 

Water  Purified  by  Metalliclron   591 

^^*ater- Works  for  Small  Towns   604 

Working  Hours  Abroad   616 

Y 

Youths,  Importance  of  their  Education  in  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Hygiene   608 

z 

Zinc  as  a  Preventive  of  Water  Corrosion  448 

Zinc  Ceilings   581 


Nov.  9,1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


325 


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CHICAGO,  NOV.  9,  1889. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics,  325 
Interception  of  Miasmatic  Emanation  from  the 

Subsoil  of  Dwellings,     -----  326 

Sanitary  Appliances  at  the  Paris  Exposition,   -  327 

Disposal  of  fiarbage  in  London,        -      -      .  328 

Ohio  Stafe  Sanitary  Association,        -      .      .  329 

What  to  Eat,   332 

Purification  of  Gas,  329 

Comfort  in  the  House,  330 
Plumbing— 

The  Technical  Education  of  Plumbers,      -  332 

Every  Man  his  own  Plumber,       .      -      .  332 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers,     -      -      .      .  332 

Among  the  Plumbers,     -      -      .      .      .  332 

Bdilding— 

Notice  to  Architects,      -----  331 

Third  Annual  Competiton,    -      -      -      -  331 

The  Clark  Medal  Competition,     -      -      -  331 

From  Chicago  Architects,.     -      -      .      -  332 

Contracting  News— 

Wliere  New  Work  will  be  Done,    -      -      -  334 

Heating  and  Lighting,    -----  335 

Sewerage  Notes,  335 

Water-works  Notes,       -      -      -  3.36 

Bids  and  Contracts,        -      -      ...  336 

CJiicago  Building  Permits.     .     -      .      .  336 


An  attempt  is  soon  to  be  made  at  Leadvillc 
to  smelt  the  sulphide  ores  on  a  large  scale 


Thomas  Hyknks,  of  Evansville,  Ind.,  has 
devised  an  electric  meter  for  incandescent 
circuits. 

Stkkl  is  being  turned  out  of  a  Reading 
mill  which  is  said  to  be  superior  to  the  .Shef- 
field product.   

Thk  new  Tremont  Temple,  just  opened  in 
Boston,  has  an  entire  flooring  of  corrugated 
iron  covered  with  concrete. 


Steam  pipe  cement  is  made  with  linseed 
oil  varnish,  ground  with  equal  weights  of 
white  lead,  oxide  of  manganese  and  pipe 
clay. 

On  December  5th  and  6th,  the  Michigan 
State  Board  of  Health  will  hold  a  sanitary 
convention  at  Vicksburg,  Mich.  Full 
arrangements  are  being  made  for  an  in- 
teresting and  successful  meeting. 


A  German  process  for  the  'protection  of 
iron  water  pipes  from  corrosion,  consists  in 
heating  them  red  hot  and  passing  them 
through  a  tar  trough.  By  this  means  they 
receive  an  impervious  coating. 


The  Paris  Exposition  closed  last  Wednes- 
day after  being  open  to  the  public  just  six 
months.  It  has  been  a  success  in  every 
particular  and  stands  forth  as  being  the 
greatest  exhibition  the  world  has  ever  known. 

It  is  surprising  that  the  people  will  sup- 
port quacks  and  patent  medicine  peddlers 
more  willingly  and  to  a  more  liberal  extent 
than  they  will  their  health  officers.  The 
enormity  of  this  sin  will  some  day,  with  its 
own  burden,  bring  repentance. 


Notice  of  defective  plumbing  in  build- 
ings should  be  made  compulsory.  There 
are  many  buildings  in  which  the  plumbing  is 
suspected  of  being  out  of  repair,  but  from 
one  cause  or  another  it  is  not  remedied. 
There  are  cases  in  which  tenants  have  carried 
complaints  to  the  landlord,  but  received  no 
relief.  The  report  should  be  made  to  the 
health  department,  and  it  gives  power  to 
inspect  the  plumbing  and  enforce  repairs. 


It  is  now  established  that  flowers  and  the 
perfumes  distilled  from  themha.vea  salutary 
influence  and  constitute  a  therapeutic  agency 
of  high  value,  and  that  residence  in  a  per- 
fumed atmosphere  forms  a  protection  from 
pulmonary  affections  and  arrests  phthisis. 
In  the  town  of  La  Grasse,  France,  where  the 
making  of  perfumes  is  largely  carried  on, 
phthisis  is  unknown. 


It  seems  as  if  everybody  wants  to  build 
something  high  for  the  World's  Fair.  De- 
signs, from  the  most  stupid  to  the  most 
impossible  have  been  published  and  recom- 
mended. □Whatever  these  towers  may  be 


worth  as  private  enterprises,  their  day  for 
demonstrating  the  possibilities  of  high 
structures  is  passed.  That  has  been  suffic- 
iently demonstrated.  We  know  we  can 
build  high.  It  has  been  fully  demonstrated 
that  we  can  build  as  we  please  regarding 
dimensions  in  any  direction.  We  can  build 
large  or  small,  up  or  down,  and  engineering 
and  architecture  would  do  themselves  no 
credit  in  repeating  what  has  been  done.  Let 
some  one  demonstrate  that  we  can  build 
better  and  healthier  structure.  Let  some 
one  build  a  house  that  will  be  convenient, 
comfortable  and  meet  all  the  requirements 
of  perfect  sanitation,  in  which  the  heating, 
lighting,  ventilation,  plumbing,  etc.,  will  be 
perfect.  He  who  will  do  that  will  be  entitled 
to  more  praise  than  he  who  could  build  us  a 
tower  to  the  stars. 

A  gentleman  in  New  York  who  has 
a  new  system  of  street  railway  to  advertise, 
planned  a  tower  of  dizzy  height  up  which  he 
proposes  to  run  a  line  of  his  cars.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  he  can  do  it,  but  can  he  build 
a  simple  dwelling  constructed  so  as  to  meet 
all  the  requirements  of  health,  comfort  and 
convenience?  That  tower  story  is  an  old 
one,  and  we  do  not  want  America  to  go  back 
to  attempt  another  Babel,  for  we  have  con- 
fusion of  tongues  enough  now,  and  do  not 
need  it.  Something  that  would  educate  those 
tongues  and  teach  them  the  great  lesson  of 
right  living  and  the  spirit  of  loving  their 
neighbors  as  themselves,  would  be  infinitely 
better  than  all  the  towers  that  could  be  con- 
structed. 

What  good  can  it  possibly  do  a  countiy  or 
individual  to  build  a  high  tower?  If  one  be 
built  higher  than  all  others,  it  will  only  dem- 
onstrate the  possibility  of  some  one  to  build 
a  still  higher  tower,  and  where  is  the  benefit 
of  it  all?  Let  American  genius  turn  its 
attention  to  something  original  and  demon- 
strate its  capacity  in  building  to  meet  the 
higher  demands  of  human  comfort  and 
health.  If  some  one  would  construct  a  per- 
fectly ventilated  building,  for  instance  a 
school  house,  he  would  render  a  greater 
service  and  merit  greater  praise  than  if  he 
were  to  pile  our  mountains  one  upon  the  top 
of  the  other.  It  is  all  right  to  demonstrate 
the  possibilities  of  American  engineering 
and  architecture,  but  let  it  be  done  in  some 
way  that  has  not  already  been  accomplished 
— in  some  way  that  will  touch  and  better 
man's  well-being. 


PREVENTIVE  MEDICINE. 

A  writer  in  the  New  York  Times  dis- 
cusses the  views  of  a  "hard-headed  scientist" 
who  views  sanitary  science  as  the  means  by 
which  the  human  race  will  become  weakened 
and  perish  from  the  face  of  the  earth. 
Every  little  while  such  scientists  appear 
with  their  cold  calculations  showing  that 
sanitation  is  doing  serious  damage  to  the 
race  and  will  ultimately  destroy  it.  These 
men  would  prohibit  the  restoration  of  the 
weak  and  leave  the  sick  to  die  in  order  that 
the  race  might  grow  strong.  The  following 
quotation  sets  forth  their  views: 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol-  XV.,  No.  30i 


■' At  the  present  time  all  our  efforts  are 
directed  to  prolonginfj  the  lives  of  the  feeble. 
Wc  nianaj^c  to  keep  the  rickety,  scrofulous 
baby  alive  and  he  grows  up  to  a  sickly  and 
mfserable  manhood.  The  men  or  the  women 
who  would  formerly  have  died  before  reach- 
ing the  marriageable  age  now  live  to  be  the 
fathers  and  mothers  of  children  inheriting 
the  diseases  and  weaknesses  of  their  par- 
ents. Sanitary  science  is  not  for  the  strong 
but  for  the  weak.  It  probably  does  little  to 
prolong  the  lives  of  those  who  are  thoroughly 
healthy,  but  it  stejis  into  the  struggle  for 
existence  and  saves  the  weak  from  extinc- 
tion. 

The  result  of  this  cannot  Ijc  benoficial  to 
the  human  race  in  the  long  run.  Formerly 
nature  weeded  out  the  weak  and  left  the 
strong  to  propagate  the  race.  We,  with  our 
superior  enlightenment,  ask  the  weak  ancf 
diseased  to  become  the  progenitors  of  future 
generations.  For  undoubtedly  they  are  more 
numerous  than  the  healthy  and  strong.  In 
the  important  work  of  the  perpetuation  of 
the  race,  sanitary  science  has  made  the  least 
healthy  part  of  the  community  the  most 
prominent.  The  result  will  be  that  from 
generation  to  generation  man  will  continue 
to  deteriorate  physically  until  he  vanishes 
from  the  earth." 

The  first  answer  that  can  be  made  to  such 
arguments  is  that  it  is  not  true.  The  next 
may  be  found  in  a  mistaken  idea  as  to  the 
offices  of  sanitary  science.  Statistics  show 
that  sanitation  is  yearly  decreasing  the  death 
rate,  and  the  average  length  of  life  of  man 
is  on  the  increase. 

The  office  of  sanitary  science  is  to  prevent 
disease,  not  to  cure  it.  Its  mission  is  to  pro- 
mote health  by  removing  the  causes  that 
produce  disease  and  bringing  into  active  op- 
eration all  the  aid  to  health.  The  scientist 
lays  too  much  stress  on  hereditary  diseases. 
Alost  of  the  diseases  formerly  considered 
hereditary,  are  now  known  to  be  prevent- 
able. Even  consumption,  that  worst  foe  of 
mankind,  is  known  to  be  preventable.  San- 
itary science,  having  found  the  causes  of 
diseases  and  the  means  of  preventing  them, 
is  now  engaged  in  the  difficult  task  of  teach- 
ing indifferent  humanity  the  princijiles  that 
underlie  the  promotion  of  health  and  the 
propagation  of  the  strong.  It  has  stopped 
the  ravages  of  small-pox,  decreased  the  ep- 
idemics of  typhoid  fever,  diphtheria  and 
other  similar  diseases;  it  has  cjuarantined 
against  yellow  fever  and  is  now  hunting  the 
germs  that  causes  the  disease,  and  will  dis- 
cover the  means  of  destroying  them.  Diph- 
theria, which,  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  ago, 
baflled  the  skill  of  physicians,  has  yielded 
u[)  the  secret  of  its  virulence  to  the  sanita- 
rian who  is  able  to  stay  its  progress  at  its 
first  appearance. 

Thus,  throughout,  its  province  sanitary  sci- 
ence prevents  disease,  relieving  humanity 
from  the  pain  of  sickness  and,  in  many 
cases  the  uncertainty  of  a  cure. 


Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News. 


INTERCEPTION  OF  MIASMATIC 
EMANATIONS    FROM  THE 
SUBSOIL  OF  DWELLINGS.* 
Some  little  attention  has  been  given,  with- 
in the  last  few  years,  to  the  subject  of  base- 
ment floors,  but  chiefly  in  isolated  cases, 
where  scientific  men  have  personally  super- 
intended  the   construction   of    their  own 
houses.  Wherever  trouble  has  been  expended 
it  has  been  attended  with  the  best  results. 
I  state  this  not  from  hearsay  but  from  per- 
sonal knowledge. 

In  approaching  upon  a  scientific  basis  the 
subject  of  the  concreting  of  basement  floors, 
the  following  question  at  once  presents  itself 
to  our  minds:  What  is  the  actual  extent  to 
which  cement  will  prevent  the  passage  of 
miasmatic,  or  deleterious  vapors?  Deleter- 
ious vapors  may  be  divided  into  two  dis- 
tinct classes:  ist,  the  permanent  gaseous 
poisons,  such  as  sulphuretted  hydrogen;  2nd, 
organisms  such  as  microbes,  baccilli,  etc. 
Where  the  first  class  ends  and  the  2nd 
commences  it  will  require  the  bacteriolog- 
ists of  the  next  century  to  define,  and  for 
our  purpose  it  will  be  as  well  to  consider 
them  as  distinct  forms  of  matter.  First, 
then,  to  consider  the  question  of  porosity, 
or,  in  other  words,  how  far  are  these  differ- 
ent cements  capable  of  passing  gases.  This 
point  is  roughly  but  efficiently  determined 
by  the  following  simple  experiment,  or  series 
of  experiments: 

Thin  tubes  were  taken  a  foot  long  and  ^ 
of  an  inch  internal  diameter.  These  were 
carefully  plugged  with  the  cement  to  be 
tried,  an  exact  inch  of  each  cement  being 
set  in  the  ends  of  the  tubes.  Some  of  these 
tubes  were  allowed  to  stand  four  months 
before  being  used,  so  as  to  get  perfectly  set. 
The  following  materials  were  used  as  being 
typical:  No.  i,  fine  mortar,  made  by  adding 
one  part  quicklime  to  two  of  sand;  No.  2, 
plaster  of  Paris,  or  anhydrous  gypsum;  No. 
3,  Roman  cement;  No.  4,  Portland  cement; 
No.  5,  hygienic  cement. 

This  last  is  a  cement  with  which  we  have 
obtained  some  very  successful  results  in 
Dublin,  and  many  of  the  tests  given  further 
on  prove  that  it  is  specially  applicable  to 
basement  floors.  The  specimen  experi- 
mented with  contained  about  5  jjer  cent  of 
carbolate  of  calcium,  naphthaline,  etc. 

These  different  tubes  were  air  dried;  each 
tube  was  then  closed  at  the  end  by  an  india- 
rubber  cap,  which  could  be  removed  at  will. 
They  were  then  filled  with  mercury  and 
inverted  vA  a  mercurial  trough,  so  that  a 
toricellium  vacuum  was  formed  in  each  tube. 
The  caps  were  then  removed,  and  by  observ- 
ing the  order  in  the  fall,  of  mercury,  the 
relative  porosity  could  be  determined.  It 
stood  in  the  following  order: 

Kclntive  amount 
of  Poro.sity 

1.  Mortar,       -       -       -  100 

2.  Plaster  of  Paris,     -       -  75 

3.  Roman  Cement,  -       r  25 

4.  Portland  Cement,  - 

5.  Hygienic  Cement, 


10 

10  or 


*A  piipiT  ri'iid  by  Mr.  Charles  R.  ('.  Tichborne, 
L.  1j.  D.,  K.  1.  C.,  etc.,  before  the  congress  of  the 
Banitiiry  Institute  at  Worcester. 


Their  relative  position  as  regards  porosity 
could  be  determined  with  certainty;  but,  in 
the  second  column,  is  an  endeavor  to  give 
the  relative  amount  of  porosity.  This  last 
column,  although  it  conveys  a  very  good 
idea,  is  only  rough  approximation.  It  was 
arrived  at  by  performing  a  number  of  ex- 
periments, and  noting  the  respective  time 
the  mercury  took  to  fall.  Even  if  elaborate 
apparatus  had  been  constructed  to  arrive  at 
these  results  with  great  precision,  such  pre- 
cise experiment  would  be  of  little  use,  as 
hardly  two  samples  of  similar  kinds  of 
cement  would  agree  to  a  nicety. 

The  fall  of  a  foot  of  mercury,  in  the  case 
of  mortar,  is  called  one  hundred,  because  it 
is  the  most  porous  material — in  fact  it  is 
almost  instantaneous,  and  lasts  about  half  a- 
second.  It  can  just  be  followed  with  the  eye. 
The  Portland  cement  is  extremely  slow,  the 
last  inch  of  mercury  taking  nearly  a  quarter 
of  an  hour. 

A  series  of  experiments  were  then  per- 
formed with  similar  tubes,  to  determine  the 
rate  of  diffusion  of  gas  through  these  differ- 
ent materials.  These  experiments  are  con- 
firmatory, but  yet  in  a  degree  are  distinct 
from  the  previous  ones  in  their  bearing.  In 
such  experiments  we  are  drawing  important 
inferences  as  to  how  layers  of  these  differ- 
ent kinds  of  materials  would  influence  what 
has  been  aptly  called  the  "ground  respira- 
tion." Any  gas  that  may  pass  through  such 
septums  or  layers  of  cement,  will  obey 
Graham's  law  of  diffusion,  viz.:  That  the 
rate  of  diffusion  is  in  inverse  ratio  to  square 
root  of  their  gravity.  Hydrogen  was  the  gas 
selected  to  try  against  atmospheric  air. 
The  tubes  were  again  capped  with  india- 
rubber  and  were  filled  by  displacement  with 
hydrogen  gas.  They  were  then  inserted  in 
a  trough  of  water,  and  the  caps  were  re- 
moved. A  partial  vacuum  was  created  in 
each  experiment,  which  raised  the  level  of 
the  water  in  each  tube  according  to  the 
respective  rate  of  the  diffusing  hydrogen, 
which,  as  it  was  the  lighter  gas,  passed 
through  more  rapidly  than  the  atmospheric 
air  passed  it. 

The  relative  heights  of  the  column  of 
water,  above  the  level  in  the  trough,  is  given 
according  to  the  time  observed. 

1  M  in.  3  Mins  13  Mins.  20  Mins.SO  Ming. 

Inch.  Inch.    Inch.      Inch.  Inch. 
Lime  Mortar,      V4      WO  0  0 

Plaster  of  Paris,  I4      1  2^  2 1-lfl  0 

Roman  Cement,  M      I'l        2  2  y-lt!  1 

Portland     "HI  I'a  3!4 

HvKienio    "      M      15-4        1  2  1-16  3H 

It  will  be  observed  that  lime  mortar  is 
hardly  worthy  of  being  called  a  septum,  and 
is  practically  without  any  controlling  action 
upon  gases— in  fact,  under  such  circum- 
stances, it  should  be  viewed  merely  as  a 
coarse  sieve.  It  could  not  exert  any  con- 
trol over  ground  respiration.  In  the  case  of 
the  cements  it  is  very  perfect,  but  neces- 
sarily slow.  The  practical  reading  to  me 
mind  is  that  any  ground  gas  would  pass 
through  such  materials  as  the  hygenic 
cement  very  slowly,  if  at  all,  because  they 


Nov.  0,  1889.  I 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


atmosphere  being  of  a  lighter  density  than 
such  gas  as  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  or  car- 
bonic acid  gas,  a  downward  dil'fusirtn  would 
take  place,  or  we  may  pul  it  tliat  a  ground 
respiration  would  i)e  set  ui),  and  that  atmos- 
pheric oxygen  would  be  carried  into  the 
surface  soil.  The  atmospheric  oxygen  would 
oxidize  the  noxious  organic  matter  exactly 
on  the  same  princiiile  as  it  destroys  the 
pollution  of  rivers,  if  we  only  keep  the 
organic  matter  in  a  sufficient  state  of  atten- 
uation. 

So  far  we  have  merely  treated  the  ques- 
tion of  gaseous  diffusion,  but  it  is  probable 
that  the  most  important  part  of  the  investi- 
gation is  the  action  of  cements  on  the  germ 
contamination.  Tyndall  has  ])ointed  out  that 
plaster  of  Paris,  and  e\'cn  a  surface  of 
strong  sulphuric  acid,  is  incapable  of  separ- 
ating germs.  In  fact,  the  only  filter  which 
he  found  successful  was  cotton  wool.  This 
observationhas  been  thoroughly  indorsed 
and  made  use  of  by  subsequent  workers  in 
bacteriology.  Now  to  determine  the  action 
of  cements  in  separating  germs,  a  series  of 
Pasteur's  retorts  or  flasks  were  filled  with 
sterilized  hay-infusion,  and  were  then 
plugged  with  different  cements.  The  re- 
torts, contents  and  plugs  were  all  sterilized 
at  a  temperature  of  212  for  some  days.  On 
being  closed  they  were  placed  in  an  incuba- 
tor. In  a  short  time  all  of  these  solutions 
went  with  the  exception  of  the  hygienic 
cement  one  which  is  perfect  still  (three 
weeks  old).  It  is  also  interesting  to  observe 
that  the  next  best  flask  is  the  plain  Port- 
land cement.  There  is  only  one  conclusion 
to  arrive  at,  that  the  air  in  passing  through 
this  inch  of  hygienic  cement  was  perfectly 
sterilized. 

Asphalt  acts  as  a  perfect  plug, but  I  should 
say  that  it  is  objectionable;  because  if  we 
have  every  large  area  cemented  by  this 
material,  the  surface  gases  will  be  more  or 
less  under  pressure,  and  if  so  will  force 
their  way  through  any  of  the  numerous 
cracks  and  fissures  which  must  exist  in  an 
ordinary  house  ;  besides  this,  it  will  largely 
permeate  up  the  walls  which  we  now  see  are 
formed  of  very  porous  material. 

As  regards  the  permanency  of  the  anti- 
septic action  of  hygienic  cement,  I  may  give 
the  analysis  of  a  sample  of  concrete  made 
with  it  and  laid  down  in  Gray's  Inn  Road  in 
1885.  Itvvas  taken  u[)  in  i88q,  and  gave  on 
analysis: 

Moisture   3.00 

Antiseptic  matter  of  an  extractive 

nature   I.g6 

Carbolic  acid   0.14 

Granite  with  cement   94.go 


100.00 

When  broke  it  smelt  strongly  of  the  anti- 
septic used. 

I  believe  that  these  experiments  throw 
considerable  light  upon  the  question  of 
atmospheric  contamination  from  the  base- 
ment of  houses. 


SANITARY  Al'PLIANCKS  AT  TllK 
PARIS  1"..\  POSITION. 

I'KOM  Ol'K  SI'I'.CI  A  I.  HI'-.I'l(ICSi:N'l'A'nvi-:. 

Ill  the  laying  out  of  the  locations  for  tlic 
vaiious  de[)arlments,  tiiose  dealing  with 
sanitation  were  given  three  distinct  (jlaces: 
In  the  machine  hall,  French  and  English 
only,  separated  as  far  as  was  possible,  the 
buildings  of  the  \'ille  de  Paris  (as  already 
described),  and  the  Ksjjlanade  des  Invalides. 
Besides  these  several  outside  buildings  were 
devoted  entirely  to  lighting  apiiliances  in 
which  the  best  firms  in  Paris  display  gaso- 
licrs,  brackets,  standard  lamps  for  streets 
and  public  buildings,  and  various  imi^rove- 
ments  over  the  "  Wenham  "  system  of  burn- 
ers, resulting  in  the  entire  appropriation  of 
all  the  advantages  belonging  to  that  patent. 
Then,  other  buildings  besides  have  all  forms 
of  ra])id  water-heaters  for  baths,  gas  stoves, 
ranges,  and  everything  that  relates  to  heat- 
ing without  solid  fuel;  but,  after  a  long  study 
of  these,  nothing  that  showed  real  practical 
advancement  was  noticeable,  although  the 
handsome  designs  and  finish  to  everything 
exhibited  were  such  as  only  the  P'rench  are 
so  clever  in  producing. 

This  is  not  all,  for  in  the  main  building  in 
the  courts  relating  to  interior  decorations, 
such  things  as  enameled  baths,  porcelain 
lavatories,  gas-stoves  and  cooking  appli- 
ances, scores  of  "improved"  burners,  pat- 
ent hot-air  and  hot-wqter  warming  apparatus, 
furnaces,  ventilators  and  plumbers'  work 
present  themselves  on  allsides,  b.U  ill  witha 
"  shoppiness  "  of  arrangement  and  a  "cut- 
and-dried  "  order  of  things  which  is  uninter- 
esting in  itself  without  the  fact  that  they  are 
things  that  no  other  country  than  a  conti- 
nental one  would  find  use  for,  being  past 
date,  and  often  so  small  (in  the  case  of 
stoves  and  ranges)  as  to  be  useful  only  in 
charcoal-consuming  communities. 

Clear  away,  from  this  spot  in  the  "  |)alace 
of  diverse  industries,"  to  the  other  end  of 
the  exhibition  near  the  Eiffel  Tower,  there 
is  a  show  of  (ilumbing  tools  and  apparatus 
which  are  very  interesting,  although  without 
special  novelty.  These  are  the  professional 
classes  of  the  "Chambre  Syndicale  des 
Ouvriers."  "Plombiers,  couvreurs  and  zin- 
ceurs"  of  Paris  and  the  department  of  the 
Seine,  who  have  for  their  patrons  all  the  very 
big  companies,  and  first  or  "boss-plumbers" 
who  run  establishments  for  the  production 
of  lead  and  zinc  roofing  and  all  the  mater- 
ials that  come  under  the  head  of  sanitation. 
Mere  the  plumbers  make  a  show  of  clever 
work  and  difficult  bends  finished  in  good 
workmanlike  style,  a  feature  being  that  the 
si)ecimens  are  made  to  radiate  from  either 
one  big  central  pipe  or  from  a  large  leaden 
ball,  known  as  Nourice's  system  for  the 
collection  and  distribution  of  water  to  differ- 
ent parts.  This  display  comes  from  the 
society  having  their  quarters  at  12  Cite- 
Dupetit-Thouars.  Another  society  of  the 
same  name,  but  of  8  rue  Poitevin,  makes  a 
show  of  roofing  work,  zinc  gutters,  siphons, 
stink-traps,  water-meters,  and  a  complete 
line  of  plumbers'  tools  fixed  up  in  one  square 
space. 


1  he  "Esplanade  des  Invalides"  is  the 
great  location  of  the  sanitary  engineer.  The 
last  letter  gave  |)articulars  of  tiie  l)cst 
exhibit  in  this  part,  l)ut  which  is  small  in 
comparison  with  the  enormous  displays  in 
the  neighborhood.  W'itli  the  exception  of 
the  few  mentioned  hereafter,  they  are  of  a 
sameness  in  main  features  that  jjuts  one  in 
mind  of  the  ordinary  contents  of  a  shop 
turned  out  for  show.  y\  building  called  the 
"Industries  du  liatiment,"  relates  almrjst 
wholly  to  ventilatiop  and  water.  E.  Ucjcan 
of  II  rue  Richard-Lenoir,  Paris,  shows  a 
jjatent  shower-bath  by  which  the  bather  is 
entirely  closed  in  and  over  by  fine  spray 
water-pipes,  six  rows  of  which  are  su[)ported 
on  U[)right  nickeled  pipes  that  meet  together 
at  the  to]).  Rousseau  &  Co.,  of  93  rue  de 
Provence,  have  a  somewhat  similar  arrange- 
ment, but  it  is  shut  in  all  around  with  glass, 
[jreventing  the  scattering  of  water  yeiy 
completely. 

In  the  succeeding  large  building,  termed 
"  Hygiene  de  I'Habitation,"  are  some  "de- 
rophores "  at  work.  These  ventilators  are 
of  the  well-known  Fan  jjattcrn,  but  have  a 
very  small  disk  water-motar,  or  turbine, 
attached,  driving  theni  at  high  S])eed  one 
about  two  feet  in  diameter,  said  to  remove 
3,000  cubic  metres  of  air  per  hour.  Others 
have  cowls  and  throw  out  into  the  room  a 
continuous  rush  of  air,  and  water  in  finest 
spray,  and  arc  intended  for  disinfection  by 
the  use  of  an  antiseptic  solution  instead  of 
water.  The  Company,  Francaise  of  \'entila- 
tion,  80  Faubfjurg  .Poissonieres,  are  the 
makers. 

A  firm  who  exhibit  the  very  best  patterns 
of  front  fluslr-out  ])ans  in  course  stone-ware 
and  superior  enameled,  have  the  name  of  « 
Doulton  &  Co.,  and  all  urinals,  cisterns  and 
stone-ware  shown  bear  the  word  "  Doulton  " 
in  such  a  way  that  it  suggests  a  piracy  of 
name  on  the  big  English  firm  more  than  of 
the  a|)pliances;  however,  this  is  a  French 
fii-m  entirely,  who  admit  no  connection;  the 
pans  are  faultless  in  system,  and  many  of 
the  older  French  kinds  are  shown  with  big 
sloping  side  outlet  and  ordinary  flat-trap. 
The  firm  employ  5,000  hands  at  their  works, 
63  Boulevard,  Bessieres. 

Rogier  &  Mothes,  20  Cite  Trevise,  are  a 
firm  who  put  in  a  good  working  exhibit,  with 
water  laid  on  everywhere.  The  common 
French  water-closet,  as  they  show  it  with 
back  and  front  flush  in  a  very  long,  shallow 
pan,  is  perhaps  the  least  objectionable  of  the 
cabinet  "  d'aisance  commune."  To  the  door 
post  they  fix  a  separate  handle  and  this, 
when  turned,  brings  on  the  flush,  which  is 
only  stop[)cd  by  opening  and  shutting  the 
door  again.  This  large  exhibit  embraces  all 
forms  of  cisterns,  including  those  on 
Almond's  system  having  automatic  flush,  as 
adopted  by  the  city  of  Paris  authorities. 

Poupard,  Aine,  is  a  very  noted  head- 
plumbers'  supplyer  with  his  establishment 
at  23  rue  du  Cherche-Midi,  but  his  exhibit 
here,  like  the  grand  one  in  the  gallery  of 
machines,  is  remarkable  only  for  the  high 
finish  of  baths,  closets,  urinals,  etc.,  and  not 
for  any  first-rate  improvements. 


328 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.,  No  301 


Massing  a  great  array  of  pans  of  every 
conceivable  form,  modern  and  old  French, 
by  Scellier  of  174  rue  du  Temple,  another 
large  department  is  found  devoted  to  filter- 
ing apparatus  for  purifying  water  by  the  one 
hundred  gallons  or  by  the  pint,  and  the 
smaller  kinds  of  filters  are  very  numerous 
where  the  apparatus  is  screwed  to  the  end  of 
a  tap  and  subjected  to  a  rather  strong  water 
pressure.  The  filtering  medium  is  of  white 
composition  and  a  considerable  display  of 
this  kind  is  made  by  Mallie  &  Co.,  of  155 
F'aubourg  Poissonniere.  Boulet  of  31  rue 
Boinod,  is  another  large  exhibitor,  with 
Chamberland's  filters  on  Pasteur's  system, 
W'hich  are  more  complicated. 

In  another  building  the  journeymen  plumb- 
ers and  gasfitters  of  the  United  States  dis- 
play their  banners,  notably  of  St.  Louis  and 
Detroit,  with  the  framed  portraits  of  chief 
Knights  of  Labor  in  the  trade  and  including 
also  bound  volumes  of  their  proceedings  and 
other  books  belonging  to  the  fraternity, 
whose  portraits  are  also  seen  elsewhere  in 
the  neighboring  buildings. 

DISPOSAL  OF  GARBAGE  IN  LON- 
DON. 

The  interest  which  is  being  developed  in 
this  country,  says  the  Metal  Worker,  in  the 
destruction  of  garbage  by  cremation  gives 
added  value  to  the  following  description  of 
the  disposal  of  rubbish  in  London: 

Somehow  or  other  the  rubbish  both  from 
the  streets  and  the  houses  finds  its  way  to 
the  wharf.  A  considerable  pile  it  makes. 
The  70  vans  make  on  an  average  3^  loads 
of  about  2  yards  each  a  day,  and  the  year's  to- 
tal shows  about  38,000  loads  taken  from 
premises  and  27,000  loads  of  sweepings 
from  the  streets.  Averaging,  then,  65,000 
loads  at  a  ton  apiece,  we  have  65,000  tons  of 
rubbish  from  within  the  city  boundaries  to 
be  dealt  with  in  a  year.  How  is  it  disposed 
of  ?  Let  us  go  to  the  wharf  and  see.  The 
chief  object  is  the  destructor — a  furnace,  or 
rather  a  set  of  ten  furnaces — in  which  the 
rubbish  is  cremated  after  everything  worth 
picking  out  has  been  removed.  To  look  at 
it,  says  the  Leisure  Hour,  a  range  of  very 
dirty  boiler  fires,  which  are  fed  with  fuel 
from  the  front  and  with  rubbish  from  the 
top.  The  "  cells  "  are  back  to  back,  over  a 
dust-chamber  10  feet  4  inches  wide  and  6 
feet  high,  the  flue  from  which  leads  to  a  30 
horse-power  boiler  and  to  a  chimney-shaft 
of  150  feet.  Night  and  day  the  fire  is  kept 
up,  from  Sunday  midnight  to  Saturday  at 
half-past  eight  in  the  evening.  During  the 
year  over  ig.ooo  loads  of  refuse  are  shot  in- 
to it,  and  these  produce  a  residuum  of  some 
4,000  loads  of  ashes  and  cinders  more  or 
less  hard,  not  only  valueless,  but  for  the  re- 
moval of  which  money  has  to  be  paid — of 
which  difficulty  we  shall  have  more  to  say 
presently.  The  men  work  the  destructor  in 
three  shifts  of  eight  hours,  there  being  three 
men  on  the  top  to  feed  the  furnaces  and 
three  below  firing  and  removing  the  clink- 
ers and  ashes. 

We  mount  to  the  top  of  the  furnaces  with 
the  superintendent,  and  stepping  gingerly 


behind  him  on  a  very  warm  layer  of  odds 
and  ends  and  carefully  avoiding  sundry 
small  sloping  gullies  leading  down  to  the 
fires,  we  stand  in  safety  on  an  iron  platform. 
Overhead  runs  a  traveling-crane,  behind  us 
is  the  engine-house,  in  front  of  us  is  the 
space  on  which  men  loaded  with  big  baskets 
are  throwing  down,  one  after  another  in  con- 
stant succession,  almost  every  variety  of  dry 
unsaleable  refuse.  As  the  heaps  fall  they 
are  attacked  by  the  three  men  with  long 
pokers  or  peels  and  pushed  down  the  slop- 
ing gullies  into  the  fire.  They  are  dealing 
with  the  refuse  in  retail;  we  are  to  see  it 
treated  in  wholesale.  A  van  drives  in  to 
our  right  and  takes  up  its  position  under  the 
crane.  Its  contents  are  known — nothing 
worth  troubling  about  in  that  lot.  The  claws 
of  the  crane  sink  threateningly  on  to  it. 
There  is  a  loosening  of  bolts  and  springs  in 
the  body  of  the  van.  Down  go  the  crane- 
claws  and  clutch  hold  of  it.  The  chains 
tighten.  Slowly  and  resistlessly  the  body  of 
the  van  is  lifted  up  from  the  frame-work 
and  hung  in  the  air.  Higher,  higher  it 
comes  until  it  is  above  our  heads.  Then  the 
vertical  movement  becomes  a  horizontal  one. 
Slowly  along  the  double  rails  the  crane  and 
its  burden  travel  toward  the  gullies  of  the 
fire.  It  stops.  There  is  a  clanking  of  chains, 
a  rattle,  a  jingle  and  a  roar,  and  the  stuff  is 
shot  in  an  avalanche  before  the  men  and 
rammed  out  of  sight  to  pass  through  the 
furnace.  The  empty  van  body  slips  back  to 
its  level,  glides  horizontally  to  the  rail  end, 
sinks  on  to  the  frame-work,  with  a  slide  and 
a  click  the  whole  thing  is  a  dust-cart  again, 
and  away  it  drives  for  another  load  to  bring 
to  destruction  in  the  same  way. 

Every  morning  there  comes  a  van  from  a 
hospital  into  whose  contents  no  man  pries. 
It  is  brought  under  the  crane  and  lifted  aloft 
and  run  over  the  fire,  but  its  doors  fall  open 
only  as  it  touches  the  gully,  and  no  one  sees 
what  it  has  brought  to  be  destroyed.  Often 
a  less  horrible  cartload  comes  with  diseased 
meat  or  other  condemned  food  to  be  lifted 
by  the  crane  and  similarly  converted  into 
ashes  or  clinkers.  The  dividing  of  the  body 
of  the  van  from  the  frame-work  has  many 
advantages.  There  is  no  advantage  in  any 
excessive  stock  of  wheels.  The  frames  do 
double  duty.  The  van  bodies  are  replace- 
able by  water-tanks.  Slide  off  the  body  and 
slip  on  the  tank,  and  there  is  a  water-cart 
complete — a  capital  arrangement,  for  when 
there  is  most  need  of  dust-vans  there  is  no 
need  for  water-carts.  The  load  wc  have 
seen  dealt  with  was  one  of  hopeless  rubbish. 
Let  us  inquire  into  the  fate  of  a  more  mixed 
accumulation  now  entering  the  yard.  Along 
the  yard  side  is  a  row  of  heaps  over  each  of 
which  a  gang  of  pickers  are  busy.  In  one 
place  the  center  heap  has  disappeared,  sort- 
ed out  into  smallar  heaps  or  carried  off  to  the 
destructor  ojiposite.  The  van  is  backed  in- 
to the  vacant  space  and  the  contents  depos- 
ited on  the  ground.  A  gang  sets  to  work  on 
it,  consisting  of  three  women  and  a  man,  for 
the  women,  though  surely  disapjiearing, 
have  not  yet  died  out  even  in  the  City  Yard. 


The  "leading  woman"  is  in  charge  ;  next 
to  her  is  the  man  who  is  known  as  "  the 
filler."  The  woman  works  by  contract  at  so 
much  a  load,  and  the  members  of  the  gang 
earn  from  12  shillings  to  17  shillings  a  week 
apiece.  The  fuel  is  here  their  perquisite. 
They  sort  out  the  paper,  the  string,  the  bones, 
the  tins,  the  oystershells  ;  and,  speaking 
generally,  their  performances  are  more  curi- 
ous than  pleasant,  and  one  is  not  very  sor- 
rowful to  hear  that  the  profit  on  what  they 
do  is  so  near  extinction  that  in  a  few  years 
their  trade  will  be  unknown.  Women  smok- 
ing short  pipes  and  wearing  strawboard 
gaiters  and  torn  bonnet  boxes  for  pinafores 
are  perhaps  worth  seeing  by  students  of  so- 
called  "  life,"  but  the  fewer  we  have  of  them 
the  better.  A  strange  notion  this  of  heredi- 
tary pickers  ;  mother  to  daughter,  mother  to 
daughter,  going  on  the  heap  generation  after 
generation — a  caste  or  class  by  themselves, 
a  profession,  indeed,  quite  exclusive  and  a 
special  inheritance  of  the  spindle  side.  The 
paper  and  paste-board,  bundled  up  into 
trusses  about  as  large  as  a  bolting  of  straw, 
are  loaded  into  barges  and  sent  to  Germany 
to  be  made  into  such  paper  as  no  English 
manufacturer  can  make  a  profit  out  of.  The 
string  goes  to  the  mat-makers,  the  bones  to 
the  glue-makers,  the  tins  and  cans  and  old 
buckets  and  rusty  saucepans  are  taken — 
when  some  one  can  be  beguiled  into  taking 
them — to  be  melted  down  for  the  sake  of  the 
solder,  which  is  the  most  valuable  thing  they 
have  about  them.  The  oyster-shells  go  to 
the  three  mortar-mills  worked  from  the  de- 
structor's boiler  and  are  ground  up  into 
manure.  That  nothing  is  wasted  may  be  true, 
but  unfortunately  the  utilization  of  such 
waste  as  this  has  an  arch  enemy  in  sanitary 
science  and  the  dust-heap  is  no  longer  the 
gold  mine  it  used  to  be. 

The  amount  of  organization  necessary  to 
gather  the  rubbish  to  one  center  is  apparent 
as  wc  visit  the  pleasanter  portions  of  the 
yard.  The  stables  for  the  horses — splendid 
animals,  these  horses,  costing  £80  apiece 
and  having  a  life  expectation  of  only  eight 
years  ;  the  shops  for  the  farriers  and  wheel- 
wrights, who  do  all  the  repairs  on  the  prem- 
ises; the  fodder-loft,  with  its  mixing  elevator; 
the  stores  with  the  spare  tools  ;  the  park  ot 
vehicles  ready  for  emergencies— all  Witness 
to  the  work  rec[uired  behind  the  scenes  to 
make  matters  move  smootjjly.  And  among 
other  excellent  arrangements  there  is  a  large 
room  with  a  kitchen  attached  for  the  men's 
use.  In  this  room  the  men  assemble  in  the 
morning  to  have  hot  coffee  before  they  .start 
on  their  rounds,  the  coffee  being  found  at 
the  city's  expense,  though  the  men  are  en- 
couraged to  contribute  6  pence  a  week  toward 
a  sick  and  self-help  fund  as  a  tritle  of 
acknowledgment,  the  fund  being  admin- 
istered without  deductions.  And  in  this 
room  every  man  has  a  locker,  in  which,  we 
suppose,  he  keeps  his  "  plated  harness " 
ready  for  his  "  going  into  black "  in  the 
morning.  At  the  river  front  is  a  fleet  of 
barges  which  come  to  the  neighboring 
warves  loaded  with  bricks  and  return  from 


Nov.  9,  1889.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


329 


here  with  the  bulk  of  the  refuse,  bound 
for  the  Medway.  The  street-sweepings  go 
away  direct,  and  with  thcni  such  of  the  wet 
stuff — the  "  soft  core,"  so  called — as  is  avail- 
able for  manure.  Some  barges  will  load  up 
entirely  with  this  ;  others  will  load  with  "dry 
core,"  half  ashes  for  the  bricks  and  half 
"  breeze  "  to  burn  them  by.  Seven  barges  at 
a  time  can  be  loaded  and  three  barges  a  day 
can  be  dispatched  full  from  each  berth,  so 
that  as  a  barge  load  averages  70  tons,  the 
facilities  for  getting  rid  of  the  rubbish  are 
equal  to  any  pressure.  The  difficulty  is  to 
make  sufficient  profit  out  of  it  to  pay  for  the 
removal.  Year  by  year  the  prices  fall,  and 
what  at  one  time  the  contractor  was  glad  to 
buy  he  has  now  to  be  paid  to  take  away.  It 
costs  over  ;^30,ooo  a  year  to  keep  the  city 
clean,  and  not  a  tenth  of  this  comes  back  by 
the  sale  of  the  sweepings  and  refuse. 


OHIO  STATE  SANITARY  ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

Dr.  R.  Harvey  Reed,  Secretary  of  the 
Ohio  State  Sanitary  Association,  has  sent 
out  the  programmes  of  the  seventh  annual 
meeting  of  this  society,  to  be  held  at  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  the  21st  and  22nd  of  this  month. 
The  following  papers  will  be  read: 

"  The  Relation  of  Theologians  to  Sanita- 
rians," Dr.  D.  J.  Snyder,  Scio;  "Sanitation 
vs.  Medication,"  Dr.  S.  P.  Bishop,  Delta; 
"  Recent  Advances  in  Etiological  Science," 
Dr.  E.  R.  Eggleston,  Mt.  Vernon;  "Sanita- 
tion in  Small  Villages,"  Dr.  Austin  Hutt, 
Waverly;  "Bodily  Comfort  as  a  Sanitary 
Object,"  Dr.  G.  C.  Ashmun,  Cleveland;  "  In- 
fluence of  Climate  Upon  So-called  Malarial 
Fevers,"  Dr.  Wm.  Owens,  Cincinnati;  "The 
Cadaveric  and  Vital  Alkaloids,"  Prof.  C.  C. 
Howard,  Columbus;  "  Will  General  Sanita- 
tion Ever  Become  Popular  ? "  Dr.  John  Mc- 
Curdy,  Youngstown;  "Address  of  Wel- 
come," Hon.  A.  D.  Witt;  "  Response'to  the 
Address  of  Welcome,"  Dr.  R.  Harvey  Reed, 
Mansfield;  poem,  "  Bacteria,  or  the  Flies  we 
Feed  on  and  the  Bugs  that  Kill  Us,"  Dr.  W. 
S.  Battles,  Shreve;  President's  address — i. 
"  The  Use  of  Pork;  its  Relations  to  Scrofula 
and  Consumption,"  2.  "  Mosaic  Prohibition 
of  Pork,  as  Taught  by  the  Scriptures,  and 
the  Prejudices  of  Most  of  the  Ancient  Na- 
tions to  its  Use  as  Food."  3.  "  Description 
of  Trichina-Spiralis  and  their  Dangerous 
Effect  on  the  Human  Body,"  Dr.  D.  H. 
Beckwith,  Cleveland;  "  Food  as  a  Therapeu- 
tic Agent,"  Dr.  H.  J.  Herrick,  Cleveland; 
"The  Best  Food  for  Man,"  Dr.  J.  D.  Buck, 
Cincinnati;  "The  Relation  of  Water  Supply 
to  Disease,"  Dr.  H.  J.  Sharp,  London;  "The 
Necessity  of  Uniform  Rules,  Regulations, 
Reports  and  Records  of  Local  Boards  of 
Health,"  Dr.  F.  Gunsaullis,  Columbus;  "The 
Sanitary  Teachings  of  the  Bible,"  Prof.  E. 
T.  Nelson,  Delaware;  "The  Hygiene  of  the 
Chronic  Insane,"  Dr.  J.  W.  Scott,  Cleveland; 
"  Garbage  and  Night  Soil  Crematories  From 
a  Financial  and  Practical  Standpoint,"  Dr. 
Geo.  I.  Garrison,  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  re- 
duced railroad  rates  on  the  certificate  plan, 


full  particulars  of  which  may  be  learned  on 
application  to  the  Secretary  at  Mansfield, 
Ohio. 


PURIFICATION  OF  GAS. 

The  following  address  was  delivered  by 
Mr.  EUice-Clark  before  the  seventeenth  an- 
nual meeting  of  the  American  Gas  Light 
Association  at  Baltimore,  October  16. 

I  came  over  to  your  great  country  for  pur- 
poses of  recreation  mainly;  and  I  came  to 
this  city  of  Baltimore  with  a  view  of  seeing 
it  and  enjoying  it  for  the  first  time;  but,  when 
I  heard  that  there  was  to  be  this  meeting  of 
the  Gas  Engineers  and  Managers  of  Amer- 
ica, I  know  that  I  could  not  enjoy,  or  more 
profitably  expend  my  time  in  Baltimore,  than 
by  attending  it;  and  certainly,  I  shall  go 
back  to  the  old  country  very  much  im- 
pressed by  the  common-sense  address  which 
I  have  heard  delivered  by  your  President 
this  morning.  It  has  more  than  ever  im- 
pressed me  with  the  thorough,  sound,  com- 
mon-sense view  which  we  English  always 
think  that  the  Americans  take  of  such  prac- 
tical questions  as  the  manufacture  of  gas.  I 
hope  that  the  few  remarks  which  I  am  about 
to  make  will  be  following  out  one  of  the 
main  hints  which  your  President  has  laid 
down.  He  has  said,  and  said  very  truly,  not 
only  for  your  country,  but  for  mine,  in  effect, 
that  the  gas  industry  can  no  longer  be  left  in 
the  hands  of  incompetent  men;  that  science 
must  be  brought  to  bear  in  prosecuting  this 
great  industry.  Now,  in  England,  a  great 
deal  of  science  has  for  a  number  of  years 
been  devoted  to  the  question  of  the  purifica- 
tion of  gas;  and  I  happen  as  a  civil  engineer 
to  be  associated  with  a  process  to  assist  in 
the  purification  of  coal  gas  which  has  met 
with  a  very  large  amount  of  success.  This 
is  the  process  of  introducing  free  oxygen  in- 
to the  gas,  and  continuing  the  purification 
by  means  of  lime.  I  do  not  know  whether 
the  method  of  obtaining  pure  oxygen  from 
the  atmosphere  is  well  understood  in  this 
country,  but  certainly  it  is  practicable  in  my 
judgment,  and  in  the  opinion  of  a  number  of 
the  scientific  men  of  England  it  is  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  discoveries  of  any  age; 
because,  in  the  several  works  that  we  now 
have  in  England,  and  one  on  the  Continent, 
the  results  tend  to  show,  as  it  were,  a  manu- 
factured article  going  out  of  the  gates,  and 
being  sold,  and  nothing  coming  in,  as  the 
raw  material  is  the  oxygen  of  the  atmos- 
phere. I  will  in  a  few  words  attempt  to  de- 
scribe the  method  of  extracting  it.  It  is  al- 
most a  mechanical  method.  It  certainly  is 
not  an  absolutely  chemical  process,  because 
there  is  no  loss.  The  atmosphere  is  drawn 
through  a  purifier  of  lime  to  take  out  the 
carbonic  acid.  It  is  also  drawn  through 
caustic  soda  to  take  out  the  moisture,  leav- 
ing only  twenty-one  per  cent  of  oxygen  and 
seventy-nine  per  cent  of  nitrogen  passing 
on  to  the  furnace.  This  air  is  then  drawn 
through,  or^ather  pushed  through  a  series 
of  retorts  made  of  steel,  hung  vertically  in 
a  furnace.  The  retorts  are  7  seconds  in  di- 
ameter, and  may  be  from  6  minutes  to  18 


minutes  in  length.  They  are  heated  up  to 
about  1400  degrees  F.,  so  that  you  have  a 
series  of  retorts  suspended  vertically  in  a 
furnace  fed  by  producer  gas.  These  re- 
torts are  filled  with  oxide  of  barium,  obtained 
from  the  refuse  of  our  lead  mines.  The 
baryta  is  first  converted  into  the  nitrate, 
then  into  oxide;  then  broken  up  into  pieces 
about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  and  then  simply 
placed  in  the  vertical  retorts.  The  air  is 
drawn  through  the  purifiers  which  I  have  al- 
ready described,  and  passes  through  the  re- 
torts. The  outlet  valve  is  weighted  to  fifteen 
pounds  above  atmospheric  pressure,  so  that 
the  weight  at  the  lower  end  is  always  at  fif- 
teen pounds  pressure.  When  this  oxide  of 
barium  is  heated  up  to  a  light,  cherry  red,  it 
seizes  hold,  so  to  speak,  of  the  oxygen  in 
the  atmosphere,  and  it  rejects  the  nitrogen. 
Therefore  the  nitrogen  escapes  at  the  lower 
end  or  the  bottom  of  the  retort,  back  into 
the  atmosphere,  as  absolutely  pure  nitrogen; 
the  oxygen  remaining  in  combination  with 
the  barium  in  the  retort.  For  five  minutes 
the  pumping  in  takes  place;  then,  by  an  au- 
tomatic arrangement  the  outlet  valve  for  ni- 
trogen closes  itself;  the  pumps  are  reversed 
in  their  action,  and  the  oxygen  is  sucked  up 
to  the  holder.  That  operation  goes  on  fix 
times  every  hour  for  twenty-four  hours  a 
day,  every  day  in  the  week;  and  it  has  been 
repeated  upon  the  same  barium  now  for  two 
years  in  succession  without  any  deterioration 
whatever  in  the  oxide  of  barium.  On  the 
contrary,  the  oxide  of  barium  slightly  im- 
proves in  its  capacity  for  yielding  up  oxygen. 
That  is  to  say,  we  obtain  a  little  more  oxygen 
now  from  the  operation  than  we  did  seven 
or  eight  months  ago.  So  that  the  process  is 
a  continuous  one,  and  it  is  an  exceedingly 
cheap  one.  In  fact,  in  the  coal  districts  of 
England  oxygen  of  ninety  per  cent  purity 
may  be  made  in  a  gas  w^orks  cheaper  than 
coal  gas. 

Now,  I  come  to  what  I  have  no  doubt  is 
much  more  interesting  to  you,  and  that  is  the 
application  of  this  oxygen  in  the  purification 
of  coal  gas.  I  am  not  a  gas  engineer  ;  I  am 
quite  an  amateur,  as  I  have  no  doubt  you 
will  very  soon  find  out  when  I  begin  to  talk 
to  you  about  the  purification  of  gas.  But 
whatever  mistakes  I  make,  I  am  sure  you 
will  excuse.  But  if  you  vvill  refer  to  Mr. 
Valon,  of  Ramsgate  (who  has  been  now 
working  on  this  process  for  two  years  consecu- 
tively), as  to  anything  which  I  do  not  make 
clear,  I  am  sure  that  he  will  be  glad  to  en- 
lighten you.  The  oxygen  is  passed  at  abouj 
from  three-fourths  to  one  per  cent  in  the 
crude  gas  at  its  entrance  to  the  purifiers. 
The  first  experiments  were  made  at  Black- 
burn, by  Mr.  Ogden  on  a  special  plant.  He 
treated  continuously  4,000,000  minutes  of  gas. 
The  effect  of  that  was  that,  whereas,  Mr. 
Ogden  would  have  had  to  change  one  of  his 
purifiers  every  twenty-four  hours,  he  ran  for 
sixty-eight  days  consecutively  ;  and  in  my 
presence  he  said  that  the  purifier  would  have 
gone  on  for  eighteen  months  at  least.  At 
Manchester  (a  third-rate  works),  the  oxide  is 
taken  out  of  the  purifiers  for  the  purpose  of 
re-oxidation  by  the  atmosphere  ;  and  there 


330 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  301 


is  such  a  large  quantity  of  it  that  they  use 
two  horses  and  a  plow  to  turn  it  over.  There- 
fore, if  it  is  possible  by  the  introduction  of  a 
cheap  gas  into  the  coal  gas  to  practically  in- 
sure the  purification  of  that  gas, in  closed 
vessels,  I  should  think  that  a  very  great  step 
has  been  taken.  When  Mr.  Valon,  at  Rams- 
gate,  was  continuing  this  experiment  he  be- 
gan to  make  some  observations  with  refer- 
ence to  lime.  He  used  to  purify  the  whole 
of  his  gas  with  oxide.  He  determined  to 
throw  out  the  whole  of  the  oxide,  and  to  go 
back  to  lime  purification.  Ramsgate  is  a 
health  resort,  and  they  had  abandoned  lime 
purification  because  their  gas  works  were 
situated  in  the  center  of  the  town,  and  the 
smell  of  the  lime  was  certainly  very  obnoxi- 
ous, and  caused  a  great  deal  of  trouble  when 
it  was  removed.  Mr.  Valon  found  that  not 
only  was  the  purification  effected  much  more 
rapidly  by  using  oxygen,  but  that  he  only 
required  half  of  the  purifying  space.  The 
crude  gas  at  Ramsgate  contains  800  grains 
of  sulphur  per  100  minutes  of  gas.  He  re- 
duced this  down  to  eight  grains.  The  car- 
bonic acid,  I  think,  amounted  to  650  grains 
in  his  gas,  and  this  he  entirely  obliterated. 
But  what  was  more  surprising  to  him  was 
that  he  obtained  a  very  considerable  increase 
of  luminosity.  His  coals  gave  10,000  minutes 
of  gas  per  ton,  with  a  luminosity  of  fifteen 
and  one-half  candles.  For  the  purpose  of 
revivifying  his  gas  he  used  about  three-fourths 
of  one  per  cent  of  atmospheric  air,  and  the 
effect  of  that  was  to  reduce  the  luminosity 
by  two  and  one-half  candles.  He  used  to 
bring  this  luminosity  up  by  the  introduction 
of  two-and-one-half  to  three  per  cent  of 
cannel  coal.  When  he  introduced  the  oxygen 
he  got  from  three  to  three  and  one-half 
candles  of  increased  luminosity.  He  there- 
upon abandoned  the  use  of  cannel  coal,  and 
he  brought  up  the  gas  that  he  was  manufac- 
turing to  the  normal  standard,  and  more 
than  that,  to  an  additional  one-half  candle, 
without  the  use  of  cannel.  So  that  by  intro- 
ducing oxygen  into  his  gas,  Mr.  Valon  has 
been  able  to  abandon  the  use  of  cannel ;  he 
has  reduced  his  sulphur  compounds  to  eight 
grains  ;  and  he  is  now  carrying  on  a  series  of 
experiments  whereby  he  has  thus  far  ascer. 
tained  that  he  can  make,  instead  of  10,000 
minutes  of  gas,  from  11,000  to  12,000  minutes, 
and  still  serve  his  customers  with  gas  of  the 
same  luminosity  and  of  increased  purity. 

I  am  not  going  to  detain  you  with  any  more 
remarks  on  that  subject.  I  have  just  given 
you  the  result  of  the  expirements  that  have 
been  made  by  Mr.  Valon,  extending  over  a 
period  of  two  years.  In  coming  to  your 
country  for  the  first  time,  and  landing  in 
New  York  (and  even  in  this  city  of  Baltimore), 
one  can  not  but  be  struck  by  the  enormous 
advances  which  electric  lighting  appears  to 
have  made  in  the  United  States  ;  and  I  was 
exceedingly  glad  to  hear  from  your  Presi- 
dent that  the  gas  industry  had  not  suffered 
thereby.  Well,  you  may  look  at  it  from  that 
point  of  view  ;  but  I,  as  a  stranger,  can  not 
but  think  that  if  gas  in  this  country  had  been 
all  that  it  ought  to  have  been,  then  the  electric 
light  would  not  have  made  such  strides. 


That  is  the  impression  upon  my  mind.  Cer- 
tainly in  England  the  electric  light  has  made 
no  such  strides  as  it  appears  to  have  made 
in  this  country  ;  and  fuel  being  just  as  cheap 
with  us,  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not. 
I  may  be  wrong,  but  my  own  opinion  is  that 
the  reason  why  the  gas  industry  in  England 
has  held  its  own,  and  will  continue  to  hold  its 
own  against  the  electric  light,  is  by  reason  of 
the  scientific  way,  and  the  great  care  that 
the  English  and  Scotch  engineers  devote  to 
their  business.  First  of  all,  we  do,  by  Par- 
liament and  by  statue,  what  competition  will, 
I  think,  compel  you  to  do  in  this  country.  As 
most  of  you  are  aware,  the  gas  companies  in 
England  are  compelled  to  keep  their  sulphur 
compounds  down  to  the  lowest  known  prac- 
tical limit.  They  are  obliged  to  give  gas  of 
a  certain  candle-power  ;  and  in  London  at  a 
certain  price.  Therefore,  being  compelled 
to  do  this,  they  do  it  ;'  and  not  only  that,  but, 
being  compelled  to  do  this,  they  actually  do 
a  great  deal  mofe.  For,  whereas  the  statue 
says  that  they  shall  give  gas  of  sixteen 
candles,  very  often  the  mean  is  seventeen  or 
eighteen.  The  fact  is  that  the  gas  engineers 
by  these  statues  have  been  put  upon  their 
mettle  ;  and  now  they  make  and  deliver  gas 
cheaper,  and  of  better  quality,  and  of  higher 
luminosity  than  is  required  by  any  regulation. 
Therefore,  the  electric  light  engineers  have  a 
much  stronger  competitor  to  deal  with  there 
than  they  have  here.  My  impressions  may 
be  wrong,  but  I  can  not  but  feel  that  if  all 
the  gas  companies  in  this  great  country  were 
working  on  the  same  line — delivering  to  their 
customers  gas  of  a  standard  luminosity,  and 
of  a  standard  quality  and  purity,  and  if  they 
had  adopted  the  best  known  practicable 
means  for  attaining  this,  you  would  not  have 
so  much  to  fear  from  the  electric  light.  This, 
as  we  always  say  in  England,  is  a  free 
country ;  and  one  is  very  glad  to  form  the 
impression  that  you  will  do  by  open  competi- 
tion that  which  in  England  has  been  forced 
upon  the  peope  by  Act  of  Parliament. 


COMFORT  I\  THE  HOUSE. 
Our  American  contemporaries  have  un- 
doubtedly surpassed  us  in  the  comfort  intro- 
duced in  their  houses,  partly  by  the  very  ex- 
tensive application  of  mechanical  or  elec- 
trical devices.  A  French  contemporary  re- 
cently waxed  eloquent  on  the  American 
sliding  door,  which,  it  need  hardly  be  said, 
is  almost  universal  in  the  States,  but  little 
used  in  the  old  world.  On  this  subject  the 
American  Architect  expresses  surprise  that 
a  French  writer  should  know  the  American 
sliding  door  only  from  description,  and  from 
an  imperfect  description  at  that,  for  he  fin- 
ished his  account  of  it  by  saying  "if  it  could 
be  arranged  to  slide  in  the  thickness  of  the 
wall,  instead  of  outside,  it  would  be  perfect, 
but  perhaps  this  may  come  in  due  time." 
Architects  in  America,  where  not  one  sliding 
door  in  a  thousand,  in  dwelling  houses, 
slides  anywhere  else  than  in  the  thickness 
of  the  wall,  will  hardly  comprehend  their 
French  colleague's  remark.  Not  only  is  a 
door  which  slides  outside  the  wall  never 


seen  in  the  States,  except  in  a  stable,  but  in 
hundreds  of  cases  double  sets  of  doors  or 
window  shutters,  and  even  sashes  are  con- 
trived to  slide  upward,  downward,  or  side- 
ways within  the  thickness  of  the  walls. 

Whether  the  houses  in  the  United  States 
are  beautiful  or  not,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  nowhere  else  in  the  world  is  it  common 
for  modest  citizens  to  live  in  dwellings  which 
are  maintained  all  winter  long,  by  an  auto- 
matic electrical  governor,  acting  on  the 
steam  or  hot  water  apparatus,  at  a  given 
temperature,  which  can  be  changed  at 
pleasure  by  a  turn  of  a  screw  beside  a  ther- 
mometer; where  the  open  fires  in  the  grates 
if  needed  for  the  sake  of  cheerfulness,  are 
kindled  or  extinguished  by  a  turn  of  a  knob 
in  the  mantle;  where  a  touch  of  a  button  in 
the  parlor  lights  the  gas  in  any  desired  room, 
or  in  the  garden  or  stable,  unlocks  or  locks 
the  front  door,  brings  instant  information 
whether  the  basement  doors  and  windows 
are  securely  fastened,  or  summons  a  car- 
riage, a  policeman  or  fire-engine,  as  exigen- 
cy may  require;  where  the  mistress  of  the 
house  travels  over  it  in  an  elevator  moved 
by  water  power,  and,  after  communicating 
with  all  her  servants,  without  seeing  any  of 
them,  brings,  by  the  pressure  of  a  finger, 
the  hydraulic  dumb-waiter  from  the  kitchen 
or  the  laundry,  to  see  if  orders  are  obeyed. 
We  have  a  good  deal  to  learn  yet  from  our 
American  cousins,  and  the  sooner  we  do  so, 
in  view  of  the  transformation  of  our  domes- 
tic servants  into  fine  ladies,  the  better. — Lon- 
don Invention. 


In  St.  Louis  the  courts  will  not  allow  an 
architect  to  recover  fees  for  any  plan  he 
may  make.  A  suit  brought  by  P.  F.  Meagher 
&  Son,  the  architects,  against  Peter  Walsh 
was  decided  against  them  by  a  jury  in  Justice 
Manning's  court  last  week.  The  architects 
were  commissioned  to  make  plans  which 
Mr.  Walsh  refused  to  accept.  He  claimed 
that  the  plans  were  for  a  more  expensive 
building  than  the  one  he  contemplated  build- 
ing and  for  which  he  ordered  plans  drawn. 

In  speaking  of  this  a  Chicago  architect 
said  that  it  was  impossible  for  one  of  his 
profession  to  foretell  what  the  bids  of 
builders  may  be.  Sometimes  plans  will  be 
ordered  for  a  building  of  certain  dimensions 
and  certain  ornamentations,  he  said,  with  a 
limit  as  to  cost.  The  architect  may  figure 
carefully  and  find  his  calculations  within 
the  limit.  When  the  proposals  are  opened 
the  bids  may  be  of  great  variance  with  the 
figures  of  the  architect.  Sometimes  the  bids 
may  greatly  exceed  the  figures.  Then  the 
builder  calculates  on  a  big  profit.  Sometimes 
the  figures  are  much  below  the  estimated 
cost.  Then  the  builder  may  have  made  a 
mistake.  Who  is  to  blame  ?  The  owner  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  blames  the  architect. 


A  company  has  been  formed  in  London  to 
build  a  tower  in  that  city  on  the  Eiffel  plan, 
1,250  feet  high.  A  prize  of  £^QO  is  offered 
for  the  best  design,  with  ^^250  for  the  second 
best. 


Nov.  9, 1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


331 


WHAT  TO  EAT. 
The  healthiest  and  strongest  individuals 
even  should  eat  a  far  greater  proportion  of 
meat  than  of  vegetable  food.  lieef  should 
be  taken  as  the  standard  meat.  It  anwers 
every  purpose  of  the  system.  \'eal  and 
pork  are  not  as  easily  digested.  Pork,  so 
far  as  its  composition  goes,  is  an  excellent 
food  for  nervous  persons,  but  it  is  not.readily 
digested.  Yet  in  the  army,  we  used  to  think 
nothing  better  for  the  wounded  men  than 
bacon.  As  a  rule,  salt  meat  is  not  adapted 
to  the  requirements  of  the  nervous  individual, 
as  nutritious  juices  to  a  great  extent  go  into 
the  brine.  The  flesh  of  the  wild  birds  is 
more  tender  and  more  readily  digested  than 
that  of  domestic  ones.  This  is  accounted 
for  by  the  greater  amount  of  exercise  they 
take,  thereby  renewing  their  flesh  more 
rapidly  and  making  it  younger  than  that  of 
birds  which  lead  a  more  quiet  life.  This  is 
a  suggestion  that  might  be  of  benefit  to 
women  of  sedentary  habits,  who  are  desir- 
ous of  prolonging  an  appearance  of  youth. 
Fish  of  all  kinds  is  a  good  food  for  the 
nervously  inclined.  Raw  eggs,  contrary  to 
the  general  opinion,  are  not  as  digestible  as 
those  that  have  been  cooked.  A  notion  has 
been  prevalent  that  many  persons  injure 
their  digestion  by  eating  too  much.  The 
fact  is  that  most  people  don't  eat  enough. 
There  are  more  people  killed  every  year 
from  insufficiency  of  nourishment  than  by 
overloading  their  stomachs.  Nervous  in- 
dividuals may  derive  all  the  fat  they  need 
from  sugar  and  starch.  It  is  better,  however, 
for  those  with  weak  digestive  organs,  or 
whose  nerves  are  in  a  highly  sensitive  state, 
to  get  it  from  the  animal  kingdom,  than 
■compel  their  enfeebled  stomachs,  intestines 
and  pancreas,  to  create  it  out  of  these 
articles.  Good  bread,  sweet  butter  and 
meat  are  the  best  foods  for  the  nerves. 
People  troubled  with  insomnia,  nervous  start- 
ing irom  sleep  and  sensations  of  falling,  can 
often  be  cured  by  limiting  themselves  to  a 
diet  of  milk  alone  for  a  time.  An  adult 
should  take  a  pint  for  a  meal,  and  take  four 
meals  daily.  People  with  weakened  nerves 
require,  usually,  a  larger  quantity  of  water 
than  those  whose  brains  and  nerves  are 
strong.  It  aids  in  the  digestion  of  food  by 
making  it  soluble,  and  seems  to  have  a  direct 
tonic  effect. —  The  Aitafyst. 

Terra  Cotta  ware  that  is  broken  upon 
a  slant,  either  outward  or  inward,  can  be 
mended  by  roughing  the  broken  sufaces  with 
£.  chisel  or  hammer,  then  placing  the  pieces 
together  and  pointing  them  with  a  mixture 
made  of  20  parts  clean  river  sand,  2  parts 
litharge  and  i  of  lime,  made  into  a  thin 
putty  with  linseed  oil.  If  the  terra  cotta  is 
very  red,  the  putty  can  be  colored  with 
Venetian  red.  If  other  colors  are  desired, 
yellow  ocher  or  Spanish  brown  will  give  the 
desired  shade.  Two  pieces  of  stone,  brick 
or  similar  material  can  be  united  with  this 
cement.  Sometimes  it  is  used  for  covering 
the  outside  of  brick  buildings  to  make  them 
look  like  stone  of  different  kinds.  Used  for 
this  purpose  the  cement  is  called  mastic. 


BUILDING 


NOTICE  TO  ARCHITECTS. 
First  Convention  of  the  Consolidated 
American  Institute  of  Architects  and  West- 
ern Association  of  Architects  will  be  called 
to  order  at  the  Burnet  House,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  at  10  a.  m.,  Wednesday  November  20, 
1889. 

Order  of  business  for  the  first  day: — Cal- 
ling the  roll  by  the  respective  Secretaries  of 
the  two  organizations.  Address  by  President 
R.  M.  Hunt  on  behalf  of  the  A.  I.  A.,  and 
by  President  W.  W.  Carlin  on  behalf  of  the 
W.  A.  A.  Reports  of  the  Boards  of  the  two 
existing  societies  and  the  various  Chapters, 
etc.,  will  be  presented  and  referred  to  the 
new  Board  of  Officers.  The  discussion  and 
adoption  of  the  new  Constitution.  Adjourn- 
ment. 

Immediately  after  adjournment  all  mem- 
bers will  take  lunch  at  the  Burnet  House  as 
guests  of  the  Association  of  Ohio  architects, 
and  after  a  lunch  a  drive  will  be  taken 
through  the  suburbs.  Should  the  weather 
be  unpropitious  this  ride  will  be  postponed 
until  the  next  day.  During  the  evening  each 
one  will  visit  such  places  as  he  may  desire. 

Second  day: — To  commence  at  10  o'clock 
sharp.  If  the  Constitution  has  been  adopted, 
the  Convention  will  in  such  manner  as  it  may 
determine,  proceed  to  nominate  and  elect 
the  new  Board  of  officers. 

Miscellaneous  business  and  the  reading 
apd  discussion  of  papers  will  be  in  order  at 
any  time  during  the  convention,  but  not  to 
take  precedence  of  the  above  named  order 
of  business. 

Lunch  will  be  served  on  the  second  day  in 
the  same  manner  as  on  the  first  day. 

As  soon  as  a  member  arrives  let  him 
register  at  headquarters  and  receive  a  souv- 
enir button  which  he  is  expected  to  wear 
during  the  convention. 

The  Burnet  House,  corner  Vine  and  Third 
streets,  has  been  selected  as  the  place  of 
meeting,  and  the  headquarters  of  the  con- 
vention. A  uniform  rate  of  §3. 50  per  day 
has  been  made  by  the  management  who  have 
guaranteed  that  first-class  entertainment 
shall  be  given. 

If  you  intend  to  come,  please  notify  Mr. 
Crapsey  at  Cincinnati,  so  that  the  local  com- 
mittee may  know  how  many  to  provide  for. 

On  the  evening  of  the  19th  (the  day  pre- 
ceding the  convention),  a  reception  will  be 
given  by  the  Cincinnati  Architectural  Club 
in  Pike's  Hall,  where  the  National  exhibit  of 
architectural  drawings  will  be  held  and  to 
which  reception  and  exhibit  all  visitors  are 
cordially  invited.  This  exhibition  will  be 
without  doubt,,  the  largest  and  best  exhibit 
of  its  kind  ever  held,  as  responses  have  been 
received  from  all  the  best  offices  in  the 
country  ;  it  will  pay  you  to  come  to  see  this 
collection  of  pictures,  if  for  no  other  purpose. 
In  view  of  the  fact  of  the  above  mentioned 
exhibit,  it  is  thought  best  not  to  make  any 
display  as  a  convention,  but  let  all  such  work 
be  done  through  the  Cincinnati  Architectural 
Club. 


Railroads  included  in  the  territory  of  the 
Central  Traffic  Association  and  the  Trunk 
Line  Association,  except  the  state  of  Michi- 
gan, will  carry  jjassengers  coming  to  the 
convention  at  usual  full  rates,  lAitwill  return 
all  such  at  one-third  full  rate. 

The  territory  within  which  the  return  fare 
will  be  granted,  includes  the  states  of  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  except 
the  portion  northwest  of  a  line  from  Chicago 
to  (2uincy. 

Those  living  in  New  England  should  pur- 
chase tickets  to  Albany  or  New  York  and  at 
one  of  these  points  buy  through  to  Cincinnati, 
taking  a  certificate  of  the  ticket  agent  at 
Albany  or  New  York.  The  reduced  rate  of 
railway  fare  from  New  York  does  not  apply 
on  the  N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R'y,  or  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railway,  therefore  members  from  the 
East  must  purchase  tickets  over  other  roads- 

Those  coming  from  the  north-west  should 
buy  tickets  to  Chicago  or  Quincy  or  St.  Louis, 
or  some  other  point  within  the  territory  of 
the  Central  Traffic  Association,  at  which 
points  they  can  secure  certificates  entitling 
them  to  the  reduction  in  return  rate. 

For  further  particulars  address 

NoRMAND  S.  Patton,  Secretary, 
44  Montauk  Bl'k.,  Chicago,  111. 


THIRD  ANNUAL  COMPETITION. 

The  following  are  the  conditions,  pro- 
grammes, etc.,  for  the  gold  and  silver  med- 
als of  the  Architectural  League,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  fifth  annual  exhibition  of  the 
Architectural  League  of  New  York: 

First  — The  competitors  must  be  residents  of  the 
United  States,  and  under  the  age  of  twenty-five ;  and 

Second. — The  drawings  shall  be  made  in  conform- 
ity with  the  foUowing  programme,  and  in  all  parts 
and  portions,  entirely  by  the  hand  of  the  competitor 

The  drawings  will  be  judged  by  the  jury  appointed 
for  that  purpose. 

The  successful  drawings,  and  such  others  as  may  be 
thought  worthy,  will  be  hung  at  the  exhibition,  the 
first  and  secondprize  drawings  being  so  indicated,  and 
these  latter  shall  thereupon  become  the  property  of 
the  League. 

PKOGEAMME. 

The  drawings  shall  exhibit  an  entrance  to  a  World's 
Fair;  the  central  feature  of  wich  is  to  be  constructed 
of  stone  and  to  remain  |as  a  permanent  memorial. 

The  structure  is  to  be  located  on  a  plot  not  exceed- 
ing 50  X  200  feet,  and  to  consist  of  at  least  one  grand 
entrance  for  ceremonial  processions,  two  driveways, 
and  such  other  entrances  for  foot  passengers  as  may 
seem  advisable. 

Each  contributer  is  required  to  exhibit  two  sheets 
of  drawings,  one  to  contain  a  ground  plan,  front  ele- 
vation and  section,  with  such  other  drawings  as  may 
be  necessary  to  explain  the  design  and  constrntion, 
all  drawn  to  a  scale  of  of  an  inch  to  the  foot,  and 
one  to  exhibit  a  perspective  view  of  the  whole,  dawn 
to  a  scale  of  }4,  of  an  inch  to  the  foot. 

Tne  plan  and  elevation  sheet  to  be  finished  in  line 
with  India  ink  and  lining  pen;  no  brush  work  on  this 
sheet,  except  in  blocking  in  openings  and  sections. 
No  shadows  are  to  be  cast. 

The  prospective  sheet  to  be  rendered  at  will. 

Each  sheet  to  be  cut  to  the  uniform  size  of  24  x  32 
inches,  and  to  be  white  card  or  Bristol  board,  or 
Whatman  paper  mounted  on  stretcher.  No  colored 
borders,  frames  or  glazing  will  be  allowed. 

Each  sheet  must  be  distinguished  by  a  motto  or 
cipher.  A  sealed  envelope  bearing  the  same  motto 
or  cipher  must  contain  the  name,  full  address,  place 
and  date  of  birth  of  the  anther,  and  must  be  mailed 
to  the  Medel  Committee,  No.  47  West  42d  street.  New 
York,  on  or  before  December  10th.  1889.  Drawings 


332 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.,  No.  301 


are  to  be  delivered  flat,  carriage  paid,  at  the  Bame 
time  and  place.  They  will  be  returned  at  the  close 
of  the  exhibition  at  the  expense  of  the  contributor. 

Edward  H.  Clabk, 
Ehbick  K.  Rossiteb, 
Edwabd  K.  Hapgood. 
Medal  Committee. 

BTTLKS  AND  CONDITIONS  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

1.  The  exhibition  will  be  open  to  the  public  on 
Friday,  December  20, 18W9,  and  will  continue  forthree 
weeks,  closing  January  11,  1890. 

2.  The  galleries  will  be  open  for  the  reception,  by 
card,  December  18 — Press:  10  a.  m.  to  4  p.  m.,  and 
reception  in  the  eveLing. 

3.  The  exhibition  will  consist  of  drawings,  etc. 
not  before  publicly  exhibited  in  New  York,  represen- 
ting as  far  as  possible  the  present  condition  of  ar- 
chitecture and  the  allied  arts.  All  kinds  of  works, 
are  admissible,  such  as  architectural  designs,  per- 
spective drawings,  sketches  in  pencil,  pen  and  ink, 
water-colors,  charcoal,  etc.,  elevations,  working- 
drawings  and  photographs  of  executed  work.  Pain- 
tings in  oil  or  water  color  of  architectural  subjects, 
sketches  for  interior  decoration  and  furniture,  de- 
signs and  cartoons  for  stained  glass,  mural  decora- 
tion, executed  work  such  as  mosaics,  stained  glass 
and  decorated  stuffs,  wrought  iron  and  metal  work, 
sculpture,  carving  and  casts,  and  models  of  architec- 
tural and  decorative  work. 

4.  Works  will  be  received  only  at  the  Fifth  Aven- 
ue Galleries  on  the  10th  and  lltli  of  December,  1889. 
No  works  will  be  received  before  or  after  that  date' 

5.  T  he  League  wiU  collect  and  return  all  works 
in  the  city,  at  the  expense  of  exhibitors,  if  the  Sec- 
retary is  notified  when  the  blank  is  returned. 

6.  A  blank  form  which  will  be  furnished  by  the 
Secretary  on  application,  must  be  filled  and  sent  to 
the  Secretary  by  the  5th  of  December. 

7.  A  card  must  be  attached  to  the  back  of  each 
draming  or  exhibit  qiviny  the  title,  name  of  exhibitor, 
the  address,  and  where  to  be  returned. 

8.  All  works  intended  for  exhibition  will  be  at  tlie 
risk  of  the  owners. 

9.  All  rules  customary  at  exhibitions  and  not 
above  mentioned  will  be  considered  to  apply  equally 
to  this  exhibition. 

C  HAS.  1.  Berg,  Secretary.  47  West  42d  Stieet. 
All  drawings  and  photographs  must  be  framed  or 
mounted. 

Exhibits  will  be  catalogued  by  title  with  name  of 
exhibitor,  and  it  is  especially  desired  that  the  name 
of  the  draughtsman  may  appear;  any  other  data  may 
be  on  margin. 


THE  CLARK  MEDAL  COMPETITION 

The  following  is  the  report  of  the  commit- 
tee on  awards  for  the  Clark  gold  and  silver 
medals: 

Chicago,  Oct.  15,  1889. 
To  the  Chicago  Architcchtral  Sketch  Club  : 

Gentlemen. — The  undersigned  Commit- 
tee on  Competition  of  the  Clark  Medals,  beg 
leave  to  report  as  follows: 

It  was  their  endeavor  in  making  the  pro- 
gramme for  the  competition,  to  impart  to 
the  same  an  element  of  responsibility  and  a 
character  approximating  as  nearly  as  possi- 
ble to  the  competitions  of  work  actually  to 
be  done  by  the  draughtsman  in  his  future 
career.  They  regret  to  have  found  by  the 
limited  number  (five)  of  designs  submitted, 
that  the  draughtsmen  of  the  United  States 
are  not  disposed  to  attempt  the  solution  of 
problems  of  a  practical  nature. 

After  careful  examination  of  the  designs 
submitted,  the  Committee  award  first  prize 
to  the  plans  marked  "Jan-I-Tor,"  the  work 
of  A.  Bcatty  Orth,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  the 
second  prize  to  the  plans  marked  with  an 
"Ace  of  Spades,"  the  work  of  Claude  Fay- 
ette Bragdon,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.    In  mak- 


ing this  award,  your  Committee  endeavored 
to  place  itself  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the 
mental  attitude  of  a  capitalist  about  to  make 
an  investment  in  a  building  of  the  kind 
called  for  in  its  programme,  and  has  based 
its  decision  first,  upon  the  qualities  of  the 
plan  as  that  of  an  income  producing  prop- 
erty under  the  conditions  of  the  programme, 
and  secondarily,  upon  the  general  design  of 
exterior  and  draughtsmanship. 

Respectfully  submitted, 
LORADO  Taft, 
Henry  Ives  Cobb, 
N.  Clifford  Ricker, 
D.  Adler, 

Committee. 


FROM  CHICAGO  ARCHITECTS. 
Bauer  &  Hill:    Plans  for  a  Benedictine 
Monastery,  500x400,  at  Peoria,  to  cost  8400,- 
000. 

S.  V.  Shipman:  Plans  for  Ernst  L'hlrich 
for  flats  on  State  and  Twenty-second  streets, 
to  cost  $50,000. 

Flanders  &  Zimmermann:  Plans  for  a 
$10,000  flat  building  on  West  Twelth  street 
for  B.  Heeney. 

Lutken  &  Thisslew:  Plans  for  stores  and 
opera  house  for  John  K.  Stack,  Escanaba, 
Mich.    Cost,  $30,000. 

H.  P.  Harned:  Plans  for  A.  G.  Leonard 
&  Co.,  for  a  two-story  factory,  100x200  with 
an  extension.    Cost,  $25,000. 

H.  I.  Cobb:  Plans  for  the  temporary  New- 
berry library  building  to  cost  $40,000.  Plans 
for  new  Episcopal  church  at  Edgewater. 

C.  J.  Warren:  Plans  for  six-story  flats, 
looxi  15,  for  L.  McKeever  at  Fortieth  street 
and  Cottage  Grove  avenue  to  cost  $100,000. 

C.  S.  Frost:  Contracts  being  let  for  G.  B. 
Shaw's  residence  at  3423  Michigan  avenue. 
Superstructure  not  to  be  erected  this  autumn 
Wilson  &  Marble:  Plans  for  seven-story 
factory  for  H.  J.  Lehman  to  cost  $175,000. 
It  will  be  erected  on  West  Jackson  street. 

J.  M.  Van  Osdel  &  Co.:  Plans  for  the 
Erring  Women's  Refuge  for  a  building  to  be 
erected  on  Indiana  avenue  and  Fifty-first 
street,  to  cost  $40,000. 

Frommann  &  Jebson:  Plans  for  a  four- 
story  factory  50x100  for  H.  Bart,  to  cost 
$15,000;  three-story  factory  for  the  Chicago 
Milling  Co.  on  Grand  avenue,  to  cost  $8,000. 

Julius  Speyer:  Plans  for  three-story  build- 
ing, 75x125,  on  Center  avenue,  to  cost  $22,- 
000,  for  James  McMullen.  Contracts  are 
being  let,  and  permit  taken  out  last  Wednes- 
day. 

H.  B.  Wheelock:    Plans  for  $10,000  resi- 
dence for  Dr.  Frank   Carey,  2935  Indiana 
avenue.    The  building  will  be  heated  with 
j  steam.    Plans  for  a  five-story  factory  50x100 
I  for  Comstock  &  Wing,  to  cost  $15,000. 

Architects  generally  are  taking  consider- 
able interest  in  the  joint  convention  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects  and  the 
Western  Association  of  Architects  which  is 
to  be  held  in  Cincinnati  on  the  2()th  of  this 
month.  There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  but 
that  the  two  associations  will  be  united. 


PLUMBING. 


THE  TECHNICAL  EDUCATION  OF 
PLUMBERS. 

The  following  paper  was  read  before  the 
eleventh  congress  of  the  sanitary  institute  of 
Great  Britain,  at  Worcester,  by  Mr.  H.  D. 
Mathias,  R.  P.  C,  of  the  Liverpool  School 
of  Science. 

The  plumber,  like  workmen  of  many 
other  trades,  has  been  slow  in  advancing 
with  the  times. 

There  is  not  much  to  complain  of  in  the 
actual  work  of  the  genuine  plumber  ;  it  is 
the  ideas  which  have  been  most  often  at  fault. 
During  the  last  twenty  years  new  ideas  have 
been  conceived  with  regard  to  plumbers' 
work.  It  should  not  for  one  moment  be 
denied  that  the  craft  of  sanitary  plumbing 
has  been  greatly  improved  by  professional 
men,  whether  in  private  or  public  practice, 
but  there  is  much  work  done  by  the  house 
owners  voluntarily,  and  without  the  assist- 
ance of  a  trained  superintendent.  It  is  in 
this  case  that  the  services  of  a  theoretical 
plumber  are  required,  so  that  the  health  of 
the  inmates  of  dwellings  may  not  be 
endangered  by  good  or  bad  work  done 
on  alterations.  The  term  good  work 
used'":  here  may  seem  out  of  place, 
but  it  is  used  advisedly,  as  work  has  been 
and  is  continually  found  strong  enough  to 
have  formed  part  of  a  mediteval  castle,  just 
as  wrong  in  idea  as  it  is  possible  to  conceive. 

Happily  the  movement  for  the  registration 
of  plumbers  is  cleaning  away  much  of  the 
opposition  to  their  techinal  education  ;  but 
even  when  that  has  succnmbed  all  will  not 
be  plain  sailing  to  those  engaged  in  teaching. 
It  will  readily  be  granted  that  this  training 
is  desirable  not  only  for  the  few  who  may 
become  masters  and  overseers  of  the  craft. 
The  responsibility  of  plumbers'  work  is  too 
great  for  that;  the  lowliest  hand  may  make  an 
error  which  eventually  will  cost  a  life.  Suc- 
cess in  practical  plumbing  depends  wholly 
on  detail,  and  in  theoretical  plumbing  the 
greatest  pains  are  taken  to  impress  this  on 
the  young  man's  mind.  For  instance,  in  pipe 
work,  the  more  important  work  is  the  inside, 
while  the  outside  only  can  be  seen,  and  the 
plumber  who  has  not  had  a  theoretical  train- 
ing is  apt  to  allow  a  spur  or  two  inside  by  burn- 
ing through,  in  making  several  attempts  at  his 
joint  in  order  to  please  the  eye,  really  de- 
tracting from  the  usefulness  of  his  work  for 
api)earance  sake. 

All  plumbing  is  sanitary  work,  though  in- 
directly in  some  cases  ;  "  Fire  and  water  are 
good  servants,  but  bad  masters,"  an  old  say- 
ing teaches.  The  plumber  should  know 
something  of  the  properties  of  each,  so  that 
he  may  assist  in  keeping  them  in  their  rela- 
tive positions.  His  work  is  essentially  one 
of  water  carriage,  and  whatever  he  may  be 
engaged  in,  he  is  to  prevent  water  obtaining 
the  mastery  ;  and,  as  this  should  be  more 
widely  recognized,  much  stress  is  laid  upon 
the  truth  of  the  old  assertion  in  teaching 
plumbing.     The  interpretation  generally 


Nov.  9,  J&89.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


333 


accepted  with  reg^ard  to  water  is,  tliat  it  is  a 
bad  master  when  it  takes  the  form  of  a  dchige: 
when  it  Inirsts  through  the  dam  of  a  reservoir, 
or  when,  in  the  form  of  rain,  it  wets  one 
through  to  the  skin  ;  but  our  special  office  is 
to  add  that  water  can  be  a  dangerous  master 
in  a  more  insidious  way,  and,  therefore,  the 
smallest  details  of  our  work  must  be 
thoroughly  prepared.  Such  a  seemingly 
small  matter  as  a  leaking  gutter  causes  a 
damp  sleeping-room  wall,  and  is  responsible 
for  defective  ventilation  and  an  impure  at- 
mosphere ;  a  slight  leakage  from  a  defective 
drain-joint,  or  from  a  water-main  under- 
ground, has  also  its  deleterious  efTects  on 
health  ;  and  we  explain  these  facts  and  many 
others  like  them  to  our  young  students,  for  it 
is  not  sufficient  for  us  to  say  that  substantial 
work  is  best,  we  must  prove  it. 

Much  unnecessary  expense  will  also  be 
avoided  when  each  plumber  knows  the  laws 
of  water  pressure  and  of  ;heat,  so  that,  the 
materials  best  suited  to  the  work  may  be 
used  at  the  various  parts  of  a  building. 

The  plumber  has  been  subject  to  too  much 
blame  and  ridicule.  Until  very  recently  the 
public  have  had  no  means  of  knowing  the 
genuine  plumber  from  the  one  who  is  one 
only  because  he  would  like  to  be,  self-styled, 
but  with  no  experience  except  that  of  charg- 
ing. Much  good  substantial  work  has  been 
spoiled  and  rendered  dangerous  to  health  by 
so-called  sanitary  engineers,  who  do  work  in 
a  manner  that  would  not  be  countenanced 
by  a  plumber.  It  is  a  fact  that  many  men 
whose  servitude  only  entitles  them  to  use  the 
spade  have  dared  to  call  themselves  plumb- 
ers, to  the  disadvantage  of  the  unsuspecting 
and  generous  public. 

In  order  that  unsuspicious  profits  and 
scamped  work  may  be  overcome,  only 
registered  plumbers  should  be  employed ; 
and  though  there  may  be  a  few  defects  in  the 
system,  this  is  the  best  guarantee  a  patron  can 
have,  and,  as  times  goes  on,  the  registration 
certicate  will  be  more  valuable  than  ever  as  a 
warrant  that  the  tradesman  has  shown  him- 
self capable  before  a  committee  of  his  fellow 
craftsmen  and  the  public  by  written  and 
practical  proof.  It  is  to  this  desirable  end 
that  technical  classes  in  plumbers'  work  are 
held,  and  there  should  be  no  doubt  that 
good  health  and  true  economy  are  furthered 
by  all  who  assist  in  this  good  work. 


EVERY  MAN  HIS  OWN  PLUMBER. 

Henry  Stillvvell,  of  248  Twenty-eighth 
street,  thought  it  would  be  a  remarkably  fine 
thing  if  every  man  could  be  his  own  plumb- 
er.   He  tried  the  plan  and  came  to  grief. 

In  the  course  of  his  experience  he  came 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  plumbers  of  Chi- 
cago were  growing  wealthy  too  rapidly.  He 
imagined  them  as  the  realization  of  the  con- 
ceptions of 'alleged  funny  newspaper  para- 
graphers  and  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
if  he  could  do  his  own  plumbing  it  would 
not  be  long  before  he  could  buy  up  half  the 
stock  of  the  World's  Fair  enterprise.  He 
practiced  for  a  little  time  by  cleaning  the 
trap  of  his  kitchen  sink  and  when  he  found 


he  could  do  that,  he  thought  he  had  no  use 
for  any  plumber  in  the  country. 

With  this  idea  in  view,  Mr.  Stillwell 
thought  it  would  be  the  height  of  folly  for 
him  to  pay  out  money  to  have  the  plumbing 
at  103  and  105  Spring  street  done.  He  de- 
termined to  do  the  job  himself.  He  hadn't 
served  any  apjirenticeship  nor  had  he  re- 
ceived any  diploma  from  any  trade  school, 
but  he  claimed  that  he  had  brains  of  his 
own.  Besides,  he  didn't  intend  to  live  in 
either  of  the  houses,  and  if  the  job  was  de- 
fective, he  was  not  going  down  to  an  early 
and  untimely  grave.  He  looked  at  two  or 
three  jobs  done  by  a  practical  plumber  and 
started  to  work.  He  did  such  a  job  as  might 
be  expected  from  a  man  of  his  education 
and  experience.  The  soil  pipe  was  built 
away  from  the  wall,  and  it  was  most  artistic- 
ally joined.  A  substance  after  the  nature  of 
Portland  cement — little  better  than  ordinary 
plaster — was  used  for  the  joints.  This  is  a 
sample  of  what  Mr.  Stillwell  could  do  while 
acting  as  his  own  plumber. 

When  the  work  was  complete  the  ama- 
teur master  plumber  received  a  visit  from 
one  of  the  inspectors  from  the  Health  de- 
partment. The  inspector  was  not  treated 
with  the  utmost  courtesy.  To  tell  the  truth, 
the  amateur  plumber  had  no  more  use  for 
the  officers  of  the  Health  department  than 
he  had  for  its  rules.  The  city  of  Chicago 
and  all  its  paraphernalia  might  be  in  king- 
dom come  before  he  would  alter  his  plans. 
He  had  no  sweet  words  for  Mr.  Inspector, 
but  after  the  visit  he  began  to  think  he  might 
have  done  himself  more  harm  than  he  did 
the  plumbing  trade.  He  learned  that  the 
plumbers  of  Chicago  were  placed  under 
certain  restrictions  and  he  started  out  with  a 
view  of  securing  a  license.  With  this  for- 
midable document  in  his  possession  he 
would  be  ready  to  go  out  into  the  highways 
and  byways  of  the  city  with  a  crier  before 
him  to  announce  that  h^  was  ready  to  ])ut 
in  soil  pipes  with  joints  cemented  with 
plaster  for  any  one  who  wanted  a  first-class 
job  of  jilumbing  done. 

Mr.  Stillwell  didn't  get  his  license.  The 
public  health  authorities  didn't  care  to  rec- 
ommend him  to  the  public  at  large. 

Instead  of  giving  him  the  license  he  want- 
ed and  a  strong  letter  of  recommendation 
accompanied  by  a  colored  plan  of  his  newly 
invented  soil  pipe,  the  health  officer  had  Mr. 
Stillwell  taken  before  Justice  C.  J.  White. 
There  he  failed  to  show  that  his  soil  pipe 
was  an  improvement  on  the  styles  sanc- 
tioned by  master  plumbers,  and  he  was  fined 
Sioo.  This  was  on  October  25.  He  has 
twenty  days  in  which  to  appeal  the  case,  and 
when  the  limit  expires,  he  may  hear  some- 
thing further  from  the  office  of  the  Board 
of  Health. 

If  the  amateur  plumber  had  any  idea  of 
writing  a  book  with  the  attractive  title, 
"  How  to  People  Graveyards,  or  Every  Man 
his  own  Plumber,"  he  has  given  up  the  idea. 
Mr.  Stillwell's  example  may  be  taken  as  a 
lesson  by  other  builders  who  think  they  can 
-  make  themselves  Jacks  of  all  trades. 


AMONG  PLUMBERS. 
When  the  manual  training  school  shall 
have  been  established  on  the  west  side,  a  de- 
partment for  |)lumbers  may  be  included.  In 
view  of  this  ijrobability,  plumbers  have  been 
watching  the  work  of  pupils  of  the  New 
York  tracjc  school.  Several  of  the  gradu- 
ates now  {ire  engaged  in  conducting  business 
for  themselves  with  more  than  the  ordinary 
measure  of  success. 

There  is  a  general  desire  on  the  part  of 
the  master  plumbers  of  Chicago  that  the 
board  of  health  have  plans  drawn  showing 
what,  in  the  opinion  of  the  officials,  is  a  cor- 
rect system  of  plumbing,  and  in  accordance 
with  the  new  rules.  This  is  because  of  the 
lack  of  unanimity  of  opinion  among  men 
who  confessedly  stand  at  the  head  of  their 
trade.  Dr.  Wickersham  undoubtedly  will 
want  his  chief  inspector  to  undertake  this 
work,  if  such  a  thing  is  determined  uijon. 

Plumbing  in  the  new  Philadelphia  public' 
building  has  cost  a  small  fortune,  $78,538 
being  spent  on  this  item  alone  up  to  Jan.  i, 
1889.  The  work  is  supposed  to  be  perfect  in 
sanitary  excellence  and  worthy  the  study  of 
master  plumbers.  Each  toilet  room  con- 
tains eight  closets,  seven  urinals,  three  wash 
basins,  one  sink,  and  hose  attachment.  The 
floors  are  of  heavy  mosaic  tile  laid  in  hy- 
draulic cement,  and  the  walls  are  covered 
with  glazed  tile  to  a  height  of  eight  feet. 
The  closets  are  enclosed  with  polished  mar- 
ble panels  in  frames  of  cast  iron,  and  the 
wash-basins  and  urinals  are  finished  with 
polished  granite,  as  that  material  resists  the 
corroding  effects  of  uric  acid  equal  to  glass. 
The  sink  is  supplied  with  both  hot  and  cold 
water,  and  all  the  pipe  connections  are  of 
brass,  while  the  hose  attachments  admit  of 
flushing  the  entire  floor,  discharging  intothe 
general  drainage  system  of  the  building. 

Plumbers  in  England  are  working  for  a 
national  registration  law.  At  a  meeting 
held  last  month  in  London  among  the 
plumbers  parliament  was  called  upon  to 
provide  that  plumbing  work  should  be  in- 
spected by  practical  plumbers.  It  was 
agreed  that  many  of  the  evils  arising  from 
bad  plumbing  were  due  to  the  work  designed 
by  architects  and  sanitary  engineers  whose 
plumbing  knowledge  was  deficient  and  un- 
practical, and  whose  action  checked  enter- 
prise in  the  plumbing  trade  and  gave  undue 
prominence  to  patent  appliances.  In  view 
of  the  new  rules  issued  by  the  board  of 
health  of  Chicago,  the  action  taken  by  the 
English  plumbers  is  suggestive. 

"  Some  men  in  the  plumbing  business  do 
not  want  to  understand  the  new  rules,"  said 
David  Whiteford  the  other  day.  "  If  they 
are  forced  to  do  their  work  according  to  the 
directions  of  the  board  of  health,  they  will 
have  to  adopt  a  different  system  of  figuring 
on  contracts.  The  other  day  I  put  in  a  bid 
of  $3,800  for  a  certain  piece  of  work.  An- 
other man  put  in  a  bid  of  $2,800.  It  would 
be  impossible  to  do  the  work  for  the  lower 
figure  if  the  work  is  to  be  done  according 
to  this  written  rule.    Now,  how  long  will  this 


334 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  301 


keep  up  ?  Will  the  board  of  health  see  that 
these  rules  are  enforced  ?  If  not  the  man 
who  attempts  to  comply  with  the  law  will 
lose  his  business  for  he  cannot  compete  suc- 
cessfully with  the  workman  who  thinks  he 
will  be  allowed  to  do  as  he  pleases.  If  vio- 
lators of  the  law  are  not  to  be  punished,  the 
rules  will  be  of  no  benefit  to  the  public. 

"  Who  will  stand  between  the  architect 
and  the  plumber?"  asked  a  Chicago  master 
jjlumber  this  week.  "  If  the  highest  degree 
of  sanitary  perfection  in  plumbing  is  to  be 
reached,  a  draughtsman  will  be  needed.  It 
can  not  be  expected  that  an  architect  will-be 
able  to  draw  the  plans  for  house  plumbing. 
Let  a  plan  of  the  system  of  plumbing  au- 
thorized by  the  board  of  health  be  drawn, 
and  yet  on  account  of  the  differing  styles  of 
buildings,  the  one  system  may  be  applied  in 
thousand  different  ways.  The  question  will 
come  up,  does  this  or  that  plan  agree  with 
the  authorized  system?  If  the  rules  are  to 
be  followed  strictly  and  to  be  made  of  the 
greatest  benefit  to  the  public, .it  would  seem 
as  if  a  complete  plan  of  every  proposed  job 
of  plumbing  should  be  submitted  to  the 
board  of  health  for  approval  just  as  the 
plans  of  an  architect  are  submitted  for 
approval  before  a  building  permit  is  issued. 
Then  who  is  to  pay  this  draughtsman? 
Must  the  owner  of  the  building  pay  his  fee? 
There  are  few  master  plumber  who  have  the 
ability  to  draw  such  plans.  It  is  not  a  part 
of  .their  education.  Should  the  ()lumbcrs  be 
forced  to  pay  for  the  making  of  these  plans, 
or  should  such  a  draughtsman  be  considered 
a  i)ublic  officer  and  be  paid  from  the  public 
treasury  because  he  is  looking  after  the 
sanitary  welfare  of  the  public?  These  arc 
questions  which  would  seem  to  need  consid- 
erable discussion." 

That  the  new  rules  are  to  be  enforced  is 
evidenced  by  the  fact  that  John  Feutsch,  a 
plumber  at  2042  Wentworth  avenue,  was 
suspended  last  Saturday  because  he  would 
not  obey  the  commands  of  the  Health  De- 
partment. He  was  employed  by  Louis  I'"ea- 
man  to  do  the  plumbing  at  3627  and  3629 
Portland  avenue.  He  failed  to  put  in  the 
heavy  pipe  according  to  the  regulations  of 
the  dei)artment  and  when  notified  that  his 
work  must  be  made  good,  refused  to  comply. 
Chief  Ins[)ector  Young  says  that  unless  he 
takes  out  the  defective  work  and  makes  the 
job  comply  with  the  new  rules,  his  license 
will  be  revoked.  Mr.  Young  says  every 
master  plumber  must  understand  that  the 
rules  are  not  to  be  a  dead  letter. 

Sylvester  E.  Brown's  attorney  early  this 
week  announced  in  court  that  Mr.  Ihown 
and  Thomas  Kavanaugh  had  about  settled 
their  partnership  difficulties  in  the  plumbing 
firm  of  Brown  &  Kavanaugh  and  the  motion 
for  a  receiver  was  continued  indefinitely. 

Tmc  Cierman  War  Minister  has  derided 
that  the  chest  of  every  soldier  shall  be  ex- 
amined once  a  month.  If  the  chest  does  not 
reach  a  certain  breadth  and  does  not  develop 
with  drill  and  athletic  exercises,  the  soldier 
will  be  disnualified  and  regarded  as  being 
predisposccl  to  phthisis,  and,  moreover, 
likely  tc;  infect  his  comrades. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Beloit,  Wis.:  The  corner-stone  of  .Scovillc 
hall  at  Beloit  college  was  laid  last  Sunday 

afternoon.  Middletown,  Ohio:    A  $30,000 

Methodist  church  is  to  be  built.  Fairfield, 

la.:  An  election  will  be  held  next  Wednes- 
day'to  decide  on  a  S^S.ooo  courthouse.  

Cleveland,  Ohio:  The  Cleveland  iron  com- 
pany will  build  a  $150,000  rolling  mill.  St. 

Paul,  Minn.:  The  union  depot  company  will 
spend  $100,000  for  buildings.    Anew  theatre 

is  projected  by  Mr.  Harris.  Sioux  City,  la.: 

A  school-house  for  St.  Mary's  catholic  church 

is  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  Natchez, 

Miss.:    The  masonic  temple  is  to  cost  $40,- 

000.  Cherokee,   la.:      An   opera  house 

company  has  been  incorporated.  The  build- 
ing will  cost  $26,000.  Cincinnati,  Ohio: 

The  union  depot  company  will  spend  $175,- 
000  for  an  office  building.  Work  is  to  be 
contracted  for  on  a  $100,000  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

building.  Seattle,  Wash.  Terr.:''Plans  for 

the  new  court  house  are  complete.  An  opera 
house  to  cost  $200,000  is  projected  by  Thomas 
Ewing  and  others.  The  plan  will  be  selected 

by  competition.  Lincoln,  Neb.:    A  new 

court  house  is  to  be  voted  for.  Sheboygan, 

Wis.:    The  Lutherans  will  build  a  $10,000 

church.  Tccumseh,  Neb.:    A  new  city 

hall  is  to  be  erected.  Maiden,  Mass.:  The 

First  Baptist  Society  will  erect  a  $75,000 
church  after  plans  by  H.  S.  McKay,  of  Bos- 
ton. Roxbury,   Mass.:     The  Dearborn 

street  society  will  put  up  a  $18,000  church. 
Detroit,  Mich.:    A  $13,000  school-house  will 

be  built.  Philadeljjhia,  Pa.:    The  school 

buildings  will  require  $524,800  in  iSgo,  and 

that  amount  has  been  recommended.  

Memphis,  Tenn.:  The  corner-stone  of  the 
new  opera   house   was  laid  this  week. 

Dadeville,  Ala.:    A  $50,000  cotton  mill  is 

to  be  built.  Fltfrcnce,  Ala.:  Philadelphia 

capitalists  contemplate  investing  heavily, 
one  of  the  projects  being  a  $500,000  carpet 

mill.  It  is  said  that  the  New  York  Life, 

Germania  and  Equitable  insurance  compa- 
nies are  anxious  to  secure  available  sites  in 

Chicago  for  mammoth  office  buildings.  

Austin,  111.:  Mr.  (liles  is  to  erect  a  block 
for  the  postoffice,  a  bank  and  general  busi- 
ness iniri)oses.  Seattle,  Wash.:    The  new 

court-house  is  to  cost  $200,000.    The  plans 

have  been  prepared  by  W.  A.  Ritchie.  

Pierre,  Dak.:  The  temporary  capitol  build- 
ing has  been  begun.  If  Pierre  is  to  be  the 
permanent  capitol,  the  State  will  want  some- 
thing better  than  the  $15,000  building  being- 
erected.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:    Orth  &  Cet- 

tl(;nan  have  had  plans  drawn  for  a  business 
block.  The  .Schlitz  Brewing  Company  will 
spend  $30,000  in  new  buildings.  Wash- 
ington, 1).  C:  It  is  thought  that  Secretary 
Noble  will  urge  the  necessity  for  another 
building  for  the  Interior  Department.  A 
syndicate  has  planned  to  erect  fifty  dwell- 
ings to  cost  $200,000.  The  need  of  buildings 
of  moderate  cost  is  ap])arent.  Mrs.  P.  P. 
Mullett  will  build  three  residences  to  cost 


of  $36,000.    David  A.  Windsor  will  put  up  a 

$25,000  residence.  Lancaster,  Pa.: — Plans 

for  the  First  M.  E.  Church  building,  to  cost 
$40,000,  have  been  d:awn  by  a  Philadelphia 

architect.  Hopewell,  N.  J.:     Plans  are 

being  prepared  by  W.  A.  Poland,  of  Trenton, 
for  A.  S.  Cook,  for  a  large  business  block. 

 Dayton,  O.:    The  Daily  Democrat  STVjs: 

It  is  rumored  that  an  eight-story  building 
for  offices,  etc.,  in  the  Chicago  style,  will  be 
erected  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Main  and 

Third   streets  next  spring.  Lynchburg 

A'a.:    A  $200,000  furnance  is  to  be  erected, 

 Pittsburg,  Pa.:   Only  twelve  of  the  fifty 

b  uildings  to  be  erected  by  Charles  Lock- 
hart  have  the  roofs  on.  Lima,  Ohio:  J. 

Harmon  &  Sons  have  secured  the  contract 
for  erecting  the  new  Allen  county  insane 

asylum  building.  Mansfield,  Ohio:  Plans' 

have  been  prepared  for  a  large  hotel.  D. 
F.  Crawford  is  one  of  the  building  com- 
mittee. Findlay,  Ohio:    E.  B.  Davis  will 

put  U[)  a  $10,000  business  block.  London, 

Ohio:  The  contract  for  erecting  the  Madi- 
son county  court  house  has  been  let  to 
Wittlemeir  Bros.,  of  Columbus.  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.:  Pettis,  Bassett  &  Co.  propose 
putting  up  a  modern  store  building  to  cost 

$150,000.  KansasCity,  Mo.:    The  citizens 

are  making  vigorous  efforts  to  secure  the 
location  of  the  State  W.  C.  T.  U.  Industrial 
Home  for  Friendless  Girls.  An  extensive 
site  will  be  required,  and  the  buildings  will 
cost  a  large  sum.  While  the  plans,  pre- 
pared by  Architect  Curtis,  for  the  city  hall 
have  not  been  formally  voted  on  by  the  board 
of  public  works,  the  board  has  approved 
them  and  they  w  ill  be  adopted  as  they  now 
stand.  The  area  to  be  occupied  by  the 
future  city  hall  will  be  in  the  form  of  a 
rectangle,  175x115  feet,  the  main  facades 
fronting  on  Main  and  Fourth  streets.  In 
design  the  building  follows  the  lines  laid 
down  by  the  law  of  the  Romanesc|ue  order 
of  architecture.  The  superstructure  will  be 
of  pressed  brick,  rising  from  a  base,  one 
story  high,  of  some  dark  red  sandstone,  the 
arches,  quoin  stones  and  other  trimmings  to 
be  in  sandstone.  The  building  has  been 
planned  to  come  within  the  apiiropriation, 
giving  to  the  city  offices  for  its  present  needs 
and  sufficient  office  room  for  future  contin- 
gencies. It  now  looks  as  if  the  Gillis  or- 
[)han  asylum  would  be  built.  If  the  court 
permits  the  sale  of  certain  real  estate,  a 

$100,000  buikling  will  be  erected.  Dallas, 

Texas:  The  contract  for  the  foundation  of 
the  new  Oriental  hotel  has  been  let.  When 
comi)letc,  the  building  will  have  cost  $500,- 

000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    Plans  are  being 

prei)ared  for  Daniel  Catlin's  new  bank  buikl- 
iag.  It  will  cost  $750,000.  Plans  for  the 
$80,000  addition  to  the  insane  asylum  have 

been   submitted.  Dululh,  Minn.:  Rad- 

cliffc       kud<)li)h  have  drawn  plans  for  a 

$55,000  buildi>ig:  Flushing,  N.  Y.:  The 

board  of  education  will  erect  a  $45,000 
school  building.'—  -Jackson,  Mich.:  A$io,- 

000  school   building  is  to  be  erected.  

Gaylord,  Mich.:  The  |)eople  will  vote  Nov- 
eiuber  20th  on  the  question  of  spentling 
$30,000  for  a  new  court  house.  San  Bcr- 


Nov.  9,  LSS9,] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


335 


nardino,  Cal.  Jones  &  Griffiths  have  details 
of  t\\{)  l;iri;c  Iniiidings  proposed. — Porthind, 
Ore.:    A  $140,000  library  building  is  to  be 

erected.  \'erniillion,  S.  Dak.:    Plans  for 

a  new  hotel  are  being  made  by  Architect 
Dow,  of  Sioux  Falls.-  —  Sujierior,  Wis.: 
Martin  Pattison  can  give  details  of  a  pro- 
jjosed  $40,000  building. 


MK.VriNG  AND  LICIITINC. 

Mitchell,  .S.  Dak.:    A  franchise  has  been 

granted   to  .-m  electric  light  comi^any.  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  Anew  electric  light 
com[)any  has  been  formed  and  will  make 
improvements.  Wellsboro,  Pa.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  is  contemplated.  The  pro- 
fessor of  geology  in  the  University  of  West 
Virginia  declares  that  the  rumors  of  failure 
of  natural  gas  are  idle  and  have  no  founda- 
tion. From  his  protracted  study  and  inves- 
tigiition  of  these  regions,  aided  by  the  best 
scientific  light  on  the  subject,  he  asserts  that 
the   production  will   largely   increase  for 

years  to  come.  St.  Charles,  Mo.:  The 

city  is  contemplating  the  erection  of  an 
electric  light  plant.  The  committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  mayor  to  investigate  the 
{irobable  cost  of  the  [ilant.    St.  Charles  has 

a  population  of  7,500.  Lake  \'illage,  N. 

H  :    An  appropriation  has  been  made  for 

electric-lighting.  Daleville,   Ind.:  The 

Co-operative  Natural  Gas  Company  with  a 

capital  of  $6,000  has  been  organized.  Am- 

boy,  111.:  The  city  may  be  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity. Pana,    111.:     An    electric  light 

plant  is  talked  of.  Chadron,  Neb.:  The 

people  want  electric  light.  Denver,  Col.: 

The  Rice  Electric  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  been  organized  by  David  Strick- 
hunier,  G.  F.  Barlow,  H.  R.  Woodale,  H.  H. 
Corbin,  and  C.  W.  Corbin,  with  a  capital 

stock  of  $10,000.  Canton,  O.:    James  Mc- 

Kinley,  and  several  other  capitalists,  have 
been  experimenting  in  Youngstown  for  sev- 
eral months  with  the  manufacture  of  gas 
from  crude  oil.    The  experiments,  he  says, 

have  been  very  satisfactory.  Columbiana, 

O.:  The  Northwestern  Gas  Improvement 
Company  made  a  test  of  its  process  of  man- 
ufacturing gas  from  oil  last  week.  The  pro- 
cess of  manufacture  is  the  patent  or  Dr. 
J.  J.  Johnson.  The  invention  has  also  been 
patented  in  twenty-two  foreign  counti'ies,- 
and  it  is  claimed  that  the  gas  can  be  manu- 
factured so  cheaply  under  it  as  to  make  it  a 
formidable  rival  of  natural  gas.  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.:  The  City  Attorney  has  sent  a 
written  opinion  to  the  Council  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  the  city's  right  to  dismantle  gas  lamps 
in  favor  of  electric  lights.  The  opinion  states 
that  in  the  pity's  contract  with  the  gas  com- 
pany the  latter  "  agrees  to  dismantle  any  gas 
lamp  now  erected  and  relight  in  lieu  thereof 
any  lamp-post  now  erected,  or  that  may  be 
hereafter  erected  upon  the  lines  of  existing 
mains  when  so  ordered  by  the  Common 
Council  and  Board  of  Aldermen  during  the 
existence  of  the  present  contract,  and  due 
notice  being  given  by  the  City  Civil  Engi- 
neer, without  any  cost  to  the  city."  Ko- 

komo,  Ind.:    The  natural  gas  company's 


stock  will  be  purchased  by  a  Chicago  syndi- 
cate. The  Findlay,  O.,  gas  plant  has  cost 

the  city  over  $300,000,  and  is  not  yet  com- 
pleted. The  original  cost  of  the  plant  was 
figured  at  $30,000.  The  [jcople  arc  said  to 
be  much  dissatisfied.  A  prominent  gentle- 
man from  that  city  says,  that  "  were  the 
c|uestions  put  to  a  vote  to-day,  the  people 
would  vote  that  the  city  should  not  own  its 

|)lant."  Urbana,   O.:    An   electric  light 

and  jKiwer  company  with  a  capital  of  $30,- 

000  has  been  incoriiorated.  The  Union 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  of  CHii- 
cago  has  been  organized   with    a  capital 

stock  of  $100,000.  Englishmen  consider 

gas  slocks  profitable  as  well  as  breweries, 
and  it  is  said  a  plan  is  on  foot  to  buy  the 
plants  of  several  of  the  Boston  suburbs  for 

$3,500,000.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  A  fuel, 

gas,  and  incandescent  lighting  company 
with  a  capital  of  $200,000  has  been  organ- 
ized. Fred  Clark  is  the  secretary.  Mam- 
moth Cave,  Kentucky,  is  to  be  lighted  by 

electricity.  Osawatomie,  Kan.:    The  gas 

company  is  furnishing  the  heat  and  motive 
power  for  the  large  State  Insane  asylum, 
where  the  outlay  for  coal  used  to  be  from 

$8,000  to  $10,000  a  year.  Griffin,  Ga.:  J. 

G.  Rhea  is  the  secretary  of  a  company  or- 
ganized with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000  for 

an  electric  light  plant.  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.: 

Birmingham  capitalists  have  contracted  to 
light  the  city  by  electricity.    A  $25,000  plant 

will  be  put  in.  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.:  The 

trouble  over  the  public  lighting  may  be  set- 
tled by  the  purchase  by  the  city  of  an  electric 
light  plant. — —Effingham,  111.:  The  city  will 
be  lighted  by  twenty-five  arc  lights  cf  2,000 

candle  power  each.  Lindsburg,  Kan.:  An 

electric  light  system  will  be  put  in.  Key- 

ser,  W.  Va,:  An  electric  light  and  power 
company  with  a  caf)ital  stock  of  $50,000  has 

been  organized.  St.  Johns,  Mich.:    R.  G. 

Steele  is  the  secretary  of  the  new  electric 
light  company  formed  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $25,000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  Munici- 
pal Electric  Light  and  Power  Company's 
plant  will  be  the  largest  in  the  West.  The 
building  will  cost  $185,000,  and  the  fittings 
and  fixtures  $650,000.  Lynn,  Mass.:  Pat- 
rick Lennox  has  brought  suit  against  the 
Thomson-Houston  company.  He  is  a 
stockholder  and  says  Prof.'  Thomson  has 
organized  separate  companies  for  some  of 
his  inventions  when  the  old  company  was 
entitled  to  the  manufacturing  rights.  In- 
dependence, la.:  A  franchise  has  been 
given  to  an  electric  light  company  and  a 

$15,000  plant  will  be  put  in.  Wheeling, 

W.  Va.  The  electrical  company  will  in- 
crease the  capacity  of  its  light  and  power 
plant.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  The  construc- 
tion of  the  new  plant  of  the  Kansas  City 
Gas  Light  and  Coke  company  at  Twenty- 
fifth  street  and  State  line  is  progressing  rap- 
idly. The  tank  is  ready  to  be  set  in  the 
holder  and  cost  $100,000.  It  is  125  feet  in 
diameter.  The  holder  has  a  capacity  of  iX 
million  cubic  feet.  Two  of  the  sixteen  col- 
umns to  be  put  up  for  the  tank  are  already 
in  position.  These  columns  are  75  feet  in 
height  and  all  made  of  iron.    The  power 


house  will  be  80x140  feet  and  two  stories 
high  and  will  contain  the  engine  and  boiler 
rooms,  the  covers  and  condensers,  The 
work  will  be  C()m[)leted  and  the  tank  filled 

with   gas  by  January    15.  Hrightwo.jd, 

Ind.:  The  citizens  are  forming  a  co-opera- 
tive company  for  the  purpose  of  su[)i)iying 
the  town  with  natural  gas.  The  Capital  City 
wells  are  only  three  miles  distant,  but  cap- 
italists have  neglected  the  oportunity  to  lay 

I)i[)es  to  Brightwood.  Prof.  Edward  Or- 

ton,  .State  geologist  of  Ohio,  in  giving  testi- 
mony in  a  case  at  Toledo,  said  he  did  not 
think  the  natural  gas  wells  would  Ije  pro- 
ductive more  than  five  or  eight  years.  

Morristown,    Ind.:    Natural   gas  has  been 

struck  with  a  strong  flow.  Council  Bluffs, 

la.  The  capital   stock  of    the  Council 

Bluffs  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company  is 
$500,000.    Charles  P.  Pratt  is  the  secretary. 

 Burlington,  la.:    The  gas  company  has 

secured  the  right  to  operate  an  electric  light 

plant.  Birmingham,  Ala.:  A  gas,  electric 

light  and  power  company  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $500,000  has  been  incorporated,  and 
has  purchased  the  plant  of  the  old  gas  com- 
pany. Roanoke,  Va.:    The  gas  mains  are 

to  be   extended   considerably.  Atlanta, 

Ga.:  The  Gate  City  Gas  Light  Company 
and  the  Atlantic  Gas  Light  Company  have 
secured  the  right  to  furnish  electric  light. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

Dubuque,  la.:  Bids  for  the  construction 
of  lateral  sewers  were  opened  last  Wednes- 
day. The  city  began  a  sewerage  system  this 
summer  and  the  work  will  require  some  time 
to  complete  as  the  plans  contemplate  a  com- 
plete system.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  The 

gas  company  is  fighting  the  city  in  its  effort 
to  put  in  a  sewerage  system.  An  injunction 
has  been  obtained  stopping  the  digging  of 
trenches.  It  is  said  the  gas  company  is  to 
blame  for  the  condition  of  its  pipes.  The 
city  is  about  to  purchase  a  pump  for  the 

sewerage  system.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:  The 

engineers  in  the  department  of  public  works 
are  preparing  plans  for  large  additions  to  the 

sewerage  system.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  Bids 

for  sewer  work  were  opened  by  the  Board  of 
public  works  last  week.  All  bids  exceeded 
the  amount  of  the  available  fund  and  new 

bids  will   probably  be  advertised  for.  

Lansing,  Mich.:  City  Clerk  Hinman  will 
receive  proposals   for  the  construction  of 

certain  sewers.  La  Fayette,  Ind.;  City 

Clerk  Hanagan  will  open  bids  Nov.  nth  for 
the  construction  of  certain  sewers.  Van- 
couver, B.  C:    It  is  proposed  to  construct 

five  miles  more  of  sewers.  Flint,  Mich.: 

City  Clerk  Mark  W.  Stevens  may  give  some 
information  regarding  proposed  sewer  work. 

 Keokuk,  la.:    A  complete  sewer  system 

is  talked  of.  Sioux  City,  la.:    Charles  F 

Loweth,  of  St.  Paul,  has  perfected  plans  for 

a  sewerage  system  for  Sioux  City.  La 

Salle,  111.:  Chester  B.  Davis,  of  Chicago, 
has  been  asked  for  plans  for  a  sewerage 

system.  Akron,  Ohio:    The  city  engineer 

is  figuring  on  an  improved  system  of  sewer- 
age. Tiffin,  Ohio:    City  Clerk  Jeremiah 


336 


Rex  will  receive  bids  until  Nov.  23rd  for  the 

construction  of  a  system  of  sewerage.  

Salem,  Mass.:  The  city  council  has  appro- 
{)riatcd  §24,000  for  the  construction  of  sewers. 
 Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  Contracts  for  consider- 
able sewer  work  are  to  be  let. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Marietta,  O.:     Bids    were    ojicncd  last 
Wednesday  by  Consulting  Engineer  John 
W.    Hill   of  Cincinnati,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Marietta  waterworks  system.  

Bear  Gulch,  Cal.:    A  water  company  with  a 

capital  of  §500,000  has  been  organized.  

Ashland,  Ore.:  The  City  Council  has  let 
the  contract  for  construction  of  water  works 
to  the  John  Barret  Co.,  of  Portland,  for  $50,- 

000.  Reedsboro,  Vt.:    Bonds  of  §10,000 

will  be  issued  for  establishing  a  system  of 

waterworks.  Genoa,  Neb.:    The  vote  on 

issue  of  water  bonds  carried.  Eaton  Rap- 
ids, Mich.:    City  officials  are  talking  of  an 

issue  of  $40,000  bonds  for  waterworks.  

Eagle  River  Wis.:  Waterworks  to  cost  §7,- 
000  will  be  established.    Address  the  Town 

Clerk.  Scribner,  Neb.:    The  question  of 

establishing  a  system  of  waterworks  is  being 

agitated.  San   Bernardino,    Cal.:  The 

Board  of  City  Trustees  has  issued  a  call  for 
an  election  to  decide  whether  to  raise  $160,- 
000  by  bonds,  with  which  to  provide  the  city 

with  a  water  system.  Medina,   N.  Y.: 

Specifications  and  plans  are  being  prepared 

rfor  a  system  of    waterworks.  Denver, 

Col.:  The  Mountain  Water  Company  will 
spend  §52,000  in  laying  ten  miles  of  pipe. 

 Newark,  N.  J.:    Fire  and  Water  says: 

The  East  Jersey  Water  Company  which  has 
the  §6,000,000  contract  to  furnish  Newark, 
N.  J.,  with  a  water  supply,  has  begun  prelim- 
inary operations  by  establishing  headquar- 
ters for  its  corps  of  engineers  and  surveyors 
in  Paterson.  About  the  first  work  to  be  un- 
dertaken is  the  construction  of  a  solid  ma- 
sonry dam  across  the  Pequannock  river  be- 
low Echo  lake.  The  company  will  also  con- 
struct two  storage  reservoirs  covering  420 
and  440  acres  of  ground,  respectively,  and 
having  a  total  capacity  of  7,000,000,000  gal- 
lons. Reno,  Nev.:    The  water  supply  is 

to  be  brought  from  Douner  lake  and  a  res- 
ervoir will  be  built  at  Weber  lake.  But- 
ler,  Mo.:    The  people  have  voted  for  a 

waterworks  system.  Oldtown,   Me.:  A 

committee  has  been  appointed  to  contract 

for  the  best  system  of  waterworks.  Port 

Townsend,  Wash.:  The  waterworks  com- 
pany of  which  mention  was  made  last  week 

has  a  capital  of  §500,000.  Huntingburgh, 

Ind.:  The  proposition  to  construct  water- 
works has  been  carried  by  a  large  majority. 

The  city  clerk  can  advise.  Union,  S.C.: 

W.  T.  (]rahani  wants  estimates  as  to  cost 
of  constructing  waterworks  in  a  town  having 

a  jiopulation  of  1,500.  Toronto,  Ohio:  A 

waterworks  system  is  to  be  constructed  un- 
der the  direction  of  J.  D.  Cook,  of  Toledo. 

 Oshkosh,  Wis.:    A  new  water  tower  is 

to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  §8,000.  Pittsford, 

Vt.:    Waterworks  are  proposed.  Siloam 

Springs,  Col. :  Waterworks  are  contemplated. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


 New  Hampton,  la.:    Town  Clerk  T.  A. 

Hamilton  wants  correspondence  in  reference 
to  waterworks.  Broadhead,  Wis.:  Water- 
works are  contemplated.  Madison,  Ind.: 

A  committee  has  been  appointed  to  look  in- 
to different    systems    for  waterworks.  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:    The  waterworks 

system   is   to  be   extended.   Colorado 

Springs,  Col.:  The  council  has  ordered  the 
issue  of  §80,000  bonds  for  an  extension  of 

the  waterworks  system.  Edwardsville 

111.:    A  water-works   system  is  discussed. 

Graysport,  Pa.:  Waterworks  will  be  put  in. 

 Miamisburg,  Ohio:  The  authorities  have 

taken  steps  to  secure  a  water  works  system. 

 Ypsilanti,  Mich.:    Nearly  sixteen  miles 

of  water  pipe  have  been  laid  and  the  system 

is  nearly  complete.  Gaysport,  Pa.:  The 

people  have  voted  to  spend  §20,000  for  water 

works.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    The   Board  of 

Public  Improvements  asked  for  bids  for  the 
construction  of  the  inlet  tower  at  the  new 
waterworks  near  the  Chain  of  Rocks.  One 
company  bid  §107,000,  which  was  the  lowest, 
and  another  §127,000  for  the  same  work> 
which  was  the  highest.  All  bids  have  been 
rejected  and  new  bids  are  now  being  received. 

 Spokane  Falls,  Wash.  Ter.:  The  North 

Spokane  Falls  water  works  company  has 
been  formed  with  a  capital  stock  of  §200,000- 

The  charter  is  for  fifty  years.  Fostoria^ 

Ohio:  Plans  are  prepared  for  an  extensive 
system  of  water  works.  The  supply  will  be 
taken  from  Portage  Creek.  Two  reservoirs 
of  135,000,000  gallons  capacity  will  be  con- 
structed. Two  sets  of  pumi)ing  machinery 
will  be  erected  and  also  a  tower  with  300,000 
gallons  capacity.    Sixteen  miles  of  pipe  will 

be  laid.  Louisville,  Ky.:    The  president 

of  the  water  works  company  says  it  will  be 
necessary  soon  to  spend  §250,000  for  improve- 
ments. Homestead,  l*;i.:  The  people  will 

vote  on  the  question  of  putting  in  a  §75,000 

water  works  plant.  Bryan,  Texas:  The 

cost  of  the  new  water  works  will  be  §28,000 

The  company  has  a  capital  of  $50,000.  

Santa  Cruz,  Cal.:  The  capital  stock  of  the 
city  water  company,  $500,000,  has  been  sub- 
scribed. Washburn,   Wis.:    Four  miles 

of  mains  will  be  laid  for  the  water  works 

system.  Galesburg,  111.:  Chester  B.  Davis. 

of  Chicago,  is  preparing  plans  for  a  water 

works  system.  Stanford,  Ky.:    The  city 

engineer  is  engaged  on  si)ecificati()ns  for  a 
water  works  system. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Brigantinc,  N.  J.:    The   Brigantine  im- 
provement company  will  erect  a  hotel  and 

has  asked  for  bids.  Milwaukee,  Wis.: 

The  committee  of  the  council  on  public 
buildings  will  advertise  for  new  proposals 
for  the  building  of  the  F"ourteenth  ward 
school.  The  jiroposals  were  made  once  and 
the  contract  awarded  but  the  contractor  has 

asked  to  be  released.  Jefferson  Barracks. 

Mo.:  The  mess  hall  and  kitchen  are  to  be 
furnished  and  bids  will  be  opened  Nov.  18th, 
The  proposals  should  be  addressed  to  Maj. 
L.  Cass  Forsyth,  Q.  M.,  U.  S.  A.  Among 
other  things  the  specifications  call  for  appa- 


[Vol.  XV.,   No.  301 


ratus  for  heating  and  cooking  by  steam,  and 
for  lighting  by  carburetted  air  gas.  Plumb- 
ing work  also  is  to  be  done.  Carson  City. 

Nev.:  Proposals  will  be  received  until  Nov. 
1 2th,  by  the  supervising  architect  of  the 
treasury  department  for  the  construction  of 

approaches  to  the  Carson  City  post-office.  

Loveland,  Ohio:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
Nov.  nth,  for  gas  machines  and  fixtures  for 
the  new  town  hall.    Con  W.  Gatch,  the  town 

clerk,  will  give  specifications.  Columbia, 

Tenn.:  Bids  for  water  pipe  and  fire  hydrants 
will  be  received  by  Mayor  Clifton  Comly, 
U.  S.  A.,  Columbia  Arsenal,  until  Nov.  nth, 
Baltimore,  Md.:  Proposals  will  be  received 
until  Nov.  27th  by  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  for  combination  electric  light  and 
gas  fixtures  for  the  Baltimore  government 

buildings.  Brooklyn,   N.   Y.:  Proposals 

will  be  received  until  Nov.  26th  by  Pay- 
master General  Fulton,  of  the  Navy,  for  a 
large  quantity  of  steam  pipe  and  fittings  for 

the  Brooklyn  navy  yard.  St.  Louis,  Mo.: 

The  competition  plans  for  the  new  city  hall 
will  be  opened  Nov.  15th.    An  architect  in 

Rome,   Italy,  has  sent  plans.  Jackson, 

Tenn.:  Bids  are  wanted  by  P.  D.  W.  Conger 

for  the  constuction  %{  a  new  court  house  

Newark,  N.  J.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
Nov.  nth  by  the  Pennsylvania  R.  R.  com- 
pany for  the  building  of  a  new  station  at 

Newark.  Detroit,   Mich.:  Comptroller 

John  B.  Moloney  will  receive  proposals  until 
Dec.  2ith  for  lighting  the  city  for  one,  two  or 
three  years  from  July  i,  iSgo. 


The  dispute  .between  the  Postmaster  Gen- 
eral and  the  telegraph  companies  as  to  the 
rate  that  shall  be  allowed  for  government 
messages  has  been  ended  by  surrender  on 
the  part  of  Mr.  Wanamaker.  The  new  rates 
are  very  different  from  the  one  mill  per 
word  rate  that  was,  proposed  at  the  begin- 
ning. The  rates  are  not  liberal,  but  there  is 
some  satisfaction  in  seeing  them  approxi- 
imate  more  nearly  to  the  actual  cost  of  the 
service. 


CHICAGO  BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Chicago  Horning  and  Nlilling  Co.,3- 
st  factory,  50x100,  Grand  av,  near 


belt  road,  a,  Fromman  &  Jebsen..  8,000 

H.  M.  Waitt,  2-st  factory,  278x96, 
Twenty-first  st  and  Albany  av,  a, 
Mr.  Kennedy   30,000 

E.  N.  Walker,  2-st  dwell,  22x52,3645 
Grand  boul,  a,  S.  S.  Beeman   7,000 

W.  L.  Conklin,  2-st  fl,  21x60,  no7 
West  St,  a,  Lawson  &  Newma^i  . .  4,500 

G.W.Williams,  2-st  fls,  21x60,  102 

Flourney  st   4,500 

T.  J.  Koasnicka,  2-st  fi,  24x75,  643 
West  Eighteenth  st,  a,  F.  A.  Koas- 
nicka   4,000 

John  McDowell,  2  3-st  fls, 48x58, 2352 
and  2354  Dearborn  st  a,  C.  M. 

Palmer   10,000 

iContinued  on  Pago  vi.] 


Nov.  16,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


337 


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CHICAGO,  NOV.  9,  1889. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics.       -------  337 

Certain  Provisions  of  (Continental  Legislation  337 

Concerning  Food  Adulteration.    -      -      -      -  339 

Sewers  and  Sewage.        ------  339 

Health  in  Michigan,       ------  340 

Natural  Gas  and  Chicago.      -      -      .      .      .  340 

The  "Amines  Process"  of  Sewage  Treatment.  340 

Infectious  Disease  Notification  Act.   -      -      .  342 

Promotion  of  Public  Health.       -      -      -      -  342 

Producing  Smokeless  Coal.  -----  344 

Building— 

The  Ri^sponsibility  of  Architects.        -      -  344 

The  Vibration  of  Building.     -      -      -      -  34.5 

From  Chicago  Architects,  -  -  -  -  345 
Plumbing— 

Registration  of  Plumbers  in  England.        -  346 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers.      -      -      -      -  346 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done,     -      -      -  346 

Heating  and  Lighting.    -----  347 

Sewage  Notes.    -------  348 

Water  Works  Notes.       -----  343 

Minneapolis  Building  Permits.     ...  343 


It  is  a  plumbers  business  to  know  about 
])hinibing,  and  he  is  tlic  man  to  consult  in  re- 
j^ard  to  such  matters.  If  you  think  your 
|)lumbingis  out  of  rcpaircall  in  a  plumber 
and  he  will  tell  you  its  condition.  If  the 
phimbing  is  found  to  be  all  ri},'ht 
that  assurance  is  worth  to  you;  if  the 
work  is  bad,  its  repair  will  prevent  sickness 
and  probably  save  your  life. 


England  has  caught  it  now,  and,  without 
the  excuse  of  a  World's  Fair  or  anything  of 
of  that  kind,  is  bent  on  having  a  tower  all  its 
own.  An  English  company  have  advertised 
for  the  best  and  second  best  design  for  a 
tower  not  less  than  1,200  feet  high.  This 
thing  must  stop.  If  we  keep  on  building 
towers  higher  than  anyone  else  has  built,  the 
time  will  come  when  every  nation  on  the 
globe  will  have  everything  it  possesses  piled 
on  one  pile.  This  building-high  habit  is 
about  as  dangerous  as  it  is  useless  and  silly. 


Some  weeks  ago  mention  was  made  in 
The  Sanitary  News  regarding  the  inten- 
tion of  a  Chicago  company  to  pipe  natural 
gas  to  this  city  from  the  gas  fields  in 
Indiana.  Mention  at  the  time  was  made  of 
a  legislative  act  of  that  state  prohibiting  the 
piping  of  natural  gas  out  of  the  common- 
wealth. Such  an  act  was,  of  course,  deemed 
unconstitutional,  and  last  week  the  Indiana 
Supreme  court  rendered  a  decision  sustain- 
ing that  view.  It  is  held  that  natural  gas 
may  become  a  commercial  commodity  and 
that  the  State  Legislature  cannot  enact  any 
law  regulating  commerce  between  the  State 
as  the  states  are  forbidden  to  legislate  on 
that  subject  by  the  Federal  constitution.  In 
the  course  of  the  opinion  it  is  said:  "Prop- 
erty that  may  become  an  article  of  commerce 
cannot  be  kept  in  the  State  where  it  is  pro- 
duced by  a  State  law  forbidding  its  trans- 
sportation.  If  this  were  not  so,  then  not  only 
might  coal  and  petroleum  be  kept  within 
the  State  in  which  it  is  produced,  but  so 
might  corn  and  wheat,  cotton  and  fruit,  lead 
and  iron.  If  such  laws  could  be  enacted 
and  enforced  a  complete  annihilation  of  in- 
terstate commerce  might  result,  and  it  was 
to  prevent  the  possibility  of  such  a  result 
that  the  provision  vesting  exclusive  power 
in  the  Federal  Government  was  written  in 
the  National  Constitution."  In  regard  to 
the  act  being  simply  a  police  regulation  the 
court  says:  "The  act  does  not  assume  to 
provide  for  the  safety,  health,  or  comfort  of 
the  citizens,  but  its  object  is  to  prevent  the 
sinking  of  gas  wells  and  the  laying  of  pipe 
lines  by  persons  who  desire  to  convey  gas 
out  of  the  State.  The  act  is  in  effect,  as  it 
is  in  words,  a  legislative  prohibition  directed 
solely  against  a  designated  class  of  persons. 
It  is  not  the  mode  of  transportation  against 
which  the  prohibition  is  directed  but  the 
persons  who  engage  in  the  business."  There 
is  nothing  now  to  prevent  the  Chicago  Gas 
company  from  piping  gas  to  this  city,  and 
we  understand  work  will  be  commenced  at 
once. 


CERTAIN  PROVISIONS  OF  CON- 
TINENTAL LE(}ISLATION  CON- 
CERNING FOOD  ADULTER- 
ATION.* 

During  the  past  year  I  have  had  occasion 
to  look  up  the  subject  of  the  laws  and  regu- 
lations now  in  force  in  European  countries 
in  reference  to  the  sale  of  unwholesome  or 
falsified  foods,  and  believe  that  brief  resume 
of  certain  provisions  of  such  legislation  may 
not  be  uninteresting  to  the  members  of  this 
association. 

To,  attempt  to  summarize  what  has  been 
done  in  each  country  involves  more  or  less 
of  a  review  of  its  police  administration, 
which  would  make  this  paper  too  long. 
Copies  of  these  foreign  laws,  decrees,  and 
regulations,  and  a  list  of  our  State  laws  on 
the  adulteration  of  food  and  drugs,  dairy 
products,  and  butter  substitutes,  will  be 
found  in  the  reports  of  the  commissioner  of 
internal  revenue  for  1888  and  i88g,  to  which 
I  would  refer  those  specially  inerested  in 
this  subject. 

In  examining  this  mass  of  legislation,  I 
was  impressed  with  the  large  scope  of  the 
powers  of  the  police  authorities  in  conti- 
nental Europe,  and  that  there  are  many  of 
these  functions  which  our  States  might 
adopt  with  profit.  For  instance,  in  addition 
to  what  we  consider  the  ordinary  police 
duties  relating  to  the  enforcement  of  the  laws 
and  regulations  respecting  public  order,  the 
suppression  of  crime  and  violence,  the  sup- 
ervision of  the  excise,  of  public  places  of 
amusements,  etc.,  we  find  the  following  as 
being  specified  as  part  of  the  duties  of  the 
police  administration  in  matters  relating  to 
public  health,  viz  : 

[a]  The  registering  and  licensing,  after 
previous  examination  by  a  board  of  experts 
duly  appointed  for  that  purpose,  of  all  phy- 
sicians, surgeons,  accouchers,  midwives, 
orthopedists,  dentists,  pedicures,  trained 
nurses,  and  veterinarians. 

{b)  The  registering  and  licensing,  after 
suitable  examination,  of  all  pharmacists  and 
of  their  assistants  ;  also  the  inspection  of  all 
drug-stores,  and  the  enforcement  of  rigid 
regulations  concerning  the  sale  of  poisons. 

[c)  The  supervision  and  inspection  of  all 
hospitals,  whether  public  or  private,  public 
baths,  prisons,  schools,  slaughter-houses, 
markets,  stores,  and  other  public  and  private 
establishments,  in  regard  to  their  sanitary 
maintenance. 

[d)  The  enforcement  of  all  laws,  and  the 
making  of  all  needful  regulations  to  carry 
out  their  provisions,  in  regard  to  public 
health,  especially  those  concerning  epidemic 
or  contagious  diseases  of  men  or  animals. 

[e)  The  supervision  and  inspection  of  all 
articles  which  serve  as  foods,  properly  speak- 
ing, or  as  beverages,  as  well  as  those  which 
are  employed  in  the  preparation,  production, 
manufacture,  or  preservation  of  such  foods, 
including  the  places  where  such  articles  are 
sold,  stored,  or  manufactured  {see  the  laws 


♦Presented  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American 
Public  Health  Association  by  Edgar  Richards,  as 
published  by  permission  in  Science, 


338 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  302. 


on  sanitary  police,  of  P'rancc,  Belgium,  most 
of  the  cantons  of  .Switzerland,  Cicrmany, 
Italy,  etc.) 

It  is  to  certain  features  of  the  laws  and 
regulations  on  this  last  subject  that  I  wish 
to  call  your  attention.  These  may  conven- 
iently be  divided  into  four  heads,  viz., 
general,  special,  penal,  and  executive  pro- 
visions. 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS. 

The  word  "  food  "  may  be  said  to  include 
all  commodities,  materials,  or  ingredients,  of 
whatsoever  character,  intended  for  human 
consumption. 

A  food  is  considered  as  adulterated  or 
falsified  («)  when  any  substance  has  been 
added  which  does  not  exist  in  the  normal 
product,  or  is  only  found  there  in  an  appre- 
ciably lower  proportion  ;  [b]  when  any  sub- 
stance has  been  substracted  that  is  normally 
present  in  the  product,  and  which  is  not 
found  in  the  abnormal  product  or  only  in  an 
appreciably  lower  proportion  ;  [c]  when  it  is 
an  imitation  of,  or  sold  under  the  name  of 
another  article  ;  and  {d)  when  any  substance 
has  been  substituted,  wholly  or  in  part,  for 
the  article.  ' 

The  selling,  offering  for  sale,  or  otherwise 
putting  on  the  market,  as  well  as  the  use  of 
any  food  commodity  which  is  unwholesome, 
altered,  or  decomposed,  is  prohibited  under 
severe  penalties. 

The  selling  and  offering  for  sale,  for  the 
purpose  of  slaughtering,  of  animals  infected 
with  contagious  and  other  diseases,  as  well 
as  the  selling  and  offering  for  sale  of  the 
meat  from  such  diseased  animals,  is  pro- 
hibited. Power  to  regulate  the  proper  in- 
spection before  and  after  slaughtering  is 
left  to  the  competent  authorities. 

The  employment  of  poisonous  coloring- 
matters  in  the  manufacture  of  clothing, 
wall-papers,  toys,  eating,  drinking  and  cook- 
ing utensils,  and  other  articles  of  conmion 
use,  as  well  as  their  use  in  wrappers  and 
vessels  intended  for  the  packing  or  the 
preservation  of  food,  are  also  prohibited. 

Every  dealer  in  food  commodities  must  be 
responsible  tor  the  quality  of  his  merchan- 
dise, whether  of  foreign  or  domestic  origin. 

Every  food  material  must  be  sold  under 
its  true  name. 

Every  dealer  having  an  artificial  product 
imitating  a  natural  product  in  his  possession, 
whether  the  same  is  intended  for  sale  or  is 
claimed  to  be  solely  for  his  own  use,  must 
announce  such  fact  by  conspicuous  placards 
in  his  shop.  All  such  artificial  products 
must  be  duly  labelled  in  a  cons[)icuous  and 
legible  manner,  bearing  the  name  of  the 
pierchandise   accompanied  by   the  [)refix 

artificial." 

T')ie  manufacture  of,  trade  in  and  offering 
for  sale  of,  substances  intended  for  the  adul- 
teration of  articles  for  food  is  forbidden  or 
restricted  to  certain  prescribed  methods  and 
substances  by  stringent  regulations  of  the 
competent  authorities. 

The  power  to  regulate  and  to  supervise 
the  methods  and  the  means  for  carrying  out 
the  provisions  of  these  laws  is  placed  with 
fhe  competent  ai)t}-iorities, 


SPECIAL  PROVISIONS. 

These  include  clear  and  concise  definitions 
of  the  different  food-products,  as  well  as 
very  often  an  accurate  statement  of  what 
shall  be  the  minimum  chemical  composition 
of  such  foods  or  their  ingredients.  The 
latter  feature,  however,  is  owing  to  the  con- 
stant advance  made  in  the  methods  of 
chemical  analysis,  and  also,  it  must  be  said, 
to  the  shifting  character  of  adulterants  used, 
much  better  left  to  frequently  revised  regu- 
lations by  competent  authorities  than  to  the 
precise  wording  of  a  law. 

1.  Butter  and  Cheese. — These  must  be 
made  from  milk  or  cream,  or  both,  and  with 
or  without  common  salt.  Any  admixture  of 
a  foreign  fat  not  derived  solely  from  milk 
makes  the  product  artificial,  and  it  must 
consequently  be  so  labelled  and  sold.  Most 
of  these  countries  have  special  laws  on  the 
manufacture  and  trade  in  artificial  butters 
(see  reports  of  the  commissioner  of  internal 
revenue  for  1888  and  i88q). 

2.  Confectionery. — This  must  only  be 
colored  with  harmless  materials,  such  as 
(black)  Chinese  black  ;  (blues)  Berlin  blue, 
indigo,  litmus,  Prussian  blue,  saffron  blue, 
ultramarine ;  (brown)  caramel  ;  (greens) 
chlorophyl  (as  spinach  juice),  mixtures  of 
yellow  colors  with  blue  (a  mixture  of  Prus- 
sian blue,  Berlin  blue,  and  Persian  berries 
gives  a  green  rivalling  in  brilliancy  Schwein- 
furt's  green)  ;  (reds)  annotto,  Brazil  lac,  car- 
mine, carmine  lac,  cochineal,  orscil,  the  juice 
of  beets  and  red  berries  (such  as  cherries 
and  currants,  etc.);  (yellows)  Avignon  ber- 
ries, curcuma,  fustel,  marigold,  Persian 
berries,  quercitron,  safflower,  saffron,  tur- 
meric, chalk  and  the  ochres.  The  use  of 
substances  known  to  be  injurious  to  health 
is  forbidden  in  this  and  other  food  commodi- 
ties. Among  these  injurious  substances  are 
included  salts  of  antimony,  arsenic,  barium, 
except  the  sulphate  ;  bismuth,  cadmium, 
chromium,  cobalt,  copper,  iron,  the  chloride 
and  sulphate,  though  most  iron  salts  are 
harmless  ;  lead,  magnesium,  nickel,  zinc,  and 
some  of  the  potassium  and  sodium  salts  ; 
oxalic  acid,  picric  acid,  cocculus  indicus 
(Indian  berry,  Levant  nut),  picrotoxine,  gam- 
boge, aniline,  aloes,  eosine,  fuchsine  and  its 
immediate  derivatives ;  coloring-matters 
containing  nitrous  vapors,  as  napthol  yellow, 
victoria  yellow,  coloring-matters  prepared 
with  di-azo  compounds. 

3.  Distilled  Beverages. — These  (such 
as  kirsch,  brandy  made  from  grape  residue, 
from  lees,  or  with  juniper  berries,  gentian, 
etc.,)  must  only  bear  the  name  of  "  natural  " 
when  they  are  produced  by  the  fermentation 
and  subsequent  distillation  of  the  fruit  or 
material  of  which  they  bear  the  name,  with- 
out any  addition  whatsoever.  The  sale  of 
these  beverages  made  artificially  with 
alcohol,  or  increased  by  alcohol  and  other 
substances,  is  tolerated,  provided  the  mix- 
ture contains  nothing  injurious  to  health,  and 
is  properly  labelled, 

4.  ri.oi'R  AND  Bread. — The  sale  of  any 
flour  containing  ergotized  grains  is  forbid- 
den.   The  addition  of  any  Hour  of  an  in- 


ferior value  constitutes  a  fraud  if  the  mixture 
is  not  specified.  Wheaten  flour  shall  be 
composed  entirely  of  ground  wheat,  free 
from  bran,  perfectly  white,  or  having  a  faint 
tinge  of  yellow  ;  must  not  show  red,  grey  or 
black  specks,  nor  possess  a  disagreeable 
odor  ;  must  contain  no  foreign  meals,  as 
rye,  corn,  barley,  peas,  beans,  rice,  linseed, 
buckwheat  and  potato-starch  ;  no  alum  to 
disguise  the  presence  of  damaged  flour  in 
mixtures,  or  to  improve  the  apjjearance  of  an 
inferior  grade,  etc. 

5.  Fruits  and  Vegetables. — The  sale  of 
unripe  or  of  rotten  fruits  or  vegetables  is 
forbidden. 

6.  Honey. — Honey  must  consist  of  the 
saccharine  substance  collected  by  the  bee 
(Apis  inelliffca)  from  the  nectaries  of  flowers, 
and  deposited  by  them  in  the  cells  of  the 
comb.  It  must  not  contain  any  added 
starch-sugar  (glucose),  cane-sugar,  or  in- 
verted sugar. 

7.  Lard. — This  must  be  made  exclusix  cly 
from  the  rendered  fat  of  the  hog,  and  must 
not  contain  any  foreign  fats. 

8.  Liquors. — These  must  be  free  from 
unwholesome  materials,  toxic  bitter  sub- 
stances, fuchsine  and  other  coloring-matters, 
etc.;  and,  as  they  are  all  artificial  products, 
they  must  be  duly  labelled. 

9.  — Malt  Liquors. — These  must  consist 
of  the  fermented  alcoholic  infusion  of  malted 
barley  with  w-ater,  and  flavored  with  hops. 
This  replacement  of  these  substances  by 
others  is  considered,  if  these  are  inoffensive, 
as  a  violation  of,  and,  in  case  they  cause  in- 
jury to  health,  as  an  offence  against  the  law. 
They  must  not  contain  antiseptics,  salt  (ex- 
cept that  derived  from  the  water  used  in 
brewing),  or  alkaline  bicarbonates.  The 
beer-pumps  used  must  be  so  fitted  as  not  to 
produce  any  alteration  in  the  beverage.  The 
pipes  must  be  as  short  as  possible,  and 
formed  of  pure  block  tin.  They  must  be 
washed  out  every  day  with  boiling  water, 
and  every  eighth  day  with  a  solution  of  soda. 
The  air  used  must  be  drawn  from  without, 
and  caused  to  traverse  a  bed  of  pounded 
and  sifted  charcoal.  The  whole  apparatus 
must  be  kept  in  a  state  of  perfect  cleanli- 
ness. 

10.  Meat. — Every  animal,  before  being 
slaughtered,  must  be  inspected  by  a  compe- 
tent veterinarian,  who  will  issue  the  neces- 
sary health  certificate.  An  inspection  is 
again  made  when  the  carcass  is  ready  to  cut 
up,  before  the  removal  of  the  viscera.  The 
inspector  will  give  a  permit  of  sale  if  he 
considers  the  meat  sound.  Meat  is  consid- 
ered injurious  which  is  derived  from  animals 
[a)  dying  from  internal  disease,  (/>)  poisoned, 
[c)  affected  by  a  contagious  disease,  or  (^/)  by 
a  malady  involving  the  dccom])osition  of 
the  blood  ;  also  all  meats  containing  any 
parasites,  as  trichin;t,  capable  of  developing 
in  the  human  body,  and  all  meats  entering 
into  putrefaction.  The  sale  of  all  meat  de- 
rived from  a  sick  ^nimal  is  forbidden, 
whether  it  may  or  may  not  be  injurious  to 
health.  The  slaughtering  of  calves  under 
sixteen  days  old,  as  well  as  the  sale  of  such 
veal,  is  forbidden. 


Nov.  in,  1880. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS 


330 


11.  Milk. — The  sale  of  milk  coiiiinfj  from 
sick  cows  is  prohibited.  Persons  coininj,'-  in 
contact  with  invalids  suffering  from  con- 
ta,<,Mous  diseases  shoulil  abstain  from  the 
handlinj^'  of  milk.  The  use  of  vessels  of 
co|)|)er,  brass,  zinc,  ])c)ttery  poorly  gkizcd  or 
made  with  lead  enamel,  must  be  avoided. 
I'laces  for  storint^  or  retailing  milk  should 
clean,  airy,  and  located  at  a  distance  from 
sleeping  or  sick  rooms.  The  use  of  carbon- 
ate of  soda,  salicyic  and  boracic  acid  or  their 
salts.uis  well  as  other  materials  intended  as 
preservative  agents  of  milk,  is  prohibited. 
The  removal  of  cream,  the  addition  of  water, 
foreign  fats,  or  coloring-matter,  are  consid- 
ered as  adulterations.  Milkmen  are  reciuircd 
to  mark  'upon  their  cans  in  an  indelible 
manner  the  kind  of  milk  they  contain  :  {a) 
whole  (pure)  milk ;  (/;)  mixed  or  half- 
skinnned  milk,  resulting  from  the  mingling 
of  the  skimmed  milk,  with  the  morning's 
whole  milk  :  and  (c)  skimmed  milk,  i.  e., 
milk  entirely  without  cream.  In  the  two 
latter  cases  milkmen  must  notify  their  cus- 
tomers of  the  character  of  the  product.  A 
specific-gravity  test  at  15.5  degrees  C.  (60 
degrees  F.)  of  1,03  is  generally  recognized 
as  the  minimum  for  pure  milk,  though 
chemical  analysis  is  depended  upon  in 
cases  of  dispute. 

12.  Spices  and  Colonial  Produce. — 
These  must  be  sold  in  a  pure  and  unmixed 
condition. 

13.  Tinning. — The  tinning  of  -  all  copper 
and  iron  utensils  used  in  the  preparation  or 
preservation  of  foods  must  be  made  with 
pure  tin,  or  one  containing  not  rnore  than 
one  per  cent  of  lead.  Galvanized  (i.  e., 
coated  with  zinc)  vesssls  are  not  allowed. 

14.  \'iNEGAR. — This  must  be  composed 
only  of  acetic  acid,  and  must  not  contain 
any  other  acid,  either  mineral  or  organic. 

15.  Wine. — Nearly  every  wine-producing 
country  in  Europe  has  special  laws  on  this 
subject,  in  which  a  sharp  distinction  is  drawn 
between  natural  and  artificial  wines.  A 
natural  wine  is  defined  as  the  liquid  product 
which  results  from  the  alcoholic  fermenta- 
tion of  the  juice  of  fresh  grapes  without  any 
addition  whatsoever.  Every  wine  which 
has  not  been  made  solely  from  the  juice  of 
fresh  grapes  must  be  sold  under  the  denom- 
ination of  "  artificial  wines."  Artificial  wines 
may  be  divided  into  two  classes, — viz.,  imi 
tation  and  demi-wines, — defined  as  follows  . 
Artificial  wines  are  alcoholic  liquids  which 
resemble  natural  wines,  but  which  are  not 
derived  from  the  fermentation  of  unaltered 
grape-juice,  and  are  made  with  a  mixture, 
such  as  water,  brandy,  alcohol,  glycerine, 
sugar,  tartaric  acid,  cenanthic  ether,  etc.,  to 
imitate  wines  ;  demi-wines  are  those  result- 
ing from  the  addition  to  the  must  or  natural 
wine  of  water,  sugar,  alcohol  and  other  sub- 
stances, intended  to  produce  the  taste  or 
appearance  of  wine  in  such  diluted  and  at- 
tenuated liquids,  or  made  in  the  same  man- 
ner with  grape  marc,  already  used  in  the 
preparation  of  must.  Provisions  are  made 
for  the  proper  branding  afid  labelling  of  all 
vessels  and  packages  containing  wine,  and 


for  distinctive  way-bills  invoices,  etc.,  used 
in  the  shi[)ment  and  the  sale  of  wines.  All 
wines  not  labelled  as  artificial  are  considered 
as  being  genuine  wines,  and  severe  penalties 
arc  imposed  for  violations  of  this  |)rovision. 

IMC.NAI,  I'HOVISIONS. 

The  penalties  prescribed  range  from  a 
small  fine,  to  iminisonment  in  the  house  of 
correction  or  the  penitentiary,  with  or  with- 
out hard  lalior,  for  a  term  of  years  or  for 
life,  depending  on  the  gravity  of  the  offence. 

In  occupations  requiring  a  license  from 
the  authorities,  said  license  may  be  re- 
scinded, and  the  offender  may  be  deprived 
of  the  privilege  of  carrying  on  such  occupa- 
tion for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  of  time, 
in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  The  repeti- 
tion of  an  ofTense  within  a  year  is  generally 
punished  by  douljling  the  penalty  (irovidcd 
for  the  first  offence. 

The  selling,  offering  for  sale,  or  otherwise 
putting  on  the  market,  of  a  product  under  a 
name  other  than  that  which  its  nature  re- 
quires, although  the  value  of  the  product 
may  be  the  same,  is  considered  a  fraud,  and 
so  punished.  Such  products  may  be  seized, 
confiscated,  and  rendered  unfit  for  use,  by 
the  competent  authorities. 

executive  PROVISION.S. 

The  police  administrations  are  charged 
with  the  supervision  and  the  execution  of 
these  laws,  having  power  to  make  and  en- 
force the  necessary  regulations. 

There  is  generally  a  State  commission  of 
control,  composed  of  three  or  more  experts, 
appointed  with  the  necessary  police  jwwers, 
to  whom  this  subject  is  intrusted.  They 
have  under  their  directions  the  inspectors, 
veterinarians  and  chemists  necessary  for 
the  proper  execution  of  the  laws  and  regu- 
lations. The  co-operation  of  the  local  police 
officials,  whenever  necessary,  is  obligatory. 

The  commission  meet  at  least  twice  a  year 
for  the  transaction  of  business:  They  must 
also  make  at  least  two  inspections  a  year  of 
all  factories  and  warehouses  for  food. 

The  inspection  and  supervision  of  all  es- 
tablishments intended  for  the  public  jirepa- 
ration,  manufacture,  or  sale  of  foods  must  be 
performed  by  the  inspecting  officials  em- 
ployed by  the  commission.  The  inspections 
of  these  establishments  must  take  place  at 
least  twice  a  year,  and  without  previous  noti- 
fication to  the  owners.  Reports  of  such 
inspections  are  made  in  writing  to  the  com- 
mission. 

The  inspecting  officials  have  the  right  to 
enter  any  establishment  within  their  juris- 
diction during  the  usual  business  hours  or 
when  such  places  are  open  to  the  public, 
and  to  take  for  examination  sueh  samples 
as  are  necessary. 

When  the  examination  of  samples  cannot 
take  place  on  the  spot,  but  demands  a  chem- 
ical, microscopical  or  similar  examination, 
two  samples  must  be  taken,  and  placed 
under  seal,  by  the  inspecting  official,  in  the 
presence  of  the  owners  or  their  representa- 
tives, who  likewise  may  affix  their  own  seals 
thereto.  One  of  these  samples  is  forwarded 
to  the  commission  with  a  report,  and  a  re- 


C|uest  for  the  |)ro[)er  examination  tliereof, 
and  tlie  other  is  retained  by  the  inspecting 
official.  On  demand  of  the  owner,  anotlier 
similarly  scaled  sam|)le  may  be  retained 
by  him. 

M'hen  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  a 
food  is  adulterated  or  unwholsome,  the  in- 
specting offcial  may  order  it  detained  until 
a  p  ()[)er  examination  can  be  made. 

If  the  sample  proves,  on  examination,  to 
be  adulterated  or  unwholesome,  the  cost  of 
said  examination  is  paid  by  the  offender, 
but  otherwise  the  State  i)ays  the  cost  of  the 
samples  taken  and  of  the  examination. 

All  unwholesome  foods  are  to  be  confis- 
cated and  destroyed  without  compensation 
to  the  owner. 

Private  indi\'iduals  may  have  samples  of 
food  examined  by  the  experts  of  the  com- 
mission on  complying  with  prescribed  regu- 
lations and  by  paying  a  moderate  charge,  or 
free  of  charge  in  many  countries. 


SEWERS  AND  SEWAGE. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Engineers  club  of 
Kansas  City  there  recently  was  a  general 
discussion  of  the  subject  of  sewerage. 

Kenneth  Allen  discussed  two  portions  of 
the  subject,  the  "Ventilation  of  Sewers"  and 
the  "Disposal  of  Sewage."  Chimney  ventila- 
tors he  considered  insufficient.  London 
spent  over  i  million  for  fuel  alone  in  1866  in 
maintaining  230  furnaces  to  ventilate  1,500 
miles  of  sewers.  Another  objection  was  the 
possibility  of  the  leak  of  a  gas  main  into  a 
sewer  and  a  consequent  explosion.  Again 
from  various  causes  the  draught  might  be 
reversed.  Owing  to  the  numerous  factors 
to  be  considered  in  ventilating  sewers,  it  has 
been  generally  considered  that  free  ventila- 
tion through  manholes  or  numerous  ventila- 
ting pipes  is  the  only  practicable  method  for 
general  use  in  sewerage  works  designed  for 
cities. 

In  speaking  of  the  disposal  of  sewage.  Mr. 
Allen  enumerated  the  various  processes, 
dwelling  especially  upon  the  combination  of 
precipitation  and  filtration,  electricity  and 
precipitation,  the  "Amine"  and  the  process 
invented  by  Lartzing  of  Berlin. 

The  object  sought  by  all  the  processes  and 
obtained  more  or  less  successfully  is  the  de- 
struction of  obnoxious  matters  and  the  sep- 
aration of  material  having  a  commercial 
value  from  the  fluid  matter. 

F.  E.  Sickels,  chief  engineer  of  the  Nation- 
al Water  Works  company,  suggested  the 
connection  of  the  sewers  with  the  chimneys 
of  large  establishments  as  a  means  of  safely 
liberating  the  gases.  Mr.  Sickels  holds  that 
sewers  which  emit  a  smell  are  not  the  most 
dangerous  ones,  but  rather  those  which  are 
not  sufficiently  ventilated  to  emit  a  smell. 


Recent  foreign  experiments  at  Witkow- 
itz,  Austria,  show  that  a  furnace  run  with 
water  gas  requires  only  58  per  cent  of  the 
heat  which  is  needed  for  a  furnace  fired  in 
the  usual  way. 


340 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  N6.  302, 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN. 

For  the  month  of  October,  1889,  compared 
with  the  preceding  month,  the  reports  indi- 
cate that  puerperal  fever,  influenza,  pneu- 
monia, diphtheria,  pleuritis  and  typhoid 
fever  increased,  and  that  cholera  morbus, 
dysentery,  cerebo-spinal  menengitis,  diarr- 
hoea and  measles  decreased  in  prevalence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the 
temperature  in  the  month  of  October,  1889, 
was  much  lower,  the  absolute  humidity  was 
considered  less;  the  day  ozone  and  the  night 
ozone  were  less. 

Compared  with  the  average  for  the  month 
of  October  in  the  three  years,  1886-8  inflam- 
mation of  brain,  diarrhoea,  typhoid  fever, 
pneumonia  and  puerperal  fever  were  more 
prevalent,  and  cerebo-spinal  meningitis, 
cholera  infantum,  membraneous  croup,  diph- 
theria, erysipelas  and  measles  were  less  prev- 
alent in  October  1889. 

For  the  month  of  October,  1889,  compared 
with  the  average  of  corresponding  months 
in  the  three  years,  1886-1888,  the  temperature 
was  lower,  the  absolute  humidity,  the  rela- 
tive humidity,  and  the  day  and  night  ozone 
were  less. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observer  and 
others,  diphtheria  was  reported  present  in 
Michigan  in  the  month  of  October,  1889,  at 
sixty-three  places,  scarlet  fever  at  fifty-four 
places,  typhoid  fever  at  one  hundred  and 
1  thirteen  places,  and  measles  at  fifteen  places. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria 
at  twenty-nine  places,  scarlet  fever  at  thirty- 
four  places  more,  typhoid  fever  at  sixty-six 
places  more  and  measles  at  eight  places 
more  in  the  month  of  October,  1889,  than  in 
the  preceding  month. 

Henry  B.  Baker, 
Secretary. 


NATURAL  GAS  AND  CHICAGO. 

Chicago  at  last  is  to  have  a  chance  to  be 
heated  and  lighted  by  natural  gas  from  the 
Indiana  fields.  Though  the  local  Gas  Trust 
will  push  the  project  through,  it  is  declared 
that  when  the  piping  is  complete,  the  price 
of  gas  will  be  lowered  appreciably. 

For  a  long  time  there  has  been  wide  dis- 
cussion over  the  probability  of  the  continu- 
ance of  the  flow  and  by  many  it  is  asserted 
that  the  drain  is  so  great  that  the  source  of 
supply  must  give  out  within  the  space  of 
only  a  few  months.  Even  the  state  geolo- 
gists of  Ohio  in  giving  testimony  in  a  case  in 
litigation  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  nat- 
ural gas  fields  would  be  unproductive  within 
ten  years  and  that  they  might  give  out  in 
five  years.  The  supply  undoubtedly  has 
diminished  at  some  wells  and  what  was  con- 
sidered sufficient  to  supply  an  unlimited 
number  of  stoves  has  dwindled  until  the 
well  owners  have  been  forced  to  limit  the 
number  of  consumers. 

On  the  other  hand  the  fact  that  new  wells 
are  constantly  being  drilled  with  a  marked 
degree  of  success  argues  that  the  supply  ex- 
ceeds the  usual  conception  of  the  capacity 
of  the  vast  storage  tank  under  the  ground. 


When  the  oil  excitement  was  at  its  height, 
there  were  many  croakers  who  shook  their 
heads  gravely  and  proclaimed  from  the 
house-tops  that  in  a  short  time  the  lakes  of 
petroleum  would  be  pumped  dry  and  that 
the  lands  then  commanding  such  extrava- 
gant prices  would  be  worthless.  But  mil- 
lions still  are  made  from  oil  and  the  man  who 
"does  something  in  oil"  is  one  of  the  "lead- 
ing citizen."  That  capitalists  have  as  much 
confidence  in  the  durability  of  the  gas  fields 
is  shown  in  the  new  enterprises  constantly 
springing  up. 

Evidently  Indiana  legislators  had  no  faith 
in  the  spouting  wells.  With  the  idea  that 
this  gas  should  be  stored  up  for  the  exclu- 
sive use  of  Hoosierdom  a  statute  was  enacted 
prohibiting  the  piping  of  the  gas  out  of  the 
state.  Chicago,  with«its  multidinous  manu- 
facturing enterprises,  its  smoke  nuisance 
and  its  coal  dealers  demanded  the  right  to 
use  this  gift  of  nature  and  several  companies 
were  formed  for  the  purpose  of  introducing 
the  gas.  The  Gas  Trust  secured  leases  on 
40,000  acres  of  land  which  was  considered 
most  promising  territory,  and  started  in  to 
fight  the  will  of  the  Hoosier  Solons.  Thurs- 
day the  Supreme  court  of  the  state  declared 
the  law  unconstitutional  and  the  Gas  Trust 
will  begin  operations  at  once. 

The  gas  is  to  be  piped  from  Kokomo,  Ind., 
128  miles  from  Chicago,  and  it  is  announced 
that  the  piping  will  be  complete  by  May  i, 
1890.  After  the  city  limits  are  reached  the 
vapor  will  be  turned  into  the  gas  mains  al- 
ready laid  so  there  will  be  little  tearing  up 
of  the  streets.  That  is  what  is  given  out  by 
the  officers  of  the  trust,  but  probably  for  the 
purpose  of  intimidating  the  city  authorities. 
The  present  pipes  will  not  be  sufficient  if  the 
natural  product  is  to  come  into  anything  like 
general  use,  and  additional  franchises  must 
be  asked  from  the  city.  Within  only  a  few 
days  the  city  has  compelled  the  trust  to  re 
duce  its  charges  for  street  lighting  and  it 
docs  not  wish  to  make  any  further  conces- 
sions. It  is  likely,  however,  that  the  council 
men  will  demand  cheaper  gas  both  for  pub 
lie  and  private  consumption  if  further  fran 
chises  are  to  be  given. 

Should  natural  gas  come  into  general  use 
in  Chicago  the  smoke  nuisance  will  be  solved 
Coal  dealers  will  suffer  more  than  anyone 
else  but  it  is  popular  not  to  have  sympathy 
for  this  trade,  and  it  is  not  likely  the  council 
will  consider  them. 


SoMK  "New  Phases  in  the  Chinese  Prob 
lem"  will  be  presented,  by  Williard  B.  Far 
well,  in  the  December  '"Popular  Scinwe 
Mont  Illy  y  The  writer  asks  in  view  of  the 
wretchedness  of  millions  of  the  Chinese  at 
home,  whether  exclusion  will  exclude,  and 
invites  more  thoughtful  consideration  of  the 
Chinese  problem,  which  is  made  especially 
serious  by  the  peculiar  constitution  of  the 
Chinese  mind. 


Another  sporadic  case  of  yellow  fever 
is  reported  at  Key  West,  Fla. 


THE  "AMINES  PROCESS"  OF  SEW- 
AGE TREATMENT.* 
Having  to  contend  with  the  sewage  of  a 
couple  of  villages,  in  one  of  which  there  is  a 
large  paper  mill,  making  about  sixty  tons  of 
paper  per  week  from  the  coarsest  material, 
I  have  been  for  some  time  looking  for  a 
satisfactory  solution  of  the  sewage  problem; 
how  to  avoid  an  action  for  polluting  a 
stream,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  assist  the 
manufacturer,  and  by  so  doing  benefit  the 
district  in  which  I  afn  engaged. 

In  my  inquiries  I  came  across  the  sewage 
works  at  Wimbledon,  where  a  very  good 
system  of  purification  by  the  lime  process 
was  in  action  under  a  careful  and  observant 
engineer. 

The  machinery  and  plant  is  of  a  very 
good  type,  and  a  farm  is  well  laid  out  for  ir- 
rigation by  the  effluent. 

At  the  time  of  my  first  visit,  I  found  that 
the  works  were,  by  the  permission  of  the 
Local  Board,  for  a  time  in  the  hands  of  a 
syndicate,  which  professes  to  have  found  out 
the  grand  secret.  The  normal  treatment,  as 
adopted  by  the  Wimbledon  Local  Board, 
was  suspended,  and  the  "  Amines  "  Syndi- 
cate were  carrying  out  practical  demonstra- 
tion of  their  system.  A  new  reagent  has 
been  discovered,  which  so  far  seems  to  have 
more  than  answered  the  expectations  formed 
of  it 

The  requirements  of  a  satisfactory  process 
of  dealing  with  sewage  are — 

1.  A  harmless  efiluent. 

2.  A  harmless  liquor  from  the  sludge 
presses  where  pressing  is  adopted. 

3.  A  minimum  amount  of  sludge. 

An  efiluent  to  be  harmless  must  not  only 
be  sufficiently  pure  that  it  may  be  applied  to 
land  for  irrigation  without  causing  offence, 
but  it  ought  to  be  so  pure  that  it  may  be  at 
once  turned  into  a  river,  containing  at  least 
ten  volumes  of  water  to  one  of  effluent  with- 
out the  need  of  irrigation,  and  to  render  it  so 
pure  it  must  be  deprived  of  all  living  organ- 
ized matter,  as  well  as  the  matters  held  in 
solution.  This,  to  the  eye  of  the  ordinary 
observer,  may  appear  easy,  but  to  the  search- 
ing powers  of  the  microscope,  in  the  hands 
of  a  careful  observer,  our  purest  waters  dis- 
play some  of  the  lowest  forms  of  organic 
life  ;  how  much  more,  therefore,  may  it  be 
found  that  effluents  from  sewage  works, 
alleged  to  be  harmless,  are  teeming  with 
life  in  its  most  dreaded  form,  viz.,  the  various 
bacteria,  the  typhoid,  and  pneumonia  bacil- 
lus, and  others.  Until  we  arrive  at  this 
degree  of  purity  we  must  not  cease  in  our 
endeavors  to  solve  the  problem. 

The  sludge  question  is  the  most  serious  of 
any  in  the  management  of  a  sewage  farm, 
and  any  process  which  materially  increases 
its  weight  must  be  shunned,  unless  it  has 
some  overwhelming  advantages  per  contra. 
Sanitarians  must  not  dwell  too  largely  on 
the  profit  side  of  sludge  manipulation. 
.Sludge  is  matter  in  the  wrong  [)lace,  and 
must  be  got  rid  of  at  any  cost.    If  it  can  be 

*  A  paper  read  by  Mr.  U.  Godfrey,  F.  8.  I.  Associa- 
tion M.  Intit.  C.  E.,  before  the  Sanitary  Institute  of 
Great  Britain, 


^oy.  IG,  1889] 


T//£  SANITARY  NEWS. 


341 


-utilized,  so  much  the  better  ;  but  when  we 
find  cities  making  500  cube  yards  a  day,  it  is 
■enough  to  appall  the  senses.  How  and 
where  is  all  this  sludge  to  be  disposed  of  ? 
Land  on  which  to  utilize  i.t  is  not  always 
•available,  and  in  my  opinion  cremation  will 
have  to  be  resorted  to,  unless  its  <iuantity 
can  be  materially  reduced. 

In  dealing  with  the  sludge  by  pressing,  in 
one  of  the  various  types  of  press  now  before 
the  engineer,  a  difficulty  is  somestimes  felt 
in  disposing  of  what  is  technically  termed 
"  Press  Liquor."  To  satisfy  the  require- 
ments of  the  case  this  must  be  of  equal 
purity  with  effluent,  and  unless  it  is  so  our 
assent  to  any  scheme  as  perfect  must  be 
■withheld. 

With  my  mind  in  a  thoroughly  sceptical 
■condition,  my  visit  to  Wimbledon,  on 
August  17  last,  enabled  me  to  examine 
minutely,  how  far  the  three  requirements 
before  named  were  met.  And  I  am  bound 
to  say  that,  as  far  as  the  first  requirement 
is  concerned,  I  was  most  agreeably  sur- 
prised. I  saw  at  one  stage  of  my  examina- 
tion of  the  works,  the  ordinary  effluent  flow- 
ing on  to  the  land.  It  presented  the  usual 
cloudy  appearance  as  it  boiled  out  of  the 
chamber  ;  the  bottom  of  the  chamber  was 
not  visible,  and  it  differed  in  no  respect 
Irom  the  many  effluents  which  are  distributed 
over  grass  land,  and  was  totally  unfit  to  be 
sent  direct  into  a  river. 

A  large  subsiding  tank  of  about  90,000 
gallons  was  being  filled  with  the  sewage 
irom  Wimbledon,  and  as  it  passed  into  the 
carriers  a  supply  of  milk  of  lime  was  being 
mixed  with  it  ;  and,  here  comes  the  differ- 
ence— a  small  quantity  of  herring  brine. 
All  the  additional  plant  required  was  a 
small  tub  against  the  lime-mixer,  from 
which  the  lime  flowed  in  a  fixed  proportion. 
A  complete  mixing  took  place  at  the  tank 
inlet  by  aid  of  a  dashwheel  driven  by  the 
inflowing  current.  As  the  tank  filled,  the 
disturbance  of  the  volume  of  sewage  was 
gradually  confined  to  the  center,  where  the 
course  of  the  incoming  stream  could  be  dis- 
tinctly traced,  while  near  the  sides  the 
process  of  precipitation  could  be  seen  in 
operation  even  before  the  tank  was  full. 

The  solids  in  the  sewage  were  gradually 
aggregated  into  flocculent  particles,  and  on 
the  supply  of  sewage  being  cut  off,  the  whole 
tank's  contents  assuming  a  state  of  quies- 
cence, the  work  of  precipitation  proceeded 
with  a  rapidity  which  was  noteworthy. 

The  tank  was  six  feet  deep,  provided  with 
a  floating  mouthpiece  to  draw  off  the  super- 
natant liquid,  and  this  was  sent,  after  half  an 
hour's  precipitation,  at  once  to  the  irrigation 
area  through  the  same  chamber  as  that 
from  which  I  had  seen  the  normal  effluent 
some  little  time  previously.  The  contrast 
was  striking.  The  effluent  was  clear  enough 
to  allow  the  bottom  of  the  chamber  to  be 
seen,  and  all  trace  of  smell  was  gone.  The 
briny  smell  caused  by  the  introduction  of 
the  reagent  was  particularly  noticeable.  I 
.  took  a  sample  which  is  now  before  you. 
The  press  liquor  obtained  from  the  same 


sludge  is  equally  brilliant  and  briny.  There 
was  a  complete  absence  of  that  sickly  ftetid 
smell  which  too  frequently  pervades  sewage 
works,  imder  the  most  careful  management. 

It  is  claimed  by  the  inventor  of  the  Amines 
process- -and  I  am  bound  to  confess  with 
very  great  reason— that  he  does  effectually 
destroy  the  bacterias,  and  so  remove  in 
the  sewage  the  possibility  of  any  fermenta- 
tion arising. 

The  new  reagent  is  produced  by  the  action 
of  lime  on  certain  organic  bases  belonging 
to  the  group  of  "Amines,"  or  ammonia  com- 
pounds. When  these  organic  bases  are 
acted  upon  by  lime  a  very  soluble  gas  is 
evolved,  which  spreads  rapidly  through 
every  part  of  the  liquid  and  is  held  in  solu- 
tion therein  with  great  tenacity.  This  gas- 
eous reagent  has  been  found  to  be  antagon- 
istic to  the  existence  and  propagation  of 
every  species  of  bacteria  occurring  in  sew- 
age and  other  similar  waters,  for  it  utterly 
extirpates  them  in  a  remarkably  short  space 
of  time. 

The  effluent  from  such  water  after  treat- 
ment by  this  process  is  actually  sterilised  ;  it 
shows  no  living  micro-organisms  whatever, 
even  under  the  most  powerful  microscope, 
and  its  sterility  is  further  confirmed  by  the 
latest  and  most  severe  test  known  to  modern 
science,  viz.,  inoculation  on  nutrient  gelatine 
and  plate  cultivation. 

In  support  of  this  statement,  which  cannot 
but  arouse  the  greatest  interest  in  the  sani- 
tary world,  I  cannot  do  better  than  quote 
from  a  report  by  Dr.  Klein  (who  has  just 
been  honored  by  the  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation with  the  Stewart  Award).  He  ex- 
amined some  sewage — press  liquor,  sludge, 
and  subsidence  effluent — taken  from  the 
sewage  works  at  Canning  Town,  where  an 
application  had  been  made  in  January  this 
year.  In  the  sewage  he  found  2,400,000 
organisms  ;  in  the  press  liquor  he  found  650  ; 
in  the  sludge  400  ;  and  in  the  effluent  none. 
The  quantity  examined  being  in  each  case 
I  cubic  centimetre. 
"  The  number  of  bacteria  found  in  the 
I  press  liquor  and  sludge  is  far  below  that 
]  found  in  ordinary  drinking  water,  such  as 
the  water  supplied  by  the  various  London 
Water  Companies  after  this  has  baen  stored 
for  a  few  days,  and  in  some  cases,  even  the 
day  after  collection." 

Dr.  Frankland  [Proc.  R.  S.,  No.  245,  vol. 
xi.,  p.  51)  has  found  that  the  filtered  river 
water  supplied  by  the  London  Water  Com- 
panies contained  per  cubic  centimetre  on 
an  average  (on  January  26th,  1886,)  1,525 
organisms. 

In  July  of  this  year  Dr.  Klein  again  re- 
ported, but  this  time  on  a  sample  from 
Wimbledon,  when  the  sewage  was  being 
similarly  treated.  In  the  crude  sewage  he 
found  768,000  microbes  per  cubic  centi- 
metre ;  in  the  mixture  effluent  and  sludge 
well  shaken  up  100  microbes  ;  and  in  the 
effluent  which  was  subjected  to  the  gelatine 
plate  test  for  three  periods,  viz.  24  hours,  72 
hours  and  144  hours,  there  was  a  total  ab- 
sence of  microbes.     And  he  further  says, 


"  the  effluent  must  be  pronounced  sterile  ;" 
thus  pointing  to  the  fact  that  a  process  had 
been  discovered  which  satisfies  two  of  the 
requirements  set  out  at  the  beginning  of  the 
paper,  viz.,a  harmless  effluent  and  a  harmless 
press  liquor,  both  devoid  of  microbes,  and 
both  fit  to  turn  into  a  river,  as  on  its  dis- 
charge into  a  river  it  could  cause  no  increase 
in  the  microbes  already  present  in  such 
river. 

As  a  natural  consequence  of  the  sterilising 
action  of'this  reagent,  decomposition  of  or- 
ganic matter,  whetlier  incipient  or  far  pro- 
gressed, and  the  objectionable  phenomena 
of  putrefaction  attendant  on  such  decompo- 
sition are  completely  arrested,  and  even  new 
infection  cannot  beget  fresh  putrefaction  as 
long  as  there  is  a  sufficiency  of  the  gas  re- 
maining in  solution.  In  elaborate  and 
repeated  tests  made  by  the  Government 
analysts  at  Somerset  House,  upon  samples 
of  effluents  from  various  experiments  carried 
out  with  this  process  on  Metropolitan  outfall 
sewage  (the  quantities  treated  aggregating 
half  a  million  gallons)the  sterility  of  the  efflu- 
ent, and  also  its  immunity  from  new  infec- 
tion, has  been  conclusively  proved,  the  sam- 
ples having  been  kept  for  four  weeks  in 
contact  with  air,  at  a  temperature  of  between 
70  and  80  degrees  F.,  with  occasional  ex- 
posure to  the  direct  action  of  the  sun's  rays. 

The  "  Amines,"  from  which  the  process  is 
named,  exist  in  many  substances  in  nature. 
And  herring  brine  is  one  only  of  the  many 
sources  from  which  they  can  be  obtained. 
They  are  used  either  pure  or  in  the  form  of 
Amine  salts,  or  in  one  of  the  numerous  sub- 
stances containing  them.  But  at  present  the 
brine  is  the  cheapest  and  most  readily  pro- 
curable form  in  which  it  can  be  obtained. 
The  reagent  formed  by  its  admixture  with 
"  milk  of  lime,"  and  which  the  inventor  has 
named  "  Aminol,"  is  a  powerful  disinfectant, 
and  inparts  a  sea-breezy  odor  to  the  works 
in  contrast  to  the  usual  foetid  effluvia. 

The  proportions  of  the  chemicals,  added 
to  the  sewage,  will  vary  with  the  character 
of  the  sewage,  and  with  the  attending  condi- 
tions. The  cost  is  stated  by  the  Syndicate, 
in  round  numbers,  to  be  from  )4d.  to  %'d.  per 
1,000  gallons  treated. 

Having  satisfied  two  of  the  requirements 
set  forth,  there  remains  the  question  of  the 
sludge  and  its  disposal.  This  is  devoid  of 
smell,  and  permeated  with  Aminol  to  such  a 
degree  that  the  inventors  claim  that,  by  for- 
tifying the  sludge  left  after  a  precipitation 
with  one-fifth  of  the  original  quantity  of  the 
reagent,  this  sludge,  plus  the  reagent,  can  be 
economically  applied  to  a  second  tank  full 
of  sewage,  and  produce  as  good  effects  on 
the  second  tank  as  on  the  first ;  and  again, 
by  the  addition  of  another  fifth  of  the  re- 
agent to  the  second  sludge  so  obtained, a  third 
tank  can  be  dealt  with,  with  as  good  results. 
This  feature  in  the  process  is  important,  and 
must  naturally  influence  the  ultimate  cost 
very  materially. 

The  sludge  from  this  process  is  of  a  brown- 
ish yellow  color,  and  lacks  the  shiny  appear- 
ance of  ordinaty  sludge  ;  and  from  its  being 


342 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  302. 


permeated  with  the  reagent  (Aminol),  it  may 
be  left  e.\posed  to  the  sun  and  wind  without 
any  fear  of  offensive  vapors  being  given  off. 
A  quantity  of  about  ten  tons  lying  in  the  open 
ground  at  the  time  of  my  visit  was  perfectly 
inordorous.  Treated  in  the  ordinary  way  by 
presses,  it  becomes  a  movable  commodity, 
half  of  its  moisture  having  been  removed  ; 
and  it  is  fully  believed  that  it  will  be  a  mar- 
ketable commodity  in  those  places  where 
cost  of  carriage  is  not  too  heavy.  Its  bulk 
can  be  still  further  reduced,  especially  in 
places  where  a  destructor  is  in  use  for  the 
purpose  of  destroying  dry  rubbish  by  heat  ; 
and  laid  upon  a  floor  exposed  to  some  of  the 
waste  heat  of  a  destructor,  it  may  be  made 
into  a  powdrette  bagged  and  transported 
in  a  handy  form.  Its  manurial  qualities  are 
still  a  matter  of  investigation,  and  the  Syndi- 
cate are  acting  wisely  in  not  tempting  local 
authorities  with  visions  of  large  profits  from 
the  sale  of  the  cake.  The  purity  of  our 
rivers,  and  the  purity  of  the  air,  are  matters 
of  far  greater  importance  than  a  visionary 
profit  from  the  sale  of  cake. 

On  the  effect  of  the  effluent  on  fish  life, 
the  inventors  claim  that,  vi'here  it  goes  into 
a  river,  and  is  diluted  by  not  less  than  ten 
times  its  quantity,  it  is  perfectly  harmless  ; 
and,  being  rendered  sterile,  there  will  be 
little  fear  of  the  presence  of  the  sewage 
fungus  — Beggiatoa  alba. 

On  the  occasion  of  a  second  visit  to  the 
Wimbledon  Works  on  August  26,  I  found 
the  normal  process  in  operation,  the  Syndi- 
cate having  ceased  its  experiments  pro  tei7i. 
There  was  the  usual  sickly  smell  of  foetid 
matter  arising  from  a  tank  recently  emptied, 
in  spite  of  a  quantity  of  carbolic  acid  having 
been  put  in  to  deodorise  it ;  black,  repulsive, 
and  malodorous  in  the  extreme,  a  cloudy 
effluent  leaving  the  tanks  totally  unfit  for  the 
river.  The  sludge  pressing  house  gives 
foith  a  sickly  smell,  and  were  it  not  that  the 
effluent  was  most  thoroughly  distributed 
over  the  irrigation  area,  a  very  offensive 
state  of  things  would  have  existed.  At  the 
same  time,  it  is  but  due  to  the  engineer  of 
the  Wimbledon  Local  Board  to  say  that  the 
effluent,  as  it  flows  into  the  Wandle,  after  a 
second  and  often  third  run  on  the  land,  is 
one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  finest,  effluent 
which  is  to  be  seen  at  any  works. 

Near  to  the  tanks  a  broad  open  trench 
about  12  in.  deep  had  been  made  by  the 
Amines  people,  and  into  this  to  the  depth  of 
7  or  8  in.  a  quantity  of  Amines  sludge 
had  been  thrown  seventy-two  hours  before. 
This  sludge,  I  was  told  (not  by  an  Amines 
employe),  had  been  fifteen  days  in  the  tank, 
and  may  be  said  to  have  been  the  dejjosit 
from  1,500,000  gallons  of  sewage  from  a 
purely  heated  closet  town.  Pegs  had  been 
placed  along  the  centre  of  the  trench  to 
show  the  extent  to  which  the  sludge  would 
dry  up,  c-yid  although  there  had  been  a 
thunderstorm  twenty-four  hours  after  the 
sludge  was  put  in  the  trench,  bringing  with 
it  .21  of  rain,  and  although  there  had  been  an 
absence  of  sun,  the  sludge  had  sunk  to  a 
depth  of  3  in.;  large  open  fissures  broke  up 


the  surface,  and  there  was  a  general  natural 
shrinking  of  bulk.  After  seventy-two  hours 
the  sludge  was  the  consistence  of  plasterer's 
putty,  of  a  greyish  color,  and  on  taking  up  a 
piece  on  a  stick,  it  proved  totally  devoid  of 
smell,  this  proving  most  conclusively  that 
this  new  reagent  is  a  thorough  deodorant. 

Another  advantage  may  be  claimed  for 
this  sludge — that  it  may  be  spread  on  land 
in  a  liquid  state,  left  to  dry  by  the  operation 
of  the  sun  and  wind,  and  then  ploughed  in, 
when  its  manurial  values  will  make  them- 
selves felt,  without  the  costly,  tedious,  and, 
in  the  case  of  all  other  sludges,  offensive 
process  of  pressing.  Or,  when  thoroughly 
dried,  it  may  be  used  as  a  means  of  reclaim- 
ing waste  lands  when  they  are  within  reach. 

At  the  rear  of  the  press-house  were  two 
heaps  of  cake — as  it  is  termed — one  from  the 
Amines  process  and  the  other  the  ordinary 
cake.  To  press  this  latter  thoroughly  it  is 
frequently  necessary  to  fortify  it  with  an  ad- 
ditional quantity  of  lime  ;  but  the  Amines 
cake,  if  pressed,  does  not  require  such  forti- 
fication— in  fact,  I  believe  that  when  the 
process  has  been  further  developed,  kiln- 
drying  will  accomplish  all  that  will  be  nec- 
essary to  reduce  it  in  bulk  sufficiently  to 
make  it  easily  portable,  and  ready  to  be 
utilized  in  various  ways. 

The  difference  between  the  two  samples 
of  cake  could  not  but  strike  the  most  super- 
ficial observer. 


INFECTIOUS  DISEASE  NOTIFICA- 
TION ACT. 

The  bill  recently  passed  in  England  and 
extended  to  Scotland  and  Ireland  regarding 
the  notification  of  infectious  diseases,  ap- 
plies to  small  pox,  cholera,  diphtheria,  mem- 
branous croup,  erysipelas,  the  diseases 
known  as  scarlatina  or  scarlet  fever,  and  the 
fevers  known  as  typhus,  typhoid,  entric,  re- 
lapsing, continued,  or  puerperal.  With  the 
approval  of  the  Board  of  Sujjervisions,  any 
other  infectious  disease  may  be  added,  either 
temporarily  or  permanently;  the  system  of 
notification  is  as  follows: 

3. — ( I.)  Where  an  inmate  of  any  building 
used  for  human  habitation  within  a  district 
to  which  this  Act  extends  is  suffering  from 
an  infectious  disease  to  which  this  Act  ap- 
plies, then,  unless  such  building  is  a  hospital 
in  which  persons  suffering  from  an  infectious 
disease  are  received,  the  following  provis- 
ions shall  have  effect,  that  is  to  say: — 

(«.)  The  head  of  the  family  to  which  such 
inmate  (in  this  Act  referred  to  as  the  patient) 
belongs,  and  in  his  default  the  nearest  rela- 
tives of  the  jiatient  present  in  the  building 
or  being  in  attendance  on  the  patient,  and  in 
default  of  such  relatives  every  person  in 
charge  of  or  in  attendance  on  the  ]5atient,  and 
in  default  of  any  such  person  the  occupier 
of  the  building  shall,  as  soon  as  he  becomes 
aware  that  the  patient  is  suffering  from  an 
infectious  disease  to  which  this  Act  ajiplies.. 
send  notice  thereof  to  the  medical  officer  of 
health  of  the  district: 

{b.)  Every  medical  j)ractitioner  attertding 
on  or  called  in  to  \  isit  the  patient  shall  fentlii- 


with,  on  becoming  aware  that  the  patient  is 
suffering  from  an  infectious  disease  to  which 
this  Act  applies,  send  to  the  medical  officer 
of  health  for  the  district  a  certificate  stat- 
ing the  name  of  the  patient,  the  situatioa 
of  the  building,  and  the  infectious  disease 
from  which,  in  the  opinion  of  such  medical 
practitioner,  the  patient  is  suffering. 

(2.)  Every  person  required  by  this  section, 
to  give  a  notice  or  certificate  who  fails  to- 
give  the  same,  shall  be  liable  on  summary- 
conviction  in  manner  provided  by  the  Sum- 
mary Jurisdiction  Acts  to  a  fine  not  exceed- 
ing forty  shillings: 

Provided  that  if  a  person  is  not  required 
to  give  notice  in  the  first  instance,,  but  only 
in  default  of  some  other  person,  he  shall  not 
be  liable  to  any  fine  if  he  satisfies  the  court 
that  he  had  reasonable  cause  to  suppose 
that  the  notice  had  been  duly  given. 


PROMOTION  OF  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
The  following  is  that  portion  of  the  ad- 
dress delivered  before  the  American  Public 
Health  Association  by  the  President,  H.  A. 
Johnson,  M.  D.,  relating  to  the  more  recent 
advances  of  preventive  medicine,  as  ab- 
stracted for  the  Joiinial  of  that  association. 

How  the  death  rate  has  been  reduced  ia 
England  in  the  last  two  hundred  years,, we 
do  not  certainly  know  ;  but  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  in  London  it  had 
diminished  from  forty  or  more  in  the  1,000, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,,  to 
about  one-half  that  number.  The  plague 
is  a  grim  spectre  of  the  dead  past  Small- 
pox is  a  Samson  shorn.  The  increase  ia 
population  has  been  correspondingly  rapid. 
I  think  we  may  safely  infer  that  the  diminu- 
itioa  in  the  death  rate  and  the  increase  in 
the  population  throughout  Great  Britain  has 
borne  some  proportion  at  least  to  what  has 
been  accomplished  in  the  metropolis.  This 
increase  of  population!  has  taken  place  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  during  the  last 
half  century,  millions  have  come  from  the 
British  Isles  to  our  own  shores,  while  yet 
otker  millions  have  found  other  homes,  and 
yet  the  workshops  of  Britain  are  bee  hives, 
and  the  hill-sides  of  merry  old  England 
teem  with  industrious  workers.  A  great 
change  has  been  wrought  in  the  last  three- 
([uarters  of  a  century.  We  know  much  more 
accurately  how  long  people  live,  from  what 
causes  they  die,  and  at  what  ages  they  die. 
We  begin  to  see  more  clearly  how  the  death 
rate  can  be  still  more  reduced.  If  we  follow 
the  course  of  a  given  number  of  individuals 
from  birth  to  death,  as  we  can  well  do  by  aid 
of  statistical  tables,  we  shall  find  that  in 
Englhnd  and  Wales  out  of  one  million  per- 
sons born,  more  than  one-fourth  die  in  the 
first  five  years.  If  we  divide  the  country 
into  healthy  and  unhealthy  districts,  group- 
ing together  the  different  cities  and  countries 
according  to  the  death-rate,  we  find  that  in 
tlie  healthy  districts  only  about  one-sixth  of 
the  million  die  within  this  first  period  of  five 
years,  while  in  the  unhealthy  districts,  of 
which  Manchester  may  be  taken  as  a  type, 
nearly  one-half   of   tlie   million  born,  die 


Nov.  IG,  1889J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


within  the  lirst  five  years.  In  other  words, 
of  a  miUion  children  born  in  the  unhealthy 
districts,  more  than  280,000  die  within  the 
first  five  years  for  the  want  of  proper  sani- 
tary care  ;  280,000  would  have  lived  beyond 
this  five  years  if  they  had  been  born  in  the 
healthy  district. 

The  same  startling  contrast  between  the 
worse  and  better  districts,  will  meet  us  if  we 
study  the  later  life  history  of  this  1,000,000 
of  human  beings. 

By  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the  people 
the  unheaithy  districts  might  be  made  as 
healthy  as  London,  and  as  the  other  provin- 
cial towns  and  shires  in  which  the  death-rate 
is  so  low.  In  fact,  Liverpool  has  within  the 
last  twenty-five  years  been  transformed.  It 
was  one  of  the  most  unhealthy,  it  is  now  one 
of  the  most  healthy  of  English  cities.  The 
application  of  money  by  scientific  methods 
might  change  all  this,  and  prevent  this  fear- 
ful slaughter  of  the  innocents. 

LEGISLATION  BASED  UPON  KNOWLEDGE. 

The  other  field,  and  the  one  to  which  I 
more  particularly  desire  to  call  attention, 
embraces  the  problems  of  public  health. 
Society  has  always  recognized  certain  evils 
growing  out  of  aggregation,  and  has  sought 
to  control  these  evils.  By  legislative  enact- 
ment and  the  establishment  of  police  regu- 
lations, an  effort  has  been  made  to  secure 
the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number. 
Persons  and  property  have  been  protected, 
crime  has  been  punished  ;  and  mainly  with 
the  motive  to  prevent  crime.  In  these  later 
years  the  obligation  of  the  public  to  protect, 
not  only  the  worldly  goods  of  the  citizens, 
but  also  his  health,  begins  to  be  realized. 
An  intelligent  foundation  has  been  laid  for 
sanitary  reforms.  These  consist  first,  in  the 
collection  of  statistics  by  which  the  value  of 
certain  procedures  may  be  determined. 
The  registration  of  births,  deaths  and  mar- 
riages, the  causes  of  death,  the  collection  of 
information  as  to  prevailing  diseases,  the 
collection  and  preservation  of  meteorologi- 
cal statistics,  the  collection  and  tabulation 
of  statistics  of  the  movements  of  the  people, 
emigration,  the  growth  of  cities  and  States — 
all  these  accumulations  serve  as  material 
out  of  which  may  be  developed  more  accu- 
rate knowledge  and  better  methods.  Gov- 
ernments begin  to  recognize  a  responsibility 
in  these  matters.  But  for  the  most  part, 
legislation  is  still  crude,  and  the  administra- 
tion of  sanitary  laws  full  of  blunders.  In 
this  respect  the  history  of  sanitary  enact- 
ments and  their  execution  does  not  mater- 
ially differ  from  that  of  other  social  and 
political  reforms.  It  is  the  want  of  accurate 
knowledge  that  leads  to  our  mistakes  of 
legislation  ;  the  want  of  practical  acquaint- 
ance with  the  methods  of  administration 
that  leads  to  the  blunders  to  which  we  have 
referred. 

As  our  oldest  literature  on  sanitation  was 
born  of  the  pestilence,  so  our  legislation  has 
been  stimulated  by  epidemics  and  has  for 
the  most  part  been  provisional.  Wise  legis- 
lation must  be  based  upon  knowledge; 
knowledge  on  the  part  not  only  of  profes- 


sional sanitarians,  but  knowledge  on  the 
part  of  the  public.  It  cannot  be  expected 
that  this  general  or  public  knowledge  will 
be  technical  ;  it  must  be  general  and  related 
to  the  results  that  can  be  reached  by  scien- 
tific means  and  methods.  A  knowledge 
that  begets  faith  in  the  agencies  of  protec- 
tion and  that  secures  efficient  co-operation, 
and  not,  as  has  been  too  often  the  case,  ob- 
struction in  the  execution  of  sanitary  laws. 
There  are  dangers,  however,  in  this  field  of 
work,  as  in  most  others,  that  grow  out  of  a 
smattering  of  knowledge.  There  will 
always  be  those  who  claim  too  much,  who 
speak  as  having  authority,  but  have  not  the 
wisdom  to  see  the  limitations  and  difficulties 
in  the  way  of  practical  results. 

While,  therefore,  we  should  by  all  possble 
means  strive  to  instruct  and  interest  the 
great  public  in  the  work  of  preventive  medi- 
cine, the  task  of  devising  the  means  and 
methods  must  remain  in  the  hands  of  those 
who  have  special  knowledge  of  these  mat- 
ters. These  specialists  should  not  be  taken 
wholly  from  the  profession  of  medicine.  As 
an  illustration  of  what  a  layman  may  do,  I 
have  only  to  mention  the  name  of  England's 
greatest  sanitarian,  Mr.  Edwin  Chadwick. 
Through  a  long  life  he  has  devoted  himself 
to  the  work  of  improving  the  condition  of 
London  and  other  English  districts,  and  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  during  the  last  fifty  years 
his  services  have  in  value  not.been  excelled 
by  those  of  any  Englishmen  in  even  the 
highest  position  of  official  or  social  life. 
What  we  want  is  on  this  side  of  the  ocean 
such  men  as  Mr.  Chadwich.  If  we  are  to 
reach  that  measure  of  success  which  we 
believe  to  be  possible,  the  world  must  not 
be  left  entirely  to  the  medical  profession  or 
to  health  officers. 

The  egoism  that  leads  manufacturers  and 
others  engaged  in  the  various  industrial 
occupations  to  ignore,  in  their  eager  pursuit 
of  wealth,  the  public  welfare,  will  always  be 
an  obstacle  to  the  enactment  and  execution 
of  health  laws,  but  this  general  enlightment 
on  the  part  of  the  public  which  we  so  confi- 
dently look  for,  will  compel  obedience  to 
these  as  well  as  to  other  forms  of  police 
regulation. 

WHAT    HAS    BEEN    DONE    IN    THE    WAY  OF 
LEGISLATION  ? 

It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that 
sanitary  organizations  have  come  to  be 
recognized  as  a  necessary  part  of  the 
machinery  of  State.  Within  the  memory  of 
many  here  present,  there  was  not  an  efficient 
board  of  health  in  any  city  or  State  of  this 
country,  or  in  fact  of  the  world.  Police 
regulations  establishing  quarantine,  it  is 
true,  existed,  but  these  quarantines  instead 
of  being  beneficient  in  their  character,  were 
often  useless,  and  in  many  instances  they 
became  monstrous  crimes  against  hu/iianity. 
All  this  is  being  changed.  Society  recog- 
nizes its  obligations  in  two  directions  :  First, 
to  remove  from  its  midst  or  destroy  every 
possible  source  of  disease,  and  to  so  control 
the  causes  that  connot  be  removed  or  de- 
stroyed as  to  diminish  to  a  minimum  their 


deleterious  influences  upon  public  health. 
Secondly,  the  obligation  to  jjrevcnt  the  in- 
troduction of  diseases  from  without,  by  such 
measures  as  shall  be  found  the  most  efficient 
for  the  accomplishment  of  this  end,  and  at 
the  same  time  work  the  least  amount  of  in- 
convenience to  the  social  and  commercial 
interests  of  the  community. 

For  the  accomplishment  of  the  first  pur- 
pose we  have  already  done  something,  but 
there  remains  much  more  to  be  done. 
There  should  be  in  every  town  or  city  or 
district  a  health  authority. ^  Under  the. di- 
rection of  this  authority  there  should  be  a 
survey  first  made  with  a  view  to  determine 
the  presence  or  absence  of  the  physical  con- 
ditions that  unfavorably  affect  heath.  This 
study  should  include  not  only  the  natural 
conditions,  such  as  the  climate,  soil,  exposure 
to  sun  and  air,  neighborhood,  including 
water,  wood  and  elevation,  etc.,  as  suggested 
by  Hippocrates  many  centuries  ago,  but  it 
should  also  embrace  the  condition  of  the 
population,  their  nationality,  occupations, 
dwellings,  density  and  food.  It  should  also 
show  the  methods  of  removal  of  accumula- 
tions, and  in  the  more  populous  districts,  the 
disposal  of  sewage,  the  condition  of  streets 
and  alleys,  and  the  character  of  drinking 
water.  There  should  also  be  noted  any 
special  industries  by  which  air  or  water  may 
be  contaminated.  The  bearing  of  most  of 
these  different  industries  upon  public  health 
is  now  well  known.  In  addition  to  these 
studies  of  the  surroundings  and  the  activi- 
ties of  the  population,  there  should  be  a 
careful  collection  and  preservation  of  the 
statistice  of  births,  deaths,  marriages,  the 
prevailing  diseases,  the  causes  of  death,  and 
the  increase  or  decrease,  if  such  be  the  case, 
of  population.  This  is  only  a  suggestion  of 
a  few  things  that  should  be  done,  and  these 
should  be  done  in  the  smaller  towns  and 
villages,  as  well  as  in  the  larger  cities. 

WHAT  REMAINS  TO  BE  DONE. 

It  appears  that  the  death-rate  of  twenty- 
six  of  the  principal  cities  of  America,  with  a 
population  of  9,873,448,  is  20  per  1,000.  I 
think  it  morally  certain  that  this  rate  could 
be  reduced,  by  means  and  methods  now 
known  to  sanitary  science,  to  16  per  1,000, 
and  probably  still  less  than  that.  The 
death-rate  for  London  for  the  year  1888  was 
18.5  per  1,000.  This  can  be  still  further  re- 
duced. That  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
for  the  same  year,  taken  together  was  25.5 
per  1,000 — New  York  25.9,  Brooklyn  23.7. 
The  death-rate  of  these  two  cities,  if  reduced 
to  that  of  London,  would  secure  a  saving  of 
7  per  1,000,  or,  annually,  15,986  lives.  These 
lives  are  public  wealth. 

But  this  is  not  all.  For  one  death  annually 
two  persons  are  sick  during  the  entire  year  ; 
or,  in  other  words,  there  are  two  years  of 
disabling  sickness  to  one  death — 31,972 
years,  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  of  sick- 
ness, preventable  sickness,  annually.  The 
value  of  these  years  of  sickness  cannot  be 
reached  with  accuracy,  but  the  wages  lost 
on  account  of  sickness,  the  cost  of  care  and 
maintenance  during   sickness  and  conva- 


344 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  302 


lescence,  and  the  money  value  of  the  lives 
destroyed,  considering  them  only  as  ma- 
chines, will  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
reach  annually  into  the  millions.  I  venture 
to  suggest  to  the  business  men  of  these 
cities  that  this  loss  is  enough  every  year  to 
buy  a  great  railroad,  or  to  build  and  sub- 
sidize a  fleet  of  ocean-going  steel  steam- 
ships. 

The  sorrow  of  16,000  homes,  the  years  of 
grief,  and  the  32,000  years  annually  of  anx- 
ious watching  and  waiting  over  the  sick-beds 
of  those  who  finally  recover,  are  not  taken 
into  this  estimate.  Such  considerations  do 
not,  except  spasmodically,  move  legislatures 
or  executives.  It  is  only  as  these  touch 
property,  only  as  epidemics  interrupt  com- 
merce, that  we  are  able  to  secure  efficient 
legislation.  I  firmly  believe  that  the  death- 
rate  of  nearly  all  our  large  cities  may  be  re- 
duced 3  to  4  per  1,000  from  the  present  rate. 
I  am  fully  satisfied  that  this  might  be  ac- 
complished in  our  chief  cities,  and  that  sick- 
ness might  be  diminished  in  a  corresponding 
degree. 

This  lengthening  of  years,  this  relief  of 
distress,  this  saving  of  public  wealth,  is 
worth  working  for.  What  is  true  of  the 
cities  is,  to  a  great  extent,  true  of  the  rural 
districts.  All  ever  our  broad  land  are  farm- 
houses and  small  villages  which  become 
every  year  the  seat  of  diseases  that  grow  out 
of  filth.  Foul  drains,  foul  water,  badly  con- 
structed and  ill-ventilated  dwellings  and 
school-houses  are  the  cause  of  thousands  of 
deaths  every  year — deaths  that  might  be 
prevented  by  the  application  of  acquired 
knowledge  upon  this  subject.  Sir  James 
Paget,  before  the  London  Health  Exhibi- 
tion, discusses  the  problem  of  national 
health,  and  very  conclusively  shows  that 
among  the  wage-earners  of  England  and 
Wales  probably  one-fourth  of  the  sickness  is 
preventable.  Of  the  20,000,000  of  weeks 
lost  by  about  15,000,000  of  the  poi)ulation, 
5,000,000  weeks,  or  more  than  95,000  years  of 
work  might  be  saved.  This  estimate  is 
based  upon  the  population  between  15  and 
165  years  of  age.  The  extension  of  this  com- 
putation of  sickness  to  all  ages  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  would  present  us  with  a 
most  startling  array  of  figures. 

Up  to  the  present  time  these  problems  of 
public  health  have  received  but  little  atten- 
tion at  the  hands  of  statesmen  ;  but  it  is  no 
longer  a  question  of  possibilities,  it  is  certain 
that  this  great  saving  of  the  best  kind  of 
public  wealth  is  within  our  reach.  It  may 
not  be  accomplished  by  methods  hitherto 
used,  but  the  result  is  possible  by  methods 
that  are  known  and  which  we  know  how  to 
adopt.  What  we  want  is  a  recognition  of 
the  evil,  and  a  disposition  to  invest  at  least 
a  very  small  percentage  of  the  loss  in  money 
value  of  life  and  work — wasted  life  and 
work — for  the  purpose  of  preventing  this 
waste — hardly  more  than  would  be  paid  for 
the  insurance  upon  our  public  buildings,  or 
upon  our  dwellings  in  proportion  to  the  value 

of  the  buildings  themselves  

We  do  not  know  with  certainty  how  long 


life  may  be  prolonged,  but  we  are  morally 
certain  that  it  may  be  extended  much  be- 
yond its  present  limits,  and  with  a  fair 
degree  of  usefulness.  It  is  belived  that  its 
normal  limit  is  about  100  years.  Instead  of 
about  forty  years  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions,  as  at  present,  it  is  quite  probable 
that  sixty  or  more  years  should  be  attained 
by  the  best  use  of  the  means  now  known  ; 
that  is,  the  average  should  be  sixty  or  more 
years.  With  a  better  understanding  and 
more  faithful  observance  of  health-laws 
forty  additional  years  should  be  reached. 
This  obedience  to  law,  this  adjustment  of 
our  surroundings  and  regulation  of  our  whole 
being,  mind  and  body,  in  accord  with  the 
conditions  of  physical  health,  will  prove  to 
be  the  only  true  elixir  of  life.  The  future  is 
full  of  hope.  Everywhere  science  with  the 
microscope  and  crucible  is  following  the 
germs  of  disease  and  the  agencies  of  death. 
Politicians  even  are  beginning  to  think  it  is 
worth  while  to  preserve  the  lives  of  their 
constitutents.  The  great  public  is  beginning 
to  believe  that  something  more  potent  than 
fasting  and  sackcloth  can  be  devised  for 
their  protection  from  pestilence  and  the 
grave.  Let  us  all  work  together  and  we  can 
do  much  even  now,  and  in  doing  what  we 
know  how  to  do  we  shall  find  out  other 
ways  to  do  still  greater  things.  So  shall  we 
lengthen  the  cords  and  strengthen  the  stakes 
of  the  great  tent  of  life,  under  which  the  cry 
of  distress  and  wail  of  bereavement  shall 
become  ever  less  and  less  ;  while  in  swell- 
ing chorus  shall  be  heard,  through  the  ages, 
the  laughing  of  children,  the  sweet  voices  of 
young  men  and  maidens,  and  the  strong 
words  of  old  men  and  matrons. 


BUILDING 


PRODUCING  SMOKELESS  COAL. 
A  technical  journal,  Iron,  says  that  at- 
tempts to  abate  the  smoke  nuisance  have 
hitherto  mainly  been  applied  to  the  fire  grate 
or  the  boiler  furnace.    But  an  invention  has 
recently  been  brought  out  for  treating  coal 
chemically  so  as  to  fwevent  the  emission  of 
smoke  from  the  fuel.   A  solution  is  made 
into  which  the  coal  is  dipped.    Its  effect 
upon  that  material  is  to  concentrate  and 
harden  its  constituents.  At  a  recent  test  two 
large  fires  were  lighted  in  open  grates,  one 
supplied  with  ordinarj'  coal  and  the  other 
with  coal  which  had  been  soaked  In  the  sol- 
ution.   The  former,  as  usual,  gave  out  smoke 
and  flame  as  well  as  heat.    The  latter,  with 
plenty  of  flame  and  heat,  was  smokeless. 
It  is  stated  that  the  cost  of  treating  the  coal 
is  about  sixpence  per  ton,  and  that  the  coal 
is  much  improved  by  the  operation.  Per- 
haps this  method  will  afford  a  way  of  escape 
from  the  evils  of  the  smoke  affliction,  which 
is  constantly  getting  worse   on  all  sides. 
Chicago  is  much  agitated  over  the  question, 
and  has  reason  to  be.    There  is  little  said 
about  it  in  public  here  in  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
but  every  observer  knows  the  atmosphere 
of  our  city  is  daily  blackened  and  befouled 
by  the  dense  volume  of  black,  sooty  smoke 
that  pours  out  of  every  building  where  a  fur- 
j  nace  and  engine  are  located. 


THE  RESPONSIBILITY  OF 
ARCHITECTS. 

The  report  of  the  committee  of  the  West- 
ern Association  of  Architects  on  legal  decis- 
ions presented  at  its  last  annual  convention 
contains,  among  other  matters,  the  follow- 
ing on  the  liability  of  architects: 

"The  liability  of  the  architect  has  been  pro- 
nounced in  a  number  of  decisions,  of  which 
the  following  have  come  to  the  knowledge 
of  your  committee: 

"First  Case. —  An  architect  in  this  city 
had  charge  of  the  erection  of  a  house  for  a 
widow.  The  contracts  had  been  let  to  a 
carpenter  in  one.  It  provided  the  architect 
to  be  umpire,  and  payments  were  to  be  made 
on  his  certificate.  Specifications  provided  a 
'first  class  job.'  Through  neglect  of  the  ar- 
chitect, the  work  was  carried  out  poorly,  ex- 
tremely poorly  in  many  res|>ects,  so  that  the 
widow  refused  to  pay  the  final  certificate. 
The  case  went  into  court,  and  the  judge  de- 
cided that  the  widow  was  bound  to  pay  the 
architect's  certificate,  just  or  unjust,  and 
that  if  she  had  any  case  at  all  she  might 
bring  suit  against  the  architect.  So  she  did, 
and  recovered  gSoo,  which  was  paid  by  the 
architect. 

"Scco7id  Case. — A  widow  erected  a  man- 
sion under  the  charge  of  an  architect.  She 
had  difficulty  in  obtaining  the  plans.  Her 
directions  as  to  changes  were  not  heeded, 
and  she  became  frightened  enough  to  con- 
sult a  lawyer.  A  private  superintendant 
was  employed.  The  architect  was  notified 
in  writing  as  to  changes  being  required  here 
and  there,  and  as  to  work  being  carried  out 
carelessly.  The  house  was  completed  and 
every  certificate  was  paid,  since  it  would  have 
been  useless  to  contest  the  payment  of  any 
of  them.  There  was  no  evidence  as  to  fraud, 
though  such  there  was  undoubtedly  commit- 
ted. The  widow  then  sued  the  architect  and 
recovered  judgment  for  S4500,  which  re- 
mained final. 

"Third  Case. — A  citizen  erected  a  block 
of  houses  during  the  winter.  The  architect 
neglected  to  provide  means  for  keeping  out 
the  frost  and  allowed  the  mason  to  build 
dwarf  walls  upon  the  frozen  ground. 
Through  this  the  building  became  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  damaged,  and  the  owner 
brought  suit.  The  first  verdict  obtained 
was  §1 ,400  against  the  architect  who  appealed 
and  received,  incidentally  so,  as  it  would  ap- 
pear, an  order  for  a  new  trial.  The  case 
was  thereupon  tried  again  in  another  court, 
and  verdict  was  obtained  against  the  archi- 
tect for  ^1,900.  The  case  had  been  tried 
more  effectively,  and  the  facts  brought  tO' 
the  understanding  of  the  jury. 

"In  all  these  cases  the  specifications  had  a 
preamble  in  which  the  architect  was  declared 
to  be,  in  so  many  words,  sole  arbiter.  Doubt- 
less there  are  many  more  similar  cases  oa 
record. 

"In  case  an  architect  should  not  thus  ex- 
pressly declare  himself  to  be  sole  arbiter, 
10  would  not  be  excused,  but  held  under  the; 


Nov.  16,  18881 


THE  SAMTARY  NEtVS. 


845 


ule  of  established  custom.  If,  however,  an 
architect  expressly  declares  that  he  is  not 
arbiter,  and  had  nothing  to  say  and  to  rule, 
he  could,  of  course,  not  be  held  liable.  But 
would  not  his  position  be  simply  i)iliablc? 
No  respectable  architect  would  like  to  be 
under  such  predicanicnt. 

"Every  architect  should  be  fully  aware 
that  his  profession  is  one  that  may  entangle 
him  in  scores  of  liabilities,  and  he  should 
prepare  himself  accordingly.  He  'professes' 
to  know,  and  ought  to  know.  He  stands  on 
the  same  legal  ground  with  every  other  pro- 
fessional practitioner,  with  this  difference: 
that  his  malpractice  is  far  more  clearly  and 
positively  established  than  is  the  case  of  any 
other  profession.  The  preacher  has  nothing 
to  fear  on  this  score.  Little  more  has  the 
land  agent.  Slightly  more  still  the  doctor 
and  the  lawyer,  but  nearest  to  the  architect 
comes  the  operating  surgeon.  Many  law- 
suits have  established  the  certainty  of  severe 
consequences  to  the  purse  of  the  surgical 
operator  upon  human  bodies  when  he  com- 
mits a  blunder  or  even  an  error. 

"There  is  nothing  more  certain  than  that 
in  all  cases  the  architect  is  legally  and 
pecuniarily  liable  for  every  blunder  by  him 
committed,  or  under  him,  through  the  agency 
of  any  of  his  employes.  The  responsibility 
on  this  account  is  far-reaching,  and  sur- 
passes that  existing  with  any  other  profes- 
sion. 

"Under  his  charge,  a  building  must  come 
out  to  be  constructively  correct,  and  the 
work  by  him  accepted  and  certified  to  must 
in  fact,  conform  to  the  requirements  estab- 
lished in  the  specification.  The  certificate 
by  him  given  must  be  arithmetically  correct. 
If  by  error  he  should  make  it  too  little,  the 
contractor  most  assuredly  will  call  for  cor- 
rection before  collecting  it.  But  if  he  should 
make  it  too  large,  the  contractor  may  thievish- 
ly go  with  it  to  the  owner,  who,  on  his  part, 
may  cash  it,  and  the  result  is  that  the  architect 
is  liable  to  the  owner  for  the  difference,  which 
he  is  bound  to  pay,  and  look  to  the  contractor 
for  reimbursement.  In  case  such  contractor 
should  have  the  impudence  to  begin  suit 
against  an  owner  for  recovery  of  an  over- 
drawn estimate,  he  cannot  recover  the  ficti- 
tious amount,  because  the  court  would  cor- 
rect the  error  when  satisfactorily  proved. 

"A  liability  as  to  sufficient  construction 
can  readily  be  taken  care  of  by  the  intelli- 
gent and  well-educated  architect.  But 
serious  entanglement  may  result  in  the  deal- 
ing with  a  contractor  who  may  be  ignorant, 
may  be  dishonest,  or  both.  A  pecuniary  lia- 
bility may  be  obviated  by  declining  certifi- 
cates for  payment.  But  what  becomes  of 
the  work  which  the  architect  has  at  his  heart? 
what  of  the  i-emuneration  coming  to  him? 
what  of  his  time  and  professional  standing? 
The  contractor  has  all  in  his  hands  if  he  ac- 
tively or  passively  defies  the  result.  Of  the 
two,  the  thievish  contractor  can  be  tamed, 
but  with  ignorance — so  the  old  story  is — 
even  the  gods  combat  in  vain.  A  contractor 
is  his  own  free  boss.  He  elects  his  foreman, 
elects  his  workmen.  An  honest  and  knowing 


boss  can  have  no  great  trouble  on  the  scor 
of  i)oor  work.  But  the  architect  must  trust 
chance.  Must  he?  If  he  fairly  conceives 
the  responsibilities  on  his  shoulders,  he  will 
not.  He  will,  with  good  conscience  and  tact, 
elect  bidders  known  to  him  as  honest  and 
expert  men,  or  such  as  are  properly  recom- 
mended to  him  by  trustworthy  parties,  and 
reject  any  pet  of  an  owner  whom  he  knows, 
or  justly  fears,  to  be  reckless  or  ignorant,  or 
both. 

"Verily,  the  business  of  an  architect  is  dif- 
ficult. It  is  exhaustive  of  the  energies  where 
pay,  as  it  mostly  is,  inadequate.  The  value 
of  efficient  and  honest  services  is,  at  least, 
twice  that  of  the  remuneration  generally 
here  awarded.  Architects  do  not  generally 
appreciate  the  amount  and  gravity  of  the  re- 
sponsibilities under  which  their  practice  is 
carried  on.  Quacks  defy  them.  The  public 
generally  is  unaware  of  their  existence,  and 
certainly  very  unwilling  to  pay  them  for 
what,  to  them,  has  but  a  fractional  reality  if 
any. 

"The  world,  however,  is  moving.  Let  us 
hope  and  trust,  and  with  good  reason,  too, 
that  the  coming  generation  of  architects,  at 
least,  will  appreciate  the  full  amount  of  its 
responsibility,  and  that  its  employes  will 
knowingly  be  inclined  and  willing  to  justify 
and  equitably  compensate  its  improved  ser- 
vices. 


VIBRATION  IN  BUILDINGS. 
One  of  the  most  perplexing  problems  that 
confronts  the  engineer,  is  the  vibration  in 
buildings  caused  by  running  machinery.  A 
well  known  New  York  firm,  being  frequently 
called  on  to  locate  their  engines  on  the  upper 
floors  of  buildings,  have  had  wide  experience 
in  this  line  and  have  given  the  subject  much 
thought.  In  determining  these  questions 
they  say  the  character  of  the  building,  the 
ground  on  which  it  rests,  the  vv-eight,  power 
and  speed  of  engines  are  all  factors  which 
must  be  considered,  some  of  which  are  very 
indefinite,  or  at  least  their  effect  is  hard  to 
pre-determine,  combined  with  which  is  the 
very  important  influence,  namely,  the  rela- 
tion which  the  speed  of  the  engine  bears  to  the 
natural  time  of  the  vibration  of  the  floor 
beams. 

It  is  evident  that  the  slight  motion  which 
every  engine  has  is  exactly  in  time  with  the 
natural  vibration  of  the  floor  beam,  each 
pulsation  of  the  engine  will  increase  the 
scope  of  the  vibration  of  the  floor,  resulting 
in  a  most  disastrous  shaking,  while  if  the 
pulsations  of  the  engine  are  in  discord  with 
the  floor  comparative  quiet  will  exist.  As 
floor  beams  are  usually  long,  and  their  time 
of  vibration  correspondingly  long,  it  is 
usually  found  that  a  fast  running  engine  will 
give  less  of  its  vibration  to  the  floor  beams 
than  a  slow  running  one.  It  is  also  worthy 
of  note  that  the  vibrations  of  a  fast  running 
engine  are  more  numerous  and  less  forcible, 
hence  easier  resisted  by  the  mass  of  the  floor. 

An  interesting  example  of  preventing  vi- 
bration by  discord  was  shown  in  the  case  of 
a  10  H.  P.  engine  which  on  an  upper  story 


of  a  silverware  manufactory,  created  such  a 
commotion  as  to  rattle  the  silverware  on  the 
shelves  a  hundred  feet  distant.  A  change 
of  twenty-five  revolutions  in  the  speed, 
which  change  was  in  the  direction  of  increas- 
ing the  speed,  entirely  sto[)ped  the  vibra- 
tions. 

Another  interesting  work  of  this  nature  is 
in  the  great  coffee  house  of  Arbucklc  Bros., 
in  Brooklyn,  where  two  engines  of  125  H.  P. 
each  and  one  of  45  H.  P.  are  located  on  the 
fifth  floor.  These  engines  were  erected  on 
the  heavy  floor  timbers,  the  floor  boards 
being  cut  away  and  extra  timbers  being  in- 
serted between  the  joists.  Across  these  tim- 
bers were  placed  oak  stringers,  which  latter 
had  been  seasoning  since  the  war  in  some  un- 
finished vessels  in  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard. 
On  these  the  engines  were  mounted  with 
plain  fly  wheels  and  experiments  were  con- 
ducted to  determine  the  speed  at  which  it 
would  be  best  to  run.  It  was  found  that  at 
204  revolutions  the  vibration  was  at  the  min- 
imum and  was  very  slight,  being  as  little  as 
that  caused  by  any  of  the  ordinary  driven 
machinery.  The  speed  was  therefore  fixed 
at  this  point,  and  the  wheels  were  then  made 
to  give  the  proper  belt  speed. — Exchange. 

FROM  CHICAGO  ARCHITECTS. 
The  architect  who  holds  the  winning  num- 
ber in  the  prize  contest  over  plans  for  the 
new  St.  Louis  city  hall  will  make  about 
§50,000.  The  prize  will  be  §5,000  and  the 
balance  will  be  for  superintending  the 
work 

Chicago  architects  are  looking  eagerly 
forward  to  the  Cincinnati  convention,  which 
meets'November  20  to  23,  when  officers  will 
be  elected  and  a  permanent  organization 
effected  as  the  result  of  the  recent  vote  fa- 
voring a  consolidation  of  the  Western  Asso- 
ciation of  Architects  and  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Architects. 

J.  F.  &  J.  P.  Doerr:  Plans  for  hall  for 
Columbia  Turn-Verein  on  State  and  Fifty- 
fourth  streets;  flats  for  Auerbach  &  Mont- 
blame  on  Archer  avenue;  flat  on  I^ake  ave- 
nue for  James  McDeavitt;  flat  for  Charles 
and  Catherine  V.  Waite  on  Lake  avenue 
and  Fifty-third  street  to  cost  $50,000. 

W.  W.  Boyington:  Rathborn,  Sard  &  Co., 
who,  as  announced  in  The  Sanitary  News, 
will  remove  their  stove  factory  from  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  to  Aurora,  are  having  plans  drawn  for 
the  five  new  buildings  which  will  be  the  be- 
ginning of  the  new  plant.  The  dimensions 
are  95x212,  five  stories;  75x185,  three  stories; 
50x72  and  150x280. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Illinois  State  As- 
sociation of  Architects  was  held  Monday 
afternoon,  November  11,  at  65  Washington 
street.  The  meeting  was  called  one  week 
earlier  than  usual,  on  account  of  the  short 
time  between  the  regular  date  and  the  meet- 
ing at  Cincinnati.  Fifteen  members  were 
present,  but  no  business  of  importance  was 
transacted.  An  adjournment  was  had  to 
Monday,  Dec.  16.  After  the  meeting  a  lunch 
was  served  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Warren  conducted 
those  present  through  the  McCormick  apart- 
'  ment  house. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol.  XV.  No.  302 


PLUMBING. 


REGISTRATION  OF  PLUMBERS 
IN  ENGLAND. 

The  consideration  that  registration  of 
plumbers  in  England  has  attracted  in  this 
country  makes  matters  relating  to  that  sub- 
ject of  interest.  The  Iron  Motigory,  an 
English  paper,  has  the  following  relative 
to  the  matter  of  registration: 

The  movement  inaugerated  by  the  Plum- 
bers' Company  to  secure  by  registration  a 
body  of  craftsmen  of  recognized  skill  and 
proficiency  is  making  the  most  encouraging 
progress.  Over  5000  plumbers  have  now 
been  enrolled  on  the  register,  said  the  cleik 
of  the  company,  in  Edinburgh,  a  few  days 
ago,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  no  little  surprise 
that  the  movement  has  met  with  no  slight 
opposition  in  the  ranks  of  the  trade  itself. 
Possibly  every  member  of  the  craft  is  per- 
fectly assured  as  to  his  own  competence,  and 
never  for  a  moment  questions  but  that  the 
sifting  process  will  leave  him  among  the  ac- 
cepted and  worthy.  If  so,  there  must  have 
been  a  good  many  disconcerted  knights  of 
the  wiped  joint  as  the  result  of  the  numerous 
examinations  which  have  been  conducted 
in  the  past  few  months.  The  sifting  process 
has  really  sifted,  and  plumbers  are  waking 
up  to  the  fact  that  a  very  thorough  and  far- 
reaching  reform  is  in  progress.  We  have 
been  somewhat  amused  over  a  conti'oversy 
which  recently  occurred  between  an  English 
and  an  American  contemporary  upon  the 
merits  of  that  sign-manual  of  the  craft  of 
the  plumber,  the  wiped  joint.  Everybody 
who  knows  anything  of  the  trade  knows  that 
the  wiped  joint  has  always  been  the 
plumber's  fetich,  and  our  New  York  contem- 
porary has  had  the  hardihood  to  hold  this 
almost  sacred  emblem  up  to  criticism  as  a 
device  which  has  had  its  day  and  must  give 
way  to  a  better  and  less  wasteful  method  of 
connecting  lead  piise.  Such  an  heretical 
view  in  a  journal  devoted  in  part  to  the 
work  of  the  plumber  was  not  to  be  passed 
over  in  silence,  and  our  English  contempo- 
rary took  up  the  cudgels  stoutly  in  defense 
of  the  wiped  joint.  But  the  amusing  feature 
of  this  defense  was  really  a  begging  of  the 
whole  question,  for  although  admitting  the 
wijjed  joint  to  be  a  great  waste  of  material 
and  labor,  our  contemporary  averred  that  it 
had  always  been  in  use,  that  the  British  work- 
man at  all  events,  was  wedded  to  it  and  not 
at  all  likely  to  give  it  uj).  In  other  words, 
we  are  to  continue  to  have  the  wiped  joint 
because  we  always  have  had  it,  or  had  it  so 
long  that  the  memory  of  man  runneth  not  to 
the  contrary,  which  is  the  same  thing  prac- 
tically. 

Now,  this  incident  serves  to  illustrate  the 
average  point  of  efficiency  reached  by  the 
average  plumber.  Workmanship  is  every- 
thing, design  is  nothing.  Thought,  original- 
ity, knowledge  of  principles  and  training  in 
applying  them  to  the  solution  of  new  con- 
ditions are  sacrificed  to  the  mere  mechanical 
art.    The  latter  is  important,  extremely  im- 


portant, but  a  plumber  who  does  not  know  a 
great  deal  more  ought  never  to  be  intrusted 
with  designing  and  carrying  out  a  job  of 
work,  though  he  may  wipe  you  a  joint  never 
so  well.  We  trust  the  Plumbers'  Company, 
therefore,  will  not  stop  short  with  exacting 
mechanical  proficiency  only  from  those  who 
receive  the  stamp  of  their  approval  in  the 
shape  of  a  certificate.  For  the  plumber  per- 
haps more  than  the  craftsman,  technical 
education  should  educate  beyond  mechanic- 
al skill.  A  job  may  be  perfect  in  workman-- 
ship,  and  yet  a  death-trap.  As  the  Plum- 
ber's Company  propose  to  ask  for  Parliamen- 
tary powers  to  carry  out  their  scheme  of 
registration  with  efficiency,  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  they  will  ask  for  and  receive  the  most 
ample  powers  to  do  their  work  thoroughly. 
They  must  exact  proficiency  in  the  whole 
scope  of  a  craftsman's  duty  before  he  is  en- 
titled to  their  certificate  as  a  capable  master 
plumber  ;  and  more  than  that.  Parliament 
should  provide  for  efficient  sanitary  inspec- 
tion. It  was  well  pointed  out  at  a  recent 
meeting  of  the  plumbers  of  the  western  dis- 
trict of  London  that  at  present  parish  san- 
itary inspectors  are  almost  invariably  un- 
skilled men,  wholly  incompetent  to  form  a 
correct  judgment  upon  the  work  they  are 
required  to  inspect.  All  this  should  be  rad- 
ically changed.  The  Plumbers'  Company 
have  done  and  are  doing  a  grand  work,  a 
great  public  service.  Their  exertions  have 
the  support  of  all  right-thinking  people. 
The  movement  is  the  genuine  growth  of 
public  opinion,  of  the  general  sense  of  the 
community  that  a  reform  was  urgent.  Now- 
let  Parliament  place  it  upon  a  sound  footing 
give  it  a  legal  status  and  supply  the  safe- 
guards. With  a  body  of  5,000  plumbers 
already  enrolled  in  the  kingdom,  it  may 
safely  be  assumed  that  the  scheme  has  the 
hearty  support  of  the  best  men  in  the  craft. 


CHICAGO  MASTER  PLUMBER.S. 

The  regular  semi-monthly  meeting  of  the 
Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association  was 
held  at  GrandArmy  hall  Thursday  evening. 
Those  present  were: 

President  A.  W.  Murray,  Secretary  Jos- 
eph R.  Alcock  and  J.  J.  Hamblin,  M. 
R.  Mandable,  P.  Saunders,  James  H.  De 
V'eney,  William  Willems,  L.  Y .  Daly,  Hen- 
ry Breyer,  Jr.,  F.  Ncusladt,  J.  J.  Rourke,  J. 
J.  Clark,  Henry  Kilian,  David  Whiteford. 
Alex.  F.  Irons,  John  G.  Roland,  J.  A.  Den- 
niston,  Charles  T.  Byrne,  R.  H.  Lean,  Geo. 
J.  Mertz,  Louis  Herzog,  William  Herbst,  D. 
J.  Rock,  F.  Falk,  Hugh  Watt,  C.  S.  Law- 
rence, H.  Black,  G.  A.  Larson,  C.  A.  Cav- 
anaugh,  David  Bain,  Paul  Ricdeske, 
E.  Breyer,  John  Connell,  T.  C.  Boyd,  R. 
Coleman,  John  Gannon,  J.  H.  Roche,  A.  C. 
Hickcy,  Andrew  Young,  Thomas  Conlin,  R. 
P.  Proboski,  A.  M.  Maypole,  J.  C.  Meancy, 
M.  Gatzert,  C.  J.  Herliert,  L.  15ain,  M.  G. 
Brooke,  Joseph  Scheucr,  W.  C.  Brown,  John 
Sanders  and  William  Wilkie.  The  plumb- 
ing inspectors  of  the  Board  of  Healh  were 
also  present. 

Daniel  Rock  of  the  License  Committee 


reported  that  there  are  347  licensed  plurnb- 
ers  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Dr.  Wickersham 
regretting  his  inability  to  be  present,  but 
promising  to  attend  one  of  the  meetings  in 
the  near  future. 

J.  J.  Rourke  and  Paul  Redieske  were  in- 
troduced as  new  members.  Messrs.  Watson, 
andDavidson  were  proposed  for  membership 
and  David  Wilson  was  elected  a  member. 

A  communication  was  read  from  Edward 
Smith,  of  Racine,  Wis.,  stating  that  a  union 
had  been  established  there,  with  ten  mem- 
bers. 

Andrew  Young,  of  the  health  department 
presented  drawings  illustrating  the  depart- 
ment's interpretation  of  the  new  rules.  It  was 
decided  that  a  blue  print  be  made  of  the 
plans  and  a  copy  sent  to  every  member  of  the 
association,  to  be  held  by  him  as  private  pro- 
perty for  his  personal  uses. 

J.  H.  Roach  offered  a  resolution  to  the  ef- 
fect that  the  apprenticeship  committee  invite 
the  apprentices  of  all  the  Master  Plumbers' 
of  Chicago  to  be  present  at  a  talk 
on  plumbing  on  the  evening  of  Decem- 
ber 12,  and  that  J.  J.  Hamblin,  Hugh  \\'att 
and  David  Whiteford  be  requested  to  talk  on 
plumbing  at  such  meeting.  The  resolution 
was  carried. 

About  the  close  of  the  meeting  the  Wo- 
man's Auxiliary  of  the  association,  headed 
by  the  president,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Hamblin,  and 
vice-president,  Mrs.  A.  Young,  marched  into 
the  hall  preceded  by  a  mandolin  corps,  and 
announced  their  attention  of  having  an  in- 
formal dance.  The  plumbers'  were  agree- 
able to  this  little  innovation,  and  several 
hours  were  given  up  to  social  pleasures. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 

Reno,  Kan.:  Judge  McNaughtonis  to  erect 

a  fine  residence.  New  Orleans,  La.:  It  is 

not  unlikely  that  a  magnificent  union  rail- 
road station  will  be  erected.  -Muncie,  Ind.: 

Buffalo  capitalists  are  to  put  20,000  into  a 

piano  factory.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  The 

Robert  Kicth  company  is  to  have  a  $200,000 
building.  Work  will  begin  at  once.  The 
foundation  is  completed  for  Bullene,  Moore, 
Emery  &  Co.'s  §500,000  building.  A.  B. 
Cross  is  preparing  plans  for  a  §150,000  busi- 
ness block.  Omaha,  Neb.:   J.   H.  \'ai1 

Closier  has  taken  out  a  permit  for  a  $20,000 
building.  Chatanooga,  Tenn.:  The  Pres- 
byterians will  build  a  §30,000  church.  

Dallas,  Tex.:  A  committee  has  been  ap- 
pointed by  the  Knights  of  Pythias  to  look 
into  details  for  a  §100,000  hall  and  office 
building.  A.  R.  Andrews  and  John  N. 
Simjison  contemjilate  the  erection  of  a  sev- 
en-story building.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.: 

S.  S.  Gay  has  plans  for  three  residences  to 
cost  §15,000.  The  Oriel  Cabinet  Co.,  will  put 

up  a  §30,000  building.  Kalamazoo,  Mich.: 

A  chapel  to  cost  §25,000  for  the  insane  asy- 
lum is  to  be  built.  Branford,  Conn.:  John 


Nov.  16,  18891 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


347 


Hutchinson  is  chairman  of  a  roinniittcc  to 
look  into  the  erection  of  a  building  to  coni- 
tain  a  gymnasium  library,  etc.— — Bangor, 
Me.:  A  soldiers'  memorial  building  is  pro- 
posed. Kansas  City,  Mo.:  The  plans  for 

the  new  city  hall  have  been  adopted  and 
work  will  begin  with  the  opening  of  spring. 

 Milwaukee,  Wis,:    An  effort  is  being 

made  to  secure  a  new  county  hospital  nearer 
the  city.  Camden  Point,  Mo.:  The  Chris- 
tian State  Orphan  School  buildings  which 

were  burned  recently  are  to  be  re-built.  

Indiana])olis,  Ind.:  An  inebriates  home  is 
projected.    This  is  one  of  the  results  of 

Francis      Murphy's     work.   Nuckolls 

County,  Neb.:  A  new  court-house  will  Ijc 
erected  to  cost  about  §30,000.  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.:  A  new  church  edifice  will  be 
erected  by  the  congregation  of  the  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  Redeemer,  at 
Diamond  and  Twentieth  streets.  A  stock 
company  has  been  formed  for  the  erection 
of  a  market  house  at  the  northwest  corner  of 
Twenty-sixth  street  and  Girard  avenue.  It 
will  be  three  stories  with  150  stalls  on  the 
first  floor.  Middletown,  Conn::  The  Wes- 
ley University  contemplates  the  building  of 

a  §40,000  gymnasium.  Waterbury,  Conn.: 

A  twelve  room  school  house  to  cost  $40,000 

will  be  erected.  Boston,  Mass.:  A  new 

theatre  will  probably  be  erected  in  Bowdoin 

square.  Asheville,  N.  C:    Richard  M. 

Hunt,  of  New  York,  is  preparing  plans  for  a 
handsome  grey  stone  residence  to  be  erected 
by  George  Vanderbilt.    The  style  of  the 

architecture  will  be  French  renaissance.  

Bristol,  R.  I.:  A  farm  of  no  acres  has  been 
presented  to  the  State,  on  which  to  erect  the 
new  soldiers'  and  sailors'  home,  for  which 

$50,000  has  been   appropriated.  Lenni, 

Pa.-:  A  two  story  stone  and  frame  church 
will  be  erected,  architect,  Edward  F.  Durang, 

Philadelphia.  Collingswood,  N.  J.:  Anew 

Baptist  Church  is  to  be  erected.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.:  Edward  J.  Houston,  of  electric 

light  fame,  will  erect  a  $30,000  residence.  

Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Central  Savings  Bank 
proposes  to  erect  a  bank  and  office  building. 
— •-Pottsville,  Pa.:  The  Lehigh  Valley 
railroad  is  contemplating  the  building  of  a 

Union  passenger  depot.  Manheim,  Pa. : 

A  post  office  building  will  shortly  be  erected. 

 Leechburg,  Pa.:  New  steel  works  are 

contemplated.  An  effort  is  being  made  to 
induce  the  Pennsylvania,  Poughkeepsie  and 
Boston  railroad  company  to  locate  its  stop 

at  Penn  Argyle,  Pa.  Schuylkill  Haven, 

Pa.:  A  Union  passenger  depot  is  in  prospect. 

 York,  Pa.:  A  large  cigar  factory  will  be 

erected.  Reading,  Pa.:  A  factory  to  cost 

$150,000  is  in  contemplation.  Lancaster, 

Pa.:  A  new  M.  E.  Church  will  be  built  at  a 
cost  of  $36,000.  The  L  O.  O.  F.,  will  erect  a 
new  hall,  for  which  $15,000  has  already  been 

subscribed.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  Oliver  Bros. 

&  Phillips  will  put  up  a  new  brick  building 
to  cost  $125,000.  Allegheny,  Pa.:  Archi- 
tects Alston  &  Heckert  are  preparing  plans 
for  a  $125,000  apartment  building,  also  for 

another  to  cost  $30,000.  Woodstock,  Ont.: 

An  appropriation  of  $58,350  has  been  made 


for  a  new  court-house.  Utica,  N.  Y.:  A 

home  for  aged  and  indigent  masons,  their 
widows  and  orphans,  is  to  be  erected  by  the 

Grand  Lodge  of  the  State,  F.  and  A.  M.  

Milford,  Conn.:  The  people  have  voted  to 
erect  a  bridge  over  the  Wopowage  river,  at 

North  street.  Allcnport,  Pa.:   A  bridge 

will  be  built  over  the  Monongehela  river.  

Lauderdale  County,  Miss.:  The  Board  of 
Supervisors  will  probably  erect  bridges  over 

Gaddis   and   Oklil:>boha    creeks.  Dand- 

ridgc,  Tenn.:  The  Knoxville  and  North- 
eastern railroad  will  build  a  railroad  and 
highway  bridge   over   the   P'rench  Broad 

river.  Fresno  County,  Cal.:  Bonds  to  the 

amount  of  $100,000  will  probably  be  issued 

for  the  building  of  bridges.  South  St. 

Paul,  Minn.:  A  $300,000  iron  bridge  is  to  be 

built.  Topeka,  Kas.:   A  new   bridge  to 

cost  $378,000 is  proposed.  Taylor,  Texas.: 

An  iron  or  steel  bridge  is  projected  across 
the  San  Gabriel  river,  in  Williamson  county. 

 Ashland,  Wis.:  A $12,000  business  block 

will  be  constructed  ;  Conover  &  Porter,  of 

Madison,  are  the  architects.  Anderson, 

Ind.:    A  $25,000  school  will  be  built.  

Detroit,  Mich.:  A  two  and  a  half  story  stone 
residence  to  cost  $40,000  will  be  built  by  A. 

L.  Stephens,  architects,  Mason  «&  Rice.  

Evansville,  Ind.:  A  $50,000  brick  and  stone 

building  will  be  erected.  Eureka  Springs, 

Ark.:  A  $10,000  jail  will  be  built.  Grand 

Haven,  Mich.:  A  $50,000  hotel  is  to  be 
erected.— — Groton,  Conn.:  A$2o,()oo  public 

library  is  to  be  built.  Jackson,  Tenn.:  An 

$18,000  court-house  will  be  built.  Louis- 
berg,  N.  C:  A  $10,000  town  hall  is  to  be 

built.  Mobile,  Ala.:  A  $20,000  building  is 

to   be  erected.  Mount  Clement,  Mich.: 

The  Mt.  Clement  Bath  Co.,  will  erect  a  $200,- 

000  hotel  and  bath  house.  Ogden,  Utah.: 

A  $75,000  building  is  to  be  erected.  Seat- 
tle, Wash.  T.:  A  s6o,ooo  hotel  is  to  be  built, 

also  a  $25,000  church.  Sacramento,  Cal.: 

A  bank  building  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 

$100,000.  Sheboygan,  Wis.:  A  school  will 

be  built  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  Sioux  City, 

la.:  A  $20,000  stable  is  to  be  built.  Supe- 
rior, Wis.:  A  $40,000  building  will  be  con- 
structed. St.  Peter,  Minn.:    A  German 

Catholic  Church  will  be  built  to  cost  $20,000, 

 St.  Paul,  Minn.:  Five  new  school  houses 

will  be  built  next  year,  to.  cost  about  $200,- 

000.  Syracuse,  N.  Y.:  Plans  have  been 

made  by  architects  Menick  &  Kirby  for  a 

$40,000  county  jail.  Taylor,  Texas.:  A 

$30,000  public  school  building  is  to  be 
erected. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
North  Evanston,  111,:  The  trustees  have 
been  petitioned  to  have  the  public  lighting 

done  by  electricity.  Belleville,  111.:  The 

Electric  Light  and  Coke  Company  with  a 

capital  stock  of  $7,000  has  been  formed.  

Baird,  Tex.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be 

put  in  by  Dr.  P.  L.  Clark.  Pottsville,  Pa.: 

The  Edison  Company  is  putting  in  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  Corning,  la.:  An  electric 

light  plant  is  to  be  pnt  in.  Monroe,  N.  C; 

The  city  is  contemplating  an  electric  light 
plant.  McKinney,  Texas.:    An  electric 


light  company  with  a  capital  stock  of  $20,- 
000  has  been  organized.— — Salisbury,  Md.: 
P.  Lee,  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  is  president  of 
an  electric  light  company  with  a  capital 

of  $30,000.  Fort  Worth,  Texas.:  The  city 

j)robably  will  be  lighted  by  electricity  and 
the  mayor  wants  bids  for  a  iair  sized  jjlant- 

 Manhattan,  Kan.:  The  capital  stock  of 

the   Manhattan   Electric   Light  Company 

lately  formed,  is  $25,000,  Mitchell,  S. 

Dak. :  The  plant  to  be  put  in  bya  St.Panl  com- 
pany will  include  30  arc  and  600  incandes- 
cent lamps.  Baldwinsville,  Mass.:  The 

Baldwinsville  cottages  are  to  be  lighted  by 

electricity.  Wcllboro,  Pa.:  The  subject  of 

electric  lighting  is  being  agitated.  Mich- 
igan City,  Ind.:  Natural  gas  has  been  struck 

at  a  depth  of  180  feet,  .Salt  Lake  City, 

Utah.:  A.  D.  Shroeder  and  W.  D.  Stirling, 
who  have  electric  light  plants  at  Helena, 
Montana  and  Huron,  Dak.,  have  applied  to 
the  city  council  for  a  franchise  for  Salt  Lake 
City.  They  offer  to  put  in  a  $150,000  plant, 
Thomson-Houston  system,  to  furnish  free 
light  in  the  council  chamber,  and  to  bury 
their  wires  when  so  requested  by  the  city. 

The  franchise  will  no  doubt  be  granted.  

Boston,  Mass.:  The  Boston  Steam  Heating 
Company  has  failed,  the  American  Trust 
Company  having  foreclosed  a  mortgage  for 
about  $600,000.  The  capital  stock  of  the 
concern  was  $1,250,000,  of  which  $798,375 

has  been  paid  in  and  lost.  Germantown, 

Pa.:  Philadelphia  capitalists  have  purchased 
the  electric  liget  plant  and  will  erect  a  large 
building  for  lighting  purposes.  An  exten- 
sive incandescent  system  will  be  added. 
The  new  steam  cruiser  Philadelphia  will 
have  two  electric  light  plants  of  the  most 
approved  pattern,  and  the  most  compact 
system  adapted  to  marine  work.  Chath- 
am, N.  Y.:  An  electric  light  company,  with 

$15,000  capital,  has  been  incorporated.  

Needham,  Mass.:  An  electric  company  has 

been    organised.  Boston,    Mass.:  The 

Monson  Gas  and  Electrc  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $20,000. 

 Plattsmouth,  Neb.:  A  new  electric  light 

plant  has  been  constructed.  Gananoque, 

Ont.:  The  Gananoque  Electric  Light  and 
Water  Company  (limited)has  been  incorpor- 
ated,  capital   stock  $40,000.  Savannah, 

Ga.:  Council  Clerk,  Frank  E.  Rebarer,  will 
receive  bids  until  November  25,  for  furnish- 
ing the  entire  plant  necessary  for  supplying 
300  arc  lamps  of  1,000  candle  power,  or  its 

equivalent  of  incandescent   light.  Clay 

City,  Ky.:  The  Kentucky  Union  Railway 
Company  will  erect  an  800  light  electric 

light  plant.  Flemingsburg,    Ky.:  Gas 

works  are  to  be  built  by  S.  Salmon.  

Louisville,  Ky.:  The  Louisville  Gas  Co,, 
will  probably  install  a  large  electric  plant. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. — A.  O.  Nepil  has  received 
the  contract,  at  $13,000  for  steam  heating 
and  plant  for  electric  lighting  and  elevators 
in  the  new  Germania  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany's building.  J.  J.  Dunnigan  has  just 

received  the  contract,  at  $1,300,  for  plumb- 
ing and  gas  fitting  in  C.  F.  ArroU's  new  apart- 
ment house;  also  a  contract  for  $1,600  in  14 


348 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  302- 


iA£.  C.  \^OSBURGH  7VYF=G  CO  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

[I-OLCtoxjr,  Ercokl;5'2=.,  iT.  -2-.]  CECIC-A.C3-0. 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBINATION 

(Gas  nnd  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINGS. 


All  of  our  owD  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
customers  to  us. 


BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES. 


Orders  Carefully  F  t  d  n;  :> 


other  houses  of  the  same  owner.  Bangor, 

iMc;  The  Public  Works  company,  with  a 
capital  of  §250,000,  has  been  organized  for 
constructing  and  maintaining  gas  works, 
electric  light  plants,  waterworks  and  elec- 
tric railways.  Winchendon,  Mass.:  An 

electric  light  and  power  company  has  been 
incorporared  with  a  capital  of  §12000., 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Providence,  R.  I.:  It  is  claimed  that  be- 
cause of  a  quarrel  between  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Works  and  the  City 
Engineer,  sewer  work  necessary  to  the 
health  of  the  people  is  neglected.  When 
the  differences  are  settled,  a  large  amount 

of  sewer  work  is  to  be  done.  Salt  Lake 

City,  Utah.:  The  city  council  has  discovered 
that  the  injunction  suit  brought  by  the  City 
Gas  Company  to  prevent  the  city  from  con- 
structing sewers  along  certain  streets  was 
the  result  of  a  misapprehension.  The  matter 
has  been  satisfactorily  adjusted  and  the 
work  as  originally  planned  will  go  on  with- 
out further  interference.  Newport,  R.  I.: 

The  Board  of  Health  has  advised  a  cessa- 
tion of  work  on  the  Bridge  street  sewer,  as 
its  construction  through  Elm  street  would 
endanger  the  health  of  persons  living  in  that 

locality.  Flatbush,  (L.  I.)  N.  Y.:  Several 

sewers   will  be   built.  Sioux   City,  la.: 

Charles  F.  Towett,  of  St.  Paul,  civil  engineer 
has  completed  plans  and  specifications  for  a 

sewerage  system.  Oakland,  Cal.:  A  cash 

prize  of  $5,000  is  offered  for  the  best  plans  for 

a  sewerage  system  suitable  for  that  city.  

Grand   Rapids,   Mich.:    According  to  the 

health  officers,  sewerage  is  badly  needed.  

Montreal,  Quebec:  It  is  practically  settled 
that  §1,000,000  will  be  spent  in  improving  the 
drainage  system,  including  a  tunnel  under 
Jacques  Cartier  square  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 
Millburn,  N.  J.:  Plans  have  been  prepared 

for    the    proposed    drainage  system.-  

Orange,  N.  J.:  The  question  of  sewerage  is 
being  agitated  and  an  engineer  has  been  em- 
ployed to  prepare  plans,  Camden,  Ark.: 

A  sewerage  system  is  in  prospect.  Red 

Jacket,  Mich.:  The  Calumet  and  Hecla 
Mining  Company  contemplates  jjutting  in 
an  extensive  sewer  next  summer.  The  vil- 
lage will  vote  on  sewerage  at  the  March 

election.  La  Fayette,  Ind.:  A  six  foot 

sewer  1,420  feet  long  is  to  be  finished  this 
winter.  Next  summer  a  3,000  foot  exten- 
sion will  be  made. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Providence,  R.  I.:  It  took  a  week  to  fill 
the  new  high  service  reservoir.  It  is  657  feet 
long  and  48c;  feet  wide  and  holds  25,000,000 
gallons.  The  high-water  level  is  274.75  feet 
above  mean  high  tide.  This  is  94.25  feet 
above  the  high  water  level  of  Sockanossct 
reservoir,  and  112.25  above  the  high  water 
level  of  Hope  reservoir.  The  elevations  of 
the  two  highest  summits  in  the  high  service 
districts  are  202  and  201  feet  above  mean 
high  tide.  The  former  is  located  upon  "Tin 
Top"  hill  in  the  "cast  side,"  and  the  latter 
near  the  intersection  of  Smith  street  and  the 


city  line.  The  static  pressure  upon  these 
two  summits  will  be  from  Fruit  Hill  reser- 
voir, about  73  feet,  or  31  pounds  per  square 
inch;  about  95  per  cent,  of  the  entire  areas 
of  both  the  high  service  districts  will  have, 
however,  the  average  pressure  ranging  from 
40  to  48  pounds  per  square  inch,  dependent 

upon  the  elevation.  Gait,  Ontario:  The 

municipal  council  proposes  to  supply  the 
town  with  an  adequate  quantity  of  water  for 

domestic  and  fire  purposes.  Logansport, 

Ind.:  Additional  pumping  machinery  of 
2,000,000  gallons  capacity  in  24  hours,  to  be 
run  by  water  power,  is  proposed.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.:  Mr.  Etting,  in  Select  Council, 
has  presented  a  communication  from  the 
Schuylkill  Water  Company  offering  to  lease 
to  the  city  the  water  of  the  Schuylkill  at 
F"lat  Rock  dam  for  fifty  years  at  §325,000  a 
year,  the  company,  at  its  own  expense,  to 
build  an  aqueduct  from  the  dam  to  connect 
with  the  intercepting  sewer  and  thus  sup- 
ply the  pumping  stations  at  the  Spring 
Garden  and  Fairmount  Works,  the  sewer  to 

be  abandoned  for  drainage.  Wheeling, 

W.  Va.;  The  new  3,000,000  gallon  reservoir 
is  said  to  have  been  poorly  constructed,  and 
is  in  a  leaky  condition;  therefore,  the  Board 
of  Watcrworlcs  Trustees  have  reserved  20 
per  cent,  of  the  construction  price  from  W. 

M.  Chisholm,  the  contractor.  Skowhegan, 

Me.:  The  insurance  exchange  committee,  of 
Somerset  Co.,  has  pronounced  Skowhegan's 
water  supply  to  be  superior  to  that  of  any  New 
England  townunderits  jurisdiction. — Hart- 
ford, Conn.:  An  artesian  well  was  recently 
sunk  whose  flow  was  10,000  gallons  an  hour, 

at  a  depth  of  1 15  feet.  Colfax,  W.\'a.:  The 

Marion  Improvement  company  will  sink  a 
number  of  artesian  welKs.  -Morgantown, 
W.  \'a.:    The  Alexander  Oil  company  will 

sink  a  number  of  wells.  Albany,  N.  ^'.: 

Complaints  are  made  of  the  inefficiency  of 
the   water    supply  for  fire  purposes. 
Ukiah,  Cal.:    A  water  works  system  is  pro- 
jected, of  which  electricity  is  to  furnish  the 

motive   power.  Portland,   Conn.:  The 

waterworks  have  been  completed  and 
turned  over  to  the  city  by  the  contractors. 


 Portland,  Me.:  The  reservoir  just  com- 
pleted cost  $125,000,  and  has  a  capacity  of 
20,000,000  gallons. 


MINNEAPOLIS  BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Chas  Russell,  3-story  brk  blk,  4  tene- 
ments, 331-5-7  E.  13th  St  §15,000 

Chas  W.  Russell,  3-story  brk  blk  4 

1800-2-4-6-8  4th  ave.,  S  20,000 

S.  Ahlman,  2-story  frame  dwl,  24-21 

1st  ave.,  S  6,000 

Geo.  H.  Hoit,  &  Co.,        story  frame 

dwell  2820  ]3ark  ave  .  ..8,000 

John  Thombill,  2  story  frame  dwl,  3453 

55  Chicago  ave  5,000 

A.  H.  Prouty,  double  2  story  frame 

dwl  3225-27  Holms  ave.,  S   6,000 

W.  D.  Spear,  2-story  frame  dwl  brk 

and  stone  2505  Bloomington  ave...  8,000 
Journal  Ptg.  Co.,  3-storybrk  and  stone 

buikling'bldg  47-49  S'.  4th  st  40,000 

C.  M.  St.  P.  R.  R.,  inside  repairs,  4th 

ave.,  S.  and  Wash,  ave   4,000 

W.  E.  Collins,  2-story  frame  dwell, 

3252-11  ave.,  S   4,000 

James  Glcason,  2>^-st  frame  dwl  3509 

Bryant  ave  S   5,000 

F.  H.  Pattridge  2,'/^-st  frame  dwl  3513 

Bryant  ave.,  S   5,000 


NOTICE  TO  ENGINEEKS-  • 
Proposals  will  li«  roceived  at  tlie  office  of  the  City 
Clerk  of  the  cit.v  of  Hiinnibal,  Missouri,  for  plans, 
specifications  nii<l  estimates  for  a  Keiieral  sewer  sys- 
tem for  the  city  of  Hiinnibal;  sucli  system  to  unite 
the  Kreatest  etKciency  at  the  h'nst  expense  attainable. 
T(ie  plm".  f^Pfciticnt ions  ami  estimates  referred  to, 
to  consist  of  a  profile  or  contour  map  of  the  streets, 
public  thoroughfares  and  courses  of  ilrainaKe  in  said 
city— showiuK  the  level  or  grade  of  the  same  with  re- 
ference to  the  level  or  jjiade  of  the  sewer  8\stem  pro- 
posed; also  the  location,  plan  and  cost  of  the  nec- 
essary e,\cavntious  fills  and  tiling,  I  he  dimensions, 
kind  and  (luality  and  material  to  be  used;  the  neces- 
sary laterals,  inlets  and  other  api)urtenances  which 
may  be  required,  with  specific  and  detailed  estimates 
as  to  the  cost  of  the  same,  and  information  as  may  be 
necessary  to  properly  inform  the  city  council  in  the 
l)remi8es.  Sai<l  iWans,  specificatii  ns  and  estimates 
to  be  made  both  with  ri'ference  alone  to  the  estab- 
iishiuK  of  Public  sewers  atom;  the  principal  courses 
of  drainn^e.  and  with  leference  to  a  system  of  district 
sew^TS  coi  ectiuK  with  such  i)ublic  sewers,  and  which 
sanitary  or  other  purposes  conducive  to  public  wel- 
fare may  require,  and  to  slate  whether  in'.ende<l  to  in- 
clude dniinafji'  for  surfai  e  water  or  not. 

Said  plans.  si)ecifications  and  estimates  must  be 
file(i  with  the  Cit'  Clerk  on  or  before  the  HOth  day  of 
Nov.  1H80.  with  the  charge  made  for  fnrnishinp  the 
same  endorsed  there  n,  and  the  same  to  be  furnished 
and  filed,  bv  the  parties  so  furnishing' and  filing  the 
same  with  the  full  uiulerstaiuliimand  iiKreement  that 
said  city  shall  not  be  bound  to  iiay  for  any  of  such 
plans,  specifications  or  e.stimates,  unless  the  same  be 
accepted  by  ordinance  or  resolution  passed  by  said 
council. 
Address  the  undersigned. 

Geo.  C.  MoonK, 

City  Clerk. 


Nov.  23,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


349 


The  Sanitary  News 


PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 


Mo.  90  IjK  Salle  Street,  Cliicatco. 


Thomas  llucron,  . 

.  ■     .       .        -  rUBUSIIKU, 

A.  H.  Uakitwan. 

.     .     -     -     -  Kditok 

IlfMlY  K.  AlLVK, 

-        .        -        LoM)ON  AOKNT 

Enteied  as  tec<  ntl-c]a 

BS  mutter  at  Chicago  Postoffice 

During  the  year  1888  there  were  ex- 
pended for  the  support  of  State  Boards  of 
Health  somewhat  over  a  half  million  dol- 
lars. During  the  same  period  the  people 
paid  out  about  $20,000,000  for  patent  medi- 
cines. 


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the  tirot  issue,  are  stOl  left.  The  price  of  theseis  §2.00 
a  volume,  ex  .'ept  for  first  volam,',  which  is 
The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  euni.ary  subjects. 


According  to  a  writer  in  the  first  of  a 
series  of  articles  in  the  Pittsburg  Gazette  on 
the  subject  of  natural  gas  supply  of  that 
region,  says  that  no  known  method  exists 
for  driving  natural  gas  ;  that  it  must  carry 
itself  or  not  move  at  all.  If  this  be  true 
those  interested  in  bringing  natural  gas  from 
the  Indiana  fields  will  have  something  to 
study  over,  for  it  is  stated  that  the  chief  sup- 
ply of  gas  for  Pittsburg  is  brought  from  a 
distance  of  thirty  to  sixty  miles,  and  that  the 
pressure  at  the  wells  is  reduced  to  a  small 
force  at  the  point  of  supply.  The  gas  from 
the  Indiana  fields  will  have  to  be  brought 
over  a  stretch  of  about  138  miles,  and  the 
friction  in  the  pipes  for  that  distance  will 
surely  overcome  the  pressure  at  the  wells 
If  the  gas  cannot  be  driven,  the  pumping 
stations  contemplated  will  be  of  no  avail 
unless  some  successful  process  has  been 
discovered. 


CHICAGO,  NOV.  23,  \i 


Contents  This  Wekk. 

Current  Topics.   Si9 

Contamination  of  l^rinking  Watfr  by  Lead       -  S50 

Greiit  W  t«r  Powf  r  8 -heme   851 

The  Forth  Bridae.   351 

T.ie  Dangers  ot  Electric  Ligting.        -      -      -  352 

Joseph  Jeff  u-rson.      ------  360 


BciLDisa— 

EtHoresc^nce  on  Brick,  -  -  - 
Licensing  Architects.  .  .  . 
From  Cliicago  Architects. 

Plcmbi.ng— 

Plumbers  and  Hot  Water  Heating. 


354 
356 
357 


-  355 


human  life  and  health.  The  fatality  of  an 
e[)idemic  is  plainly  observable  and  its 
scourge  impels  men  to  resort  to  any  pre- 
ventive measures  known.  The  laws  govern- 
ing health  dejjartments  and  creating  their 
powers  are  demanded  to  be  strictly  enforced. 
But  everywhere  disease,  not  in  an  epidemic 
form,  is  carrying  off  more  victims  and  en- 
dangering more  lives  than  epidemics  do. 
The  conclusion  is  that  all  laws  creating 
health  departments  and  defining  their 
powers,  should  be  strictly  enforced  at  all 
times.  An  unsanitary  state  in  any  commun- 
ity continually  produces  sickness,  and  at  all 
times  presents  the  condition  necessary  to 
produce  epidemics. 


Among  the  Plumbers.    ------  355 

CONTBACTINO  NlWS— 


Where  New  Work  wiU  be  Done, 
Heating  and  Lighting.  - 
Bisd  and  Contracts. 
Wat«r  Works  Notes. 
Sewage  Notes.    -     -     -  - 
Bnilding  Permits.     -     -  - 


3,57 
358 
359 
359 
359 
360 


LAW  AND  HEALTH. 

Many  people  object  to  laws  calculated  to 
govern  their  customs  and  manner  of  living 
be  they  conducive  to  good  health  or  other 
wise.  The  sentiment  of  personal  liberty  so 
far  outweighs  the  higher  demands  of  civil 
liberty  in  their  minds  that  they  are  blinded 
to  the  public  good,  and  are  devoted  to  per- 
sonal comfort  and  selfish  ends.  They  pro- 
test against  almost  all  agencies  that  are 
established  in  the  interest  of  public  health. 
They  oppose  inspection,  isolation,  notifica- 
tion, disinfection,  and  other  means  for  the 
promotion  of  health  demanded  by  sanitation. 
These  persons  feel  that  they  have  been  out- 
raged whenever  the  law  has  compelled  them 
to  comply  with  the  demands  of  sanitation. 
The  fact  that  these  laws  have  been  enacted 
proves  that  some  compulsion  was  necessary 
to  enforce  such  rules  and  regulations  as  have 
been  promulgated  by  sanitary  science. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  no  law  was 
ever  enacted  to  suit  the  pleasure  of  the  in- 
dividual. All  laws  are  enacted  for  the  com- 
mon good  of  the  people  they  govern.  Indi- 
vidual interest,  profit,  and  pleasure  must 
give  way  to  the  public  welfaie,  and  there  is 
no  greater  public  interest  than  that  of  health. 
The  individual  must  comply  with  its  laws, 
and  thus  contribute  to  the  general  progress 
of  hygeine. 

The  general  experience  is  that,  in  cases 
of  epidemics  the  mosi  strict  enforcements  of 
the  laws  is  demanded.  Isolation  and  quar- 
antine are  submitted  to  and  insisted  on. 
There  is  no  opposition  to  the  laws  governing 
communities  in  this  regard.  Yet  the  great- 
est number  of  deaths  and  the  greatest 
amount  of  sickness  are  not  due  to  epidemics. 
To  the  constant,  silent  progress  of  insidious 
diseases  which  are  considered  wholly  pre- 
ventable, we  find  the  greatest  sacrifices  of 


WHO  IS  RESPONSIBLE? 

In  referring  to  an  article  by  Mr.  Wootton 
Isaacson  demanding  that  when  a  house  in 
town  is  to  be  sold  or  let,  there  shall  always 
be  a  certificate  from  a  competent  sanitary 
inspector  that  the  premises  are  in  a  proper 
sanitary  state,  the  Builder,  London,  says  : 

"  Long  ago  we  insisted  in  these  columns 
on  the  necessity  of  some  legislation  making 
it  either  incumbent  on  all  persons  who  kept 
lodging-houses  to  produce,  if  required,  a 
certificate  that  the  premises  were  in  a  proper 
sanitary  state ;  or,  at  the  least,  that  the  local 
authorities  at  watering-places  should  issue 
certificates   to  keepers   of    such  lodging- 
houses  as  had  been  inspected  and  approved 
by  the  sanitary  authority.    But  there  is  an 
immense  difference  between  lodging-houses 
and  ordinary  dwelling  houses  in  town  and 
country,  and  such  legislation  as  Mr.  Isaac- 
son proposes  is  somewhat  too  grandmotherly 
in  its  nature.    As  a  matter  of  fact,  at  the 
present  time  any  person  who  proposed  to 
become  a  tenant  or  purchaser  of  a  house, 
whether  in  town  or  country,  is  in  a  position 
to  protect  himself  as  regards  the  sanitary 
condition  ;  he  can  always  have  the  house 
inspected  by  a  competent  person,  and  if  it  is 
not  in  a  good  sanitary  condition,  he  can 
either  decline  to  take  it  or  make  such  terms 
as  will  allow  him  to  put  it  into  a  proper  state 
for  himself.    Further  than  that,  a  would-be 
tenant  or  purchaser  can  always  ask  whether 
the  premises  which  he  desires  to  take  are  in 
a  proper  sanitary  state.    If  he  receives  a 
reply  in  the  affirmative,  and  it  proves  to  be 
untrue,  he   has    an    undoubted    right  to 
damages  for  misrepresentation.    It  is  quite 
true  that  not  a  few  actions  of  this  character 
have  been  brought  and  have  failed,  but  thi 
has  resulted  from  the  fact  that  the  lessor  has 
not  been  proved  to  have  made  the  represen- 
tations relied  on.    There  is,  therefore,  no 
practical  need  for  the  legislation  which  Mr. 
Isaacson  contemplates  ;  it  would  be  legisla- 
tion for   the  benefit  of  the  careless  and 
improvident,  and  not  for  the  benefit  of  a 
provident  and  sensible  man." 

In  considering  the  matter  of  the  tenant 
or  purchaser  of  a  house,  relying  on  his  own 
efforts  to  determine  the  condition  of  the 
dwelling,  the  circumstances  surrounding 
the  transaction  must  be  considered.  The 
presumption  always  is  that  the  seller  dis- 


350 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  3(i3 


poses  of  a  house,  or  that  the  landlord  rents 
a  house  in  good  order  throughout.  It  is  not 
presumed  that  the  purchaser  intends  to  buy, 
or  the  tenant  rent  a  house  that  is  not  in  a 
perfect  sanitary  condition.  This  being  the 
case,  the  responsibility  would  seem  to  rest 
on  the  owner  of  the  dwelling,  and  the  pur- 
chaser or  renter  would  have  a  riglit  to  know 
that  the  house  is  in  good  order. 

The  writer  says  above  that  the  tenant 
could  ask  the  owner,  and,  on  receiving  an 
assurance  that  the  house  is  in  good  repair, 
could,  should  the  house  prove  defective, 
recover  damages  of  the  owner.  That  is 
very  well  in  ordinary  transactions,  but  this 
is  an  extraordinary  one.  The  object  of  re- 
quiring a  certificate  that  the  house  is  in  a 
proper  sanitary  condition,  is  to  prevent  sick- 
ness, and  is  as  much  for  public  as  for  private 
good.  Suppose  the  owner,  in  the  absence  of 
any  sanitary  inspection,  should  assure  the 
tenant  that  the  house  was  perfect,  and  it 
should  prove  to  be  defective,  what  is  the 
consequence  ?  The  writer  quoted  says, 
collect  damages.  But  the  tenant  has  sub- 
jected his  family  to  the  certainty  of  sickness 
and  probability  of  death,  and  can  he  be  re- 
imbursed for  this  ?  Will  any  amount  of 
damages  cover  the  loss  he  has  sustained  ? 
No  man  has  a  right  to  rent  or  sell  to  another 
a  house  not  in  a  perfect  sanitary  condition 
and,  if  demanded,  he  should  furnish  satis- 
factory evidences  that  the  house  is  in  prope 
repair. 


CONTAMINATION  OF  DRINKING 
WATER  BY  LEAD.* 

I  propose  to  discuss  the  more  important 
theories  that  have  been  advanced  as  to  the 
cause  of  the  action  of  certain  moorland 
waters  on  lead,  and  afterwards  to  review  the 
remedies  that  have  from  time  to  time  been 
suggested  for  this  evil. 

Before  entering  on  my  subject,  I  desire  to 
point  out  that  the  behavior  of  these  waters 
on  lead  is  liable  to  vary  exceedingly  under 
varying  circumstances,  and,  unless  great 
exactness  be  observed,  the  experimenter 
may  find  himself  bewildered  by  the  appar- 
ently contradictory  results  he  obtains.  Thus 
the  size,  age,  and  purity  of  the  lead  piping 
employed,  the  length  of  time  the  water  re- 
mains in  contact  with  the  lead,  the  pressure 
of  the  water  in  the  pipe,  the  temperature  of 
the  water,  and  the  mixture  or  otherwise  of 
air  with  water,  have  each  more  or  less  influ- 
ence in  determining  the  amount  of  lead 
which  any  given  water  will  take  u[). 

It  follows  from  these  considerations  that 
inferences  drawn  from  laboratory  experi- 
ments are  to  be  accepted  with  great  caution, 
unless  the  experiments  arc  conducted  under 
conditions  snnilarto  that  obtain  in  the  actual 
distribution  of  water. 

I.  Deficiency  of  salts,  especially  of  phos- 
phates, carbonates,  and  sulphates.  Moor- 
land waters  are  singularly  deficient  in  salts  ; 
but  that  this  deficiency  is  not  the  cause  of 
their  action  on  lead  is  easily  proved  by  the 


*A  (liHCUssion  by  Hincluir  WhitP,  M.  D.,  at  the 
British  Medical  Association  at  Leeds, 


fact  that  a  water  which  acts  strongly  on 
lead  can  be  rendered  inert  in  this  respect  by 
passing  it  through  an  ordinary  charcoal  filter. 
Again,  it  is  not  uneonmion  to  find  two  moor- 
land waters  having  almost  the  same  amount 
of  salts,  yet  differing  widely  in  their  action 
on  lead. 

2.  Presence  of  sewage  matter,  especially 
of  nitrates  and  nitrites.  These  substances 
when  present  in  any  considerable  amount 
have  a  decided  action  on  lead,  and  plumb- 
ism  is  one  of  the  evils  that  may  accrue  from 
drinking  polluted  water  drawn  through  a 
lead  pipe.  Moorland  waters,  however,  are 
very  pure  in  this  respect,  and  the  ammonia 
they  yield  on  distillation  is  almost  entirely  of 
peaty  origin. 

3.  The  scarcity  of  silica.  A  few  ye.irs  ago 
Messrs.  Crooks,  Odling  and  Tidy,  after  an 
elaborate  inquiry,  announced  their  belief 
that  moorland  waters,  which  act  continu- 
ously on  lead,  do  so  in  consequense  of  the 
smallness  of  the  amount  of  silica  they  con- 
tain. Waters  that  contained  upward  of 
half  a  grain  of  silica  per  gallon  were  found 
to  be  practically  inert  to  lead,  while  waters 
that  had  a  continuous  solvent  action  on  lead 
contained  less,  and  often  much  less  than  this 
amount  of  silica.  These  observations  were 
confirmed  by  laboratory  experiments  in 
which  water  tliat  acted  on  lead  was  made  to 
lose  this  property  by  having  its  dissolved 
silica  increased  to  at  least  half  a  grain  per 
gallon.  The  water  was  silica  ted  by  being 
shaken  up  with  finely  powdered  flint.  Their 
explanation  is  that  the  silica  unites  with  the 
lead,  and  forms  an  insoluble  lining  of  lead 
silicate.  No  other  agent  than  the  amount 
of  silica  present -appeared  to  have  any  influ 
ence  in  determining  the  behAvior  of  waters 
to  lead. 

I  regret  I  cannot  consent  to  these  conclu 
sions.  That  silica  has  some  restraining  in 
fiuence  is,  I  believe,  proved,  but  that  it  is  the 
chief  or  only  factor  in  the  problem  seems  to 
me  to  be  in  the  highest  degree  improbable. 

The  statement  that  waters  which  contain 
upwards  of  a  half  a  grain  of  silica  per  gallon 
do  not  act  on  lead  is  not  invariably  correct. 
Thus,  water  from  the  Punch  Bowl,  Hind- 
head,  which  contains  0.831  of  a  grain  of  silica 
per  gallon,  is  said  to  act  vigorously  on  lead. 
Again,  Professor  Williams,  of  Sheffield,  has 
introduced  definite  c[uantities  of  silica,  pre- 
pared by  dialysis,  into  an  acid  water  without 
diminishining  its  solvent  action  on  lead. 

The  amount  of  silica  which  moorland 
waters  will  take  up  from  flints,  even  after 
long  contact,  is  very  small,  and  in  practice 
it  would  seem  to  be  exceedingly  difficult,  if 
not  imijossible,  to  silicate  by  means  of  ordi- 
nary flints  some  of  these  waters  to  the  extent 
of  containing  half  a  grain  per  gallon.  Mr. 
A.  H.  Allen  has  never  succeeded  in  adding 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  grain  per  gallon  in 
this  way,  and  Professor  Percy  Frankland's 
experience  is  of  a  similar  character. 

Dr.  Tidy  himself  is  a  witness  against  the 
truth  of  his  own  theory.  The  following 
table  shows  the  amount  of  silica  he  found  in 
the  various  waters  supplied  to  Sheffield. 


Low  Level 
System. 


Evidence  of  Dr.  Tidy  before  a  Committee 

of  the  House  of  Lords  (Sheffield.  Water  Bill, 

1887).  Samples  collected  June  1886.  Amount 

of  silica  in  grains  per  gallon  found  in  various 

samples  of  the  Sheffield  water  supply. 

Silli'a  grains  per 
gallon. 

{Upper  collecting  res  0.38 
Middle  "  "  0,30 
Lower  "   0.30 
Distrib.      "          "  0.30 

Collecting  reservior  .S. . .  .0.30 
A  0.16 

Distributing  reservoir  0.25 

Now  it  has  been  established  beyond  con- 
troversy that  the  "  high  level  "  water  supply 
of  Sheffield  acts  vigorously  on  lead,  while 
the  "  low  level  "  supply  acts  very  slightly,  or 
not  at  all.  Dr.  Tidy's  table,  however,  shows 
rather  more  silica  in  the  active  than  in  the 
inactive  supply  ;  although  both  are  far  be- 
low the  amount  he  deems  necessary  for 
safety.  But  the  most  convincing  proof 
against  the  silica  theory  is  afforded  by  filter- 
ing an  actively  solvent  water  through  an 
ordinary  charcoal  filter.  After  being  thus 
treated,  the  water  is  found  to  be  almost 
inert  to  lead. 

4.  The  presence  of  a  free  acid.  It  is  now 
well  known  that  some  mooreland  waters 
have  an  acid  reaction,  and  I  have  been  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  these  waters  owe  their 
action  on  lead  largely,  if  not  altogether,  to 
this  cause.  My  opinion  is  based  on  the 
result  of  an  inquiry  I  conducted  in  1885 
the  instigation  of  the  Sheffield  Corporation, 
supplemented  by  numerous  observations  of 
myself  and  others  since  then.  In  this  in- 
quiry I  had  the  able  assistance  of  Mr.  A.  H. 
Allen,  of  Sheffield,  who  did  all  the  analytical 
work. 

The  water  supplied  to  Sheffield  is  derived 
from  moorlands  which  are  situated  from 
seven  to  ten  miles  distant  from  the  town. 
The  water  from  one  portion  of  the  collecting 
grounds  (Rcdmires)  is  distributed  separately 
and  is  known  as  "  the  high  level  supply." 
The  rest  of  the  water  (from  Strines  and 
Agden)  is  known  as  "  the  low  level  supply." 

The  "  high  level  "  water  acts  vigorously 
on  lead,  and  has  caused  many  cases  of 
plumbism.  It  is,  as  distriljutcd,  appreciably 
acid  to  litmus  paper,  and  concentration  of 
the  water  increases  the  degree  of  acidity. 
Its  acidity  and  power  of  dissolving  lead  in- 
crease as  we  leave  the  town  and  approach 
the  collecting  grounds,  and  both  qualities 
attain  their  maximum  degree  in  the  case  of 
water  lying  stagnant  in  pools  on  the  surface 
of  the  peat.  The  greatest  amount  of  acidity 
noted  was  equal  to  0.7  of  a  grain  of  sulphuric 
acid  per  gallon  of  the  water. 

The  "  low  level  "  water,  as  distributed,  is 
not  appreciably  acid  to  litmus  paper,  even 
after  being  concentrated  to  one-tenth  of  its 
volume.  It  acts  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  on 
[ead.  On  examining  it  at  its  source,  it  is 
found  that  a  few  of  the  tributaries  to  its  col- 
lecting reservoirs  are  acid,  and  that  the  col- 
lecting reservoirs  themselves  are  occasion- 
very  faintly  so.  In  its  transit  to  the  town 
this  water  passes  through  a  tunnel  three 
miles  long,  one  half  of  which  is  lined  with 


Nov.  23.  l.SH'Jl 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


3.a 


brick  laid  in  hyciiaulic  cement.  \\'ilh  tlic 
exception  of  this  cement,  neither  water  sup- 
ply comes  in  contact  with  limestone  or 
lime. 

The  "low  level  "  collcctin;4  <(rountls  have 
less  peat,  and  are  drier  than  those  of  the 
"  hit^h  level"  system.  In  both  there  arc 
ochrcy  sprin<fs  coming  from  iron  pyrites, 
wliich  is  found  in  the  shale  and  millstone 
grit  undcrKing  the  peat.  In  no  instance 
were  these  springs  found  to  be  acid.  ISesides 
being  acid,  the  "  high  level "  water  differs 
from  the  "  low  level "  in  containing  rather 
more  organic  matter  (peat)  and  rather  less 
alumina  and  oxide  of  iron. 

My  reason  for  believing  that  the  action  of 
moorland  waters  on  lead  is  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  a  free  acid  are  : — 

First,  that  I  have  invariably  found  that 
the  lead  dissolving  power  of  these  waters  is 
in  direct  proportion  to  their  acidity  ; 

Secondly,  that  filtration  of  an  active  acid 
water  through  a  carbon  filter  removes  alike 
its  acidity  and  power  of  dissolving  lead  ; 

Thirdly,  that  neutralization  by  limestone, 
lime,  or  bi-carbonates  of  soda  has  a  similar 
effect. 

No  one  has,  as  far  as  I  can  ascertain  de- 
termined the  nature  of  the  acid,  or,  indeed, 
whether  it  is  of  organic  or  inorganic  origin. 
The  opinion  which  has  most  supporters  is' 
that  it  is  a  mineral  acid,  and  originally,  at 
any  rate,  sulphuric  acid,  derived  frorn  the 
oxidation  or  iron  pyrites.  After  a  prolonged 
study  of  the  subject,  this  view  seems  to  me 
to  be  incompatible  with  the  observed  facts 
and  I  believe  the  acid  to  be  an  organic  one 
derived  from  the  decaying  vegetable  peat. 

I  now  turn  to  the  second  part  of  my  sub- 
ject, and  the  limitation  of  time  compels  me 
to  be  very  brief.  In  seeking  for  remedial 
measures  I  employed  an  apparatus  whicfe 
permits  of  experimenting  under  conditions 
similar  to  what  exist  in  an  ordinary  housb- 
supply. 

An  old  and  a  new  lead  pipe,  each  24  feet 
in  length  and  }i  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  were 
attached  to  an  iron  main.  By  means  of  a 
series  of  taps  and  a  side  branch  fitted  with 
a  funnel  the  water  to  be  experimented  on 
could  be  introduced  into  the  lead  pipes  with- 
out admitting  air,  and  kept  in  the  pipes  for 
any  length  of  time  without  mixing  with  the 
water  in  the  iron  main,  being  at  the  same 
time  subjected  to  any  pressure  required  up 
to  140  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

With  this  apparatus  I  tested  the  solvent 
power  of  moorland  water  under  various  con- 
ditions, and  before  and  after  various  modes 
of  treatment.  The  foUowidg  is  a  summary 
of  the  results  I  obtained  : 

1.  Acid  moorland  water  invariably  acts 
on  lead,  and  the  intensity  of  the  action  is  in 
direct  proportion  to  the  degree  of  acidity. 

2.  New  lead  piping  is  acted  on  more  than 
old  lead  piping. 

3.  The  amount  of  lead  which  an  acid  water 
will  dissolve  goes  on  increasing  for  the  first 
twenty-four  hours,  when  the  action  usually 
stops  ;  afterwards  some  of  the  dissolved  lead 
is  deposited,  and  at  the  end  of  six  days  theret 


is  considerably  less  lead  in  the  water  than  at 
the  end  of  the  first  day. 

4.  Other  things  being  ecjual,  the  greater 
the  pressure  under  v>'hich  the  water  is  stored 
the  greater  amount  of  lead  taken  up.  This 
inlluencc  is  considerable,  but  no  amount  of 
pressure  will,  of  itsctf,  rende-  a  harmless 
water  active  towards  lead. 

5.  Other  things  being  ei[ual,  an  inci-ease 
in  the  temperature  of  the  water  increases  its 
lead-dissolving  power. 

6.  The  addition  of  a  small  ()uantity  lime- 
water  to  an  actively  solvent  water  will 
greatly  diminish  its  action  ;  but  it  is  difficult 
to  regulate  the  amount  necessary  to  procure 
a  maximum  effect,  and  if  too  much  be  added 
it  increases  the  solvent  action  of  the  water. 

7.  Contact  for  the  space  of  fifteen  minutes 
with  Derbyshire  limestone  broken  into  small 
fragments  will  cause  an  actively  solvent 
water  to  become  almost  inert,  but  after  four 
weeks  continuous  use  the  protection  thus 
afforded  is  somewhat  lessened. 

8.  Filtration  through  almost  any  kind  of 
charcoal  will  cause  an  actively  solvent  water : 
to  become  almost  inert  to  lead,  and  long  use  I 
does  not  diminish  this  effect.  1 

g.  Almost  all  charcoal  filters  and  Bishoff's  < 
spongy  iron  filters  remove  lead  effectually,  I 
even  when  present  in  large  amount. 

Remedial  measures  arc  of  three  kinds  : 

First,  those  in  which  lead  piping  and  lead- 
lined  cisterns  arc  replaced  by  other  mater- 1 
ials,  such  as  wroughiron,  tin, and  glass-lined  j 
iron.  These  are  most  applicable  in  the  case  1 
of  new  houses  ;  and  wrought  iron  piping  i 
might  be  much  more  utilized  than  it  is  for  | 
this  purpose. 

Secondly,  removal  of  lead  from  the  water. 
Nearly  all  forms  of  charcoal  filters  will  do 
this  most  effectually. 

Thirdly,  treating  the  water  before  distri- 
bution so  as  to  do  away  with  its  solvent 
action.  This  is  the  most  desirable  way  of 
combating  the  evil,  but  it  is  the  most  difficult 
to  carry  out.  Hitherto  conflicting  opinions 
as  to  the  efhcacy  of  this  or  that  mode  of 
treatment,  conjoined  with  the  expense  to  be 
entailed,  have  discouraged  many  authorites 
from  taking  action  in  the  matter. 

Liming  the  water,  unless  it  is  done  under 
the  constant  supervision  of  a  skilled  chemist, 
is  a  hazardous  procedure. 

Filtration  through  charcoal  is  a  very  effi- 
cient remedy  ;  but  there  is  a  growing  feeling 
that  the  employment  of  this  substance  for 
filter-beds  is  undesirable,  and  I  entirely  con- 
cur in  this  view. 

Limestone  is  unobjectionable,  and,  when 
fresh,  an  efficient  antidote,  but  unfortunately 
after  a  few  weeks'  use  the  fragments  become 
coated  with  a  glitty  covering  of  peat,  which 
diminishes  its  protective  influence.  Tliis 
untoward  result  can,  to  a  large  extent,  be 
obviated  by  brushing  the  fragments  occa- 
sionally. 

A  better  but  more  costly  arrangement 
would  be  to  make  filter-beds  composed  of  an 
upper  layer  of  fine  sand,  and  a  lower  layer  of 
broken  limestone.  The  fine  sand  would  in- 
ercept  the  peaty  matter  and  greatly  im- 


prove the  appearance  and  paiatabilily  of  the 
water,  while  the  limestone,  in  consequence, 
would  retain  for  a  long  time  its  protective 
influence. 

This  form  of  filter-bed,  with  the  addition 
of  flints,  is  recommended  by  the  acivocates 
of  the  silica  theory. 

Professor  Percy  Frankland  has  quite  re- 
cently conducted  some  experiments,  which 
show  that  the  addition  of  bi-carbonatc  of 
soda  to  actively  solvent  water  reduces  very 
largely  its  action  on  lead, 

GRKAT   WATLR   POWER  SCHEME. 

A  transaction  has  just  been  consummated 
which  involves  a  gigantic  scheme  to  utilize 
the  water  power  of  the  great  Kakabika  Falls, 
situated  a  few  miles  from  Port  Arthur,  Ont. 
Deeds  have  been  recorded  by  which  Thomas 
Marks,  of  Port  Arthur,  conveys  to  Dr.  A.  M. 
Eastern,  of  St.  Paul,  and  R.  J.  Anderson,  of 
Minneapolis,  representative  of  a  wealthy  St. 
Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Philadelphia  syndi- 
cate, the  property  known  as  Kakabika  Falls, 
containing  430  acres  and  the  water  rights  to 
the  Kaministiquia  River.  The  river  there  is 
350  wide  with  a  perpendicular  fall  of  100 feet 
and  can  be  developed  to  furnish  200,000 
horse  power.  The  new  prospectors  propose 
to  build  up  at  that  point  a  Canadian  Minne- 
apolis. With  this  end  in  view  a  large  tract 
of  adjoining  property  has  been  secured, 
which  will  give  ample  space  for  a  large  city. 
A  large  amount  of  capital  is  behind  the 
scheme  and  it  is  proposed  to  build  flouring 
mills  equal  to  those  of  Minneapolis  for 
grinding  Manitoba  wheat,  pulp  and  paper 
jnills  for  utilizing  the  poplar  forest  adjoining, 
reduction  works  for  turning  the  silver  ores 
of  the  neighboring  mines  into  bullion,  blast 
furnaces,  saw  mills  and  factories  of  all 
description. 


THE  FORTI-I  BRIDGE. 

The  account  of  the  Forth  bridge  given  at 
the  .workingnien's  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  recently  is  very  striking.  In 
effect,  the  engineers  have  ztretched  six  hori- 
zontal Eiffel  towers,  at  a  heighth  of  370  feet 
above  high-water  mark,  across  the  estuary 
and  have  yet  made  their  structure  capable 
of  supporting,  not  only  its  own  weight,  but 
that  of  five  of  the  largest  ironclads,  were 
they  to  be  hung  from  its  girders.  The  prob- 
lem presented  to  the  builders  of  the  bridge 
was  the  spanning  of  a  space  a  mile  and  a 
half  broad.  The  water  was  too  deep  to 
allow  of  the  sinking  of  piers,  and  so  the  only 
plan  possible  was  to  utilize  a  rocky  island 
in  the  middle  of  the  Forth.  Two  cantilevers 
700  feet  long,  were  pushed  out  from  each 
side  of  the  space  to  be  spanned,  and  then 
connected  by  a  steel  girder  350  feet  long. 
The  weight  of  the  metal  employed  is  50,000 
tons,  and  yet  the  structure  may  be  depended 
upon  to  carry  an  additional  weight  of  14,000 
tons,  while  three  times  the  fury  of  the  worst 
storm  ever  recorded  can  break  upon  the 
bridge  without  the  slightest  danger.  The 
work  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  greatest  feats 
of  engineering  ever  performed. 


352 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[\*oT..  XV.  N*o.  303 


THE    DANGERS    OF  ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING. 

The  following  from  Thomas  A.  Edison  in 
the  North  America  Review  will  be  of  in- 
terest and  value  : 

So  much  has  of  late  been  said  and  written 
upon  the  subject  of  high-tension  electric  cur- 
rents and  their  probable  or  possible  dan- 
ger to  human  life,  and  so  many  differ- 
ent opinions  have  been  advanced  by 
men  whose  positions  serve  to  surround 
their  utterances  with  an  atmosphere  of 
knowledge  of  the  matter  under  discussion, 
that  the  mind  of  an  unscientific  public  has 
been  unable  to  come  to  any  definite  conclu- 
sion upon  the  basis  of  expert  testimony.  It 
is  most  unfortunate  that  a  practical  demon- 
stration in  support  of  the  real  facts  of  the 
case  could  not  have  been  made  in  a  less 
tragic  manner  than  was  witnessed  a  few 
days  ago  in  New  York  by  several  thousand 
people  ;  and  yet  if  the  martyrdom  of  this 
poor  victim  results  in  the  application  of 
stringent  measures  for  the  protection  of  life 
in  the  future,  if  the  lesson  taught  is  appre- 
ciated to  the  full  extent  of  its  fatal  meaning, 
the  sacrifice  will  not  have  been  made  in  vain. 
With  the  increase  of  electric  lighting  (which 
to-day  is  used  only  to  a  very  limited  extent 
as  compared  with  its  inevitable  future  use) 
and  the  multiplication  of  wires,  these  dan- 
gers which  exist  now  in  i,ooo  different  parts 
of  the  city  will  be  manifolded  many  times. 
In  fact,  the  opportunities  for  repetitions  of 
the  accident  referred  to  above  will  be  prac- 
tically unlimited. 

I  can  write  upon  this  subject  only  as  one 
convinced.  I  cannot  discuss  it  otherwise. 
The  public  would  scarcely  be  interested  in 
the  details  leading  up  to  the  position  taken 
by  myself  and  the  conclusions  to  which  I 
have  come,  for  the  reason  that  it  would  in- 
volve a  mass  of  matter  such  as  they  have 
been  attempting  to  digest  during  several 
months  past  ;  and,  instead  of  explaining,  I 
might  succeed  only  in  adding  to  the  present 
confusion  of  popular  ideas.  But  I  may  say 
that  I  have  not  failed  to  seek  practical  dem- 
onstration in  support  of  such  facts  as  have 
been  developed,  and  I  have  taken  life— not 
human  life— in  the  belief  and  full  conscious- 
ness that  the  end  justified  the  means. 

The  currents  used  for  electric  lighting  at 
the  present  time  may  generally  be  divided 
into  four  classes  : 

(1)  The  low-tension  continuous  current, 
with  a  pressure  not  exceeding  200  volts,  used 
for  incandescent  lighting. 

(2)  The  high-tension  continuous  current, 
with  a  pressure  of  2,000  volts  and  over. 

(3)  The  high-tension  semi-continuous  cur- 
rent, with  a  pressure  of  2,000  volts  and  over. 

(4)  The  alternating  current,  with  a  press- 
ure from  1,000  to  3,000  volts  and  over. 

The  first  is  harmless,  and  can  be  passed 
through  the  human  body  without  producing 
uncomfortable  sensations.  The  second  is 
dangerous  to  life.  Momentary  contact  with 
a  conductor  of  the  third  results  in  paralysis 
or  death,  as  has  frequently  occurred  ;  and 
the  passage  of  the  fourth,  or  alternating, 


current  through  any  living  body  means  in- 
stantaneous death. 

These  are  simple  facts  which  cannot  be 
disproved.  There  is  a  record  of  nearly  100 
deaths,  which  furnishes  an  unanswerable 
argument  in  support  of  these  statements. 
Discussion  and  controversy  may  serve  the 
questionable  purpose  of  delaying  popular 
faith  in  them,  but  they  cannot  change  them  ; 
and  the  sooner  they  are  accepted  and  acted 
upon  the  less  liability  will  there  be  of  a 
recurrence  of  the  late  horror,  which  is  still 
fresh  in  the  minds  of  all  those  who  witnessed 
or  read  of  it. 

It  has  often  been  asked  why  the  number 
of  accidents  of  this  nature  is  larger  in  the 
city  of  New  York  than  in  any  other  city. 
The  reason  is  that  New  York  has  a  greater 
number  of  wires  to  the  square  mile  than  any 
other  city  in  the  Uniten  States.  The  per- 
centage of  deaths  in  other  places  will  reach 
that  of  New  York  when  wires  are  strung  in 
like  numbers  ;  but  if  electric  lighting  under 
its  present  conditions  extends  in  the  latter 
city  proportionately,  its  death-rate  will  have 
been  greatly  multiplied  by  the  time  other 
cities  reach  its  present  high  percentage. 

Many  suggestions  have  been  made  as  to 
the  best  way  in  which  to  remedy  the  exist- 
ing evil,  and  the  popular  cry  seems  to  be, 
"  Put  the  wires  underground."  But,  instead 
of  diminishing,  this  will  increase  the  danger 
to  life  and  property.  There  is  no  known 
insulation  which  will  confine  these  high-ten- 
sion currents  for  more  than  a  limited  period, 
and  when  they  are  placed  beneath  the 
ground,  with  the  present  system  of  conduits, 
the  result  will  be  a  series  of  earth-contacts, 
the  fusion  of  wires,  and  the  formation  of 
powerful  electric  arcs,  which  will  extend  to 
other  metallic  conductors  in  the  same  con- 
duit, and  a  whole  mass  of  wires  made  to 
receive  this  dangerous  current  and  convey 
it  into  houses,  offices,  stores,  etc. 

It  is  thus  evident  that  the  dangers  of  such 
circuits  are  not  confined  to  the  wires  which 
convey  the  high-tension  currents,  but  other 
wires  conducting  harmless  currents  are 
liable  to  be  rendered  as  deadly  in  effect  as 
the  former.  It  is  evident,  also,  that  a  single 
wire  carrying  a  current  at  high  pressure 
would  be  a  constant  menace  to  the  safety  of 
all  other  wires  in  the  same  conduit.  Even 
though  these  dangerous  wires  be  placed  in 
separate  tubes  in  the  same  conduit  with 
other  tubes,  the  risk  is  not  diminished. 

Several  instances  are  on  record,  and  one  I 
have  particularly  in  mind,  showing  the  pos- 
sibility of  serious  accident  through  the  cross- 
ing of  wires.  Near  the  corner  of  William 
and  Wall  streets.  New  York,  the  under- 
ground conductors  of  the  Edison  Illuminat- 
ing Company  became  crossed,  and  the 
current  which  was  passing  through  them  at 
a  pressure  of  only  no  volts  melted  not  only 
the  wires,  but  several  feet  of  iron  tubing  in 
which  they  were  encased,  and  reduced  the 
paving  stones  within  a  radius  of  3'  or  4'  to  a 
molten  mass.  This  system  is  so  arranged 
that  consumers  are  not  affected  by  such 
accidents  as  this.    They  may  and  do  mean 


expense  to  the  company,  but  the  public  are 
entirely  free  from  any  possibility  of  danger. 
The  crossing  of  wires  in  this  way  means  the 
concentration  of  several  hundred  horse- 
power of  energy  in  a  small  space.  What 
would  have  been  the  effect  of  such  a  cross 
as  I  have  described  had  the  pressure  been 
2,000  instead  of  no  volts?  and  what  also 
might  be  the  effect  were  it  to  occur  in  a  con- 
duit in  close  proximity  to  hundreds  of  tele- 
phone wires  and  those  of  other  electric  light- 
ing systems  ?  The  risk,  too,  is  greatly  in- 
creased by  the  fact  that  consumers  who  arc 
supplied  with  currents  from  a  lov.'-tension 
system  are  accustomed  to  handle  their  elec- 
tric appliances  freely,  knowing  them  to  be 
harmless.  If  these  are  to  be  rendered  at 
any  moment  dangerous  to  life,  the  result 
will  be  appalling.  I  say  nothing  of  the  in- 
justice in  vendors  of  harmless  supplies  of 
electricity. 

So  far,  the  deaths  which  have  occurred 
from  this  source  have  been  chiefly  confined 
to  employes  of  electric  lighting  and  tele- 
graph companies — men  whose  duties  have 
required  them  to  work  in  close  promimity  to 
the  conductors  of  these  death-dealing  cur- 
rents. It  is  true  that  a  number  of  accidents, 
many  of  them  attended  with  fatal  results, 
have  occurred  to  pedestrians  on  the  streets 
of  New  York  and  other  cities  through  the 
medium  of  fallen  wires  ;  but  the  risk  in- 
curred by  the  general  public  with  the  pres- 
ent system  is  really  less  than  it  would  be  if 
these  dangerous  conductors  were  placed  in 
closer  proximity  to  the  ground.  As  the 
earth  is  approached  the  danger  is  multiplied. 
The  connection  and  crossing  of  two  wires  by 
a  line  of  moisture  or  liquid  contact  are  j'  st 
as  effective  as  the  contact  of  one  wire  with 
another  when  overhead. 

That  this  erro  rof  judgment  is  not  con- 
fined to  the  public,  but  is  shared  in  by  the 
officials  of  the  city  of  New  York,  is  made 
apparent  by  a  resolution  of  the  Mayor 
offered  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Elec- 
trical Control  on  Monday,  October  r4th,  and 
which  is  reported  in  the  following  form  : 

"That  the  numerous  deaths  caused  by  the 
electric  light  and  power  wires  within  the 
last  30  days,  and  the  schocking  manner  in 
which  they  have  occurred,  furnish  ample 
and  sufficient  proof  that  such  wires  are  not 
being  placed  underground  with  a  speed 
sufficient  to  insure  the  safety  of  the  lives  of 
people  of  this  city,"  etc. 

The  logical  inference  here  is  that  the  lives 
of  the  people  will  be  safe  as  soon  as  the 
wires  have  been  placed  underground.  If  a 
nitro-glyccrine  factory  were  being  operated 
in  the  city  of  New  York  and  the  people 
desired  to  remove  the  danger,  no  one  would 
suggest  putting  it  underground.  When  it 
became  necessary  for  the  protection  of  em- 
ployes and  of  the  public  to  regulate  boiler 
pressures  in  the  city,  the  authorities  pro- 
ceeded on  lines  entirely  different  from  those 
which  are  being  followed  in  connection  with 
electric  pressures ;  and  yet  the  cases  are 
parallel,  and  the  course  of  reasoning  which 
resulted  in  a  perfect  system  for  the  limita- 


Nov  23,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


353 


tion  of  steam  pressure  and  the  periodical 
inspection  of  boilers  should  be  retraced,  and 
the  principle  applied  to  secure  safety  from 
a  pressure  which,  uncontrolled  asat  present, 
is  far  more  danjjerous,  than  the  former  was 
before  steps  were  taken  to  render  it  harm- 
less. 

The  insulation  of  a  wire  carrying  a  high- 
tension  current  in  the  most  perfect  manner 
known  may  insure  temporary  safety  ;  but 
time  is  bound  to  develop  defects  as  the  result 
of  the  action  of  the  current  the  insulating 
material,  of  a  change  in  the  molecular  struct- 
ure of  the  material  itself,  and  for  other 
reasons. 

The  pulsations  or  vibrations  in  an  electric 
conductor  cause  corresponding  vibrations  in 
the  insulation.  So  powerful  is  this  effect 
that  the  insulation  gives  off  a  sound  corres- 
ponding to  the  oscillation  of  the  current.  So 
long  as  the  insulation  retains  its  original 
elasticity,  the  current  is  confined  ;  but  the 
influence  of  the  air  or  of  gas  and  other 
agents,  tends  to  change  the  elasticity,  and 
the  billions  of  vibrations  to  which  it  has  been 
subjected  finally  render  it  very  susceptible 
of  being  pierced  by  a  spark  of  static  elec- 
tricity. Thus  an  avenue  for  the  ingress  of 
moisture  is  formed,  not  only  in  one  spot,  but 
in  many,  through  which  the  current  may  be 
communicated  to  any  conductor  of  electric- 
ity near  enough  to  make  physical  contact,  or 
a  circuit  may  be  completed  between  the  two 
by  a  line  of  moisture  or  the  formation  of  an 
electric  arc,  with  its  subsequent  destructive 
action. 

The  numerous  accidents  which  have  oc- 
curred in  the  city  of  New  York  during  the 
past  year  show  to  a  very  large  extent  the 
operation  of  time  upon  the  insulating  mater- 
ial which  surrounds  these  wires.  When  first 
erected,  the  current  was  to  a  certain  extent 
successfully  confined  ;  but  the  air  is  doing 
its  v^ork,  abrasions  are  more  easily  made, 
and,  without  the  adoption  of  genuine  meth- 
ods of  control,  "  accidents  "  may  be  looked 
for  in  larger  numbers  as  time  goes  on,  due 
not  only  to  deterioration  of  insulation, 
but  to  the  multiplying  of  electric  cir- 
cuits to  supply  the  popular  demand  for 
electric  light. 

The  public  may  rest  absolutely  assured 
that  safety  will  not  be  secured  by  burying 
these  wires.  The  condensation  of  moisture, 
the  ingress  of  water,  the  dissolving  influence 
of  coal  gas  and  air-oxidation  upon  the  vari- 
ous insulating  compounds  will  result  only  in 
the  transfers  of  deaths  to  manholes,  houses, 
stores  and  offices,  through  the  agency  of  the 
telephone,  the  low-pressure  systems,  and 
the  apparatus  of  the  high-tension  current 
itself. 

I  have  no  intention,  and  I  am  sure  none 
will  accuse  me,  of  being  an  alarmist.  When 
the  possibilities  of  the  future  are  viewed  in 
the  light  of  recent  developments,  it  must  be 
apparent  to  every  one  that  the  time  has 
come  when  those  in  authority  should  adopt 
proper  and  adequate  measures  for  the  pro- 
tection of  life  and  property,  and  my  famil- 
iarity with  the  subject  enables  me  to  see  very 


clearly  the  only  true  remedy  which  can  be 
applied— namely,  the  regulation  of  electric 
pressures.  Once  these  pressures  are  re- 
duced to  a  point  which  is  harmless,  the 
public  may  retire  in  security  and  leave  elec- 
tricians to  discuss  the  merits  or  demerits  of 
various  methods  of  insulating,  the  defects  of 
which  will  only  concern  those  interested  in 
the  commerce  of  electricity. 

There  is  no  plea  which  will  justify  the  use 
of  high-tension  and  alternating  currents, 
either  in  a  scientific  or  a  commercial  sense. 
They  are  employed  solely  to  reduce  invest- 
ment in  copper  wire  and  real  estate.  For 
instance,  in  arc  lighting  it  is  customary  to 
put  40  lamps  on  each  circuit ;  each  lamp 
requires  a  pressure  of  50  volts  ;  therefore  the 
total  pressure  on  the  circuit  is  2,000  volts. 
Now  if,  instead  of  using  only  i  wire  for  all 
these  lamps,  4  circuits  of  10  lamps  each  were 
to  be  established,  the  pressure  on  each  wire 
would  be  only  500  volts.  The  weight  of 
copper  necessary  for  these  4  circuits  of  10 
lamps  each  would  he  2)4  times  greater  than 
for  I  circuit  of  40  lamps — a  question,  as  I 
have  said,  simply  of  investment. 

The  alternating  current  under  high  pres- 
sure and  direct  current  high-pressure  sys- 
tems are  also  employed,  as  I  have  intimated, 
to  save  investment  in  real  estate  as  well  as 
copper.  If  a  certain  district  is  to  be  supplied 
with  electric  light,  the  natural  point  from 
which  the  currents  should  be  distributed  is 
the  center,  with  wires  radiating  toward  the 
circumference  of  the  circle  of  supply  ;  and 
if,  instead  of  including  in  any  one  of  these 
districts  an  area  so  large  that  resort  must  be 
had  to  high  pressure  in  order  to  reach  its 
limits,  the  distrbuting  power  of  a  single 
station  be  confined  to  a  capacity  consistent 
with  safety,  and  other  centers  sought  from 
which  to  furnish  current  to  other  areas,  the 
necessity  for  high  electrical  pressure  van- 
ishes. But  real  estate  in  such  centers  as 
these  is  expensive,  and  the  promoters  of 
electric  lighting  enterprises  which  spring 
into  existence  with  the  growth  and  stability 
of  the  mushroom,  cannot  afford  to  consider 
permanency,  the  security  of  the  public,  the 
requirements  of  small  consumers,  or  any 
such  questions,  which  would  incidentally  in- 
volve the  investment  of  larger  sums  of 
money  ;  but,  seeking  the  outskirts  of  a  dis- 
trict, where  land  is  cheap,  or  some  aban- 
doned building  available  for  sheltering  a  few 
dynamo  machines,  they  run  small  wires  to 
the  area  of  supply,  enormous  pressure  being 
necessary  to  force  the  current  through  these 
small  conductors  over  such  long  distances. 

In  the  last  issue  of  the  Electrical  World, 
p.  254,  is  recorded  a  series  of  experiments 
conducted  by  M.  d'Arsonval,  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy  of  Science,  showing 
"  the  effects  of  continuous  and  alternating 
currents  on  animals."  He  says  :  "  A  living 
being  is,  above  all,  sensible  to  a  variable 
state  of  the  current,  from  which  it  follows 
that  at  a  mean  equal  pressure  alternating 
currents  are  more  dangerous  than  continu- 
ous currents  ;  "  and  "  with  a  battery  of  420 
volts  (continuous  currents)  death  is  only 


caused  by  long-repeated  interrui)tions  of  the 
current."  In  other  words,  the  continuous 
current  of  the  above  pressure  could  not  be 
made  to  cause  death  until  it  was  interrupted 
or  made  discontinuous — or  perhaps  a  better 
exjircssion  would  be  semi-continuous.  By  a 
variable  state  of  the  current  is  meant  a 
fluctuation  of  pressure  between  different  ex 
tremes  of  voltage.  The  human  nerve  sys- 
tem, up  to  a  certain  limit  of  pressure,  cannot 
detect  the  flow  of  a  continuous  current  if  the 
voltage  be  perfectly  constant.  This  con- 
stancy is  obtained  by  multiplying  the  num- 
ber of  commutator  bars  on  the  dynamo. 
The  brushes  which  are  set  upon  the  revolv- 
ing commutator,  and  conduct  the  current 
from  the  machine  to  the  outside  system, 
rest  alternately  upon  the  different  bars  of  the 
commutator.  The  greater  the  number  of 
bars,  the  less  will  be  the  fluctuation  of  the 
current,  which  may  be  likened  to  a  wave 
motion,  rising  and  falling,  and  producing 
that  variable  state  referred  to  by  the  French 
scientist. 

Nearly  all  dynamo  machines  used  for  are 
lighting  are  constructed  with  an  insufficient 
number  of  commutator  bars  to  produce  a 
steady  continuous  current.  The  ranges  of 
variable  pressure  are  not,  however,  nearly  as 
great  as  in  the  alternating  system.  With 
respect  to  the  latter,  M.  d'Arsonval  says  : 
"  An  alternating  Gramme  machine  caused 
death  when  above  120  volts  mean  potential." 
This  is  a  small  unit  to  contemplate  after  the 
glib  manner  in  which  it  has  been  recently 
stated  that  this  current  is  harmless  at  a  pres- 
sure of  1,000  vol^s.  I  have  myself  seen  a 
large  healthy  dog  killed  instantly  by  the 
alternating  current  at  a  pressure  of  168  volts. 
It  is  a  simple  matter  to  calculate  the  ranges 
of  variable  pressure  in  this  system.  The 
dynamo  machine  has  no  commutator.  The 
armature  or  bobbin  is  wound  in  such  a  way 
that  the  whole  of  the  current  under  a  pres- 
sure (say)  of  2,000  volts,  is  sent  out  on  the 
wire  first  in  one  directien,  then  is  reversed 
and  sent  out  at  the  same  pressure  in  the 
other  direction,  or  passes  through  the  w^ire 
in  the  opposite  direction  ;  and  these  revers- 
als are  generally  made  about  100  times  in 
each  second. 

The  variable  state  of  a  continuous  current 
at  a  pressure  of  2,000  volts  means  ordinarily 
a  rise  from  zero  poins  up  to  2,000;  after 
which,  owing  to  the  action  of  the  commu- 
tator, it  varies  between  (say)  1,700  and  2,000 
while  the  variable  state  of  the  alternating 
current  means  a  fluctuation  from  2,000  volts 
above  the  zero  point  to  2,000  below  it,  or  a 
difference  of  4,000  volts.  The  danger  to  life 
is  probably  proportionate  to  the  fluctuation 
of  pressures.  When  an  alternating  current 
of  15  volts  is  applied  to  a  human  being  in 
the  the  most  effective  manner,  the  effect 
upon  the  nerve  system  is  so  violent  and  the 
pain  produced  so  great,  that  it  is  absolutely 
impossible  for  any  one  to  stand  it. 

As  I  have  said  before,  the  only  way  in 
which  safety  can  be  secured  is  to  restrict 
electric  pressures.  The  continuous  current 
should  be  limited  to  600  or  700  volts,  with  a 


354 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  303 


variable  range  not  exceeding  a  few  volts. 
As  for  the  alternating  current,  it  is  difficult 
for  me  to  name  a  safe  pressure.  Its  effect 
upon  muscular  action  is  so  great  that  even 
at  exceedingly  low  voltage  the  hand  which 
grasps  a  conductor  cannot  free  itself,  and  it 
is  quite  possible  that  in  this  way  the  sensitive 
nervous  system  of  a  human  being  could  be 
shocked  for  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to 
produce  death.  The  electric  lighting  com- 
pany with  which  I  am  connected,  purchased 
some  time  ago  the  patents  for  a  complete 
alternating  system,  and  my  protest  against 
this  action  can  be  found  upon  its  minute 
book.  Up  to  the  present  time  I  have  sue- ' 
ceeded  in  inducing  them  not  to  offer  this 
system  to  the  public,  nor  will  they  ever  do 
so  with  my  consent.  My  personal  desire 
would  be  to  prohibit  entirely  the  use  of 
alternating  currents.  They  are  as  unneces- 
sary as  they  are  dangerous.  In  the  city  of 
New  York  there  are  many  miles  of  conduct- 
ors beneath  the  streets  conveying  a  harmless 
continuous  electric  current  to  thousands  of 
consumers,  the  maximum  pressure  on  this 
vast  system  never  exceeding  220  volts,  which 
will  force  so  weak  a  current  through  the 
human  body  that  it  can  barely  be  detected. 
Furthermore,  it  is  found  to  be  commercially 
successful,  and  I  can  therefore  see  no  justi- 
fication for  the  introduction  of  a  system 
which  has  no  element  of  permanency  and 
every  element  of  danger  to  life  and 
property. 

This  is  no  argument  in  favor  of  monopol  y 
If  ever  there  is  to  be  a  monopoly  of  electric 
lighting  in  the  United  States,  it  will  be 
neither  delayed,  prevented,  nor  circumnavi- 
gateb  by  such  subterfuges  as  these  alternat- 
ing systems,  and  their  use  cannot  be  justified 
on  that  score.  I  have  always  cpnsistently 
opposed  high-tension  and  alternating  sys- 
tems of  electric  lighting  (although  perfectly 
free  to  use  them),  not  only  on  account  of 
danger,  but  because  of  their  general  unreli- 
ability and  unsuitability  for  any  general 
system  of  distribution. 

In  contemplating  the  efforts  of  the  officials 
of  the  city  of  New  York  to  remedy  the  evils 
connected  with  electric  lighting,  I  have  been 
impressed  in  a  way  which  must  have  im- 
pressed other  on-lookers.  I  refer  to  the 
apparent  difficulty  of  determining  where  the 
authority  to  take  action  restsr  The  hands 
of  those  who  wish  to  act  appear  to  be  tied, 
which  is  unfortunate,  considering  the  ex- 
igencies and  urgency  of  the  case.  In  En- 
gland they  handle  these  matters  better.  The 
Electric  Lighting  Act  of  1882  provides  in 
section  6—  "  that  the  Board  of  Trade  may, 
from  time  to  time,  make  such  regulations  as 
they  may  think  expedient  for  securing  the 
safety  of  the  public  from  personal  injury  or 
from  fire  or  otherwise.  *  *  and  any  reg- 
ulations so  made  or  amended  by  the  Board 
of  Trade  shall,  from  and  after  the  date 
thereof,  have  the  like  effect  in  every  respect 
as  though  they  had  been  originally  inserted 
in  the  license,  order,  or  special  act  author- 
izing the  undertaking." 

This  same  section  also  provides  that — 


"  any  local  authority  within  any  part  of 
whose  district  electricity  is  authorized  to  be 
supplied  under  any  license,  order,  or  special 
act,  may,  in  addition  to  any  regulations 
which  may  be  made  under  the  preceding 
provisions  of  this  section  for  securing  the 
safety  of  the  public,  from  time  to  time, 
make,  rescind,  alter,  or  repeal  by-laws  for 
further  securing  such  safety  ;  and  there  may 
be  annexed  to  any  breach  of  such  by-laws 
such  penalties  to  be  recovered  in  a  summary 
manner  as  they  may  think  necessary.  Pro- 
vided, always,  that  no  such  by-laws  shall 
have  any  force  or  effect  unless  and  until 
they  have  been  confirmed  by  the  Board  of 
Trade  and  published  in  such  manner  as  the 
Board  of  Trade  may  direct." 

Thus,  to  a  responsible  body  is  given  dis- 
cretionary power  for  the  protection  of  the 
public,  and  local  authorities  (by  which  is 
meant  auy  municipality)  have  the  right  to 
apply  to  this  Board  for  relief  from  any  dan- 
ger which  they  believe  to  exist  in  connection 
with  electric  lighting  systems.  Certainly, 
the  responsibility  for  the  protection  of  the 
people  of  our  city  should  be  as  definitely 
placed,  and  those  to  whom  such  authority  is 
given  should  adopt  rigid  rules  tor  the  re- 
striction of  electric  pressure.  Perhaps  police 
control  would  be  even  more  adequate  than 
the  English  system.  I  am  not  altogether 
familiar  with  the  details  of  the  system  of 
boiler  inspection  which  prevails  in  New 
York,  but  I  believe  it  is  very  efficient  and 
would  serve  as  an  excellent  model  for  the 
ca«-e  under  discussion. 

When  the  authorities  require  electrical 
pressures  to  be  kept  within  the  limits  of 
safety,  and  when  there  is  an  efficient  corps 
of  inspectors,  as  in  the  case  of  boilers,  to  see 
that  the  rvles  adopted  are  carried  out,  the 
security  which  the  public  demand  will  be 
attained  ;  but  until  then  nothing  better  can 
be  looked  for  than  a  multiplication  of  the 
casualties  of  the  past  few  months. 


EFFLORESCENCE  ON  BRICK. 
— Mr.  Henry  O.  Avery,  in  a  letter  to  Bidl- 
di7ig  on  the  effloresence  on  bricks,  says: 
"During  a  recent  trip  abroad,  I  noticed  in 
several  countries  a  common  occurence  of  ex- 
uding salts  on  the  surface  of  brick  construc- 
tion. On  questioning  several  foreign  arch- 
itects about  the  cause  and  remedy,  there 
seemed  to  be  a  variety  of  opinions,  and  from 
the  seeming  contradictions  I  will  note  down 
some:  i.  Sulphate  of  magnesia,  due  to  the 
presence  of  iron  pyrites  (sulphide  of  iron) 
the  clay.  The  action  of  sulphurousacid 
generated  in  the  combustion  of  bituminous 
coal  on  the  magnesia  in  the  clay  changes 
the  pyrites  to  a  sulphate  of  magnesia.  2. 
Carbonate  of  soda,  probably  caused  by  the 
lime  of  the  mortar  acting  upon  a  silicate  of 
soda  in  the  brick.  3.  Carbonate  of  lime, 
formed  by  the  leaching  of  lime  from  mortar, 
carbonated  by  the  carbonic  acid  in  the  air. 
4.  Silicate  of  soda,  caused  by  using  salt  clay 
taken  near  the  sea.  There  is  a  common  theo- 
ry that  the  trouble  is  mostly  due  to  the  ac- 
tion of  mortar  and  the  brick  together ;  yet 


the  'Epsom  salts'  have  been  known  to  ap- 
pear in  ornamental  parapet  walls  where 
there  was  no  mortar,  cement,  or  grouting  of 
any  kind.  Some  say  that  bricks  burned 
with  wood-fire  were  exempt  from  the  nui- 
sance, but  historical  architctural  records  of 
Boston  speak  of  'white  saline  coatings'  one 
hundred  years  ago,  when  wood  only  was 
used  for  burning  bricks.  As  to  remedies, 
several  are  mentioned.  The  commonest  is 
water  and  muriatic  acid  ;  but  this  does  not 
always  decompose  the  sulphate  of  soda,  and 
will  not  prevent  it  exuding  again.  Oil  in 
mortar,  carefully  laid,  is  supposed  to  prevent 
'salt  petring,'  one  gallon  to  a  cask  of  lime, 
or  two  if  cement  is  used  ;  but  this  has  failed 
as  often  as  it  has  succeeded.  English  arch- 
itects quite  frequently  employ  a  solution  of 
fatty  matter,  quicklime,  and  cement-powder; 
and  the  French  and  Swiss  masons,  a  mortar 
paste  of  bone  or  marble  dust,  with  sand  and 
coloring-matter,  used  sparingly.  For  sur- 
face treatment,  a  coat  of  boiled  linseed-oil 
is  often  effectual,  though  sometimes  insuffi- 
cient. An  inpervious  oily  varnish  is  used  by 
many.  The  backs  of  bricks  have  been  cov- 
ered with  hot  pitch  ;  and  in  England  a  pre- 
paration called  'Duresco'  is  used,  either 
transparent  or  colored,  and  is  said  not  to 
peel  off.  An  invention  patented  consists  in 
placing  tarred  felt  between  the  face  pressed 
brick  and  the  common  brick  behind,  leaving 
cavities  in  the  top  and  bottom  flat  sides 
of  the  front  bricks,  and  connecting  them  to 
the  common  brick  backing  by  pieces  of  gal- 
vanized sheet-iron,  punctured  to  roughen 
them,  and  laid  between  the  flat  joints  of  the 
brick  ;  but  this,  besides  being  expensive,  has 
failed  repeatedly.  In  the  presence  of  all 
these  theories,  as  to  cause,  effect,  and  rem- 
edy, are  we  not  to  conclude  that  there  is  no 
remedy  but  to  wait  ?  The  coating  is  soluble, 
and  is  washed  off  by  the  rains,  and  will  in 
time  disappear. 


Yellow  Fever  is  epidemic  in  various 
parts  of  Brazil. 


Erie,  Pa.,  has  a  diphtheria  scare. 

A  Resident  of  Allentown,  Pa.,  lost  five 
children  by  diphtheria  in  two  weeks. 

A  NEW  process  for  burning  coal  without 
smoke  has  lately  been  discovered.  It  con- 
sists in  sprinkling  water  containing  a  spe- 
cial preparation  of  resin  over  the  coal,  and 
the  result  is  that  there  is  no  smoke,  and  the 
glow  is  as  intense  as  coke.  An  English  com- 
pany is  to  be  formed  to  work  the  new  patent. 


Vicksburg,  Miss.:  The  revised  plans  for 
the  new  hotel  are  now  at  the  Delta  Trust 
and  Banking  Company's.  They  represent 
a  handsome  four  story  building  with  a  large 
central  tower  and  a  smaller  one  at  the  north- 
cast  corner.  It  is  understood  bids  will  be 
advertised  for  at  an  early  day. 


Send  for  a  copy  of  The  Sanitary  News 
the  best  paper  of  its  kind  published. 


Nov.  23,  1889.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


355 


PLUMBING. 


PLUMBERS  AND  HOT-WATER 
HEATING. 

A  new  feature  was  introduced  at  a  recent 
meeting  of  the  New  York  Master  Plumbers. 
After  the  regular  business  had  been  dis- 
pensed with.  Mr.  Leonard  Hosford  stated 
that  he  had  a  motion  to  offer  but  first  wished 
to  give  the  general  import  of  it  that  it  might 
be  more  readily  understood,  and  enable  him 
to  learn  whether  the  association  would  ap- 
prove of  it.  He  thought  it  would  be  to  the 
interests  of  the  members  if  gentlemen  ex- 
perienced in  hot-water  heating  could  be  in- 
-duced  to  give  a  talk  or  lecture  on  such  a  sub- 
ject. Plumbers  in  Canada  and  in  some  parts 
of  this  country  make  the  domestic  heating 
-of  residences  a  part  of  their  business.  He 
had  a  friend  who  he  would  propose  to  be  in- 
vited to  give  a  lecture  on  hot-water  heating. 
James  Muir  approved  of  the  idea  and  thought 
it  would  be  generally  beneficial  to  hear  the 
■experience  of  others  in  hot-water  heating.  J. 
Gilroy  thought  the  association  should  not  be 
used  as  an  advertising  medium.  Edward 
Murphy  thought  the  name  of  the  party  offer- 
ing to  lecture  should  be  known  before  ac- 
cepting the  offer.  H.  G.  Gabay  hoped  the 
gentleman  would  come.  L.  D.  Hosford  then 
moved  that  Mr.  I.  Mackay,  of  the  Richard- 
■■son  &  Boynton  Company,  be  invited  to  give 
:a  lecture  on  hot-water  heating,  and  the  mo- 
tion was  carried.  T.  I.  Tuomey  then  pro- 
posed that  the  chairman  be  requested  to  ap- 
po*nt  a  special  committee  on  lectures  to 
■communicate  with  the  gentlemen  who  would 
be  willing  to  give  such  lectures.  This  was 
;approved.  President  Macdonald  was  glad 
to  hear  such  practical  propositions  for  the 
benefit  of  the  association.  Last  spring  he 
felt  that  lectures  on  the  subject  of  hot-water 
heating  would  be  most  desirable,  and  he  had 
then  induced  one  of  experience  in  that  sub- 
ject to  consent  to  give  some  lectures  this  fall. 
Although  he,  the  chairman,  had  not  had  an 
opportunity  lately  of  speaking  to  the  gen- 
tleman on  this  matter,  he  felt  he  was  not  tak- 
ing a  liberty  in  saying  that  he  still  had  his, 
Mr.  John  J.  Hogan's  consent.  He  would 
therefore  appoint  as  a  special  committee  to 
-communicate  with  these  gentlemen  and 
•others  in  reference  to  lectures  Jonas  A.  Ross- 
man,  James  Muir  and  Leonard  D.  Hosford. 
After  expressions  of  approval  of  the  chair- 
man's remarks  the  meeting  adjourned. 

The  Sanitary  News  has  on  different  oc- 
casions called  attention  to  the  great  amount  of 
work,  in  this  direction  as  well  as  that  of  elec. 
trie  plumbing,  awaiting  the  plumber  whose 
skill  was  equal  to  the  undertaking.  The 
New  York  master  plumbers  have  set  about 
the  matter  in  the  right  way.  They  propose  to 
receive  mstruction  from  engineers  who  are 
competent  to  teach  them  the  theory  and 
practice  of  hot-water  heating.  About  the 
only  objection  noted  is  that  of  the  gentleman 
■who  fears  the  lectures  will  develop  into  a 
huge  advertising  scheme.  There  need  be 
Jio  fear  of  this.    The  plumbers  have  the 


matter  in  their  own  hands  and  can  easily  cut 
short  any  attempt  in  this  direction.  A  point 
arises  right  here  and  that  is,  we  are  all  pro- 
bably not  liberal  enough.  We  confine  our- 
selves to  too  narrow  a  range  for  fear  of  ad- 
vertising some  invention  or  discovery,  when 
either  or  both  of  these  may  be  demanded 
publication  by  the  lightest  public  interest.  A 
wider  range  and  a  broader  liberality  would 
probably  be  better  for  all  concerned. 

Here  is  a  work  that  comes  right  in  the  line 
of  the  plumber  and  it  is  an  important  addi- 
tion to  his  already  important  and  high  class 
sanitary  ssrvices.  The  progress  plumbers 
have  made  in  recent  years,  the  elevation  of 
their  labors  above  that  of  merely  draining  a 
house,  to  a  high  grade  of  sanitary  experts, 
securing  health  to  homes,  inspires  great  faith 
in  their  ability  to  meet  whatever  demands 
may  be  made  upon  them.  It  is  not  a  great  step 
from  a  master  plumber  to  a  hot-water  heat- 
ing engineer.  It  is  nearer  from  the  plumber 
to  the  engineer  than  from  the  engineer  to  the 
plumber.  Thermal  pneumatic  and  hydrauli 
principles  are  not  difficult  to  reduce  to  the 
practice  required,  and  as  for  trade,  the 
plumber  practically  has  that. 

The  action  of  the  New  York  master 
plumbers  might  well  be  repeated  by  other 
associations.  It  will  be  seen  at  once  the 
wide  field  that  can  here  be  opened  up  and 
made  profitable.  It  needs  do  argument  in 
that  direction.  It  is  a  question  of  prepara- 
tion and  that  lies  within  the  reach  of  all 
plumbers.  These  winter  evenings  could  be 
pleasently  and  profitably  spent  listening  to 
lecturers  on  the  subject  of  hot-water  heating, 
and  the  new  field  proposed  could  soon  be  en- 
tered and  the  harvests  gathered. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  complaint  among 
plumbers  that  contract  work  is  being  fig- 
ured so  closely  as  to  not  only  exclude  the 
possibility  of  a  profit,  but  that  in  many  in- 
stances it  is  taken  at  an  actual  loss.  This  is 
a  bad  state  of  affairs  that  ought  never  to 
exist,  and  there  is  no  occasion  for  it  at  the 
present  time,  as  work  is  quite  plentiful. 
This  work  must  be  done,  no  matter  what  the 
cost  and  realizing  this,  the  plumber  should 
strive  rather  to  keep  prices  up  to  a  living 
standard  than  wilfully  drag  them  down  so 
low  that  he  must  lose  money  on  his  work. 
There  is  nothing  in  working  for  glory.  The 
plumber  has  the  reputation  of  making  enor- 
mous profits.  He  should  at  least  try  and 
make  a  fair  living  profit  off  his  contracts. 
In  one  instance  the  bid  of  a  certain  firm  on 
some  North  Side  dwellings  was  ggoo  as 
against  $1,500,  the  highest  bid.  On  one  job 
on  the  South  Side  the  highest  and  lowest 
bids  were  $2,200  and  $1,400  respectively.  In 
the  first  instance  the  highest  bidder  allowed 
only  $300  for  his  profits,  and  in  the  second 
about  S400.  Both  figured  very  closely  and 
both  can  get  material  and  labor  as  cheap  as 
any  one  else,  yet  the  differences  in  the  bids 
were  $600  in  the  first  instance  and  $800  in  the 
second,   leaving   the  lowest  bidders  the 


losers,  apparently,  by  exactly  the  amounts 
the  highest  counted  on  as  profits. 

A.  C.  Hickey  is  finishing  the  jjlumbing 
work  on  Warren  Springer's  four  ten-story 
buildings  on  South  Canal  street,  between 
Van  Ikirenand  Jackson.  The  work  amounts 
to  upwards  of  $8,000. 

Mr.  Hicky  has  also  secured  the  contract 
for  the  plumbing  work  on  the  new  opera 
house  at  Washington,  U.  C,  and  for  furnish- 
ing a  complete  outfit  of  Hickey's  patent 
border  lights  and  gas  stand  for  opera  house 
lighting.  Another  contract  he  has  received 
is  for  putting  some  of  Hickey's  patent  sun 
burners  in  the  First  M.  E.  Swedish  Church, 
on  Oak  street.  He  has  also  a  contract  for 
overhauling  a  building  for  H.  Fall,  at  Jack- 
son street  and  Mansfield  avenue.  It  will  be 
fitted  throughout  with  entirely  new  plumb- 
ing appliances. 

H.  S.  Thompson  is  figuring  on  the  sani- 
tary work  for  several  West  Side  houses. 

Ernst  Breyer  is  finishing  the  work  on 
three  flats  on  Van  Buren  street  near  Fran- 
cisco. He  is  also  finishing  up  three  flats  on 
Winchester  avenue  near  Taylor  street.  Two 
new  contracts  have  also  been  secured  for 
West  Side  houses  by  Mr.  Breyer. 

Gay  &  Culloton  are  working  on  Thomas 
Mackin's  magnificent  new  $90,000  residence 
on  Diversey  street,  facing  Lincoln  Park. 
The  work  is  being  performed  by  day  labor. 
There  are  three  bathrooms,  all  with  tiled 
floors,  earthern  laundry  tubs,  W^olf's  basins 
and  all  the  fittings  are  of  the  very  best.  The 
plumbing  will  cost  about  $5,000. 

This  firm  is  also  finishing  a  two-story  and 
basement  residence  for  John  Ludwig  on 
Seminary  place  near  Racine  avenue.  Lake 
View.  This  is  also  a  good  job.  A  contract 
for  the  five-story  flat  building  for  Mrs- 
Albert,  156  Townsendjstreet,  is  nearing  com- 
pletion. The  firm  is  figuring  on  several 
new  contracts. 

C.  J.  Herbert  hast  the  contract  for  plumb- 
ing in  the  new  two  flat  buildings  on  north 
State  street,  near  Division,  The  buildings 
will  be  ready  for  the  plumbers  in  about  a 
month.  Mr.  Herbert  also  has  the  double 
three  story  flat  building  on  Western  avenue, 
near  Van  Buren  street,  roughed  in  knd  will 
begin  finishing  soon. 

A  state  association  of  master  plumbers 
has  been  formed  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  with  Mr. 
Fitzpatrick,  of  Brooklyn,  as  president. 

There  seems  to  be  an  impetus  given 
natural  gas  men  to  furnish  cities  with  gas, 
and  the  plumbers  waxeth  happy. 

From  present  reports  throughout  the 
country  regarding  plumbing  work,  there 
need  be  no  doubt  that  the  plumbers  will 
have  turkey  for  Christmas. 

Johnston  &  Lawrence,  of  Portland,  Ore., 
write  that  plumbing  work  is  brisk  at  that 
place  and  that  there  is  plenty  of  work  for 
plumbers  with  very  few  men  idle  at  any 
time. 


35(5 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[you.  XY.  No.  303'. 


BUILDING 


LICENSING  ARCHITECTS. 
The  Western  New  York  Association  of 
Architects  began  about  February  last  to  cre- 
ate a  sentiment  favoring  the  licensing  of  arch- 
itects. A  committee  was  appointed  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Western  New  York  Associa- 
tion at  Syracuse  to  draft  a  bill  for  introduc- 
tion in  the  Legislature  to  provide  for  the  reg- 
ulation of  the  licensing  and  registration  of 
architects  and  to  regulate  the  practice  of  ar- 
chitecture in  the  state  of  New  York.  The 
bill  has  been  drafted,  amended,  and  it  now 
stands  as  follows: 

BILL  TO  REGULATE  THE  PRACTICE  OF  ARCH- 
ITECTURE IN  THE  STATE  OF 
NEW  YORK. 

Section  i.  No  person  shall  practice  ar- 
chitecture in  this  state  who  shall  not  have 
attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and 
that  hereafter  no  person  shall  pursue  the  busi- 
ness or  profession  of  architecture  in  this 
state,  except  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and 
regulations  herein  prescribed. 

Sec.  2.  There  shall  be  established  and 
created  in  and  for  the  State  of  New  York  a 
board  of  architects,  constituted  as  follows: 
One  member  from  the  faculty  of  Columbia 
College,  one  from  the  faculty  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, two  from  the  Western  New  York 
State  Association  of  Architects,  and  two  from 
the  New  York  Chapter  of  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Architects. 

Within  sixty  days  after  the  passage  of  this 
act,  the  presidents  and  secretaries  shall  call 
meetings  of  the  members  of  these  associa- 
tions, and  at  such  meetings  there  shall  be 
designated  by  ballot  four  from  the  Western 
New  York  State  Association  of  Architects, 
and  four  from  the  New  York  Chapter  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects,  all  reputa- 
ble architects  doing  business  within  the  said 
State  of  New  York,each  of  whom  shall  have 
had  not  less  than  ten  years'  experience  as  a 
practical  architect.  Notice  of  such  designa- 
tion and  the  names  of  the  parties  so  design- 
ated shall  then  be  filed  with  the  governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  from  the  persons 
so  designated  and  from  the  faculties  of  the 
colleges  herein  before  named,  and  within 
thirty  days  from  the  date  of  filing  the  names 
he  shall  appoint  the  members  of  the  board 
of  architects  as  herein  before  provided.  The 
members  of  the  board  appointed  under  this 
section  shall  hold  office  for  the  teyn  of  one, 
two,  three,  four,  five  and  six  years,  respec- 
tively, and  until  their  successors  shall  have 
been  duly  appointed  and  qualified.  The  arch- 
itectural societies  herein  before  mentioned 
shall  hereafter  designate  three  reputable  re- 
gistered architects  doing  business  within  the 
State  of  New  York,  from  which  number  the 
governor  shall  fill  the  vacancy  annually  oc- 
curring. In  case  of  death,  resignation  or  re- 
moval from  the  state  of  any  member  of  the 
board  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
office,  the  remaining  surviving  members  of 
the  board  shall  fill  the  vacancy  from  the  list 
of  names  last  submitted,  and  the  person  so 


appointed  shall  be  a  member  of  the  board 
for  the  remainder  of  the  term  of  his  prede- 
cessor. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  board  of  architects  created  by 
this  act,  immediately  after  the  receipt  of 
the  notification  of  their  appointment,  to  ap- 
pear before  the  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court 
and  make  and  subscribe  to  an  oath  properly 
and  faithfully  to  discharge  the  duties  of  their 
office,  and  within  ten  days  after  the  receipt 
of  the  notification  of  their  appointment  they 
shall  meet  and  organize  by  the  election  of  a 
president  and  secretary,  who  shall  hold  their 
office  one  year,  and  shall  thereupon  publish 
the  notice  of  their  organization  in  the  archi- 
tectural journals  circulating  in  the  state,  giv- 
ing full  and  explicit  information  to  whom 
appJications  for  registration  and  licenses 
must  be  addressed.  The  members  of  the 
board  shall  serve  without  compensation,  nor 
shall  any  of  their  expenses  become;  a  charge 
against  the  state.  The  term  of  office  of  the 
members  first  appointed  shall  be  determined 
by  lot. 

Sec.  4.  The  board  shall  hold  meetings 
at  least  once  in  six  months,  and  as  much 
oftener  as  the  business  of  the  board  may  re- 
quire; the  secretary  shall  procure  a  seal  and 
books  and  keep  a  record  of  proceedings  of 
all  meetings  and  give  each  member  of  the 
board  not  less  than  five  days'  notice  of  each 
meeting.  Five  members  shall  constitute  a 
quorum.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board 
to  examine  all  persons  applying  for  exami- 
nation, and  to  grant  licenses  to  such  persons 
as  may  be  entitled  according  to  the  pro\  is- 
ions  of  this  act.  Licenses  granted  by  legal- 
ly appointed  boards  of  architects  outside  of 
this  state  may  be  recognized  by  this  board. 
They  shall  keep  a  record  of  all  their  pro- 
ceedings, and  such  records  are  hereby  de- 
clared to  be  public  records.  The  secretary 
of  the  board  shall  be  ex-officio  custodian  of 
such  records,  and  copies  of  such  records,  cer- 
tified by  the  president  and  secretary  and 
sealed  with  the  seal  of  the  board,  shall  be  ad- 
missible as  evidence  in  all  courts  of  this 
state. 

.Sec.  5.  No  person  shall  practice  the  pro- 
fession or  pursue  the  business  of  an  architect 
without  a  license  from  the  board  of  arch- 
itects. Any  person  desiring  to  pursue  such 
occupation  shall  apply  to  the  board  for  li- 
cense, and  thereupon  the  board  at  some  reg- 
ular 01  special  meeting  shall  proceed  to  ex- 
amine the  applicant  as  to  his  qualifications, 
with  si)ccial  reference  to  the  construction  of 
buildings,  strength  of  materials,  laws  of  san- 
itation as  applied  to  buildings,  and  the  abili- 
ty of  the  applicant  to  make  practical  ajipli- 
cation  of  such  knowledge  in  the  ordinary 
professional  work  of  an  architect.  If  such 
examination  is  satisfactory  to  a  majority  of 
the  board,  a  license  shall  be  issued  to  the  ap- 
plicant under  the  seal  of  the  board,  author- 
izing him  to  practice  the  profession  of  arch- 
itecture within  the  limits  of  this  state.  All 
licenses  to  architects  shall  be  recorded  in  a 
book  provided  for  the  purpose  by  the  clerk 
of  the  county  in  which  the  applicant  resides. 


All  persons  who  shall  be  at  the  date  of  the 
passage  of  this  act  engaged  in  the  pratice  of. 
the  profession  in  this  state,  shall  be  entitled' 
to  a  license  without  examination  on  the  pay-- 
ment  of  a  fee  of  §5. 

Sec.  6.  All  licenses  shall  be  subject  to 
revocation  by  the  board  of  architects  for^ 
gross  negligence,  recklessness  or  dishonest 
practices,  but  before  any  license  shall  be  re- 
voked the  holder  thereof  shall  be  entitled 
to  at  least  ten  days'  notice  of  the  time  and. 
place  for  the  hearing  of  the  accusation, 
against  him.  He  shall  also  be  entitled  tO' 
process  for  his  witnesses,  and  to  be  heard  by 
himself  and  his  counsel  in  open  public  trial,, 
and  no  license  shall  be  revoked  except  by 
the  unanimous  vote  of  all  the  members  of. 
the  board. 

Sec.  7.  If  any  person  shall  pursue  the- 
business  or  occupation  of  architecture  in; 
this  state,  or  shall  advertise  or  put  out  any 
sign,  advertisement  or  cards  designating: 
himself  as  an  architect,  without  first  obtain-- 
ing  a  license  therefor  in  accordance  with  the- 
provisions  of  this  act,  he  shall  be  deemed, 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  convic-- 
tion,  he  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  ;Sioo  nor- 
more  than  S500.  No  person  shall  be  entitled 
to  a  license  as  an  architect  who  is  directly 
or  indirecty  concerned  in  any  contract  far- 
work  or  materials  in  connection  with  the- 
building  business,  but  nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  be  construted  to  prevent  any 
person  in  this  state  from  planning  or  super- 
vising the  erection  of  his  own  building,  nor 
shall  the  provisions  of  this  act  apply  to  ^ar- 
chitects from  other  states  who  may  desire- 
to  compete  for  some  special  building,  public 
or  private,  and  who  may  visit  the  state  in 
person  for  such  special  purpose,  nor  shall 
it  apply  to  students  or  employes  of  licensed 
architects  within  this  state  acting  for  and  by 
ithe  authority  of  such  licensed  architects. 

Sec.  8.  The  fee  for  eachilicense  shall  be 
S;2o,  which  shall  be  paid  to  the  board  of  ar- 
chitects upon  delivery  of  the  license,  and  the 
fund  thus  accrued  may  be  ex[)ended  by  the 
board  for  the  payment  of  their  traveling  and 
other  expenses.  An  itemized!  account  ot 
such  receipts  and  expenditures  shall  be  kept,, 
which  shall  be  reported  to  the  governor  thir- 
ty days  before  the  session  of  each  legisla- 
ture. 

The  bill  will  be  enlarged  and  improved 
before  it  is  introduced.  It  is  the  intention  of 
the  committee  to  have  the  bill  ready  before 
the  coming  session  of  the  legislature  opens.. 
Mr.  Richard  A.  Waite  gives  the  follbwing^ 
views  relative  to  the  matter: 

"The  reform  proposed  cannot  injure  any 
capable  man,  and  will  certainly  benefit  the 
profession  and  also  provide  a  desirable  safe- 
guard for  the  public.  Indeed,  no  architect 
who  wishes  to  fairly  win  his  spurs  in  the  pro- 
fession can  hesitate  to  accept  legal  registra- 
tion as  the  most  practical  mode  for  securing, 
protection  and  the  public's  confidence  in  him. 

"The  position  of  architecture  as  compared 
with  other  learned  professions,  medicine,  the 
law,  and  the  church,  is  anomalous,  notwith- 
standing that  the  functions  of  an  architect 


Nov.  23,  ISSOl 


concern  the  health  and  pockets  o£  the  peo- 
ple. This  undefined  position  has  been  long 
tolerated  because  the  public  has  been  indif- 
ferent through  ignorance.  The  consequence 
is  that  many  adventurers  who  have  been  so 
daring  as  to  practice  architecture  without 
even  having  passed  through  the  routine  of 
an  architect's  office,  finding  themselves  safe, 
have  claimed  the  title  of  an  architect,  much 
to  the  discredit  of  what  should  be  a  most 
noble  profeession. 

"Every  pro[)c:rty  holder  piys  more  for  a 
badly  built  building  than  he  would  for  one 
properly  constructed  if  our  building  opera- 
tions were  carried  on  under  better  conditions; 
hence  it  should  be  m  ulj  compulsary  for  all 
buildings  to  be  built  under  skilled  and  hon- 
est supervision. 

"The  administration  of  drugs  for  the  cure 
of  disease  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  duly 
qualified  practitioners.  The  building  of  a 
dwelling  or  business  block  for  human  hab- 
itation is  fenced  about  by  no  such  safeguard, 
although  bad  building  is  too  frequently  the 
cause  of  the  disease  which  the  medical  man 
is  called  to  attend.  The  comfort  and  health 
of  the  people  are  concerned  in  this  question, 
which  demands  the  attention  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

"The  examination  of  architects  and  the  in- 
fliction of  penalties  for  nonprofessional  con- 
duct should  be  invested  in  some  high  autho- 
rity, and  it  should  be  made  as  illegal  for  non- 
qualified persons  to  act  as  architects  as  it  is 
for  them  to  act  as  lawyers  or  medical  men." 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


AMONG  CHICAGO  ARCHITECTS. 

Chester  B.  Davis  is  preparing  plans  for 
the  projected  sewerage  system  at  La  Salle, 
Illinois. 

W.  W.  Boyihgton  &  Co.,  are  completing 
plans  for  the  plant  of  the  Rethbone-Sard 
Stove  Company  at  Aurora,  111.,  five  buildings 
in  all,  as  follows:  One  to  be  95x112  feet, 
another  to  be  82x185  feet,  a  third  to  be  50X 
172  feet,  a  fourth  50x75  feet  and  the  fifth  to 
be  150x280  feet. 

Plans  are  being  made  for  a  viaduct  to  cost 
$45,000  at  South  Cheyenne,  Wy. 

0.  J.  Pierce  has  completed  plans  for  a  two 
story  addition  to  the  five  story  building  of 
R.  W.  Bridge,  at  254-6  Franklin  street,  42X 
147  feet.  The  materials  are  pressed  brick, 
cut  stone  and  iron.  An  additional  boiler 
and  steam  heating  apparatus  is  also  to  be 
put  in.    The  estimated  cost  is  about  $15,000. 

J.  J.  Kouhn  has  completed  plans  for  a 
large  flat  building  for  Howard  &  Berwin,  at 
3501-5  Wabash  avenue.  The  materials  to 
be  used  are  St.  Louis  pressed  brick  anj 
stone.    The  cost  will  be  §175,000. 

Sidney  Villiere  has  completed  plans  for  a 
two-story  twin  dwelling  of  pressed  brick 
with  stone  trimmings,  for  H.  R.  Buchanan 
at  4402-4  Sidney  avenue,  Hyde  Park,  44x49.6 
feet.    The  estimated  cost  is  $6,000. 

1.  C.  Zarbell  has  completed  plans  for  the 
Glen  Farm  Industrial  school  at  Bloomington, 
111.  The  material  will  be  brick,  and  the  cost 
will  be  about  $45,000. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DO\E. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.:  The  Milwaukee  lodges 
of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen 
are  considering  a  jjroject  for  the  erection  of 
an  eight-story  building,  for  lodge  and  office 
purposes.  It  is  estimated  that  the  building 
will  cost  from  550,000  to  $|.oo,ooo,  which 
amount  it  is  proposed  to  raise  by  issuing 

stock.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:   A  three  story 

brick  building  to  cost  $;o,oo()  will  be  erected 
by  the   Syndicate   Btulding  Company  on 

Wyandotte  street,  between  6th  and  7th.  

New  York.:  The  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
Bridge  Trustees  have  decided  to  complete 
the  ware-houses  in  the  New  York  arches,  at 

a  cost  of  $50,000.  ^Canaan,  N.  H.:  A  new 

Roman  Catholic  Church  will  be  erected.  

Montpclier,  Vt.:  George  II.  Guernsey  is 
architect  for  a  new  Catholic  Church  to  be 

erected  at  once.  Waltham,  Mass.:  The 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  will  erect  a  building  for  associa- 
tion purposes.  -Gallatin,  Mo.:  A  $50,000 

court-house  will  be  erected.  -Tampa,  Fla:. 

Mr.  Le  Due  will  build  a  hotel  76x105  feet.  

Bangor,  Me.:  A  soldiers'  memorial  building 

is  in  contemplation.  Bowling  Green,  Ky., 

A  $:o,ooo  opera  house  is  to  be  built.  

Bradford,  Conn.:  A  building  to  contain 
library,  reading-room,  gymnasium,  etc.,  will 
be  erected.  Elizabeth,  N.  J.:  The  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Company  will  expend 
$750,000  for  the  elevation  of  its  New  York 

main  line  tracks.  Landing,  N.  J.:  The 

Landing  Hotel  Company  will  erect  a  new 
hotel.  Birmingham,  N.  J.:  A  large  sum- 
mer hotel  will  be  erected  by  a  stock  com- 
pany. Sea  Isle  City,  N.  J.:  A  sea-wall  to 

cost  $200,000  will  be  built.  West  Hoboken, 

N.  J.:    A  new  Methodist  Church  will  be 

built.  Camden,  N.  J.:  Wilson  Ernest  has 

taken  out  a  permit  to  erect  twenty-seven 
two-story  brick  dwellings.  Within  the  next 
few  weeks  the  depot  at  Cooper's  Point  will 
tje  abandoned  and  the  trains  will  run  into 
the  Federal  street  depot.  The  depot  at 
Cooper's  Point  will  be  used  for  freight  pur- 
poses only.  It  is  said  these  changes  are  the 
forerunners  of  extensive  improvements, 
among  which  is  the  erection  of  a  handsome 
passenger  depot  at  the  foot  of  Federal  street 
to  cost  about  $100,000,  work  on  which,  how- 
ever, will  not  commence  for  at  least  a  year. 
Mr.  Van  Sciver  will  erect  a  handsome  brick 

six-sttjry  building.  Chester,   Pa.:    It  is 

rumored  that  a  twist  drill  factory  will  be 
erected,  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.  Lin- 
wood,  Pa.:  Ground  has  been  broken  by  the 
P,  W.  &  B.,  R.  R.  Company  for  a  new 

passenger  station.  Oil   City,  Pa.:  The 

Electric  Street  Railway  Company  will  erect 

a  power  house.  Yardleyville,  Pa.:  The 

directors  of  the  new  National   Bank  will 

erect  a  bank  building.  Spring  City,  Pa.: 

A  new  station  will  be  built  by  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad  Company.  Pottsville  Pa.: 

A  Roman  Catholic  Church  edifice  to  cost 

$100,000,  is  in  contemplation.  Rutledge, 

Pa.:  A  new  Presbyterian  Church  building 


will   be   erected.  Morton,  I'a.:    A  new 

C  Uholic  Church  is  to  be  built.  Allegheny 

Pa.:  W.  F.  Richardson,  architect,  has  pre-, 
pared  plans  for  three  brick  stores  and 

dwellings  for  Alexander  Richardson.  

Bradford,  Pa.:  A  three-story  brick  building 

is  to  be  erected  by  C.  L.  Bradburn.^  

Scranton,  Pa.:  A  four-story  business  build- 
ing will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $!o,ooo.  

Altoona,  Pa.:  Two  new  school  buildings  will 

be  erected.  Eric,  Pa.:  Two  handsome 

business  blocks  will  probably  be  erected  in 
the  spring.  Harrisburg,  Pa.:  A  magnifi- 
cent Central  high  school  building  is  pro- 
jected. McKeesport,  Pa.:  Two  new  school 

houses  will  be  erected  in  tlics[)ring.  .Several 

residence  buildings  will  also  be  erected.  

Mount  Carmel,  Pa.:  The  Susquehannah 
Synod  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  will 
build  a  new  edifice  of  brick,  with  stone  trim- 
mings, heated  by  steam  and  fitted  with  opera 

chairs.  Easton,   Pa.:   The   Easton  and 

Northern  Railroad  is  contemplating  the 
tunneling  of  the  city  under  Sixth  street,  from 
the  Bushkill  to  the  Lehigh  river,  where  the 
latter  stream  can  be  bridged  and  connection 
made  with  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad. 
Engineers  have  taken  measurements  and 
estimates  of  the  probable  cost,  which  would 
be  about  $40,000.  The  project  to  erect  a 
harness  and  collar  factory  is  an  assured  fact. 
Evan  Buckman,  Enos  Ott  and  Henry  Mc- 
Keen  have  been  elected  trustees  in  behalf 

of  the  bond-holders.  Rochester.  N.  Y.: 

G.  W.  Steitz  is  putdng  up  two  apartment 
houses  at  a  cost  of  $35,000.    Many  residences 

will  be  built  in  the  spring.  Florence, 

Ala.:  Philadelphia  and  English  capitalists 
will  put  $500,000  into  a  cotton  mill  plant.  A 
$200,000  furnace  is  also  to  be  built.  Two 
land  and  improvement  companies  have  been 
formed  with  an  aggregate  cash  capital  of 
$1,000,000.  A  contract  has  been  made  for 
constructing  a  300-mile  canal  in  Florida,  to 
furnish  a  water-way  nearly  the  entire  length 

of  the  state.  Bessemer,  Ala. :  Two  furnaces 

will  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $400,000.  Bryer- 

field.  Ala.:  Iron  works  are  to  be  re-organised 
with  $500,000  of  bonds  and  $700,000  of  pre- 
ferred stock.  Rome,  Ga.:   A  furnace  to 

cost  $125,000  is  to  be  built.  A  steel  plate 

mill  is  to  be  built  in  West  Virginia,  a  $200,000 
clothing  factory  in  Baltimore  and  extensive 
fertilizer  works  at  Norfolk,  Va.  East  At- 
chison, Kas.:  Two  fine  freight  and  passenger 

depots  will  be  built  at  once.  Ogden,  Utah.: 

Citizens  are  agitating  the  question  of  build- 
ing an  opera  house  and  it  is  expected  that 
work  will  be  begun  in  a  few  week.s.  Balti- 
more, Md.:  The  Baltimore  Sugar  Refinery 
Company  will  erect  a  twelve-story  refinery 
at  Curtis  Bay,  with  a  capacity  of  1,500  barrels 

a  day.  ^North  Adams,  Mass.:  A  new  shoe 

factory  is  to  be  built.  New  Haven,  Conn.: 

A  new  building  to  cost  $32,000  is  to  be  erected 

for  the  fire  department.  Muncie,  Ind.: 

Six  new  factories  are  in  contemplation.  

Omaha,  Neb.:  A  gold  and  silver  plating  es- 
tablishment is  to  be  started.  Cincinnati, 

O.:  Jas.  W.  McLaughlin,  architect,  has 
closed  a  contract  with  the  Commissioners  of 


35& 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vcu  XV.  Xo:  303. 


Wayne  County,  Ind.,  to  i'unii'ih  ;ind 
specifications  for  the  new  county  building  to 
be  erected  at  Richmond,  at  an  estimated 
cost  of  $260,000,  the  plans  to  be  ready  in  30 
days.  The  Central  Union  Passcnfjcr  Station 
and  Railway  Company  have  destroyed  pre- 
vious plans  for  an  office  building  on  Third 
street  just  west  of  the  passenger  station,  and 
Martin  Aikens,  architect,  will  make  new 
ones  for  a  larger  building  on  the  same  site, 
estimated  to  cost  $175,000.  A.  O.  Elzner, 
architect,  has  an  order  for  plans  for  an  office 
building  for  the  Neave  estate,  at  Fourth  and 
Race  streets,  to  cost  $175,000  ;  to  be  let  by 
January  15,  iSgo.  The  members  of  Christs' 
Episcopal  Church  will  expend  $40,000  on 
improvements.    Fort  Worth,  Texas,  is  to 

have  a  $75,000  high   school  building.  

Macon,  Ga.:   A  $25,000  building  will  be 

erected.  Oregon  City,  Cal.:  The  Crown 

Paper  Company,  of  San  Francisco,  will  erect 

mills  to  cost  $125,000.  Reno,  Cal.:  Afiour 

mill  is  to  be  erected  to  cost  $100,000.  St, 

Paul,  Minn.:  An  opera  house,  to  cost  $350.- 
000,  on  Cedar  between  Eighth  and  Ninth, 
will  be  built  by  ArnoldKalman,  A.  B.  Stick- 

ney,  Ansen  Oppenheim  and  others.  St. 

Louis,  Mo.:  Two $20,000  factories  are  among 

the  projected  improvements.  Santa  Rosa, 

Cal.:  A  $40,000  jail  is  to  be  built.  Salt 

Lake  City,  Utah.:  Among  the  new  com- 
mercial edifices  to  be  started  this  winter 
and  spring  are  :  The  Chamber  of  Commerce 
a  building  to  go  up  on  the  site  of  the  Eagle 
Foundry,  the  eight-story  Auerbach  building 
on  the  west  side  of  Main  street,  the  Crane 
building  above  the  Walker  House,  the 
Brooks  building  near  the  Clift  House,  the 
Utah  Commercial  National  Bank  building, 
corner  of  Second  South  and  Commercial 
streets,  the  buildings  corner  of  Plum  alley, 
the  Jennings  block  east  of  the  Deseret  Bank 
building,  the  second  Culmer  building,  to  go 
up  where  the  Culmer  Bros.,  store  now  stands, 
a  great  warehouse  where  Chinatown  now 
spreads  itself,  the  city  and  county  buildings, 
the  Union  Depot,  the  Walker  Terrace,  the 
Sanitarium  extension,  and  a  dozen  others. 
Moreover  a  large  and  completely  ec[uipped 
stone  yard,  railroad  shops,  brick  and  lumber 
yards,  and  other  industrial  works,  also  in- 
numerable residences,  are  to  spring  up,  so 
that  the  local  activity  will  be  enormous.- — 
Cedartown,  Ga.:  A  $50,000  woolen  mill  is 
projected.     Middletown,  O.:   A  Methodist 

Church  will  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  

Dayton,  O.:  An  eight-story  office  building, 

in  the  Chicago  style,  is  contemplated.  

Canton,  O.:  The  John  Danner  Manufactur- 
ing Company  will  erect  a  large  factory  next 

spring.  Akron,  O.:  O'Neil  &  Dyer  will 

rebuild  a  $250,000  business  block  which  was 

destroyed  by  lire.  Lancaster,  Pa.:  Plans 

for  the  First  M.  E.  Church  building  to  cost 

$40,000  have  been  prepared.  Cleveland, 

O.,  is  to  have  a  new  municipal  building 
which  will  cost  $2,000,000. 

Oscar  Cobb  &  Co.  are  making  plans  for  a 
two-story  addition  to  the  north  wing  of  the 
Faurot  businoss  block  at  Lini;i,  O.,  and  re- 
modelling the  interior,  including  now  eleva- 
tors, etc.    The  cost  will  be  about  $15,000. 


HEATING  AND  LlG[iTIN(}. 
Connellsvillc,  Pa.  :  The  contract  for  the 
installation  of  the  electrical  plant  was 
awarded  to  the  Keystone  Construction  Com- 
pany, of  Pittsburg,  for  $14,395.  The  contract 
for  the  steam  plant  \vas  awarded  to  the  same 
company  for  $6,335.  '^'^^  electrical  plant 
will  consist  of  two  alternating  current 
dynamos  of  750  i6-candle  power  lamps 
capacity  each,  for  commercial  and  resident 
lighting,  and  one  arc  dinamo  of  fifty  1,200- 
candle  power  lamps  for  street  lighting. — 
Columbus,  O.  :  The  Columbus  Gas  Light 
and  Coke  Company  has  been  sold  to  a  syn- 
dicate of  eastern  capitalists  for  $140  per 
share,  the  aggregate  amounting  to  about 
$1,000,000. — Clarion,  Pa. :  The  Clarion  Elec- 
tric Company  has  been  incorporated  and  an 
electric  light  and  power  plant  is  to  be 
erected. — San  Fransisco,  Cal.  :  The  Ger- 
mania  Gaslight  Company  has  been  incorpo- 
rated, with  $100,000  capital. — Jamestown,  N. 
Y.,  is  dissatisfied  with  its  natural  gas  service 
and  talks  of  introducing  the  Loomis  process 
of  fuel  gas  manufacture. — Terre  Haute,  Ind. 
Work  has  been  commenced  on  the  plant  of 
the  citizens'  Fuel  Gas  Company. — The  fight 
between  the  Pennsylvania  Gas  Company 
and  the  city  of  Erie,  is  now  on  in  dead  earn- 
est. The  company  defies  the  city  to  inter- 
fere with  its  line  and  sets  up  the  claim  of 
eminent  domain,  and  will  bring  action 
against  the  city  if  its  mains  are  torn  up. 
The  city,  on  the  other  hand,  has  directed 
Mayor  Clarke  to  fight.  When  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Gas  Company  sent  its  forces  out  to 
make  street  connections,  the  police  force 
put  an  end  to  the  work.  The  city  now  has 
possession  of  the  streets.  The  city  of  James- 
town, N.  Y.,  which  is  supplied  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Company,  is  taking  an  active  part 
in  the  fight  against  increased  rales.— Santa 
Rosa,  Cal.  :  Fifteen  acres  of  supposed  gas 
land  have  been  leased  by  a  syndicate  and 
wells  are  being  bored. — Oil  City,  Pa, :  A 
charter  has  been  granted  the  Venango 
Natural  Gas  Company,  cajiital  $36,000.— 
Henderson,  Ky. :  The  Henderson  County 
Natural  gas.  Mining  and  Manufacturing 
Company  has  been  organized  by  Edw. 
Atkinson,  H.  C.  Dixon  and  others,  with  an 
authorized  capital  stock  of  $3,000,000. — 
Findlay,  O. :  The  Syndicate  Oil  and  Fuel 
Company  has  drilled  in  a  big  gas  well  on  the 
Larkins  land  in  the  northwestern  edge  of 
the  city,  which  has  an  estimated  capacity  of 
10,000,000  feet  of  gas  daily.— At  a  gas  aieet- 
ing,  held  in  Toledo,  O.,  some  few  evenings 
since,  Hon.  John  F.  Kumlcr,  one  of  the 
speakers,  gave  a  history  of  the  natural  gas 
question  there,  in  which  he  said  that  the 
Trustees  had  138,000,000  feet  of  gas  in  sight, 
with  40,000,000  feet  yet  to  be  measured  in. 
Coming  down  to  the  cost  of  the  pipe  line,  lie 
said  it  would  cost  $425,000  to  get  the  gas  into 
the  city,  leaving  $  500,000  with  which  to  i)ipe 
the  streets. — The  Weslinghouse  Electric 
Company,  of  Pittsburg,  has  added  to  its  reg- 
ular list  a  5,000-light  machine,  which  is  said 
to  be  by  far  the  largest  yet  manufacturecL 
The  new  machines  will  soon  be  ready  and 


will  each  require  503  horsc-pgwer  engines;' 
The  object  in  bringing  out  machines  of  such 
large  capacity  is  to  supply  the  demand  from 
large  stations  that  do  not  care  to  put  in  as . 
many  of  the  smaller  ones  as  would  meet  the 
requirements. — The  Duluth  Electric  Com- 
pany, of  Duluth,  Minn.,  has  re-organized 
under  the  title  of  the  Hartman  Electric 
Company,  with  its  authorized  capital  Stock 
increased  to  $250,000.  The  present  works 
will  be  greatly  enlarged: — W.  R.  Barringer 
will  organize  a  company  at  Florence,  S.  C, 
to  erect  a  $30,000  electric  light  plant. — 
Detroit,  Mich.  :  The  Directors  of  the  Wood- 
ward Electric  Company  have  been  author- 
ized to  sell  the  company  franchises,  etc.,  to 
pay  its  debts. — Seaforth,  Ont.  :  An  electric 
light  plant  will  be  erected. — Tremont,  O.,  is  to 
have  electric  street  lights. — East  Chattanoo- 
ga, Tenn.:  The  Thomas-Houston  Company 
intends  putting  in  a  large  electric  light  plant. 
— Cornellsville,  Pa. :  A  contract  has  been  let 
for  constructing  an  electric  lighting  plant. — 
Du  Quoin,  111.:  The  Du  Quoin  Light,  Heat 
and  Power  Company  has  been  organized  by 
J.  R.  Traesdale,  D.  Sheppard  and  R.  M. 

Foster,   capital    stock   $50,000.  Boston, 

Mass.:  The  Walworth  Light  and  Power 
Company  will  increase  its  capital  stock  from 

$15,000  to  $105,000.  $New  Iberia,  Ky.:  An 

electric  light  plant  is  projected.  Rhine- 
lander,  Wis.:  is  to  have  electric  lights.  

Miamisburg,  O.,   wants  electric  light.  

Spokane  Falls,  Wash.:  The  Electric  Power, 
Light  and  Motor  Company  has  been'  incor- 
porated by  P.  Evans,  J.  F.  Warden  and 
George  A.  Block.  Capital  stock,  $100,000 
 South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.:  An  incandes- 
cent system  is  to  be  added  to  the  plant  of 
the  South   Pittsburg  Electric  Light  and 

Power  Company.  Lexington,  N.  C:  An 

electric  light  Agitation  is  prevailing.  

'  Lynn,  Mass,:  An  electric  light  project  is  on 
foot.— — San  Diego,  Cal.:  The  San  Diego 
Gas  Company's  works  have  been  purchased 
by  a  company  organized  by  Spreckles  & 
Babcock,  and  extensive  improvements  will 
be  made  for  furnishing  gas  for  fuel  and 

lighting.  Aguas  Calicntes,  Mexico.:  The 

Inter-State  Gas  and  Water  Works  Company 
h:is  been  granted  another  electric  lighting 
franchise  for  public  and  private  lighting  for 

twenty  years.  La  Grande,  Ore.:  The  La 

Grande  Edison  Electric  Co.,  has  been  incor- 
porated, capital  stock  $15,000.  Peoria, 

III.:  The  Peoria  Heating,  Power  and  Gas 
Light  Company  has  been  incorporated  by 
Messrs.  Irving  W.  Johnson,  John  H.  Francis 

and  S.  A.  Kinscy.    Capital,  $500,000.  

Three  Rivers,  Mich.,  is  to  have  electric 

lights.  Cowansville,  Canada.:  The  Cow- 

ansville  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 

incorporated.    Capital  stock,  S!oo,ooo.  

Sehomc,  Wash.:  The  Fair  Haven  Electric 
Light,  Power  and  Motor  Company  will  put 
in  an  electric  light  plant  and  a  street  rail- 
road at  once.  Randolph,  Mass.:   At  a 

special  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Selectmen, 
held  November  7,  a  franchise  was  granted 
the  Randolph  &  Holbrook  Light  and  Power 
Company  to  establish  and  operate  a  plant 


Nov.  23,  1888] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


359 


in  this  town.  Pisgfah,  III,,  is  to  have  dec- 
lights.  .South    Braintiee,    Mass.:  I'he 

Hraintrce  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 

organized  with  aca[)ital  stock  of  $25,000.  

]3right\vood,  Ind.:  Citizens  are  organizing  a 
coni[)any  to  pipe  natural  gas  into  their  v-il- 

lagc.  Madison,  Ind.:  The  Madison  IClcc- 

tric  Light  and  I^owcr  Company  has  filed 
articles  of  incorporation,  with  §50,000  capital 

stock.  Berwick,  Me.,  has  been  lighted  by 

electricity.  Hackensack,  N,  J.,  now  has 

its  streets  lighted  bo  the  new  Edison  plant. 

■  Union  Hill,  N.  J.:  The  Ileistler  Electric 

Light  Company  will  furnish  street  lights. 

The  capital  of  the  company  is  §50,000.  

Abilene,  Texas.:  Efforts  are  being  made  to 
organize  an  electric  light  company.- — —St. 
Louis,  Mo.:  The  Lindell  Electric  light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated,  capital  stock 
$30,000,  half  paid  up. 

WATERWORKS  NOTES. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  The  proposition  of  the 
New  York  Contract  Co.,  to  furnish  the  city 
with  water  from  Lake  Michigan,  has  been 

rejected.  Martin's  Ferry,  Ohio.:   A  vote 

will  soon  be  taken  on  the  waterworks  ques- 
tion. Standford,  Ky.:    City  Engineer  H. 

E.  Evans  is  preparing  plans  for  the  pro- 
posed waterworks.  Vandalia,  111.:  Wa- 
terworks  are    to   be    erected.  O.xford, 

Miss.:    The  question  of  waterworks  is  being 

extensively  agitated.  Reedsboro,  Vt.: 

Ten  thousand  dollars  has  been  voted  for  a 

waterworks     system.  Galesburg,  111.: 

Chester  B.  Davis,  C.  E.,  of  Chicago,  is  pre- 
paring plans  for  the  proposed  waterworks. 

 Manchester,  la.:    Waterworks  will  be 

built.  Lakeport,  Cal.:  A  vote  will  shortly 

be  taken  on  the  waterworks  question.  Suc- 
cess is  assured,  and  $15,000  of  bonds  will 
probably  be  issued  for  constructing  the  sys- 
tem. Kingston,  Ont.:    It  is  proposed  to 

ask  the  people  to  grant  a  further  sum  of 
§25,000  to  make  improvements  on  the  water- 
works. West  Toronto,  Ont.:    A  by-law 

for  §25,000  waterworks  extension  was  car- 
ried October  2q.  Hull,  la.:  A  by-law- 
has  been  carried  favoring  the  construction 
of  a  waterworks  system.  Altamont  (Al- 
bany county),  N.  Y.:  The  question  of  wa- 
terworks has  been  taken  up,  and  it  is  pro- 
posed to  lay  six  miles  of  conduit  from 
Thompson's  Lake.  The  cost  of  the  works 
will  be  about$2o,O03.  Rudolph  Hering  of  New 
York;  who,  in  connection  with  City  Engineer 
Clapton,  made  a  survey  of  all  available  sour- 
ces for  increasing  the  water  supply  of  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  has  reported  that  works  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  10^500,000 gallons  of  water  can  be 
built  on  the  Chattahoochee,  witli  two  pump- 
ing stations,  at  a  cost  of  $1,035,58,  or  one 

pumping  station,  at  a  cost  of  $792,925.  

W  Davidson,  superintending  engineer  of  the 
Yan  Yean  Water-works,  who  was  recently 
permitted  by  the  \'ictoria  government  to 
visit  Brisbane  to  assist  the  Queensland  gov- 
ernment in  arriving  at  some  decision  as  to 
the  future  water  supply  of  that  city,  has  de- 
cided in  favor  of  what  is  known  locally  as  the 


Mount  Crosbie  scheme.    The  estimated  cost 

of  the  necessary  work  is  $215,000.  The 

final  test  of  the  water-works  system  just  com- 
pleted at  Delaware,  O.,  was  a  grand  success, 
streams  146  and  181  in  height  being  thrown. 
— Brown's  Valley,  Vuba  Co.,  Cal.:  irrigation 
bonds  amounting  to  §1 10,000  have  been  sold 
to  San  Francisco  bankers  at  ninety  cents  on 

the  §1.  -New  works  are  now  building  at 

Utica,  N.  Y.,  for  the  manufacture  of  cast-iron 
pipe;  they  arc  to  cost  §60,000. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Chambersburg,  I'a,:    At  a  recent  meet- 
ing of  the  council,  the  street  coniinitte  was 
instructed  to  have  <a  survey  made  and  esti- 
mates prepnired  for  a  nev/  sewer.  Flat 

bush,  N.  v.:  Is  to  have  additional  sewers. 

 .Akron,  O.:    Improvements  are  to  be 

made  to  the  city's  sewerage  system.  South 

Tonawonda,  N.Y.:  The  Plans  and  specifi- 
cations prepared  by  William  B.  Landreth,  of 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  have  been  adopted  and 
approved  by  State  Board  of  Health.  A 
special  election  was  held  on  the  22d  of  Oct., 
iSSg,  the  people  voting  to  raise  $126,000,  or 
such  sum  as  required  to  build  sewers  accord- 
ing to  plans  adopted.  La  Fayette,  Ind.: 

About  1500  feet  of  sewerage  is  to  be  con- 
structed this  season.  The  sewerage  works 
at  Farmington,  Mass.,  have  been  furnished. 

 Bemington,  \'t.,  is  to  have  a  new  system 

of  sewerage. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Property  owners  of  Leavenworth,  Kan., 
are  finding  a  great  deal  of  fault  with  the  con- 
tract prices  awarded  by  the  council  to  J'  M 
Mallory  for  laying  w-ooden  sidewalks.  A 
la^ge  number  of  such  walks  are  to  be  laid  and 
Mr.  Mallory  has  secured  the  contract  at  58 
cents  per  linear  foot  for  six  foot  walks  and 
40  for  four  foot  walks.  The  average  cash 
is  claimed,  is  35  cents  and  25  cents,  while  the 
actual  cost  is  said  to  be  but  30  cents  and  20 
cents,  respectively.  If  these  figures  are  cor- 
rect Mr.  Mallory  will  make  58  per  cent  profit 
on  the  six  foot  walks  and  100  per  cent  on  the 
others.  Many  of  the  property  owners  have 
preferred  to  put  down  their  own  walks  rather 
than  submit  to  this  extortionate  contract 

price.  Auburn,  N.  Y.:  Dr.  John  Gerinwill 

open  bids  December  i  st  for  a  saintary  survey 

of  the  City.  Toronto,  O.:  Bids  are  wanted 

for  furnishing  materials  and  constructing 

water  works.          Logansport,  Ind.:  J.  T. 

Obenchain,  chairman  water  works  trustees, 
opens  bids  Nov.  23  for  additional  pumping 
machinery  of  2,000,000  gallons  capacity  in  24 
hours-  Domestic  pressure  60  pounds'  fire 
pressure  100  pounds.  Pumping  plant  to  be 
run  by  water  power  supplyed  by  the  City. 
Also  for  furnishing  long  suction  pipe  24  in- 
ches diameter  and  supply  main  12  inches  di- 
ameter, each  about  400  feet  in  length  and  ly- 
ing the  same  across  Eel  River.  \'ictoria, 

B.  C:  Bids  will  be  received  on  behalf  of  the 
Kootenai  Velleys  Company  (Limited)  of  Lon- 
don, Eng.,  for  the  widening  of  the  Kootenai 
Lake  outlet,  near  Nelson,  B.  C.  by  the  re- 
moval of  loose  rock  and  boulders  above  low 


water  mark  by  means  of  travelling  derrick 

approximately  18,750 cubic  yards.  Detroit 

Mich.:  l'ro])osaIs  are  wamted  until  Dec.  21, 
for  lighting  the  city  for  i,  2  or  3  years  from 
July  I,  i8cp.  .Address  John  B.  Molony,  Con- 
troller. Pinevillc,    Ky.:    Proposals  are 

wanted  until  Dec.  2  for  the  construction  of  a 
country  highway  bridge  over  the  Cumber- 
land   River.  Boston,   Mass.:  Norcross 

Bros,  have  been  awarded  the  contract  for  the 
construction  ann  materials  for  the  new  State 

house,  for  §  622,000,  Akron,  Ohio.:  The 

Honkey  Lumber  Company  has  secured  tlie 
contract  for  building  the  Akron  Tool  Com- 

jiany's  new  works.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich,. 

X'incent  Bros  have  secured  the  contract  for 
constructing  a  1300  foot  bridge  over  the  Big 
Mainstee  river,  30  miles  north  of  Baldwin 

for  the  C.  &  W.  M.  railroad.  Chattanooga, 

Tenn.:  A  contract  has  been  let  to  the  Chat- 
tanooga City  Water  Company  to  erect  a 
stand-pipe  and  supply  historic  Lookout 
Mountain  with  3,000,000  gallons  of  water 
daily  from  the  Tennessee  river,  2100  feet 
below.  The  contract  is  to  be  comijletcd  by 
April  I,  and  the  cost  of  the  improvement  will 

be    §50,000.  .Andover,    Mass.:  George 

(ioodhue  of  Concord,  N.  II.,  awarded  con- 
tract for  furnishing  service  pipes  for  And- 

over  water-works.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  The 

Board  of  Public  Works  has  awarded  con- 
tracts for  new  public  improvements  as  fol- 
lows: Sewering  George  and  Bidwell  streets 
to  James  Forrestal  $3300;  grading  and  sewer- 
ings  Ikoadway  to  August  F.  Manke,  §842.50, 
Bids  for  grading  Hope  street  w  ere  opened 
but  the  award  was  postponed.  The  Roan- 
oke Gas  and  Water  Company,  Roanoke,  Va. 
wants  new  engine  boilers,  gas  appliances 

pipe,  fittings,  lamps,  lamp-posts.   Kyle, 

Texas.:  J.  ]\I.  Foster  will  receive  plans 
until  Dec.  10,  for  a  court-house  to  cost  §50,- 

000  to  $60,000.  Auburn,  N.  Y.:  Dr.  John 

Gcrin  will  open  bids  December  i  for  a  sani- 
tary survey  of  the  city.  Houston,  Texas,: 

Proposals  will  be  received  until  Dec.  i,  for 
constructing  an  iron  approach  to  bridge,  410 
feet  long,  with  roadway  16  feet  in  width. 
Address    George  C.  Sheldon,  Houghton, 

Mich,  Winchester,  N.  H.;  The  library 

building  committee  will  open  bids  Nov.  30, 
for  the  erection  of  the  Conant  library  build- 
ing. Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Chas.  M.  Grubb 

has  plans  and  contracts  for  the  erection  of  a 

factory  42x94  feet,  three  stories  high,  

Ogden,  Utah.:  Bids  were  opened  yesterday 
by  the  Bear  Lake  and  River  Water  Works 
and  Irrigation  Company,  for  the  excavation 
of  the  prairie  work  »f  the  Bear  River  Canal, 
east  branch,  including  fifty  miles  of  canal 
and  about  2,000,000  cubic  yards  of  material. 
New  Orleans,  La.:  Proposals  are  requested 
from  competent  persons  for  a  sanitary  sys- 
tem of  privies  and  the  best  method  of  re- 
moval of  fecal  matter.  Address  C.  P.  Wilk- 
inson, M.  D,,  President  Board  of  Health,  63 

Carondelet  street.  New   Orleans,  La.  

Winchester,  N.  H.:  The  building  committee 
of  the  Conant  library  will  receive  proposals 
until  Nov.  30  for  the  erection  of  the  new 
library  building.    Plans  and  specifications 


360 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[You  XV.  No.  .303 


can  be  seen  by  applyinfc  to  the  committee 
at  Winchester,  or  to  J.  M.  Currier  at  Spring- 
field, Mass.  Oil  City.  Pa.:  Proposals  are 

wanted  for  two  tanks  for  a  high  service 
water  sup])ly  on  Rich  Hill,  South  Oil  City. 
.A.bout  6,000  feet  of  8  inch  pipe  will  be  laid 
to  connect  with  pump-house.    Address  H. 

C.   Sweeny,   city  clerk.  Fort  Snelling, 

Minn.:  Harrison  &  Hawley  have  received  a 
contract  for  extending  the  water  works,  and 
for  a  system  of  sewerage. — —New  York  City.: 
The  aqueduct  commissioners  have  awarded 
the  contract  for  a  20-inch  pipe  in  the  incline 
of  section  A,  to  O'Brien  &  Clark,  at  $3,250. 
St.  Paul,  Minn.:  McMul'en  &  Morris  have 
been  awarded  the  contract  for  constructing 
the  Minnehaha  trunks  sewer,  7,200  feet  long 
at  Si  13,000. — —Brunswick,   Me.:  Sewerage 

system  plans  are  being  made.  Manton 

Village,  R.  I.:  Milliken  Bros.,  of  New  York, 
were  awarded  the  contract  for  an  iron 
bridge,  at  $3,403.83- 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Si.x  story  and  basement  brick  ware- 
house, 24x145  feet,  264  Clinton 
street,  S.  V.  Shipman,  architect..  .$  12,000 

Two  story  basement  brick  flats,  21  x 
49  feet,  334  Dudley  street,  Michael 
Knause   2,700 

Three  story  and  basement  brick 
stores,  flats  and  theatre,  246x151, 
1906-34  State  street,  A.  J.  Cooper. 
Architect,  G.  O.  Garnscy   135,000 

Two  story  and  cellar  brick  flats,  22.\ 
56  feet,  793  Dickson^'  street.  A,  . 
Dobozyuski   4,000 

One  story  and  basement  cooper  shop 
23x120  feet,  2949  Deering  street, 
James  Ralph   2,000 

Two  story  brick  factory,  16x100  feet, 

1-3  Dix  street,  J.  .Shurlock   4,000 

Two  story  and  basement  brick  store 
and  flats,  1026  West  Twenty-sec- 
ond street,  Peter  P.ruck   4,000 

Two  story  and  basement  brick 
dwellings,  38x72  feet,  3203-5  South 
Park  avenue,  W\  H.  Pruguc   16,000 

Two  story  store  and  dwelling,  22x45 
feet,  750  West  Rockwell  street, 
Nora  Myers   4,000 

Three  story  and  cellar  .store  and 
flats,  22V4I  feet,  64  Twcnty-lifih 
street,  Jacob  Spcnglcr   5,000 

Four  two  story  and  cellar  basement 
brick  dwellings,  23-9  Greenwood 
avenue.  Freeman  Campbell   4,000 

Two  story  brick  shop  and  dwelling, 
24x80  feet,  1800  West  Twenty- 
second  street,  F.  W.  Schaeffer. . .  4,000 

Two  story  dwelling,  Graceland  and 
Sheldon  street,  J.  W.  Roedeger.. .  1,900 


MsL.  C.  ^ZOSBURGH  TV^FG  GO  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBINATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITTINGS. 


All  of  our  owD  superior  make. 


oi3:ic-A.a-o. 

We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
customers  to  us. 


BEST  GOODS. 

LRRGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PaICES. 

Orders  Cakefully  Filled 


JOSEPH  JEFFERSON. 


"THE  CENTURY  MAGAZINE"  IN  189O— 
JOSEI'H  JEFFERSON'S  AUTOIilO- 
GKArilV — NOVELS  liV  FRANK 
R.  STOCKTON,  AMELIA  E. 
IJARR,  AND  OTHERS — 
A  CAPITA L  I'RO- 
CRAMME. 

During  i8qo  T//c  Century  Mac;azinc 
(whose  recent  successes  have  included  the 
famous  "War  Papers,"  the  Lincoln  History 
and  George  Kennan's  scries  on  "Siberia  and 
the  Exile  .System")  will  pul)]ish  the  lonfj- 
looked-for  Autobiography  of  Joseph  Jeffer- 
son, whose  "Rip  van  Winkle"  has  made  his 
name  a  household  word.  No  more  interesting 
record  of  a  life  apon  the  stage  could  be  laid 
before  the  public.  Mr  Jefferson  is  the  fourth 
in  a  generation  of  actors,  and,  with  his  chil- 
dren and  grandchildren,  there  are  six  gen- 
erations of  actors  among  the  Jeffcrsons.  His 
story  of  the  early  days  of  the  American 
stage,  when,  as  a  boy,  traveling  in  his  father's 
company,  they  would  settle  down  for  a 
season  in  a  Western  town,  playing  in  their 


own  extemporized  theater, — the  particulars 
of  the  creation  of  his  famous  "Rip  van 
Winkle,"  how  he  acted  "Ticket-of-Leave 
Man"  before  an  audience  of  that  class  in  Aus- 
tralia, etc., — all  this,  enriched  with  illustra- 
tions and  portraits  of  contemporary  actors 
and  actresses,  and  with  ant  cdotes,  will  form 
one  of  the  most  dclighful  serials  The  Century 
has  ever  printed. 

Amelia  E.  Barr,  Frank  R.  Stockton,  Mark 
Twain,  II.  H.  Boyesen,  and  many  other  well- 
known  writers  will  furnish  the  fiction  for  the 
new  volume,  which  is  to  be  unusually  strong, 
including  several  novels,  illustrated  novel- 
ettes,and  short  stories.  "The  Women  of  the 
French  Salons"  are  to  be  described  in  a  bril- 
liant series  of  illustrated  papers.  The  im- 
portant discoveries  made  with  the  great  Lick 
Telescope  at  San  Francisco  (the  largest  tel- 
escope in  the  world)  and  the  latest  explora- 
tions relating  to  prehistoric  America  (in- 
cluding the  famous  Serpent  Mound,  of  Ohio 
are  to  chronicled  in  The  Century. 

Prof.  George, P-  Fisher  of  Yale  University 
is  to  write  a  series  on  "The  Nature  and 
Method  of  Revelation,"  which  will  attract 
every  Bible  student.  Bishop  Potter  of  New 
York  will  be  one  of  several  prominent  writ- 
ers who  are  to  contribute  a  series  of  "Present- 
day  Papers"  on  living  topics,  and  there  will 
be  art  papers,  timelv  articles,  etc.,  etc.,  and 
the  choicest  pictures  that  the  greatest  artists 
and  engravers  can  produce. 

Every  bookseller,  postmaster,  and  sub- 
scription agent  takes  subscriptions  to  The 
Cenfufy  i%\.oo  a  year),  or  remittance  mav  be 
made  directlv  to  the  publishers,  The  Cen- 
tury Co.,  of  N  w  York.  Begin  new  sub- 
scriptions with  November  (the  first  issue  of 
the  vohmie)  and  get  Mark  Twain's  story,  "A 
Connecticut  Yankee  in  King  Arthur's  Court," 
n  that  number. 


F.  B.  Townsend  has  made  plans  for  seven 
two  story  dwellings  for  F.  W.  Campbell,  on 
Champlain  avenue  near  Forty-third  street. 
Three  will  be  of  stone,  two  of  stone  and 
brick  and  the  other  two  of  stone,  brick  and 
slate. 


NOV  30,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


301 


The  Sanitary  News 


PUBLISHED  ETVERT  WEEK 
Mo.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  Chlcatfo. 


Thomas  Hudson,  - 

-        -        -  PUBMSHER, 

Henry  R.  Ai.i.en, 

London  Agent. 

Entered  as  second-claBs 

matter  at  Chicago  Postoffice 

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tered letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

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Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
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Finsbury  Square,  E  C. 

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the  first  issue,  are  still  left.  The  price  of  theseis  S?-00 
a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  $3,011. 
The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects. 


CHICAGO,  NOV.  30,  1889. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics.  361 

Purification  of  Water  for  Household  Purposes  302 

The  Gas  Jet    -  -  3t5t 

Starving  the  Teeth   394 

Ohio  Sanitarians    -------  364 

Prevention  of  Consumption  -      -      -      -  366 

St.  Nicholas   872 

BOILDINO  — 

American  Institute  of  Architects       -      -      .  3B7 

Among  the  Architects  ------  367 

Plumbing— 

Technical  Education     ------  3d8 

Plumbers  for  Inspectors  -      -      -      -  368 

A  Master  Plumbers  Entertainment   -      -      -  369 

Among  the  Plumbers.  3^9 

Contracting  News— 

H  iatiag  and  Lighting.    -----  370 

Where  Na^f  Work  will  be  Done,     -      -      .  370 

Water  Works  Notes.       -       ■      -      .      .  371 

Sewerage  Notes.        ------  372 

Building  Permits.     .      ,      .      ,      ,      .  372 


I  Fkoprietary  medicines  in  France,  be- 
fore it  can  be  offered  for  sale,  must  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  committee  of  the  Academie  dc 
Medicine,  which  examines  the  medicine  and 
condemns  or  approves  it,  and  fixes  the 
liij(hcst  price  at  which  it  can  be  sold.  To 
this  committee  is  submitted  the  formula  and 
the  process  by  which  the  medicine  is  com- 
pounded, and  each  preparation  is  subject 
to  a  careful  scrutiny.  Iri  this  way  the  peo- 
ple are  protected  from  vicious  compounds 
that  fill  the  system  full  of  poison.  The 
people  can  buy  only  that  which  is  recom- 
mended, and  purchase  that  at  what  the 
committee  deems  a  fair  price.  In  this 
country  we  legalize  patent  medicines  by 
taxing  them. 


A  CASE  in  plumbing  in  New  York  re- 
cently discovered  discloses  conditions  that 
impress  two  important  points  with  consid- 
erable emphasis.  The  case  is  that  of  a 
"Jerry  builder"  in  the  construction  of  a 
row  of  houses.  The  cellars  of  these  houses 
had  to  be  blasted  out  of  solid  rock,  at  con- 
siderable expense.  To  connect  the  house 
drainage  with  the  street  sewer  called  for  an 
additional  expense  of  $300  for  each  build- 
ing. But  to  save  this  expense  of  blasting 
to  make  the  required  connections,  the  con- 
tractor ran  the  waste-pipe  from  each  house 
down  under  the  cellar  floor  and  back  under 
the  yard  to  a  point  beyond  the  fence  line 
where  the  mouth  of  the  pipe  was  hidden 
under  a  pile  of  broken  rocks  which  was 
said  to  be  there  for  the  fence  foundation, 
and  thus  in  the  one  item  $2000  were 
saved.  The  scoundrelism  was  not  discov- 
ered until  the  health  department  began  to 
investigate  the  cause  of  so  much  sickness 
in  that  row,  when  this  high-handed  outrage 
was  discovered.  This  impresses  two  lessons: 
One  is  that  plumbers  should  be  chosen  for 
the  inspection  of  plumbing,  and  the  other 
is,  that  bad  plumbing  does  cause  sickness. 
These  lessons  are  important  enough  to  be 
dwelt  upon  by  civil  and  health  authorities 
in  a  very  serious  manner.  There  is  no  ex- 
cuse whatever  to  wait  till  disease  prostrates 
a  family  before  the  discovery  of  deficient 
plumbing  is  made.  As  a  general  thing,  the 
building  and  plumbing  regulations  of  our 
cities  are  such  that  the  authorities  can  point 
to  no  manner  of  excuse  for  such  work.  It  is 
not  impossible  to  obtain  efficient  inspectors. 
It  is  not  impossible  to  enforce  the  laws,  and 
when  we  find  such  glaring  violations  of 
them,  we  can  with  reasonable  assurance 
look  to  some  officer  for  the  cause. 


The  S.A.NITARY  News  has  at  different 
times  alluded  to  the  education  of  sanitary 
engineers,  and  called  attention  to  a  want  of 
proper  information  on  the  part  of  this  class  of 
engineers  in  matters  relating  to  house  con- 
struction and  its  kindred  interests.  Sanitary 
science  has,  in  the  last  few  years,  made  such 
rapid  strides  that  it  has  left  to  the  popular 
mind  no  doubt  of  its  usefulness  and  perpet- 
uity. With  the  impressions  it  has  made 
upon  the  people  there  has  come  a  demand 


for  its  services,  relating  to  everything  that 
touches  life  and  effects  health.  The  demand 
reaches  very  properly,  sanitary  engineers 
and  calls  from  them  inteligent  effort. 
This  has  been  recognized  by  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  which 
has  made  arrangements  for  the  instructions 
of  classes  in  sanitary  engineering.  The 
present  first-year  class  is  eligible  to  the  de- 
partment. The  civil  engineering  course  is 
followed,  but  there  are  subjects  of  that 
course  omitted  such  as  railroads  and  bridges, 
mechanical  engineering,  machinery  and 
motors,  astronomy,  etc.,  which  will  give 
sufficient  time  for  the  study  of  chemistry 
and  biology.  It  is  the  aim  of  the  institute 
to  give  such  instructions,  in  these  branches 
as  to  enable  the  student  to  comprehend 
them  in  relation  to  sanitation  andco-operate 
with  the  sanitary  chemist  and  sanitary  bi- 
ologist in  professional  service.  Classes  in 
this  department  are  required  to  take  the 
course  in  sanitary  and  hydraulic  engineer- 
ing in  full,  and  in  the  fourth  year  they 
receive  instruction  in  heating  and  ventila- 
tion. From  circulars  received,  there  seems 
to  be  no  doubt  that  the  course  will  be  made 
complete  and  sufficiently  extensive  to  fit 
the  graduate  for  the  important  duties  con- 
nected with  this  profession. 


A  London  exchange  makes  the  following 
comments  in  regard  to  one  of  our  states 
which  applies  to  the  others:  "The  Ameri- 
cans are  remarkable  for  what  is  vulgarly 
termed  'gas,'  and  we  do  not  wonder  that  in 
Indiana  they  have  discovered  a  gas  well. 
Well  and  good,  but  the  strangest  part  of 
the  discovery  is  that  the  gas  only  comes 
out  when  the  wind  is  in  the  south.  This  is 
what  American  scribes  ask  us  to  believe  I 
Under  the  fertile  soil  of  the  States  there 
seems  every  commodity  required  by  hu- 
manity already  manufactured.  Oil,  gas, 
hot  water,  and  a  host  of  other  things  have 
been  found.  Soon  they  will  be  able  to  draw 
Scotch  and  soda  or  gin  sling  from  the  bow- 
els of  the  earth."  If  our  contemporary  were 
to  visit  among  the  hills  of  West  Virginia 
and  portions  of  other  states,  and  find  a  cer- 
tain exhilarating  drink  called  "moonshine," 
probably  distilled  from  moonbeams,  he 
would  be  more  in  love  with  the  country  than 
at  present  even  with  the  vision  of  Scotch 
and  soda  and  gin  sling  before  him. 


A  SOCIETY,  under  the  name  of  the  Engin- 
eering Association  of  the  South  west,  has 
recently  been  organized  with  headquarters 
in  Nashville,  Tennessee,  which  proposes  to 
unite  the  architects,  engineers,  and  other 
persons  interested  in  construction  in  the 
Southwest.  The  society  has  fitted  up 
pleasant  rooms  in  Nashville,  but  the  inten- 
tion is  to  hold  meetings  in  different  cities  at 
stated  periods  where  discussions  of  matters 
of  interest  will  be  indulged  in.  Among  the 
inducements  to  those  who  wish  to  become 
members  living  at  a  distance,  the  constitu- 
tion provides  for  a  letter  ballot  and  makes 
the  dews  of  members  living  at  a  distance 


362 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


(ToL.  XV.  No.  3(M'. 


lower  than  those  residing  in  Nashville. 
Such  associations  exist  successfully  in 
Switzerland  and  Germany  and  there  is  no 
reason  why  the  same  should  not  obtain  in 
this  country. 

Although  work  on  the  Nicaragua  Canal 
was  actually  begun  in  June  last,  it  was 
formally  opened  the  22nd  inst.  There  were 
present  Governor  Ireneo  Delgodillo,  of 
Nicaragua,  and  staff,  Chief  Engineer  A.  G. 
Menocal  and  staff  representing  the  company 
having  its  headquarters  in  New  York,  and 
others.  When  the  signal  was  given  to  begin 
work  amid  the  booming  of  cannon  and 
merrymaking,  the  crowd  took  the  laborers' 
tools,  and  each  one  present  moved  a  portion 
of  the  earth.  The  first  wheelbarrow  load 
was  moved  by  Mrs.  F.  A.  Perez,  wife  of  the 
resident  engineer. 


PURIFICATION     OF     WATER  FOR 
HOUSEHOLD  PURPOSES. 
From  a  sanitary  point,  says  a  writer  in  the 
London  Decorators'  Gazette  and  Plumbers 
and  Gashtters'  Review,  of  view  there  is  no 
science  ofgreater  importance  than  hydrology. 
Water  constitutes  about  three-fourths  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth  and  the  greater  part  of 
the  bodies  of  men  and  animals. 
Water  is  the  second  great  necessity  for  the 
maintenance  of  life,  it  having  been  estimated 
that  man  can  live  without  air  from  two  to 
ten  minutes,  without  water  from  three  to 
four  days. 

Water  is  also  the  universal  solvent,  and 
is  added  to  in  its  course  sea-ward,  and  also 
greatly  added  to  in  its  course  to  lakes,  ponds, 
wells,  and  springs,  by  any  class  of  min- 
eral substance,  organic,  vegetable  or  animal 
matter,  in  fact,  anything  soluble  which  may 
be  upon  the  surface  which  it  drains,  or  in  the 
soil  through  which  it  percolates.  M.  Levy, 
in  his  treatise  on  public  and  private  hygiene, 
says:  "Man  in  particular  is  subject  to  the 
influence  of  waters  in  various  ways: 

"1st.  Water  impresses  special  qualities 
on  the  products  of  the  vegetable  and  ani- 
mal kingdons;  they  modify  consecutively 
his  nouiishnient,  and  consequently  his 
nourishing  fluids. 

"2nd.  Taken  in  the  form  of  drink  they 
pass  directly  to  the  liquid  mass  of  his  organi- 
sation. 

"3rd.  Diffused  in  the  air  in  the  form  of 
vapor,  they  are  in  contract  with  the  surface 
of  his  body,  thus  acting  on  the  cutaneous 
and  plunionary  absorption, 

"  In  all  these  ways  they  establish  be- 
tween the  soil  and  him  a  circulation  which 
is  never  interrupted.  The  greater  part  of 
water  taken  into  the  system  necessarily 
comes  under  the  head  of  household  supplies." 

Before  considering  the  jjurification  of 
water,  it  is  necessary  to  investigate  the 
means  whereby  it  is  seriously  contaminated 
and  thus  find  out  what  we  desire  to  get  rid 
of,  and  what  natural  and  artificial  agents  we 
may  make  use  of  to  secure  a  safe  and  whole- 
some supply. 

The  comparative  purity  of  water  is  as  fol- 
lows:    Rain  water   if    collected    in  the 


country  after  long  continued  rains  is  the 
'  purest  natural  water.  Next  in  purity  to  rain 
water  is  river  water — followed  in  succession 
by  the  water  of  lakes,  ponds,  ordinary  springs 
and  mineral  springs. 

This  rating  is  from  a  chemical  point  of 
view,  and  the  water  is  considered  as  com- 
paratively pure  or  impure  according  to  the 
quantity  of  mineral  matter  it  holds  in  solu- 
tion. Sickness,  however,  which  is  caused  by 
certain  excess  of  mineral  substances,  does 
not  appear  to  be  very  general;  hence  from  a 
sanitary  stand  point  we  consider  the  quan- 
tity of  organic  matter  and  weigh  the  certain- 
ties and  chances  of  contamination  against 
the  certainties  of  purification. 

Rainwater  although  the  purest,  has  from  its 
very  purity  greater  solvent  powers,  and  is 
therefore  more  easily  contaminated  than 
any  other  natural  water.  In  cities  it  is  al- 
most certain  to  be  contanminated,  and,  un- 
der existing  conditions  of  filthy  soil  and  foul 
vapors,  could  not  be  made  a  water  supply 
to  any  practical  extent. 

River  water,  ranking  second  to  rain  water 
in  purity  is  less  fitted  for  drinking  than  some 
spring  water,  for  although  containing  a 
smaller  amount  of  dissolved  salts  it  con- 
tains much  more  of  organic  matter  of  vege- 
table origin,  and  often  receives  the  sewage 
of  the  cities  situated  on  its  banks;  which, 
without  doubt,  is  the  most  serious  form  of 
contamination.  The  waters  of  lakes  form  a 
medium  between  source  water  and  river 
water,  but  for  the  most  part  they  assume  in 
different  degrees,  the  character  of  stagnant 
water.  Their  contamination  would  result 
also  from  vegetable  and  animal  matters, 
which  they  receive  from  the  vegetation  on 
their  shores  and  from  sewage.  Every  inves- 
tigation into  this  subject  by  scientists,  con- 
firms that  the  most  dangerous  contami- 
nation of  water  is  decomposing  organic 
matter,  and  particuliarly  putrefying  excre- 
ment. The  result  of  water  polluted  in  this 
way  is  seen  in  the  developement  of  fatal 
diarrhcea,  dysentery,  fevers  and  maligant 
cholera. 

This  organic  matter  is  then  what  we  have 
most  to  fear.  Taking  river  water  as  an  ex- 
am()le,  we  will  weigh  the  contamination 
against  the  natural  purifying  agents  which 
are  in  constant  action.  It  may  be  well  to 
repeat  that  river  water  is  affected  by  the 
character  of  the  soil  through  which  it  flows, 
the  organic  matter  which  it  receives  from 
the  vegetable  growths  along  its  banks,  and 
the  dejections  which  contaminate  it  in  its 
course  by  the  centres  of  population,  and  also 
the  waste  from  various  boats  which  ply  its 
surface.  On  the  other  hand  the  conditions 
which  maintain  the  salubrity  of  rivers  are, 
the  mass  of  liquid,  the  swiftness  of  their  cur- 
rents, the  degree  of  agitation  which  they 
receive  from  the  formation  of  their  beds, 
their  aerage  and  their  isolation.  These 
natural  agents  have  the  same  effect  on  other 
waters  in  proportion  as  these  conditions  are 
fulfilled. 

On  the  subject  of  natural  purification  we 
have  this  conclusion  from  undoubted 
authority.    David  A.  Wells,  A.  M.,  says: 


"Water,  however,  which  is  contaminatedl 
with  animal  and  vegetable  matter,  is  en- 
dowed with  a  self-purifying  power  of  the: 
utmost  importance.  The  action  of  the 
oxygen  of  the  air  generates  a  species  of. 
fermentation,  whereby  the  organic  matters^ 
contained  in  the  water  become  oxidated,, 
deprived  of  both  odor  and  color  and  are: 
precipitated  in  part  as  sediment."  And', 
still  more  pointed  the  following  which  is. 
quoted  from  J.  Dorman  Steele,  Ph.  D:  "Hap- 
pily, running  water  has  in  itself  a  certain 
purifying  power,  owing  to  the  air  which  it 
holds  in  solution;  so  that,  paradoxical  as  it 
may  seem,  organic  substances  are  burned' 
in  it  as  certainly  as  they  would  be  in  a  stove. 
Still,  in  order  to  avoid  any  danger,  river 
water  should  be  filtered  through  charcoal  or 
sand.before  using." 

In  the  case  of  large  swift  rivers  we  have 
all  of  the  natural  purifying  agents  in  action 
but  that  of  filtration.  This,  however,  may 
be  artificially  done,  and  to  be  generally  ef- 
fective, should  be  accomplished  at  the  ren- 
dezvous of  supply.  When  necessary  this 
may  be,  in  turn,  followed  by  filtration  in 
the  household.  Weighing  this  subject  in 
an  unbiased  state  of  mind,  it  would  seem 
impossible,  when  these  conditions  are  ful- 
filled, to  reach  any  other  conclusion  than  in; 
favor  of  the  comparative  purity  of  river 
water.  These  conditions,  however,  must  be 
examined  without  the  least  prejudice  what- 
ever, for  the  health  and  life  of  individuals 
and  communities  are  of  too  great|import  to  be 
made  subject  to  preconceived  ideas  and! 
hobbies. 

The  material  which  is  most  used  for  filters 
on  a  large  scale  is  sand.  Their  construction 
must  be  such  that  a  large  quantity  of  water 
may  be  constantly  filtering  and  that  cleans- 
ing will  be  as  easy  and  thorough  as  possible. 
Such  filters  are  constructed  with  water-tight 
basins,  perhaps  ten  feet  or  more  in  depth. 
The  sides  built  perpendicularly  of  masonry, 
and  the  bottom  made  of  concrete  or  paved 
and  cemented.  Their  area  varies,  of  course, 
according  to  requirements. 

In  building  up  this  filter  bed,  drains  are 
laid  to  collect  the  water.  These  arc  con- 
structed of  brick  or  stone  and  arc  laid  dry. 
Over  this  is  placed  a  layer  of  broken  stones 
of  three  or  four  inches  in  diameter,  then 
comes  a  layer  of  coarse  gravel  of  an  even 
size,  which  is  succeeded  by  layers  of  smaller 
gravel,  coarse  and  fine  sand.  The  water 
stands  several  feet  over  this  sand  and  is  al- 
lowed to  flow  down  at  a  rate  which  is  most 
suitable.  These  filters  may  he  cleaned  by 
allowing  the  water  to  drain  below  the  sur- 
face, which  is  then  scraped  off;  and,  in  or- 
dinary cases,  do  not  need  cleansing  oftener 
than  once  or  twice  a  month. 

The  chief  effect  jiroduced  upon  water  by 
a  sand  filter  is  to  rid  it  of  sediment  which  is 
suspended  in  it,  and  some  claim  that  they 
have  a  more  extended  power,  and  remove  to 
a  great  extent  the  organic  matter  which  is 
in  solution  in  the  water.  This,  it  is  claimed, 
is  effected  in  two  ways,  by  adhesion  through 
attraction  of  these  substances  to  the  minute 
grains  of  sand  and  by  oxidation,  which  is  ac- 


Nov.  80,  1888] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


soy 


complished  by  the  air  which  is  held  between 
the  particles  of  sandy  gravel  and  stone. 

The  success  of  this  method  is  determined 
by  the  depth  of  the  filtering  medium  and 
the  frequency  of  cleansing.  Prof.  Wm 
Ripley  Nichols  says:  "  If  a  sand  filter  re- 
moves all  suspended  matter  without  allow- 
ing the  matter  at  first  removed  to  contamin- 
ate by  its  decay  the  water  filtered  subse- 
quently, it  may  be  regarded  as  successful." 

For  houshold  use  there  is  almost  an  un- 
limited number  of  filters  in  which  various 
mediums  are  used;  some  of  these  are  porous 
stone,  sand,  bricks,  spongy  iron,  vegetable 
and  animal  charcoal,  sponges,  unglazed 
learthenware,  felts,  etc. 

Those  which  are  applied  to  faucets  are 
'open  to  the  objection  that  the  filtering  me- 
dium is  necessarily  small  and  therefore 
more  easily  clogged,  and  are  apt  to  be  left 
on  too  long  without  cleansing  or  discarded 
altogether. 

The  most  reliable  medium  for  a  filter  is 
animal  charcoal.  This,  it  is  said,  removes 
organic  matter  to  a  greater  extent  than  any 
other  known  substance. 

A  filter  constructed  to  have  a  good  quan- 
tity of  animal  charcoal  would  be  best  and 
its  convenience  increased,  if  it  could  be 
placed  on  the  line  of  supply  without  being 
on  the  faucet.  The  best  filter  of  this  des- 
.cription  is  one  of  English  manufacture,  and 
is  on  the  order  of  a  flushing  tank  with  the 
filter  inverted  inside.  A  portable  one, 
which  is  at  once  cheap,  simple  and  practical, 
is  Dr.  Parkes'  Cottage  filter,  which  is  made 
in  this  way:  "Get  a  common  earthenware 
flower-pot,  and  cover  the  hole  with  a  bit  of 
zinc  wire-gauze,  or  of  clean  washed  flannel 
which  requires  changing  from  time  to  time; 
then  put  into  the  pot  about  three  inches  of 
gravel,  and  above  that  the  same  depth  of 
white  sand  washed  very  clean.  Four  inches 
of  animal  charcoal  (covered  with  a  thin  stra- 
tum of  coarse  gravel,  or  with  a  piece  of  slate 
to  keep  it  in  place)  constitute  the  last  layer, 
and  the  water  should  be  poured  in  at  the  top 
and  be  received  from  the  hole  at  the  bottom 
into  a  large  glass  bottle.  The  charcoal  will, 
from  time  to  time  become  clogged,  and  must 
then  be  cleaned  by  heating  over  the  fire  in 
a  shovel.  The  sand  or  gravel  should  also  be 
cleaned  or  renewed  from  time  to  time." 

Chemicals  as  here  applied  to  water,  are 
used  for  the  detection  of  organic  matter, 
for  softening  and  precipitation.  A  good  test 
of  the  presence  of  organic  matter  is  a  weak 
solution  of  permanganate  of  potash.  This 
is  highly  colored,  and  is  added  in  propor- 
tions sufficient  to  render  the  water  pink.  If 
organic  matter  is  present  the  permanganate 
will  be  decomposed  (and  decolorized)  until 
the  organic  matter  is  oxidized.  By  the  de- 
composition of  the  permanganate  there  is 
formed  an  oxide  of  manganese,  which  may 
be  removed  by  filtration.  Prof.  Wm.  R. 
Nichols  says  in  regard  to  the  permanganate, 
that  "  it  acts  readily  upon  organic  matter  in 
a  certain  stage  of  decay,  and  destroy  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  and  other  offensive 
gases.  Some  organic  substances,  however, 
are  not  affected  by  it,  and  there  is  no  secur- 


ity that  a  dangerous  water  can  be  made 
safe  by  its  use."  Water  which  is  full  of  sus- 
pended substances  may  be  treated  with  alum, 
but  its  action  will  depend  ujjon  carbonate  of 
lime,  with  which  it  will  form  sulphate  of 
lime  and  a  hydrate  of  alumina,  while  car- 
bonic acid  is  set  free.  The  hydrate  of  al- 
umina will  settle  and  carry  the  suspended 
matter  with  it. 

Another  method  which  could  be  used  on 
a  large  scale  is  to  add  first  perchloride  of 
iron  and  then  carbonate  of  soda.  The  pre- 
cipitate wi'l  be  hydrate  of  iron,  and  it  drags 
down  the  suspended  substances  and  a  small 
portion  of  the  organic  matter. 

The  most  available  method  of  detecting 
organic  matter  is  by  taking  a  clean  bottle, 
two-thirds  full  of  the  water  to  be  tested,  cork 
it  securely  and  let  stand  about  twenty-four 
hours.  If,  on  removing  the  stopper,  a  bad 
smell  is  detected  the  water  is  sure  to  contain 
a  large  amount  of  organic  matter.  The 
most  simple  way  to  get  rid  of,  or  render 
harmless,  this  organic  matter  is  to  boil  the 
water.  There  are  several  ways  to  soften 
hard  water,  some  of  which  are  put  in  use 
almost  daily,  for  instance,  the  addition  of 
common  washing  soda,  and  by  boiling. 
There  is  also  Clarke's  method  by  which  large 
quantities  of  water  may  be  softened. 

Wells  and  springs  in  the  country  will  un- 
doubtedly furnish  the  most  reliable  and 
healthful  supply  of  water,  provided  privies 
and  barnyards  are  kept  at  a  safe  distance 
away,  and  situated  so  that  drainage  will  be 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  the  source  of 
water  supply.  If  proper  care  is  exercised 
to  prevent  contamination  there  will  be  no 
need  of  artificial  appliances  for  purification. 
It  would  be  well,  however,  to  test  the  water 
occasinoally,  although  its  surroundings  may 
be  the  most  favorable,  and  if  there  is  any 
trace  of  impurity  the  greatest  care  exercised 
ir  regard  to  filtration  until  a  more  minute 
test  may  be  made  by  a  competent  chemist. 
If  the  water  is  then  found  to  be  seriously 
contaminated,  it  would  be  in  order  to  get  a 
safer  supply. 

Well-water  is  often  used  in  cities  for  the 
free  supply  of  that  class  of  people  who  can- 
not avail  themselves  of  the  general  supply; 
and  also  for  the  accommodation  of  "  the 
stranger  who  is  within  their  gates."  May 
sanitarians  deliver  them  from  such  question- 
able hospitality!  Much  of  the  filth  which 
is  suspended  in  the  soil  of  our  cities  and 
towns  has  been  a  heritage  to  the  present 
generation,  and  along  with  it  an  invention  to 
maintain  this  filthy  condition.  Water  fil- 
tered through  pure,  clean  earth  mould, 
doubtless,  parts  with  a  good  amount  of  im- 
purity, but  water  filtered  through  soil  which 
is  clotted  with  the  filth  of  human  excreta 
could  not,  in  reason,  be  expected  to  be  pure. 
And  that  it  is  not  fitted  for  the  use  of  man, 
has  been  practically  demonstrated  by  the 
frequent  illness  and  the  almost  innumerable 
deaths  which  have  been  traced  to  these 
foul  waters  as  their  cause. 

The  typhoid  fever  which  has  swept  over 
our  country  in  the  past  two  years,  and  which 
has  reaped  almost  as  great  a  harvest  as  an 


epidemic  of  cholera,  has  been,  or  could  be, 
traced  in  nearly  every  case  to  water  or  air 
polluted  by  human  filth.  Enough  has  been 
said  and  written  heretofore  for  all  to  know 
that  the  contamination  of  well-water  in 
cities  is  caused  for  the  greater  part  by  or- 
ganic matter,  which  is  most  dangerous  to 
human  life.  With  the  knowledge  of  this 
fact,  authorities  permit  privy  vaults  to  be 
dug,  and  themselves  construct  public  wells 
which  are  in  dangerous  proximity  to  these 
vaults,  and  as  if  this  were  not  enough,  the 
well  will  almost  invariably  be  dug  where 
gutters  are  built,  nearly  or  directly  over 
them,  thus  receiving  organic  matter  and 
filth  of  all  kinds  in  death-dealing  quantities. 

It  is  surprising  that  there  is  so  little  inter- 
est manifested  on  this  subject  among  the 
masses  who  depend  upon  a  free  water  sup- 
ply in  our  cities.  That  many  should  be  ig- 
norant of  the  condition  of  this  water  is  more 
surprising,  for  when  an  epidemic  of  cholera 
is  imminent  our  daily  papers  are  nearly  as 
full  of  microbes  and  bacilli  as  are  these 
wells.  What  we  need  here  is  an  "  acuter 
sense  among  individuals  generally  of  their 
common  rights  and  common  powers  in  san- 
itary matters." 

Now  what  can  be  done  to  purify  such  wa- 
ter for  household  purposes?  The  soil 
through  which  this  water  is  compelled  to 
drain  only  changes  it  from  bad  to  worse.  It 
is  not  exposed  to  the  circulation  of  the  air, 
is  agitated  very  little,  and  is  never  reached 
by  sunlight.  Summing  this  up  we  find  that 
contamination  is  certain,  and  purification  by 
natural  agents  impossible.  If  this  water 
could  be  filtered  and  re-filtered,  there  would 
be  a  chance  only  of  purification. 

And,  again,  if  each  household  (using  the 
well-water)  were  furnished  with  a  filter,  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  it  would  be  voted  a 
nuisance,  and  the  water  used  straight,  wig- 
gles and  all. 

There  is  one  other  way  to  treat  this  water 
to  render  it  harmless.  This  being  the  best 
way,  it  has  been  reserved  to  the  last,  with 
the  sincere  hope  that  it  will  not  be  forgotten. 
The  best  sanitarians  recommend  it,  and  ex- 
perience confirms  its  merits.  In  fact,  it  is 
the  only  thoroughly  safe  way  to  escape  dan- 
ger from  polluted  well-water.  Here  is  the 
way  in  its  simple  completeness.  Don't  use 
it ! 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  reach  with  sew- 
ers and  practical  fixtures  the  premises  of 
all  the  inhabitants  of  cities  built  up  as  many 
of  ours  are,  and  even  if  it  were  practicable 
in  this  way  to  stop  any  further  contamina- 
tion of  the  soil,  there  is  filth  enough  already 
in  it  to  carry  zymotic  diseases  far  into  the 
next  century. 

The  health  of  our  people  demands  a  more 
timely  remedy,  which,  it  is  evident,  must  be 
a  supply  of  the  best  water  procurable 
through  safer  media  than  wells. 

Wherever  it  is  in  your  power  urge  that 
such  wells,  at  least  to  which  sickness  has 
been  traced,  be  substituted  by  hydrants  or 
whatever  media  shall  prove  best  in  your 
locality.  For  the  masses  the  purification  of 
water  for  household  purposes  can  only  be 


364 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


accomplished  throiii^h  proper  sanitary  regu-  that  the  brand  which 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  3(M 


la  t  ions. 

Though  apparently  not  under  this  subject, 
this  is  the  "  ounce  of  prevention"  without 
which  all  other  efforts  would  only  serve  to 
mark  the  different  degrees  of  failure. 

The  importance  of  a  pure  water  supply 
cannot  be  over-estimated.  The  peoj)le  must 
decide  whether  that,  which  constitutes  the 
greater  part  of  their  bodies,  shall  be  pure 
or  impure.  To  the  citizens  of  every  city, 
town  and  hamlet  yet  unbuilt  we  sound  this 
note  of  warning:  Keep  your  water  supply 
pure !  Our  share  of  happiness  would  be 
full  if  we  had  the  assurance  that  the  warn 
ing  note  we  start  to-day  would  resound 
throughout  this  great  land  to-morrow,  across 
whose  hills  and  valleys  generations  yet  un- 
born must  come  and  go. 

The  very  health,  happiness  and  prosperity 
of  the  people,  who  shall  have'  pure  water 
supplies,  with  the  accompanying  sanitary 
laws,  which  are  laws  of  purity,  would  be  suf- 
ficient reward,  though  our  names  perish  and 
our  efforts  to-day  as  master  plumbers  shall 
have  merged  into  the  swelling  tide  of  san- 
itary progress. 


THE  GAS  JET. 
Gas  jets  may  be  made  important  auxiliar- 
ies to  ventilation.  Inserted  in  the  bottom  of 
air  shafts,  they  establish  active  currents 
which  withdraw  the  vitiated  air,  and  may  be 
made  especially  useful  on  occasions  when 
apartments  are  unusually  crowded.  It  has 
been  proved  by  experiment  that  one  cubic 
foot  of  illuminating  gas  can  be  utilized 
so  as  to  cause  the  discharge  of  1,000  cubic 
feet  of  air;  and  as  a  common  gas  burner  will 
comsume  nearly^three  feet  of  gas  an  hour,  it 
would  extract  from  an  apa  rtment  3,000 
cubic  feet  of  contaminated  air  during  that 
period.  By  sutiable  contrivances  also  the 
gas  lights,  which  usually  are  such  active 
causes  of  deterioration,  may  not  only  become 
self-ventilating,  and  carry  off  tlieir  own  im 
purities,  but  also  aid  materially  in  keeping 
pure  the  air  of  inhabited  apartments.  In- 
venters  have  made  successful  contrivances 
for  ventilating  the  burners  of  chandeliers, 
but  they  have  hitherto  not  received  the  at 
tention  they  merit. 


contains  the  minute 
quantities  of  lime  is  present,  is  best.  To 
make  a  good,  wholsome  nourishing  bread, 
take  two  bowls  of  wheat  meal  and  one  bowl 
of  white  or  bolted  flour,  and  make  by  the 
usual  process.    Nothing  is  superior  to  brown 


bread  for  bone  and  tooth  building.  This 
made  out  of  rye  meal  and  corn  meal.  Bak 
ed  beans,  too,  have  a  considerable  supply  of 
these  lime  salts,  and  should  be  on  your  table 
hot  or  cold,  three  times  a  week.  In  brush- 
ing the  teeth  always  brush  up  and  down  from 
the  gums  instead  of  across.  Brush  away 
from  the  gums  and  on  the  grinding  surface 
of  the  teeth—Am.yhni/ysf. 


STARVING 
Teeth    are  just 


THE  TEETH, 
as     easily  starved 


to  death  as  the  stomach.  It  is  the 
outside  of  all  the  grains,  of  all  the  ce- 
real foods,  that  contains  the  carbonate  and 
phosphate  of  lime  and  traces  of  other  earthy 
salts  which  nourish  the  bony  tissue  and  build 
the  frame  up.  It  is  the  the  outside  of  corn, 
oats,  wheat,  barley,  and  the  like,  or  the  bran, 
so  called,  that  we  sift  away  and  feed  to  the 
swine,  that  the  teeth  actually  require  for  their 
yjroper  nourishment.  Oatmeal  is  one  of  the 
best  foods  supplying  the  teeth  with  nourish- 
ments. It  makes  the  dentine,  cementum,  and 
enamel  strong,  fiint-like,  and  able  to  resist 
all  forms  of  decay.  If  you  have  children 
never  allow  white  bread  on  the  table.  Bread 
made  of  whole  wheat,  ground,  not  bolted,  so  '  work  of  looking  after  these  animals  in  the 


OHIO  SANITARIANS. 
The  seventh  annual  meeting  of  the  Ohio 
State  Sanitary  Association  convened  at  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  the  21st  inst.  There  were  about 
thirty  members  of  the  association  present, 
but  its  work  is  of  such  interest  as  to  entitle 
it  to  the  consideration  of  all  who  believe 
that  cleanliness  is  next  to  godliness,  as  it 
considers  the  best  method  of  preserving  and 
promoting  public  health  and  abolishing  un- 
sanitary conditions. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the 
president.  Dr.  D.  H.  Beckwith,  of  Cleveland 
and  Dr.  Harvey  Reed,  of  Mansfield,  acted 
as  secretary  and  was  assisted  by  Dr.  T.  T. 
Church,  of  Salem. 

The  minutes  of  the  last  meeting  were  read 
and  approved  and  regular  routine  business 
attended  to. 

The  secretary  read  a  communication  from 
Dr.  L.  C.  Herrick,  of  Columbus,  as  follows 
Columbus,  O.,  Nov.  18,  i88g. — To  the 
President  and  Members  of  the  Ohio  State 
Sanitary  Association:  Gciitloncn — Having 
been  appointed  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  legislation,  and  not  having  had  an  oppor 
tunity  of  conferring  with  the  other  members 
of  the  committee,  and  as  it  will  be  impossi- 
ble for  mc  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the  soci- 
ety at  Dayton,  I  will  offer  a  few  suggestions 
through  our  secretary. 

I  think  no  laws  specially  bearing  upon 
sanitary  matters  were  enacted  by  the  last 
legislature,  and  most  of  the  members  of  the 
society  will  doubtless  agree  with  me  that  it 
is  a  very  hard  matter  to  impress  the  import- 
ance of  conserving  the  life  and  health  of  hu- 
man beings — especially  if  it  is  likely  to  cause 
any  outlay  of  money  but  at  the  same  time, 
they  are  willing  to  enact  laws  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  brute  creation  and  expend 
money  without  stint.  In  proof  of  that  asser- 
tion I  will  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  live  stock  commission  costs  the  state 
about  the  same  amount  of  money  that  the 
state  board  ot  health  does.  And  this  point 
suggests  another  idea  to  my  mind,  and  that 
is,  what  is  the  necessity,  for  having  so  many 
separate  departments  in  our  government 
machinery  which  could  be  better  and  more 
economically  managed  by  one?  As  the 
health  of  the  animals  which  we  use  for  food 
directly  affects  the  health  of  the  human  race, 
why  would  it  not  be  more  proper  to  place  the 


hands  of  the  board  of  health,  rather  than  to 
maintain  a  separate  aad  perhaps  antagonis- 
tic, commission  for  that  purpose?  The 
board  could  appoint  a  competent  veterinary 
practitioner  to  attend  to  the  details  of  that 
bureau. 

The  functions  of  the  food  commissioner 
and  the  inspector  of  public  buildings,  work- 
shops and  factories,  could  also,  with  the 
same  propriety,  be  performed  by  the  board 
of  health.  I  need  not  produce  arguments 
to  show  the  utility  or  the  advantage  to  be- 
derived  by  concentrating  all  the  above  offi- 
cers under  one  head.  I  think  it  will  be  ap- 
parent to  every  member  of  the  society. 

I  think  legislation  is  needed  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  health  and  for  the  safety  of 
employes  of  railway  companies,  the  use  of 
air-brakes  and  automatic  couplers — that  is, 
their  universal  use — would  save  many  lives 
and  prevent  a  multitude  of  injuries,  which 
are  now  of  almost  daily  occurrence. 

These  few  points  will  probably  suggest 
others  to  members  of  the  society;  so  I  do  not 
consider  it  necessary  to  extend  this  to  a 
greater  length. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

L.  C.  Herkick,  M.  D. 

COMMITTEE  REPORTS. 

Gentlemen  and  Members  of  the  Ohio 
State  Sanitary  Association — Your  committee, 
appointed  at  the  Canton  meeting  to  consider 
the  suggestion  of  the  president  in  his  annual 
address,  as  to  whether  it  would  not  be  well 
for  this  association  to  merge  its  efforts  into 
a  support  and  co-operation  with  "the  official 
forces  of  the  state,"  beg  leave  to  report  the 
following: 

Whereas,  The  Ohio  State  Sanitary  Asso- 
ciation was  one  of  the  pioneer  organizations 
of  its  kind  in  this  country,  and  was  organized 
nearly  a  decade  of  years  since,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  "  diffusing  among  the  people  a  great- 
er knowledge  of  the  laws  preventing  all  pre- 
ventable diseases,"  and  thus  secure  "  proper 
and  wise  sanitation,  systematically  and  sci- 
entifically administered,"  and. 

Whereas,  It  has  by  these  means  been  the 
active  j)owcr  in  the  creation  of  a  state  board 
of  health,  and  has  very  materially  aided  in 
moulding  public  sentiment,  until  beter  local 
sanitary  laws  have  been  enacted,  and  the  or- 
ganization of  more  effectual  local  boards  of 
health  in  support  of  and  in  co-operation  with 
the  said  state  board  of  health  has  been  ac- 
complished all  over  our  state,  and. 

Whereas,  "This  Veteran  X'olunteer  Sani- 
tary association"  of  the  state  of  Ohio  has  oc- 
complished  all  the  objects  of  its  organization 
and  thus  having  fulfilled  in  an  earnest,  ac- 
tive, energetic  and  faithful  manner  the  pur- 
poses for  which  it  was  created;  therefore  be 
it 

Resolved,  That  when  all  the  business  per- 
taining to  the  seventh  annual  meeting  of 
this  association  shall  have  been  accom- 
plished, and  the  said  association  is  ready  for 
adjournment,  that  the  Ohio  State  Sanitary 
association  do  then  adjourn  sine  die. 

R.  Hakvey  Reed, 
LewSi.usseu, 

Committee. 


Nov.  30,  1889) 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


805 


A  minority  of  your  committee  would  re- 
spectfully offer  the  followinf^  and  ask  that  it 
be  substituted  for  the  report  of  the  major- 
ity: 

Whereas,  Independence  is  necessary  to 
the  efficiency  of  this  organization;  and 

Whereas,  "Support"  has  not  been  asked  , 
and  "co-operation"  has  not  been  thought  of 

Resolved,  That  "it  wouldn't  be  well  for 
this  association  to  merge  its  efforts  into  a 
support  of,  and  a  co-oporation  with  the 
official  forces  of  the  state." 

T.  Clark  Miller  , 
Chairman  of  Committee. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION. 

At  the  afternoon  session  a  very  interesting 
paper  was  read  by  George  I.  Garrison,  M.  D 
member  of  the  state  board  of  health  of 
West  Virginia  and  health  officer  of  Wheel- 
ing W.  V^a.,  on  the  subject  of 

THE  CREMATION  OF    GARBAGE  AND  NIGHT 
SOIL. 

\  |This  is  an  important  question  locally,  and 
the  facts  shown  by  Dr.  Garrison  would  be 
useful  as  instruction  to  the  people  of  the  city. 

Dr.  Garrison  first  shows  that  throwing  the 
sbutances  above  named  into  water  courses 
(as  done  in  Dayton,)  transforms  the  rivers 
jnto  vast  sewers,  from  which  filth-burdened 
sources  disease  and  death  arise. 

At  Wheeling  the  discharge  of  such  sub- 
stances into  the  Ohio  river  contaminated  the 
water  supply  of  Bellaire,  Ohio,  and  'as  a  re, 
suit  a  crematory  was  established  at  Wheel- 
ing. It  is  constructed  precisely  like  the 
regenerative  gas  heating  furnaces  found  in 
roll-ing  mills,  but  is  made  to  accommodate 
liquid  substances,  which  it  evaporates  rapid- 
ly the  substances  destroyed  'are  night  soil 
garbage,  dead  animals,  butchers'  offal, 
spoiled  meats,  decayed  fruits,  vegetables, 
and  fish.  In  one  month  489  tons  of  such 
substances  were  destroyed  at  a  cost  of 
about  twenty  cents  per  ton.  The  cost  of  re- 
moving the  contents  of  cess  pools  used  tob  e 
S1.99  per  barrel  of  forty  gallons;  now  it  is 
seventy-five  cents. 

The  city  pays  nothing  for  fuel,  as  by  an 
arrangement  with  the  natural  gas  company 
the  franchise  was  granted  on  condition  that 
gas  be  furnished  the  city  free. 

Dr.  Garrison  figures  that  a  saving  of  $17- 
400  is  made  to  the  city  in  ten  years,  while  the 
cost  of  the  crematory  and  improvements  on 
the  original  structure  amount  to  $4, 800. 
Two  such  crematories  would  burn  all  the 
night  soil  and  refuse  of  a  city  of  75,000  in- 
habitants. 

One  point  is  that  there  is  no  odor  from  the 
crematory  unless  the  substances  burned  are 
carelessly  spilled  over  the  rides  of  the  charg- 
ing place. 

The  discussion  on  the  subject  was  exceed- 
ingly interesting. 

Dr.  Reed,  of  Mansfield,  stated  that  at  that 
place  there  was  not  a  well  in  the  city,  but  was 
contaminated  with  sewage.  They  now  ob- 
tain water  there  from  artesian  wells.  He 
said  the  sewage  farm  was  the  natural  way  of 
disposing  of  such  substances,  but  it  ought 
to  be  distributed,  as  soaking  one  farm  with 


sewage  was  attended  with  bad  results.  This 
being  the  case  and  the  distribution  of 
sewage  being  expensive,  cremation  is  the 
only  way  out  of  the  qustion. 

COMFORT  A  SANITARY  OBJECT. 

Dr.  G.  C.  Ashmun,  health  officer  of  Cleve- 
land, O.,  read  a  paper  entitled,  "IJodily  Com- 
fort as  a  Sanitary  Object." 

The  doctor  said  that  in  this  country, 
where  the  spirit  of  continual  labor  prevails 
and  money  getting  has  been  the  most  pro- 
nounced faculty,  the  suggestion  of  personal 
comfort  or  community  comfort  as  an  object 
of  importance  as  compared  with  commercial 
interests  is  regarded  as  almost  irrational. 

Health  officials  are  not  able  to  abolish  or 
mitigate  in  the  courts  the  hundreds  of 
sources  of  offense  in  both  town  and  country 
which  cannot  be  charged  with  producing  a 
case  of  any  recognized  disease  yet  which  by 
aggregation  or  proximity  make  people  ut- 
terly desperate  in  their  uncomfortableness. 

Besides  the  discomforts  of  factories  and 
shops,  the  condition  of  streets  in  many,  if 
not  the  most,  of  the  cities  and  towns  at  cert- 
ain seasons  of  the  year,  are  a  constant  men- 
ace almost  to  the  lives  of  citizens.  The  con- 
test against  disease,  cannot,  afford  to  neglect 
this  comfort-saving  aspect  so  closely  associ- 
ated in  so   potent  a  determining  of  results. 

EVENING  SESSION. 

Dr.  Weaver  introduced  Mr.  A.  D.  Wilt,  of 
this  city,  who  delivered  the  address  of  wel- 
come, in  which  he  paid  a  high  tribute  to  the 
philanthropic  purposes  and  self  sacrificing 
spirit  which  characterizes  the  work  of  the 
members  of  the  association. 

Dr.  R.  Harvey  Reed,  of  Mansfield,  re- 
sponded to  the  address  of  welcome.  He 
said  that  he  never  saw  so  small  an  attendance 
during  an  evening  session.  He  then  dis- 
cussed the  merits  of  the  State  Sanitary  As- 
sociation. He  said  that  the  objects  of  the 
association  is  to  keep  people  in  as  healthy  a 
condition  as  possible  ;  that  contrary  to 
what  people  expected  of  the  doctors,  they 
were  trying  to  get  the  people  to  take  an  in- 
terest in  their  own  welfare;  that  the  associ- 
ation had  met  in  various  parts  of  the  state 
and  had  sowed  good  seed,  and  only  hoped 
that  some  good  results  would  spring  up  from 
the  effects  of  the  meeting  here.  He  thanked 
the  Dayton  physicans  for  the  reception  the 
association  had  received,  and  hoped  all 
would  have  a  profitable  time. 

president's  ADDRESS. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Beckwith,  of  Cleveland,  the 
president  of  the  association,  spoke  on  the 
"Hog."  He  entered  into  the  history  of  the 
hog  and  said  that  the  hog  discovered  Amer- 
ica shortly  after  Columbus  did,  and  had  de- 
veloped from  the  narrow-faced  "razor  back," 
that  could  drink  buttermilk  from  a  jug,  to 
the  large  laughing-faced  Chester  White. 

The  doctor  continued  in  his  witty  strain 
and  said  that  the  hog  was  a  bad  companion, 
either  in  the  house  or  out  of  it. 

The  address  was  divided  into  three  sub- 
heads. The  first  topic  taken  was  "The  Use 
of  Pork,  its  relations  to  scrofula  and  con- 
sumption." 


The  doctor  had  prepared  colored  charts 
upon  which  were  illustrated  trichinosis  and 
tuberculosis.  He  showed  that  the  trichina 
spiralis  originate  in  jjork,  and  that  in  an 
effected  piece  of  pork,  rarely  cooked,  a  per- 
son would  consume  a  half  million  of  these 
little  spiral  worms.  He  gave  incidents  and 
illustrations,  showing  how  persons  who  had 
been  poisoned  are  effected  by  these  little 
parasites.  In  Chicago,  it  was  stated,  one 
hog  in  fifty  was  effected;  in  Cleveland  about 
the  same  proportion.  Temperature  170  de- 
grees will  destroy  trichinas.  In  the  rare 
cooking  of  food  this  degree  is  not  reached. 

He  spoke  of  the  history  of  the  diseases 
caused  by  the  use  of  pork  and  other  fat 
meats  and  the  death  rate.  The  sanitary 
measures  of  the  ancients  were  discussed 
and  compared  with  the  present  systems. 

The  second  topic  of  the  paper  read  by 
the  doctor  was  the  "Mosaic  prohibition  of 
pork,  as  taught  by  the  .Scriptures,  and  the 
prejudices  of  most  of  the  ancient  nations  to 
its  use  as  food. 

The  third  topic  of  the  address  was  "De- 
scription of  Trichina-spiralis  and  their  dan- 
gerous effect  on  the  human  body."  The 
doctor  referred  to  the  charts  which  he  had 
prepared  showing  the  effects  of  trichina  on 
the  human  system  in  the  three  stages.  Each 
was  explained  in  full.  The  papers  was 
highly  complimented. 

DR.  JOHN  MCCURDV. 

Dr.  John  McCurdy,  of  Youngstown,  read  a 
paper  on  the  query,  "Will  General  Sanitarian 
Ever  Become  Popular?"  The  doctor  con- 
fined his  remarks  principally  to  the  cholera 
and  its  ravages.  He  said  that  New  Orleans 
was  the  worst  city  in  America  to  harbor 
cholera  and  fevers.  He  then  gave  the  his- 
tory of  cholera  and  yellow  fever  in  New  Or- 
leans and  Memphis.  The  yellow  fever  has 
visited  New  Orleans  114  times,  and  at  one 
time  nearly  depopulated  Memphis.  The 
sanitary  reform  first  commenced  in  England 
and  introduced  at  New  Orleans  and  Mem- 
phis has  increased  the  sanitary  condition  of 
these  two  cities  75  per  cent.  The  doctor 
said  that  it  was  up-hill  work  to  keep  a  city 
clean;  that  it  was  the  natural  inclination  of 
the  race  to  become  filthy  and  poor,  and  that 
the  better  classes,  who  desired  to  keep  clean 
were  overpowered  by  the  army  which  arises 
to  oppose  them.  The  poorer  classes  do  not 
believe  that  sewer  gas,  water  filled  with  re- 
fuse and  gutters  filled  with  refuse  are  un- 
healthy because  they  do  not  understand  the 
significance  of  the  same. 

In  conclusion  the  doctor  said  that  general 
sanitation  will  never  become  popular;  that 
general  sanitation  may  be  forced  upon  the 
people,  but  would  never  be  sought  by  the 
masses. 

A  discussion  was  then  engaged  in  by 
physicians  present,  after  which  the  associ- 
ation adjourned  until g  o'clock  Friday  morn- 
ing. 

REPORTS  OF  COMMITTEES. 

The  committee  to  which  was  referred  the 
advisability  of  the  O.  S.  S.  A.,  becoming 


366 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  3(M 


an  auxiliary  to  the  State  board  of  health 
was  taken  up  and  discussed. 

A  minority  report  was  brought  in,  recom- 
mending that  the  two  bodies  remain  separate 
The  minority  report  was  discussed  at  some 
length  and  lost. 

Dr.  Reed  said  that  the  association  was 
present  at  the  birth  of  the  state  board  of 
health  and  as  the  board  had  grown  to  be  an 
adult  he  thought  it  could  take  care  of  itself 
and  the  health  of  Ohio.  He  therefore  of- 
fered an  amendment  to  the  majority  report 
as  follows: 

"Whereas,  The  state  board  of  health  has 
provided  for  not  less  than  two  popular  sani- 
tary conventions  each  year;  therefore,  be  it 

"Resolved,  That  we  request  the  state  board 
of  health  to  arrange  for  not  less  than  one 
meeting  each  year  of  various  local  health 
officers  of  the  state,  and  that  with  this  under- 
standing, when  all  the  business  of  the 
seventh  annual  meeting  of  the  Ohio  State 
Sanitary  association  shall  have  been  trans- 
acted, and  is  ready  for  adjournment,  that  it 
shall  stand  adjourned  sine  die." 

The  majority  report,  as  amended,  was 
then  adopted,  thus  discontinuing  the  associ- 
ation as  a  separate  and  distinct  organiza- 
tion. 


PREVENTION  OF  CONSUMPTION. 

The  following  circular  is  issued  by  the 
State  Board  of  Health  of  Maine: 

That  insidious  disease,  which  we  call  con- 
sumption, phthisis  or  tuberculosis  of  the 
lungs,  is  the  most  terrible  destroyer  of  lives 
with  which  civilization  has  to  contend. 

Centuries  ago  consumption  was  regarded 
as  an  infectious  disease  in  southern  Europe, 
and  extravagantly  rigorous  laws  were  in  ex- 
istence regulating  communication  with  con- 
sumptive patients. 

At  the  present  time  the  fact  of  the  infec- 
tiousness of  consumption  is  firmly  estab- 
lished in  a  scientific  way,  and  enough  is 
known  of  the  natu*-al  history  of  the  infective 
agent,  the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis,  and  of 
the  ways  in  which  -it  is  communicated  to 
man,  to  enable  us  to  lay  down  rules  with 
more  positiveness  than  hitherto  for  the  pre- 
vention of  the  disease. 

The  source  of  infection  is  twofold.  From 
tuberculous  animals  to  man,  and  from  one 
human  being  to  another.  The  tuberculosis 
of  animals  and  human  consumption  are  of 
the  same  nature. 

From  domestic  animals  there  is  danger  of 
contracting  the  disease  by  the  use  of  flesh, 
and  especially  by  the  use  of  milk  from  those 
which  are  tuberculous.  Many  children  die 
in  their  earlier  years  from  various  tubercu- 
lar diseases,  tubercular  inflammation  of  the 
brain,  "  consumption  of  the  bowels,"  etc., 
and  it  is  now  assumed  with  much  probabil- 
ity that  the  great  majority  of  these  die  from 
infection  received  in  the  milk  from  tubercu- 
lous cows,  or  in  that  from  mothers  suffering 
from  tuberculosis  in  some  form. 

By  far  the  greatest  source  of  infection, 
however,  is  consumptive  human  beings,  but 
fortunately  the  ways  in  which  the  contagion 


is  disseminated  are  but  few,  and  by  intelli- 
gent care  they  may  be  effectually  controlled. 

Practically,  from  the  human  source,  we 
may  consider  the  expectoration  (the  sputum) 
as  the  only  serious  danger.  The  consump- 
tive sputum  usually  contains  an  abundance 
of  the  infection,  the  bacilli,  and  these  micro- 
scopic organisms  are  found  to  be  capable  of 
retaining  their  vitality,  and  their  infectious 
qualities  for  a  long  while,  even  after  the  spu- 
tum has  been  thoroughly  dried. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  tuberculosis 
may  be  communicated  to  animals  experi- 
mentally by  feeding  them  with  tuberculous 
matter,  by  injecting  it  into  their  tissues,  or 
by  causing  them  to  breathe  air  into  which 
tuberculous  sputum  had  been  atomized. 
More  recently,  since  the  discovery  of  the 
bacillus  tuberculosis,  it  has  been  found  that 
the  bacilli  may  be  cultivated  upon  artificial 
media,  and  that  when  thus  cultivated  and 
freed  from  all  other  matter  which  might  pos- 
sibly be  infective,  tuberculosis  may  still  be 
communicated  to  animals  in  the  ways  which 
have  been  mentioned  above,  and  with  great 
certainty. 

Experiments,  the  conclusions  from  which 
can  hardly  be  questioned,  have  shown  that 
the  breath  of  the  consumptive  patient  is  not 
infectious,  and  that  the  same  may  be  said  of 
the  sputum  so  long  as  it  remains  moist. 

Another  line  of  investigation  has  proved 
that  the  careless  consumptive  patient  is  a 
focus  of  infection,  and  a  danger  to  all  per- 
sons who  come  much  in  proximity  to  him, 
especially  to  those  who  dwell  in  the  same 
rooms  with  him. 

The  reason  of  this  is  that  the  expectora- 
tion of  the  patient,  spit  upon  floors,  carpets, 
pocket  handkerchiefs  or  clothing,  becomes 
dried  and  pulverized  and,  floated  in  the  air, 
still  contains  the  infectious  germs,  and  can- 
not be  inhaled  without  great  danger. 

Though  infection  may  be  regarded  as  the 
principal,  the  essential  cause  of  consump- 
tion, there  are  nevertheless  various  untoward 
influences  which  have  much  to  do  with  in- 
creasing the  death-rate  from  this  disease, 
and  should  never  be  disregarded.  The  most 
important  of  these  are  the  breathing  of  im- 
pure air,  particularly  that  of  unventilated 
sleeping  rooms  and  living  rooms,  the  use  of 
food  not  sufficiently  nutritious,  and  dwelling 
upon  a  soil  which  is  damp. 

How  far  heredity  is  the  cause  of  consump- 
tion, is,  from  the  nature  of  the  question,  hard 
to  determine.  Since  the  infectiousness  of 
the  disease  has  been  shown,  many  family 
groups  of  consumption,  "  house  epidemics," 
may  fairly  be  assumed  to  be  from  infection 
rather  than  from  hereditary  influence.  Some 
able  writers  would  discard  heredity  as  one  of 
the  causes  of  tuberculous  disease,  but  oth- 
ers, more  conservative  in  their  views,  while 
believing  that  direct  inheritance  is  rare, 
think  that  certain  peculiarities  of  constitu- 
tion, favoring  susceptibility,  are  transmissi- 
ble from  parent  to  child.. 

PREVENTION. 

It  should  be  impressed  upon  consumptive 
patients  and  other  persods  living  with  them 


that  the  sputum  (what  they  cough  up)  is 
dangerous  and  must  be  properly  disposed 
of. 

The  sputum  should  be  received  in  a  spit- 
cup  or  spittoon  containing  a  little  water  or 
disinfecting  fluid,  and  must  never  be  spit 
upon  floors,  carpets,  or  received  in  hanker- 
chiefs.  If  a  disinfecting  solution  is  used, 
corrosive  sublimate  is  unsuitable,  chloride 
of  lime  is  efficient  but  irritates  the  air  pas- 
sages, carbolic  acid  with  5  percent,  of  tar- 
taric acid  or  hydrochloric  acid,  will  be  the 
best  disinfectant  generally  available. 

If  occasionally  it  is  necessary  to  have 
handkerchiefs  or  cloths  soiled  with  the 
sputum  they  should  be  boiled  as  soon  as 
possible,  and  before  drying. 

The  spittoon  should  be  of  such  shape  that 
the  sputum  may  easily  fall  into  the  water 
without  soiling  the  sides  of  the  vessel.  For 
patients  not  able  to  sit  up,  a  small  spit-cup 
with  a  handle  should  be  used.  When  flies 
are  present,  it  should  be  covered. 

Spit-cups  and  spitoons  should  be  emptied 
and  cl  eansed  often  with  boiling  water  and 
potash  soap.  When  the  house  has  a  drainage 
system,  the  contents  may  be  poured  down 
the  water-closet  or  slop-hopper;  when  it  has 
not,  they  should  be  buried  in  ground  which 
will  not  be  turned  up  soon. 

The  sputum  should  not  be  thrown  out  upon 
the  surface  of  the  ground  near  inhabited 
places,  nor  on  manure  heaps,  nor  where an- 
"\  mals  may  get  it,  nor  where  it  may  soil  ani- 
mal food. 

Boxes  filled  with  sand  or  sawdust  should 
not  be  used.  Cheap  wooden  and  pasteboard 
s  pit-cups  are  now  on  the  market,  one  of 
which  may  be  burned  daily  or  oftener  with 
its  contents  as  a  convenient  way  of  disposing 
of  the  sputa. 

A  pocket  spit-flask  of  small  size  has  been 
devised,  which  may  be  used  while  away 
from  home. 

The  floors,  woodwork  and  furniture  of 
rooms  in  which  consumptive  patients  stay 
should  be  wiped  with  a  damp  cloth,  not 
dusted  in  the  usual  way. 

The  patients'  clothing  should  be  kept  by 
itself  and  thoroughly  boiled  at  the  wash- 
ing. 

The  patient  should  be  made  to  understand 
that  in  neglecting  these  measures,  he  is  im- 
periling his  friends,  and  at  the  same  time 
diminishing  very  much  his  own  chances  of 
recovery  by  re-infecting  himself  with  the 
inhalation  of  his  own  dried  and  pulverized 
sputum. 

After  a  death  from  this  disease  has  oc- 
curred, the  patient's  room,  clothing,  and  bed 
should  be  disinfected.  For  this  purpose 
boil  all  bed  and  personal  clothing,  or  disin- 
fect them  while  practiable  in  a  steam  disin- 
f  cctor;  wash  furniture,  woodwork,  walls,  and 
floors  with  carbolic  (acid  and  thoroughly 
expose    the    rooms    to   light    and  air. 

If  raw  milk  is  used  as  food,  especially  if 
it  is  to  be  given  to  children,  an  assurance 
should  be  had  that  the  cows  which  produce 
it  are  perfectly  healthy  and  subjected  to 
healthful  treatment. 


Nov.  30,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


367- 


When  there  is  any  doubt  as  to  the  health 
of  the  cows  which  furnish  the  supply,  the 
milk  should  be  boiled  before  use. 

Thorough  cooking  will  remove  all  danger 
of  tuberculosis  through  the  medium  of  the 
meat  supply. 

Tuberculous  mothers  and  those  inclined  to 
consumption  should,  under  no  conditions, 
nurse  their  babies. 

By  observing  the  rules  which  are  expressed 
and  suggested  to  the  foregoing,  the  princi- 
pal, if  not  all  danger  of  infection  may  be 
avoided. 

Whatever  has  a  tendency  to  undermine 
the  general  health  increase  the  susceptibility 
to  the  infection  and  diminishes  the  power  of 
recovery  from  incipient  tuberculosis. 

A  fact  abundantly  shown  in  the  dissecting 
room  is,  that  many  persons  dying  of  other 
diseases,  have  had  tucerbulosis  and  nave  re- 
covered in  its  early  stages. 

This  tendency  to  recover  is  greatly 
strengthened  by  the  habitual  breathing  of 
pure  air.  Means  should  be  provided  for  the 
abundant  ventilation  of  inhabited  rooms, 
particularly  of  sleeping  rooms,  school  rooms, 
and  churches. 

The  open  air  treatment  of  consumptives 
and  those  who  are  threatened  with  tubercul- 
ous disease,  has  given  much  better  results 
than  any  other.  Particularly  in  Germany, 
and  to  some  extent  in  this  country,  such 
treatment  has  been  systematized  in  '"sani 
taria"  for  consumptives.  Here  the  patients 
have  the  advantage  of  a  regular  life,  nutri- 
tious food  and  such  exercise  as  they  can  bear 
without  fatigue;  but  the  chief  curative  agent 
is  an  abundance  of  fresh  air.  Even  in  the 
coldest  of  winter  weather  patients,  after  a 
period  of  gradual  habitation,  and  always 
guided  by  the  judgment  of  the  physician 
pass  the  whole  day  walking  in  the  open  air 
or  sitting  or  lying  on  resting  places  wrapped 
comfortably  in  blankets.  Usually  no  claim 
is  made  for  advantages  'of  climate.  An 
abundance  of  pure  air  is  the  all  important 
thing. 


We  have  received  the  Hand  Book  of  the 
Master  Plumbers  Association  of  Philadel- 
phia for  the  year,  1889.  The  book  is  hand- 
somely bound  and  neatly  printed.  It  con- 
tains the  Association's  charter,  constitution 
and  by-laws,  a  list  of  members,  and  officers, 
rules  and  regulations  governing  house  drain- 
age for  the  city,  declaration  of  principles  of 
the  National  association  of  builders,  and 
much  matter  of  interest  relating  to  the 
city.  The  plumbers  have  produced 
not  only  a  handsome  book  but  one  of  value 
even  to  those  who  reside  outside  the  city. 


The  Hall  Steam  Pump  Co.  have  issued  a 
pretty  litte  catalogue  of  their  various  man- 
ufactures, and  with  it  send  us  a  letter  bear- 
ing the  information  that  on  November  15, 
they  settled  in  their  extensive  new  pumping 
works  at  Pittsburgh,  having  moved  from 
their  old  quarters  in  New  York. 


BUILDING 


AMERICAN   INSTITUTE  OF  ARCHI- 
TECTS. 
prksioent's  address. 

The  following  address  was  delivered  by 
President  R.  M.  Hunt,  at  the  first  joint  con- 
vention of  the  consolidation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Architects  and  the  Western 
Association  of  Architects: 
Fellows  and  Associates  of  the  A.  &  I.  A.. 

Thirty-two  years  ago  a  few  architects  con- 
vened in  the  city  of  New  York  for  the  pur- 
pose of  considering  the  expediency  of  organ- 
izing a  professional  society,  the  object  of 
which,  as  set  forth  in  the  constitution,  was  to 
unite  in  fellowship  the  architects  of  this  con- 
tinent and  to  combine  their  efforts  so  as  to 
properly  promote  the  artistic,  scientific  and 
practical  efficiency  of  the  profession.  This 
resulted  in  a  constitution  adopted  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1857,  and  incorporated  in  March  of 
the  same  year,  as  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects.  The  continued  and  rapid 
growth  of  the  requirements  of  civilization, 
the  immense  distance  between  the  great 
business  centers  of  the  East  and  West, 
made  it  advisable  to  establish  Chapters  as 
integral  portions  of  the  Institute,  and  in  or- 
der to  compensate  for  these  and  other  diffi- 
culties, the  federal  system  of  local  organiza- 
tions was  adopted  in  1867  as  the  best  method 
of  reaching  directly  the  necessities  of  the 
profession  throughout  the  country. 

To-day,  when  the  twenty-third  convention 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects 
meets  at  Cincinnati,  the  full  force  of  the 
original  intention  of  the  founders  is  impres- 
sive with  a  great  significance.  The  Institute 
and  its  younger  brother,  the  Western  Asso- 
ciation, stretch  out  their  hands  in  fraternal 
greeting,  as  they  meet  to  effect  the  unifica- 
tion of  the  two  great  architectural  associa- 
tions of  the  United  States,  and  to  consider 
the  carefully  prepared  report  of  the  special 
committee  on  consolidation,  which  has  been 
published  in  advance,  that  each  member 
present  might  bring  the  result  of  his  delib- 
erations to  bear  upon  the  discussion  of  the 
best  method  to  accomplish  the  end  in  view. 

The  Institute  depends  upon  the  Chapters 
for  its  very  life  blood,  and  could  not  exist 
any  more  than  the  body  without  its  mem- 
bers, if  the  Chapters  were  not  alive  and 
active.  Chapters  should  therefore  be  strong 
in  membership  and  earnest  in  work,  perfect- 
ing every  suggestion  for  the  advancement  of 
the  profession,  considering  and  furthering 
all  educational  and  helpful  methods,  and 
bringing  to  the  conventions  of  the  Institute, 
all  matters  accomplished  and  under  consid- 
eration that  may  be  of  interest  to  the  profes- 
sion at  large. 

The  practicing  architect,  from  the  very  di- 
versity of  his  duties  and  requirements,  gains 
largely  by  constant  intercourse  with  his  con- 
freres. The  interchange  of  ideas  and  per- 
sonal experience  are  of  inestimable  benefit 
to  him,  and  consequently  to  his  clients;  in 
fact,  it  should  be  the  self-protective  duty  of 


every  architect  to  belong  to  one  of  the  Chap 
ters.  I  would  here  suggest,  that  too  often 
young  men,  fresh  from  study,  in  the  fire  of 
ambitious  enthusiasm,  but  yet  untaught  by 
stern  lessons  of  experience,  are  eager  to  es- 
tablish new  leagues,  associations,  societies 
and  clubs,  rather  than  affiliate  with  estab- 
lished institutions,  and  reap  the  profit  of 
proved  effort. 

A  little  reflection  would  teach  them  that 
the  older  institutions  have  formulated  those 
rules  and  regulations,  those  principles  of  art 
and  practice,  which  have  elevated  the  pro- 
fession in  America  to  its  present  honorable 
standing.  That  through  the  insistent  and 
persistent  course  of  the  Institute,  for  the 
rights,  for  the  dignity,  and  for  the  position  of 
architecture  as  a  fine  art,  so  long  ignored  in 
this  country,  they  have  through  precedents 
created  for  them,  been  spared  some  fierce 
contests. 

Let  them  rather  profit  by  the  paternal  care 
of  the  Institute,  as  their  advisor  and  advo- 
cate, stretching  forth  with  the  strength  and 
vigor  of  new  inspirations  to  reach  the  ideal  of 
its  standards,  taking  by  their  underlying 
principle,  mutual  assistance  and  co-opera- 
tion in  the  more  familiar  intercourse  of  the 
Chapters. 

The  report  of  the  special  committee  on 
consolidation  is  so  wisely  considered  and  so 
admirably  expressed  that  it  leaves  nothing 
for  me  to  say,  beyond  words  of  commenda- 
tion and  to  impress  upon  you  that  the  earn- 
est of  these  gentlemen  in  thus  providing 
for  the  merging  of  the  two  great  architect- 
ural associations  of  our  country  into  a  com- 
mon Institute,  is  not  a  funeral  dirge  to 
"  ring  out  the  old,  and  ring  in  the  new,"  but 
a  refrain,  ancient  as  history,  and  strong  as 
truth.    "  Union  is  force." 


AMONG  THE  ARCHITECTS. 

E.  M.  Roman,  Chicago,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  block  of  stores  and  flats  on 
Adams  street  and  Sacramento  avenue  for 
John  F.  Warner. 

J.  M.  VanAsdale  &  Co.,  Chicago,  have 
completed  plans  for  dwellings  forC.  B.  Car- 
ter, at  South  Park  avenue  near  35th  street. 

W.  H.  Wable.  Pittsburg  has  completed 
plans  for  a  two-story  residence  for  H.  L. 
Bemmer,  of  that  city. 

F.  C.  Saur,  Pittsburg  has  completed  plans 
for  a  handsoms  frame  dwelling  for  T.  M. 
Jenkins,  to  be  erected  at  Hazelwood.  Pa. 

Chancey  W.  Hodgdon,  of  Pittsburg,  has 
completed  plans  for  a  handsome  house  for 
David  B.  Campbell,  to  be  erected  at  Butler, 
Pa.  It  will  be  a  large  frame,  with  modern 
impovement  from  the  cellar  to  the  attic  to 
make  it  a  desirable  and  comfortable  resi- 
dence. It  will  cost  about  §12,000.  The 
house  will  have  thirteen  rooms,  hard  wood 
finish  throughout,  native  woods,  slate  man- 
tels in  the  upper  rooms,  tile  floors  and  wain- 
scoting, be  heated  with  hot  air  and  natural 
gas,  slate  roof,  and  provided  with  all  the 
modern  conveniences.  One  of  the  most 
convenient  and  handsomest  residences  in 
the  country.    Also  plans  for  ten  houses  for 


368 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XY.  No.  304 


C.  Ihmsen,  trustee,  to  be  erected  on  Jane  St., 
Pittsburg.  These  will  be  two  stories  and 
mansard,  brick  and  stone,  fine  finish 
throughout,  with  all  modern  conveniences 
Also  plans  for  a  dwelling  for  Joseph  Stauf- 
fer,  brick  and  stone,  two  stories  with  attic, 
to  be  erected  on  Amber  street.  Also  plans 
for  a  two-story  end  attic  brick  and  stone 
dwelling  for  Howard  Welsh,  on  Amber  St., 
Also  plans  for  two  houses  for  J.  R.  Frick,  to 
be  erected  on  Iowa  street;  frame,  two 
stories. 

Toledo,  Ohio— Architect  L.  G.  Welker 
has  prepard  plans  for  a  church  for  the  Oliver 
street  congregation,  to  be  56.\8o  feet  in  size  , 
built  of  common  brick,  have  iron  cornices, 
slate  roof,  stained  glass,  furnace,  etc;  cost 

I2,000. 

Delaware,  Ohio. — Architects  Crapsey  & 
Brown,  Cincinnati,  have  prepared  plans  for 
a  dormitory  building  for  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University;  the  building  is  to  be  of  brick  and 
stones,'four  stories  high,  have  furnaces,  slate 
roof,  stained  glass,  hardwood  finish,  etc; 
cost  $15,000, 

Rudulph  Herring  C.  E.,  leaves  to-day  via. 
New  Orleans  for  California  to  report  on  the 
method  of  disposing  of  sewage  of  Los 
Angeles.  For  some  time  there  has  been 
much  discussion  regarding  the  disposal  of 
the  sewage  of  that  city.  Some  stood  in  fa- 
vor of  irrigation  and  others  for  the  disposal 
of  the  sewage  with  the  ocean.  The  people 
have  adopted  the  right  plan  by  procuring  the 
services  of  a  noted  engineer  to  investigate 
and  report  on  the  matter. 


A  department  of  architecture  will  be 
added  to  the  Brooklyn  Institute  early  in  De- 
cember. The  idea  is  to  have  a  course  of 
lectures  on  architecture  and  to  provide  sys- 
tematic instruction  in  elementary  and  ad- 
vanced architectural  drawing,  and  to  direct 
the  work  of  making  a  Museum  of  Architect- 
ural Design  in  connection  with  the  Museum 
of  Art  and  Science  to  be  erected  on  Prospect 
Hill. 


Occasionally  we  receive  circulars  from 
pretended  architects  who  offer  to  furnish 
plans  by  mail  for  dwellings  of  all  descrip- 
tions. The  cost  of  construction  usually 
attached  shows  on  its  face  the  quackery  of 
such  schemes.  The  plans  are  sold  for  an 
almost  nominal  price,  which  again  shows 
the  fraud  behind  them.  People  have  been 
warned  in  reference  to  this  matter,  and 
The  Sanitary  News  has  published  in- 
stances in  which  people  have  bought  the 
plans  and  have  been  swindled.  The  only 
safe  way  to  secure  a  residence  properly  and 
honestly  constructed  is  to  secure  the  ser- 
vices of  a  reliable  architect.  It  is  his  busi- 
ness to  know  how  to  build  a  good  house 
and  his  employment  depends  on  his  repu- 
tation for  good  and  honest  work.  Throw 
aside  such  circulars  and  go  to  an  architect 
if  you  would  save  money  and  get  a  good 
residence. 


PLUMBING. 


TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 
Meetings  were  recently  held  by  master 
plumbers  at  Sunderland,  Cardiff,  Bristol, 
Leeds,  Edinburgh,  London  and  other  places 
for  the  discussion  of  the  registration  of  mas- 
ter plumbers  and  technical  education.  The 
discussions  show  a  remarkably  hearty  sup- 
port of  the  movement,  and  a  demand  for 
the  trade  schools.  The  drift  of  opinions 
seemed  to  be  that  no  one  should  be  admitted 
to  the  classes  who  was  not  at  the  time  em- 
ployed at  practical  work,  for  it  had  been  seen 
that  the  work  in  the  class-room  should  be 
supplemented  by  the  training  of  practical 
work  to  produce  a  good  plumber.  Some 
went  as  far  as  to  declare  that  only  plumbers' 
sons  should  be  admitted  to  the  schools.  The 
idea,  however,  prevailed  that  technical  ed- 
ucation and  practical  work  should  go  to- 
gether. 

The  sentiment  of  these  meetings  regard- 
ing technical  education  was  voiced  by  J.  W. 
Clark,  lecturer  on  plumbing.  In  the  course 
of  his  remarks  he  said: 

"  In  olden  times,  if  a  young  man  wanted 
to  learn  a  trade  he  had  to  be  apprenticed  to 
a  master  in  that  trade,  and  the  master  had  to 
teach  the  apprentice  his  trade. 

"  But  now  there  are  very  few  apprentices, 
and  young  men  are  learning  their  trade  in 
the  best  way  they  can.  The  result  is  that  a 
great  many  only  half  learn  their  trade,  al- 
though, generally  speaking,  there  are  as 
good  men  now  as  in  olden  times,  when  ap- 
prenticeship was  considered  to  be  absolutely 
necessary.  If  we  confined  ourselves  to 
plumbing  at  the  present  time  I  do  not  think 
an  apprenticeship  would  be  sufficient.  One 
great  reason  is  a  general  deterioration  of  the 
trade  by  so  many  starting  as  plumbers  and 
sanitary  engineers,  who  have  not  the  least 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  and  who  cannot 
teach  a  boy  a  trade.  And  where  a  boy  is 
apprenticed  to  a  master  in  only  a  very  few 
cases  is  the  boy  properly  taught.  He  is  sent 
out  with  men,  and  all  he  can  do  is  to  watch 
them,  and  when  old  enough  endeavor  to 
copy  or  imitate  their  ways  of  working.  I  do 
not  call  this  learning  a  trade.  It  is  true  the 
boy  can  learn  to  make  a  joint  or  knock  a 
piece  of  lead  into  a  desired  shape.  But  in 
doing  this  he  will  often  undergo  unnecessary 
fatigue,  take  longer  over  his  work,  and  not 
do  it  in  such  a  methodical  manner  as  he 
would  if  he  had  been  properly  taught.  A 
properly-taught  man  has  a  reason  for  every- 
thing he  does.  I  may  go  further  and  say  if 
a  man  cannot  give  a  good  reason  for  doing 
a  thing,  it  is  unnecessary  for  him  to  do  it. 
But  if  he  wishes  to  gain  an  object  he  will 
sometimes  succeed  in  doing  so,  but  yet  not 
be  able  to  give  good  reasons  for  the  various 
operations  he  practices  to  gain  that  object. 
It  may  be  that  he  repeats  what  he  has  seen 
others  do,  but  that  man  is  always  at  a  loss  to 
know  how  to  execute  a  piece  of  work  he  has 
never  seen  before  or  anything  similar  to  it. 
It  is  only  an  exceptional  man  who  can  con- 
ceive an  original  idea  and  carry  it  out,  but 


that  man  will  generally  be  found  to  be  one 
who  is  given  to  study,  or  who  is  in  the  habit 
of  working  a  problem  right  out  before  he 
starts  on  its  execution.  To  use  a  common 
expression,  '  He  never  starts  before  he  is 
ready.'  " 

PLUMBERS  FOR  INSPECTORS. 
At  a  recent  mass  meeting  of  the  plumbers 
of  the  western  district  of  London,  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  was  adopted:  "That  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  plumbers  is  hereby 
requested  to  apply  for  Parliamentary  powers 
to  carry  out  the  registration  system  effi- 
ciently, and  provide  for  practical  plumbers 
inspecting  all  plumbing  works  completed 
after  the  passing  of  the  Act."  There  is  the 
same  demand  for  plumbers  for  inspectors  of 
plumbing  work  in  this  country.  It  is  simply 
nonsense  to  talk  of  a  proficient  inspector 
who  is  not  familiar  with  the  trade.  It  is  un- 
safe to  have  any  one  but  a  plumber  to  in- 
spect plumbing  work.  Defects  might  exist 
throughout  the  entire  work,  and  yet  the  un- 
skilled and  unpractical  man  would  not  de- 
tect them.  That  is  the  plumber's  business. 
He  knows  a  defect  when  he  sees  it,  and 
knows  where  to  look  for  such.  It  is  an  im- 
position on  a  householder  to  have  him  sub- 
mit to  the  inspection  of  a  man  who  does  not 
know  a  bell  trap  from  a  gully.  The  time 
will  come  when  the  people  interested  in  this 
matter,  and  the  health  of  whose  families  de- 
pends on  efficient  plumbing,  will  demand 
competent  plumbers  for  plumbing  inspect- 
ors. 

Another  matter  came  before  the  meeting 
which  is  of  much  importance  in  this  coun- 
try, and  in  regard  to  which  the  following 
resolution  was  adopted:  "  That  in  the  opin- 
ion of  this  meeting  it  is  most  inexpedient  at 
present  to  apply  for  Parliamentary  powers 
to  carry  out  the  registration  system  until  the 
existing  system  of  bad  plumbing  work  is  al- 
tered in  speculative  builders'  houses."  It  is 
often  the  case  with  speculative  builders  that 
plumbing  must  be  done  according  to  the  di- 
rections of  the  builders,  who  seek  to  make 
their  expenditures  as  small  as  possible. 
They  care  nothing  for  the  sanitary  conditions 
of  the  houses  they  construct,  and,  conse- 
quently, poor  materials  and  poor  workman- 
ship are  employed.  These  builders  can  get 
any  kind  of  work  done  they  want.  If  no 
reputable  plumber  will  thus  sacrifice  his 
reputation,  tin  smiths,  and  all  kinds  of  un- 
scrupulous would-be  plumbers  are  ready  to 
do  the  work.  Let  some  poor  pensioner  on 
the  bounty  of  political  spoils,  who  knows  no 
more  about  plumbing  than  he  does  about  the 
center  of  the  moon,  be  sent  to  inspect  such 
plumbing  and  he  will  not  be  able  to  discover 
anything  wrong.  But  send  a  practical 
plumber  to  inspect  the  job  and  its  true  con- 
dition will  be  reported.  There  are  plenty  of 
good  plumbers  who  could  act  as  inspectors, 
and  the  menacing  of  health  by  worthless 
inspection  of  plumbing  cannot  be  less  than 
a  crime. 


Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News. 


Nov.  30,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


309 


A  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ENTER- 
TAINMENT. 

The  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  Associa- 
tion met  in  regular  semi-monthly  session 
last  Thursday  evening  in  Grand  Army  Hall. 
Hugh  Watt  said  that  David  Whiteford  had 
prepared  a  paper  to  be  read  at  the  next 
meeting.  Mr.  Young  would  give  a  talk  and 
Mr.  Watt  would  probably  have  a  few  remarks 
to  make  himself.  Mr.  Young  suggested 
that  as  the  hall  was  large  enough  to  accom- 
modate them,  the  master  plumbers  not  in 
affiliation  with  this  association,  be  invited  to 
be  present  at  the  meeting.  It  was  finally 
agreed  that  all  the  master  plumbers,  journey- 
men and  apprentices  in  Chicago  be  invited 
to  be  present.  The  meeting  promises  to  be 
a  highly  interesting  and  instructive  one. 

J.  J.  Wade  wanted  some  action  taken  by 
the  association  to  compel  journeymen  gas- 
fitters  to  furnish  their  own  tools.  He  cited 
some  of  the  disagreeabe  features  plumbers 
experienced  in  furnishing  them.  Several  of 
those  present  then  told  of  instances  where 
gas-fitters  had  lost  tongs  and  other  tools  to 
'^^^  annoyance  and  expense  of  their  em- 
ployers. 

Mr.  Bowden  moved  that  gas-fitters  be  com 
pelled  to  furnish  their  own  kits  of  tools.  M 
Wade,  moved,  as  an  amendment,  that  a  com- 
mittee of  three  be  appointed  to  wait  upon 
the  gas-fitters  association,  and  notify  it  of  the 
tools  gas-fitters  will  be  expected  to  furnish. 
The  motion  as  amended  was  unanimously 
carried.  The  committee  consists  of  Messrs. 
Bowden,  Whiteford  and  Sanders. 

The  name  of  R.  C.  Muller,  871  West  North 
avenue,  was  proposed  for  membership. 

There  being  no  further  business  the  meet- 
ing adjourned  and  pursuant  to  a  resolution 
adopted  at  a  previous  meeting,  dancing  was 
in  order. 

The  social  part  of  the  evening  was  by  far 
the  most  pleasant  and  agreeable.  Notwith- 
standing the  cold  weather  a  goodly  number 
of  members  and  their  families  were  present, 
■  and  dancing  was  indulged  in  until  long  past 
midnight.  The  music  was  good  and  every- 
one was  in  the  best  of  spirits.  An  enjoyable 
supper  was  served  in  the  supper  room  about 
midnight. 

All  present  expressed  themselves  as  hav- 
ing passed  one  of  the  most  delightful  even- 
ings of  the  season. 

Among  those  present  were  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
A.  W.  Murray,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  J.  Hamblin, 
David  Whiteford,  P.  Sander  and  the  Misses 
Sander,  J.  R.  Alcock  and  Miss  Alcock,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  George  J.  Stokes,  Mrs.  Thornton, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  Young,  Miss  Young, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  F.  Terrell,  the  Misses 
Terrell,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  J.  Wade,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Alexander  F.  Irons,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  J. 
Schubert,  Miss  T  Kelly,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  P. 
Williams,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hugh  Watt,  the 
Misses  Watt,  W.  F,  Gay,  J.  F.  Mathews, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  G.  A.  Larsen,  John  C.  Meany, 
William  Wilson,  Joseph  E.  O'Malley,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Charles  C.  Breyer,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
James  H.  De  Veney,  Milton  Murray,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Mandable,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  A. 


Cavanna,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  H.  Lean,  Mr. ancU 
Mrs.  I).  Bain,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  (i.  Roland, 
JohnConnell,  Michael  L.Morris,  John  (iavin. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

Messrs,  Bowden  &  Co.,  81  Dearborn  street, 
have  secured  contracts  for  the  plumbing 
work  in  three  new  dwellings  at  Edgewater 
for  a  block  of  forty  flats  on  the  south  side, 
and  some  other  smaller  contracts. 

Richard  Graham,  78  North  Clark  street, 
has  just  finished  roughing  in  the  seven-story 
hotel  for  S.  A.  Kent,  at  308-12  South  Clark 
street.  He  is  finishing  up  the  work  on  Mr. 
Brown's  flat  building  at  3725  Langley  av- 
enue. 

Messrs.  Downs  &  Miller,  102  Washington 
street,  have  this  week  finished  tne  sanitary 
work  on  the  Casino  building  at  North  Clark 
and  Kinzie  streets.  Work  on  the  contract 
has  been  going  on  steadily  since  last  July. 

M.  J.  Corboy,  69  Washington  street,  is 
finishing  up  the  work  on  the  reconstructed 
Journal  building,  and  on  St.  Luke's  hospital. 
He  is  pushing  the  work  on  the  McCormick 
apartment  building,  at  Ohio  and  Rush 
streeis,  and  is  roughing  in  the  new  In-ter- 
Ocean  building,  on  Dearborn  and  Madison 
streets,  and  the  Armour  flats  on  Butterfield 
street,  between  33d  and  34th. 

John  P.  Dunne,  42  Clark  street,  has  re- 
ceived the  contract  for  plumbing  and  gas- 
fitting  in  three  brick  flat  buildings,  three 
stories  high,  for  Mr.  Lynch,  on  Grand  bou- 
levard, between  42d  and  43d  streets.  Work 
will  not  be  commenced  for  about  two 
months. 

J.  C.  Barr,  Michigan  avenue  and  Twenty- 
second  street,  has  finished  two  residences  at 
Fifty-seventh  street  and  Wabash  avenue 
and  four  flats  at  Twenty-ninth  and  La  Salle 
stieets,  for  John  Bros.  Mr.  Barr  is  now 
working  on  Freiberg's  Music  Hall  building 
at  184  Twenty-second  street,  hall,  flats  and 
stores. 

E.  Baggott  will  move  his  establishment 
from  Washington  street  and  Fifth  avenue, 
to  i6q  and  171  East  Adams  street. 

Williams  I.  Mols,  one  of  the  leading 
plumbers  of  Dubuque,  Iowa,  was  in  the  city 
last  week,  making  purchases  of  fine  marble 
and  other  material  for  the  plumbing  for  the 
new  Julien  house  of  that  city.  His  city  is 
now  putting  in  a  complete  sewerage  system 
and  this  he  says  with  the  several  new  build- 
ings, furnishes  the  plumbers  with  an  abun- 
dance of  work. 

A.  C.  Hickey,  Madison  and  Clinton  streets, 
is  devoting  a  great  deal  of  attention  to  the 
plumbing  work  of  theaters  and  churches, 
fitting  them  with  the  Hickey  patent  gas 
stands,  sun  burners  and  border  lights.  He 
is  keeping  pace  with  his  neighbors  on  other 
work  also,  and  is  doing  considerable  figur- 
ing on  contract  work. 

William  S.  Verity,  229  West  Randolph 
street,  is  finishing  the  work  on  the  Moody 
Training  school,  in  the  rear  of  the  Chicago 
avenue  church.  The  sanitary  work  amounts 
to  about  $2,200. 


David  Whiteford,  346  West  Randolph 
street,  has  just  commenced  work  on  twelve 
buildings,  each  containing  two  flats,  and  one 
residence,  on  the  North-west  corner  of 
Western  avenue  and  .Superior  street.  On 
Western  avenue  and  Huron  street  he  has 
sixteen  flats  and  eight  stores  about  half  com- 
pleted. He  has  just  finished  a  lot  of  cot- 
tages, seventeen  in  all,  in  the  same  neigh- 
borhood, in  all  about  $9,000  worth  of  work. 

Messrs.  Moylan  <fe  Alcock,  103  Twenty- 
second  street  are  doing  the  plumbing  for 
the  new  candy  factory  on  West  Monroe 
street,  betweet  Desplaines  and  Halstcd. 

E.  S.  Wilber,  325  State  street,  has  just 
completed  the  sanitary  work  on  a  fine  res- 
idence for  R.  C.  Price,  at  Waukegan. 

Robert  McCulloch,  231  West  Madison 
street,  is  roughing  in  the  five  story  and  base- 
ment storage  building  at  117  West  Adams 
street,  for  Andrew  Pearson.  He  has  several 
bids  in  with  fair  prospects. 

Hugh  Watt,  300  Dearborn  street,  is  busy 
refitting  Clem  Studebaker's  magnificent  res- 
idence at  South  Bend,  which  was  burned  a 
short  time  ago.  Mr.  Watt  only  finished  the 
plumbing  work  on  the  residence  a  year  ago. 
He  also  has  a  large  force  of  men  at  work  on 
the  plumbing  work  at  the  West  side  Rail- 
road shops.  Fortieth  street  and  Washington 
boulevard.  He  is  doing  the  work  on  a  six- 
story  factory  for  Joseph  Keene  at  Union 
Park  place  and  Carroll  avenue,  a  three-story 
furniture  factory  at  Elk  Grove  avenue  and 
Bloomington  road  for  Francis  Lumbys,  a 
block  of  five-story  stores  and  flats  for  H.  J. 
Pert  at  North  Clark  street  and  Noble 
avenue,  and  is  refitting  W.  Dexter's  house 
on  Prairie  avenue,  near  Eighteenth  street. 


The  car  stovehas  commenced  its  deadyly 
work  again,  but  we  suppose  a  consideration 
of  its  dangers  will  be  deferred  until  the 
long  and  milder  days  of  a  golden  summer. 
T4ie  problem  considered  at  such  seasons  is 
less  difficult  to  dispose  of. 


Defiance  Ohio — Architect  J.  J.  Hale  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  factory  building  for  P. 
Schlossen,  to  be  two  stories  high,  100x200 
feet,  common  brick,  gravel  roof,  iron  beams 
steam  heating,  elevators,  etc;  cost  Sio,ooo. 


The  lotus  plant  is  cultivated  in  India  as  a 
water  purifier. 

Keokuk  quarantines  her  cases  of  diphthe- 
ria and  scarlet  fever. 

Louisville  for  the  year  ending  August  31, 
has  had  a  death  rate  of  fourteen  per  one 
thousand. 

New  Haven  people  use  about  2000  ounces 
of  quinine  every  year. 

Lunacy  and  idiocy  are  said  to  be  increas- 
ing in  Great  Britain 

Typhoid  fever  causes  one-third  of  the 
deaths  in  the  French  army. 

St.  Louis  had,  during  October,  a  death  rate 
of  17.78  per  1,000. 


370 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XV.  No  304 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Camden,  N.  J.:    The  Columbia  Electric 

Light  Company  has  been  incorporated.  

A  tower  150  feet  high,  to  be  surmounted 
with  a  600-candle  power  electric  light,  is  to 

be  built  at  Sea  Isle  city,  N.  J.  Middle- 

ville,  Mich.,  will  have  electric  light  by  Jan- 
uary. The  Detroit  Natural  Gas  Company 

ting  estimates  as  to  cost,  etc.  W.  F.  Ladd 

will  probably  endeavor  to  organize  a  com- 
pany at  Galveston,  Tex.,  to  manufacture  a 
patent  electric  battery  for  lighting  purposes. 

 The  Western    Electric  Company,  of 

Chicago,  is  making  a  thirty-five  arc  light 
machine  for  the  Salt  Lake  Electric  Light 

Company.  The    Standard    Gas  Light 

Company,  of  New  York  city,  has  declared  a 

quarterly  dividend  of  iX  per  cent.  The 

new  gas  company,  organized  at  Helena, 
Mon.,  by  Mr.  Hardy  and  others,  will  put  in 

the  Loomis  process.  Frank  D.  Moses  is 

erecting  a  new  gas  works  at  Pierre,  S.  D.  

has  Its  pipes  laid  almost  into  Monroe  from 
the  Ohio  fields.  St.  Charles.  Mo.:  An  ap- 
propriation has  been  made  for  plans  and 
specifications  for  supplying  the  city  with  an 
electric  light  plant  and  also  to  ascertain 
what  the  same  light  would  cost  by  contract. 

 Marietta,  Pa.:   A  committee  has  been 

appointed   to    arrange    for    lighting  the 

borough.  Tuscoloosa,  Ala.:   Natural  gas 

has  been  found  within  fifteen  miles  of  this 

place.  The  gas  well  at  Booneville,  N.  Y., 

has  reached  a  depth  of  1240  feet.  The 

Consumers  Heating  Company  of  Pittsburgh 
is  a  recent  organization  with  $50,000  capital 
stock.  The  directors  are  Herbert  DuPuy, 
David  Shaw,  A.  H.  Clarke,  Robt.  J.  Ander- 
son and  Robert  Josephs.  A  syndicate  of 

American  capitalists,  headed  by  Colonel 
James  Foley  of  Boston,  are  looking  for  oil 

in  Quebec.  The  fire  and  gas  committee 

of  the  Toronto  (Ont.)  council  has  decided  to 
put  up  a  number  of  extra  street  lights,  both 

gas  and  electric.  Greenville,  Ala.,  wants 

electric  light.  The  Cincinnati,  O.,  Board 

of  Public  Works  has  ordered  the  electric 

light  wires  to  be  buried.  The  Montreal 

council  is  trying  to  find  a  proper  insulation 

for  electric  light  wires.  East  St.  Louis, 

111.:  The  Atwood  Electric  Company  has 
been  organized,  furnishing  electric  lamps 
for  locomotive  headlights,  etc.  Capital, 

$500,000.  Rockland,  Me.,  will  be  lighted 

by  electricity.  Dixon,  111.:    A  franchise 

for  electric  light  plant  has  been  granted  to 

F.  A.  Watson  and  others.  It  is  said  the 

stockholders  of  the  Thomas-Houston  Inter- 
national Company  are  asked  to  authorize 
the  directors  to  issue  $50,000  in  new  common 
stock,  which  would  be  500  shares.  The 
present  stockholders  are  to  be  given  a  right 
to  take  up  the  stock  at  $225  a  share  or  more. 

 The  Grand  Rapids  (Mich.)  Council  has 

voted  to  contract  with  the  Globe  Light  and 
Heat  Company  of  Chicago,  for  400  improved 
naphtha  lamps.— — At  Jeffersonville,  Ky., 
the  gas  company  has  fixed  the  price  of 


gas  for  illuminating  purposes  at  §1.89  per 
1000  feet,  and  for  cooking  at  Si  net.    This  is 

a   reduction    from    former  rates.  The 

Attica  (N.  Y.)  Board  of  Trustees  is  enter- 
taining a  proposition  for  electric  lighting 

made  by  the  local  company.  The  electric 

light  plant  now  going  in  at  Montpelier,  Vt., 
will,  it  is  said,  be  the  largest  and  best  in  the 
state.  The  Universal  Arc  Lamp  Com- 
pany of  New  York  city  has  been  formed 
with  a  capital  stock  of  Sioo.ooo  to  manufac- 
ture and  sell  electric  arc  lamps,  etc.  The 

Ashland,  Ky.,  Electric  Light  Company  con- 
templates putting  in  an  incandescent  light 

dynamo.  The   New  Cumberland  (West 

Va.)  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company  is 
erecting  an  incandescent  plant  of  750  lights 
capacity,  and  will  add  an  arc  plant  as  soon 

as  contract  can  be  made  with  city.  The 

Piedmont  (West  Va.)  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany is  reported  as  to  enlarge  its  plant.  

Several  gas  wells  are  being  sunk  about  three 
miles  from  Shinnston,  West  Va.,  and  the 
building  of  a  pipe-line  to  Shinnston  is  talked 

of.  Morgantown,   N.  C,   is  considering 

putting  in  an  electric  light  plant  and  is  get- 
have  a  system  of  waterworks.  Sea  Isle 

City,  N.  J.: A  water  company  has  been  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  sinkidg  artesian 

wells   to   supply   the   town.  Lake  City, 

Col.:  waterworks  will  be  constructed  at  a 

cost  of  about  $25,000.  Holden,  Johnson 

Co.,  Mo.,  has  given  a  20-year  franchise  to  the 
Interstate  Gas  and  water  Company  for  light- 
ing by  electricty,  and  has  contracted  for 
public  lighting  with  that  company  for  a  per- 
iod of  five  years.  The' Henderson  County 

Natural  Gas,  Mining  and  Manufacturing 
Company,  of  Henderson,  Ky.,  recently  in- 
corporated, will  begin  the  sinking  of  wells 

at  once.  Several  gas  wells  are  being 

boared  near  Shinnston,  W.  Va.,  and  it  is 
proposed  to  build  a  pipe  line  to  the  town,  if 
sufficient  supply  is  secured. — .'\dams,  .Mass: 
The  Adams  Electric  Light  Co,  is  stringing 
its  wires  for  incadenscent  lighting,  and  ex- 
pects to  be  in  operation   by  Christmas.  

Toledo,  la.:  A  special  election  has  been  held 
to  decide  the  question  of  lighting  the  town 
by  electricty,  on  the  condition  of  the  con- 
struction'and  operation  of  a  street  railway 
bet, ween  Tama  and  Toledo  by  the  electric 
light  company.  The  proposition  was  en- 
dorsed by  a  vote  of  208  to  25.  The  Ta- 

coma  Light  and  Water  Company  of  Tacoma 
Wash.,  has  ordered  another  750-light  dyna- 
mo. Fair  Haven,  Wash.:  A  new  com- 
pany has  been  organized  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $100,000.  An  arc  plant,  of  100  light 
capacity,  will  be  installed,  and  the  plant  in- 
creased as  rapidly  as  needed.  Clarks- 
burg, W.  \'a.:  The  injunction  granted 
against  Clarksburg  Electric  Light  Co. 
was  dissolved  by   Judge   Hagans,   upon  a 

hearing,  at  Morgantown.  At  Beverly,  N. 

J.,  a  company  has  been  organized  for  fur- 
nishing light,  heat  and  power,  and  the  city 
counsel  has  decided  to  light  the  city  by 

electricity.  Greenville,  Ala.,   is  agitating 

for  electric  lighting. —  Barnsville,  O.,  has  de- 
cided by  a  town  vote  of  482  to  48,  to  light 


its  streets  with   incandecent  electrics.  

A  fifty-year  charter  has  been  granted  to  the 
Electric  Illuminating  Bompany  of  Martins- 
burg,  W.  Va.,  Chas.  J.  Faulkner,  Geo.  M. 
Powers,  Stuart  W.  Walker,  Chas.  G.  Smith 
andH.  C.  Berry,  all  citizens  of  Martinsburh 
are  announced   as   stockholders,   and  the 

capital    stock  will  be  $50,000.  Eureka 

Springs,  Ark.,  will  introduce  incandecent 
electric  lamps  for  street  lighting  at  an  early 
date.  The  gas  company  will  furnish  the 
lamps  and  the  Heiser  system  will  be  em- 
ployed. Morgantown,  N.  M.  is  asking  for 

estimates  as  to  the   cost  of  installing  and 

operating  an  electric  light  plant  George 

D.  Allen  of  Allen  &  Co.,  has  petitioned  the 
board   of  Alderman  of   Brooklyn,   for  an 

electric  lighting  franchise.  Weston,  W. 

Va.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  Sealforth 

Ont,:  The  town  council  has  decided  to  have 
electric  lights. 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE 
DONE. 

A  match  factory  is  to  be  built  at  National 
City,  Cal.  At  Chariton,  la.,  a  stock  com- 
pany is  forming,  to  establish    a  canning 

factory.  At  Grand  Island,  Neb.,  a  beet 

sugar  factory  will  be  started  soon.  Read- 
ing Pa.:  The  erection  of  buildings  for  the 
Carpenter  steel  works  has  been  com- 
menced. A  company  has  been  organized 

to  build  iron  and  steel  works  on   a  large 

scale  at  Middlesborough,  Ky.  A  woolen 

mill  is  projected  for  Fort  Worth,  Tex.  

Center,  Ala.:  A  furnace  company  has  been 
organized  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  Flor- 
ence, Ala.,  is   to  have  a  $500,000  carpet 

mill.  Burlington  Wis.,  is  having  trouble 

over  the  water-works  question.  It  is  claimed 
that  the  contractors  want  to  make  too  much 

money  out  of  the  undertaking.  Holyoke, 

Mass.:  An  almshouse  to  cost  $13,000  will  be 

erected.  The   Board,  which    has  been 

considering  the  consolidation  of  a  number 
of  Naval  stations  at  Newport  R.  1,,  favors 
the  plan  of  the  erection  of  a  "  Naval  School 
of  Application,"  which  will  include  the  Na- 
val Torpedo  Station,  the  War  College,  and 
the  Naval  Training  Station  in  one  estab- 
lishment. The  Board  also  recommends 
that  the  $100,000  now  appropriated  for  a  war 
college  building,  on  Goat  Island,  be  ex- 
pended for  a  structure  for  a  new  school  of 
application.     Secretary  Tracy  is    said  to 

favor  the   plan.  Baltimore,  Md.:  Messrs 

Baldwin  and  Pemington  have  prepared 
plans  for  an  $80,000  ware  house;  A  dor- 
mitory forthe  Female  College  at  Fourth  and 
Colvert  streets,  to  cost  $50,000,  will  also  be 
erected.  The  new  club  house  will  cost 
$150,000.  Fifty  or  more  two  story  dwell- 
ings are  projected.      Messers    \'ale  and 

Young  will  erect  a  factory  in  the  spring.  

Washington,  D.  C.:The  Inter  Ocean  build- 
ing, on  Ninth  street,  will  cost  $75,000.  A 
number  of  dwellings  are  projected  ranging 

in  cost  from  $5,000  to  $30,000.  Laurel. 

Springs,  N,  J.:  A  hotel  and  station  will  be 

erected.  Haddonfield,    N.    J.:  Several 

dwellings  are  to   be  erected.  Williams- 


Nov.  .■«),  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


371 


town,  N.J.,  A  glass  factory  will  be  erected 

by   the    glass-blowers  union.  Pleasant- 

ville,  N.  J.:  Rislcy  and  Farrwill  build  about 

twenty-five  residences.  Jersey  City,  N.  J.: 

F.  M  Myers  will  erect  four  dwellings  to 
cost  S20,ooo.  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.:  Exten- 
sive alterations  will  be  made  in  Schauffer's 

hotel  and  the  United  States.  Camden,  N. 

J.:  B.  W.  Cox  has  purchased  a  tract  of  land 
on  which  he  proposes  to  erect  loo  dwell- 
ings in  the  spring.  Titusville,  Pa.:  The 

Titusville  Iron  Company  will  make  exten- 
sive improvements  in  the  spring,  including 

the  erection  of  new  buildings.  Charteirs 

Pa.:It  is  reported  that  a  large  rolling  mill  to 

cost  $300,000   will    be    erected.  Grand 

Rapids,  Mich.:  Hodges  Bros,  will  build  a 
livery  stable,  40x130  feet.  A  two  story  flat 
building  to  cost  81,200  will  be  erected.  John 
N.  Lynde  will  erect  a  $2,500  flat  building. 
Sherwood  Hall  will  undergo  alterations  to 
the  amount  of  $4,000.  A  number  of  residences 

■will   be    built.  Muskegon,  Mich.:  John 

Torrent  will  erect  a  three  story  hotel  76X 

144  feet,  to  contain  120  rooms.  Mancelo- 

na  Mich.:  Additional  charcoal  kilns  and 
stock  house  will  be  built  by  the  Antmir 

Iron  company.  Jackson,  Mich.,  is  to  have 

a  summer  resort  at  Round  Lake.  The  Lake 
Side  Society  has  been  organized,  and  an 

$80,000  hotel  will  be  erected  by  July  i.  

A  site  for  the  new  hospital  at  Ann  Arbor, 
Mich.,  has  been  bought  by  the  university 
regents.  It  is  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from 
the  medical  department  and  cost  $80,000. 

 Milwaukee,  Wis.:  A  stock  company  is 

being  organized  for  the  purpose  of  erecting 

an  opera  house  at  Schiltz  park.  Kansas 

City,  Mo.,  is  to  have  a  new  jail.  Milwau- 
kee, Wis.:The  west  side  hotel  is  an  assured 
fact,  the  articles  of  incorporation  having 
been  signed  The  plans  call  for  an  invest- 
ment of  $700,000.  A  new  Immauel  Presby- 
terian Church  is  proposed.  Providence, 

R.  I.:  A  handsome  new  building  is  projected 

for  the  Hospital  Trust  Company.  Vicks- 

burg,  Miss.:  The  new  hotel  is  now  a  certain- 
ty. Washington,  D.  C:  W.  C  Hill  will 

erect  an  eight  story  apartment  house,  53x143 
feet  on  I  street,  at  a  cost  of  about   $150,000.  j 
Several  handsome  dwellings  and  a  number 

of  flat  buildings  are  projected.  There  is 

talk  of  a  rail-road  and  wagon  bridge  across 

the  Missouri    river  at  Sioux  City,  la.  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.:  The  new  hotel  will 
be  located  on  west  temple  street.  It  will  be 
135x165  feet,  six  stories  high,  brick  and 
stone  front,  and  will  contain   250  rooms. 

The  cost  will  be  about  $300,000.  Denver, 

Col.:  The  People's  National  Bank  proposes  to 
erect  a  six  story  brick  and  stone  business 
block  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  W.  G.  Cheever 
will  erect  one  seven  stories,  to  cost  $125,000. 
B.  F.  Woodward  is  to  erect  a  $26,000  resi- 
dence. Hayden  &  Dickinson  will  build  a 
three-story  business  block,  to  cost  $60,000, 
and  another  to  cost  $40,000.  The  Denver 
Athletic  club  will  put  up  a  five-story  brick 
and  store  building  at  an  expense  of  $70,000 
J.  B.  Grant  will  erect  a  $60,000  residence. 
Milo  A.  Smith  will  build  a  $35,000  residence. 


J.  M.  Bush  &  Co.  will  erect  a  theater  build- 
ing to  cost  $250,000.  W.  Church  will  put  up 
a  $(p,ooo  three-story  brown  terrace.  A.  M. 
Ghost  will  put  up  a  six-story  stone  building 
at  a  cost  of  $65,000. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.:— At  a  meeting  of  the 
water  committee,  held  November,  11,  the 
the  sum  of  $1,685,653  was  appropriated  for 
the  use  of  the  water  department  during  the 
coming  year.  A  new  basin  will  be  con- 
constructed,  to  cost  $500,000,  and  the  bal- 
ance will  be  expended  on  extensions  and 
repairs.:  Iron  Mountian,  Mich.,  is  pre- 
pared to  offer  a  franchise  for  a  waterworks 
system.:  Wymore,  Neb.,  is  to  have  water- 
works.: Gayesport,  Pa.,  has  coneluded  to 

spend    $20,000     for    waterworks.:  At 

Sdringer.  N.  M.,  $10,000  will   be   put  into 

waterworks.:  Sprague,  Wash.,  a  contract 

to  build  waterworks  has  been  let.  Mos- 
cow, Idaho,  is  to  have  a  $25,000  system  of 

waterworks.  Pittsfield,   Vt.,  waterworks 

are  in  anticipation.:  Bear  Gulch,  Cal.,  a 

water  company  has  been  incorporated,  with 

$500,000  capital.:  San    Bernardino,  Cal., 

bonds  in  the  sum  of  $160,000  have  been  voted 
for  the  purposes  of  establishing  a  water- 
works system.:  Waterworks  improve- 
ments are  projected  at  Palmyra,  and  Ham- 
burg, N.    Y.  Crystal    Springs,  Mich.: 

Waterworks  are  to  be  established.:  Col- 

ville,  Wash.:  The  Mountain  Brook  Water 
Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  capi- 
tal stock  of  $25,000.  A  system  of  water- 
works will  be  established.  Kansas  City 

Mo.  :The  city's  special  counsel  has  recom- 
mended that  the  city  put  in  its  own  sys- 
ten  of  waterworks,  which  it  has  a  right  to 
do,  the  National  W^ater  Works  Company 
having  forfeited  its  rights  by  violations  of  its 
charter.  The  new  works  as  proposed  will 
cost,  when  completed  with  proper  sized  pipes 
a  reservoir  of  sufficient  capacity  and 
pumping  stations  of  the  newst  and 
most      improved      pattern     about  $2,- 

500,000.  Fulton,  Mo.:   The  waterworks 

system  is  to  be  extended  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000,  to  secure  which  amount  bonds  will 
be  issued.  Flagler,  la.,  is  to  have  water- 
works. Oxford,  Ga.,  citizens  are  agitating 

the  waterworks  question.  Flint,  Mich., 

The  Flint  City  Water  Works  Company  will 
soon  commence  the  erection  of  a  new  water- 
works building  on  Flint  River,  a  mile  north 
of  the  city,  for  water  supply  for  the  city. 

 Ingersoll,  Ont.,  is  to  have  a  waterworks 

system.  Burlingame,  Kas.,  will  probably 

soon  put  in  a  waterworks  system.  John- 
son City,  Tenn.:  A  company  has  been  incor- 
porated to  bring  water  from    Indian  Creek. 

nine  miles  distant  in  a  three-foot  pipe.  

Blacksburg,  S.  C:  The  Blacksburg  Land 
and  Improvement  Company  has  been  or- 
ganized, with  the  privilege  of  building  a 
waterworks   and   electric  light  plant.  The 

capital  stock  is  $10,000.  The  Philadelpeia 

city  counsel's  water  committee  has  resolved 
to  recommend  that  the  item  in  the  appropria- 
tion bill  for  next  year  referring  to  the  ma- 


terial and  labor  for  service  pipe  be  increased 
from  S(/).ooo  to  $150,000.  The  water  com- 
pany at  Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  has  decided  to 
build  an  iron  standpipe  near  the  |>resent 
reservoir,  with  a  cai)acity  of  500,000  gallons, 
work  will  commence  forthwith.  The  reser- 
voir will  be  used  for  storing  water  for  fire 
purposes.  The  Lump  Gulch  Water  Com- 
pany, with  a  capitai  stock  of  $600,000  has 
been  formed  at  Helena,  Mont.,  to  supply 
the  inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Helena  with 
water  for  drinking  and  other  domestic  pur- 
poses. The  peo[)le  of  Oroville,  Cal.,  are 

talking  of  giving  a  bonus  of  $100,000  to  the 
Big  Bend  Company  whenever  it  will  bring 
the  water  from   the   mountians  upon  the 

fruit  lands  near  town.  The  Clyde  Iron 

Works  of  Duluth,  Minn,  will  hereafter  be 
under  a  reorganized  management  with  a 
paid  up  capital  of  $100,000.  A  new  lead 
pipe  works  is  also  projected  at  the  same 

place  to  cost  $25,000  to  $30,000.  Rock 

Rapids,  la .  is  to  have  a  system  of  water- 
works. 


ST  NICHOLAS. 


The  Centnry  Go's  Magazine  for  Young  Folks. 
Enlarged  and  printed  in  New  Type. 


Since  1873,  when,  under  the  editorial  man- 
gement  of  Mrs.  Mary  Mapes  Dodge,  the 
publication  of  St.  Nicholas  for  Yoitttg-  Folks 
was  begun,  it  has  led  all  magazines  for  girls 
and  boys.  Nothing  like  it  was  known  before 
and  to-day,  as  the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean  re- 
cently said,  "it  is  the  model  and  ideal  juv- 
nile  magazine  of  the  world."  Through  its 
pages  the  greatest  writers  of  our  time  are 
speaking  to  the  youth  of  America  and  Eng- 
land, and  the  best  artists  and  engravers  are 
training  the  eyes  of  the  boys  and  girls  to  ap- 
preciate the  highest  in  art.  Nobody  knows 
how  many  readers  St.  Nicholas  has.  In  the 
third  largest  public  liabrary  in  America, — 
that  in  Indianapolis. — more  than  3,000  people 
read  each  month's  number. 

Since  the  first  issue  Mrs.  Dodge  has  re- 
mained as  editor.  Early  in  its  history  other 
young  people's  magazines,  "Our  Young 
Folks,''  "The  Little  Corporal,"  "Riverside," 
etc.,  were  consolidated  with  it,  and  its  history 
has  been  one  of  growth  from  the  first.  Ten- 
nyson, Bryant,  Longfellow,  Whittier,  Miss 
Alcott,  Mrs.  Burnett,  Charles  Dudley  War- 
ner. W.  D.  Howells,  and  almost  every  well- 
known  writer  of  our  time  have  contributed 
to  its  pages.  There  is  only  one  way  in  which 
its  conductors  can  make  it  better,  and  that 
is  by  making  more  of  it,  and  so  they  an- 
nounce that  with  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth volume  (November,  1889)5/.  Nicholas 
will  be  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  eight, 
and  sometimes  sixteen,  extra  pages  in  each 
number.  This  enlargement  is  absolutely  re- 
quired to  make  room  for  the  rich  store  of 
new  material  which  has  been  secured  for  the 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.30i 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  TV^FG  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

[^^actorjr,  Brooklyn,  3jT.  TT.]  CHIC^GrO. 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBINATION 

(Ga8  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
customers  to  us 

 o  

BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES. 

 o  

Ordeks  Cabefullt  Fille  d 


NATURK'S    RKMBDIES  ! 

413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  root-s  and  lierbe,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.    Nature's  own  Remedies!      Prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effects. 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY!    NATURE'S  LIFE  REMEDY! 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR!  NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR!  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER ! 

The  ("ataubh  Remkdy  is  h  sovereign  cure.  Over  1.50  persons  have  been  treated  at  my  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic  and  blood  purifier.  The  Livrr  Ren- 
OVATOE  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  (he  bowels  and  system.  The  LuNO  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lungand  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Relievbr  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  neuralgia,  tooth-ache,  ear-ache,  bruises,  chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  th.it  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  panqerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  you  may  have  tried  many  preparations  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


372 


benefit  of  St.  Nicholas  readers.  The  use  of 
new  and  clearer  type  will  be  begun  with  the 
November  number. 

During  the  coming  year  there  are  to  be 
four  important  serial  stories  by  four  well- 
known  American  authors.  Athletics  and 
outdoor  sports,  will  be  a  special  feature  (con- 
tributed by  Walter  Camp,  of  Yale,  and  others) 
and  there  will  be  stories  of  character  and 
adventure,  sketches  of  information  and 
travel,  outdoor  papers,  articles  of  special 
literary  interest,  suggestive  talks  on  natural 
history,  other  scientific  subjects,  and  the 
march  of  events.  Both  the  December  and 
January  numbers  are  to  be  holiday  issues. 

The  price  will  be  the  same  as  heretofore, 
S3.00  a  year,  25centsa  number,  and  all  deal- 
ers and  the  publishers  (The  Century  Co., 
New  York)  take  subscriptions.  New  sub- 
scribers should  begin  with  November. 


FORJ890. 

Consider  Scribner's  Magazine  when 
you  are  deciding  upon  your  reading  matter 
for  next  season.  The  subscription  rate  is 
low — S3-00  a  year. 

The  standard  of  the  magazine  is  high. 

Its  spirit  progressive. 

The  illustrations  are  interesting  and  of 

the  best. 

There  is  not  space  here  to  give  even  a  sum- 
mary of  the  features  to  appear  next  year, 
but  among  other  things  there  will  be  a  new 
department  and  additional  pages,  and 
groups  of  illustrated  articles  will  be  devoted 
to  the  following  subjects: 

African  exploration  and  Travel, 

Life  on  a  Modern  War  Ship  (3  articles), 

Homes  in  City,  Suburb  and  Country. 

Providing     Homes    through  Building 

Associations. 

The  Citizen's  Rights. 

Electricity  in  the  Household. 

Ericsson,  the  Inventor,  by  his  Authorized 

Biographer. 

Hunting, 

Humorous  Artists,  American  and 
Foreign. 

There  will  be  three  serials. 

Robert  Louis  Stevenson  will  contribute 

in  i8go. 

Each  subject,  and  there  will  be  a  great 
variety  this  year,  will  be  treated  by  writers 
most  competent  to  speak  with  authority  and 
with  interest.  Readers  who  are  interested 
are  urged  to  send  for  a  prospectus. 

21;  cents  a  number;  $1.00  for  4  months. 
CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS. 

743  Broadway,  New  York. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS-  H.r  Fcver. 

A    NEW  HON!  C  TH  EATM  N  NT. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
these  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  inembrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whcrel)y 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
arc  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N  B  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuH  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada.— 
Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


lUJILDING  PERMITS. 

Henry  Hummelgatra,  two  2  story 
and  basement,  dwells,  50x68  feet, 
683-5  Fulierton  St  S  12,000 

C.  P.  Mitchell,  four  two  story  and 

i:basement brick  dwellings,  73x50 
3800^)  Wabash  ave.,  H.  Reader 
architect   16,000 

(ieorge  F.  Phedgley,  2  storey  and 
cellar  brick  dwelling,  54x64  feet, 
268  Irving  ave   5,000 

John  Ruddy,  3  story  and  cellar 
brick  store  and  flats,  24x80  feet, 
131  Centre  street   4,000 

Fred  Peterson,  three  story  and  cel- 
lar, brick  store  and  flats,  22x82 
feet,  175  west  Erie  St   6,000 

James  Ash,  two  3  story  and  cellar 
brick  flats,  44x42  feet,  197-g  west 
Congress  Street   5,000 

Charles  E.  Denneby,  3  story  and 
basement  brick  dwelling,  25X  72 
feet,  531  north  State  Street,  John 
Duncon  architect   ]'2,ooo 

John  R.  Madison,  two  4  story  and 
liasement  brick  flats  36x60  feet, 
858-60  west  Polk  Street,  J.  Hilton, 
architect    12,000 

James  Ralph,  3  story  and  basement 
brick  flats,  25x73  feet,  and  barn 
24X  25[feet,  2739  Wabash  avenue.  12,000 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

Elmira,  N.  Y.:  The  city's  sewerage  sys- 
tem is  about  completed  after  an  expenditure 

of  nearly  §60,000.  Orange,  N.  J.:  Carrol 

Phillipps  Bassett,  C.  E.,  has  been  engaged 
to  prepare  plans  for  a  sewerage  system  for 
this  place.     When  completed  the  council 

will    act  in  the    matter.  Los  Angeles 

Cal.:  The  sewer  commission  has  made  a  re- 
port which  recommends  the  establishing  of 
works  to  separate  the  solids  from  the  sewage. 
It  estimates  the  value  of  the  fertilizing  ma- 
terial from  the  sewage  of  a  city  of  80,000 
peo|)le:  at  from  $160,000  to  §200,000  per  year; 
§000,000  be  spent  on  the  sewers  within  the 
city  limits,  and  §50,00000  storm  drains.  

Woonsocket,  R.  I.:  The  people  of  this 
place  are  agitating  the  question  of  estab- 
lishing a  system  of   sewers.  Marlboro, 

Mass.:  A  site  has  been  selected  for  a  filtra- 
tion field  to  be  used  in  connection  with  the 

])roposed  sewerage  system  at  the  i)lace.  

Canton,  O.,  is  to  make  extensive  improve- 
ments in  its  sewerage  system.  Pittsburg, 

Pa.:  Sewers  arc  to  be  constructed  in  several 
streets.— — Hannibal,  Mo.:  A  complete  sys- 
tem of  sewerage  will  shortly  be  introduce 


Dec.  7,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


37o 


The  Sanitary  News 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERT  WEEK 

AT 

No.  90  I^a  Salle  Street,  Cliicaico. 


Thomas  Hudson,  -----  Pubusher, 

A.  H.  Harryman,  Editor. 

Hknby  R.  Ai-lbn,       -     .     -      London  Agent. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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CHICAGO,  DEC.  7,  1889.' 


Contents  This  ^A^^EEK:. 


Current  Topics.       -------  373 

The  Sewage  Question      ------  373 

Health  of  Rhode  Island         -----  374 

Kitchen  Drainage  in  Philadelphia      -      -      -  371 

Hints  for  Owners  of  Steam  Boilers     -      -      -  373 

Quarantine       -  37.5 

Suggestions  for  Apprentices        -      -      -      -  .37(5 

Health  of  New  York  and  London  -  -  -  376 
Dry  Cellars  .-----.-376 

Well  Water   376 

The  Size  of  Registers  to  Use  -  -  -  -  377 
Germany's  Heating  Exposition    -      -      .  -377 

Engineers'  License  in  Chicago     -      -      -      -  377 

Good  Firing  as  a  Smoke  Preventer      -      -      -  378 

Bdildino— 

How  to  have  a  house  Built     -      -      -      .  378 

Notes  from  Architects     -----  378 

More  Chicago  Sky-scrapers    -      -      -      -  379 

Plumbing— 

French  Plumbing  379 

To  the  Master  Plumbers  of  Chicago     -      -  381 

Among  the  Plumbers      -----  381 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done      -      -      -  382 

Heating  and  Lighting     -      -      -      .      .  382 

Bids  and  Contracts         -----  333 

Sewerage  Notes         ------  334 

Building  Permits  384 


Tmc  individual  breathes  as  much  air  in 
the  winter  as  in  the  summer  time.'  The 
windows  need  not  be  thrown  wide  open  as 
in  the  heated  summer,  but  an  amount  of  air 
necessary  should  be  admitted  the  year 
round. 


With  the  Forth  bridge  and  the  Eiffel 
tower,  engineering  has  demonstrated  its 
ability  to  build  immensely  in  any  direction. 
We  have  not  yet  reached  the  proof  of  the 
Irishman's  assertion  that  he  could  build  a 
chimney  from  the  top  down  by  simply  slip- 
ping one  brick  under  another,  but  we  are 
tending  in  that  direction. 


Some  persons,  in  fact  a  great  many  per- 
sons, have  an  idea  that  cold  weather  is  a 
general  purifier.  They  believe  that  water 
IS  purified  by  freezing,  and  they  drink  with 
relish  the  water  that  is  chilled  by  frost,  that 
they  would  not  touch  in  the  heat  of  summer. 
This  idea  is  erroneous.  Water  that  is  im- 
pure in  the  summer  is  not  purifid  by  cold 
weather.  Disease  germs  live  even  in  ice, 
and  the  polluted  water  in  summer  is  still 
polluted  after  frosts. 


The  recent  fire  in  Boston  has  awakened 
a  new  interest  in  high  water  pressure,  which 
is  expressed  through  the  press  of  several 
cities.  As  is  generally  the  case  in  all  things 
pertaining  to  human  safety,  it  takes  some- 
thing extraordinarily  destructive  to  cause 
men  to  see  the  necessity  of  providing  some 
means  to  prevent  its  recurrence.  It  is  also  usu- 
al that  the  discovery  of  this  necessity  comes 
too  late.  What  happened  to  Boston  is  just 
as  liable  to  happen  to  any  other  city.  It  has 
happened  before,  and  may  happen  again. 
No  one  can  tell  when  such  a  calamity  will 
overtake  a  city.  It  may  be  to-morrow,  it 
may  not  be  for  years,  but  the  chances  are 
that  it  will  occur  some  time.  The  building 
of  the  present  day,  placing  stories  upon  top 
of  stories,  and  filling  them  with  articles  of  an 
inflammable  nature,  crowded  so  closely  that 
they  almost  touch  from  window  to  window, 
increases  the  probability  of  destructive  fires, 
and  multiplies  the  necessities  for  ample  pro- 
tection. The  delusive  trust  in  our  so-called 
fire-proof  buildings  may  create  an  assur- 
ance of  safety,  but  it  should  not.  Our  fire- 
proof buildings  are  only  comparatively  so. 
They  burn  slower  than  many  older  build- 
ings, but  often  we  have  seen  their  entire  con- 
tents swept  away  in  a  few  hours.  One  great 
protection  against  fire  is  water.  Safety  re- 
quires that  the  fire  department,  however 
efficient,  should  be  re-enforced  by  a  high 
water  pressure.  It  is  an  agent  that  can  be 
easily  and  quickly  employed,  and  its  effect- 
iveness has  been  witnessed  on  more  than 
one  occasion.  No  one  can  say  that  such  a 
system  is  not  needed,  for  no  one  knows  at 
what  time  a  conflagration  may  be  upon 
us.  The  time  to  provide  against  loss  is  be- 
fore the  loss  has  occurred.  But  we  fear  that 
we  will  wait  until  the  failure  to  provide  such 
protection  will  prove  a  sore  regret. 


THE  SEWAGE  QUESTION. 

John  H.  Rauch,  M.  D.,  .Secretary  of  the 
Illinois  State  Board  of  Health,  submitted 
the  following  to  council  last  Monday  night: 

To  THE  Honorable  the  Mayok  and 
Common  Council  of  the  City  of  Chi- 
cago:— Owing  to  the  increased  quantity  of 
sewage  that  empties  into  the  Chicago  River 
and  the  small  amount  removed  by  the 
Bridgeport  pumps,  the  river  during  the  past 
season  was  as  offensive  as  at  any  time  before 
the  deep  cut  in  the  canal  was  made,  and,  in 
fact,  in  the  history  of  the  city. 

Not  only  is  the  river  a  nuisance  in  its 
present  condition,  but  it  is  a  positive  source 
of  danger  to  the  health  of  the  citizens  of 
Chicago,  which  will  increase  with  its  growth 
in  population. 

The  sanitary  interests  of  Chicago  and  the 
communities  in  the  Desplaines  and  Illinois 
valleys  imperatively  demand  that  the  sew- 
age of  Chicago,  pumped  into  the  canal,  shall 
be  diluted  on  the  minimum  scale  of  14,000 
cubic  feet  per  minute  for  every  100,000 
people  who  drain  into  the  Chicago  River. 
In  winter,  when  oxidation  is  retarded  by  ice 
formations,  shutting  out  light  and  air  by  low 
temperature  and  by  impeded  motion,  a 
greater,  rather  than  less,  quantity  should  be 
pumped.  This  is  not  surmise;  it  is  an  abso- 
lute certainty,  fully  proved  by  careful  inves- 
tigations and  recent  analyses.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  average  quantity  pumped  during 
the  period  covered  by  the  analysis  referred 
to  did  not  exceed  45,000  cubic  feet  a  minute 
during  the  summer  of  1888,  nor  was  it  more 
than  38,000  cubic  feet  a  minute  during  the 
winter  of  i888-g.  The  larger  quantity  is  less 
than  one-half  the  minimum  dilution  now 
necessary  to  prevent  nuisance  in  the  river 
and  at  Joliet. 

The  sanitary  interests  of  Chicago  require 
the  increase  of  pumping  to  at  least  120,000 
cubic  feet  per  minute,  at  this  time.  With 
comparatively  small  outlay  the  canal  can  be 
made  to  carry  100,000  cubic  feet  a  minute, 
though  probably  one  or  two  bridges  would 
have  to  be  raised. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  canal  cannot 
carry  off  a  sufificient  amount,  pumping  works, 
for  further  relief,  should  be  immediately 
erected  at  some  suitable  point  of  discharge 
on  the  Desplaines  River,  as  recommended 
by  this  board  in  1879,  addition  to  such  an 
increase  of  the  pumping  plant  at  Bridgeport 
as  may  be  practicable,  to  provide  for  the 
present  necessities  and  augmented  amount 
of  sewage  that  will  be  discharged  between 
the  present  time  and  completion  of  the 
waterway  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois 
River. 

With  the  sewage  of  more  than  800,000 
people  already  discharging  into  the  Chicago 
River,  the  minimum  dilution  above  specified 
—14,000  cubic  feet  per  minute  to  the  100,000 
people— requires  at  the  present  time  that  at 
least  120,000  cubic  feet  a  minute  be  pumped. 

The  heavy  rainfall  of  July  27-28,  1889,  of 
over  four  inches,  carried  the  accumulated 
sewage  beyond  the  crib,  and  polluted  the 
water  supply;  had  it  not  been  for  the  notice 


374 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  305 


given  to  boil  the  water  before  using,  and  the 
remarkably  low  and  equable  temperature 
for  more  than  a  month  after  this  heavy  rain- 
fall, the  influence  of  this  pollution  of  the 
water  would  have  been  much  more  marked 
upon  health  and  life  than  it  was.  Under 
certain  circumstances  two  inches  of  rainfall 
in  twenty-four  hours  in  this  city  is  a  menace 
to  its  water  supply;  spring  freshets  also,  and 
a  rainfall  in  one  day  of  three  inches,  with 
the  present  pumping  capacity,  always  pol- 
lutes the  water.  As  compared  with  the 
benefits  to  be  derived  from  this  work  of 
diluting  and  removal  of  the  sewage,  the  cost 
of  this  temporary  undertaking  should  cause 
no  hesitation. 

It  is,  then,  a  matter  of  the  most  vital  im- 
portance, and  an  absolute  sanitary  necessity, 
that  provision  be  made  for  pumping  the 
amount  of  water  mentioned,  and  this  pro- 
vision should  be  made  without  delay.  The 
conditions  that  obtain  area  constant  menace 
to  the  health  of  the  people.  Delay  in  this 
matter  by  those  in  authority,  so  far  as  the 
people  of  Chicago  are  concerned,  is  simply 
criminal;  and,  as  regards  the  adjoining  com- 
munities that  are  imposed  upon  by  this 
nuisance,  an  outrage. 

For  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health. 

John  H.  Rauch,  Secretary. 


HEALTH  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 

Reports  from  twenty-six  medical  corres- 
pondents, representing  every  town  in  the 
State  excepting  those  in  Washington  county 
lying  on  the  bay  and  ocean,  and  those  in 
Newport  county  excepting  Newport  city, 
'ndicate  in  all,  with  the  exceptions  noted 
below,  a  less  than  the  usual  amount  of 
general  sickness  for  the  month  of  October. 
June  and  October  are  the  healthiest  months 
in  the  year,  taking  one  year  with  another  for 
a  series  of  years. 

In  Woonsocket  and  North  Smithfield  and 
in  an  area  of  about  eight  miles  in  diameter 
in  the  center  of  Providence  county  there  has 
been  an  unusually  large  prevalence  of  sick- 
ness for  the  month  of  October,  Typhoid 
Fever  entering  largely  into  the  increased 
amount. 

Typhoid  Fever  was  reported  from  more 
than  half  of  the  towns  in  the  State,  but  in 
lessened  numbers  compared  with  Sep- 
tember. 

Diptheria  was  reported  from  seven  locali- 
ties only  and  in  sporadic  form. 

Dysentery  and  other  diarrhoeal  diseases 
had  largely  lessened  in  numbers. 

Bronchitis  and  other  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  organs  had  increased  about  20 
per  cent. 

Acute  Malarial  diseases  were  reported  as 
having  diminished  50  per  cent  in  numbers  in 
the  localities  of  usual  prevalence. 

Measles  had  increased  30  per  cent,  in 
number  of  localities  where  present;  was 
epidemic  in  and  around  Centredale,  Paw- 
tucket  and  Ponagansett,  and  quite  largely 
prevalent  in  and  around  Ashaway  and 
Greenville.  The  general  type  had  not  been 
malignant  or  severe. 


Scarlet  Fever  was  reported  from  four 
towns  only  and  in  mild  form. 

Whooping  Cough  had  quite  a  large  pre- 
valence in  Pawtucket,  Woonsocket  and 
vicinity  of  Rockland. 

Compared  with  October,  1888,  the  average 
temperature  for  the  month  was  about  two 
degrees  higher;  the  mean  amount  of  sky 
covered  with  clouds  about  the  same;  the 
barometer  about  the  same,  rain-fall  near- 
ly one  inch  less;  while  the  average  rela- 
tive humidity  was  slightly  greater. 


KITCHEN  DRAINAGE  IN  PHILADEL 
PHIA. 

The  following,  sent  us  from  Philadelphia, 
will  be  read  with  considerable  surprise  by 
many  who  have  had  different  ideas  of  that 
city  : 

There  is  an  old  Philaijelphia  ordinace, 
passed  in  March,  1867,  entitled  "an  ordinace 
to  promote  public  cleanliness  and  health," 
which  says  that  "  in  all  cases  where  there  are 
gutters  now  over  the  footway  which,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Chief  Engineer  and  Surveyor, 
approved  by  the  Committee  on  Surveys  and 
Regulations,  are  objectionable  and  are  situ- 
ated upon  a  street  where  there  is  a  sewer," 
the  Chief  Engineer  and  Surveyor  is  to  no- 
tify the  owner  or  occupants  of  the  premises 
to  connect  them  with  the  sewer  by  under- 
ground drainage.  If  they  fail  to  do  so  with- 
in ninety  days  they  incur  a  penalty  of  S30 
for  each  month  of  failure. 

Judging  by  the  way  in  which  the  kitchen 
drainage  flows  without  obstruction  over  the 
footways  in  many  parts  of  the  city,  especially 
the  older  portions,  the  average  Philadelphian 
seems  never  to  have  heard  of  this  ordinance 
or,  if  he  did,  pays  no  attention  to  it.  City 
Councils  are  just  now  trying  to  find  out  why 
it  is  so  ffagrantly  violated,  and  what  the  rem- 
edy for  the  trouble.  In  answer  to  an  inquiry 
from  the  Chambers,  Director  Wagner  has 
informed  them  that  the  principal  fault  is  in 
the  ordinance  itself,  and  that,  if  Councils 
will  give  him  the  authority,  he  will  see  what 
he  can  do  toward  correcting  the  nuisance. 
So  tee  matter  now  stands,  with  the  prospect 
that  the  kitchen  drainge  will  continue  to 
flood  thousands  of  footways  for  some  time  to 
come  without  interruption. 

Speaking  of  the  matter  yesterday  record- 
ing clerk  Thompson,  of  the  bureau  of  sur- 
veys, said  that  about  100  complaints  of  vio- 
lations of  the  ordinance  come  before  the  bu- 
reau each  year,  and  that  great  difficulty  was 
experienced  in  enforcing  it.  The  greatest 
trouble  was  with  alleys,  where  a  dozen  or 
more  families  use  the  gutters  for  disposing  of 
their  kitchen  drainage.  It  was  in  such  cases 
necessaiy  that  each  owner  or  tenant  should 
bear  a  part  of  the  ezpense  of  constructing  a 
drain  to  the  sewer  in  the  street,  and  where 
the  people  were  very  poor,  or  affected  to  be 
poor,  it  was  often  a  long  time  before  every- 
thing could  be  arranged  for  the  building  of 
the  drain.  The  city  solicitor's  office  now  has 
about  twenty  such  complaints  before  it. 
Payment  of  the  necessary  costs  is  gener- 
ally effected  by  the  threat  that  a  lien  will 


be  put  on  the  property  in  the  event  of  non- 
payment. 

Although  there  are  no  statistics  obtainable 
on  the  subject,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  in 
the  majority  of  cases  in  which  kitchen  drain- 
age flows  over  the  sidewalks  there  is  no  sewer 
in  the  street  which  could  receive  it.  This  is 
particularly  true  of  the  southern  part  of  the 
city,  where  there  are  comparatively  few  sew- 
ers. In  the  newly-built  up  portions  of  the 
city  sewers  have  been  constructed  to  nearly 
every  street,  and  there  is  less  complaint 
there  than  in  the  older  quarters. 

Strict  enforcement  of  the  ordinance  would 
bear  heavily  on  many  poor  people,  but  the 
correction  of  the  present  nuisance  would  be 
a  decided  boon  to  the  general  public.  A 
gentleman  who  is  much  interested  in  the 
subject  said  yesterday: 

"  The  rigid  enforcement  of  the  ordinance 
would  entail  an  expense  of  fifty  dollars  per 
house  at  the  lowest  calculation,  and  in  many 
cases  of  $100  or  more.  As  there  are  about 
160,000  dwellings  in  Philadelphia,  a  majority 
of  which  are  unconnected  with  sewers,  it  is 
evident  that  strict  compliance  with  the  ordi- 
nance would  require  the  expenditure  of 
many  millions  of  dollars.  I  would  suggest 
that  before  taking  further  action  councils 
have  an  estimate  made  by  the  board  of  sur- 
veys of  the  number  of  houses  which  would 
be  affected  by  it,  and  another  estimate  by 
competent  plumbers  of  the  average  cost  per 
house.  They  could  then  tell  the  total  cost  of 
putting  the  ordinance  into  effect.  Without 
some  such  information  councils  cannot  act 
intelligently." 

The  bureau  of  surveys,  which  is  entrusted 
with  the  enforcement  of  the  ordinance,  has 
acted  only  in  cases  where  complaints  have 
been  brought  before  it.  If  a  search  were 
made  for  violations  of  the  ordinance  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  they  would  soon  be  found  to 
number  many  thousands. 


HINTS  FOR  OWNERS  OF  STEAM 
BOILERS. 

The gives  some  plain  truths 
about  the  management  of  boilers  that  will 
prove  of  importance  to  owners  of  boilers, 
and  doubly  so  to  those  who  have  large 
buildings  filled  with  stock  over  them.  The 
observance  of  these  suggestions  may  often 
prevent  explosions  and  the  attending  de- 
struction of  property. 

The  Safety  Valve:  As  a  general  rule,  we 
do  not  counsel  interference  on  the  part  of 
steam  boiler  owners  with  the  engineers  to 
whom  they  entrust  their  steam  plant.  An 
engineer  who  requires  to  be  watched  or 
prompted  is  either  negligent  or  incompe- 
tent, and  in  either  case  the  sooner  he  is  out 
of  the  way  the  better.  A  thoroughly  compe- 
tent and  conscientious  employe  will  be  apt 
to  resent  intermeddling  by  his  employer, 
and  a  really  good  man  can  afford  to  be  inde- 
pendent in  this  respect.  Inasmuch,  however, 
as  it  does  happen  sometimes  that  an  engineer 
needs  watching,  especially  in  his  manage- 
ment of  his  boilers,  it  is  just  as  well  that  the 
owner  of  the  property,  for  his  own  sake 


Nov.  30,  1888] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


375 


should  know  when  so  powerful  an  agency  as 
a  steam  boiler  is  being  improperly  treated, 
and  wc  have,  therefore,  prepared  for  the  in- 
formation, mainly  of  steam  boiler  proprie- 
tors, a  few  points  that  they  may  some  day 
turn  to  practical  account. 

A  great  deal  in  the  safety  and  long 
life  of  a  boiler  depends  on  the  firing.  In 
getting  up  steam  in  the  morning,  the  engi- 
neer who  comes  late  and  has  to  force  things, 
half  fills  his  boiler  and  puts  a  big  fire  under 
it  to  make  working  steam  by  starting  time, 
is  not  the  man  you  want.  More  boilers  ex- 
plode when  just  starting  up  than  at  any 
other  time,  and  low  water  almost  invariably 
means,  if  not  an  exploded,  at  least  a  strained 
and  otherwise  injured  boiler.  Steam,  to  be 
raised  safely  and  economically,  must  be 
generated  gradually  and  steadily  and  from 
a  normal  body  of  water.  To  force  a  boiler 
means  to  overheat  it,  and  if  it  does  not  re- 
sent such  treatment  it  will  be  prematurely 
aged  in  consequence.  If  you  employ  a  fire- 
man as  well  as  an  engineer  get  the  best 
man  in  the  market  for  the  job.  There  is  a 
large  amount  of  difference  between  a  fire- 
man and  a  mere  fuel  burner,  and  your  bank 
account  will  soon  show  you  the  folly  of  em- 
ploying a  cheap  man  to  handle  your  coal 
pile.  If  the  engineer  has  to  look  after  his 
own  fire,  he  should  never  be  taken  away 
from  his  engine,  for  no  matter  how  small  it 
may  be,  it  needs  frequent  and  regular  atten- 
tion, if  it  is  to  do  its  duty  economically.  A 
good  fireman  will  avoid  opening  his  fire 
door  as  much  as  possible.  The  admittance 
of  cold  air  not  only  retards  steaming  but 
may  cool  the  plates  to  a  dangerous  extent. 
The  mechanical  stoker  makes  big  gains  by 
avoiding  all  necessity  for  opening  the  fur- 
nace doors. 

Having  seen  your  boiler  properly  started, 
the  next  important  point  is,  never  overwork 
it,  and,  if  possible,  work  it  steadily.  A  boiler 
that  must  furnish  8o  horse  power  for  ten 
minutes  and  then  for  a  like  period  only  40 
horse  power  is  terribly  handicapped.  Where 
wide  variations  take  place  in  the  load  on 
the  machinery,  a  high-pressure  automatic 
engine  should  be  used  in  preference  to  any 
other.  It  is  hardlv  necessary  to  state  that 
the  owner  who  demands  more  of  a  boiler 
than  it  was  devised  to  furnish,  deliberately 
courts  disaster.  Should  the  engineer  of  a 
steam  plant,  yielding  to  the  wishes  of  a  reck- 
less employer,  force  his  boiler  to  do  an  ex- 
cess of  work  and  lose  his  life  in  consequence, 
the  owner  is  morally  guilty  of  murder. 

See  that  your  boiler  is  not  neglected.  Un- 
less properly  taken  care  of  it  will  rapidly 
deteriorate.  Any  damp  hole  is  often  consid- 
ered good  enough  for  a  boiler,  and  so  it  is, 
if  risk  of  explosion  and  a  certainty  of  in- 
creased outlays  for  repairs  are  no  object. 
The  engineer  who  fails  to  report  instantly 
anything  amiss  with  the  boilers,  is  as  bad  as 
the  man  who  neglects  them  and  a  leaking 
seam  is  as  much  *  source  of  loss  of  efficiency 
as  cic^ged-up  tubes,  foul  flues  or  an  accum- 
Vil^tion  of  sediment ry  matter.    To  keep  it 

economical  worki^.g  order,  a  boiler  should 


at  regular  intervals  be  blown  off,  all  dust, 
dirt,  etc.,  removed  from  flues  and  tubes,  and 
a  careful  examination  made  of  its  conditions. 
Any  repairs  required  are  likely  to  be  small 
under  such  circumstances  and  if  promptly 
made  can  be  made  cheaply.  Never  work  a 
boiler  that  is  out  of  order  or  allow  it  to  be 
done  if  you  value  the  lives  and  property  of 
yourself  and  those  around  you.  ^ 

Wc  might  add  right  here  a  word  about 
boiler  incrustation.  There  are  very  few 
waters  that  will  not  cause  scale  sooner  or 
later,  and  all  that  can  be  done  at  first  is  to 
keep  thoroughly  informed  as  to  its  accumu- 
lation, character,  etc.  Then  it  may  be  fotmd 
that  systematic  heating  of  feed  water  to  a 
high  or  medium  temperature,  perhaps  the 
use  of  some  reliable  scal'e  solvent  or  the 
preliminary  filtration  and  chemical  treat- 
ment of  the  water  may  go  far  to  prevent  its 
appearance.  Before  using  anything  in  a 
boiler,  however,  be  sure  that  it  is  approved 
as  harmless  by  practical  men,  and  so  guar- 
anteed by  its  manufacturers.  There  are 
many  good  scale  solvents  in  the  market,  and 
some  that  are  worse  than  worthless.  A 
chapter  might  easily  be  written  on  scale  re- 
solvents and  we  intend  shortly  to  devote  our 
attention  specially  to  the  subject. 

When  work  is  over,  see  that  your  boilers 
are  allowed  to  blow  off  gradually  and  stead- 
ily. A  sudden  reduction  of  pressure,  like  a 
sudden  decrease  in  temperature,  has  been 
fatal  to  many  boilers,  and  invariably  injures 
them.  For  the  same  reason,  when  your  en- 
gineer washes  his  boilers  out,  unless  he  uses 
boiling  water,  he  should  give  them  time  to 
cool.  Many  a  boiler  has  been  racked  and 
warped  to  the  danger  point,  by  having  a 
cold  stream  turned  into  it  while  still  hot,  to 
enable  the  engineer  to  save  a  few  minutes. 
Where  the  boilers  are  left  over  night  with 
banked  fires,  do  not  leave  them  in  charge  of 
an  incompetent  person.  A  change  in  the 
direction  of  the  wind,  for  instance,  may  liven 
up  the  fires,  or  they  may  slowly  gain  head- 
way during  the  night  and  send  the  steam 
pressure  up  to  an  alarming  degree.  Pro- 
vided the  safety  valves  are  in  good  order 
and  work  promptly,  there  may  not  be  any 
danger,  but  should  they  stick,  or  for  any 
other  reason  fail  to  work,  with  no  one  near 
to  read  the  warning  conveyed  by  the  gauge 
and  furnish  the  necessary  relief,  a  disaster 
may  readily  occur.  Recording  gauges  have 
shown  wonderful  vagaries  in  boiler  pressure 
where  fires  were  banked  and  everything 
was  supposed  to  be  perfectly  safe.  If  the 
night  watchman  cannot  be  trusted  to  give 
an  eye  to  the  steam  and  water  gauges,  a  re- 
liable pressure  and  low-water  alarm  should 
be  added  to  the  equipment  of  the  boilers. 

Finally,  however  competent  and  trust- 
worthy your  engineer — even  if  you  person- 
ally supervise  operations  in  the  boiler  room 
— have  your  boilers  "examined  by  expe- 
rienced inspectors  from  the  outside  at  regu- 
lar intervals;  slow  and  gradual  changes  that 
may  be  fraught  with  danger  may  escape 
you  attention  when  familiar  with  their  ap- 
pearance, and  there  afe  inany  little  things 


indicating  an  abnormal  condition  that  are 
only  revealed  to  the  expert.  Insurance  in 
the  reliable  boiler  insurance  companies  in- 
cludes inspection,  and  is  the  cheapest  form 
in  which  it  can  be  obtained,  and,  besides 
this,  the  insured  boiler  entails  a  minimum 
amount  of  loss  on  the  owner  in  the  event  of 
disaster. 

Every  one  of  the  above  points  will  be  per- 
fectly familiar  to  the  competent  engineer, 
but  we  give  them  for  the  benefit  of  the  boiler 
owner,  who  has  a  right  to  interfere,  when, 
through  the  recklessness  or  incompetency 
of  an  unworthy  member  of  an  honorable 
calling,  his  interests  and  the  safety  of  life 
and  property  may  be  jeopardized. 


QUARANTINE. 

John  P.  Hamilton,  supervising  surgeon- 
general,  marine  hospital  service,  has  submit- 
ted to  the  Pan-American  Congress  at  Wash- 
ington, a  paper  on  the  sanitation  of  ships 
and  quarantine.  He  deems  it  of  universal 
interest  that,  when  opportunity  offers,  united 
efforts  be  made  to  circumscribe,  limit  and 
eradicate  at  their  inception  all  infectious  and 
contagious  diseases. 

It  is  essential,  says  the  doctor,  that  cer- 
tain international  refuge  quarantines  shall 
be  established  and  maintained  as  near  as 
practicable  to  the  definite  routes  of  travel 
and  be  completely  equipped.  To  these  sta- 
tions all  infected  vessels  should  be  obliged 
to  repair  before  final  entry  into  the  country 
of  destination.  The  certificate  of  disinfec- 
tion and  cleanliness  of  the  officer  in  com- 
mand of  such  station  should  entitle  the  ves- 
sel to  enter  in  free  pratique,  and  all  port 
sanitary  authorities  should  have  the  right  to 
send  any  suspected  vessel  to  the  nearest 
international  refuge  station. 

Dr.  Hamilton  ventures  the  individual  opin- 
ion that  the  following  refuge  stations  would, 
for  the  present  at  least,  supply  the  needs  of 
this  proposed  service: 

On  the  coast  of  the  United  States— one  at 
Tortugas  Keys;  one  at  the  Chandeleur 
Islands. 

On  the  coast  of  Mexico — one  near  Vera 
Cruz. 

On  the  Central  American  coast — one  near 
Colon. 

On  the  Carribean  coast— one  near  La- 
Guayra. 

For  the  Antilles— one  near  Port  au  Prince. 

For  the  Brazilian  coast— one  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Amazon  (near  Para.) 

For  Uraguay  and  the  Argentine  Confed- 
eration—one at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata. 

For  the  Chilian  coast— one  near  Valpa- 
raiso. 

For  the  Peruvian  coast— one  near  Calloa. 

For  the  United  States  of  Columbia— one 
near  Panama. 

For  western  coast  of  Mexico— one  near 
Acapulco;  one  near  San  Diego,  United  States 
of  America. 

For  the  western  coast  of  the  United  States, 
m  addition  to  the  one  at  San  Diego  before 
mentioned— one  at  San  Francisco;  one  jiear 
Port  Towsend, 


376 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  305 


SUGGESTIONS   FOR  APPRENTICES. 

The  question  of  apprenticeship  is  awaken- 
ing much  interest  in  almost  all  kinds  of 
trades.  There  are  two  classes  of  appren- 
tices: One  includes  those  who  start  out 
with  a  fixed  purpose  in  view  of  learning  a 
trade;  the  other  includes  those  who  drift 
into  a  certain  work  for  the  sake  of  some  em- 
ployment without  a  thought  beyond  the 
present.  The  following  from  an  exchange 
contains  advice  applicable  to  both  classes: 

Every  boy  starting  out  in  seeking  a  trade 
must  take  into  consideration  the  one  thought, 
and  that  is  he  must  expect  to  commence  at 
the  bottom  of  the  ladder  and  do  his  best  to 
reach  the  top  by  strict  attention  to  the  in- 
structions given  by  older  heads  at  the  busi- 
ness. Boys  are  apt  to  know  more  in  a  few 
weeks  or  months  than  those  to  whom  they 
must  look  for  instructions;  our  advice  to  the 
apprentice  would  be  for  him  to  be  careful  and 
willing  to  do  everything  that  he  is  told, and  by 
so  doing  he  will  find  that  he  will  make  friends 
and  have  no  trouble  in  getting  along  with 
his  trade.  We  must  admit  that  all  boys  are 
not  alike;  some  boys  seeking  a  trade  have  a 
determination  to  master  the  art,  knowing  at 
the  same  time  that  they  must  depend  on  this 
trade  for  future  support,  and  for  this  reason 
expect  to  master  the  trade.  We  like  a  boy 
of  this  stamp,  and  would  take  great  delight 
in  giving  him  all  the  instructions  to  aid  him 
to  accomplish  the  desire  of  his  heart. 

There  is  a  vast  difference  between  the  ap- 
prentices of  twenty-five  years  ago  and  the 
one  of  to-day;  the  boy  of  to-day  comes  and 
goes  like  the  journeyman;  the  one  of  gone-by 
days  had  all  his  cleaning  to  do,  such  as 
sweeping,  etc.,  after  the  men  had  gone,  so 
that  the  shop  would  be  in  proper  condition 
in  the  morning  when  the  men  arrived  for 
their  daily  work.  We  think  apprentices 
have  a  much  easier  time  now  than  they  had 
years  ago,  because  there  is  nothing  bind- 
ing them  like  the  old  indentured  apprentice. 
For  all  this  our  sympathy  goes  out  for  the 
boy  who  has  the  push  and  determination  to 
have  a  trade,  and  we  will  venture  to  say  the 
boy  of  this  stamp  will  be  master  of  the  sit- 
uation. There  are  several  points  to  con- 
sider; he  must  do  willingly  what  he  may  be 
told  to  do  by  taking  into  thought  nicety  and 
neatness;  if  it  should  take  him  much  longer 
to  accomplish  it  than  some  one  else  doing 
the  same  piece  of  work,  it  would  be  better  to 
go  slow  and  do  his  work  right  and  neat,  and 
get  speed  after  accomplishing  the  desired 
object;  and  whatever  may  be  given  him  to 
do,  it  will  require  some  one  else  to  instruct 
him,  and  this  information  should  be  given  in 
kindness.  Many  willing  boys  have  been 
ruined  and  made  worthless  in  the  shop  by 
sour,  grumbling  journeymen  who  did  not 
care  to  have  boys  under  them.  We  will 
venture  to  say  that  kindness  will  win  any 
boy  so  that  he  will  do  anything  that  is  possi- 
ble for  him  to  do. 

The  apprentice  must  be  a  close  observer, 
and  glean  all  he  can  from  others  around 
him,  and  be  ready  at  anytime  to  ask  for  in- 
formation concerning  his  work;  not  be  over- 


anxious to  have  his  work  done  because  he 
has  had  the  same  kind  of  work  before. 

Another  important  part  for  the  apprentice: 
he  must  be  supplied  with  the  proper  tools  to 
work  with,  so  that  he  will  not  have  to  depend 
on  others  in  the  same  room  with  him.  By 
having  his  own  tools  he  will  be  more  apt  to 
have  more  freedom  in  his  work  and  do  more 
than  if  he  were  depending  on  others  for  im- 
plements to  do  his  work  with. 

The  apprentice  may  imagine  he  has  a  hard 
time  while  learning  his  trade,  because  he 
has  to  do  many  things  that  are  not  agreea- 
ble to  him,  but  we  all,  old  and  young,  have 
to  pass  through  many  disagreeable  things  in 
this  life,  and  the  apprentice  can  make  his 
years  shorter  in  his  trade-learning  by  will- 
ingness on  his  part  to  do  all  that  is  given 
him  the  best  he  can,  trying  to  improve  on 
everything  he  has  to  do,  and^not  be  back- 
ward in  asking  for  any  information  pertain- 
ing to  his  work;  and,  last  of  all,  he  must  be 
on  time  and  always  at  his  post  to  commence 
his  work  when  the  signal  is  given,  and  not 
overanxious  for  the  day  to  pass  away  quickly 
so  he  can  attend  to  some  other  hobby  that 
would  deter  him  in  his  trade  and  make  him 
sorry  for  in  after  years. 


HEALTH   OF    NEW   YORK  AND 
LONDON. 

Some  interesting  points  of  comparison 
between  the  health  of  London  and  that  of 
New  York  are  summarized  in  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Jottrnal.  The  deaths 
in  London  last  year  numbered  78,848,  or  18.5 
per  i.ooo;  in  New  York,  40,175,  or  26.33;  and 
in  Paris,  22.6  per  1,000.  The  birth  returns 
for  New  York  are  incomplete;  but  the  birth 
rate  in  London  was  30.7  per  1,000;  in  Paris, 
27.0.  The  male  births  in  Paris  were 
30,723;  the  female  births,  29,913.  In  Lon- 
don the  numbers  were,  males,  66,629; 
females,  64,451;  but  in  the  total  popula- 
tion of  London  there  is  a  majority  of  250 
females.  Premature  births  in  New  York 
numbered  1,155;  London,  2,099.  To  be 
equal,  the  figures  referring  to  New  York 
should  only  be  a  third.  New  York  com- 
pares unfavorably  with  London  in  the  mat- 
ter of  suicides.  There  were  24?  in  New 
York,  and  400  in  London.  Between  800  and 
900  persons  take  their  own  lives  in  Paris 
every  year.  In  New  York  1,138  were  killed 
by  accidents;  and  in  London,  2,516.  There 
were  only  1,892  deaths  from  bronchitis  in 
New  York,  while  in  London  there  were  10,- 
085.  But  while  some  hundreds  die  every 
year  in  London  as  the  result  of  idleness  and 
obesity,  61  deaths  were  recorded  last  year 
from  starvation.  A  decreased  death  rate  is 
invariably  accompanied  by  a  lower  birth 
rate.  The  deaths  in  London  last  year  were 
the  lowest  on  record;  the  births,  the  lowest 
since  1841.  In  the  western  districts,  where 
the  wealthy  reside,  arrd  where  the  degree  of 
comfort  is  high,  the  deaths  fell  to  16.4,  and 
the  births  to  25.5;  but  in  the  impoverished 
and  overcrowded  east,  where  the  poor  never 
get  a  breath  of  fresh  air,  and  are  huddled 
together  in  unhealthy  alleys,  the  deaths  rose 


to  27.2,  and  the  births  to  36.5.  The  people 
least  able  to  support  children  are  the  most 
prolific;  and  the  higher  the  degree  of  social 
comfort  and  well-being,  the  less  the  increase 
of  population. 


DRY  CELLARS. 
A  problem  which  the  builder,  owner  and 
architect  has  to  deal  with  every  day  is  to 
render  a  cellar  dry.  This  may  be  done  in  a 
variety  of  ways,  which  will  depend  upon  the 
circumstances  surrounding  the  case.  One 
of  the  most  effective  means  of  keeping  a 
cellar  dry  is  to  build  an  area  wall  around 
the  whole  of  the  site,  so  that  earth  does 
not  rest  directly  against  the  walls  of  the 
house.  To  form  such  area  a  four-inch  wall 
is  built  parallel  to  the  main  walls,  and  about 
two  inches  from  them.  The  bottom  of  the 
enclosed  space  is  formed  into  a  gutter,  so 
that  any  water  that  finds  its  way  through  the 
outer  casing  may  have  an  opportunity  of 
running  away  to  the  drains.  The  top  of  the 
cavity  is  usually  covered  in  just  above  the 
ground  line  with  a  row  of  ornamental  bricks, 
or  sometimes  with  bricks  laid  on  edge. 
When  these  means  are  adopted,  it  is  desira- 
ble that  openings  in  the  main  wall  should 
be  provided  for  ventilation.  —  National 
Builder. 

WELL  WATER. 

The  average  house-owner  certainly  be- 
lieves that  the  water  which  he  pumps  clear 
and  cool  from  his  well  is  pure  and  whole- 
some. He  does  not  stop  to  think  of  the  im- 
purities with  which  it  may  have  come  in  con- 
tact during  its  flow  from  the  surface  to  the 
bottom  of  his  well.  This  well  may  be  sunk 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  an  overflowing 
cesspool  or  out-house;  the  natural  drainage 
of  his  own  or  his  neighbor's  barn-yard  or  pig- 
sty may  be  flowing  over  the  soil,  through 
which  is  filtering  the  water  that  is  to  fill  the 
underground  cistern;  or  its  bottom  may  be 
m  a  porous  stratum  of  soil  or  gravel  that  re- 
ceives, at  a  point  higher  than  the  bottom,  the 
drainage  from  some  graveyard  or  other 
source  of  decaying  organic  matter;  some 
neighboring  tree  may  have  thrust  its  rootlets 
through  the  wall  of  the  well  and  there  they 
remain  to  decay;  or  the  top  may  not  be 
tightly  covered  and  strong,  toads  or  other 
vermin  may  tumble  in  to  aid  in  the  pollution 
of  the  supply;  but  our  well-owner,  not  see- 
ing, smelling  or  tasting  the  results  of  these 
additions  to  the  underground  reservoir,  is 
not  conscious  of  their  existence. 

If  the  flow  of  organic  impurities  through 
a  natural  filter  bed  be  so  great  as  to  fill  it 
with  this  precipitated  organic  matter,  de- 
composition of  the  masses  of  organic  filth 
thus  carried  into  the  soil,  takes  place,  and 
the  soluble  products  of  this  decomposition 
flow  on  with  the  underground  streams  until 
a  well  offers  a  collecting  place  for  them. 
Nor  is  this  all.  The  soil,  being  taxed  by  the 
large  amount  of  impurities  sent  through  its 
beyond  its  filtering  power,  allows  these  sol- 
uble products  to  pass  unchanged,  and  they 
are  carried  directly  into  the  well,  where  th? 


Dec.  7,  1889] 


TFIR  SANITARY  NEWS. 


377 


■cessation  of  flow  allows  them  to  accummu- 
late.  Such  a  filth  saturated  condition  of  the 
soil  exists  in  every  old  and  thickly  settled 
community.  Here  every  stable,  every  out- 
house or  cess-pool,  with  their  porous-walled 
(if  walled  at  all)  vaults,  every  kitchen  drain 
and  sewer,  is  furnishing  its  quota  of  organic 
impurities,  all  of  which  supply  matter  for 
decomposition. 

The  products  of  this  decomposition  are 
carried,  as  we  have  seen,  directly  to  the 
wells,  and  they  thus  become  suitable  breed- 
ing places  for  bacterial  life — powder  maga- 
zines—only needing  the  spark  of  a  typhoid 
or  other  deadly  germ  to  furnish  the  explo- 
sion of  a  scourge  of  disease.— Prof.  Wilbur, 
Rutgers  College. 

THE  SIZE  OF  REGISTERS  TO  USE. 

Regarding  the  sizes  of  registers  and  pipes 
for  different  sized  rooms,  the  following  is 
taken  from  the  catalogue  of  a  prominent 
furnace  company:  In  public  halls  or  build- 
ings where  but  a  single  register  is  required, 
"TSke  the  hot  air  pipes  from  the  top  of  the 
furnace  and  use  register  without  valves. 
The  size  of  pipes  and  registers  requisite  for 
the  successful  operation  of  any  furnace  is  a 
matter  requiring  the  best  judgment,  and 
should  be  determined  by  the  size,  position, 
and  distance  from  the  furnace  of  the  spaces 
to  be  heated  and  cannot  be  governed  by  any 
fixed  rule.  We  usually  recommend  for 
rooms  of  ordinary  height  as  follows: 

Room  on  first  floor,  12x14  feet,  should 
have  8-inch  pipe  with  8x1 3  register. 

Room  on  first  floor,  12x18  feet,  should 
have  g-inch  pipe  with  9x12  register. 

Room  on  first  floor,  16x20  feet  should 
have  lo-inch  pipe  with  10x14  register. 

Room  on  second  floor,  8x12  feet,  shou'd 
have  7-inch  pipe,  with  8x10  register. 

Room  on  second  floor,  10x16  feet,  should 
have  8-inch  pipe  with  Q-12  register. 

Room  on  second  floor,  12x16  feet  should 
have  g-inch  pipe  with  10x14  register.  Me- 
dium size  halls  should  have  lo-inch  pipe 
with  10x14  register.  Large  size  halls  should 
have  12-inch  pipe  with  12x15  register. 

When  oval  or  flat  pipes  are  built  in  the 
walls  of  an  ordinary  three  or  four  story  city 
house,  the  basement  rooms  and  parlors 
should  have  independent  pipes;  second, 
third  and  fourth  story  rooms  can  be  warmed 
by  a  single  line  of  pipe  reduced  in  size  over 
each  register,  viz: 

A  house  18  or  20x45  or  50  should  have  a 
separate  pipe,  4x16  to  each  parlor. 

A  house  18  or  20x45  or  50  should  have  one 
line,  4x18  to  second  story,  reduced  to  4x14 
for  third  story,  reduced  to  4x8  for  fourth 
story. 

A  house  three  stories,  20x45  or  50  should 
have  one  line,  4x16  to  second  --tory.  reduced 
to  4x9  for  third  story. 

The  above  sizes  to  be  varied  according  to 
the  size  of  house  and  general  division  of  the 
interior  space. 

4x24  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  12-inch 
pipe  connected  with  furnace. 

4x20  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  lo-inch 
pipe  connected  with  furnace. 


4x18  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  lo-inch 
pipe  connected  with  furnace. 

4x16  pipe  in  the  wall  should  8-inch  (lipe 
connected  with  furnace. 

4x14  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  8-inch 
pipe  connected  with  furnace. 

4x12  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  8-inch 
pipe  connected  with  furnace. 

4x9  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  7-inch 
pipe  connected  with  furnace. 

4x7  pipe  in  the  wall  should  have  6-inch 
pipe  connected  with  the  furnace.  — A'(7//Vw(i/ 
Builder. 


GERMANY'S  FLOATING  E.XPOSITION 
From  an  exchange  we  glean  the  following: 
Germany  is  national  floating  exposition  to 
make  the  circuit  of  the  world,  stopping  at 
about  eighty  ports  during  a  two  years'  jour- 
ney, has  taken  the  form  of  a  gigantic  steam- 
ship without  masts  and  rigging,  but  covered 
with  large  and  small  structures  with  towers 
and  cupolas.  The  enormous  steamer,  which 
is  to  bear  the  name  of  Kaiser  Wilhelm,  will 
have  three  decks,  like  the  first-class  Ger- 
man Lloyd  ships,  and  will  be  provided  with 
all  the  latest  technical  improvements,  as 
well  as  with  the  best  appointments  for  com- 
fort, so  that  in  itself  it  will  bear  witness  to 
German  indu'Strial  progress.  It  will  be  the 
largest  seaworthy  vessel,  for  its  length  will 
be  about  560  feet,  its  breadth  6g  feet  and  its 
height  44  feet.  The  exposition  rooms — 
eight  large,  high  saloons  with  galleries — are 
to  be  on  the  middle  deck,  the  sleeping  rooms 
for  the  crew  and  passengers  on  the  main 
deck,  the  dining  rooms  and  restaurants  on 
the  upper  deck,  while  the  ladies  saloon, 
reading,  smoking  and  music  rooms,  as  well 
as  the  various  booths,  will  be  arranged  on 
the  promenade  deck.  All  of  the  rooms  are 
to  be  provided  with  proper  ventilation,  elec- 
tric light  and  steam  heat.  Special  care  will 
be  taken  of  the  exhibits  so  as  to  protect 
them  from  atmospheric  and  other  injurious 
influences,  and  they  will  be  arranged  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  make  the  most  favor- 
able effect  on  visitors.  There  will  also  be  a 
sufficient  number  of  motors  to  show  the 
machinery  in  operation. 

ENGINEERS'  LICENSE  IN  CHICAGO. 

Tlic  American  Engineer  takes  the  follow- 
ing view  of  the  proposed  law  for  licensing 
engineers  in  this  city  : 

After  several  years  those  interested  in 
having  greater  safety  afforded  to  life  and 
property  by  the  enforcement  of  a  rigid 
license  law  for  stationary  engineers,  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  a  bill  introduced  into  the 
city  council  to  govern  the  case.  The  bill  as 
first  presented  was  a  simple  one  providing 
for  the  examination,  l)y  \\  properly  consti- 
tuted board  of  examiners,  ot  all  persons  de- 
siring to  operate  a  stationary  boiler  or  en- 
gine within  the  city  of  Chicago. 

The  bill  was  referred  to  the  judiciary 
committee  who  reported  a  substitute  on  the 
1 8th  inst.,  that  if  passed  will  destroy  the 
object  for  which  the  original  bill  was  in- 
tended. 


The  substitute  provide-^  for  the  licensing 
of  firemen  as  well  as  engineers,  forgetting 
that  the  fireman  is  under  the  control  of  the 
engineer  and  in  no  manner  responsible  for 
the  safety  of  the  plant  he  fires  unless  the 
fireman  be  also  the  engineer.  Section  2  of 
the  substitute  :  Provides  that  the  examin- 
ers shall  be  appointed  from  among  the 
several  pumping  stations,  and  that  they  shall 
receive  no  comfiensation  for  this  additional 
duty  other  than  the  compensation  received 
as  engineer  in  said  pumping  station. 

Losing  sight  of  the  political  significance 
of  such  a  regime,  is  it  just  for  a  great  city 
like  Chicago  to  thrust  burdens  upon  em- 
ployes that  would  be  considered  oppressive 
in  a  private  corporation  ? 

Section  0  specifies  the  standard  of  knowl- 
edge necessary  in  order  to  receive  a  certifi- 
cate, and  is  expressed  in  the  following 
ambiguous  language  :  "  The  Board  of  Ex- 
aminers shall  subject  applicant  for  engi- 
neer's license  to  a  careful  examination  as  to 
his  knowledge,  skill  and  experience  in  steam 
engineering,  and  especially  as  to  his  knowl- 
edge of  firing  and  the  best  method  of  pre- 
venting the  escape  of  an  unnecessary  vol- 
ume of  smoke  from  the  chimney  or  stack, 
to  such  an  extent  as  may  be  warranted  by 
the  magnitude  and  responsibility  of  any 
particular  service,  or  if  for  no  special  ser- 
vice, then  upon  his  general  qualifications  to 
manage  and  operate  steam  machinery." 

In  defining  the  qualifications  necessary  in 
a  fireman  before  he  can  receive  a  certificate, 
the  same  section  says,  "  persons  applying 
for  firemans'  license  only,  shall  be  subject 
to  a  like  examination  or  so  much  thereof  as 
may  be  applicable  to  that  branch  of  ser- 
vice." 

Any  one  at  all  familiar  with  the  duties  of 
a  fireman  will  readily  understand  that  a 
knowledge  of  machinery  in  general  is  not 
necessary  to  make  a  good  fireman,  but  that 
a  willingness  to  pay  attention  to  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  engineer  coupled  with  a  fair 
amount  of  intelligence  to  enable  him  to 
learn  the  conditions  of  the  work  he  is  doing 
and  the  natural  laws  governing  that  work, 
will  make  a  good  fireman  of  any  man. 

A  strange  thing  in  the  bill,  is  that  after 
examining  the  engineer  touching  his  knowl- 
edge of  firing  he  is  not  permitted  to  fire 
without  taking  out  a  fireman's  license,  or  in 
other  words,  that  while  the  firing  of  any 
steam  plant  is  under  the  control  of  the  engi- 
neer, even  where  he  does  not  fire  himself, 
yet  the  new  law  would  prevent  the  engineer 
from  acting  as  fireman  without  taking  out 
an  additional  license. 

Section  11  contains  a  clause  that  abso- 
lutely destroys  the  purpose  for  .which  the 
law  was  intended  when  it  says  :  "  No  steam 
engine  or  steam  boiler  subject  to  the  pro\  i- 
sions  of  this  ordinance  shall  be  used,  man- 
aged, or  operated  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  ex- 
cept by  an  engineer  or  fireman  who  shall  be 
duly  licensed  as  provided  in  this  ordinance, 
and  who  shall  have  and  exhibit  a  certificate 
thereof." 

After  defining  what  knowledge  shall  be 
considered  sufficient  for  obtaining  a  fire- 


378 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  305 


man's  license  as  specified  in  Section  6,  it  is 
obvious  that  if  a  fireman  shall  be  authorized 
to  take  charge  of  a  plant  as  specified  in  Sec- 
tion 1 1  the  purpose  of  licensing  engineers  as 
a  means  of  better  protection  to  life  and  prop- 
erty becomes  a  fallacy. 

We  believe  that  a  license  law  is  necessary 
as  a  protection  against  explosions  of  steam 
boilers,  and  we  believe  that  a  properly  con- 
stituted license  law  will  advance  the  educa- 
tional status  of  the  steam  engineers  ;  but  we 
do  not  believe  the  ordinance  as  reported 
back  by  the  judiciary  committee  will  further 
the  object  for  which  it  was  intended  and 
ought  not  to  be  passed  as  it  stands. 

GOOD  FIRING  AS  A  SMOKE  PRE- 
VENTER. 
This  is  what  an  old  engineer  says:  "A 
poor  fireman  wastes  half  the  fuel  and  makes 
ten  times  as  much  smoke  as  he  ought.  A 
good  fireman  feeds  his  furnace  a  little  at  a 
time  and  puts  the  coal  in  the  front  of  the 
furnace.  There  the  coal  becomes  heated 
and  gives  off  gas.  The  gas  passes  over  the 
fire  in  the  rear  and  is  burned,  adding  to  the 
heat  of  the  furnace  instead  of  going  up  the 
chimney,  as  in  the  case  of  bad  firing,  in  the 
form  of  smoke.  When  each  charge,  thus 
put  in  a  furnace  by  a  good  fireman,  has 
given  up  its  gases  to  be  consumed  as  stated, 
the  residue  is  coke,  which  should  be  shoved 
back  and  spread  over  the  whole  area  of  the 
grates.  There  it  will  do  its  work  without 
giving  off  smoke  enough  to  be  complained 
of.  This  process,  carefully  repeated,  saves 
an  enormous  percentage  of  fuel  and  settles 
the  smoke  question. — Cleveland  (Ohio)  Press. 


A  somewhat  new  departure  in  building 
practice  has  been  successfully  made  in  Ger- 
many. This  is  the  wholesale  manufacture 
of  mortar  of  the  best  quality,  to  be  sold  to 
small  builders  and  private  individuals. 
Some  2,000,000  barrels  were  thus  sold  last 
year  in  Berlin.  It  is  clear  that  this  system 
obviates  the  necessity  of  making  the  mortar 
on  the  ground,  often  under  unfavorable  cir- 
cumstances and  at  great  expense. 

It  was  brought  out  at  the  late  forestry  con- 
gress in  Philadelphia  that  the  present  avail- 
able timber  land  of  the  United  States  is  esti- 
mated at  450,000,000  acres,  and  that  not  less 
than  twenty-five  million  acres  are  cut  off 
annually  to  satisfy  the  demand  for  lumber 
and  building  materials. 


Near  Silverton,  Ore.,  is  a  quarry  of  whht 
is  called  "fire-place  stone."  It  is  soft  when 
mined,  and  can  be  sawed  or  chopped  in  any 
desired  shape,  and  when  subjected  to  intense 
heat  does  not  seem  to  be  affected. 

Busy  men,  those  blessed  with  the  sweet 
comforts  of  healthy  activity  in  their  voca- 
tions, have  quit  talking  about  the  location  of 
the  World's  Fair  in  '92;  yet  gentlemen  of 
elegant  leisure,  those  who  have  nothing  else 
to  occupy  their  mmds,  still  discuss  the  mat- 
ter as  if  it  had  not  been  conceded  that 
Chicago  was  the  place. 


BUILDING 


HOW  TO  HAVE  A  HOUSE  BUILT. 

The  following  sensible  advice  is  from  a 
contractor  who  knows  what  he  is  talking 
about; 

If  you  intend  to  build  a  house  you  should 
take  care  that  you  do  not  get  sold.  Perhaps 
a  few  pointers  from  me  may  save  you  a  heap 
of  trouble  and  considerable  money.  One  of 
the  first  things  you  will  do  is  to  engage  an 
architect  who  will  draw  the  plans  and 
specify  the  size  and  shape  to  a  nail  of  every- 
thing that  is  to  enter  into  the  construction 
of  the  house.  He  specifies  the  kind  of 
shingles  for  the  roof,  the  kind  of  hair  for  the 
plastering,  the  kind  of  flooring,  the  size  and 
style  of  the  piping — everything,  in  fact,  so 
that  all  an  honest  contractor  has  to  do  is  to 
follow  the  specifications  and  avoid  trouble 
for  himself  and  for  you.  Unfortunately 
contractors  are  not  all  honest,  and  the  way 
some  of  them  will  try  to  "skin"  on  a  job  is  a 
caution.  The  piping  is  apt  to  be  the  most 
dishonest  part  of  the  job.  Your  specifica- 
tions call  for  a  certain  sized  pipe  through 
which  water  can  flow  and  through  which 
solids  of  considerable  size  can  find  egress. 
Your  dishonest  contractor  puts  into  your 
house  a  pipe  as  small  as  the  stem  of  a  pipe, 
so  that  even  water  would  have  a  hard  time 
to  get  through  it. 

Now,  if  this  is  done  with  piping,  what  may 
not  be  done  with  paint  ?  Your  specifications 
say  that  the  paint  shall  be  made  of  certain 
definite  ingredients.  Can  you  tell  from  a 
glance,  or  even  a  minute  examination  of  the 
mixture,  whether  it  has  the  proper  propor- 
tions of  lead,  turpentine,  shellac,  etc.?  Of 
course  not.  How  about  the  mortar?  are  you 
up  on  mortar?  No,  indeed  !  your  business 
is  not  in  that  line.  Perhaps  your  knowledge 
of  the  various  kinds  of  woods  is  not  un- 
limited ;  again  you  are  at  the  mercy  of  the 
dishonest  contractor.  Remember,  he  is 
after  money;  he  will  get  it  if  it  is  around. 
Perhaps  you  can  tell  one  grade  of  nails 
from  another,  and  perhaps  you  cannot;  per- 
haps you  have  time  to  watch  the  contractor 
and  his  men  all  the  time  they  are  at  work 
for  you,  and  perhaps  you  have  not;  perhaps 
you  would  like  to  see  the  piping  that  has 
been  put  into  your  house,  as  somebody  has 
told  you  to  beware  of  plumbers  and  plumb- 
ing. Bless  your  innocent  heart,  the  floors 
are  nailed  down  over  the  piping  so  quick 
that  you  never  get  a  chance  to  see  the  pipes; 
and  the  contractor  expects  that  you  shall 
thank  him  for  his  haste  in  getting  your 
house  together. 

How  can  you  avoid  this?  Quite  easily. 
For  instance,  emjjloy  the  architect  to  super- 
vise the  building  of  yjur  house.  Of  course 
he  will  charge  for  this,  but  he  will  save  you 
treble  what  you  pay  him.  What  can  he  do? 
Why,  he  will  drop  into  the  house  some  day, 
and  if  he  suspects  that  the  |)iping  has  been 
hurried  through,  he  just  takes  a  crowbar 
and  raises  the  flooring.  If  the  piping  is  not 
what  the  specifications  call  for,  he  raises 


Cain  with  the  contractor,  who  is  obliged  to^ 
do  the  job  over  again,  and  properly.  Thus 
some  architects  become  terrors  to  some  con- 
tractors. Unless  you  have  the  most  abso- 
lute confidence  in  your  contractor,  it  will  be 
necessary  for  you  to  have  somebody  follow 
closely  every  part  of  the  work. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
Baltimore,  Md.:  Architect  Windrim  favors 
the  erection  of  a  new  custom  house  to  cost 
Si, 000,000.  Secretary  Rusk  will  ask  for  an 
appropriation  of  §1,500,000  for  the  purchase 
of  property  and  erection  of  such  a  building. 

Brooks  M.  Lincoln,  of  New  Haven,  Conn., 
is  preparing  plans  for  a  seaside  residence  at 
Hatchett's  Reef,  for  Walter  S.  Callender,  of 
Providence. 

Longstaff  &  Hurd,  of  Bridgeport,  Conn., 
have  made  plans  for  E.  L.  Gaylord's  new 
three  story  brick  building  to  contain  a  cafe 
and  dining  rooms  on  the  first  floor  and  flats 
above. 

J.  M.  Currier,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  is 
making  plans  for  the  Ashburnham  public 
library  building,  which  will  be  of  brick  and 
brown  stone  trimmings,  with  foundations  of 
rock-faced  granite. 

Architect  C.  M.  Palmer,  of  Chicago,  is 
drafting  plans  for  a  three  story  and  base- 
ment residence  for  T.  S.  Quincey,  at  Lake 
avenue  and  Forty-third  street,  to  cost 
Si  0,000. 

O.  W.  Marble,  of  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  block  of  seven  two  story  buildings  on 
Forty-second  street  near  Grand  Boulevard. 
The  estimated  cost  is  about  S42,ooo. 

O.  M.  Marble,  of  Chicago,  has  completed 
plans  for  five  two  story  and  basement  houses 
for  George  C.  Watts,  on  Ellis  avenue,  near 
Forty-fourth  street.  The  cost  will  be  about 
S6o,ooo.  He  is  also  making  plans  for  four 
two  story  and  basement  houses  73x60  feet 
on  Vincennes  avenue,  near  Forty-fourth 
street,  the  cost  of  which  will  be  about 
$25,000. 

M.  E.  Bell,  of  Chicago,  is  making  plans 
for  a  two  story  attic  and  basement  residence 
for  Mrs.  Martin  R.  Hallan,  on  Washington 
boulevard,  near  Sacramento  avenue,  to  cost 
$15,000. 

Gregory  Vigeant,  of  Chicago,  has  com- 
pleted plans  and  the  contract  has  been  let, 
for  four  houses  for  Dr.  Somers,  at  Prairie 
avenue  and  Thirty-sixth  street.  They  will 
be  three  story  stone  fronts,  and  will  cost 
$22,000. 

Henry  Roeder,  Chicago,  has  completed 
plans  and  let  contracts  for  four  two  story 
and  basement  pressed  brick  houses  for  C. 
Mitchell,  at  Wabash  avenue  and  Thirty- 
eighth  street,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

Messrs.  Baldwin  &  Remington,  Baltimore, 
Md.,  have  prepared  plans  for  a  large  club 
house  at  Charles  and  Egar  streets,  that 
city.  The  structure  will  be  70x185  feet 
and  will  cost  $150,000. 


D§c.  7,  18891 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


879 


Louisville,  Ky.:  The  Louisville  Safety 
Vault  and  Trust  Company  has  accepted  the 
plans  of  Architects  Maury  &  Dodd  for  its 
fire  proof  building.  It  will  be  seven  stories 
and  cost  $250,000. 

The  plans  of  George  H.  Mitchell,  of  Chi- 
cago, for  a  soldiers'  monument  at  'S'oonkers, 
N.  Y.,  have  been  accepted.  The  monument 
will  cost  $7,000. 

The  plans  of  H.  C.  Koch,  of  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  for  a  court  house  at  Red  Oak,  Iowa, 
have  been  accepted.  The  structure  will 
cost  $75,000. 

Fred  Baumann  and  J.  K.  Cady,  Chicago, 
have  completed  plans  and  let  contracts  for 
a  three  story  brick  and  terra  cotta  store  and 
fiat  building  for  E.  O.  Russell.  It  will  front 
108  feet  on  Cottage  Grove  avenue  and  iii 
feet  on  Thirty-second  steeet,  will  contain 
five  stories  and  twenty  six-room  flats  and 
cost  $35,000. 

J.  O.  E.  Pridmore,  of  Chicago,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  three  story  brick  apart- 
ment house  50x90  feet  for  A.  W.  Warren,  on 
Champlin  avenue,  near  Forty-fifth  street, 
also  for  a  store  and  flat  building  to  be 
erected  by  Michael  Brockins  at  Forty- 
seventh  and  Winter  streets,  to  cost  $10,000. 

J.  F.  Warren,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  one  story  brick  warehouse  80x160  feet 
to  be  erected  at  New  Chicago  by  the  Calu- 
met Distilling  Company.  It  will  cost 
$10,000.  Mr.  Warren  also  has  plans  for  a 
two  story  and  basement  flat  building  for 
Mrs.  Ronn,  at  Sacramento  avenue  and 
Adams  street,  to  cost  $10,000. 

Flanders  &  Zimmerman,  Chicago,  have 
completed  plans  for  a  three  story  store  and 
flat  building  for  M.  Harding,  on  West 
Twelfth  street,  near  Olive.  It  will  be  of 
brick  with  stone  front,  and  will  cost  $10,000. 
Also,  for  six  four  story  apartment  houses  for 
Miller  &  Chamberlain  on  Forty-third  street. 
133x75  feet,  of  brick  and  stone,  to  cost  about 
$40,000. 

At  New  York  City,  plans  and  specifica- 
tions have  recently  been  completed  for  a 
suspension  bridge  7000  feet  long,  with  a  river 
span  of  2850  feet  and  two  shore  spans  of 
over  2000  feet  each.  The  height  to  be  140 
feet  above  the  river,  and  the  estimated  cost 
is  $40,000,000. 

Charles  Carson,  Baltimore,  has  plans  for 
two  double  residences  for  German  H.  Hunt 
and  Levi  Urtz,  ot  that  city. 

George  Archer,  Baltimore,  has  plans  for 
ten  dwellings  of  pressed  brick,  marble  and 
brown  stone  trimmings,  to  cost  $40,000. 

Charles  E.  Cassell,  Baltimore,  has  plans 
for  three  dwellings  of  brick,  trimmed  with 
marble  and  Amherst  stone,  to  cost  $30,000. 

Fred  G.  Atkinson,  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
making  plans  for  three  dwellings  to  be 
erected  in  West  Washington,  at  a  cost  of 
$15,000. 

C.  A.  Bidden,  Washington,  D.  C,  has  made 
plans  for  a  German  Orphan  Asylum  to  be 
erected  at  Anacostia,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 


Messrs.  Goenner  &  Co,,  Washington,  D. 
C,  have  plans  for  a  hotel  at  Tacoma  Park, 
to  cost  $25,000. 

T.  F.  Schneider,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  five  dwellings  for  B.  H.  Warner, 
of  that  city,  to  cost  $40,000. 

A.  B.  Mullett  &  Co.,  Washington,  I).  C, 
have  plans  for  a  residence  for  Dr.  A.  P. 
Fardon,  to  cost  $20,000. 

J.  G.  Meyers,  Washington,  1).  C.,has  plans 
for  several  dwellings,  to  cost  about  $40,000. 

W.  A.  Fink,  Reading,  Pa.,  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  hotel  to  be  erected  on  Mount 
Penn  for  William  A.  and  John  A.  Witman. 
It  will  be  50x100  feet,  of  Whitehill  limestone, 
two  stories,  with  mansard  roof,  surmounted 
by  a  tower  and  observatory.  The  cost  will 
be  $20,000. 

Architect  Hyatt,  St.  Louis,  has  presented 
plans  for  the  new  Union  Market  arcade. 
The  cost  is  estimated  at  $45,000. 

Architect  Packard,  Columbus,  O.,  has 
plans  for  remodelling  the  Chittenden  hotel, 
of  that  city.  Two  stories  are  to  be  added 
and  the  building  will  be  fitted  with  modern 
improvements  throughout. 

A.  O.  Elzner,  of  Cincinnti,  O.,  is  making 
plans  for  a  $200,000  office  building  for  the 
Neave  estate. 


MORE  CHICAGO  SKY-SCRAPERS. 

The  Gillette  property  on  the  south-west 
corner  of  Dearborn  and  Madison  streets  is 
to  be  improved  in  the  most  suberb  manner. 
The  details  have  all  been  arranged,  the  or- 
ders given  to  the  architects,  Burnham  & 
Root,  and  the  work  of  removing  the  present 
structure  will  begin  on  the  ist  of  May.  A 
building  of  twelve  stories,  to  cost  $225,000, 
is  to  be  constructed.  It  will  be  as  good  and 
as  attractive  in  every  detail  as  the  famous 
Rookery  building.  The  lot  is  92^  feet  on 
Dearborn  street  by  50  feet  on  Madison,  and 
with  the  present  four-sfory  structure;  is  the 
property  of  Edwin  L.  Gillette.  This  old 
building  will  be  removed  to  the  West  side, 
and  the  material  used  for  the  erection  of  a 
structure  there.  The  new  structure  will  be 
named  the  Columbus. 

Silas  Miller,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  L.  H.  Davis, 
of  Davis  &  Requa,  and  Z.  G.  Simmons,  of 
Kenosha,  Wis.,  have  leased  to  Messrs.  Hen- 
ning  and  Speed,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  95  feet 
front  on  the  east  side  of  Clark  street  150 
feet  south  of  Van  Buren  street,  and  steps 
are  now  being  taken  which  wiil  result  in  the 
addition  of  30  feet  more  to  this  tract,  making 
the  frontage  of  125  feet.  The  lessees  will 
erect  a  building  of  twelve  stories,  the  work 
of  construction  to  begin  probably  May  i 
next.  The  leases  run  for  ninety-nine  years 
without  revaluation,  and  the  rental  is  at  the 
rate  of  6  per  cent  on  $1,200  a  front  foot.  The 
lessees  have  the  privilege  of  purchasing  the 
property  at  any  time  within  fifteen  years  at 
$1,500  a  front  foot.  The  plans  for  the  build- 
ing have  not  yet  been  fully  decided  upon, 
but  it  will  be  a  first-class  modern  structure 
of  stone  and  brick,  and  will  be  used  for 
stores  and  offices. 


PLUMBING. 


FRENCH  PLUMBING. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  re- 
port of  R.  J.  Lynn,  R.  P.  C,  delegate  ap- 
pointed by  the  Lord  Mayor's  Committee, 
London,  to  report  on  the  plumbing  work  as 
exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  : 

In  Paris,  plumbing,  zinc  working,  and  gas- 
fitting,  are  considered  one  trade,  but  as  they 
are  three  distinct  trades  in  London,  I  shall 
confine  my  report  to  plumbing  alone. 

In  dealing  with  the  qualities  of  workman- 
ship, it  occurs  to  me  to  mention  that  plumb- 
ing in  Paris  seems  to  be  undergoing  a  com- 
plete change,  the  English  system  having 
been  introduced  by  M.  Poupard,  who,  I 
believe,  was  formerly  employed  by  one  of 
our  large  firms.  I  learned  from  him  that 
the  English  system  of  sanitary  plumbing  is 
making  progress.  Hitherto,  neither  doctors, 
architects,  engineers,  nor  plumbers,  paid 
much  attention  to  the  effect  of  bad  plumb- 
ing on  the  public  health. 

Our  French  friends  are  doing  their  utmost 
to  learn  sanitary  plumbing  as  carried  out  in 
England  ;  also  to  bring  the  quality  of  their 
workmanship  up  to  the  English  standard. 
But,  although  they  are  certainly  very  per- 
severing in  that  direction,  they  have  yet  a 
deal  to  learn. 

The  brass  fittings  connected  with  French 
plumbers'  work  are  similar  to  the  English  in 
design  and  quality. 

The  master  plumbers  have  formed  a  prac- 
tical and  technical  class,  under  the  special 
direction  of  M.  Poupard.  The  technical  in- 
struction is  given  by  the  masters,  while  the 
practical  instruction  has  been  given,  until 
lately,  by  an  Englishman.  It  is  the  English 
system  that  is  taught  by  the  masters. 

The  journeymen  are  also  moving  in  the 
same  direction.  They  have  practical  and 
technical  instruction  given  by  French  teach- 
ers paid  by  the  Municipal  Council. 

I  think,  as  regards  the  quality  of  work  in 
plumbing,  our  French  friends  recognize  that 
they  are  behind  us,  as  both  classes — the 
masters  and  the  journeymen — are  pushing 
forward  to  the  English  style. 

In  the  Exhibition  are  shown  specimens  of 
work  done  by  the  students  of  these  classes. 

In  the  exhibit  that  is  under  the  direction 
of  M.  Poupard  are  shown,  as  specimens  of 
the  students'  work,  joints  of  different  sizes, 
bends  of  different-sized  pipes,  lead-bossing 
in  breaks  and  corners — one  piece  of  lead 
with  four  breaks  and  eight  corners,  in  the 
shape  of  a  cross,  the  breaks  being  bossed  up 
6  inches  high,  with  very  regular  thickness — 
and  other  pieces  of  bossing  which  show  that 
the  students  are  making  good  progress  un- 
der English  instruction. 

The  show  of  specimens  of  journeymen's 
work  is  at  the  expense  of  the  Municipal 
Council  as  regards  materials.  There  is 
shown  a  length  of  soil-pipe  bent  round  and 
round,  and  rising  to  about  4  feet  high,  with 
a  circle  of  about  i  foot,  6  inches  diameter — 
a  very  good  piece  of  workmanship.  There 


380 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  305 


are  also  shown  specimens  of  joints,  straight 
and  branched,  in  a  4-inch  horizontal  pipe, 
Yz  in.,  ^^  in.,  i  in.,  iX  in.,  lYz  in.,  2  in.,  and 
3  in.  All  the  joints  are  very  clean  and  close 
together,  and  all  overcast  with  the  iron  after 
having  been  made,  similar  to  the  system 
followed  in  the  North  of  England. 

There  are  specimens  of  lead-bossing,  two 
oval  back  wash-basins  with  projecting  lip, 
bossed  out  of  one  piece  of  lead  ;  very  good 
work. 

Although  the  work  of  these  two  classes  is 
very  good,  there  is  some  English  workman- 
ship in  Messrs.  Jennings'  exhibit  which  sur- 
passes it — in  fact,  puts  theirs  in  the  shade. 

Messrs.  Jennings'  (of  Lambeth)  show  a 
stack  of  4-inch  soil-pipe,  two  P-traps 
branched  into  same.  At  the  side  of  the  soil- 
pipe  is  a  stack  of  2-inch  pipe  carried  up 
same  height,  and  branched  into  the  P-trap 
as  an  anti-syphonage  pipe.  Also  a  stack  of 
I  Yz  inch  pipe  with  branches  taken  from 
valve-box  of  water-closet  to  ventilate  be- 
tween trap  and  basin-valve.  The  top  of 
each  stack  is  ornamentally  finished.  It  is 
the  best  piece  of  plumbing  work  in  the  Ex- 
hibition. 

In  the  class  which  is  kept  up  by  the  mas- 
ters, the  following  system  is  in  force  :  A 
student  must  be  introduced  by  a  master, 
and  a  fee  paid  for  him  by  the  master  who 
presents  him.  The  student  pays  nothing. 
At  the  same  time  that  the  student  is  receiv- 
ing technical  instruction,  he  is  working  as  a 
laborer.  When  he  is  considered  proficient, 
lie  is  allowed  to  trade  as  a  plumber.  From 
what  I  could  learn,  they  are  considered  effi- 
cient workmen  in  about  seven  years. 

In  the  earthenware  exhibits,  nothing  was 
to  be  seen  that  is  not  known  in  England, 
with  the  exception  of  a  French  water-closet, 
which  is  let  down  to  the  level  of  the  floor, 
on  top  of  which  is  a  slab  with  a  skirting 
round,  and  two  foot-plates  to  stand  upon. 
Many  of  the  French  do  not  use  the  water- 
closet  that  is  fixed  on  the  English  principle. 
Again,  their  wash-basins  are  very  small, 
only  10  inches,  which  are  certainly  very  un- 
pleasant to  wash  in. 

In  the  Machinery  Hall,  Messrs.  Jennings 
show  a  combination  bath-room  suite,  with 
douche,  spray,  sitz,  plunge,  shower,  and 
wave  ;  wash-basin  with  moveable  supply, 
that  spray  may  play  into  face,  and  then  be 
reversed  so  as  to  play  on  top  of  head  ;  also 
a  biddie  and  pedestal  water-closet,  with 
water-waste  preventer.  They  have  also 
concealed  urinal  with  swing  waste,  and  au- 
tomatic cisterns  to  supply  urinals.  Their 
bath-room  suite  surpasses  anything  of  the 
kind  in  the  Exhibition. 

Messrs.  Doulton  (of  London  and  Paris) 
have  also  an  exhibit  in  the  Machinery  Hall. 
It  consists  of  combination  water-closet, 
French  water-closet,  instantaneous  method 
of  getting  hot-water  for  bath,  interception- 
traps,  guUey-traps,  waste-preventers,  auto- 
matic flushing-tanks,  wash-basins,  and  a 
bath.  They  have  a  similar  show  in  the 
Esplanade. 

M.  Poupard  (a  French  firm  ;  he  is  also 
director  of  the  Masters'  Technical  Classes) 


shows  principally  the  goods  of  Messrs.  Dent 
and  Hellyer,  of  London.  The  hygienic 
water-closet  is  in  French  hard  porcelain, 
which  I  was  informed  stands  the  frost  bet- 
ter than  the  English  ware.  They  say  they 
have  had  two  of  the  English  ware  break 
with  the  frost.  Also  optimus-valve  water- 
closet,  bath  biddie,  and  wash-basins,  and 
specimens  of  plumbers'  work  done  in  the 
English  style.  They  also  show  water-waste 
preventer  of  the  same  makers,  and  anti 
D-traps. 

M.  Flicoteause  (of  83,  Rue  de  Bac)  shows 
combination  water-closet  of  French  manu- 
facture, with  water-waste  preventers  of 
syphon  action  in  the  cistern  underneath  ;  leg 
of  syphon  \s  a.  Y  inch  boiler  screw.  A  Y 
inch  branch  is  taken  out  of  supply  to  pre- 
venter, and  connected  to  the  Y  inch  boiler 
screw,  with  a  Y  inch  spring  push-valve  ;  the 
cistern  being  filled  with  water  by  the  ball- 
valve  ;  the  Y  inch  spring  push-valve  is  then 
pressed,  which  charges  the  syphon  and  sets 
it  in  action.  This  waste-preventer  is  a  very 
good  one  ;  a  little  more  expensive  but  pre- 
ferable to  those  which  work  with  a  lever 
and  chain.  There  are  also  shown  wash- 
basins, and  bath  and  automatic  flushing  cis- 
tern, but  nothing  else  which  is  an  improve- 
ment on  our  manufacture. 

M.  Valdo  {129,  Rue  de  Chemin  \  ert)  ex- 
hibits a  water-waste  preventer  of  French 
manufacture,  which  is  worthy  of  notice.  This 
waste-preventer  is  with  syphon  action.  The 
stem,  which  is  attached  to  supply-valve  to 
cistern,  has  a  square  box-float  attached  to  it 
in  place  of  a  ball.  This  stem  is  about  6 
inches  longer  than  the  waste-preventer,  and 
the  pull-chain  is  attached  to  it.  The  float 
rises  and  shuts  off  supply-valve  when  full  ; 
then,  when  the  chain  is  pulled,  the  float  is 
immersed,  which  sets  the  syphon  in  action. 
This  is  noiseless,  and  is  a  fairly  good  pre- 
venter for  the  purpose. 

The  exhibition  is  well  fitted  up  with  lava- 
tories by  Messrs.  Uoulton  &  Sons,  with  their 
combination  water-closet,  water-waste  pre- 
venters, tilt  wash-basins,  and  automatic 
flushing  tanks. 

There  are  some  fittings  executed  by 
French  firms,  but  for  convenience  and  com- 
fort Messrs.  Doulton's  are  first. 

As  the  manufacturers  of  English  goods 
sell  their  sanitary  appliances  in  France,  it  is, 
of  course,  necessary  for  the  French  plumb- 
ers to  be  taught  to  fix  the  English  ajjpli- 
ances,  and  to  understand  the  English  sys- 
tem of  doing  plumbing  work. 

In  the  \'ille  de  Paris  is  a  sanitary  house, 
showing  sanitary  plumbing  arrangements  in 
town  house.  In  basement  arc  shown  drain- 
pipes, all  round,  lying  on  brickwork,  above 
floor  level,  and  at  nearest  point  to  sewer  is 
an  interception  trap.  The  soil-pipe  is  fixed 
outside  with  iron  clips  in  yard.  There  are 
three  floors,  showing  water-closet  on  first 
and  second,  each  being  trapped  above  floor. 
Each  water-closet  is  fitted  with  hopper  basin 
and  waste-preventer.  There  is  a  i  '/^  inch 
anti-sy])honage-pipe  taken  from  each  trap, 
andbranched  into  soil-pipe  above  top  water- 


closet.  They  are  fitted  up  on  the  English 
principle.  On  top  floor  is  a  bath,  with  waste 
taken  down  separately  into  gully  trap  under 
the  surface.  On  ground  floor  is  a  row  of 
three  wash-basins,  10  inches  diameter,  iX 
inch  P-traps,  which  are  too  small  for  tbe 
purpose. 

In  the  Unsanitary  House  is  shown  a  stack 
of  8-inch  iron  pipe,  inside  of  house,  with  a 
branch  showing  through  floor,  and  so  used 
as  a  water-closet.  No  trap  to  sink,  and  no 
water  cesspool  in  yard.  A  very  good  model 
of  a  fever-breeding  house.  I  was  informed 
that  many  houses  like  this  are  still  to  be 
found  in  Paris. 

Model  Sewers  are  also  shown.  These  I 
will  explain,  as  I  went  through  the  sewers 
themselves. 

The  technical  instruction  of  French 
plumbers  is  being  pushed  forward  as  quickly 
as  possible  ;  and  it  is  a  good  thing  that  the 
technical  instruction  of  plumbers  is  being 
pushed  forward  so  much  in  England  too. 
The  English  plumbers  ought  to  be  as  effi- 
cient as  possible,  so  that  they  may  be  pre- 
ferred to  foreign  workmen  all  over  the 
world. 

The  French  plumbers  recei\  e  y-Y  francs 
per  day.  They  work  fifty-four  hours  per 
week  in  summer,  and  forty-eight  in  winter  ; 
no  reduction  of  wages  in  winter.  Average 
employment  about  nine  months  in  the  year. 
Wages  paid  once  a  fortnight. 

The  journeymen  plumbers'  syndicate  esti- 
mate that  about  half  of  the  plumbing  work 
is  done  by  piece-work.  They  are  against 
the  system. 

The  Municipal  Council,  when  they  have 
work  to  be  done,  sometimes  invite  tenders 
and  estimates  for  it  from  the  various  trade 
organizations,  to  which  the  work  is  fre- 
quently given.  This  refers  to  other  than 
plumbers'  work. 

French  workmen  are  a  sober,  industrious, 
persevering  class  of  men,  sjiending  their 
spare  time  in  improving  themselves  in  their 
craft  at  the  workshop  of  the  syndicate  to 
which  they  belong.  The  Municipal  Coun- 
cil provides  the  teachers  for  giving  techni- 
dsl  instruction  in  plumbing,  and  finds  the 
materials  for  all  exiierimcnts  which  the 
plumbers  desire  to  make. 

The  construction  of  the  sewers  of  Paris  is 
similar  to  the  tunnel  of  our  underground 
railway,  only  about  half  the  size.  There  is 
a  channel  running  along  the  center  about  8 
feet  wide,  room  enough  being  left  to  walk 
on  either  side.  Along  the  roof  of  the  tunnel 
are  fixed  the  water  mains,  pneumatic  tubes, 
electric  lighting  cables,  and  telcgrajih  wires, 
all  arranged  so  that  they  can  be  got  at 
easily. 

Along  the  channel  boats  arc  run,  in  which 
visitors  are  taken  through  the  tunnel  for 
about  half  a  mile.  As  you  go  along  you  can 
see  the  branch  sewers  from  the  different 
boulevards,  each  branch  bearing  the  name 
of  the  place  it  is  draining.  The  boats  hold 
about  twelve  persons.  \\'hen  you  get  out 
of  the  boat  you  go  on  to  a  platform  ;  here 
carriages  are  ready  to  receive  you  and  take 
you  along  for  about  a  mile.    Then  you  go 


Dec.  7,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


381 


on  to  a  turntable,  and  from  that  to  the  place 
of  exitat  Notre  Dame,  about  two  miles.  The 
carriages  are  made  the  same  width  as  the 
channel,  and  their  wheels  lit  on  the  edge  of 
same. 

These  sewers  were  constructed  in  1876. 
They  are  well  lighted  and  whitewashed,  and 
it  is  no  more  objectionable  to  travel  through 
them  than  to  travel  through  an  underground 
railway. 

A  large  portion  of  the  sewage  is  used  for 
irrigating  purposes  ;  and  in  the  Exhibition 
they  show  some  splendid  cabbages,  carrots, 
lettuce,  and  other  vegetables  that  were 
growing  on  the  sewage  farm  at  Glenvilles, 
outside  Paris. 

In  Paris  there  are  two  kinds  of  water 
used,  for  the  sake  of  economy — one  for 
drinking,  the  other  for  flushing  the  sewers 
and  watering  the  roads. 

For  watering  the  roads  they  have  cocks 
in  the  pavement  about  100  feet  apart,  to 
which  a  hose-pipe  is  attached.  There  are 
also  frequent  openings  in  the  side  of  the 
curb  which  lead  to  the  sewers,  and  the  cocks 
are  turned  on  at  intervals  for  the  purpose  of 
washing  down  the  gutters  and  flushing  the 
sewers.  As  I  have  already  said,  there  is  no 
ofTensive  smell  in  the  sewers,  and  therefore 
these  openings  are  not  in  the  least  objec- 
tionable. 

There  is  every  convenience  in  the  way  of 
lavatories  in  the  boulevards — these  being 
situated  at  very  short  distances  apart.  They 
are  in  charge  of  female  attendants,  and  are 
used  by  both  sexes. 

TO  THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS  OF 
CHICAGO. 
Gentlemen: — At  a  regular  meeting  of  the 
Chicago  Master  Plumbers' Association,  held 
on  the  14th  ult.,  it  was  resolved  "that  a  lec- 
ture on  plumbing  be'given  to  the  appren- 
tices, at  a  meeting  to  be  held  in  their  rooms 
at  Grand  Army  Hall,  204  Dearborn  street, 
on  Thursday  evening,  December  12th,  at  8 
o'clock." 

The  meeting  will  be  addressed  by  Mr. 
David  Whiteford,  subject,  "Education  of 
the  Plumber,"  and  Mr.  J.  J.  Hamblin  will 
give  an  interesting  and  descriptive  illustra- 
tion on  the  blackboard  "Of  the  system  of 
ventilation  and  other  plans  as  adopted  by 
the  Board  of  Health." 

If  you  will  kindly  give  this  publication  so 
that  all  the  "boys"  may  be  informed  of  it 
and  use  your  personal  efforts  to  induce 
them  to  attend  as  well  as  setting  them  the 
example  by  coming  yourself,  you  will  by  so 
doing  make  the  lecture  a  success,  and  will 
be  conferring  on  the  apprentices  and  the 
trade  instructive  and  profitable  information. 
Yours  fraternally, 

Hugh  Watt, 
Chairman  of  Apprenticeship  Committee. 
Chicago,  December  5,  1889. 

We  are  also  informed  that  Mr.  Hugh 
Watt  will  give  a  talk  on,  "Plumbing  in  Olden 
Times,"  when  plumbers  had  to  make  their 
own  sheet  lead  out  of  which  to  make  their 
pipes  and  fittings. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

The  plumber  has  been  subjected  to  much 
blame  and  ridicule.  Until  very  recently  the 
public  have  had  no  means  of  knowing  the 
genuine  plumber  from  the  one  who  is  one 
only  because  he  would  like  to  be,  self-styled, 
but  with  no  experience  except  that  of  charg- 
ing. Much  good  and  substantial  work  has 
been  spoiled  and  rendered  dangerous  to 
health  by  so-called  sanitary  engineers,  who 
do  work  in  a  manner  that  would  not  be 
countenanced  by  a  plumber. — Pittsburg 
Real  Estate  Record. 

Contract  work  among  Chicago  plumbers 
is  not  so  brisk  at  present  as  it  was  a  few 
weeks  ago.  On  what  work  there  is  some  of 
the  estimates  given  are  so  ridiculously  low 
that  many  of  the  plumbers  have  ceased  to 
figure  on  contracts  at  all  but  have  concluded 
that  it  would  be  better  to  depend  upon  job- 
bing work  than  take  contracts  for  less  than 
cost.  In  several  cases  recently  plumbers 
have  figured  on  from  7  to  10  per  cent  profit, 
and  had  their  bids  beaten  25  per  cent.  It 
may  be  a  pleasure  to  capture  large  con- 
tracts, but  it  is  certainly  not  good  business 
policy  to  do  the  work  at  less  than  cost.  If 
the  plumbers  would  hold  out  for  better  con- 
tract prices,  they  would  get  them.  The 
work  must  be  done  and  the  plumbers  alone 
are  to  blame  if  no  money  is  made  on  their 
contracts. 

E.  Baggot,  Fifth  avenue  and  Madison 
street,  has  secured  the  contract  for  plumbing 
and  fitting  the  new  building  for  Rand,  Mc- 
Nally  &  Co.,  on  Adams  street. 

Editor  Heatherington.  of  the  Plumbers, 
Tiade  Journal,  New  York  city,  is  in  Chi- 
cago. He  will  be  in  attendance  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers' 
Association  next  Thursday  evening. 

Chief  Inspector  Young,  of  the  health  de- 
partment, says  that  the  new  rules  are  being 
enforced  and  that  they  find  great  faver  with 
architects.  The  department  has  naught  to 
complain  of  in  regard  to  the  response  the 
rules  have  met  with  on  the  part  of  those 
most  interested. 

Leamy  &  Green,  21  West  Madison  street, 
have  begun  the  plumbing  and  gas-fitting  on 
Jonathan  Clark's  new  five-story  office  and 
light  manufacturing  building  at  Canal  and 
Adams  streets,  known  as  the  Randolph 
Block.  Also  on  two  flat  buildings,  each 
two  stories  and  basement,  owned  by  this 
firm,  at  1081  and  1083  Warren  avenue.  They 
have  recently  finished  the  work  on  the 
Metal  Workers'  building  at  41-49  South 
Canal,  for  Jonathan  Clark,  and  a  two-story 
store  and  flat  building  at  139  Colorado  ave- 
nue. They  are  now  engaged  in  overhauling 
the  buildings  at  196-204  South  Clark  street, 
for  Blake,  Shaw  &  Page.  They  report  job- 
bing work  as  plentiful. 

D.  F.  Shay,  9  North  Desplaines  street,  has 
begun  work  on  the  transfer  house  for  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad 
Company,  on  California  avenue. 


Ernest  Breyer,  72  West  Randolph  street, 
is  doing  the  plumbing  on  two  four-story 
store  and  flat  buildings  at  Blue  Island  ave- 
nue and  Laflin  street.  Also,  the  moulding 
factory  for  Joseph  Klickaon  Jefferson  street, 
near  Monroe.  Also,  a  store  and  flat  build- 
ing for  I).  Vanderer,  on  California  avenue, 
near  Van  Buren  street. 

A.  C.  Hickey,  northwest  corner  of  Madison 
and  South  Clinton  streets,  has  secured  the 
contract  for  plumbing,  gas-fitting  and  sewer 
work  for  W.  H.  Hayes,  new  residence  at 
Laundale.  He  is  overhauling  John  Vogts' 
buildings  at  252-4  Wabash  avenue,  and  has 
the  contract  for  doing  new  sanitary  plumb- 
ing work  on  the  building  for  L.  Sues  at  20 
North  Carpenter  street.  He  has  a  contract 
for  fitting  a  church  at  Davenport,  Iowa, 
with  the  Hickey  patent  sun  burners. 

Bowden  &  Co.,  81  Dearborn  street,  has 
just  finished  roughing  in  the  three-story 
dwelling  for  R.  E.  Taylor  at  Forest  avenue, 
near  Thirty-second  street.  They  have  just 
completed  the  plumbing  work  on  two  resi- 
dences on  Englewood  avenue  near  Wallace 
street. 

J.  S.  Bassett  204  Dearborn  street,  has  the 
contract  for  plumbing  work  on  the  exten- 
sion to  the  Presbyterian  mission,  at  Erie  and 
Noble  streets.  He  has  just  completed  two 
houses  on  Oakenwall  avenue,  Hyde  Park, 
for  M.  Clark,  and  the  extension  to  the  Doug- 
las club,  on  Ellis  avenue  near  Thirty-fifth 
street. 

C.  J.  Herbert,  120  Randolph  street,  will 
begin  shortly  roughing  in  the  new  residence 
for  T.  W.  Connelly,  on  Michigan  avenue, 
near  Fifty-first  street.  He  is  finishing  the 
work  on  a  residence  for  Mrs.  S.  McKeon,  on 
Indiana  avenue  near  Forty-fifth  street,  and 
one  for  J.  E.  Smith  on  Irving  avenue  near 
Van  Buren  street.  He  has  begun  the 
plumbing  work  on  a  large  livery  barn  for 
James  McMullen,  on  Center  avenue  near 
Harrison  street. 

L.  A.  Keppner,  37  Clark  street,  has  just 
completed  the  plumbing  work  on  a  resi- 
dence for  W.  Hannington,  at  Argyle  Park. 

The  Ottawa,  Province  of  Ontario,  Surgical 
Society  and  Board  of  Health  have  adopted 
resolutions  favoring  the  appointing  of  a  city 
inspector  of  plumbing  aud  house-drainage. 


Coal  dust  is  no  longer  regarded  as  waste. 
It  is  manufactured  into  blocks  for  fuel,  and 
found  to  burn  readily,  giving  an  intense  heat 
with  entire  absense  of  clinkers. 


Wilson  Brothers,  Philadelphia,  are  en- 
gaged on  plans  for  the  new  Drexel  Institu- 
tute,  to  be  located  in  West  Philadelphia. 
They  have  been  engaged  in  devising  the 
very  best  style  of  architecture  as  well  as 
sanitary  methods  for  such  purposes,  and 
when  completed  will  be  among  the  model 
schools  of  learning  in  this  country,  as  to 
general  pomfort  and  utility. 


382 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  305 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Memphis,  Tenn.:  The  Southern  Amuse- 
ment Company,  a  new  corporation,  will 
erect  a  theater.  Atchison,  Kas.:  An  ap- 
propriation of  $50,000  has  been  made  for  en- 
larging the  St.  Benedictine  Institute.  The 

work  of  rebuilding  the  burnt  districts  of 
Lynn  and  Boston,  IVIass.,  has  already  begun 
and  work  \\\\\  be  plentiful  in  those  cities  for 

sometime  to  come.  Auburn,  Me.:  The 

Whitman  Agricultural  Works  Company  has 
been  formed,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  A 

factory  will  be  built  right   away.  Fall 

River,  Mass.:  The  stockholders  of  the 
Barnaby  and  Granite  Cotton  Mills  intend 
building  two  new  mills  for  manufacturing 

gingham.  South  Framington,  Mass.:  The 

New  England  Rattan  Company  will  erect  a 
factory  building  40x100  feet,  four  stories  and 

basement.  Andover,  Conn.:   F.  L.  Chase 

will  build  a  brick  paper  mill.  Salem, 

Mass.:  The  Board  of  Trade  .has  decided  to 

build  two  shoe  factories.  South  Brewer, 

Me.:  The  Eastern  Manufacturing  Company 

is  building  a  large  pulp  mill.  Hartford, 

Conn.:  Thomas  F.  Kane  will  erect  a  three 
story  building  at  Park  street  and  Sisson 
avenue.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  The  Moun- 
tain City  Club  will  erect  a  club  house  to  cost 

between  S2o,cco  and  $30,000.  Peoria,  111.: 

A  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building  to  cost  $go,ooo  will 
soon  be  erected  on  the  site  of  Col.  Robert  G. 

Ingersoll's   former  residence.  Danville, 

Ky.:  Funk  &  Anderson  will  erect  a  flour 
mill  with  a  capacity  of  75  barrels.  Rose- 
dale,  Miss.:  A  cotton  mill  is  to  be  erected. 

 Watertown,   Tenn.:    A   flour  mill  will 

be  erected.  South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.:  A 

rolling  mill  will  be  erected  by  a  re- 
cently organized    stock    company  whose 

capital   is  $300,000.  Millview,   Fla.:  W. 

S.  Wittich  will  erect  a  saw   mill  with  25,- 

000  feet   capacity.  Pocahontas,  Ark.:  J. 

Schoonover  will  rebuild  his  grist  mill  and 

cotton  gin,  recently  destroyed  by  fire.  

Judsonia,  Ark.:  A  company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  $25,000  capital,  to  erect  a 
mill.  Jacksonville,  Fla.:  A  stock  com- 
pany has  been  organized  with  $50,000  capi- 
tal, to  erect  a  cypress  shingle  mill.  Tal- 
lahassee, F"la.:  A  sash,  door  and  blind  fac- 
tory  will   be  erected.  Bosterick,  Fla.: 

Messrs.  Webster  it  Davis  will  rebuild  their 

shingle  mill,  recently  destroyed  by  fire.  

Decatur,  Ala.:  A  roller  flouring  mill  is  to  be 

erected.  A  woolen  mill  will  be  erected 

at  Princeton,  Ky.  Friar's  Point,  Miss.:  A 

cotton  seed  oil  mill  will  be  built  by  a  stock 

company.  Greensboro,  N.  C:    A  stock 

company  has  been  organized  with  $100,000 

capital,  and  will  erect  a  mill.  Fort  Worth, 

Texas:  A  cotton  mill  will  be  erected  by  the 
Fort  Worth  Manufacturing  Company,  lately 
incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000. 

 Philadelphia,    Pa.:     The  Sharpless 

Brothers  will  rebuild  their  premises,  lately 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  Western  M.  E. 
C)ivirc)i  will  expend  $40,000  in  reniode}ing 


their  building.  John  J.  Cassiday  has  pur- 
chased a  quantity  of  ground  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  city  in  the  vicinity  of  Front  and 
Fourth  streets,  Snyder  avenue  and  McKean 
street,  on  which  he  will  erect  400  first  class 
two-story  houses,  fitted  with  every  modern 
convenience.  The  Overbrook  Land  Im- 
provement Company  will  build  twenty  three- 
story  stone  houses.  W.  S.  P.  Shields  has 
purchased  a  large  quantity  of  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  Gray's  Ferry  road,  Greenway 
avenue,  Chester  avenue  and  Forty-ninth 
street,  and  will  build  thereon  400  two  and 
three  story  brick  houses,  trimmed  with 
brown  and  fancy  stone,  all  to  be  fitted  with 
modern  conveniences,  gas  and  electric  ap- 
pliances. Wilmington,  Del.:   The  Grand 

Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  will  establish  a  home 
for  aged  and  indigent  members.  Balti- 
more, Md.:  Joseph  H.  Rieman  will  erect  a 
large  warehouse  at  Howard  and  Saratoga 
stieets,  to  cost  $45,0000.  Two  other  ware- 
houses will  be  erected,  one  at  Paca  and  Ger- 
man streets,  the  other  at  Paca  and  Baltimore, 
to  cost  $75,000  each.  William  P.  Harvey 
will  build  a  $25,000  residence.  The  Build- 
er's Exchange  will  put  up  a  $250,000  build- 
ing. The  Maryland  Central  and  the  Balti- 
more Line  terminal  companies  will  expend 
$7,000,000  in  making  extensive  improve- 
ments. The  Baltimore  Sugar  Refinery 
Company  will  erect  a  twelve-story  refinery 
at  Curtis  Bay.  It  will  be  of  brick,  iron  and 
steel.  Washington,  D.  C:  The  Washing- 
ton Loan  and  Trust  Company  will  erect  a 
handsome  ten-story  fire-proof  structure.  The 
National  Union  Fire  Insurance  Company 
will  erect  a  large  six-story  building.  A  new 
Episcopal  church  is  to  be  built.  Calvin  Cain 
will  build  two  handsome  residences  on  Thir- 
teenth street,  to  cost  $20,000.  A  $40,000  ad- 
dition will  be  made  to  the  Harrison  flats. 
The  congregation  of  the  East  Capitol  street 
Baptist  church  will  erect  a  new  edifice  at  a 
cost  of  $30,000.  The  city  postoffice  commit- 
tee's report  recommends  that  Congress  take 
some  action  regarding  the  erection  of  a  suit- 
able building  for  postoffice  purposes.  A 

new  resort  will  be  established  at  Billingsport, 

N.  J.,  five  miles  below  Gloucester.  Wil- 

liamstown,  N.  J.:  A  glass  factory  will  be 
erected.    The  amount  already  paid  in  is 

$40.000.  At  Patterson,  N.  J.,  a  general 

hospital  will  be  erected.  Camden,  N.  J.: 

The  Scgel  Manufacturing  and  Pajier  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  number  of  buildings,  among 
which  will  be  a  watch  factory  and  three 
paper  mills.  This  will  necessitate  the  erec- 
tion of  a  large  number  of  dwellings  for  the 
workmen,  of  which  about  a  thousand  will  be 
employed.  Work  has  already  begun.  The 
capital  of  the  new  company  will  be  about 
one  million  dollars.  A  permit  has  been  is- 
sued for  the  erection  of  a  two-story  building 
on  Seventh  street,  below  Clinton,  to  be  used 
as  a  shoe  factory.  Wilson  Ernst,  builder, 
who  is  making  extensive  improvements  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Cooper's  Point,  will 
soon  begin  the  erection  of  about  fifty  hand- 
some boat  houses  along  the  river  front  to 

take  the  place  of  those  which  had  to  be  re- 


moved in  order  to  open  up  new  streets.  

Somerset   County,  Pa.,  is  to  have  a  new 

$25,000  jail.  Jeannette,  Pa.:    At  least 

twenty  new  dwellings  are  to  be  erected.  

Rankin  Station,  Pa.:  Pittsburg  capitalist-' 
will  erect  a  steel  plant  with  a  capacity  o 

300  to  400  tons  a  day.  At  Reading,  Pa.,  a 

bridge  will  be  erected  across  the  Schuylkill 

river  at  the  foot  of  Sixth  street.  West 

Newton,  Pa.:  The  Board  of  Trade  has  pur- 
chased the  farm  of  Michael  Keck,  of  Ros- 
traver  township,  for  $16,000.    A  large  Iron 

W orks  will  be  erected  on  the  site.  Beaver 

Falls,  Pa.:  E.  L.  Cunningham,  will  erect  a 
hotel  next  spring,  at  Seventh  avenue  and 
Fifth  street.  The  co-operative  Glass  Com- 
pany, whose  works  were  recently  destroyed 

by  fire,  will  erect  an  iron-clad  building.  

At  Holidaysburg,  Pa.,  a  party  of  Pittsburg 
capitalists  have  obtained  a  long  lease  of  the 
Rodman  blast  furnaces,  and  will  erect  a 
large  rolling  mill  plant  near  the  furnaces. 

 At  Morgantown,  Pa.,  a  company  has 

been  formed  and  will  erect  a  planing  mill, 

foundry  and  machine  shops.  Pittsburg, 

Pa.:  Herman  Straub  &  Co.  will  erect  a 
brewery  to  cost  $100,000.  John  H.  Schoen- 
berger,  the  Pittsburg  ironmaster,  provides 
in  his  will  for  an  $800,000  Schoenberger 
memorial  hospital.  He  also  bequeathed 
$100,000  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
and  $10,000  to  the  Trinity  Episcopal  church 
of  Pittsburg.    C.  Johnson  will  erect  ten 

brick  dwellings.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Jacob 

M.  Peters  will  erect  250  or  300  modern  two 
and  three  story  houses  on  the  old  Budinot 
estate.  La  Crosse,  Wis.:  The  city  coun- 
cil has  ordered  a  special  election  to  be  held 
December  17,  i88g,  for  the  purpose  of  voting 
to  bond  the  city  for  $85,000  to  build  a  bridge 
across  the  Mississippi  River  at  this  place. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  :  Electric  lights  will 
be  substituted  for  gas,  for  street  purposes. 

 Monson,  Mass.:  An  Electric  Light  and 

Power  Company  has  been  formed,  with  a 

capital  of  $20,000.  The  School  Board  at 

McKeesport,  Pa.,  has  just  decided  to  use  the 
Smead  system  of  heating,  ventilating  and 
dry  closets  in  the  new  school  buildings  to  be 

erected  next  year.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  An 

electric  plant  will  be  erected  near  the  city 
by  a  recently    organized  company  with 

$5,000,000  capital:  About  2,300  miles  of 

main  for  carrying  natural  gas  have  now 
been  laid  in  this  country,  and  the  total  cap- 
itol   invested    in    the    business  exceeds 

$50,000,000.  Raton,  N.  M.:    An  electric 

light  company  has  been  incorporated  with  a 

cash  capital  of  $10,000.  Beverly,  N.  J.: 

A  company  has  been  organized  to  furnish 
light,  heat  and  power,  and  the  city  council 
has  decided  to  light  the  city  with  electricity. 

 Huntington,  L.  I.:   Gasworks  will  soon 

be  established.  Piedmont,  W.  \  a.:  The 

plant  of  the  Piedmont  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany is  to  undergo  extensive  improvements. 

 East  Chattanooga,  Tenn. — Reports  say 

that  the  Thomson  Electric  Welding  Com- 
pany will  establish  a  plant  here,  to  cost$i  ,000- 


Dec.  7,  1889J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


ooo.  Aujjusta  111.,  wants  electric  lights. 

 Jamestown  R.  I.,  wants  gas-works.  

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  is  to  have  a  new  gas  com- 
pany. Camden,  N.  J.  :    The  Coliimhia 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  organized 

with  §100,000  capital.  Ashland,  Ky.,  will 

probably  soon  have  an  incandescent  electric 

system.  Barnesville,  O.,  has  decided  to 

have  incandescent  electric  lights.  New 

Bedford,  Mass.:  T.J.  Gifford  &  Co.,  have 
been  awarded  the  contract  for  heating  the 
new  Odd  Fellow's  business  block  by  hot 
water,  using  two  No.  9  Perfect  Water  Heat- 
ers ;  and  7,000  feet  of  radiating  surface,  tbe 
contract  price  being  $6,100.  Plans  and 
specifications  for  the  work  were  made  by  W. 

M.  Mackay,  of  New  York.  Johnstown, 

N.  Y.:  Wesley  Lines  has  received  the  con- 
tract for  heating  Grace  Church,  Watertovvn, 
N.  Y.,  by  hot  water,  with  the  Perfect  Water 
Heater,  according  to  plans  and  specifica- 
tions made  by  W.  M.  Mackay,  of  New  York. 

Contract  price  $1,450.  Springfield,  Mass.: 

The  Phillips  Manufacturing  Company  has 
been  awarded  the  contract  for  heating  the 
Cooley  hotel  buildings  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
by  hot  water,  at  $4,500,  using  the  Perfect 

Water  Heaters.  Roanoke,  Va.:  Four  and 

a  half  miles  of  main  extensions  will  be  made 
to  the  plant  of  the  Roanoke  Gas  and  Water 

Company.  Conshohocken,   Pa.:  E.xten- 

sions  to  the  mains  of  the  Conshokocken  Gas 

Company    are    contemplated.  Holden, 

Mo.,  has  given  a  twenty  years'  franchise  to 
the  Interstate  Gas  and  Water-Works  Com- 
pany for  lighting  by  electricity,  and  has  con 
tracted  for  public  lighting  with  that  com- 
pany for  a  period  of  five  years.  A  pro- 
cess of  condensing  natural  gas  has  been 
invented  and  patented  in  Anderson,  Ind., 
and  is  attracting  widespread  attention.  The 
great  possibilities  of  it  have  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  and 
representatives  of  that  corporation  from 
Cleveland  and  New  York  have  made  the  in- 
ventor flattering  propositions  should  the 
plan  prove  a  success.  The  Aurora  Stan- 
dard Heat  and  Light  Company  of  Baltimore, 
for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  and  sell- 
ing a  compound  for  heating  and  lighting 
purposes,  has  been  incorporated.  Green- 
bush,  N.  Y.,  wants  electric  lights.  A  com- 
pany has  been  formed  at  Connersville,  Ind., 
for  the  purpose  of  piping  natural  gas  from 
the  Carthage  field  to  that  city.    It  has  a 

capital  stock  of    $160,000,  A  dispatch 

from  Lima,  O.,  says  that  the  Sherman  Oil 
Company,  one  of  the  largest  independent 
companies  in  the  Ohio  field,  with  twenty- 
two  producing  wells  and  620  acres  of  land, 
has  sold  out  to  the  Standard  Oil  Company 

for  $100,000.  The  Massachusetts  Electric 

Light  Assocation,  composed  of  forty  elec- 
trical lighting  companies  of  that  state,  with 
combined  capital  of  about  $5,000,000,  has 
been  formed.  F.  A.  Gilbert,  president  of 
the  Boston  Electric   Light  Company,  was 

elected  president.  At  Weston,  W.  Va.,  a 

newly  formed  company  will  put  up  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  It  is  probable  that  gas 

works  will  be  built  at  Tarpon  Springs,  Fla. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

At  Cartcrsville,  Barton  Co.,  Ga.,  the 
Etowah  Ochre  and  Talc  Co.,  of  that  place, 
will  want  hoisting  machinery  and  large 
pumps  about  the  beginning  of  1890.  Ro- 
anoke,\'a.:  The  Roanoke  Gas  and  Water  Co. 
wants  engines,  boilers,  pipes,  fittings,  lamps 
and  lamp-posts.  -  Shrcveport,  La.:  The  po- 
lice jury  of  the  parish  of  Caddo  will  receive 
plans  and  specifications  until  the  loth  day 

of  December  ne.xt  for  a  new  court  house.  

Secretary  Tracy  has  advertised  for  pro- 
posals for  the  construction  of  two  gun  boats 
and  one  practice  vessel.  The  bids  will  be 
opened  Jan.  22.  The  gun  boats  will  be  of 
about  1,000  tons  displacement  each  and  the 
practice  vessel  of  about  800  tons  displace- 
ment. The  Laredo  (Tex.)  Improvement 

Company  wants  bids  on  an  electric  light 
plant  of  sufficient  capacity  to  furnish  50  arc 
lights  of  1,200  candle-power  and  1,000  incan- 
descent lights  of  20  candle-power.  Har- 

rodsburgh,  Ky.:  The  Harrodsburgh  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company  has  let  the  con- 
tract for  its  plant  to  the  Fort  Wayne  Jenney 
Electric  Light  Company  of  Fort  Wayne, 

Ind.  Roanoke,  Va.:  The  Roanoke  (Va.) 

Gas  and  Water  Company  has  let  the  con- 
tract to  the  Glamorgan  Company  of  Lynch- 
burg, to  furnish  the  pipe  for  the  extension 
of  its  mains.    About  four  and  a  half  miles 

of  pipe  will  be  required.  Charleston,  S. 

C. :  Contracts  for  lighting  have  been  awarded 
to  the  Charleston  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany, for  100  arc  lights,  at  $100  each,  and  to 
the  Charleston  Gas  Company  for  810  street 
lamps,  at  $13,464  ;  the  price  for  gas  for  the 

public  buildings  to  be  $1.75  per  1,000.  

Tehama,  Cal.:  The  contract  for  construct- 
ing an  iron  bridge  over  Reed's  Creek  at  this 
place  has  been  awarded  to  the  Pacific 

Bride  Company,  at  $6,480.  Danville,  111.: 

The  contract  for  building  the  North  Fork 
bridge  at  Danville  was  let  to  the  Lafayette 
Bridge   Company,  of   Lafayette,   Ind.,  for 

$14,600.  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.:   The  contract 

for  remodelling  Jefferson  County  court  house 

has  been  let  to  W.  Hilliard,  at  $21,700.  

Cincinnati,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
December  16,  for  lighting  the  streets,  etc., 
by  electricity,  for  a  period  of  ten  years. 
Address  Thomas  G.  Smith,  President  of  the 

Board  of  Public  Affairs.  Findlay,  Ohio.: 

On  Wednesday  contracts  were  signed  for 
building  and  operating  the  largest  factory 
in  the  United  States  for  making  a  specialty 

of  ribbed  plate  and   cathedral  glass.  

Baltimore,  Md.:  Bids  for  the  new  sugar  re- 
finery will  be  called  for  in  about  thirty  days. 

 At  Altoona,  Pa.,  a  resolution  is  before 

Council,  to  authorize  the  committee  on  Police 
and  City  Property,  to  advertise  for  bids  to 
pave  around  the  city  building,  with  some 

kind  of   artificial   pavement.  Havana, 

Cuba:  The  Government  has  awarded  the 
contract  for  the  building  of  new  water-works 
for  this  city  to  the  American  firm  of  Messrs. 
Runkle,  Smith  &  Co.    The  amount  to  be 

paid  is  $2,000,000.  DetroiT:,  Mich.:  The 

McKinstry  avenue  sewer  is  ready  to  be  let; 
lower  part  double,  4  feet  6  inches  cylindrical. 


upper  part  single,  6  feet  cylindrical,  brick, 
mouth  on  [files,  2,400  feet  long.  Estimated 
cost  about  $10,000.    William  Voigt,  Jr.,  City 

Engineer.  Westmoreland,    Kan.:  The 

contract  for  building  an  iron  bridge  with 
tubular  pier  spans  across  the  Blue  River,  at 
this  place,  was  awarded  to  the  Wrought  Iron 

Bridge  Co.,  of  Canton,  Ohio,  at  $5,935.  

St.  Cloud,  Minn.:  The  president  and  secre- 
tary of  the  St.  Cloud  Bridge  Company  have 
signed  the  contract  with  city  council  to  build 
the  Tenth  Street  bridge.  The  contract 
price  is  $81,876,  and  the  plans  and  specifica- 
tions call  for  a  single  intersection  iron  bridge 
with  stone  abutments  consisting  of  four 
spans  of  201  >^  feet.    The  roadway  is  to  be 

nineteen  feet  above  the  water.  Kansas 

City.  Mo.:  The  contract  for  the  construction 
of  the  bridge  over  the  Kansas  River,  in  this 
city,  is  reported  to  have  been  awarded  to 
to   the  Youngstown    Bridge  Company,  of 

Youngstown,  O.,  at  $51,050  Sparta,  111.: 

The  council  has  contracted  with  the  Elec- 
tric Head-light  Company  for  the  supply,  on 
public  account,  of  10  high  candle-power  arcs 
to  be  lighted  on  20  nights  of  each  month,  at 

$90  per  lamp  per  annum.  Savannah,  Ga. 

The  contract  for  the  rebuilding  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Presbyterian  chnrch  has  been 
awarded  to  M.  T.  Lewman  &  Co.,  at  $1 14,- 

152.  Boston,  Mass.:  The  opening  of  the 

bids  for  marble  work  on  the  new  court-house 
has  been  again  postponed.  The  commis- 
sioners have  awarded  the  contract  for  fur- 
nishing the  iron  stairs  for  the  main  building 
of  the  new  court-house  to  the  lowest  bidders, 
the  Hough,  Kerchum  &  Co.  Iron  Works,  of 

Indianapolis,  for  $27,300.  Cincinnati,  O.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  December  17  for 
grading  and  paving  certain  streets.  Ad- 
dress D.  W.  Brown,  Cincinnati.  Dal- 
las, Tex.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
December  18,  for  building  a  brick 
court-house,  estimated  cost,  $40,000.  Ad- 
dress James  T.  Van  Hoy,  County  Aud- 
itor   Childress     County,     as  above.  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  Proposals  are 
wanted  until  December  15,  for  driving  a 
tunnel  in  City  Creek  Canon.  Address  Heber 

M.  Wells,  Recorder,  as  above.  Avondale, 

O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  December 
12,  for  the  improvement  of  certain  streets  of 
this  place.    Address  W.  Ellwood  Wynne, 

Corporation   Clerk,  as  above.  Houston, 

Tex.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  December 
23,  for  paving  and  otherwise  improving  cer- 
tain streets.  Address  George  R.  Bringhurst, 

City  Secretary,  as  above.-  Highland  Park, 

111.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  Decem- 
ber 12,  for  the  erection  of  a  hospi- 
tal. Address  Captain  C.  P.  Miller,  U. 
S.  A.,  as  above.  Whatcom.  Wash.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  January  20,  for 
the  erection  of  a  brick  court-house  at  this 
place,  to  cost  $80,000.    Address  the  County 

Commissioners,  as  above.  Cincinnati,  O., 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  December  21, 
for  the  construction  of  an  automatic  self- 
closing  swing  bridge  over  the  canal  at  Ben- 
son street,  Lockland;  also  for  the  iron  pile 
substructure  for  same  in  Springfield  Town- 


384 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  305 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  TVIF^G  CO  liivitld 
184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBINATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Orders  Carefolly  Filled 


NATURE'S     REMEDIES  . 

Tto.e   Globe  Compama^lug 

413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Kpineflies  extant.   (Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  R»m^dies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect*  | 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY-    NATURE'S  LIFE  REMEDY- 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.  NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER 

The  Catahrh  Kemkdy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Ovt  r  1.10  persons  have  been  tiialcd  at  onr otHce  Iduriug 
tlie  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  i)er  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure,  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedyin  all  lungand  throat  atfections.  The  Pain  Uei,ikvkb  is  an  external  applica- 
ti<m  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear  nche.  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  he  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  you  niav  hiive  tried  many  i)reparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


ship.  Address  Fred  Raine,  Auditor,  Ham- 
ilton County  as  above.  Waynesboro,  Pa.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  December  i6, 
for  the  erection  of  a  brick  school  building  in 
this  city.  Address  H.  G.  Bonebrake,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Education,  as  above. 

 Work  will  begin  on  the  Firth-of-Clyde 

canal  to  connect  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with 
the  North  Sea.  A  Manchester  firm  has  se- 
cured the  contract  for  $40,000,000.  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.:  The  contract  for  construction 
of  sewer  138  was  awarded  to  James  Pryor  at 

$14,627.97.  Evansville,     Ind.:  Charles 

Pearce  &  Co.  have  been  awarded  the  con- 
tract for  building  a  new  jail  and  sheriff's  res- 
idence, at  a  cost  of  $61,940.  Bloomington, 

111.:  The  Westinghouse  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  awarded  a  $30,000  contract 
by  the  Citizens'  Gas,  Light  and  Heating 
Company,  of  this  city,  for  the  construction 
of  an  arc  and  incandescent  electric  plant,  to 
be  operated  in  connection  with  the  com- 
pany's gac  plant.    From  $50,000  to  $75,000 

will  be  expended.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  The 

contract  for  building  the  Mendota  road  Iron 
bridge  has  been  awarded  to  the  Chicago 
Bridge  and  Iron  Company  for  $10,993.34. 
Two  spans  of  the  old  Wabasha  street  bridge 
will  be  used  in  the  structure. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
At  Orange,  N.  J.,  the  common  council  has 
decided  on  taking  active  steps  in  the  matter 
of  sewerage.  Charles  P.  Bassett  is  at  work 
on  two  sets  of  plans  and  specifications.  In 
either  plan  a  pumping  station  will  be  neces- 
sary.   The  estimated  cost  is  $450,000.  At 

Erie,  Pa.:  Ordinances  have  been  passed  by 
the  city  council  for  building  5,615  feet  of 
sewers,  and  ordinances  are  now  pending  for 

the  building  of   3,760  feet.  Providence, 

R.  I.,  is  afflicted  with  a  controversy  in  re- 
gard to  the  building  of  its  new  sew- 
erage system.  The  specifications  of 
City  Engineer  Samuel  M.  Gray,  an  ex- 
pert on  sewerage  work,  and  those  of 
John.  A.  Coleman,  commissioner  of  public 
works,  contain  so  many  glaring  differences 
of  opinion  as  to  how  the  work  should  be 
done  as  to  make  it  almost  impossible  to  pro- 
ceed. Mr.  Coleman  had  changed  the  speci- 
fications so  as  to  leave  practically  the  abso- 
lute control  of  the  entire  work  in  his  own 
hands,  and  a  merry  war  is  on.  Los  An- 
geles, Cal.:  The  city  council  has  appointed 
a  commission  of  five  engineers  to  report  up- 
on a  plah  for  the  sewerage  of  the  city.  

Oakland,  Cal.,  has  taken  steps  to  have  a 
system  of  intercepting  sewers  mapped  out 
for  the  city.  Dennison,  Texas,  has  con- 
tracted for  $48,000  worth  of  sewerage.  The 
large  relief  sewer  known  as  the  North  Sec- 
ond street  sewer,  which  has  been  building 
for  fifteen  months  past  in  the  Eastern  Dis- 
trict of  Brooklyn,  has  been  finished  and 
awaits  acceptance  by  the  city.  It  cost 
$100,000,  and  will  be  a  great  improvement 

to  the  locality.  The  appropriations  for 

sewerage  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  this  year,  has 

been  $1 ,344,710.  At  Chambersburg,  Pa., 

at  a  recent  meeting  of  council,  the  street 
committee  was  instructed  to  have  a  survey 


made  and  estimates  prepared  for  a  new 
sewer.  Brunswick,  Ga.,  will  vote  on  De- 
cember 14  on  the  question  of  issuing  $300,- 
000  of  bonds  to  construct  a  sewerage  sys- 
tem and  other  public  works.  Specifica- 
tions for  the  construction  of  sewers  and 
drains  in  Lincoln  avenue,  Cincinnati,  ()., 
Myrtle  avenue  and  Ashland  street  have 
been  approved  by  the  Cincinnati  Board  of 
Public  Affairs,  Thomas  G.  Smith,  president. 

 The  final  order  of  the  St.  Paul  (Minn.) 

council  has  been  issued  for  the  sewerage 
system  at  Ridgewood  Park,  to  cost  $66,486. 


HUILDINO  PERMITS 

Itannah  llancox,  2  st.  and  cellar  brick  stores 
and  flats,  .")()xl.^  feet.  n27-it  West  Vanburen 
Street  _  $  10,000 

Semder,  C'oxA  Brown.  S-si .  brick  adilititm  to 
factory,  .MixlU  feet.  237  wfst  Iloyne  street .  .  I!,000 

H.  Regensburgh,  4-8t.  and  basement  brick 
front  addition.  24xl.''>  feet,  1211  Wabasli  ave.  :i,(HK) 

W.  .1.  .\ndiTson,  2-«t  and  basement  brick  tiat 
building,  2(lx.11  feet, :«)  Whipple  street   I,(KK» 

W,  .1.  .\nder8on,  two  2-.st  and  basement  brick 
dwellings,  40x:««  feet.  17.">-7  Albany  street.  .  t),(XK) 

Albert  Larsen,two  2-st.  frame  fiats,  20x40  feet, 
IMiJS  (iross  avenue   ;t,000 

.James  ){.  H,)gue,  fifteen  2-st  brick  dwellings, 

17r).HOx2it  feet,  llW-20.'>  Ridgeway  avenu."  .  iri,000 

W.  .J.  Evans,  it  and  S-st.  andceller  brick  dwell- 
ings and  flats,  ."iO-llOxHO  feet,  i:n7->.l  West 
Congress  street   20,(HK) 

Mattoon  Manufacturing  Company.  2-8t.  brick 
storage  house,  7.5x17.')  feet  9-1,')  West  Erie 
street     .5,000 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  brniging  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  mstance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  jihysicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomi)arable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weaknesses,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debil 
ity. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  e\  erv  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  nrove,  has  ruiiud 
more  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receii)t  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada, sole  proprietors. 


Dec.  14,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


385 


The  Sanitary  News 

 IS — 

PUBLISHED  EVERT  WEEK 

AT 


Mo.  90  L,a  Salle  street,  CliicaKO. 


Henry  R.  Allbn, 

London  Agent. 

Entered  as  second-clasB  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 

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CHICAGO,  DEC.  7.  1889. 


Contents  This  Wkek. 


Current  Topics.  38.5 

Unsanitary  Science  -------  385 

Relation  of  Hot  Water  Heating  to  the  Master 

Plumbers'  Trade   386 

Health  in  Michigan       ------  387 

Of  General  Interest      ------  395 

Bdildino— 

Harmony  with  Surroundings  in  Buildings  -  .387 

Notes  from  Architects     -----  387 

Plumbinq— 

Education  of  the  Plumber     -      -     -      -  388 

Plumbers   393 

Plumbing  in  the  Olden  Time  1      -      -      -  392 

Among  the  Plumbers      .      -      .      .      .  393 

CONTHACTINO  NeWS— 

Where  New  Work  wUl  be  Done     -      -      -  393 

Heating  and  Ligliting     -----  394 

Water-Works  Notes-      -      -      -      -      -  394 

Bids  and  Contracts  395 

Sewerage  Notes        -      -     -     -.     -     -  395 


No  tenant  should  move  into  a  house  until 
satisfied  that  the  building  is  in  good  sanitary 
repair.  It  is  much  easier  to  get  repairs 
made  before  occupancy  than  afterward. 
Besides  there  is  the  danger  to  health  even 
if  the  unsanitary  conditions  are  endured  but 
a  short  time.  Don't  rely  on  getting  dam- 
ages from  the  landlord.  That  is  not  what 
you  want.  You  want  health  and  no  amount 
of  damages  will  secure  that.  Know  that 
the  residence  is  sanitarily  perfect  and  the 
sense  of  security  from  disease  which  you 
will  feel  will  repay  all  trouble.- 


London  is  going  to  make  another  effort 
to  secure  better  sanitary  habitations  for  its 
poor.  Were  the  poor  quarters  eliminated 
from  that  city,  or  their  death-rate  reduced 
to  that  of  the  better  parts  of  the  metropolis, 
the  general  death-rate  would  not  exceed 
more  than  about  fifteen  per  one  thousand, 
which  would  be  comparatively  low.  It  is  in 
the  dirt  and  squalor  of  our  cities  where  the 
greatest  death-rate  is  found,  which  plainly 
points  out  the  value  of  sanitation  and  the 
field  in  which  its  efforts  should  be  directed. 


Garbage  disposal  is  one  of  the  im- 
portant problems  of  the  day.  A  new  inter- 
est has  been  awakened  recently  in  the 
matter,  and  new  energies  are  being  em- 
ployed to  meet  the  demands.  Out  of  the 
means  now  employed  in  the  disposal  of  gar- 
bage it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  some 
plan  will  be  evolved  that  will  solve  the  prob- 
lem satisfactorily. 


In  this  issue  we  publish  the  first  part  of  a 
lecture  delivered  before  the  New  York 
Master  Plumbers  on  the  "Relation  of  Hot- 
Water  Heating  to  the  Master  Plumbers' 
Trade,"  by  W.  M.  Mackay,  M.  E.,  heating 
engineer  for  the  Richardson  &  Boynton 
Company,  of  New  York.  The  remainder 
of  the  lecture  will  follow.  The  subject  is 
one  of  interest  to  plumbers.  No  doubt 
there  are  plumbers  who  could  do  such  work, 
but  the  great  object  in  doing  all  work  is  to  do 
it  so  well  that  it  will  recommend  the  artisan 
to  the  favorable  consideration  of  others.  No 
man  can  be  too  well  informed  on  this  mat- 
ter, and  we  know  of  no  better  way  to  gain 
the  knowledge  than  by  lectures  of  experts 
in  this  department.  This  is  an  important 
and  growing  field  of  labor,  and  it  will  be  to 
the  interest  of  the  plumber  to  be  in  it  early. 


UNSANITARY  SCIENCE. 

We  are  told  by  some  that  we  do  not  need 
sanitary  science  so  much  as  we  need  the 
reformation  of  "unsanitary  sciences."  We 
are  told  that  sewers,  with  house  connections 
therewith,  bring  disease  and  death  to  the 
home  and  constitute  an  unsanitary  science. 
The  water  supply,  the  crowding  of  hab- 
itations, and  kindred  necessities  are  all 
unsanitary  sciences.  Suppose  they  are, 
what  is  to  be  done?  Shall  we  let  them 
alone  on  the  plea  that  we  have  too  much 
sanitary  science?  We  are  told  to  reform 
I  these  unsanitary  sciences.     But  how  are 


we  to  reform  them  if  we  are  to  dro[)  sanita- 
tion, declaring  we  have  too  much  of  it? 
What  is  to  remedy  all  evils  affecting  health 
if  it  is  not  sanitary  science?  There  is  a  mis- 
take made  here,  a  glaring  want  of  distinc- 
tion. These  so-called  unsanitary  sciences 
are  but  the  work  of  invention,  the  offspring 
of  necessity.  This  invention  attends  the  ad- 
vancing footsteps  of  increasing  population 
and  meets  its  demands.  The  crowding  to- 
gether of  humanity,  impelled  by  conmiercial 
industrial  and  business  relations,  has  made 
certain  demands  on  inventive  genius  which 
are  being  discharged  as  the  world  grows 
older.  Invention  or  science  did  not  make 
these  necessities,  did  not  precede  the  pro- 
gress of  humanity  and  the  increase  of  popu- 
lation, but  followed  them  and,  finding  these 
resulting  necessities,  set  about  to  meet  their 
demands. 

Sewers,  waterworks,  and  the  like  became 
necessities.  They  are  not  unsanitary  of  ne- 
cessity. They  may  be  allowed  to  become  so 
But  sanitary  science  has  produced  the  sani' 
tary  plumber  and  the  sanitary  engineer.  The 
water  is  brought  to  the  house  and  the  sewers 
are  ready  to  conduct  it  from  the  premises_ 
The  sanitary  plumber  leads  the  water  safely 
to  the  apartments  of  habitation,  and,  after  it 
has  ministered  to  the  wants  of  the  household, 
he  conducts  it  safely  to  the  great  avenues  of 
escape.  Sanitary  science  is  reaching  out  fur- 
ther and  the  sewage  not  becomes  only  harm- 
less but  of  value  to  agriculture.  These  sci- 
ences that  are  called  unsanitary  were  it  not 
for  sanitation  which  renders  them  not  only 
santary  but  ministers  to  the  pressing  needs 
humanity,  would  remain  unsalutary  anddan- 
erous.  Sanitary  science  does  more  than 
correct  the  evils  resulting  from  congregated 
humanity.  It  extends  relief  to  all,  and  re- 
lieves those  who  regard  its  teachings  from 
the  miseries  of  preventive  diseases.  Those 
so-called  unsanitary  sciences  are  unsanitary 
Just  so  far  as  they  fail  to  regard  the  teach- 
ings of  sanitation.  Not  only  science  but  man 
himself  becomes  unsanitary  when  he  vio- 
lates the  laws  of  hygiene.  The  degree  of 
unsanitary  conditions  must  be  measured  by 
their  departure  from  the  requirements  of 
sanitation. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  the  initial  number  of 
T/te  Journal  of  Building,  published  at 
Pittsburgh.  Although  the  departments  em- 
braced have  each  an  organ,  the  Journal  may 
find  a  place.  We  wish  the  publishers  suc- 
cess, and  would  recommend  as  an  important 
step  in  this  direction  a  change  of  editors  at 
once.  It  is  demanded  by  the  sensible  peo- 
ple of  this  age  that  a  journal  aspiring  to  the 
dignity  of  the  interests  this  one  seeks  to 
represent,  should  be  decently  edited.  There 
is  no  desire  for  the  vulgarity  found  on  page 
four  of  the  present  issue.  A  journal  can 
contain  no  excellencies  that  will  in  any  way 
atone  for  such  indecency  ;  it  is  without  ex- 
cuse or  toleration. 


About  400,000,000  people  use  opium,  while 
750,000  are  confirmed  opium-eaters  ;  and  of 
these,  95,000  live  in  the  United  States. 


386 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  306 


RELATION  OF  HOT-WATER  HEAT- 
ING TO  THE  MASTER  PLUMB- 
ERS' TRADE.* 

When  a  plumber  has  connected  a  water- 
back  of  a  range  with  a  range  boiler,  he  has 
done  just  what  is  necessary  to  be  done 
between  a  hot-water  heater  and  a  radiator  or 
coil  to  heat  a  room,  and  when  you  consider 
the  many  problems  which  come  up  almost 
daily  in  your  business  regarding  the  heating 
and  circulation  of  water  for  culinary  and 
domestic  purposes,  I  think  you  will  agree 
with  me  that  the  plumber  does  or  ought  to 
know  considerable  about  the  system. 

The  hot-water  heating  system  has  very 
justly  merited  a  larger  share  of  the  attention 
of  the  public  during  the  past  few  years,  and 
when  I  say  that  it  is  growing  in  public  favor, 
I  express  the  growth  of  the  system  in  a  very 
mild  way. 

The  temperature  of  steam  at  atmospheric 
pressure  is  212  degrees  Fahr.,  and  while 
there  has  been  many  ingenious  devices 
designed  or  invented  and  patented  for  the 
purpose  of  regulating  or  diminishing  the 
temperature  or  heat  given  off  by  a  steam- 
heating  apparatus  in  moderate  weather,  they 
have  all  proved  failures,  especially  when  in 
the  hands  of  the  ordinary  inexperienced 
help  who  have  charge  of  nine-tenths  of  the 
heating  apparatuses  placed  in  private  resi- 
dences to-day. 

The  variation  of  temperature  which  can 
be  obtained  in  a  steam-heating  apparatus 
from  atmospheric  to  five  pounds  pressure  is 
15^  degrees;  while  a  low-pressure  hot- 
water  heating  apparatus  can  be  run  (and 
will  do  effective  work  in  heating  buildings) 
from  ICQ  to  235  degrees  Fahr.,  or  a  variation 
of  135  degrees;  so  that  you  will  readily  see 
that  a  steam  plant  designed  of  ample 
capacity  to  thoroughly  heat  a  building  in 
zero  weather,  will  over  heat  it  to  an  uncom- 
fortable degree  in  moderate  weater,  without 
the  possibility  of  being  able  to  regulate  it 
except  by  completely  closing  off  the  radiator 
or  coil,  making  an  uneven  temperature; 
while  a  hot-water  heating  plant,  arranged 
of  ample  capacity  to  heat  a  building  to,  say, 
70  degrees  in  zero  weather,  can,  by  simply 
reducirg  the  fire  and  regulating  the  damp- 
ers, be  arranged  to  maintain  a  uniform 
temperature  of  70  degrees  when  the  ther- 
mometer outside  registers  10,  20  or  30  de- 
grees above  zero,  and  this  result  can  be 
obtained  by  the  ordinary  help  without  the 
necessity  of  a  skilled  engineer. 

The  fact  that  you  can,  by  reducing  the 
fire  in  a  hot-water  heater,  reduce  the  tem- 
perature evenly  throughout  the  apparatus, 
coupled  with  the  fact  that  two-thirds  of  the 
weather  during  our  ordinary  winters  is 
moderate  weather,  when  you  require  only  a 
moderate  degree  of  heat,  is  the  real  secret 
of  the  positive  economy  of  fuel  which  can 
always  be  found  in  a  properly  designed  and 
constructed  hot-water  heating  apparatus 
over  any  other  known  mode  of  heating,  and 
while  during  an  experience  extending  over 

*A  lecture  dftlivorpd  by  W.  W.  Mackoy,  M.  E..  be 
fore  the  New  York  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
November  29,  188'J 


a  period  of  twenty  years,  I  have  seen  many 
hot-water  apparatuses  which  were  not 
economical  in  fuel,  and  some  which  were 
positively  wasteful,  I  have  always  been  able 
to  trace  the  cause  to  any  one  of  three  things 
— either  the  heater  was  too  small  for  the  work 
and  had  to  be  forced,  or  it  was  faulty  in 
construction,  having  an  area  of  grate  sur- 
face out  of  all  proportion  to  the  fire  surface, 
thereby  allowing  a  large  amount  of  the  heat 
generated  to  pass  off  into  the  smoke  flue 
without  being  utilized  in  heating  the  water; 
or,  the  flow  and  return  mains  were  so  placed 
and  of  such  sizes  as  to  prevent  or  retard  the 
circulation  of  the  water.  This  has  been 
overcome  in  steam  heating  by  carrying  a 
higher  pressure  of  steam,  and  in  some  in- 
stances that  have  come  under  my  notice, 
the  index  finger  of  the  steam  gauge  has 
been  bent  or  set  back  so  that  there  was  act- 
ually a  pressure  of  five  pounds  above  the 
atmospheric  pressure  before  the  gauge 
commenced  to  indicate;  but  in  hot-water 
heating  there  is  no  such  cure;  you  must 
conform  with  nature's  laws  and  the  mains 
must  be  of  ample  capacity,  and  so  arranged 
as  to  assist  rather  than  retard  the  circula- 
tion, or  you  will  have  a  failure,  or  partial 
failure.  Then  the  third  cause  has  been  in  the 
radiating  surface;  it  has  either  been  of  a 
poor  construction,  improperly  located,  or  it 
has  been  placed  of  such  sizes  as  to  be  alto- 
gether inadequate  for  the  purpose  for  which 
it  was  designed,  and  if  a  person  must  err  in 
proportioning  radiating  surface,  I  would 
advise  him  to  err  on  the  ^afe  side,  for  the 
most  fatal  error  in  hot-water  heating  is  to 
place  too  little  radiating  surface,  and  be 
compelled  to  run  the  apparatus  at  a  high 
temperature  in  order  to  properly  heat  the 
rooms,  thus  robbing  the  system  or  apparatus 
of  one  of  its  strongest  claims,  namely,  econ- 
omy in  fuel,  and  making  it  necessary  to 
attend  to  the  fires  oftener  than  if  the  water 
was  carried  at  a  lower  temperature.  lie- 
sides  (when  the  system  is  direct  radiation), 
giving  off  the  same  dry,  oppressive,  nauseat- 
ing heat  that  is  experienced  with  steam 
radiators,  at  the  same  temperature,  in  a 
poorly  ventilated  building,  instead  of  that 
balmy,  summer-like  atmosphere  which  is 
experienced  in  a  building  heated  by  hot- 
water  circulation  with  a  properly  propor- 
tioned and  constructed  apparatus,  in  which 
the  water  is  carried  at  a  temperature  not  to 
exceed  150  to  180  degrees  Fahr.,  depending 
upon  the  severity  of  the  weather.  This  is 
no  fallacy  or  the  outcome  of  my  imaginative 
brain,  but  is  the  result  experienced  by  thou- 
sands who  are  using  properly  constructed 
hot-water  heating  apparatuses,  many  of 
which  have  taken  the  place  of  steam  and 
other  modes  of  heating.  I  have  known 
cases  where  parties,  in  computing  the 
amount  of  radiating  surface  necessary  in 
hot-water  heating  for  a  given  space,  have 
figured  that  the  surface  would  be  heated  to 
210  degrees,  but  with  niy  knowledge  of  the 
system  no  one  could  set  up  an  apparatus  for 
me  based  on  any  such  calculations,  or  in- 
tended to  be  run  at  any  such  temperature. 


The  most  economical  hot-water  apparatuses 
which  have  come  under  my  notice  have 
been  those  which  were  so  proportioned  as 
to  thoroughly  heat  a  building  in  the  coldest 
weather  with  the  water  in  the  system  car- 
ried at  a  temperature  not  to  exceed  180  to 
I  go  degrees  Fahr. 

There  are  three  different  systems  of  radi- 
ation which  can  be  used  in  connection  with 
a  hot-water  heating  apparatus;  namely, 
direct  radiation,  direct  indirect  radiation  and 
indirect  radiation;  of  those  three  the  direct 
system,  which  is  placing  radiators  in  the 
several  rooms  and  halls  to  be  heated,  is  the 
most  popular,  and  is  the  system  most  gen- 
erally used,  as  it  can  be  placed  at  less  cost 
than  either  of  the  other  two  systems,  and  is 
a  very  efficient  mode  of  heating,  while  it 
makes  no  provision  for  ventilation.  Lentil 
within  a  few  years  the  demand  for  a  hot- 
water  radiator  was  so  small  that,  while 
steam  radiators  were  made  in  endless  va- 
riety, there  was  no  such  thing  as  a  hot-water 
radiator,  and  what  was  generally  used  were 
box  or  wall  coils  of  i-inch  or  i^-inch 
wrought-iron  pipe;  when  it  was  desired  to 
improve  the  appearance  of  a  box-coil  it  was 
usually  surrounded  by  a  cast-iron  screen  of 
ornamental  design,  surmounted  with  a  mar- 
ble top,  and  the  wall  coils  were  sometimes 
ornamented  by  the  use  of  Rosette  plates. 
The  placing  of  a  screen  and  marble  top 
over  a  box-coil  retarded  the  flow  of  air  over 
the  heated  surfaces  and  made  a  receptable 
for  carpet  sweepings  and  dust;  and  while  a 
wall  coil  could  be  made  very  presentable,  it 
was  sometimes  objected  to  account  of  the 
size  necessary  to  get  the  required  number 
of  square  feet  of  surface  to  heat  a  given 
amount  of  space.  Within  the  last  five  or 
six  years  there  have  been  a  large  number 
of  designs  of  hot-water  radiators  brought 
into  the  market,  and  within  the  past  two 
years  there  has  been  considerable  rivalry 
among  radiator  manufacturers  as  to  which 
could  bring  out  the  most  ornamental  design, 
until  to-day  there  arc  designs  of  hot-water 
radiators  to  suit  the  most  fastidious  taste. 
They  vary  in  efficiency  for  several  reasons, 
some  because  they  do  not  contain  the  num- 
ber of  square  feet  of  surface  that  is  claimed 
for  them,  and  others  because,  while  they 
have  the  surface  claimed  for  them,  that  sur- 
face is  so  placed  or  located  that  the  air  can- 
not, or  does  not,  circulate  over  it,  so  that  it 
is  only  effective  up  to  the  full  amount  of 
efficient  surface  it  contains. 

( To  be  continued.) 

Dr.  Duncan,  physician  of  the  steamer 
Colon,  who,  while  suffering  with  remittent 
fever  last  June  was  bundled  off  to  Swinburne 
Island  by  the  Brooklyn  authorities  as  a  yel- 
low fever  patient,  has  sued  that  city  for 
S6o,ooo  damages. 

The  board  of  health  has  entered  a  crusade 
against  the  Point  Breeze  refineries.  It  is 
claimed  that  the  odors  weaken  vitality,  and 
predispose  the  system  to  take  any  conta- 
gious disease  that  might  settle  upon  the 
community. 


Deo.  14,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


387 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN. 

For  the  month  of  November,  1889,  com- 
pared with  the  preceding  month  the  reports 
indicate  that  tonsilitis,  erysipelas,  measles, 
membranous  croup  and  small-pox  increased- 
and  that  diarrhoea,  remittent  fever,  typho- 
malarial  fever,  tydhoid  fever,  whooping- 
cough,  dysentery,  puerperal  fever,  cholera- 
morbus  and  cholera  infantum  decreased  in 
prevalence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month,  the 
temperature  in  the  month  of  November 
1889,  was  much  lower,  the  absolute  humidity 
was  less,  the  relative  humidity  was  more, 
the  day  ozone  was  less  and  the  night  ozone 
was  slightly  more. 

Compared  with  the  average  tor  the  month 
of  November  in  the  three  years  1886-1888, 
inflammation  of  bowels,  measles  and  puer- 
peral fever  were  more  prevalent,  and  cere- 
bro-spinal  miningitis,  cholera  infautum, 
cholera  morbus,  and  typho-malarial  fever 
were  less  prevalent  in  November  1889. 

For  the  month  of  November  1889,  com- 
pared with  the  average  of  corresponding 
months  in  three  years  1886-1888,  the  tem- 
perature was  higher,  the  absolute  humidity 
and  relative  humidity  were  more,  and  the 
day  and  night  ozone  were  less. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observers  and 
others,  diphtheria  was  reported  present  in 
Michigan  in  the  month  of  November  1889, 
at  sixty-nine  places,  scarlet  fever  at  seventy- 
one  places,  typhoid  fever,  eighty-three 
places,  measles  at  eighteen  places  and 
small-pox  at  two  places. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria 
reported  at  nine  places  more,  scarlet  fever 
at  seventeen  places  more,  typhoid  fever  at 
thirty  places  less,  measles  at  three  places 
more  and  small-pox  at  two  places  more  in 
the  month  of  November,  1889,  than  in  the 
preceding  month.       Henry  B.  Baker, 

Secretary. 

The  Berlin  correspondent  of  the  Medical 
Age,  June  10,  1889,  says  that  the  city  of 
Berlin  in  many  respects  is  exemplary  in  its 
hygienic  care  and  dispositions,  especially  in 
its  regulations  concerning  buildings,  streets 
victuals,  and  last,  but  not  least,  the  patent 
medicine  man.  No  house  is  allowed  to  be 
built  until  its  plans  have  passed  not  only 
ordinary  police  inspection,  but  also  a  special 
"hygienic  committee,"  which  rejects,  of 
course,  everything  which  is  not  in  accord- 
ance with  the  principles  of  hygiene.  The 
inspection  of  victuals  is  so  rigorous  that 
poisoning  from  trichina,  or  from  decom- 
posed meat,  fish,  or  other  eatables  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly rare  occurrence.  No  milk  wagon 
is  allowed  to  enter  the  city  until  the  specific 
gravity  of  milk  has  been  ascertained. 


St.  Louis  claims  the  World's  Fair  because 
she  has  five  sites  on  which  it  can  be  located. 
What  an  argument  !  Who  wants  to  move 
the  exposition  five  times  during  its  continu- 
ance? But  the  little  exposition  that  St. 
Louis  could  give  could  be  moved  five  times 
in  about  five  days. 


BUILDING 


HARMONY  WITH  SURROUNDINGS 
IN  BUILDINGS. 

The  following  from  Stone  puts  in  a  strong 
way  the  question  of  harmonizing  buildings 
with  surroundings: 

'•  Harmony  with  surroundings  seems  sel- 
dom to  be  considered  by  constructors  in 
America,  and  it  is  often  neglected  even 
among  the  more  artistic  nations  of  the  Old 
World.  A  structure  may  possess  an  elegance 
of  chasteness  of  its  own,  and  yet  be  sur- 
rounded with  an  environment  that  ruins  its 
effect.  Travelers  who  admire  the  triumph 
of  mediajval  architecture — the  cathedrals  of 
European  cities — seldom  fail  to  be  disap- 
pointed at  the  squalor,  and  poverty  and  de- 
cay that  surround  them.  A  statue  of  Venus 
with  its  pedestal  in  a  pig-sty  would  of  course 
revolt  the  taste  of  even  the  most  uncultured, 
but  it  is  not  exaggerating  much  to  say  that 
many  structures,  possessing  within  them- 
selves all  the  elements  of  a  complete  artistic 
unity,  are  debased  and  their  expression  des- 
troyed from  want  of  appropriate  surround- 
ings. Oftentimes  buildings  are  designed 
whose  effect  and  proportions  require  space 
or  distance,  closely  crowded  against  the 
busy  utilitarian  store  front.  Its  effect  is  dis- 
appointing. It  does  not  strike  one  with  the 
same  strength  or  beauty  it  did  in  the  per- 
spective drawing,  and  it  does  not  because  it 
is  not  surrounded  with  the  necessary,  if  im- 
aginative, accessories  of  the  drawing,  but 
with  accessories  that  degrade  the  original 
to  within  a  degree  or  two  of  their  own  home- 
liness or  squalor.  It  is  like  a  good  man  in 
bad  company.  It  is  like  the  Indiana  State 
House,  whose  magnificent  proportions  are 
completely  lost,  and  whose  expression  is 
debased  by  the  two  and  three  story  dingy, 
old-fashioned,  worn  out  rookeries  that  sur- 
round it,  whose  only  purpose  seems  to  be  to 
cut  off  all  the  broadness  of  its  sweeping 
horizontal  lines,  and  dwarf  its  magnificent 
height  and  proportions.  It  is  only  when  one 
places  himself  a  mile  or  two  away  that  a 
conception  of  its  strength  is  appreciated. 

Now,  with  such  surroundings,  were  they  to 
be  taken  as  permanent  accessories  to  the 
building,  the  expenditure  of  two  millions 
was  a  wanton  waste.  It  is  as  much  hidden 
as  a  rose  in  a  garden  of  rag-weed.  It  is 
worse;  it  is  like  Venus  in  a  pig-sty.  This  is 
only  a  case  to  illustrate  our  point,  and  the 
point  too  often  ignored  by  architects.  Their 
conceptions  are  pure  and  effective,  but  the 
surroundings  ruin  both.  The  Parthenon 
owes  more  to  its  situation  on  the  overhang- 
ing overpowering  Acropolis  than  to  the 
genius  of  Phidias  and  Kalicrates.  Place  it 
among  a  lot  of  dingy,  three-story  buildings 
and  its  majesty  would  partake  of  its  com- 
pany. It  would  have  no  majesty.  Jupiter, 
with  his  thunderbolts,  is  majestic  on  Mount 
Olympus.  Jupiter  hurling  thunderbolts  in  a 
bar-room  is  ridiculous. 

A  contracted  street  front  is  no  place  for  a 


display  of  the  majesty  of  broad,  sweeping 
effects.  The  rich  ornamentation  of  a  street 
front  would  be  lost,  and  would  belittle  and 
degrade  the  same  building  in  the  midst  of  a 
broad  park.  The  arch  over  the  entrance  of 
Prospect  Park,  now  being  erected  in  Brook- 
lyn, would  be  a  work  of  art  were  it  placed 
where  its  surroundings  would  assist  to  de- 
velop its  lines.  As  a  specimen  of  stone- 
work it  is  superb;  as  a  sample  of  art,  it  has 
a  stately  and  elegant  beauty  of  its  own;  but 
as  a  unity,  it  is  serving  the  jjur[)ose  of  a 
farm  gate,  and  the  untutored  mind  will  won- 
der why  so  much  money,  and  so  much  gen- 
ius were  expended  in  producing  such  a  sim- 
ple and  homely  object.  A  graceful  imitation 
of  the  facade  of  a  Greek  temple  it  will  be,  or 
would  be.  But  a  Greek  temple  sheltering 
street-car  tracks,  set  amid  a  scant  growth  of 
trees  whom  the  gods  seem  to  have  left  to 
eke  out  scanty  nourishment  among  the  flag- 
stones of  the  pavement,  seems  a  pertinent 
example  of  Love's  labor  lost  that  is  best 
honored  in  the  breach." 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
M.  E.  Schmidt,  C.  E.,  has  opened  an  en- 
gineering and  contracting  office  at  11 38 
Rookery,  Chicago.  He  will  give  attention 
chiefly  to  exposition  matters,  drainage,  rapid 
transit,  the  construction  of  railways  and  the 
improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors,  includ- 
ing the  making  of  surveys  and  estimates, 
preparing  of  specifications,  letting  of  con- 
tracts, and|superintendence  of  work  during 
construction. 

John  G.  Meyers,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  row  of  eight  handsome 
dwellings  on  New  Hampshire  avenue,  to 
cost  $120,000.  Also,  for  two  four  story 
dwellings  with  all  modern  improvements,  to 
cost  S2i;,ooo. 

N.  T.  Haller,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  five  dwellings  to  cost  $30,000. 

Harvey  L.  Page,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  a  large  apartmenfhouse  at  Rich- 
mond, \'a.,  to  cost  $65,000. 

Clinton  J.  Warren,  Chicago,  has  furnished 
plans  for  a  three  story  frame  residence,  50X 
90  feet,  for  Michael  Cudahy  at  Mackinac 
Island.    It  will  cost,  complete,  §25,000. 

J.  L.  Frazier,  Louisville,  Ky.,  is  the  archi- 
tect for  the  Union  depot  to  be  erected  in 
that  city  by  the  Chesapeake,  Ohio  and  South- 
western Railroad  Company.  The  structure 
will  cost  about  $500,000. 

Curtin  &  Campbell,  Louisville,  Ky.,  have 
completed  plans  for  a  six-story  building  for 
the  Louisville  Safety  Vault  Company,  to 
cost  $250,000. 

McDonald  Bros.,  Louisville,  Ky.,  have 
prepared  plans  for  an  addition  to  the 
building  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  of  that 
city. 

At  Hartford,  Conn.,  at  a  recent  special 
meeting  of  the  Corporation  of  Vale  Univer- 
sity, plans  for  a  new  gymnasium  were  sub- 
mitted by  Thos.  C.  Sloane,  of  New  York, 
and  were  approved. 


388 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  306 


George  Plowman,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  is 
preparing  plans  for  the  alteration  of  the 
large  market  house  at  Kensington  avenue 
and  Cumberland  street. 

Charles  W.  Bolton,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has 
completed  plans  for  a  Reformed  Church,  at 
York,  Pa.,  57x152  feet  in  size,  two  stories 
high,  built  of  brick,  stone  trimmings,  slate 
roof,  frescoed  inside,  electric  work  and  gas 
fixtures,  stained  glass  windows,  steam  heat- 
ing wood  mantels,  and  have  a  pipe  organ. 

Rowe  &  Dagit,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  have 
completed  plans  for  an  Engine  house  for 
the  Philadelphia  Fire  Department.  It  will 
be  three  stories  high,  built  of  brick  and 
terra-cotta  trimmings,  tin  roof,  fitted  through- 
out with  electric  work,  gas  fixtures,  galvan- 
ized iron  work,  iron  beams,  to  have  tower 
clock,  cement  floors,  etc. 

Otto  C.  Wolf,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  new  two  story  office  build- 
ing, 42x45  feet  for  the  F.  A.  Poth  Brewing 
Company.  Also  for  brewery  and  store 
houses  for  Herman  Straub  &  Co.,  of  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  to  be  built  of  brick,  six  stories 
high,  tin  roof,  brown  stone  and  terra-cotta 
trimmings,  iron  construction.  Also,  for  a 
three  story  brick  cold  storage  and  ice 
machine  house  for  a  brewery  at  Cincinnati, 
O.,  50x60  feet.  Also,  for  a  brewery  for 
August  Koch  &  Bros.,  at  Williamsport,  Pa., 
02x69  feet,  to  be  of  common  pressed  brick, 
slate  roof?  with  terra-cotta,  electric  work, 
plate  glass,  improved  heating,  plumb- 
ing, etc. 

William  F.  Weber,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has 
completed  plans  for  sixteen  dwellings  to  be 
erected  on  Uruid  Hill  avenue,  at  a  cost  of 
$40,000. 

Charles  L.  Carson,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  residence  for  T. 
Hooper,  to  cost  $30,000.  Also  for  a  $40,000 
residence. 

A.  A.  Reinhart,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has  plans 
for  a  dwelling  for  Matilda  Forbes,  to  cost 
$25,000. 

W.  W.  Cloy,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  four 
story  brick  and  stone  apartment  house,  50X 
60  feet,  to  be  erected  at  Oakenwood  avenue 
and  forty-fifth  street.  It  will  cost  about 
$22,000. 

George  O.  Gainsey,  Chicago,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  two  story  stone  residence, 
38x58  feet,  for  R.  W.  Hyman,  Jr.,  at  Hyde 
Park.  It  will  have  all  modern  conveniences 
and  will  cost  about  $20,000. 

Sprague  &  Newell,  Chicago,  have  made 
plans  for  a  four  story  conmion  brick  ware- 
house for  A.  F.  Nickerson,  on  Thirty-ninth 
street,  between  Cottage  Grove  and  Langley 
avenues.  It  will  be  70x100  feet  and  will  cost 
$15,000.  The  same  architects  are  engaged 
upon  plans  for  a  hotel  to  be  built  by  the 
Colorado  Coal  &  Iron  Company  at  Pueblo, 
Col.,  at  a  cost  of  $200,000;  also  upon  designs 
for  a  similar  structure  in  the  same  city  for 
Thurlow  &  Mellows,  and  are  planning  a  four 
story  store  and  office  building  to  be  put  up 
also  in  Pueblo,  by  Charles  Ketchimer. 


Theophilus  P.  Chandler,  Jr.,  has  plans 
completed  for  the  erecton  of  a  ten  story 
fire-proof  apartment  house  for  William  G. 
Warden,  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  at 
the  northwest  corner  of  nth  and  Pine  streets, 
Philadelphia.  It  will  be  of  light-colored 
granite,  the  upper  stories  to  be  of  Indiana 
limestone. 

Jno.  C.  Burne  has  designed  for  Thos.  J. 
Robinson  eight  three  story  and  basement 
dwellings,  15  and  16x50.  to  be  built  on  the 
south  side  of  1 19th  street,  between  5th  and 
Lenox  avenues,  New  York  city,  at  a  cost  of 
$128,000. 

J.  W.  Offerman,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  is  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  three  story  brick  store  and 
dwelling  .for  Dr.  Albert  Blumberg.  The 
house  will  have  all  modern  conveniences. 

Chauncey  W.  Hodgden,  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
has  completed  plans  for  three  two  story 
brick  dwellings  for  Mrs.  E.  Bradley.  The 
houses  will  be  fitted  with  all  modern  con- 
veniences. 

William  Gunther,  of  Akron,  O.,  is  pre- 
paring plans  for  a  hotel  for  George  W.  Yohe 
at  Canton.  It  will  be  66x80  feet,  four  stories, 
built  of  brick,  stone  and  cement. 

Architect  Packard,  Columbus,  O.,  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  $40,000  power  building 
for  W.  C.  Reynolds.  It  wi'l  be  five  stories, 
150x165  feet.  He  also  has  plans  for  a  two 
story,  eight  room,  brick,  fire-proofing  and 
granite  school  building  to  cost  $29,000. 

W.  H.  Campfield  &  Sons,  Findlay,  O., 
have  prepared  plans  for  a  brick  market 
house  for  that  city,  50x480  feet,  one  story 
high  to  cost  $10,000. 


We  have  received  from  the  jjubiishers,  J. 
F.  Davidson  &  Co.,  New  York,  the  "  In- 
ventors Manual,  How  to  Work  a  Patent  to 
Make  it  Pay,"  written  "by  an  experienced 
and  successful  inventor."  The  work  will 
prove  of  practical  benefit  to  those  who  wish 
to  market  a  patent  or  produce  an  invention. 
It  is  practical  all  through  and  contains  many 
hints  and  suggestions  that  will  save  those 
interested  much  money  and  time. 


The  Du  Bois  Manufacturing  Company  of 
245  Ninth  avenue,  N.  Y..  are  engaged  in  re- 
constructing their  brass  goods  tools,  mak- 
ing new  and  improved  patterns,  and  will 
soon  be  able  to  place  before  the  public  a 
finer  class  of  goods  than  has  heretofore 
been  manufactured.  A  new  catalogue  is  in 
preparation  which  will  contain  matter  and 
illustrations  relative  to  the  new  style  of  vent 
and  its  combination  hard  metal  trap  on 
which  the  firm  are  now  busily  engaged. 
The  catalogue  will  appear  at  an  early  day. 
The  company  is  doing  an  excellent  business 
with  the  McClellan  anti-siphon  trap  vent. 
The  vent  has  become  popular  where  intro- 
duced and  large  orders  for  it  are  being 
received. 


Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News. 


PLUMBING. 


EDUCATION  OF  THE  PLUMBER.  * 
In  the  earliest  records  of  the  world's  his- 
tory, we  read  that  in  the  second  and  third 
generations  from  Adam,  his  sons  and  his 
grandsons  left  the  home  of  their  birth,  and 
went  forth  to  lands  unknown.  In  this  gen- 
eration the  sons  and  grandsons  of  Adam 
laid  out  cities  and  builded  houses.  There 
appeared  about  this  time  two  noted  men 
Jubal  and  Tubal  Cain.  Jubal,  the  first  man 
of  the  two,  was  a  man  of  fine  tastes  and  en- 
dowed with  a  musical  turn  of  mind,  he  was 
the  father  of  all  them  that  played  on  the 
organ  and  the  harp.    A  teacher  of  music. 

Tubal  Cain,  the  gifted,  was  a  cunning 
workman,  a  fine  artificer,  the  father  of  all 
them  that  work  in  brass  and  iron.  He 
taught  the  moulder  how  to  mould,  the  black- 
smith how  to  strike  ;  and  as  he  worked  and 
taught  from  day  to  day,  as  the  sparks  flew, 
and  the  hammer  rung,  as  the  iron  was  welded 
and  the  brass  was  cast,  the  brazer  and  the 
plumber  were  needed.  Young  gentlemen, 
apprentice  plumbers,  this  was  our  beginning 
— at  least  we  have  a  right  to  presume  that 
from  this  source  originated  the  division  of 
skilled  labor. 

I  was  to  talk  to  you,  plumbers'  apprentices, 
about  plumbing.  1  prefer  rather  to  intro- 
duce you  into  the  mysteries  of  plumbing  as 
they  were  called  in  the  days  of  long  ago, 
by  leading  you  into  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment, which  is  quite  different  now  from 
what  it  was  in  the  olden  time.  I  cannot  take 
you  back  any  further  than  thirty-five  years, 
but  just  previous  to  my  time  and  no  doubt 
in  the  memory  of  some  of  the  men  here,  an 
apprentice  to  a  trade  had  to  leave  home 
and  become  one  of  the  family  of  his  master 
for  the  time  of  his  service,  which  time  the 
apprentice  was  to  serve  at  the  trade  six  to 
seven  years,  his  master  agreeing  to  take  him 
in  return  for  his  labor,  to  teach  him  the  se- 
crets of  his  trade  in  every  detail,  spending 
the  evening  in  reading  and  writing  and  what- 
ever else  were  for  each  others  benefit.  As 
I  said,  I  desire  to  lead  you  into  the  prepar- 
atory department,  the  freshman,  junior  and 
senior  departments,  and  touch  briefly  on 
each  one  of  them  as  I  pass,  leaving  older 
and  more  experienced  men  to  tell  you  how 
practical  plumbing  can  be,  and  how  it  is 
done. 

You  are  learning  the  plumbing  trade. 
Some  of  you  are  only  experimenting.  You 
may  have  commenced  the  trade  from  your 
own  choice,  or,  your  companion  may  have 
gone  to  learn  it,  and  you  want  to  learn  it 
too  ;  or  may  be  you  have  read  the  news- 
papers tiiat  told  about  the  wealth  of  the 
plumbers.  The  newspapers  say  a  great 
many  things  that  are  untrue.  All  that  glit- 
ters is  not  gold.  No  matter  how  you  ha\  e 
found  your  way  into  the  trade,  whether 
through  father,  mother,  uncle  or  aunt,  it  is  all 
the  same  so  that  you  like  it  yourself  and 

•  A  i)aper  read  before  the  Master  Pluinl>er8'  Aseu- 
ciation  Dec.  12,  188»,  by  David  Wliiteford. 


Dec.  14,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


389 


make  yourself  proficioit  at  it.  I  can  assure 
you  you  will  not  be  disappointed,  you  will  al- 
ways make  a  comfortable  living.  It  is  not  es- 
sential to  picture  to  you  how  plumbing  was 
done  in  the  past  or  even  to  practice  the 
method  of  the  plumber  of  the  past  to  make 
you  a  splendid  workman.  But  it  is  necessary 
for  you  to  get  all  the  available  material  you 
can  find  bearing  on  the  subject  of  plumbing 
in  order  to  make  yourself  efficient  for  the 
task  that  is  before  you.  Equip  yourselves, 
be  in  earnest,  go  at  it  to  win.  Put  the  same 
spirit  into  your  trade  that  you  would  if  it 
were  a  game  of  base  ball. 

Your  school  days,  which  is  the  preparatory 
department,  may  have  been  to  you  a  weary- 
some  task,  and  perhaps  they  were  not. 
Could  every  boy  before  commencing  to 
learn  a  trade  pass  all  the  grades  of  a  com- 
mon school  education,  he  would  have  laid  the 
foundation  on  which  the  after  superstructure 
would  rest.  You  need  all  the  book  educa- 
tion you  can  get  (especially  if  you  desire  to 
become  a  master)  to  compete  successfully 
against  the  other  fellow  by  your  side.  You 
must  read  as  well  as  work,  and  work  as  well 
as  read,  take  them  both  into  the  workshop 
together. 

Youth  is  accepted  as  the  proper  time  to 
instill  into  the  mind  (and  it  must  be  taken 
advantage  of  by  you  as  the  proper  time  to 
form  the  currents  of  your  thoughts  and 
actions)  otherwise  it  will  slip  away  from 
your  grasp,  and  your  hopes  and  ambitions  be 
gone. 

Master  plumbers  have  no  time  in  the 
hurry  and  bustle  of  their  business  life  and 
sharp  competition  (and  moreover  they  have 
not  the  educational  qualifications)  to  instruct 
in  natural  philosophy,  chemistry,  hydrosta- 
tics, pneumatics  and  mathematics.  This  is 
not  a  part  of  the  master  plumbers,  obliga- 
tions. All  we  can  do  at  present  is  to  invite 
you  to  the  use  of  our  library.  The  Manual 
Training  school  is  the  place  the  coming 
plumber  shall  have  to  look  forward  to,  to 
fill  up  the  gap  between  practical  and  tech- 
nical education.  You  may  see  a  wiped  joint 
made  every  bay,  and  you  may  be  able  to 
make  one  yourself.  The  wiped  joint  is  the 
pride  of  the  plumber^  and  justly  so.  I  would 
have  you  practice  it  well.  The  hand  man- 
ipulates, the  eyes  guides,  and  the  brain  di- 
rects. 

A  great  many  years  ago  1  was  called  to  ' 
figure  on  a  job  of  plumbing  for  a  physician. 
I  had  to  read  over  to  him  all  the  articles, 
item  by  item,  I  intended  to  use  in  doing  the  ; 
work.    He  interrupted  me  many  times  by  ' 
asking  what  all  these  things  meant.   A  trap, 
for  instance,  what  did  that  mean,  what  was 
it  used  for?  (A  plumber's  trap  was  not  as 
familiar  to  the  public  mind  then  as  it  is 
to-day). 

Then  a  check  and  waste  cock,  what  was 
the  use  of  it?  I  had  to  explain  again  and 
again  what  this  and  that  were,  a  bibb,  a 
finished  stop  and  waste,  a  clamp  and  rods 
etc.  After  hearing  the  names  of  the  various 
articles  the  plumber  used,  he  turned  to  his 
wife  and  said,  "  you  see  the  plumbers  have 


their  technicalities  too."  This  jjhysician  was 
a  well  educated  gentleman,  knew  his  own 
profession  well,  but  he  did  not  know  the 
plumber's  trade.  Young  gentlemen  ap])ren- 
tice  plumbers,  these  are  some  of  the  techni- 
cal things  of  the  trade:  Learn  to  know 
everything  used  in  the  business  by  name, 
and  e.xplain  its  purposes.  The  prejjaratory 
department  then  may  be  said  to  continue  all 
through  the  other  departments  and  until 
you  are  declared  a  journeyman.  I  would 
like  to  take  you  away  back  with  me  thirty- 
five  years  ago  and  tell  you  what  plumbing 
was  then,  and  the  first  thing  1  got  to  do,  but 
time  will  not  permit.  There  are  a  few 
master  plumbers  here  tonight  who  can  tell 
you  about  their  apprentice  days  of  the  long 
ago.  Hugh  Watt,  J.  J.  Hamblin,  and  our 
Chief  Inspector  of  Plumbing,  Andrew 
Young.  Even  our  worthy  President,  A.  \V. 
Murray,  can  carry  you  back  a  quarter  of  a 
century  ago. 

I  must  hasten  to  get  you  into  the  fresh- 
man department  by  handing  you  over  to 
the  journeyman  plumber,  to  carry  his  bag 
and  tools.  When  you  enter  apprenticeship 
you  may  be  called  upon  to  do  a  great  many 
things  you  do  not  at  first  quite  like;  you  may, 
be  buffeted  about  from  shop  to  shop,  and 
from  man  to  man,  and  you  may  get  to  feel- 
ing this  is  a  curious  way  to  learn  a  trade. 
This  is  the  true  experience  of  many  of  the 
apprentices  of  Chicago.  It  depends  on 
what  kind  of  boss  you  have  got  to  deal 
with,  and  what  kind  of  journeymen  you 
attend.  The  workshop  of  to-day  is  not  the 
workshop  of  the  past.  If  you  are  employed 
by  a  fairly  large  contractor  you  will  be 
seldom  in  the  shop  and  your  master  will 
seldom  see  you.  Your  duties  are  the  same, 
no  matter  where  you  are.  The  real  work- 
shop of  the  plumber  of  to-day,  as  you  will 
know,  may  be  in  a  new  house  on  Michigan 
avenue,  or  on  Dearborn  avenue,  or  on  Ash- 
land avenue,  or  it  may  be  on  repair  work  in 
this  house  in  the  morning  or  in  yonder  house 
in  the  afternoon.  This  is  the  way  you  learn 
your  trade  nowadays.  Scarcely  one  month 
in  an  apprenticeship  of  five  years'  service  is 
spent  about  the  store  or  ancient  workshop. 
The  ancient  workshop  of  the  plumber  is 
now  in  the  hands  of  plumbers'  supply  houses. 
They  have  now  the  monopoly  of  lining  water 
closet  tanks,  making  street  washers,  hydrants 
and  traps.  As  the  order  of  affairs  in  the 
plumbing  trade  now  stand,  and  as  the  modern 
wrkshop  is  where  vt'ork  is  to  be  found,  you  will 
have  to  adapt  yourself  to  it,  and  work  in  uni- 
son with  its  laws.  In  my  observation  much  of 
the  apprentice's  progress  depends  mainly  on 
two  things:  First,  he  must  be  in  sympathy 
with,  and  fall  in  line  and  take  heartily  to,  his 
surroundings.  Second,  the  master  and  jour- 
neyman plumber  must  be  in  sympathy  with 
each  other  in  the  training  of  the  apprentice. 

To  be  in  sympathy  with  the  trade,  boys, 
you  must  learn  to  be  precise,  particular.  In 
order  to  secure  the  approval  of  your  master 
and  teacher,  let  me  name  a  few  things  which 
are  essential.  If  there  is  one  thing  more  than 
another  that  your  employer  depends  upon 


you  to  do,  it  is  to  take  care  of  his  material 
while  you  are  on  the  job  of  work.  The 
journeyman  ought  to  see  you  do  it,  but  he 
doesn't,  all  the  same.  Just  think  of  the  brass, 
solder,  lead  pipe  and  dozens  of  different 
things  left  in  your  care.  Then,  again,  tidi- 
ness is  a  good  way  to  find  favor  with  your 
employer  and  teacher.  How  often  do  I  find 
when  I  go  into  a  new  building,  the  slovenly 
methods  of  the  apprentice  ap[)arent.  The 
tools,  some  of  them  lying  here  and  some 
there,  scattered  all  around.  There  is  noth- 
ing looks  so  bad  as  to  see  tools  under  one's 
feet  and  he  jumping  over  them  when  it  is 
necessary  to  move  about.  I  know  it  is  hard 
to  keen  them  together  always,  especially 
with  some  men.  They  have  no  method  in 
themselves.  Sweep  up,  as  the  raspings  of 
lead  are  bad  on  the  floor.  Keep  your  hands 
off  the  walls  of  a  house;  soil  on  your  fingers 
is  very  easily  detected  when  you  touch  any- 
thing with  them.  A  great  deal  of  complaint 
is  also  made  from  spitting  on  the  floor. 
Train  yourself  to  be  neat  and  clean. 

Forgetfulness  is  a  source  of  annoyance 
and  expense  to  your  boss  and  vexation  to 
yourself.  Study  to  get  what  you  are  sent 
for  and  not  leave  the  very  thing  you  were 
sent  for  behind  you.  Make  it  a  habit  of 
your  life  to  write  down  what  you  may  need 
at  the  work  you  are  on. 

I  am  reminded  by  the  easy-going-method 
that  some  apprentices  have,  by  the  story  of 
the  policemen  and  Pampano.  Policeman 
to  Pampano.  "You  have  been  standing  here 
for  an  hour."  Pampano  replied  (with  dignity) 
"Know  it,  waiting  for  a  car."  Policeman,  "No 
night  cars  on  this  line."  Pampano  (with  in- 
creasing dignity)  "Waiting  for  a  day  car 
Time  is  nothing  to  me."  Don't  get  it  into 
your  head  that  time  is  nothing  to  you. 
Brush  up  your  memory  when  you  are  young; 
you  will  have  to  call  on  it  often  before  you 
get  through  with  life.  I  am  not  charging 
you  with  things  we  have  not  ourselves  been 
guilty  of,  but  am  marking  out  to  you  the  land 
marks,  the  mile  stones  we  have  passed  in 
our  journey  through  life.  In  the  words  of 
Thomas  Carlyle  "Neither  let  mistakes  and 
wrong  directions  (of  which  man  in  his 
studies  and  elsewhere  falls  into  many)  dis- 
courage you.  There  are  precious  instructions 
to  be  got  by  finding  that  we  are  wrong. 
Let  a  man  try  faithfully,  manfully  to  be 
right,  he  will  grow  daily  more  and  more 
right.  It  is  at  bottom  the  condition  which  all 
men  have  to  cultivate  themselves.  Our 
very  walking  is  an  incessant  falling,  a  fall- 
ing and  a  catching  of  ourselves  before  we 
come  to  the  pavement.  It  is  emblematic  of 
all  things  a  man  does.  Study  to  do  faith- 
fully whatsoever  things  in  your  actual  sit- 
uation you  find,  either  expressly  or  tactitly, 
aid  to  your  charge.  That  is  your  po^t.  Stand 
to  It  like  a  true  soldier.  " 

What  1  have  said  to  you  in  regard  to  neat- 
ness and  cleanness  in  the  Freshman  classi- 
fication applies  in  the  same  measure  when 
you  are  a  Junior.  The  Junior  may  be  best 
known  from  the  time  he  can  be  entrusted 
with  a  kit  of  tools,  after  a  period  of  thre 


390 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  :3(X) 


years'  of  observation  and  practice  of  joint 
making.  At  this  particular  time  of  the  ap- 
prentice's history,  the  master  becomes  more 
intimately  acquainted  with  his  apprentice. 
I  have  been  often  asked  by  the  parents  of 
my  apprentice  boys  how  they  were  get- 
ting along.  I  have  to  confess  after  a  two 
and  one  half  years'  service,  that  I  know  but 
little  as  to  their  qualifications  for  the  trade. 
1  could  not  give  a  satisfactory  answer  to 
their  question.  I  say  it  is  only  when  the 
apprentice  comes  under  my  own  supervision 
that  I  can  tell  much  about  him.  The  most 
trying  time  for  the  apprentice  is  when  he  is 
sent  to  repair  work  by  himself;  it  is  not  only 
the  most  trying  time  for  you  apprentices,  it 
is  also  the  most  trying  time  for  the  master 
and  his  customers.  I  have  never  asked  a 
jobber,  as  an  apprentice  is  sometimes 
called,  whether  he  would  rather  do  new 
work  or  repair  work.  I  think  I  know  what 
would  be  the  answer — no  repairing  work  for 
me  so  long  as  I  can  get  new  work.  Every 
workman,  journeyman  or  apprentice,  knows 
what  repair  work  means.  I  believe  it  is 
often  discouraging  to  workmen  to  hear  what 
is  said  about  them,  and  what  is  reported  to 
the  master,  which,  if  sifted  down  to  the  bot- 
tom, there  is  not  a  shadow  of  truth  in  the 
whole  tale.  The  stories  that  are  told  about 
men  and  boys  would  fill  a  book.  For 
instance,  here  is  a  sample:  Lady  of  the 
house  to  plumber — "  Say,  here,  I  wish  you 
would  look  at  this  furnace?"  Gentlemanly 
plumber — "  I  do  not  know  much  about  fur- 
naces." "  No,  but  just  look;  don't  you  think 
the  furnace  is  in  danger  of  falling?  don't  you 
think  the  bricks  ought  to  be  set  anew?" 
Plumber  answers  that  it  would  be  better  to 
have  it  straightened  up  and  a  few  new  brick 
put  under. 

Lady  reports  to  agent  of  house  that  the 
plumber  said  the  furnace  ought  to  be  repair- 
ed, as  it  was  liable  to  fall  any  minute.  The 
agent  of  house  hurries  to  tell  the  master 
plumber  that  his  man  is  interfering  with  busi- 
ness that  he  has  no  right  with,  and  the  mas- 
ter, desiring  to  please  his  customer,  believes 
what  has  been  said  and  goes  undeservedly 
for  the  workman.  Many  a  good  man  has  lost 
his  place  trying  to  do  his  duty  to  please  all 
parties.  Young  gentlemen,  when  you  are 
sent  to  do  work  attend  strictly  to  what  you 
are  sent  to  do.  Examine  all  parts,  and  be 
sure  before  you  leave  that  you  have  done 
your  work  well.  Be  careful  about  the  time 
you  are  on  the  job  of  work;  look  at  the  time 
when  you  commence  and  when  you  finish; 
keep  a  time  book,  and  write  down  the  time 
immediately,  and  hand  it  to  the  book-keeper, 
every  night  if  you  can.  Much  judgment  is 
needed  in  doing  repair  work.  As  an  illus- 
tration in  point,  and  you  will  see  the  use  of 
previous4orethought:  The  circulation  pipe 
to  a  water  front  burst,  and  the  water  was 
running  over  the  floor.  One  of  the  heads  of 
the  house  ran  to  my  shop,  and  the  other  to 
another  shop,  and  both  masters  met  at  the 
house,  one  a  little  before  the  other.  A  dis- 
pute arose  as  to  which  of  the  plumbers 
would  do  the  work.    I  thought  the  other 


man  was  entitled  to  do  the  work,  and  I  would 
gracefully  withdraw.  This  being  one  of  my 
old  customers,  he  asked  me  what  I  thought 
was  the  cause  of  the  trouble.  I  told  him  I 
could  not  tell  without  an  examination.  My 
brother  craftsman  ventured  an  explanation 
as  to  the  source  of  the  trouble,  which  lay,  as 
he  said,  in  the  water  front.  I  asked  how  he 
knew?  He  said  it  would  only  burst  from 
two  causes,  one  from  a  stoppage  in  the  wa- 
ter front,  and  from  a  trap  in  the  hot  water 
pipe.  Such  is  not  the  case;  there  are  a 
great  many  causes  for  this  pipe  to  burst,  and 
proved  so  in  this  case,  as  the  stoppage  was 
in  the  bottom  of  the  boiler.  Lime  deposits 
had  collected  in  the  coupling  and  stopped 
up  the  cold  water  pipe.  This  young  master 
plumber  of  only  four  years'  experience,  was 
honest,  but  lacked  in  judgment. 

Apprentices,  be  sure  and  not  draw  your 
conclusions  too  quick;  be  sure  you  are  right 
and  the  laugh  will  be  on  your  side. 

This  reminds  me  of  an  incident  that  hap- 
pened when  I  was  a  boy:  Several  men 
were  looking  through  a  telescope  to  find  a 
comet  that  was  said  had  appeared  in  the 
heavens,  and  some  one  had  seen  it  without 
the  aid  of  a  glass.  One  man  after  another 
looked  through  the  telescope  to  see  if  they 
could  find  it.  None  of  them  could  see  it. 
At  last  an  old  English  mariner  lifted  the  tele- 
scope and  looked;  he  could  see  it  at  once. 
Stiange  thing,  none  of  the  others  could  see 
the  comet,  after  repeated  trials.  Finally  it 
was  discovered  the  cap  was  on  the  telescope. 

I  have  dwelt  at  some  length  on  some  of 
the  experiences  which  a  young  man  will 
meet  when  he  has  just  been  sent  to  do  work. 
I  suppose  I  would  be  laughed  at  by  some  if 
I  tell  you  it  requires  more  real  ingenuity  on 
the  part  of  a  plumber  than  it  does  for  al- 
most any  other  trade.  You  look  at  a  fine 
locomtive  engine,  with  all  its  parts  so  nicely 
adjusted  and  put  together,  and  you  say  what 
smart  men  they  must  be  who  build  the  en- 
gine. So  they  would  be  if  one  man  did  all 
the  work.  If  it  takes  nine  men  to  make  a 
tailor,  it  takes  twenty  to  build  a  locomotive. 
In  plumbing  you  are  your  own  designer, 
maker  and  master,  especially  in  repair  work. 

The  senior  apprentice,  it  may  be  said,  is 
he  who  enters  the  last  half  year  of  the  term 
of  his  service,  and  at  this  particular  time  be 
able  to  do  the  work  of  a  journeyman. 

The  senior  apprentice  should  now  be  far 
enough  advanced  in  the  art  of  plumbing  to 
draw  from  the  fund  of  knowledge  he  has 
acquired  during  the  previous  four  and  a-half 
years  of  his  training.  If  your  opportunities, 
young  gentlemen  apprentices,  have  been 
limited  by  circumstances  and  have  not  been 
as  favorable  as  they  might  have  been,  devote 
the  remaing  months  of  your  time  in  a  grand 
effort  to  accomplish  all  that  you  may  have 
seen  done  in  the  past,  and  lay  yourself  out 
even  to  surpass  it  if  you  can.  The  glory 
and  renown  of  the  master  and  tutor  have 
been  often  cast  in  the  shade  by  his  pupil. 

I  have  heard  it  related  somewhere  of  an 
eminent  plumber  who  had  figured  on  a  iob 
of  work  in  his  line  of  business  for  a  certain 


customer.  He  was  informed  Ijy  the  customer 
that  his  estimate  was  too  high;  he  could  get 
it  done  for  a  much  less  sum  of  mone  y;  nev- 
ertheless, he  would  like  him  to  do  the  work. 
His  answer  was,  that  was  his  price,  and  he 
could  not  do  it  for  any  less,  as  the  other  par- 
ty was  working  for  his  reputation,  but  he 
had  got  his.  This  may  look  a  little  egotist- 
ical, yet  it  carries  with  it  a  truth.  Get  your 
reputation  and  keep  it. 

You  can  get  a  reputation  and  you  can 
keep  it.  As  a  journeyman  plumber,  you 
can  keep  yours  better  than  the  boss  can 
keep  his.  I  tell  you,  young  men,  it  is  in 
your  hands  to  make  or  unmake  a  boss  to 
some  extent.  I  have  customers  that  men- 
tion some  of  my  men  by  name,  speak  of 
them  as  good  workmen.  One  of  the  secrets 
of  success  of  a  finished  plumber  is  in  the 
way  he  leaves  his  work  behind  him.  You 
are  sent,  we  will  say,  to  replace  a  broken 
basin  ;  you  disconnect  the  waste-pipe,  se  t 
the  wash  basin  and  put  back  the  waste-pipe, 
and  after  you  think  you  are  through,  you 
notice  the  basin  is  all  to  one  side;  the 
waste-pipe  runs  slower  than  it  formerly  did; 
you  leave  it,  saying  it  is  good  enough. 
Every  master  plumber  will  bear  me  out 
when  I  say  that  when  we  think  a  new  build- 
ing is  about  finished,  and  the  plumber  will 
be  out  of  it  in  one  or  two  days,  it  will  take  a 
week.  You  have  not  put  in  the  screws, 
plugs,  chains,  washers,  handles,  strainers, 
etc.  Finish  up  and  leave  nothing  undone. 
Find  favor  with  your  master's  customers 
and  you  will  find  favor  with  your  master.  I 
might  go  on  and  enumerate  points  of  inter- 
est to  you  and  you  would  not  assent  to  them 
all  as  facts. 

Senior  plumbers,  men  full  grown,  I  would 
impress  upon  your  minds  that  the  trade 
of  the  plumber  is  a  scientific  trade. 

"  The  art  has  grown  in  beauty, 

The  pipes  are  straight  and  clean; 
The  carpenter  has  put  up  boards. 
Where  they  can  all  be  seen. 

"  But  what  is  underneath^he  floor. 

And  back  behind  the  wall  ? 
You  cannot  be  too  careful. 

Senior,  junior,  freshman,  one  and  all." 

The  plumber  of  to-day  enters  a  new  era. 
More  care  is  needed  now  than  ever  before. 
In  the  wilderness  of  pipes  consequent  on 
sanitary  plumbing,  be  careful  not  to  make 
mistakes.  Rough  in  your  pipes  according 
o  the  best  known  laws.  Science  has  discov- 
ered the  microbe  that  makes  waste,  soil  and 
sewer-pipe  their  living  place,  the  projia- 
gating  ground  of  the  disease  germ.  Science 
in  your  hands  will  build  a  wall  around  them; 
science  in  your  hands  will  destroy  them  in 
their  luxurious  abode.  The  sunshine  of 
happiness  of  our  modern  homes  is  not,  and 
cannot  be,  complete  without  the  aid  of  the 
plumber.  The  utility  and  comforts  of  the 
bathing  room  and  lavatory  cannot  be  too 
highly  estimated  as  a  giver  of  long  life  and 
good  health.  On  you,  full  grown  appron 
tices,  lies  the  burden  and  responsibility  ; 
learn  your  lesson  well.  We  charge  you 
then  as  the  rising  generation  of  plumljers  to 
look  well  to  your  calling.  The  lives  of 
coming  ages  of  human  beings  are  in  your 
hands. 


Dkc.  U,  18891 


T//B  SANITARY  NEWS. 


IM.r.MHI'.RS.  * 

If  there  is  any  one  here  who  is  not,  I  liopc 
he  will  be  in  the  near  future. 

I  am  called  on  this  evenin<;'  to  give  you  a 
talk,  and  especially  to  the  boys.  Well,  that 
is  no  trouble,  for  I  am  a  talking  machine. 
Whether  the  talk  will  be  instructive  or  not, 
will  be  for  you  to  say.  I  will  try  and  con- 
fine myself  to  facts  and  be  as  plain  as  possi- 
ble. Thcrdfore,  if  you  will  <,'^o  back  to  your 
school  days  and  pick  up  your  arithmetic 
and  natural  philosophy  and  follow  me,  we 
%  may  find  something  useful.  I  may  not  tell 
you  anything  new,  but  I  may  tell  you  some- 
thing you  have  not  thought  of  lately.  I 
would  advise  you  to  devote  a  portion  of 
your  time  each  day  to  reading  up  such  prob- 
lems as  jiertain  to  the  plumbing  trade, 
hydraulics,  hydrostatics,  pneumatics,  etc. 

Hydraulics  treats  of  fluids  while  in  motion. 
Let  us  see  what  they  have  to  do  with  plumb- 
ing. Water  being  a  fluid,  and  it  is  essential 
that  we  have  an  adequate  supply  for  our 
wants,  to  get  that  supply,  we  must  have  our 
supply-pipes  of  suitable  size.  For  instance, 
we  have  a  four-story  building  with  a  five- 
eighth  inch  opening  on  each  floor — four  in 
all.  We  must  have  a  supply  equal  to  four 
five-eighth  openings,  all  being  of  a  circular 
form.  We  find  one  five-eighth  opening 
equal  to  twenty-five  eighths  and  four  five- 
eighths  (four  times  twenty-five  eighths) 
equal  one  hundred-eighths.  We  find  a  one 
and  one-fourth  inch  pipe  equal  to  one  hun- 
dred-eighths. Now,  if  all  of  the  five-eighth 
openings  were  open  at  the  same  time,  and 
the  pressure  equal  to  the  heighth,  we  could 
get  water  from  all  at  the  same  time  ;  if  the 
pipe  should  be  smaller  we  could  not.  There- 
fore, look  well  to  the  number  of  openings 
you  will  want  in  the  building  before  you  put 
in  your  supply-pipes. 

Hydrostatics  treats  of  the  equilibrium  of 
liquids  and  of  their  pressures  on  the  walls 
of  vessels  containing  them.  For  instance,  a 
square  foot  of  water  contains  144  columns 
one  foot  in  heighth,  and  one  inch  square, 
and  the  U.  S.  standard  weight  is  sixty-two 
and  one-half  pounds  to  the  square  foot.  Now, 
if  we  were  to  place  the  columns  one  over 
the  other  we  would  have  a  column  144  feet 
in  height  and  equal  to  62 >^  pounds  pressure 
to  the  square  inch  at  the  bottom,  and  if  we 
should  enlarge  the  bottom  to  one  foot  square 
we  would  have  a  pressure  on  the  bottom 
equal  to  g.ooo  pounds,  with  water  at  the 
height  of  144  feet.  So  look  well  to  the 
strength  of  your  boilers,  cisterns,  etc. 

Pueumatics  treats  of  the  mechanical  prop- 
erties of  aeriform  fluids,  such  as  their  weight, 
pressure,  elasticity,  motion,  etc.  The  great 
feature  of  aeriform  bodies  is  the  repulsive 
force  which  their  molecules  exercise  over 
one  another,  and  the  consequent  expansion 
of  their  bodies  when  pressure  is  removed. 
Atmospheric  pressure  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  is  equal  to  fifteen  pounds  to  the  square 
inch  and  is  equal  to  about  thirty-four  feet  in 
height    of  water    in   weight,    and  thirty 

*  A  paper  read  before  the  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation, Dec.  12, 1889,  by  J.  J.  Hamblin. 


inches  of  mercury.  Therefore,  we  lind  the 
uses  of  pumps  and  syphons.  A  syphon  is  a 
bent  tube  so  that  the  two  legs  are  parallel. 
If  the  short  log  of  the  sy[)hon  is  placed  in  a 
fluid  and  the  long  leg  is  suspended  over  the 
top  of  vessel,  when  the  syphon  is  exhausted 
of  air,  it  will  remove  all  the  fluid  from  the  ves- 
sel or  remove  it  until  air  is  admitted  at  the 
short  leg  of  the  syphon.  This  is  the  object 
of  hole  in  the  tube  of  boiler,  so  as  to  receive 
air  to  prevent  syphonage.  Traps  are  liable 
to  be  syphoned  out  if  there  is  no  air  ad- 
mitted. The  object  of  revents,  as  we  in 
a  plumbers'  phrase  call  them,  is  to  prevent 
same.  There  are  still  more  serious  draw- 
backs to  traps,  than  syphonage;  the  greatest, 
in  my  estimation,  is  capillary  action  ;  second, 
momentum  ;  third,  evaporation,  and  last 
though  not  least,  syphonage. 


PLUMBING  IN  THE  OLDEN  TIME.* 
After  the  eloquent  paper  that  has  just 
been  read  by  Mr.  Whiteford  and  the  de- 
scriptive lesson  by  Mr.  Hamblin,  there  is 
but  little  left  for  me  to  say,  unless  it  may  be 
a  few  remarks  on  the  contrast  of  the  plumber 
of  to-day  and  the  plumber  of  1842,  when  I 
went  as  an  apprentice  to  learn  the  trade. 
Boys,  it  is  a  long  time  to  look  forward  to, 
but  not  very  long  to  look  backward,  as  I 
frequently  do  in  the  quiet  of  my  home  at 
night,  tired  out  with  the  hurry  and  care  of 
an  active  business  life,  perhaps  sometimes 
with  a  "fit  of  the  blues."  It  does  me  good 
to  look  back  and  think  over  the  days  when  I 
was  a  "boy  among  the  boys"  and  I  think  it 
was  the  happiest  time  of  my  life.  How  few 
in  this  room  to-night,  perhaps  not  one  in  ten, 
forty-seven  years  hence,  will  be  able  to  say 
the  same.  If  they  keep  up  with  the  progress 
of  the  age  in  scientific  work,  they  may  be 
able  to  note  as  many  changes  and  improve- 
ments in  the  art  and  science  of  plumbing,  as 
I  can  see  in  looking  over  the  past  years  of 
my  time.  With  the  number  of  sanitary 
papers  and  treaties  on  plumbing  and  sani- 
tary engineering  now  published,  you  have 
greater  opportunities  for  improvement  than 
in  the  past.  The  plumber  of  the  early  forties 
had  to  plod  along,  groping  his  way  in  the 
dark,  but  out  of  that  plodding  and  scheming 
comes  this  scientific  system  of  ventilation, 
exhibited  before  you,  and  adopted  by  the 
Board  of  Health  of  this  city.  When  1  look 
at  those  drawings  they  look  very  simple, 
with  all  those  nice  fittings  of  Y,  half  Y,  sani- 
tary T,  offsetts  and  bends,  from  a  quarter  to 
nice  curve  of  go  degrees;  there  is  but  little 
left  for  the  plumber  to  do,  but  pick  out 
what  is  most  suitable  for  the  job  on  hand  and 
put  them  together,  making  the  plumber  a 
mere  fitter  of  pipes.  Go  back  with  me  nearly 
half  a  century,  when  the  plumber  had  to 
make  not  only  his  own  pipe  and  fittings  but 
the  material  to  make  them  of,  taking  the 
raw  material,  the  pig  lead  and  casting  into 
sheets,  22x7  feet.  This  was  done  on  a 
wooden  frame,  a  bed  of  sand  two  inches 
thick,  beat  down  solid,  streaked  off  with  a 

*A  paper  read  by  Mr.  Hugh  Watt,  before  the  Master 
Plumbers'  Association,  of  Chicago,  Dec.  12,  1889. 


cross  bar  of  hard  wood,  then  polished  down 
with  copper  float,  until  it  was  as  smooth  as 
glass.  The  lead  was  melted  in  a  large  pot 
holding  2,f)oo  ])Ounds.  The  youngest  ap- 
prentice had  to  start  the  fire  at  3  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  to  have  it  ready  at  6,  for  the 
men  to  go  to  work,  and  woe  betide  the  boy 
\\  he  was  late.  One  boy  at  each  side  of  the 
pot  of  red-hot  metal  laved  it  out  with  large 
ladles  into  a  sheet  iron  pan.  When  the 
necessary  quantity  was  in,  one  boy  stirred  it 
up  to  mix  it  until  it  got  to  the  pro[)er  temper, 
then  poured  it  out  on  the  sand,  and  one  man 
on  each  side  of  the  frame,  the  cross  bar  or 
sheet,  as  it  used  to  be  called,  pressed  the 
flowing  metal  before  it,  leaving  the  smooth 
sheet  on  the  sand,  the  surplus  metal  running 
into  a  copper  pan  at  the  end  of  the  frame 
and  from  that  into  a  cop])er  coach,  which, 
drawn  up  to  the  pot,  was  laved  into  it  to 
prepare  for  the  next  sheet.  After  the  sheet 
was  rolled  up,  the  sand  had  to  be  all  turned 
over,  and  the  same  operation  gone  through 
each  time.  Twelve  sheets  was  considered 
a  good  day's  work,  and  so  nicely  was  the 
thickness  guaged,  that  out  of  the  twelve 
sheets  they  would  not  vary  ten  pounds  in 
the  gross  weight  of  the  sheet.  We  did  not 
make  any  two  and  one-half  pound  lead  in 
those  days,  five  pounds  being  the  lightest 
up  to  eight  pounds.  Rolled  lead  had  been 
made  a  few  years  before  that  time,  but  it 
was  hard  to  get  the  plumber  to  believe  that  it 
was  as  good  as  what  he  made  himself.  They 
fought  as  hard  against  it  as  the  cotton  spin- 
ner and  the  hand-loom  weaver  did  against 
the  spinning  jenny  and  the  power  loom,  but 
steam  and  improved  machinery  rolled  the 
wheels  of  progress  along,  so  that  for  the  last 
thirty-five  years  the  casting  frame  has  been 
a  thing  of  the  past. 

With  all  the  improvements  of  specialties 
now  on  the  market,  such  as  iron  and  copper- 
lined  tanks,  with  syphon  valves,  leai  es  very- 
little  for  the  poor  plumber  to  do,  and  do  not 
even  give  the  boy  a  chance  to  cup  up  a  ser- 
vice box  for  the  poor,  old-discarded  pan 
closet,  which  served  a  good  purpose  in  its 
day  and  generation.  The  specialties  are 
with  us  and  are  likely  to  stay;  let  us  make 
the  best  of  them;  improve  on  them  where 
we  can,  and  show  to  the  public  that  we  are 
keeping  abreast  of  the  times  in  sanitary 
work. 

Now  a  word  to  the  boys.  You  are  start- 
ing out  to  learn  the  trade  ;  make  up  your 
mind  to  master  it.  To  do  that,  you  must  be 
respectfnl  and  obedient  to  your  employer 
and  the  plumber  you  are  helping  ;  watch 
every  move  which  he  makes  ;  anticipate  his 
wants  and  be  ready  to  hand  him  the  tool  he 
is  just  in  need  of  without  being  told  to  do  so. 
So  doing  he  will  be  more  likely  to  take  an 
interest  in  you  and  explain  difficult  points, 
to  instruct  and  help  you  along,  than  if  you 
are  careless,  indolent  and  saucy.  Do  not  be 
backward  in  asking  information.  If  you  are 
a  good  boy  it  will  be  willingly  given.  What- 
ever you  'Jire  told  to  do,  do  it  with  a  good 
will,  and  do  it  well.  I  have  had  a  gre.nt 
mnay  complaints  about  the  carelessness  cf 


392 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  306 


boys  in  not  paying  attention  how  w  ork  was 
done,  and  when  they  were  sent  to  a  job  by 
themselves,  they  did  not  know  how  to  begin. 
I  have  frequently  asked  the  question,  "Have 
you  not  seen  that  done  several  times  ?"  The 
answer  would  be,  "  Yes  :  but  I  did  not  pay 
attention  to  see  how  it  was  done."  I  will 
mention  a  case  that  happened  with  myself 
in  New  York  city  nearly  forty  years  ago. 
(I  think  I  hear  some  of  the  boys  saying,  "he 
must  have  been  a  greenhorn  then.")  Well, 
I  was  ;  I  had  scarcely  got  the  smell  of  the 
salt  water  out  of  my  clothes.  The  second 
day  I  was  in  the  shop,  the  boss  took  me  to 
a  house  on  Fifth  avenue  to  reline  a  bathtub- 
They  were  all  lined  with  lead  in  those  days. 
The  bathtub  was  lying  in  the  back  yard  with 
the  old  lead  taken  out.  A  roll  of  new  lead 
was  lying  there  five  feet  across  the  sheet. 
The  boss  did  not  ask  me  whether  I  could 
do  it  or  not,  but  told  me  tot:lo  it.  The  baths 
I  had  been  accustomed  to  lining  in  Scotland 
were  of  different  shape,  the  leveled  end  had 
square  corners  instead  of  the  circular  end, 
as  we  have  them  here.  Out  of  that  square 
piece  of  lead,  I  had  to  cut  the  square  piece 
for  the  foot  of  the  tub  out  of  the  end  that 
turned  around  to  form  the  circle  at  the  head 
of  the  tub,  the  lead  being  cut  to  the  exact 
size  and  nothing  to  spare.  A  deviation  of  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  either  way  would  leave  a 
corner  short  somewhere. 

I  had  been  accustomed  to  cutting  out  lead 
to  all  kinds  of  shapes,  working  on  the  roofs 
of  the  old  baronial  castles  in  Scotland  with 
their  numerous  towers,  oriel  and  bay  win- 
dows, circular  valleys  and  circular  gutters  ; 
never  having  studied  geometry  or  trigometry 
or  any  other  ometry,  but  learned  by  rule  of 
thumb  and  every  day  practice.  I  must  ad- 
mit I  felt  a  little  nervous  in  cutting  out  the 
lead  for  that  bath,  knowing  it  was  considered 
by  the  New  York  plnmbers  in  that  day  to 
be  the  crack  job  they  had  to  do,  to  line  a 
bathtub  nicely. 

After  getting  it  all  marked  off  with  the 
chalk  line,  I  asked  the  helper — a  young 
man  over  twenty  years  of  age  and  more 
than  three  years  at  the  trade — if  he  had  ever 
seen  one  cut  out  ?  "  O  yes,"  he  answered  ; 
"lots  of  them."  "  Does  that  look  anything 
like  it  ?"  I  asked.  Well,  he  did  not  know  ; 
he  had  never  paid  any  attention,  and  could 
not  tell.  1  had  to  put  the  knife  into  it  and 
try,  and  1  got  the  lead  put  in  all  right.  1 
merely  mention  this  incident  to  impress  on 
the  minds  of  you  young  men,  the  importance 
of  paying  particular  attention  to  all  you  see 
done  while  you  are  a  helper,  so  that  when 
the  time  comes  for  you  to  get  a  kit  of  tools 
of  your  own  and  you  are  sent  out  to  work, 
you  will  know  how  to  go  about  it  at  once, 
without  having  to  spend  half  an  hour  look- 
ing at  the  job  before  commencing  it.  What- 
ever you  undertake  to  do,  do  it  well.  If 
you  come  across  a  hard  job  to  do,  and  you 
think  you  have  not  got  it  quite  as  good  as  it 
ought  to  be,  do  not  say,  "  O  well,  let  it  go  ; 
that  is  good  enough."  I  do  not  lite  to  hear 
that  word.  If  a  job  is  worth  doing  at  all,  do 
it  well ;  never  leave  it  until  it  is  right.  Make 


up  your  mind  to  be  a  first-class  workman, 
and  at  some  future  day  a  master  plumber. 
We  have  all  sprung  from  the  ranks,  and 
there  is  no  reason  why  you  cannot  do  the 
same,  and,  perhaps,  some  of  you  young  men 
may  be  honered  by  sitting  in  the  chair  of  a 
Master  Plumber's  Association,  if  not  in  Chi- 
cago in  some  other  city. 


A     HIGHLY     INTERESTING  OPEN 
IVIEETING  OF  THE  CHICAGO  .MAS- 

'     TER-PLUMBERS'  ASSOCL^iTION. 

I 

i  Nearly  400  persons  nssembled  at  Grand 
Army  Hall  in  the  Honore  building,  last  eve- 
ning, the  occasion  being  a  meeting  of  the 
Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  to 
which  all  the  master,  journeymen  and  ap- 
prentice plumbers  of  the  city  had  been  in- 
vited. The  excellent  response  to  this  invi- 
tation was  highly  gratifying  to  the  members 
of  the  Association.  The  apprentices  of  the 
city,  for  whose  benefit  the  meeting  was 
chiefly  called,  were  particularly  well  repre- 
sented, and  ail  listened  intently  to  the  sev- 
eral papers  which  were  read  for  their  in- 

i  struction. 

I  President  ^.  W.  Murray  opened  the  meet- 
ing with  a  few  well-chosen  remarks,  stating 
the  object  of  the  meeting  and  expressing 
satisfaction  at  the  large  number  of  persons 
who  responded  to  the  invitation  issued  by 
the  association  to  members  of  the  plumbing 
fraternity.  He  then  introduced  Dr.  Swayne 
Wickersham,  Commissioner  of  Health,  who 
was  a  guest  of  the  evening.  Dr.  Wicker- 
sham spoke  brieflv  as  follows: 

"  I  consider  that  this  Association  and  the 
Department  of  Health  are  very  closely  re- 
lated. A  few  months  ago,  when  I  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  the  health  department, 
in  looking  over  the  list  of  those  who  held 
office  in  that  department,  1  found  Mr.  Young 
as  the  one  who  had  charge  of  all  plumbing 
matters,  in  his  capacity  of  chief  inspector  of 
tenements.  This  is  a  department  in  which 
1  have  taken  a  great  interest  for  many  years 
y)ast.  Take  the  medical  societies  of  the 
country  and  you  find  that  paper  after  paper 
is  read,  pertaining  to  the  contraction,  con- 
tagion and  spread  of  different  diseases,  and 
so  often  are  the  causes  of  these  traced  to 
defective  plumbing.  '  Defective  plumbing' 
has  a  great  deal  to  answer  for,  and  it  is  on 
you,  gentlemen  of  the  plumbing  trade,  that 
the  health  of  the  i)Coplc  of  this  city  of  Chi- 
cago, to  a  great  extent,  depends.  1  found, 
ns  I  said,  in  charge  of  this  inspection  de- 
partment, Mr.  Young,  a  thorough  master 
plumber.  I  know  that  he  understands  his 
business  and  I  have  never  undertaken  to  in- 
terfere with  his  work.  .\nd  I  can  say  this 
much  for  him.  There  is  not  a  jjlumbcr  in 
this  city  who  has  ever  complained  to  me 
about  him  or  any  of  his  rulings,  nor  is  there  a 
single  plumber,  architect  or  builder  who  has 
ever  entered  a  complaint  about  the  rigidity 
of  his  department  regulating  sanitary  [ilumb- 
ing. 


"Now,  I  hope  you  gentlemen  will  lend  all 
your  support  to  see  that  no  backward  step  is 
taken.  Let  every  step  be  forward.  I  will 
pledge  you  that  so  long  as  1  am  connected 
w  ith  the  Board  of  Health  I  will  lend  you  all 
the  assistance  in  my  power;  provided,  as  1 
said,  that  no  backward  step  is  taken. 
1  know  of  a  family  that  paid  an  advance  ren- 
tal of  twenty-five  per  cent,  for  a  dwelling 
because  the  plumbing  had  been  ^one  by  Mr. 
Young.  That  was  a  sufficient  guarantee  to 
them  that  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
premises  was  good.  That  shows  that  it 
pays  well  to  do  your  work  carefully  and 
well. 

"  We  hope  that  we  have  nine  upright, 
honest  drainage  commissioners  elected  to- 
day. We  hope  the  sewage  will  be  carried 
properly,  and  now  see  that  you  do  your 
share  toward  improving  the  sanitary  con- 
dition of  this  city.  I  leave  the  mechanism 
to  Mr.  Young,  backed  by  your  excellent 
Association." 

Dr.  Wickersham  was  heartily  applauded, 
and  President  Murray  then  introduced  J. 
M.  Heatherington  of  New  York  city,  who 
made  a  short  address. 

The  three  papers  on  plumbing  constituted 
the  feature  of  the  evening.  Mr.  David 
Whiteford  was  first  introduced  and  read  a 
paper  on  "The  Education  of  the  Plumber." 
The  paper  was  an  excellent  one,  was  well 
read  and  contained  many  witticisms  relating 
to  every  day  experience  of  plumbers,  which 
were  quite  amusing.  Mr.  John  J.  Hamblin 
followed  with  a  short  paper  on  the  scientific 
features  of  plumbing,  and  at  the  close  he 
gave  some  practical  illustrations  on  the 
blackboard,  explaining  them  so  thoroughly 
that  they  could  not  fail  to  be  understood  by 
the  merest  novice  in  the  trade.  Mr.  Hugh 
Watt  read  the  third  and  last  paper.  His 
subject  was  "Plumbing  in  the  Olden  Time." 
It  was  a  good  paper  highly  interesting  inas- 
much as  it  showed  the  young  men  present 
the  difficulties  under  which  the  plumber  of 
nearly  a  half  century  ago  labored.  All  the 
papers  were  well  received  and  evidently 
were  greatly  appreciated.  Hearty  applause 
greeted  each  speaker  as  he  finished  reading 
his  paper. 

Chief  Inspector  Young,  was  next  called 
upon  by  the  president  to  make  a  short  ad- 
dress.   Mr.  Young  said: 

"It  is  surprising  to  compare  the  conditition 
of  the  journeyman  and  master  plumber  of 
ten  years  ago  and  now.  Ten  years  ago  they 
were  working  ten  hours  a  day  for  less  wages 
than  now.  The  trade,  too,  was  rapidly  slip- 
ping away  from  the  plumber's  grasp.  The 
Sanitary  Kiif^inn  r  had  taken  hold  of  the 
field  and  what  he  didn't  know  he  succeeded 
in  making  the  people  believe  he  did  know 
and  it  began  to  look  as  if  he  was  going  to 
have  everything  his  own  way.  Finally,  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  master  jilumbers 
got  together  and  talked  over  a  plan  of  or- 
ganization in  order  that  they  might  save 
their  trades  and  their  business  for  those  who 


)eo.  14,  1888] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


might  come  after  them.  From  this  meet- 
ing the  Chicago  Master  Phimbers'  Associa- 
tion came  into  existence.  Other  organiza- 
tions sprang  up  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  and  finally  the  National  Plumbers, 
Association  was  formed.  With  the  origin 
of  plumbing  associations  the  Sanitary  hum- 
bugs were  swept  from  off  the  face  of  the 
earth  and  the  plumber  took  his  rightful 
position. 

"In  one  of  the  regiments  which  went  out 
from  Chicago  during  the  late  war,  the  largest 
representative  of  any  body  of  mechanics 
was  that  of  the  plumbing  trade.  During  the 
battle  of  Stone  River,  when  the  Federals 
left  was  sorely  pressed.  General  Rosecrantz 
rode  up  to  this  regiment  and  said,  '  Who 
will  save  the  left?'  'We  will,'  came  the 
reply  from  the  Nineteenth  Illinois.  The 
phimbers  of  Chicago  on  that  day  saved  the 
left  at  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro'  or  Stone 
River,  and  now  young  men,  it  lies  with  you 
to  save  the  plumbing  trade.  It  is  said  that 
we  have  the  dirtiest  city  on  this  continent 
with  the  exception.  I  believe,  of  New 
Orleans.  There  is  vast  room  for  improve- 
ment and  I  hope  that  all  will  join  hands  to 
increase  the  health  rate  and  thus  deserve 
the  plaudits  of  the  entire  community." 

Messrs.  Daniel  Rock,  E.  Baggot  and 
Martin  Moylan  were  each  called  upon,  and 
each  in  turn  declined  to  make  an  address, 
but  expressed  pleasure  at  the  great  interest 
taken  in  the  meeting.  Mr.  Moylan  then  in- 
troduced the  following  resolution  which  was 
unanimously  adopted  : 

Whereas,  the  necessity  for  the  perfect  carrying  on 
of  the  regulations  adopted  by  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Health  pertaining  to  house  plumbing  and  drainage, 
requires  that  each  building  should  be  inspected  by  a 
competent  inspector,  not  only  at  one  time,  but  at  in- 
tervals during  the  period  of  its  construction,  and 

Whereas,  the  number  of  inspectors  allotted  to  the 
Board  of  Health  are  inadequate  to  such  requirements 
for  the  reason  that  since  the  annexation  of  suburbs 
to  the  city  of  Chicago,  that  it  is  a  practical  impossi- 
bility, for  the  present  force  of  inspectors  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Board  of  Health  to  properly  inspect  each 
new  structure  that  is  built  within  the  city  limits,  and 

Whereas,  this  lack  of  inspection  permits  of  a 
financial  injury  to  those  who  are  faithful  to  the 
edicts  of  the  law,  and  also  to  the  community  at  large, 
therefore,  be  it 

Resolved^  that  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation do  respectfully  pray  his  Honor,  the  Mayor,  to 
give  this  subject  his  consideration  and  we  will  take 
such  measures  as  he  may  deem  proper  to  remedy  the 
evil. 

This  ended  the  open  meeting  and  Presi- 
dent Murray,  with  a  few  words  of  good  ad- 
vice to  the  apprentices  and  well-wishes  for 
their  success  in  life,  coupled  with  thanks  for 
their  attendance  and  close  interest  in  the 
meeting,  dismissed  them. 

A  short  business  session  of  the  association 
was  then  held,  and  the  following  names  were 
proposed  for  membership  :  II.  W.  Harker, 
554  Lincoln  avenue  ;  Mr.  Davidson,  of  the 
firm  of  Watson  &  Davidson.  301  Wabash 
avenue;  H.  M.  Topping,  741  West  Van 
Buren  street ;  Charles  Kotva,  Grand  Cross- 
ing. After  the  transaction  of  some  routine 
business,  the  meeting  adjourned. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

Morgan  &  Mill,  Akron,  ().,  have  secured 
the  contract  for  plumbing  in  a  $75,000  resi- 
dence which  is  being  built  in  that  city. 

At  Washington,  the  contract  for  furnish- 
ing and  putting  in  place  the  steam  heating 
apparatus  for  the  new  gunshops  at  the  navy 
yard  has  been  awarded  to  Crook,  Horner  & 
Co.,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  at  $7,082.05 

A  meeting  of  the  wrought  iron  pipe  and 
boiler  tube  manufacturer's  association  took 
place  recently  at  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.  It 
was  agreed  that  an  increase  of  2  to  2)4  per 
cent  should  be  placed  on  tubes  and  pipes. 

J.  R.  Barnacle  has  taken  his  foreman,  J.  P. 
Braun,  into  partnership  with  him  at  Omaha, 
Neb.,  and  the  firm  has  removed  to  new 
quarters  at  420  S.  Fifteenth  street. 

The  American  Plumbing  Company  of 
Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  have  received  the  job 
of  fitting  the  tire  halls  in  that  city  with  steam 
heating  appliances.  A  hot-water  system 
was  proposed  but  was  found  too  expensive. 
The  same  company  has  received  by  tender 
the  contract  for  putting  in  a  system  of  hot 
water  heating  in  the  new  market  building, 
at  a  cost  of  §3,ggo. 

Byrne  &  Tucker,  New  York  city,  have 
just  completed  the  sanitary  plumbing  on 
Mr.  Brokaw's  magnificent  new  §1,000,000 
residence  in  that  city. 

A.  C.  Hickey,  75  South  Clinton  street, 
Chicago,  has  just  finished  an  extensive 
plumbing  and  gas-fitting  job  on  the  Prairig 
State  National  Bank  building,  at  Desplaines 
and  Washington  streets,  which  has  been 
undergoing  alterations.  Mr.  Hickey  is  also 
doing  the  overhauling  and  gas-fitting  in 
Lyon  &  Healy's  factory  on  South  Canal 
street.  He  reports  job  work  as  very  plen- 
tiful. 

James  Clancy,  223  Ogden  avenue,  Chicago, 
has  just  finished  the  plumbing  work  on  Mr. 
Lilly's  two-story  flat  building  at  Taylor  and 
Robey  streets.  He  has  secured  the  contract 
for  a  three-story  flat  building  for  Mr.  Ryan 
on  Seventeenth  street,  between  Rockwell 
and  Fairfield,  and  for  a  two-story  flat  build- 
ing for  George  Ramsey  at  Sixty-fourth 
street  and  Langley  avenue.  He  is  doing 
the  overhauling  and  gas-fitting  in  the  build- 
ing for  Henry  Cohen  at  Oakley  and  Warren 
avenues.  It  is  a  flat  building  which  is  being 
turned  into  a  private  residence  for  Mr. 
Cohen's  own  use. 

J.  J.  Wade,  531  West  Madison  street, 
Chicago,  is  finishing  up  the  sanitary  plumb- 
ing work  on  Dr.  Lyman's  new  two-story  and 
basement  dwelling  at  200  Ashland  avenue. 
He  has  just  finished  roughing  in  a  three- 
story  and  basement  dwelling  for  Mr.  Sher- 
wood at  326  Ashland  avenue.  He  has  just 
completed  the  work  on  the  Wisconsin  Cen- 
tral freight  depot  at  Harrison  and  Franklin 
streets,  has  commenced  work  on  a  new 
dwelling  at  3645  Grand  boulevard,  and  is 
roughing  in  Studabaker  Brothers'  new  build- 
ing on  Michigan  avenue,  having  just  com- 
pleted the  sewer  work. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORKWILL  BE  DONE. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.:   A  new  county  jail  will 

be  built.  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Board  of 

Trade  has  passed  resolutions  favoring  the 
erection  of  a  new  custom  house.  A  furni- 
ture factory  will  be  erected  at  Buchanan, 

Ga.  Mount  Pleasant,  Fla.:  A  cotton  gin 

and  grist  mill  will  be  erected.  Cedartown, 

Ga.:   A  company  with  $50,000  capital  will 

erect  a  woolen  mill.-  Florence,  Ala.:  A 

school  furniture  company  with  $40,000  capi- 
tal, will  erect  a  mill.  A  cordage  mill  will 
be  built  by  a  company  with  $50,000  capital. 

 Monmouth  Springs,  Ark.:  A  flour  mill 

will  be  erected  by  a  company  with  $50,000 

capital.  Fort    Payne,   Ala.:    The  Fort 

Payne  Mill  Company  will  add  a  steel  plant 
to  its  proposed  rolling  mill,  also  a  steel  cut 
nail  mill  and  factory  for  making  nail  kegs. 

The  company  has  a  capital  of  $500,000.  

Salem,  Mass.:  A  new  church  will  be  erected 

at  a  cost  of  $go,ooo.  Macon,  Ga.:  A  $20,- 

000  addition  will  be  made  to  the  Mercer 

Lhiiversity.  East  Liverpool,  O.:  The  large 

pottery  works  of  Knowles,  Taylor  & 
Knowles,  recently  destroyed  by  fire,  entail- 
ing a  loss  of  $300,000,  will  be  rebuilt  at  once. 

 Tazewell,  Va.:  The  Clinch  Valley  Coal 

and  Iron  Company  will  build  a  $40,000  hotel 
and  forty  dwellings  at  the  new  town  of  Rich- 
land. Charlotte,  N.  C:  The  congregation 

of  the  Congregational  Methodist  Church 
will  erect  a  church  edifice.  The  Lutheran 
Synod  will  spend  $10,000  in  additional  build- 
ings for  the  Concordia  College  and  contem- 
plates the  erection  of  a  female  seminary  at 
Charlotte.  Memphis,  Tenn.:  The  congre- 
gation of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
will  erect  a  handsome  church  edifice  to  cost 

$80,000.  Louisville,  Ky.:  There  is  talk  of 

erecting  an  Insurance  Exchange  building  to 

cost  about  $300,000.  Andalusia,  Pa.:  Miss 

Kate  Drexel,  or  now  known  as  sister  Kath- 
erine,  has  purchased  sixty  acres  of  ground 
at  Andalusia,  near  Torresdale,  on  which  it 
is  stated  a  convent  and  school  will  be 
erected  to  educate  and  train  a  sisterhood 
for  work  among  the  Indian  and  colored 

races.  At  Annapolis,  Md.,  Sec.  Tracy  has 

recommended  the  erection  of  a  new  boat 
house  and  additional  quarters  for  instructors; 
also  the  purchase  of  a  new  expansion  en- 
gine. Baltimore,   Md.:    Mrs.   Sarah  T. 

Shipley  will  erect  twelve  two  story  dwell- 
ings.   James  C.  Dowling  will  erect  ten  two 

story  dwellings.  Washington,  D.  C:  John 

Chamberlain  will  erect  a  hotel  at  Old  Point 
Comfort  to  accommodate  500  guests.  The 

cost  will  be  $450,000.  At  Jersey  City,  N. 

J.,  Mr.  Van  Horn,  representing  the  Central 
Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  has  made  a  propo- 
sition to  erect  an  elevated  road  from  the 
ferry  to  Jersey  City  Heights.    The  estimated 

cost  is  §750,000.  Camden,  N.J. :  George 

Hunger  will  erect  a  five  story  brick  build- 
ing 40x144  feet.  It  is  reported  that  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  will  erect 
100  brick  dwellings  adjoining  its  shops  at 


394 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  306 


East  Camden.  Oil  City,  Pa.,  has  voted  to 

issue  $20,000  in  bonds  for  the  erection  of 
a  city  hall.  The  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
way Company  will,  it  is  reported,  build  ex- 
tensive machine  shops  and  roundhouse  at 

Van  Buren,  Mo.  A  company  has  been 

incorporated  with  an  authorized  capital 
stock  of  $12,000,000  to  build  a  new  union 

depot  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.  The  Eagle 

Iron  Works,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  have  purchased 
a  large  adjoining  building,  and  will  cut  the 
walls  out  so  as  to  connect  this  building  with 

the  one  at  present  occupied.  The  city  of 

Baltimore  has  leased  the  Bolton  depot 
property  to  the  permanent  Exposition  Asso- 
ciation of  Baltimore  City  for  a  term  of  ten 
years,  from  July  i,  1890,  for  the  location  of 
an  exposition  building.  Permits  for  sev- 
enty-seven new  structures  were  granted  in 
Brooklyn  last  week.  The  aggregate  cost 
will  be  $241,805.  During  the  corresponding 
week  last  year  the  number  of  permits  was 
fifty-one.  Plans  for  nineteen  new  build- 
ings were  filed  last  month  at  Wilmington, 
Del.  In  November,  1888,  the  number  was 
twenty.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The"  Westing- 
house  Machine  Company  will  erect  a  $40,- 
000  brick  and  stone  building.  Isabella  C. 
Sargent  will  erect  thirteen  brick  dwellings 
on  Beatty  street,  to  cost  $35,000.  G.  D. 
Simen  will  erect  eight  frame  dwellings  on 

Simen  avenue,  to  cost  $28,000.  Beaver 

Falls,  Pa.:  A  newly  organized  stock  com- 
pany will  erect  a  $50,000  opera  house  build- 
ing. Titusville,  Pa.:  The  Titusville  Iron 

Company  will  erect  saveral  new  buildings. 

 Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  is  to  have   a  new 

$15,000  iron  bridge.  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.:  A 

railroad  company,  called  the  Wilkesbarre  & 
Williamsport,  has  just  been  organized  to 
build  a  road  eighty  miles  long,  from  Wilkes- 
barre to  Williamsport.     Capital,  $1,000,000. 

 Ottawa,  Can.:  Reports  say  that  Luther 

Beecher,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  proposes  to 
build  a  tunnel  under  the  Detroit   River  to 

cost    $3,500,000.  -Seattle,    Wash.:  The 

Puget  .Sound  and  Great  Eastern  Railway, 
Telegraph  and  Navigation  Company  has 
been  incorporated  at  this  place.  Capital 
stock,  $6,000,000.  Object,  to  obtain  money, 
land  and  rights  of-way,  and  to  construct 
railways,  telegraphs  and  steamers.  Cin- 
cinnati, (^.:  Pike's  opera  house,  occupied  re- 
cently by  the  Chamber  or  Commerce,  is  to 
be  remodelled  and  become  an  opera  house 
again.  Tbe  cost  of  the  work  will  be  $75,000. 
The  new  Good  Samaritan  Hospital  at  Fifth 
and  Lock  streets,  will  be  six  stories,  brick 

and  stone,  and  will  cost  $75,000.  Fort 

Payne,  Ala.,  is  to  have  a  hotel  to  cost  $125,- 

000.  Fostoria,  O.,  will  build  a  $100,000 

factory.  Linville,  N.  C,  will  have  a  new 

$50,000  hotel.  Whatcom,  Wash.,  will  have 

a  new  brick  court-house  to  cost  $80,000 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
The  city  of  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  wants  to 

own  and  operate  an  electric  light  plant.  

Atlantic  City,  N.  j.:  The  Camden  and  Atlan- 
tic depot  will  be  heated   by  steam.  A 

spring  of  petroleum  oil  has  been  discovered 


in  the  Wisconsin  iron  range  by  a  well  known 
explorer.    It  has  been  tested  at  Ashland 

aud  proven  genuine.  It  has  been  given 

out  in  financial  circles  at  the  East  that  New 
York  capitalists  have  purchased  full  control 
of  the  Municipal  Electric  Lighting  Com- 
pany of  St.  Louis,  which  has  a  valuable  con- 
tract with  the  city  for  illuminating  the  city 

by  electricity  after  January  i.  Bristol,  N. 

H.  has  voted  to  put  in  electric  lights.  

Miss  Proctor  of  Lima,  O.,  has  patented  a 
process  by  which  it  is  claimed  that  10,000 
cubic  feet  of  illuminating  gas  can  be  ex- 
tracted from  one  barrel  of  Lima  oil.  The 

town  of  Holden,  Johnson  county,  Missouri, 
has  given  a  twenty  years'  franchise  to  the 
Interstate  Gas  and  Water- Works  Company 
for  lighting  by  electricity,  and  has  con- 
tracted for  public  lighting  with  that  com- 
pany for  a  period  of  five  years.  The  Inter- 
state Company,  whose  headquarters  are  in 
St.  Louis,  are  the  owners  of  the  Holden 
water-works,  and  in  their  lighting  contract 
agree  to  provide  and  maintain  thirty  electric 
street  lamps  of  thirty  candle-power  each  at 

the  rate  of  $15  a  year  each.  The  Helena, 

Ark.,  Gas,  Power  and  Water  Company  has 

been  formed,  with  a  capital  of  $10,000.  

Griffin,  Ga.:  The  Thomas-Houston  Electric 
Light  Company  of  Atlanta  will  erect  an 
electric  light  plant  at  this  place.  Carroll- 
ton,  Ky.,  is  to  have  an  electric  light  plant. 

 New  Cumberland,  W.  \'a.:    The  New 

Cumberland  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Com- 
pany will  erect  an  electric  plant  of  750  light 

capacity.  The  ancient  city  of  Rome,  Italy, 

is  to  be  lighted  by  electricity,  the  power  for 
generating  being  obtained  from  the  famous 

Tivoll  Falls.  Suit  has  been  brought  by 

the  United  Gas  Improvement  Company 
against  the  Municipal  Gas  Co.  of  Albany,  for 
$100,000  damages  for  use  of  an  infringing 

gas  process.  The  California  Water,  Gas 

Light  and  Fuel  Company,  Napa,  Cal.,  has 
been  formed  with  a  capital  stock  of  $250,000, 

all  of  which   has   been  subscribed.  In 

Ukiah,  Cal.,  George  L.  Henzel  and  P.  Ma- 
roni,  of  San  Francisco,  and  A.  V.  LaMotte, 
of  Glen  Ellen,  propose  to  establish  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  The  gas  and  eleetric 

light  companies  in  Kingston,  Ont.,  have 
been  consolidated  within  the  p«st  few  days, 
and  the  promise  is  held  out  to  the  citizens 
that  this  will  result  in  a  reduction  in  the 

price  of  both  lights.  The  works  of  the 

San  Diego  Gas  Company,  San  Diego,  Cal., 
have  been  purchased  by  a  company  organ- 
ized by  Spreckles  &  Babcock,  and  extensive 
improvements  will  be  made  for  furnishing 

gas  for  fuel  and  lighting,  The  Interstate 

Gas  and  Water  Works  Company  has  been 
granted  another  electric  lighting  franchise 
for  public  and  private  lighting  for  twenty 
years,  for  the  city  of  Aguas  Calientes,  Mex- 
ico. -The  Electric  Light,  Gas  and  Heating 

Company  of  Jeffersonville,  Ind.,  has  taken  a 

contract  for  lighting  the  city.  In  Char 

lottesville.  \'a.,  a  new  gas  holder  will  proba- 
bly be  put  in  the  Charlottesville  Gas  Works. 

 Lonaconing,  Md.,  is  to  have  an  electric 

light  plant.  An  electric  light  plant  will 


probably  be  erected  at  Tarboro,  N.  C.  

Norfolk,  Va.,  is  to  have  an  electric  light 
plant.  At  Clarion,  Pa.,  an  electric  light- 
ing company  has  been   formed.  The 

Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company 
(limited),  of  Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  capital 
$50,000,  has  been  incorporated,  and  will 

erect  a  plant  to  light  the  city.-  The  board 

of  selectmen  of  Randolph,  Mass.,  have 
granted  the  proprietors  of  the  Randolph 
and  Holbrook  Light  and  Power  Company 
the  right  to  operate  gas  and  electric  light 
plants  and  an  electric  railroad  in  the  vil- 
lages named. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:   The  city  council 
has  decided  to  make  several  extensions  in 

the  service.  At  Long  Branch,  N.   J„  a 

company  has  been  formed  with  Governor 
Green  as  President,  to  supply  all  the  coast 
resorts  in  that  locality  with  water.  The 

capital  is  $500.000.  Van   Wert,   O.:  A 

waterworks  system  is  to  be  constructed  at  a 
cost  of  $100,000.  Miamisburg,  O.,  A  res- 
ervoir waterworks  will  be  constructed,  to 
cost  $50,000.  Cleveland,  O.:  Superinten- 
dent Whitelaw  has  completed  plans  and 
drawings  for  a  tunnel  under  the  river.  The 
tunnel  will  be  400  feet  long  and  about  7>4 
feet  in  diameter.  Its  cost  is  estimated  at 
$25,000.  Inside  the  tunnel  will  be  placed  the 
pipes  connecting  the  pumping-station  with 
the  big  main  to  run  out  St.  Clair  street  and 
with  other  mains  hereafter  to  be  built.  The 
tunnel  is  to  be  constructed  at  a  depth  of  75 

feet.  Boston:  The  waterworks  will  extend 

its  mains  22  miles,  and  put  in  nearly  2,000 

new  services  during  the  present  year.  St. 

Paul,  Minn.:  The  Council  Committee  on 
Water- Works  is  considering  the  advisability 
of  amending  the  water  ordinance  so  as  to 
provide  a  general  system  of  water  meters 

throughout  the   entire  city.  Coldwater, 

Mich.:  A  committee  of  six  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  plans  and  secure  esti- 
mates for  a  water-works  system.  Ex- 
celsior, Minn.,  has   voted   in   favor  of  a 

water-works     system.  The  Deleware 

river  water  furnished  to  Bordentown.  N. 
J.,  was  recently  analyzed  and  found  un- 
fit for  use.  The  new    water-works  at 

X'ineland,  Pa.,  have  been  finished.— — At 
Peckville,  Pa.,  two  water  companies  are 
ffghting  over  the  right  to  lay  mains  in  the 
streets.  Meanwhile  the  town  goes  without  a 
water-supply  system.  Plans  and  specifi- 
cations are  being  prejjared  for  a  system  of 
water-works  at  Fort  Scully,  Dak.  A  grav- 
ity system  of  water-works  will  be  built  at 

Colville,   Wash.  Work  has    begun  on 

the  water-supply  system  at  Pinckneyville, 

Mich.  Yreka,  Cal..  has  contracted  for 

water-works,  the  reservoir  to  contain  200,000 
gallons,  and  to  have  a  fall  of  200  feet  to  the 

main  pipes.  -Russelville,  Ark.,  will  have 

a  system  of  water-works.  Albany,  Ga.,  is 
to  have  water- works.  Parties  have  been 
inspecting  the  city  water-works  at  Rome, 
Ga.,  with  a  view  to  purchasing.  If  sold,  im- 
provements or  extensions  will  be  made.  The 


Dec.  14,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


895 


mayor  can  j^ive  information.  The  con 

struction  of  water-works  at  Alexandria,  La. 
to  cost  J>Q,ooo,  is  contemplated.    The  mayor 

can   give   information.  The   report  of 

Councilman  Duckworth,  Seymour,  Ind.. 
"That  the  water-works  be  properly  filtered," 

has  been  adopted.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  is 

reported  as  about  to  issue  $125,000  bonds  for 
sewers,  and  $100,000  for  additional  water 
supply. — The  Huntingdon  Water  Co.  limited 
of  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  has  given  an  order  to 
the  Gordon  Steam  Pump  Company  for  a 
large  duplex  compound  condensing  engine, 
capable  of  drawing  and  supplying  daily  one 
million  gallons  water,  drawing  it  through 
1,000  feet  of  pipe  and  forcing  it  to  an  alti- 
tude of  235  feet.  At  Camden,  N.  J.,  steps 

are  being  taken  to  obtain  a  new  water  sup- 
ply. The  National  Water  Supply  Company 
of  Cincinnati   has  sent  for   maps  of  the 

country  in  order   to   submit   plans.  At 

Parkesburgh,  Pa.,  a  bountiful  supply  of 
water  will  soon  be  assured  from  two  artesian 
wells.  Pumping  engines  of  a  large  capacity 
will  be  placed  in  position  as  soon  as  the 

reservoir  is   finished.  Wolfborough,  N. 

H.,  is  putting  in  a  system  of  waterworks 
and  bringing  the  water  a  distance  of  four 

miles.  Milford,  N.  H.,  has  just  completed 

a  waterworks  system.  The  report  of  the 

eminent  counsel  on  the  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
waterworks  question  holds  that  the  water- 
works company  has  violated  its  contract  and 
declares  that  the  city  is  not  compelled  to 
buy  the  plant.  The  city  is  advised  to  begin 
the  construction  of  waterworks  before  the 
expiration  of  the  twenty  years'  contract  with 

the  company.  It  is   reported   that  the 

ordinance  granting  a  franchise  to  the  new 
water  company  of  Denver,  Col.,  has  been 
found  to  be  informal  and  the  council  may 
have  to  be  called  upon  to  pass  a  new  one. 

 Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  citizens  are  talking 

of  having  a  more  efficient  pipe  and  hydrant 
service.  Lexington,  Ky.,  is  to  greatly  in- 
crease its  water  supply.  The  Marseilles, 

111.,  system  of  waterworks  is  completed. 
During  the  year  ending  November  30,  there 
were  put  in  at  London,  Ont..  258  new  ser- 
vices, making  the  whole  number  since  the 

works  were  built  4,926.  Van  Wert,  O., 

will  build  a  $100,000  system  of  waterwork 

next  year.  The  amount  of  water  used  at 

at  the  recent  great  fire  at  Lynn.  Mass.,  is 
estimated  by  Superintendent  Haskell  as 
being  for  six  hours  2,goo,ooo  gallons,  this 
being  delivered  from  the  reservoir  through 
one  16-inch,  two  12-inch  and  one  6-inch  pipe 
that  the  Marblehead  waterworks  furnished. 

 The  Gordon  Steam  Pump  Company  of 

Hamilton,  O.,  has  just  furnished  pumps  for 
w-atervvorks  at  Marietta,  O.,  and  Huntingdon, 
Pa.,  and  a  small  one  to  Clifton  Forge,  Va. 

 The  matter  of  securing  a  better  supply 

of  water  is  interesting  Omaha,  Neb.  The 

estimated  eost  of  the  proposed  new  water 
supply  system  of  Seattle,  Wash.,  is  $950,000. 
The  report  of  B.  Williams,  consulting  en- 
gineer, of  Chicago,  has  been  adopted.  

The  Bertha  Zinc  Company,  of  Pulaski.  Va., 
has  erected  waterworks  at  its  mines.  The 


Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Council  Committee  on 
waterworks  has  directvd  the  city  engineer 
to  investigate  fully  the  advisability  of  build- 
ing a  separate  high  service  plant  for  the 
Mount  Curve  and  other  high  districts  in  the 
city.  A  Philadelphia  com|)any  has  sub- 
mitted a  proposition  to  build  waterworks  at 

Grafton,  W.  Va.  Minden,  Neb.,  will  bond 

itself  for  $25,000,  to  build  waterworks.  

Howard  City,  Mich.,  has  voted  to  have 
waterworks. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
At  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  the  Building  Com- 


mittee of  the  Board  of  Education,  has  in- 
vited architects  to  compete  in  preparing 
plants  for  a  new  school-house  to  be  erected 
at  the  corner  of  Arctic  and  Noble  streets. 
It  is  to  be  of  brick,  250x300  feet,  containing 

sixteen    rooms,   and   to   cost  $75,000.  

Wayne,  Pa.:  At  a  recent  meeting  held  by 
the  Wayne  Title  and  Trust  Company,  a 
resolution  was  passed  authorizing  the  Presi- 
dent, Dallas  Sanders,  Esq.,  to  purchase  the 
lot  at  Wayne  and  Lancaster  avenues  as  the 
site  for  a  bank  and  safe  deposit  building, 
and   also   to   invite   architects   to  furnish 

sketches  and  plans  for  the  same.  The 

contract  to  build  the  bridge  over  the  Ver- 
million river,  at  Danville,  Ind.,  has  been  let 
to  the  Lafayette  Bridge  Company  at  $15,000. 
 Nineteen  different  plans  have  been  sub- 
mitted for  the  new  $75,000  court  house  for 

Montgomery  County,  The  contract  for  the 

building  of  the  Chesapeake,  Ohio  &  South- 
western Railway  Company's  union  depot  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  has  been  let.  The  cost  will 
not  be  less  than  $500,000;  J.  L.  Frazieristhe 

architect.  Bids  are  wanted  for  building 

sewer  in  McKinstry  avenue,  Detroit,  Mich. 

 Quebec  is  offering  prizes  of  $1,500  $1,000 

and  $500  for  the  three  best  plans  for  a  muni- 
cipal building  to  cost  $150,000,  to  include  a 
city  hall,  central  police  station  and  fire 
station.  Mayor  Langelier  can  give  informa- 
tion. Bids  for  electric  lighting  are  open 

until  December  16.  Address  Committee  on 
Light,  Common  Council,  care  of  City  Clerk, 
Cincinnati,  O.  Bids  will  be  received  only 
from  electric  light  companies  which  have 
been  properly  and  legally  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Bid 
ders  must  state  price  in  writing  and  in  fig 
ures  per  lamp  per  year,  as  per  these  specifi 

cations.  Proposals  for  an  iron  bridge  over 

the  Brazos  river  at  Seymour,  Tex.,  will  be 
received  by  S.  I,  Newton,  Judge  of  Baylor 
connty,  until  December  16.  Bids  for  con- 
structing an  automatic,  self-closing  swing 
bridge  are  open  until  December  21.  Address 
Fred  Raine,  Auditor  Hamilton  county,  Cin- 
cinnati, O.  Bids  for  a   Saunders'  pipe 

machine  fittings  complete,  will  be  received 
at  the  Bureau  of  Provisions  and  Clothing, 
Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until 
December2i.  Seattle  Wash.:  The  Game- 
well  Fire  Alarm  Company  has  received  the 
contract  for  a  fire  alarm  system  at  $9,200. 
Chief  Kellogg  and  the  city  officials  are  quite 

enthusiastic  over  the  arrangement.  Albany 

N.Y.:  Bids  for  street  work  was  opened  on  the 


2d  inst.  and  the  contract  awarded  to  John 
Gannon,  for  Emmctt  street  drain,  at  $1.25  per 
fool.  -Cincinnati,  O.:  Bid  arc  wanted  by  the 
Board  of  Public  Affairs  until  Dec. 27,  for  pav- 
ing and  imf)roving  certain  streets.  What- 
com, Wash.:  Prof)osals  are  wanted  until  Jan. 
20,  for  the  erection  of  a  brick  court  house  at 
this  place,  to  cost  $80,000.  Address  the 
County  Commissioners,  as  above.  Hous- 
ton, Tex.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  Dec. 
23  for  paving  and  otherwise  improving  cer- 
tain streets.  Address  Geo.  R.  Bringhurst, 
City  Secretary,  as  above.  -Toronto,  Ont.: 
The  time  of  opening  water-works  construc- 
tion, pump  well,  elevated  storage  and  sub- 
siding reservoir,  pump  station  building, 
boilers,  pumping  machinery,  with  vertical 
pumps,  etc.,  has  been  postponed  from  Dec. 

3  to   Jan.  2,    1890.  Gait,   Ontario:  The 

Municipal  Council  is  prepared  to  receive 
applications  from  constructors  of  water- 
works up  to  Dec.  26,  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
plying the  town  with  water  for  domestic  and 

fire  purposes.  Huntington.  Ind.:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  by  the  common 
council  at  the  office  of  J.  M.  Block,  city 
clerk,  until  Jan.  13,  1890,  for  a  complete  sys- 
tem of  water-works,  with  a  capacity  of  not 
less  than  1,500,000  gallons  per  24  hours,  and 
not  less  than  120  hydrants  for  city's  use  for 
fire  purposes,  and  a  stand  pipe  150  feet  high 
and  25  feet  in  diameter,  with  pumping  station 
and  pumps  complete.  All  material  and 
machinery  to  be  of  the  best  quality. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
A  sewer-pipe  factory  has  been  established 
at  Grand  Ledge,  Mich.,  where  a  fine  supply 

of  fire  clay  has  been  discovered.  Plans 

are  to  be  drawn  for  a  system  of  intercepting 

sewers  at  Oakland,  Cal.  The  sewerage 

question  is  again  being  agitated  at  Winona, 

Minn.  The    committee   of    citizens  on 

drainage  of  New  Orleans  has  presented  its 
report,  which  contains  the  following  esti- 
mate of  expenses  :  Excavating  new  canals 
and  enlarging  old  ones,  $167,779;  sixteen 
miles  of  culverts,  six  feet  wide,  six  feet  deep, 
walled  with  masonry  and  covered  with  iron 
plate,  $1,200,000;  ditches  in  rear  of  city, 
twenty-five  miles,  $132,000  ;  tail  race  canals, 
$25,000;  levees,  $136,000;  expropriation  of 
lands,  $50,000  ;  dredging  machines,  $30,000  ; 
ten  draining  machines,  $350,000  ;  contin- 
gencies,   $200,000    total    estimated  cost, 

$2,360,779.  There  were  over  39,000  lineal 

feet  of  sewers  built  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
during  the  past  year.  A  sewer-pipe  com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  $10,000  has  been  or- 
ganized at  Grand  Lodge,  Mich.  Jefferson 

City,  N.  J.,  will  build  a  number  of  sewers. 

 A  sewerage  system  is  being  talked  of 

at  Cumberland,  R.  I.  Rome,  Ga.,  is  to 

have  a  sewerage  system.  Galveston,  Tex  • 

Plans  are  being  prepared  for  a  sewerao'e 
system. 


Montreal,  Que.:  The  Saint  Jean  Baptiste 
Society,  of  Montreal,  has  called  for  plans 
for  the  erection  of  a  French  national  monu- 
ment, to  cost  $100,000. 


I 


396 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  306 


W.  C.  VOSBVRGH  7V^F=G  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBINATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITXIIMGS. 


All  of  our  owD  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  P  R  OT  ECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES 

Ordebs  Cakefully  Filled 


NATURK'S    RKMBDIES  . 

TM#   Globe  Compounding 

413    MINNESOTA   STREET   <NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prear  e  (he  most  effectivp  sronp  of  Remedies  extant.   Componndetl  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
whicli  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.    Nature's  own  K°medies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
la.sting  in  their  curative  effect' 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY-    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC- 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER 

The  ("ataubh  Kemkdy  is  a  soveroinn  cure.  Over  l.'O  persons  have  been  tieated  at  our  office  "duriug 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  H9  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thb  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  LiVEii  Ren- 
ov  vToB  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  mid  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Li'NO  Elixir  is  a 
inild  aii<l  certain  remedy  in  all  luugand  throat  afTectioiie.  The  P.\IN  Reliever  is  an  external  a|>plica- 
tion  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache, Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Keniedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  danuehous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
(  iitarrh,  and  though  yon  may  have  tried  many  preparati(ui8,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  inerita 
of  N.VmitE  S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


OF  GENERAL  INTEREST. 

The  New  York  board  of  health  has  de- 
cided to  resort  to  radical  measures  to  rid 
the  city  of  the  stenches  caused  by  the  man- 
ufacture of  gas.  The  board  is  prepared  to 
carry  its  case  into  the  courts. 

A  whitewash  that  will  last  for  a  long  time, 
is  made  by  mixing,  with  ten  parts  of  the  best 
slacked  lime,  one  part  of  hydraulic  cement. 
A  small  quantity  of  salt  should  be  put  in  the 
water  used  for  slacking  the  lime.  It  is  said 
that  the  dazzling  whiteness  of  the  govern- 
ment light-house  is  produced  by  this  prep- 
aration. 

The  treatment  of  night-soil  has  been 
always  a  difficulty.  In  Newcastle,  N.  S.  W., 
a  system  is  under  trial  which  claims  to  be  a 
success.  Two  cells  built  of  fire  brick  con- 
tain a  reverberatory  oven  and  fire-place. 
The  soil  is  introduced  through  shoots.  The 
fumes  are  conducted  into  a  chamber,  where 
they  undergo  condensation  and  are  treated 
with  sprays  of  steam  and  water  ;  they  are 
again  subjected  to  more  water,  finally  escap- 
ing thoroughly  purified  through  a  high 
smoke-stack.  The  experiments  made  have 
resulted  successfully,  the  only  question  be- 
ing what  number  of  cells  and  furnaces,  not 
to  say  tons  of  coal,  would  be  required  to 
treat  the  night-soil  of  an  ordinary  city. 

This  curious  story  is  told  by  the  Scotsman 
London  correspondent  of  Mr.  Edison's  re- 
cent visit  to  London  :  He  is  said  to  have 
been  greatly  struck  with  the  enormous  plant 
he  saw  in  course  of  erection  in  the  South- 
eastern district  for  electric  light  purposes. 
The  plant  is  capable  of  supplying  an  alter- 
nating current  of  lo.ooo  volts,  and  the 
dynamo  is  about  40  feet  high.  "I  looked  it 
all  over,"  Edison  is  credited  with  saying, 
"  and  then  they  asked  me  what  1  thought  of 
it.  I  was  thinking  of  the  eighth  of  an  inch 
of  hard  rubber  between  the  current  and 
human  life,  and  1  told  them  that  when  they 
had  it  complete  they  had  better  move  their 
families  into  a  powder  magazine." 

Nearly  one-half  of  the  four  hundred  and 
eighty-seven  doctors  in  medicine,  of  Boston 
University,  are  women. 

There  are  more  applicants  desiring  to 
attend  the  plumbing  class  in  connection 
with  the  technical  instruction  provided  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Council  of  Arts  and  Man- 
ufacturers of  (2uebcc,  than  can  be  accom- 
modated. 

Fruits  to  do  their  best  work  as  correctives 
for  disordered  digestion,  should  be  eaten  at 
the  beginning  of  a  meal,  and  not  after  oily 
foods— meats,  vegetables,  or  high  seasoning 
—when  they  become  more  of  a  curse  than  a 
blessing. 

The  number  of  visitors  on  the  closing  day 
of  the  Paris  F:xposition  was  370,000.  The 
total  number  of  paying  visitors  to  the  Ex- 
position was  25,000,000,  as  compared  with 
12,000,000  in  1878  and  8,000,000  in  1867.  Of 
30,000,000  tickets  issued  28,000,000  have  been 
utilized.  The  Eiffel  tower  receipts  have 
been  6,500,000  francs. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS  h»y  fever 

A  NEW    HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
these  diseases  arc  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  jircsence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  mcmbrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanentlv  cured  in  from  one  to  tlircc 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  |)hysicians  as  injurous.  /V 
pamphlet  exi)laining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
l)ostage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada.— 
Christian  Advocate. 


Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Flans  arc  wanted  until 
December  20,  for  an  armory  for  the  13th 
Regiment,  National  Guard,  to  be  built  in' 
this  city.    Address  Gcore  V.  Brown,  Com- 
manding Officer,  13th  Regiment. 


Since  1882  eighty-two  miles  of  streets  have 
been  built,  paved  and  drained  in  Rome  at  a 
cost  of  $30,000,000,  and  3.000  houses  erected 
in  large,  modern  blocks,  where  old  quarters 
formerly  stood,  and  five  new  bridges  thrown 
across  the  Tiber.  In  consequence  of  these 
improvements  the  old  city  has  been  so 
changed  that  the  visitor  of  twenty  years  ago 
would  bardly  recognize  it. 


Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  Plans  are  wanted 
until  December  16,  for  the  erection  of  a  city 
hall  and  court  house  building  to  cost  S150,- 
000.    Address  H.  M.  Wells,  City  Recorder. 


P  ropo sa  1  s. 

CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
^the  office  of  the  Survising  Architect,  Treasury  De- 
partment, Washington,  D.  C.  until  1  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  17th  day  of  Decemlier  l.'^V*,  for  all  the  labor  and 
material  required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  LoW- 
Pressure  Return-Circulation  Steam  Heating  Appar- 
atus for  the  Church  Building  (Temporary  IJ.  S.  Cus- 
tom House  and  Post  Office)  at  Newark  N.  J.,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  drawings  and  spi-cification,  copies 
of  which  may  l>e  luid  on  application  at  this  office  and 
the  office  of  the  Superinti'udent.  Each  bid  must  l>e  ac- 
companietl  by  a  oertifiinl  check  for  $llKJ.tKt.  The  De- 
partment will  reje<-t  all  bids  receivinl  after  the  time 
fixed  for  opening  the  same;  also,  the  bids  whicli  do 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  reiinirements  of  this 
invitation.  Jns.  H.  w'lNDHIM, 

December  3rd  Supervising  Architect , 


I 


EC.  21,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


397 


The  Sanitary  News. 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  ETVERT  WEEK 


AT 

9io.  90  I^a  Salle  Street,  Clilca8:o> 


Thomas  Hudson, 

A.  H.  rlAnUTMAN. 

Hknut  R.  A1.1.EN, 

LoNnON  AOBNT. 

Entered  ns  second- 

class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 

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Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
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The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects. 


CHICAGO.  DEC.  21,  1889. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics.   -------  397 

Professional  Conqne.st      -----  398. 

The  Problem  of  Sewage  Disposal    -      -      -      -  399 

On  a  Method  of  Regulating  the  Maximum  Discharge 

of  Sewage     -      --      --      --      -  401 

The  Care  and  disposal  of  Garbage  .  .  -  400 
Relation  of  Hot  Water  Heating  to  the  Master 

Plumbers'  Trade  402 

Evaporation  of  Water  in  Traps      -      -      .  . 

BOILDINO— 

Meeting  of  the  Illinois  Association  of  Arch- 
itects  --------  403 

Notes  from  Architects      -----  403 

Plumbing— 

Instructions  for  Plumbers  -      -      .  404 

Among  the  Plumbers  -  -  _  _  .  404 
The  Baltimore  Resolutions  -  -  .  .  404 
While  the  Solder  melts   -----  40."> 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done      -      -      -  406 

Heating  and  Lighting     -      -      -      -      .  406 

Sewerage  Notes  407 

Water-Works  Notes  ------  4O8 

Bids  and  Contracts  ------  4O8 


Till';  Boston  Health  Hoard  has  order- 
ed that  public  library  tickets,  held  by  persons 
in  whose  families  cases  of  contagious  dis- 
eases have  occurred,  be  so  stamped  as  to 
show  the  presence  of  such  diseases.  The 
books  returned  with  a  card  so  stamped 
must  be  disenfected,  and  no  books  can  be 
taken  out  on  this  card  until  official  informa- 
tion is  received  that  there  is  no  longer  any 
danger  of  contagion.  The  Sanitakv 
News  has  frequntly  called  attention  to  the 
danger  in  circulating  and  ])ublic  libraries 
as  the  means  cf  communicating  contagious 
diseases,  and  hopes  the  example  set  by  the 
above  board  will  be  followed  in  other  cit- 
ies. 


The  fourth  annual  convention  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Builders  will  be  held  in 
St.  Paul  January  27,  28,  2g,  1890.  From 
present  indications  the  attendance  wiil  be 
unusually  large. 

The  improvement  in  plumbing  since  the 
organization'of  the  Master  Plumbers,  Associ- 
ation, is  recommendation  enough  for  that  as- 
sociation. Bad  plumbing  is  of  course  occa- 
sionly  found,  but  we  venture  the  assertion 
that  such  plumbing  has  been  reduced  more 
than  two-thirds  of  what  it  was.  The  master 
plumbers  have  created,  through  their  associ- 
ation, such  a  sentiment  in  favor  of  a  high 
grade  of  sanitay  plumbing,  that  an  inferior 
quality  is  the  exception. 

Camden  pays  its  doctors  twenty-five 
cents  for  each  case  of  contagious  disease 
reported.  In  many  places  the  law  makes 
it  so  clearly  the  duty  of  physicians  to  report 
such  cases  that  a  fee  is  not  given,  but  if  this 
fee  stimulates  the  reporting  of  contagious 
diseases,  the  money  well  spent.  It  is  often 
the  lack  of  a  proper  report  in  such  cases 
that  is  responsible  for  epidemics  that  be- 
come alarming.  Many  epidemics  have  car- 
ried off  their  scores  of  victims  which  had 
no  cause  for  their  existence  except  a  failure 
to  properly  report  the  first  case  so  that  the 
necessary  measures  to  prevent  its  spread 
could  be  taken.  Notificaton  followed  by 
isolation  is  a  potent  factor  in  preventing 
the  spread  of  such  diseases. 

During  the  Revision  of  the  New  York 
building  laws,  a  committee  of  the  Architect- 
ural League,  of  which  John  B.  Eobinson  is 
president,  did  some  excellent  work  by  care- 
fully considering  the  laws  and  suggesting 
changes  and  amendments.  On  the  commit- 
tee was  Mr.  D'Oench,  a  member  now  of  the 
league  and  recently  Chief  Inspector  of  Build- 
ings of  New  York.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
official  Committee  on  Revision,  recently, 
Mr.  D'Oench  presented  the  suggestions  of 
the  committee  of  the  League.  Accompa- 
nying this  report  was  another  presented  by 
the  minority  consisting  of  one,  Mr.  Robin- 
son. His  idea  of  revision  was  to  abolish  the 
building  laws,  at  one  stroke.  He  stated  that 
all  building  laws  were  "  an  abridgement  of 
the  liberty  of  the  citizen,"  and  he  believed  it  to 
be  "  the  duty  of  an  architect  to  evade  the 


law  on  every  possible  occasion  in  the  inter 
est  of  his  client."  The  penalties  attached 
to  the  violation  of  most  laws  of  this  nature 
would  hardly  render  it  possible  for  an  archi- 
tect to  evade  the  law  "  in  the  interest  of  his 
client."  Besides,  "the  liberty  of  the  citizen" 
ends  where  the  injury  to  the  public  begins. 
It  is  the  common  good  that  must  be  consid- 
ered, and  not  individual  desire.  The  trouble 
is  we  have  no  building  laws  strong  enough. 
Every  day  buildings  are  erected  that  are  a 
menace  to  life  and  health,  and  this  great  evil 
can  be  corrected  only  by  more  stringent  laws 
effectivelv  enforced.  . 


HEATING  AND  VENTILATING. 

T.  J.  WiGN  makes  the  following  impor- 
tant suggestation  through  the  colums  of 
the  Builders  Exchange  : 

question,  "  subject  for  discussion  before 
the  National  Association  of  Builders,"  I 
would  like  to  suggest  the  following  • 

"  Mechanical  heating  and  ventilating  of 
all  buildings  of  sufficient  size  to  admit  of 
the  cost."    Objects  : 

First.  Drying  out  a  building  more  rapid- 
ly, often  saving  the  additional  cost  of  the 
plant  many  times  over,  in  the  time  saved 
in  finishing  the  building,  and  its  earlier  oc- 
cupancy. 

Second.  A  more  thorough  and  even  heat 
throughout  the  building. 

Third.  A  more  thorough  and  even  ven- 
tilation,an,  therefore,  a  more  healthy  build- 
ing 

No  one  who  has  not  had  the  experience 
can  fully  appreciate  the  difference  between 
the  health  and  comfort  of  a  building  prop- 
erly ventilated,  mechanically,  and  one  by 
the  natural  or  no  method,  so  generally  used 
in  modern  buildings.  Many  arguments  can 
be  used  why  builders  and  architects  should 
take  up  this  subject  in  earnest  among  them 
being. 

First.  The  fact  that  sooner  or  later,  all 
buildings  must  have  it,  as  sure  as  the  san- 
itary plumbing  of  today. 

Second.  When  the  building  is  being  erected 
the  additional  cost  is  but  triffling,  but  to  put 
jt  in  a  building  already  erected  it  is  expen- 
sive besides  cutting  and  injuring  the  build- 
ing, and  then  cannot  be  done  as  well. 

Third.  We  owe  it  to  humanity  as  teach- 
ers of  what  building  should  be  in  this  Nine- 
teenth century  to  have  them  as  healthy  as 
our  boasted  advanced  knowledge  can 
make  them,  and  not  build  more  unhealthy 
than  the  old  Indian  wigwam,  as  many  of  the 
closely  sealed,  steam  heated  buildings  of 
to-day  are,  in  fact. 

There  it  no  suject  of  greater  importance 
now  before  those  interested  in  'building 
han  that  of  heating  and  ventilation.  To 
such  an  extent  have  former  methods  failed 
that  ventilation  especially  is  as  a  new  sci- 
ence. In  all  our  cities  buildings  are  con- 
stantly being  constructed  whose  surrondings 
preclude  the  idea  of  ventilation  by  other 
than  mechanical  means.  Heating  has  ad- 
vanced satisfactorily  and  seems  almost  to 
have  attained  its  possibilities,  but  a  system 


398 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  307 


of  heating  and  ventilation  combined  to  meet 
the  present  demands  is  yet  to  be  produced. 
To  place  ventilation  on  scientific  principles 
and  make  it  in  a  perfect  way  meet  the  wants 
of  all  buildings,  is  now  the  problem  before 
the  engineer,  architect  and  others  connected 
with  building  construction.  Progress  in 
this  regard  is  difficult  to  be  seen.  We  can 
build  high,  wide,  and  span  great  distances, 
but  fail  to  give  to  humanity  the  proper 
quantity  and  quality  of  air  essential  to 
health.  The  discussion  of  this  problem 
cannot  come  too  soon  or  be  too  thorough. 


PROFESSIONAL  CONQUEST.  * 

There  is  a  large  field  for  professional  con- 
quest in  view.  Its'  acquirement  will  be 
fraught  with  perplexities  and  difficulties,  its 
occupation  is  imperative,  if  the  architecture 
of  the  country  shall  soon  be  up  to  a  credit- 
able standard  of  merit. 

The  building  enterprises  of  the  country,  so 
far  as  all  work  of  a  public  character  is  con- 
cerned, are  in  the  hands  of,  and  directed  by, 
persons  who  have  no  special  qualifications 
to  determine  either  what  ought  to  be  built 
or  how  it  ought  to  be  done.  When  a  build- 
ing is  to  be  erected,  instead  of  it  being  the 
custom  to  have  it  controlled  by  the  archi- 
tects of  the  country,  or  by  some  persons 
skilled  in  building  matters,  it  is  usually  put 
in  the  hands  of  a  board  or  committee  from 
which  all  architects  are  carefuHy  excluded. 

To  introduce  a  different  practice,  and  by 
this  means  make  it  possible  to  eliminate  the 
faulty,  systematize,  harmonize  and  improve 
upon  the  meritorious  in  our  public  architec- 
ture, is  a  field  for  professional  conquest.  It 
is  a  field  worthy  of  our  best  efforts  to  con- 
trol. It  can  be  gained  only  by  sacrifices 
commensurate  with  the  importance  of  the 
expected  result. 

Designs  for  buildings  are  secured  either 
by  competition  or  otherwise.  For  the  pres- 
ent, and  likely  for  many  years  of  the  future, 
a  considerable  share  of  our  public  buildings 
will  begin  their  career  through  competition 
of  one  kind  or  another.  As  now  conducted, 
competitions  are  not  only  not  conducive  to 
the  highest  achievement  in  an  architectural 
sense,  but  are  an  incubus  upon  the  profes- 
sion. The  excuse  for  keeping  up  the  prac- 
tice is  twofold.  First,  to  give  everybody  a 
chance;  to  afford  the  younger  members  of 
the  profession  opportunities  to  measure 
arms  with  those  of  greater  experience  and 
reputation.  Second  to  obtain  for  a  given 
building  the  best  possible  design.  As  to  the 
first,  the  profession  will  not  object  to  a  de- 
crease in  the  number  and  elevation  of  their 
standard.  As  to  the  second,  conducted  as 
they  are,  the  object  sought  is  not  attained. 
The  chance  to  select  a  better  design  than 
any  given  one  obtained  without  competition 
is  lost,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  the  average 
commission  which  makes  the  selection  is  not 
qualified  to  determine  which  design  ought 
to  be  selected.    I  speak,  of  course,  of  the 

♦Paper  read  before  the  consolidation  convention 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  and  the 
Western  Association  of  Arcliitects,  at  Cincinnati, 
November  21,  1889,  by  J.  W.  Yost,  Architect. 


great  number  of  competitions  which  consti- 
tute the  rule,  not  of  the  few  exceptions 
where  experts  are  called  in  and  designs  sub- 
mitted under  nom  de  plume.  I  think  it  is  fair 
to  say,  as  a  rule,  that  if  the  best  design  in 
a  given  lot  submitted  be  adopted,  it  is  an  ac- 
cident rather  than  a  likelihood.  The  build- 
ings for  which  designs  are  obtained  by  giv- 
ing commissions  direct,  to  a  certain  extent, 
escape  the  objectionable  results  of  compe- 
titions, inasmuch  as  there  is  usually  free  and 
full  interchange  of  thought  between  the 
architect  and  those  in  charge,  and  by  means 
of  this  the  architect  has  a  more  favorable 
opportunity  to  control  the  whole  character  of 
the  enterprise  than  where  its  general  out- 
lines have  been  made  up  as  a  target  for  the 
competing  designers  to  shoot  at. 

The  whole  system  of  placing  the  manage- 
ment and  direction  of  our  buildings  in  the 
hands  of  persons  who  possess  no  special 
qualifications  for  it,  whether  they  obtain  de- 
signs by  competition  or  otherwise,  is  a  mis- 
take. It  is  a  wrong  against  the  public  itself 
which  we  are  professionally  bound  to  right 
as  soon  as  we  can  reach  the  ear  of  those 
who  control  such  matters. 

The  average  board  of  commission  is  made 
up  of  intellectual  men  in  other  lines  of  vo- 
cation, and  if  called  upon  to  decide  any- 
thing in  relation  to  their  own  business  could 
do  so  with  a  fair  prospect  of  having  it  prop- 
erly and  correctly  done.  But  when  a  plan 
for  a  building  comes  before  them  no  one  of 
an  average  board  can  tell  whether  a  build- 
ing erected  after  the  plan  would  please  him 
or  whether  it  ought  to  please  him — no  one 
of  them  could  tell  whether  it  is  probably 
the  best  thing  which  can  be  done  or  not,  and 
no  one  could  tell,  if  it  was  the  price  of  his 
eternal  salvation,  whether  a  building  erected 
after  the  plans  under  examination  would 
stand  up  or  fall  down.  To  say  that  this  is 
ridiculous  is  to  characterize  it  in  terms  en- 
tirely to  mild.  What  commission  anywhere, 
without  legal  talent,  would  undertake  to  de- 
cide a  question  of  law?  What  board,  with- 
out containing  a  physician,  would  be  willing 
to  decide  a  question  of  medical  jurispru- 
dence? What  committee,  without  a  musi- 
cian, would  undertake  to  decide  whether  a 
piece  of  music  had  been  rendered  perfectly 
or  not?  \\'hat  man  anywhere  would  be  will- 
ing to  either  give  or  accept  such  authority, 
and  with  it  the  responsibility  in  any  of  these 
matters?  How  different  the  whole  face  of 
affairs  when  we  come  to  matters  of  archi- 
tecture! The  public  believes  it  necessary 
to  grant,  and  those  selected  think  it  proper 
to  accept,  such  responsibility.  The  result 
is  what  would  be  inevitable  if  the  same  lack 
of  business  sense  should  be  exercised  in 
any  other  direction.  If  you  answer  that 
these  boards,  either  by  competition  or  other- 
wise, engage  an  architect  and  trust  to  him, 
and  depend  upon  his  ability  and  judgment, 
then  I  will  ask  you  what  is  the  use  of  the 
board?  Why  intrust  a  commission  with 
something  everybody  knows  nothing  about, 
instead  of  putting  it  into  the  hands  of  peo- 
ple who  could  reasonably  be  expected  to  I 


understand  what  was  before  them?  If  there 
is  any  use  of  having  anybody  but  the  archi- 
tect rule  over  the  matter,  there  is  use  in 
having  somebody  who  can  be  an  aid  to  him, 
instead  of  a  hindrance.  If,  in  order  to  have 
done  the  best  thing  which  can  be  done,  it  is 
necessary  to  procure  assistance  for  the 
architect,  it  is  certainly  proper  to  have  such 
assistance  possessed  of  some  idea  of  what 
ought  to  be  done,  and  what  a  given  plan  and 
specification  will  bring  out  when  carried  to 
execution. 

It  may  be  claimed  that  the  architect  does 
control  the  whole  matter  so  far  as  the  build- 
ing is  concerned — that  the  board  or  com- 
mittee is  expected  to  attend  the  formalities 
and  the  business  part  of  the  work. 

I  dare  say  that  in  some  few  instances  this 
is  true.  If  it  was  always  true,  one  of  the 
objections  to  the  present  system  would  be 
removed,  but  cases  are  rarities,  by  no  means 
the  rule,  when  the  architect  is  left  free  to 
use  his  best  judgment  in  all  things  pertain- 
ing to  the  building. 

If,  in  all  cases  of  competition,  the  designs 
were  selected  by  a  board  of  competent  ex- 
perts, and  when  an  architect  is  employed 
his  design  should  be  his  own,  not  that  which 
will  please  the  committee,  much  of  the 
harm  would  be  avoided.  But  even  then,  the 
benefit  of  intelligent  counsel  and  advice, 
which  would  be  valuable  to  the  greatest 
architect  in  the  countr)',  and  still  more  valu- 
able to  the  younger  members  of  the  profes- 
sion, would  be  lost.  No  man  anywhere  is 
so  omniscient  that  his  work  would  not  be 
better  of  the  criticism  of  a  board  of  men  of 
his  own  profession,  even  though  something 
less  than  himself  in  ability.  This  would  be 
gained  under  the  system  I  suggest.  Upon 
the  other  hand,  the  work  of  the  weakest 
member  of  the  profession  is  not  likely  to 
be  improved  by  the  suggestions  of  the  aver- 
age board.  This  contrast  measures  the  dif- 
ference between  the  present  system  and  the 
state  of  affairs  after  this  field  shall  be  won. 

Again,  in  the  last  twenty  years  much  has 
been  done  to  unshackle  the  hand  of  the  de- 
signer, but  this  same  unloosing  of  bands 
turns  him  into  a  field  chaotic  with  historic 
design  which  is  to  supplement  and  guide 
his  invention  in  the  work  of  the  future.  One 
of  us  gleans  from  the  field  certain  ideas, 
another  other  ideas,  another,  still  other  ideas, 
each  following  a  tangent  for  himself,  some 
learning  better  than  others,  but  nobody 
learning  so  much  as  all. 

If  we  are  to  have  a  national  style,  these 
lines  of  divergence  must  be  brought  to  a 
parallel,  the  simply  odd,  the  uselessly  pic- 
turesque, the  servility  of  copyism  and  the 
sterility  of  unstudied  crudencss,  from  the 
work  of  each,  must  be  excluded.  Our  work 
must  tend  toward  a  crystallization  of  the 
best  to  be  found  or  invented.  If  this  be  true, 
I  know  of  no  one  thing  which  would  be  a 
more  jxstent  agency  in  its  accomplishment 
than  the  adoption  of  this  plan. 

The  use  of  boards  instead  of  individual- 
experts  and  counselors  will  broaden  criti 
cism,  give  decisions  a  greater  weight  of  au- 


Dec.  21,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


390 


thority  and  rid  them  of  any  supposed  bias 
in  favor  of  or  against  any  particular  style. 

The  one  great  fact  that  the  final  authority 
as  to  what  shall  be  done  in  our  public  build- 
ing enterprises  is  left  to  such  persons  as 
now  control  them,  accounts  to  a  very  large 
extent  for  the  bluni^rs  committed,  and  ac- 
counts for  the  fact  that  the  grade  of  our 
public  architecture  is  not  up  to  what  it  ought 
to  be.  So  long  as  it  remains  in  such  hands 
it  can  never  occupy  that  position  in  relation 
to  the  architecture  of  other  countries  to 
which  it  is  entitled. 

I  take  it  as  indisputable  in  the  interest  of 
our  profession,  the  interest  of  the  architec- 
ture of  the  country  and  the  interest  of  the 
general  public,  that  a  great  change  is  desir- 
able in  this  whole  matter.  But  how  can  it 
be  brought  about  ?  All  may  recognize  that 
we  are  in  the  woods,  but  who  knows  of  a 
pathway  that  leads  to  the  sunshine  ?  All 
can  recognize  the  great  work  to  be  done, 
but  who  is  able  to  cope  with  the  difficulties 
we  shall  encounter  in  doing  it  ?  The  pres- 
ent system  is  strongly  intrenched  in  public 
favor.  No  matter  how  willing  a  public  offi- 
cial may  be  to  acknowledge  his  inability,  he 
is  immediately  offended  if  someone  suggests 
that  a  professional  adviser  be  called  in,  and 
if  he  should  even  consent  to  that,  he  is  quite 
sure  to  have  it  understood  that  it  is  only 
advice  and  not  final  judgment  which  he 
accepts. 

An  architect  going  into  competition  will 
ordinarily  greatly  jeopardize  his  chances  of 
success  by  mentioning  to  a  member  of  the 
board  the  fact  that  he  would  be  glad  to  see 
the  designs  submitted  referred  to  a  board  of 
experts  for  decision. 

There  is  much  more  than  really  the  ques- 
tion of  deciding  which,  if  a  given  number  of 
plans  shall  be  accepted,  ought  not  to  be  in 
the  hands  of  boards  without  education  in 
matters  of  architecture.  The  control  and 
management  of  the  entire  enterprise — every- 
thing that  is  included  in  the  words,  "how  to 
build,  where  to  build,  what  to  build,"  should 
be  left  to  the  control  of  the  profession  en- 
tirely, not  merely  submitted  to  them  for 
advice  and  clerical  services.  The  idea  of 
an  architect  preparing  plans  for  a  commis- 
sion of  architects  and  submitting  plans  in 
competition  for  a  board  of  architects  to  de- 
cide upon  may  be  a  new  idea,  but  it  is  a 
good  one,  nevertheless.  If  in  an  important 
building  enterprise  it  is  necessary  to  have 
an  architect  of  skill  and  ability,  it  is  by  no 
means  improper  to  have  the  value  of  his 
services  supplemented  by  the  advice  of  men 
who  know  as  much  about  what  is  to  be  done 
as  he  does.  It  is  written  that  "  in  a  multi- 
tude of  counsel  there  is  wisdom,"  and  mat- 
ters of  architecture  were  not  excepted  from 
the  law. 

When  we  undertake  to  improve  upon  the 
present  practice  we  are  at  once  confronted 
with  difficulties.  The  matter  of  expense 
must  be  taken  into  account.  Boards  of 
professional  men  who  make  their  living  by 
their  calling  are  not  likely  to  render  services 
such  as  those  described  without  just  com- 


pensation. The  public  is  just  beginning  to 
appreciate  the  fact  that  the  five  per  cent 
paid  for  the  services  of  an  architect  is  money 
well  expended,  but  it  will  take  some  little 
time  to  bring  the  public  up  to  believe  that 
two  or  three  per  cent  can  be  paid  out  to  ad- 
vantage in  securing  the  services  of  such 
boards  as  1  have  described.  We  must  es- 
tablish the  fact  that  this  additional  expend- 
iture, is,  after  all,  a  great  economy  before 
the  public  will  be  likely  to  accept  it.  That 
it  will  result  in  not  only  bettering  the  archi- 
tecture, but  actually  saving  money,  is  as 
clear  as  anything  need  be  when  all  the  facts 
are  considered,  but  it  will  take  some  money 
out  of  the  income  of  public  officials  who 
heretofore  have  acted  in  charge  of  building 
matters,  and  they  will  seriously  object  to 
having  it  done.  I  see,  however,  no  insur- 
mountable difficulties  in  either  of  these  di- 
rections. We  have  brought  the  public  up 
to  believe  that  within  the  space  of  a  few 
years  that  their  interests  are  best  subserved 
by  employing  a  competent  architect,  even 
in  small  enterprises,  and  in  less  time  we 
could  demonstrate  the  economy  of  the  prac- 
tice I  have  suggested,  and,  through  the 
pocket  nerve  of  the  public,  could  compel 
officials  to  accept  the  situation.  There  are, 
of  course,  boards  in  charge  of  new  buildings 
who  render  their  services,  such  as  they  are, 
without  hope  of  financial  reward,  but  even 
there  it  would  be  entirely  within  the  range 
of  possibility,  even  probability,  that  a  board 
of  competent  persons  could  save  in  the 
actual  cost  of  their  building,  to  say  nothing 
of  its  value  when  once  erected,  much  more 
than  the  probable  two  per  cent  which  their 
services  would  cost.  But  how  are  such 
boards  to  be  found  ?  Who  is  to  select  them, 
and  who  shall  be  ready  to  serve  when  re- 
quested ?  At  first  the  question  seems  diffi- 
cult, and  in  the  present  state  of  our  profes- 
sion next  to  impossible  to  answer,  but  we 
are  not  at  a  "  standstill."  Every  demand 
for  such  services  would  in  a  few  years  be 
abundantly  met.  If  you  ask  me  now  to 
name  the  persons  who  shall  serve  in  this 
capacity,  I  am  not  able  to  answer  you.  I 
think  it  must  be  frankly  admitted  that  at 
this  time  there  is  no  set  of  men  specially 
qualified  for  and  desiring  to  hold  such  situ- 
ations ;  but  open  the  w^ay  for  such  work  and 
the  time  will  be  short  until  the  supply  will 
be  equal  to  all  demands.  It  will  be  impossi- 
ble now  to  lay  out  any  plan  for  carrying 
these  ideas  into  effect  which  shall  not  have 
to  be  altered  to  meet  future  requirements  as 
experience  develops  them.  I  think  no  man 
is  wise  enough  now  to  foresee  all  the  difficul- 
ties which  might  arise  in  undertaking  to  sub- 
stitute professional  for  non-professional 
authorities  in  building  matters.  Judging  by 
the  experience  of  the  past,  it  will  be  some 
years  before  we  could  perfectly  carry  out 
the  reform.  But  we  are  growing  in  that 
direction. 

I  know  that  we  have  no  national  style  of 
architecture,  no  complete  harmonizing  of 
views  as  to  what  direction  the  datail  in  our 
design  should  take. 


I  know  we  have  had  too  little  personal 
affiliation  with,  and  too  little  friendship  for 
each  other,  particularly  in  the  newer  portions 
of  the  country.  I  know  we  are  unmerciful 
critics  of  each  other's  work— of  everything 
not  in  accordance  with  our  individual  ideas 
of  the  vogue  of  the  time.  But  for  all  that 
we  are  fast  becoming  less  biased  in  our 
judgment  and  more  reasonable  in  our  treat- 
ment of  each  other,  and  each  other's  work. 
We  are  rapidly  approaching  a  toleration  of 
differences  of  opinion.  We  are  speedily 
coming  to  realize  the  fact  that  if  we  have  no 
respect  for  each  other  and  the  work  of  each 
other,  the  general  public  will  have  still  less 
for  all  of  us.  Some  of  us  may  not  take 
kindly  to  criticism  ;  others  may  be  disposed 
to  resent  the  criticism  of  a  professional 
board  as  an  intrusion  upon  the  "  sanctum 
sanctorum "  of  the  designer.  Some  of  us 
may  prefer  to  be  allowed  to  convince  an 
ignorant  committee  of  the  superiority  of  our 
ideas,  some  of  us  may  not  think  anyone  else 
ought  to  have  the  impudence  to  make  a  sug- 
gestion in  regard  to  what  we  have  in  hand, 
but  all  these  cases  will  be  rare,  and  as  criti- 
cism becomes  more  intelligent  and  the 
members  of  the  profession  are  brought  up  to 
entertain  a  better  feeling  for  each  other, 
they  will  practically  disappear.  As  we  be- 
come better  educated  and  more  skillful  in 
our  own  work,  we  will  be  still  more  able  to 
recognize  merit  in  the  work  of  our  brethren. 
When  we  shall  possess  sufficient  profes- 
sional patriotism  to  see  our  highest  personal 
advantages  in  the  greatest  possible  improve- 
ment in  the  architecture  of  our  country,  a 
foundation  will  be  laid  upon  which  we  can 
build  our  work  and  ourselves  up  to  the 
standard  of  the  old  masters. 


THE   PROBLEM  OF   SEWAGE  DIS- 
POSAL. 

As  long  as  this  problem  has  been  before 
the  people,  and  notwithstanding  the  many 
experiments  that  have  been  made,  no  satis- 
factory solution  has  yet  been  presented.  As 
population  increases  and  cities  increase  in 
size,  this  problem  becomes  more  and  more 
difficult  to  solve.  The  English  sanitary  en- 
gineers, says  the  Decorators  Gazette  and 
Plumbers  and  Gasfltters  Review,  with  a 
densely  populated  country  including  the 
largest  city  in  the  world  as  a  field  for  exper- 
iment, have  probably  performed  more  ex- 
periments on  an  actual  working  scale  than 
have  those  of  any  other  nation.  Chemical 
treatment  has  been  tried  in  an  endless  vari- 
ety of  forms.  The  ABC  process,  named 
from  the  initial  of  the  substances  used  in 
carrying  it  out,  alum,  blood  and  charcoal,  at 
one  time  had  an  extensive  application.  Now 
the  tendency  is  toward  the  use  of  chemical 
salts  alone,  aluminium,  iron  and  calcium 
compounds  most  in  favor.  Precipitation  is 
assisted  by  the  addition  of  comparatively 
small  amounts  of  these  salts,  perchloride 
iron,  alum,  milk  of  iron  and  others  being  in 
use  in  various  places.  After  treatment  w-ith 
chemicals,  the  sewage  is  left  at  rest  to  de- 
posit its  solid  matter.    The  effort  is  to  ob- 


400 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol..  XV.  No.  307 


tain  the  latter  in  as  compact  a  form  of 
"  sludge"  as  possible,  and  during  its  precip- 
itation to  deodorize  the  liquid  portion,  so 
that  it  may  be  disposed  of  without  offense. 

The  engineers  interested  in  this  problem 
seem  to  have  had  very  Utopian  ideas. 
Their  object  has  been  to  dispose  of  sewage 
without  offense,  and  at  the  same  time  profit- 
ably. The  first  of  these  ends  is  easy  of  at- 
tainment; the  latter  is,  probably,  impossible 
to  achieve.  The  great  problem  is  how  to 
separate  liquid  and  solid.  This  once  done, 
the  solid  can  be  desicated  and  disposed  of 
as  easily  as  ashes  or  any  other  form  of  re- 
fuse.   The  liquid  can  be  used  for  irrigation. 

Where  chemicals  are  not  used,  the  sepa- 
ration can  be  effected  mechanically.  Up- 
ward and  downward  filtration  may  be  used 
in  connection  with  and  supplementary  to 
settling  in  subsidence  tanks..  The  trouble 
in  purely  mechanical  treatment  is  the  odor 
of  the  effluent  water.  A  proper  and  suffi- 
ciently thorough  application  of  chemicals 
only  can  remove  the  odor.  The  necessity  of 
perfect  deodorization  is  most  felt  in  the  case 
of  towns  and  cities  in  the  interior.  Dilution 
is  a  great  panacea  for  this  trouble,  but  is 
only  practical  near  large  bodies  of  water. 
InlancJ  cities  have  to  produce  as  clear  and 
innocuous  a  filtrate  as  possible.  Mechanical 
filtration  alone  will  not  effect  the  desired 
result. 

In  England  the  disposal  of  the  effluent 
from  filtration  or  precipitation  is  conducted 
by  irrigation  to  a  very  large  extent.  On  the 
Continent  the  same  system  has  been  adopt-, 
ed,  notably  in  the  case  of  the  city  of  Berlin 
Overground  irrigation  upon  ploughed  fields 
seems  to  be  very  effectual.  In  this  country 
sub-soil  irrigation  is  used  in  an  immense 
number  of  localities,  principally  by  private 
houses  and  hotels,  and  meets  with  excellent 
success. 

The  sludge  of  solid  matter  remains  to  be 
got  rid  of.  The  constant  effort  to  make 
sewage  farms  profitable  and  to  make  sewage 
a  source  of  revenue  to  the  corporations  of 
cities  producing  or  disposing  of  it  has,  to  a 
certain  extent,  caused  an  erroneous  view  to 
be  taken  of  the  matter.  The  conclusion  is 
gradually  forming  in  the  minds  of  engineers 
that  sewage  sludge  is  of  little  value.  The 
hopes  so  long  entertained  of  [)utting  it  into  a 
marketable  form,  so  that  it  would  be  in  de- 
mand as  a  fertilizer,  seem  doomed  to  disap' 
pointment.  From  many  places  the  same 
story  comes  that  sewage  works  are  .a  source 
of  expense,  and  that  the  sludge,  fortunately 
very  small  in  amount,  is  of  practically  very 
little  or  no  value.  In  London  the  same  at- 
tempt has  been  made  to  jirofitably  dispose  of 
the  solid  matter,  but  it  has  had  no  success. 
It  was  collected  and  pressed  into  blocks  at 
the  cost  of  4s.  6d.  a  ton.  In  this  form  it 
could  not  be  sold  at  even  a  nominal  price. 
Farmers  would  have  none  of  it.  Pressing 
was  abandoned,  and  some  of  it  is  now  deliv- 
ered in  the  wet  state  as  compactly  as  possi- 
ble into  tank  steamers.  In  this  way  some 
three  thousand  tons  a  week  are  carried  be- 
yond the  Nore  and  deposited  in  the  German 


Ocean.  The  cost  is  put  at  6d.  per  ton.  This 
is  by  no  means  all  of  the  solid  matter  of  the 
London  sewage.  A  great  quantity  still  goes 
into  the  Thames,  pollutirg  its  waters.  In 
the  case  of  a  vessel  that  went  down  in  the 
river  below  London,  some  years  ago,  it  was 
related  that  the  death  of  some  of  the  pas- 
sengers was  caused  by  the  poisonous  exhala- 
tions from  the  water  rather  than  by  simple 
drowning. 

Sludge  from  a  chemical  precipitation 
works  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  city  was 
recently  tried  upon  a  farm  in  comparison 
with  ordinary  manure.  The  conclusion 
reached  was  that  it  was  of  more  harm  than 
good,  and  that  the  land  without  manure  did 
better  than  that  which  received  sludge 
alone. 

This,  then,  may  be  said  to  be  the  present 
aspect  of  the  sewage  problem.  Money  must 
be  spent  to  get  rid  of  it.  The  efforts  of  en- 
gineers should  be  in  the  direction  of  econ- 
omical disinfection  and  deodorization;  profit 
should  be  out  of  the  question.  The  problem 
is  one  of  growing  importance.  If  the  facts 
above  outlined  are  realized,  the  problem  will 
be  more  effectually  grappled  with  than 
where  the  idea  of  sewage  having  a  monetary 
value  prevails. 


THE  CARE  AND  DISPOSAL  OF  GAR- 
BAGE. 

The  following  is  from  William  S.  Mach- 
arg,  C.  E.,  in  the  Building  Budget  ; 

The  short  discussion  of  the  question  of  the 
disposal  of  garbage  before  the  American 
Public  Health  Association,  at  the  late  meet- 
ing in  Brooklyn,  unsatisfactory  as  it  was, 
bore  witness  to  the  fact  that  this  is  one  of  the 
most  serious  problems  of  city  life. 

The  question  is  ordinarily  presented  as  re- 
gards the  "  disposal  of  garbage;"  we  have 
however,  in  our  title  included  the  care  of  the 
same  so  as  to  cover  the  time  from  its  produc- 
tion, for  it  is  evident  that  much  evil  and  per- 
haps the  greatest  nuisance,  arises  during  the 
time  between  its  production  and  removal. 

Dr.  Kilvington,  health  officer  of  Minne- 
apolis, read  a  short  paper  and  some  discus- 
sion was  had  upon  the  practice  in  that  city. 
He  strongly  advocates  reduction  by  private 
effort  in  the  amount  jiroduced,  and  as  some 
benefit  must  be  shown  to  the  individual 
householder  in  order  to  secure  this  result, 
the  system  followed  in  that  city  provides 
such  benefit.  The  principle  on  which  the 
system  is  based  is  that  each  householder  or 
business  should  pay  for  removal  in  jiropor- 
tion  to  the  amount  of  garl^agc  j)roduced,  and 
the  system  is  applied  through  licensed  scav- 
engers, the  license  fee  being  jilaced  high 
enough  to  prevent  abuses.  Householders 
are  instructed  in  the  advantage  which  will 
accrue  to  them  by  the  destruction  upon 
their  own  premises  of  all  such  refuse  as 
may  be  readily  burned  in  the  kitchen  stove, 
and  neglect  in  this  matter  carries  its  own 
penalty  in  increased  cost  of  removal.  Rules 
governing  scavengers  are  strictly  enforced 
so  that  they  are  held  up  to  the  faithful  ])er- 
formance  of  their  duties.    By  this  system 


the  restaurant  or  hotel-keeper  making  a 
large  amount,  and  the  householder  making 
a  small  amount  of  garbage,  pay  for  removal 
in  proportion  to  the  product,  and  not  equally 
as  under  a  system  where  it  is  removed  under 
•the  general  tax.  The  garbage  removed  is 
destroyed  by  fire  by  tlW  health  department 
— we  mention  incidentally  that  the  Minneap- 
olis system  includes  the  removal  of  dead 
animals  and  night  soil.  Dr.  Kilvington  as- 
serts that  the  system  works  admirably  and 
claims  that  his  city  is  probably  the  cleanest 
of  its  size  in  the  country. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  reduc- 
tion in  amount  means  the  reduction  in  nui- 
sance during  storage,  and  that  it  is  possible 
that  the  most  offensive  matter  may  be  en- 
tirely excluded  from  the  garbage  box. 

The  methods  of  disposal  at  present  in  use 
may  be  divided  as  follows  :  First,  feeding 
to  animals  ;  second,  burial  in  the  earth  ; 
third,  destruction  by  fire  ;  fourth,  utilization 
by  treatment.  These  are  here  named  in 
chronological  order  without  reference  to 
merit. 

The  first  method  has  been  and  the  second 
should  be  abandoned  in  all  large  cities  on 
grounds  of  public  health,  and  discussion  is 
at  present  active  regarding  the  respective 
merits  of  the  third  and  fourth. 

The  third,  destruction  by  fire,  is  an  effect- 
ual method  of  disposing  of  garbage,  but  is 
charged  by  opponents  with  being  too  expen- 
sive and  entirely  wasteful. 

Regarding  expense  we  believe  that  the 
practice  is  so  young  that  economy  has  not 
yet  been  reached.  Garbage  as  it  comes  to 
the  destructor  contains  a  very  large  percent- 
age of  water  which  in  the  ordinary  construc- 
tion of  furnace  must  be  evaporated  in  a  very 
crude  manner  before  combustion  can  take 
place.  That  this  water  may  be  removed  in 
a  manner  much  cheaper  than  by  evaporation 
docs  not  admit  of  doubt,  and  the  resulting 
reduction  in  the  fuel  bill  will  be  very 
marked. 

Whether  the  process  is  comparatively 
wasteful  cannot  be  determined  until  econ- 
omy is  attained,  for  the  alternative  method, 
the  fourth  in  our  list,  utilization  by  process 
is  still  in  its  infancy  and  possesses  too  many 
of  the  features  of  the  various  schemes  for 
remunerative  utilization  of  sewage  to  recom- 
mend it  as  a  financial  success. 

The  only  method  of  utilization  by  treat- 
ment now  in  operation  professes  to  find  suf- 
ficient valuable  material  in  garbage  to  ren- 
der it  profitable  to  extract  the  oils  and  to 
turn  the  residuum  into  a  fertilizer,  and  the 
claim  for  the  method  is  that  no  valuable 
material  is  wasted.  Time  only  can  show  in 
this  case  as  in  that  of  the  manufacture  of 
fertilizers  from  sewage  whether  the  opera- 
tion is  likely  to  jjrove  profitable  to  investors. 
Municipal  corporations  are  more  directly 
interested  at  present  in  considering  whether 
it  is  advisable  to  put  a  branch  of  the  public 
service  into  the  hands  of  a  private  corpora- 
tion where  no  competition  can  exist.  The 
experience  of  the  past  with  water  and  gas 
companies  is  rather  against  this,  and  present 


Dec.  21,  1889] 


indications  are  that  cities  desire  to  escape 
from  the  power  of  these  monopohes.  It 
seems  to  us  desirable  that  in  so  important  a 
matter  as  public  health,  full  control  of  a 
branch  of  public  service  upon  which  so 
much  depends  should  rest  with  undivided 
responsibility  upon  the  shoulders  of  public 
officers. 


ON  A  METHOD  OF  REGULATING 
THE  MAXIMUM  DISCHARGE 
OF  SEWERS.  * 

In  designing  a  system  of  drainage  it  is 
frequently  required  to  limit  the  quantity 
which  one  or  more  of  the  sewers  shall  be 
capable  of  discharging  at  their  outfall. 

In  the  case  of  the  formation  of  joint 
boards,  for  dealing  with  the  sewage  of  sev- 
eral separate  districts,  it  is  usual  for  the 
Local  Government  Board  to  prescribe  250 
gallons  per  house  per  diem  as  the  quantity 
which  the  joint  board  shall  make  provision 
for  receiving  into  the  main  intercepting 
sewer  from  each  branch  or  district  sewer. 

Also,  in  the  case  of  the  drainage  of  only 
one  district,  it  becomes  necessary  to  limit 
the  quantity  which  the  sewers  shall  dis- 
charge at  their  outfall  or  junction  with  the 
main  sewer,  as  the  case  may  be  ;  not  only 
because  in  the  treatment  of  the  sewage, 
whether  on  land  or  by  chemical  process,  it 
would  be  impossible  to  deal  with  the  whole 
of  the  discharge  from  the  several  tributary 
sewers  in  times  of  heavy  falls  of  rain,  but 
further,  because  the  main  intercepting  sewer 
would  become  of  inconvenient  dimensions 
if  made  capable  of  receiving  the  aggregate 
maximum  discharge  of  all  the  sewers  which 
is  intercepted. 

It  is  proposed  to  fulfill  this  requirement  in 
the  following  manner  : 

The  discharging  capacity  of  a  sewer  is 

*  A  paper  by  Mr,  Henry  Law,  M.  Inst.  C.  E.,  F.  R- 
M.  8.,  read  at  the  recent  Congress  of  the  Sanitary  In- 
stitute held  at  Worcester. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


always  proportional  to  the  cube  of  the  trans- 
verse sectional  area  filled  by  the  sewage, 
divided  by  the  wetted  perimeter.  This 
quotient  gradually  increases  as  the  depth  of 
the  stream  in  the  sewer  increases,  until  it 
reaches  a  certain  height  (which  in  the  case 
of  a  circular  sewer,  is  equal  to  o.Q4g6,  the 
whole  diameter  being  unity),  after  which,  as 
the  sewer  becomes  further  filled,  this  quo- 
tient diminishes,  and  the  quantity  discharged 
becomes  less. 

If,  however,  the  form  of  the  sewer  above 
the  line  of  the  maximum  discharge  is  modi- 
fied in  such  a  manner  that,  as  the  sewage 
continues  to  rise  in  the  sewer,  the  quotient 
obtained  by  dividing  the  cube  of  the  area 
filled  by  the  wetted  perimeter  remains 
constant,  then  the  quantity  discharged  by 
the  sewer  will  also  be  constant — neither 
increasing  nor  decreasmg — although  the 
height  of  the  sewage  may  vary  between  cer- 
tain limits. 

In  the  accompanying  diagram.  Fig.  i  ex- 
hibits the  form  to  be  given  to  a  circular 
sewer  above  the  line  of  maximum  discharge 
in  order  to  render  the  discharge  equal  in 
quantity,  although  the  sewage  may  rise 
above  that  level  ;  and  the  following  table 
gives  the  width  of  the  sewer  at  each  suc- 
cessive hundredth  of  the  diameter  above  the 
line  of  maximum  discharge,  the  diameter  of 
the  sewer  being  unity,  namely  : 

Width  at  the  line  of  maximum  discharge         0 . 4376 

"       1  hundredth  of  dia.  above  the  same  0.3984 


2  hundredths  " 

....  0.3632 

3 

....  0.3317 

4 

....  0.3037 

....  0.2790 

6 

....  0.2574 

7 

....  0.2386 

8 

....  0.2225 

9 

....  0.2090 

10 

....  0.1979 

11 

....  0.1891 

12 

....  0.1824 

13 

....  0.1777 

14 

....  0,1748 

15 

....  0.1735 

16 

....  0.1724 

17 

....  0.1714 

18 

....  0.1706 

19 

....  0.1699 

20 

....  0.1693 

401 


— I 


Having  determined  the  maximum  quan- 
tity which  it  is  required  for  the  sewer  to  dis- 
charge at  its  outfall,  such  dimensions  must 
be  adopted  for  the  sewer,  for  a  certain 
length  from  such  outfall,  as  shall  enable  it 
to  discharge  that  quantity  when  the  sewer  is 
filled  to  the  line  of  maximum  discharge,  and 
above  that  level  the  sides  of  the  sewer  must 
be  made  of  the  form  shown  in  the  diagram. 

At  the  upper  end  of  this  length  of  sewer, 
an  opening  is  made  in  the  side  of  the  sewer 
forming  an  overflow  weir,  the  level  of  the  lip 
of  which  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  line  of 
maximum  discharge,  that  is  to  say,  the  same 
as  the  lower  limit  of  the  height  of  the  stream 
having  the  constant  rate  of  discharge  ;  and 
this  sewer  is  made  of  such  a  length  that, 
when  the  stream  rises  to  the  upper  limit  of 
such  constant  rate  of  discharge,  the  quantity 
which  will  flow  away  over  the  weir  shall  be 
equal  to  the  maximum  quantity  which  the 
upper  portion  of  the  sewer  can  bring  down, 
after  deducting  from  the  same  the  constant 
quantity  which  can  be  conveyed  away  by 
the  lower  length  of  the  sewer  with  the  modi- 
fied form  of  section.  The  discharge  from 
the  weir  is  conveyed  away  by  an  independ- 
ent channel  provided  for  that  purpose. 

Fig.  2  illustrates  the  practical  application 
of  the  method.  If,  for  example,  the  diame- 
ter of  the  lower  or  regulating  length  of  the 
sewer  is  2  feet,  with  a  fall  of  i  in  500,  its 
maximum  discharging  capacity  would  be 
590  cubic  feet  per  minute  ;  and  if  the  diam- 
eter of  the  upper  portion  of  the  sewer  above 
the  weir  is  3  feet,  with  the  same  fall,  its 
maximum  discharging  capacity  would  be 
1,643  cubic  feet  per  minute  ;  consequently, 
1,053  cubic  feet  per  minute  would  require  to 
be  discharged  over  the  weir ;  and  if  the 
length  of  the  weir  is  22  feet,  this  quantity 
would  be  discharged  with  a  depth  of  4.42 
inches  flowing  over  the  lip  of  the  weir. 
Therefore,  with  the  maximum  quantity 
which  the  upper  sewer  could  bring  down, 


1 


402 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[^^OL.  XV.  No.  307 


the  sewage  could  never  rise  in  the  regulating 
sewer  above  the  upper  limit  of  constant 
discharge, 

If  the  upper  or  regulating  portion  of  the 
sewer  were  made  in  stoneware,  moulded  to 
the  required  form,  as  shown  in  the  diagrams, 
no  special  skill  or  care  would  be  required  in 
the  construction  of  the  sewer. 


RELATION  OF  HOT- WATER  HEAT- 
ING TO  THE  MASTER  PLUMB- 
ERS' TRADE* 

My  opinion  regarding  low  temperature 
and  low  pressure  hot-water  radiators  (and  I 
think  I  can  safely  say  the  opinion  of  all  hot- 
water  heating  engineers  of  large  experience, 
who  have  gained  their  experience  not  from 
theory  or  books  but  from  actual  practice  in 
placing  the  system),  is,  that  extended  sur- 
face radiators,  or  radiators  having  fins  or 
pins,  or  bars,  cast  on,  to  increase  their  sur- 
face, and  having  no  water  inside  of  those 
projections,  should  not  be  used  for  hot-water 
heating,  either  for  direct,  direct  indirect  or 
indirect  radiation,  for  the  reason  that  they 
are  not  effective  in  proportion  to  the  amount 
of  surface  claimed  for  them,  and  are  only 
effective  to  the  extent  of  the  plain  surface 
which  they  contain. 

I  anticipate  criticism  on  this  point,  but  as 
I  have  my  own  opinion,  which  is  based  on  a 
long  and  successful  practical  experience  in 
placing  the  system,  and  also  the  opinion  of 
the  leading  engineers  who  have  been 
actively  employed  in  placing  the  system  for 
the  past  thirty  years,  I  am  prepared  for  any 
criticism  which  may  arise  from  any  asser- 
tions I  have  made  or  may  make  on  this 
subject. 

Regarding  the  best  style  of  radiators  for 
direct  radiation  to  use  in  connection  with  a 
hot-water  heating  apparatus,  I  would  say 
that  radiators  are  now  made  with  a  base  and 
top;  without  a  base,  but  with  a  top,  and 
without  a  base  or  top,  of  plain  and  orna- 
mental design.  Some  are  put  together  with 
all  screwed  joints;  some  with  one  screwed 
joint  and  one  washer  joint;  some  with  all 
washer  joints,  and  some  with  ground  tapered 
joints.  Any  of  them,  provided  they  have 
the  surface  and  a  free  circulation  of  water 
and  are  placed  of  ample  size,  will  do  the 
work  required  of  them.  I  w^ould  favor  those 
having  screwed  joints,  especially  in  large 
radiators,  for  the  reason  that  the  continued 
expansion  and  contraction  on  a  vertical 
sectional  radiator,  will  eventually  make  a 
radiator  with  washer  joints  leak,  while  a 
screwed  or  ground  joint  once  made  tight 
will  remain  tight  for  all  time. 

Direct  indirect  radiation  is  placing  the 
radiators  in  the  rooms  to  be  heated  similar 
to  direct  radiation,  but  having  a  metal  air- 
pipe  from  outside  the  building  to  a  point  im- 
mediately below  the  radiator  as  a  means  of 
ventilation;  the  air-pipe  should  have  a  valve 
for  regulating  the  supply  of  air,  and  the 
radiator  should  have  a  boxed  base  extend- 
ing down  to  the  floor  line. 

*  A  lecture  delivered  bj  W,  W.  Mackey,  M,  E.  be- 
f  t the  New  York  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
Novemder  2!i,  18«9. 


The  same  remarks  I  have  already  made 
regarding  the  efficiency  of  radiators  will  ap- 
ply to  this  style  of  radiation,  except  that  the 
surface  should  be  increased  25  per  cent,  over 
that  ured  for  direct  radiation.  I  find  20-inch 
area  of  air-pipe  ample  for  100  feet  of  di- 
rect indirect  radiation. 

Indirect  radiation  is  the  placing  of  radia- 
tors in  tin-lined  pine  or  metal  casings,  in  the 
basement  or  cellar  of  a  building,  supplying 
them  with  cold  air  by  means  of  a  cold-air 
duct  from  outside  of  the  building,  or  from  a 
central  air-chamber,  which,  in  turn,  is  sup- 
plied with  outer  air  by  means  of  one  large 
cold-air  duct,  which  should  be  equal 
in  area  to  the  total  area  of  all  the 
branch  air-pipes  leading  from  the  cham- 
ber to  supply  the  several  indirect  radi- 
ators with  the  air.  The  best  results  are  ob- 
tained in  indirect  heating,  when  separate  in- 
direct radiators  are  placed  in  the  basement 
or  cellar  for  each  room  to  be  heated,  with 
separate  hot-air  pipes,  cold-air  supply  and 
registers. 

Some  heating  engineers  place  the  indirect 
radiating  surface  necessary  for  a  number  of 
rooms,  in  one  or  two  large  brick-cased  stacks 
in  basement  or  cellar,  taking  hot-air  pipes 
from  the  stacks  to  the  several  rooms  to  be 
heated;  but,  while  this  method  slightly  re- 
duced the  cost  of  the  apparatus,  there  are 
many  serious  objections  to  its  adoption,  the 
principal  one  of  which  is  that  its  operation 
is  affected  by  the  winds,  making  a  varying 
temperature  in  different  parts  of  the  build- 
ing, and  making  it  impossible  to  heat  cer- 
tain rooms  in  certain  winds;  then  again,  the 
ventilation  in  all  rooms  is  not  generally 
alike,  some  ventilating  shafts  having  strong- 
er drafts  than  others,  making  it  possible  to 
overheat  some  rooms,  while  others  are  inef- 
ficiently heated:  whereas,  if  the  radiating 
surface  for  each  room  was  properly  propor- 
tioned, and  so  placed  and  connected  that 
the  heat  could  not  be  draw-n  to  any  of  the 
other  rooms,  it  would  insure  a  uniformly 
heated  building. 

I  have  experimented  with  the  different 
constructions  of  cast-iron  extended  surface 
indirect  radiators  in  connection  with  low- 
pressure  hot-water  heating  apparatuses,  and 
find  that  they  answer  fairly  well  when 
placed  of  ample  sizes  and  used  for  ventil- 
ating purposes  only,  but  when  it  is  inteendd 
to  heat  a  room  entirely  by  indirect  radiation 
I  find  that  the  best  results  are  obtained  by 
using  box  coils  of  i  X-inch  or  i>^-inch 
wrought-iron  pipe,  containing  the  required 
number  of  square  feet  of  surface,  and  that 
four  feet  of  this  surface  is  equal  to  six 
feet  of  cast-iron  extended  surface. 

The  system  of  radiators  that  I  would  rec- 
ommend in  connection  with  a  hot-water 
heating  apparatus  is  direct  radiation  for 
heating  purposes,  with  sufficient  indirect  ra- 
diation to  insure  perfect  ventilation.  Indi- 
rect radiators  will  not  give  satisfactory  re- 
sults unless  there  are  ventilating  registers  or 
fire-places  in  the  room  with  which  they  are 
connected. 

I  find  that  the  proper  area  of  cold-air  pipe 


necessary  for  100  square  feet  of  indirect  ra 
diation  in  hot-water  heating  is  75  square 
inches,  while  the  hot-air  pipe  should  have  at 
least  100  square  inches  of  area.  There 
should  be  a  damper  in  the  cold-air  pipe  for 
the  purpose  of  controlling  the  amount  of  air 
admitted  to  the  radiator,  depending  on  the 
severity  of  the  weather. 

Regarding  a  proper  arrangement  of  mains 
for  a  hot-water  heating  apparatus,  I  would 
say  that  there  are  two  different  systems  of 
mains  in  general  use  in  connection  with  the 
system,  either  of  which,  if  properly  arranged, 
will  give  good  satisfaction;  one  is  the  taking 
of  a  single  large  flow-  main  from  heater,  to 
supply  all  the  radiators  on  the  several  floors 
with  a  corresponding  return  main  of  the 
same  size;  the  other  is  the  taking  of  a  num- 
ber of  2-inch  wrought-iron  mains  from  the 
heater,  with  the  same  number  of  return 
mains  of  the  same  size,  branching  off  to  the 
several  radiators  or  coils  with  or  i-inch. 
according  to  the  size  of  the  radiator  or  coil, 
A  2-inch  main  will  supply  three  i  ^-inch  or 
four  I -inch  branches;  and  these  branches 
should  be  taken  from  the  top  of  the  hori- 
zontal main,  with  a  nipple  and  elbow,  except 
in  special  cases,  where  it  is  found  necessary 
to  retard  the  flow  of  water  to  the  near  radi- 
ator for  the  purpose  of  assisting  the  circula- 
tion in  the  far  radiator.  In  this  case  the 
branch  is  taken  from  the  side  of  the  hori- 
zontal main.  The  flow  and  return  mains 
are  usually  run  side  by  side,  suspended 
from  the  basement  ceiling,  and  should  have 
a  gradual  ascent  from  the  heater  to  the  ra- 
diators, of  at  least  one  inch  in  ten  feet.  It 
is  customary,  and  an  advantage,  where  two- 
inch  mains  are  used,  to  reduce  the  size  of 
the  main  at  every  point  where  a  branch  is 
taken  off,  thus:  If  your  main  is  2-inch,  and 
you  take  off  a  i^-inch  branch,  the  main 
should  be  reduced  in  size  after  it  passes  the 
branch  to  i><-inch;  and  where  the  next 
inch  branch  is  taken  off,  the  main  should 
again  be  reduced  to  iX-inch,  which  would 
be  carried  to  the  last  radiator.  This  will 
apply  to  almost  all  cases  in  ordinary  house- 
heating,  except  in  very  special  cases,  where 
the  horizontal  mains  in  basement  are  ex- 
tremely long,  when  it  is  necessary  to  carry 
the  2-inch  main  to  the  second  branch,  there 
reducing  it  to  i>^-inch  to  be  carried  to  the 
last  radiator,  supplying  each  of  the  three 
radiators  with  i^-inch  connections. 

The  single  or  large  main  system  is  bes 
adapted  for  large  buildings;  but  even  then 
there  is  a  limit  as  to  size  of  main  which  it  is 
not  wise  to  go  beyond.  I  have  generally,  in 
my  practice,  made  that  limit  6-inch,  except 
in  very  special  cases;  finding  that  when  it 
was  necessary  to  have  a  larger  main  than  6- 
inch  to  supply  the  work,  it  was  a  decided 
advantage  to  use  two  or  more  mains  of  a 
smaller  diameter  in  preference  to  using  a 
singl*  main  of  a  larger  size.  And  while  I 
have  heated  some  very  large  buildings  suc- 
cessfully by  hot-water  circulation,  I  have 
never  used  a  single  main  of  a  larger  diam- 
eter than  8-inch.  And  while  I  know  of  many 
cases  where  mains  of  a  larger  size  are  used 


Dec.  21,  1888] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


403 


in  simller  buildings,  I  have  found  in  watch- 
ing the  operation  of  these  apparatus  that 
the  circulation  was  sluggish,  and  that  the 
consumption  of  fuel  was  greater,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  size  of  the  apparatus,  than  in 
similar  apparatus  with  a  number  of  smaller 
mains. 

I  find  the  system  of  mains  best  adapted 
for  ordinary  house-heating  to  be  that  of 
using  a  number  of  2-inch  mains,  carried 
separately  from  the  heater  to  the  several 
parts  of  the  building;  and  that  it  is  an  ad- 
vantage, and  improves  the  working  of  the 
system,  to  have  separate  mains  supplying 
the  first  floor  radiators,  independent  of  those 
supplying  the  upper  floor  radiators;  and 
when  the  construction  of  the  heater  will 
permit  it,  taking  the  mains  for  the  first  floor 
radiators  from  the  most  favorable  openings 
on  heater. 

It  is  possible  in  connection  with  a  hot-wa- 
ter heating  apparatus  to  heat  on  the  same 
level  with  or  below  the  level  of  the  heater. 
But,  as  the  tendency  of  heated  water  is  to 
raise,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  special  ar- 
rangement of  mains,  independent  of  the 
other  mains  in  the  building,  for  the  purpose 
of  supplying  this  radiation. 

I  find  that  the  best  arrangement  of  a  main 
for  this  purpose,  or  for  supplying  indirect 
radiation,  is  to  take  a  connection  from  the 
most  favorable  opening  on  the  heater,  and 
carry  a  syphon  at  some  convenient  point  to 
the  first  floor  ceiling,  dropping  down  to  sup- 
ply the  radiator  or  radiators;  taking  an  air- 
pipe  from  top  of  syphon  to  expansion-tank. 
While  this  may  seem  a  roundabout  way  of 
reaching  the  radiators,  it  secures  abetter  cir- 
culation than  any  other  arrangement  of  mains 
will  give,  while  it  keeps  the  radiators  and 
mains  free  from  air  and  in  operation  at  all 
times  when  there  is  fire  in  heater. 

I  have  seen  some  very  queerly  arranged 
mains  in  connection  with  the  placing  of 
the  hot-water  heating  system,  and  some  me- 
chanics whom  I  would  have  credited  with 
better  judgment  seem  to  have  tried  how  far 
they  could  go  in  working  against  the  natural 
laws  which  govern  the  circulation  of  water 
and  still  have  the  system  operate,  instead  of 
studying  these  laws  and  arranging  their  sys- 
tem of  mains  so  as  to  conform  as  nearly  as 
practicable  and  possible  with  them. 

There  is  no  necessity  or  object  in  compel- 
ing  the  water  to  take  an  unnatural  course  or 
perform  any  gymnastic  or  acrobatic  contor- 
tions in  traveling  from  the  heater  to  the  radi- 
ators or  coils  and  back  to  the  heater.  My 
advice  to  those  engaged  in  placing  or  who 
contemplate  placing  the  system  is  that  in 
laying  out  or  placing  the  work  they  keep  the 
laws  governing  the  natural  circulation  of 
water  before  them  at  all  times,  use  common 
sense  and  good  sound  judgment,  and  en- 
deavor to  conform  with  those  laws  as  far  as 
possible.  By  so  doing  you  will  always  have 
a  successful  working  and  economical  appa- 
ratus; whereas  if  you  disregard  those  laws 
you  are  almost  certain  to  have  failures  or 
partial  failures,  and  certainly  an  apparatus 
that  will  be  wasteful  in  fuel. 

{Continued.) 


BUILDING 


IVIEETING  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE 
ASSOCIATION  OF  ARCHITECTS. 

The  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the  Illi- 
nois State  Association  of  Architects  was  held 
at  65  Washington  street  last  Monday  after- 
noon, to  elect  officers  and  discuss  the  ques- 
tion of  consolidation  with  the  Chicago  Chap- 
ter of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects. 
Among  those  present  were:  President  W. 
W.  Clay,  Secretary  O.  J.  Pierce,  J.  W.  Root, 
S.  A.  Treat,  L.  D.  Cleveland,  Clinton  J. 
Warren,  L.  H.  Sullivan,  H.  W.  Hill,  H.  L. 
Gay,  C.  L.  Stiles,  George  Beaumont,  S.  M. 
Randolph,  Lewis  J.  Schaub  and  D.  Adler. 

After  a  lunch  the  meeting  was  called  to 
order  by  President  Clay,  who  briefly  ex- 
plained the  most  important  business  which 
was  to  come  before  the  members.  The 
secretary  read  a  communication  from  John 
Addison,  president  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Architects,  regretting  his  inability  to 
be  present  at  the  meeting.  A  communica- 
tion was  also  read,  from  the  secretary  of  the 
Chicago  Chapter  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Architects,  stating  that  at  the  regular 
meeting  of  the  chapter,  held  Dec.  12,  it  was 
the  sense  of  the  chapter  that  the  consolida- 
tion of  the  Chicago  Chapter  A.  I.  A.  with 
the  Illinois  State  Association  of  Architects, 
take  place  as  soon  as  possible. 

Mr.  Adler  was  in  favor  of  retaining  the 
constitution  and  by-laws  of  the  Illinois  State 
Association  and  adopting  the  name  Illinois 
and  Chicago  Chapter.  He  thought  it  would 
be  politic  to  call  a  joint  meeting  of  both 
bodies,  that  the  matter  of  consolidation 
might  be  discussed  more  intelligently.  He 
was  in  favor  of  retaining  the  present  officers 
until  such  time  as  the  final  consolidation 
would  take  place. 

Mr.  Beaumont  favored  calling  the  new 
organization  the  Illinois  Chapter  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects.  The  reason 
given  for  this  was  that  if  the  word  Chicago 
be  used  as  the  name  of  the  chapter,  it  would 
lead  persons  living  in  the  State  outside  of 
Chicago,  to  suppose  that  the  chapter  was 
local  in  its  character,  whereas  it  was  in  re- 
ality the  intention  to  admit  members 
from  all  parts  of  Illinois.  This  was  gener- 
ally accepted  as  the  better  plan  and  the 
matter  of  election  of  officers  was  taken  up. 

It  was  the  unanimous  desire  that  the  old 
officers  be  continued  in  office,  until  the  con- 
solidation might  take  place,  and  on  motion 
of  Mr.  Root,  seconded  by  Mr.  Adler,  the 
secretary  was  requested  to  cast  the  ballot 
for  each  of  the  present  officers,  as  follows: 
President,  W.  W.  Clay;  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Fred.  Bauman;  Treasurer,  C.  M. 
Palmer;  Secretary,  O.  J.  Pierce:  Executive 
Committee,  short  term,  L.  H.  Sullivan,  C. 
L.  Stiles;  long  term,  S.  A.  Treat  and 
George  Beaumont. 

On  motion  the  Executive  Committee  was 
authorized  to  confer  with  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Chicago  Chapter  with  a 
view  to  the  retention  of  the  constitution  and 


by-laws  of  the  Western  Association  of 
Architects  and  that  the  name  of  the  consoli- 
dated body  be  The  Illinois  Chapter  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects.  The  com- 
mittee was  also  instructed  to  take  such 
other  steps  as  might  be  necessary  looking 
to  an  early  consolidation,  and  to  report  at 
the  next  meeting  of  the  State  Association. 
Instructions  were  also  given  the  executive 
committee  to  look  into  the  matter  of  perma- 
nent quarters  for  the  association.  The  third 
floor  of  the  Art  Institute  was  mentioned  as 
a  promising  location.  There  being  no  fur- 
ther business,  the  meeting  adjourned.  It  is 
hoped  that  the  final  arrangements  for  the 
consolidation  will  be  completed  at  the  Janu- 
ary meeting. 

NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

The  plans  of  T.  J.  Furbee  have  been  ac- 
cepted for  a  county  jail  at  Santa  Rosa,  Cal. 

Architect  Hooper,  Victoria,  B.  C,  has 
drawn  plans  for  a  $50,000  Methodist  church 
to  be  erected  at  that  place. 

G.  S.  Mansfield,  Freeport,  111.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  and  terra  cotta  church 
60x120  for  St.  Mary's  parish,  to  cost  $25,000. 

I.  C.  Coleman,  Jacksonville,  111.,  has  com- 
pleted the  plans  for  the  insane  hospital  to 
be  erected  at  that  place.  The  cost  will  be 
$120,000. 

W.  F.  Schrage,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has 
made  plans  for  R.  A.  La  Moyne,  a  five-story 
brick  and  granite  apartment  house,  114x64 
feet,  to  cost  $64,000. 

Vrydagh  &  Shepard,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
have  made  plans  for  a  brick  church,  50x75  ■ 
feet,  to  be  built  by  Charles  Johnson,  at  a 
cost  of  $9,000. 

G.  H.  Leipold  &  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
bave  designed  for  Wm.  Schmidt  a  two-story 
frame  hall  and  stores,  44x80,  to  be  built  at  a 
cost  of  $8,000. 

W.  C.  Brocklesby,  Hartford,  Conn.,  has 
completed  plans  for  extensive  additions  and 
alterations  to  a  house  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
for  Smith  College. 

H.  I.  Cofeb,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  five 
four-story  brick  flat  buildings,  100x77  feet, 
which  he  proposes  erecting  at  2963-71  Cot- 
tage Grove  avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000. 

J.  J.  Kouhn,  Chicago,  has  completed  plans 
for  a  three-story  and  basement  brick  store 
and  dwelling  25x70  feet,  for  L.  F.  Shanovski, 
at  782  West  North  avenue,  to  cost  $10,000. 

H.  Huehl,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for  a 
one-story  brick  addition  to  William  Waller's 
building  at  108-10  Randolph  street.  It  will 
be  46x150  feet  and  will  cost  $10,000. 

R.  Rae,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for  a 
four-story  and  basement  factory,  61x161  feet, 
to  be  erected  by  Ole  J.  Hanson  at  1452-6 
Indiana  street,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

Henry  Vollweiler,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has 
made  plans  for  ten  three-story  brick  dwell- 
ings 20x48  for  T.  J.  Moore,  Pulaski  street 
east  of  Sumner  avenue,  to  cost  $60,000. 

J.  H.  Huber,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
a  two-story  store  and  flat  building  25x70 


404 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No. 


feet,  for  John  Meehan,  on  Archer  avenue, 
near  Thirty-ninth  street,  to  cost  $5,000. 

W.  H.  Drake,  Chicago,  has  planned  a  six- 
story  factory,  40x100,  for  Dr.  Charles  Quin- 
lin,  218-220  West  Washington  street,  to  cost 
525,000. 

City  Engineer  Rundlett  of  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
has  completed  plans  for  the  Broadway  and 
Milwaukee  track  bridges.  They  will  cost 
$350,000  and  gSo.ooo,  respectively. 

Asher  T.  Meyer,  New  York,  has  made 
plans  for  three  six-story  brick  factories,  125X 
60,  22x75  'I'^d  31x140  feet,  at  Fifty-ninth  and 
Sixtieth  streets.  West  of  Tenth  avenue.  New 
York,  to  cost  $100,000. 

James  W.  Cole,  New  York,  has  made 
plans  for  four  five-story  brick  flats  for 
Thomas  J.  McGuire  on  One  Hundred  and 
Second  street,  west  of  Ninth  avenue,  to  cost 
$77,000. 

William  Ohlhaber,  Chicago,  has  made 
plans  for  two  two-story  and  cellar  brick 
store  and  flat  buildings,  50x50  feet,  for  C. 
Eismueller,  to  be  erected  on  California  ave- 
nue at  a  cost  of  $g,ooo. 

Buchman  &  Deisler,  New  York,  have  de- 
signed for  Frederick  Woehr,  a  seven-story 
brick  and  terra  cotta  store,  50x87,  to  be  built 
at  124  and  127  Worth  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$60,000. 

J.  W.  Cassill,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
two  two-story  and  basement  brick  flat  build- 
ings 50x64  feet,  which  he  proposes  to  erect 
at  348-50  South  Paulina  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$12,000. 

.  M.  W.  Walter,  Chicago,  has  plans  for 
three  four-story  and  cellar  brick  store  and 
flat  buildings,  42x75  feet,  for  A.  Cummings, 
to  be  erected  at  146-50  Eighteenth  street,  at 
a  cost  of  $15,000. 

Millett  &  Pahley,  Chicago,  have  completed 
plans  for  nine  two-story  and  cellar  flat  build- 
ings, each  22x36  feet  for  Knott  &  Lewis,  to 
be  erected  at  1237-51  West  Polk  street,  at  a 
cost  of  about  $25,000. 

W.  M.  Walters,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 
four-story  flat  building,  75x50  feet  for 
Andrew  Cummings,  at  State  and  Eighteenth 
streets,  pressed  brick  and  stone  trimmings, 
to  cost  $15,000. 

H.  B.  Seeley,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
a  three-story  store  and  flat  building  25x70 
feet  for  L.  W.  Pierce,  on  Cottage  Grove 
avenue  near  Thirtieth  street,  pressed  brick 
and  stone,  to  cost  $15,000. 

J.  J.  Kouhn,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 
three-story  and  basement  brick  and  stone 
flat  building  for  C.  Weil  on  North  avenue 
near  Wood  street,  to  cost  $15,000. 

R.  G.  Pentecost,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  three-story  stone  front  residence  for  A. 
F.  Shuman  on  East  End  avenue  near  Fifty- 
sixth  street,  to  cost  $11,000. 

W.  G.  Barfield,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 
four-story  flat  building  for  E.  H.  Thork,  on 
Evans  avenue,  brown  pressed  brick  with 
brown  stone  trimmings,  to  cost  $10,000,  also, 
a  two-story  addition  76x27  feet,  to  Erie  street 
chappel,  to  cost  $5,000. 


Thomas  Wing,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 
four-story  and  basement  brick  store  build- 
ing, 78x173  feet,  to  be  erected  for  L.  L. 
Leach  &  Son,  at  430-4  Wabash  avenue,  at  a 
cost  of  $25,000. 

E.  E.  Snyder,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  six- 
story  and  basement  store  and  factory  build- 
ing 22x102  feet  to  be  erected  for  Mary  Dus- 
ton  at  75  West  Washington  street,  at  a  cost 
of  $20,000. 

W.  W.  Gray,  Chicago,  is  making  plans  for 
a  four-story  apartment  house,  50x60  feet,  for 
himself,  to  be  erected  on  Oakenwald  avenue. 
It  will  be  finished  in  hardwood,  will  have 
steam  heat,  contain  eight  apartments  and 
cost  about  $25,000. 

L.  J.  Hallberg,  Chicago,  has  finished  plans 
for  a  block  of  three-story  flat  buildings  90X 
64  to  be  erected  at  1648-56  North  Clark  street, 
to  cost  $50,000.  Also,  for  a  seven-story  and 
basement  factory  50x110  feet  for  H.  H. 
Andrews  &  Co.,  at  Fisk  and  Twenty-second 
street,  to  cost  $25,000. 

Wilson  &  Marble,  Chicago,  have  made 
plans  for  a  three-story  and  basement  brick 
dwelling  for  J.  S.  Smith,  at  3132  Vernon  ave- 
nue, to  cost  $8,000.  Also,  two  three-story 
and  basement  brick  dwellings  37x36x42  and 
34x36x36  feet,  for  W.  H.  Pruyn,  to  be  erected 
at  3239-41  Vernon  avenue. 

H.  C.  Koch  &  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  have 
designed  a  three-story  brick,  stone  and  terra 
cotta  court  house,  70x92,  for  Montgomery 
county,  to  be  built  at  Red  Oak,  Iowa,  at  a 
cost  of  $75,000  ;  also  the  Sauk  county  jail  to 
be  erected  at  Baraboo,  Wis.,  50x90,  brick 
and  terra  cotta,  two  stories  high,  to  cost 
$25,000. 

J.  F.  &  J.  P.  Doerr,  Chicago,  have  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  three-story  and  basement 
store  and  flat  building,  25x90  feet,  for  Mrs. 
S.  Dreesbach,  Sedgwick  street  near  North 
avenue,  to  cost  $5,000.  Also,  a  three-story 
flat  building  25x33  for  A.  Goodman,  at 
Thirty-eighth  and  Dearborn  streets,  to  cost 
$6,000. 

F.  R.  Shock,  Chicago,  has  planned  a  two- 
story  basement  and  attic  residence,  40x50 
feet,  for  L.  J.  Maguire,  Edgerton  avenue, 
Hyde  Park.  Also  a  $5,000  residence  for  Dr. 
L.  E.  Lawson  on  Humboldt  boulevard  ;  also, 
a  two-story  and  basement  frame  residence, 
54x70  feet,  for  O.  R.  Erwin,  at  Erwin,  111.,  to 
cost  $9,000. 


In  The  Sanitary  News  of  Nov.  30,  was 
an  article  entitled  "  Purification  of  Water 
for  Household  Purposes,"  which  was  taken 
from  a  London  exchange  and  credited  to  "a 
London  writer."  We  have  learned  that  the 
article  was  a  reproduction  of  a  paper  by  W. 
H.  Matlack,  read  before  the  fourth  annual 
convention  of  Master  Plumbers,  to  whom 
credit  should  be  given.  We  are  pleased  to 
make  this  correction,  and  congratulate  Mr. 
Matlack  on  the  production  of  an  article  of 
sufficient  merit  to  cause  its  theft  by  a  foreign 
paper. 


PLUMBING. 


INSTRUCTION  FOR  PLUMBERS. 

A  course  of  instruction  has  been  arranged 
for  apprentice  plumbers,  at  the  Merchant 
Venturers'  School,  Bristol,  between  October 
I,  and  the  end  of  April.  The  course  com- 
prises subjects  specified  in  a  special  sylla- 
bus prepared  by  the  Plumbers'  Company, 
among  them  being  elementary  geometry  in 
its  various  relations  to  plumbers'  work;  the 
elements  of  descriptive  geometry,  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  the  reading  of  working 
drawings;  freehand  drawing,  including  di- 
mensioned sketches;  hydrostatics  and  hy- 
draulics as  far  as  necessary  to  make  pupils 
understand  the  action  of  simple  appliances; 
chemistry  and  metallurgy.  Workshop  prac- 
tice is  conducted  on  two  nights  in  the  week. 
The  course  of  instruction  is  assisted  by 
demonstrations  in  the  chemical  laboratory, 
and  will  be  followed  by  examinations,  at 
which  prizes  will  be  awarded  by  the  Com- 
pany. 


THE  BALTIMORE  RESOLUTIONS. 

In  answer  to  an  enquiry  rega^rding  the 
author  of  the  Baltimore  Resolutions,  we 
would  state  that  the  credit  should  be  given 
J.  J.  Wade,  of  Chicago,  supported  by  the 
Chicago  Plumbers'  Association.  Chief  In- 
spector Andrew  Young  was  chairman  when 
the  Chicago  delagation  brought  forward  the 
resolutions,  put  the  question  and  announced 
the  resolutions  adopted.  He  was  elected 
president  of  the  association  for  the  following 
year  in  which  the  great  battle  was  fought 
for  the  practical  enforcement  of  the  resolu- 
tions, and  he  is  given  much  deserved  credit 
for  his  efficient  labors  in  that  regard. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

Leamy  &  Green,  Chicago,  have  about 
finished  roughing  in  Jonathan  Clark's  new 
factory  building  .at  Randolph  and  Canal 
streets.  The  entire  work  will  be  finished 
about  the  latter  part  of  January. 

Hugh  Watt,  Chicago,  has  about  finished 
roughing  in  the  two-story  factory  building 
for  Francis  Lumley  at  Elkgrove  avenue 
and  Bloomingdale  road.  He  will  commence 
finishing  next  week.  He  has  this  week 
finished  the  work  on  Wirt  Dexter's  new 
three-story  residence  at  Prairie  avenue  and 
Eighteenth  street,  The  roughing  in  has 
been  completad  on  Jos.  Kearn's  five  story 
factory  building  at  Carroll  avenue  Union 
Park  place,  and  also  on  the  West  Chicago 
Railway  Company's  car  shop.  He  has  se- 
cured the  contract  for  plumbing  work  in  a 
new  barn  for  H.  W.  Huell  at  3230  Michigan 
avenue. 

Herzog  &  Mertz,  Chicago,' have  the  con- 
tract for  plumbing  work  on  M.  Nieman's  new 
store  and  flat  building  at  3000  Powell  ave- 
nue. They  are  working  on  a  three-story 
flat  building  for  John  Klein  at  Twenty- 
seventh  and  Butler  streets,  on  a  three-story 
flat  building  for  P.  Montblanc  at  Archer 


Dec.  21.  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


405 


avenue  and  T3road  street,  and  on  a  store  and 
flat  buildinjj  at  2845  Wallace  street. 

William  Wilson,  Chicago,  has  the  con- 
tract for  plumbing  work  in  a  row  of  ten 
dwellings  for  Bennett  &  Root,  at  Jeffrey 
avenue  and  Seventy-second  street,  also  for 
seven  dwellings  for  the  same  firm  at  Oglcsby 
avenue  and  Sixty-first  street.  He  is  working 
on  a  new  residence  for  I).  S.  Mugridgc  at 
Oakenwald  avenue  and  Forty-fifth  street 
and  on  H.  C.  Smith's  new  residence  on 
Drexel  Boulevard. 

A.  C.  Hickey,  Chicago,  is  doing  extensive 
sanitary  plumbing  at  277  Michigan  avenue 
for  H.  E.  Bucklen,  who  is  reconstructing 
his  building  at  that  number.  Also,  exten- 
sive plumbing  alterations  for  John  \'oigt  at 
257  Wabash  avenue.  He  has  an  order  in 
hand  for  one  of  the  Hickey  patent  sun 
burners  for  a  North  side  church. 

J.  J.  Hamblin  &  Co.,  Chicago,  are  working 
on  a  contract  for  plumbing  work  in  a  block 
of  100  houses  for  J.  N,  Cuming  at  Racine 
avenue  and  Congress  and  Rockwell  streets. 
Also,  they  have  the  contract  for  sanitary 
plumbing  in  Dr.  Fahney's  new  residence  on 
Warren  avenue,  near  Albany  avenue. 

The  contract  for  plumbing  work  in  E.  D. 
Herdman's  new  three-story  flat  building  on 
Johnson  place  has  been  let  to  the  South  Side 
Plumbing  Company,  Chicago. 

P.  C.  Desmond,  Chicago,  is  doing  the  san- 
itary plumbing  in  nine  flats  for  Fetter,  Lewis 
&  Button,  on  Leavitt  street,  near  Twelfth, 
also  twenty-four  flats  for  J.  L.  Campbell  at 
Campbell  avenue  and  Twelfth  street,  a  store 
and  flat  building  for  Martin  Stafford  on  Cot- 
tage Grove  avenue  near  Forty-sixth  street 
and  six  flats  on  Walnut  street  near  Paulina. 

Loughlin  &  Kilian,  Chicago,  are  doing  the 
plumbing  work  in  C.  P.  Packer's  new  resi- 
dence at  Grand  boulevard  and  Forty  fifth 
street,  also  in  a  block  of  fifteen  dwellings 
for  R.  W.  Weld  at  Forty-sixth  streets  and 
Lake  avenue,  two  three  story  dwellings 
for  Mr.  Weld  at  44th  srreet  and  Green- 
wood avenue,  four  dwellings  for  John  Went- 
worth  at  Austin  and  three  dwellings  for 
John  Webster  at  Thirty-ninth  street  and 
Prairie  avenue. 

A.  A.  Campbell,  Chicago,  is  doing  the  san- 
itary plumbing  in  a  block  of  thirteen  dwell- 
ings at  Grand  avenue  and  Pacific  Junction 
and  ten  dwellings  at  Central  Park  boulevard 
and  Kedzie  avenue,  for  D.  F.  Anderson. 

The  plumbing  work  on  the  magnificent 
steamer  "  Plymouth,"  just  building  for  the 
Old  Colony  line,  has  been  awarded  to  H.  C. 
&  J.  W.  Calkin,  New  York,  who  did  the  work 
on  the  "  Puritan,"  and  who  make  a  specialty 
of  ship  plumbing  of  all  kinds. 

E.  Baggot,  Chicago,  will  occupy  his  pres- 
ent quarters  at  Fifth  avenue  and  Madi- 
son street  until  about  Jan.  5,  by  which  time 
his  handsome  and  commodious  new  quar- 
ters at  169  and  171  East  Adams  street  will 
be  ready  for  occupancy. 

G.  M.  Sinclair,  of  Hobbken,  N.  J.,  has  been 
for  the  past  four  months  fitting  up  the  Gut  - 


tenberg  race  course,  running  the  large  gas 
and  water  mains,  and  placing  over  tpo  feet 
of  sewers,  together  with  fire  hydrants,  lamp- 
posts, etc.  He  placed  4,000  feet  of  4-inch 
water  mains,  1,600  feet  of  4-inch  gas  mains 
and  3,400  feet  of  distrilmting  water-pipes. 

Potts  &  Esch,  Chicago,  will  receive  about 
§150,000  for  the  work  done  by  them  on  the 
Auditorium  building.  It  required  two  years 
to  complete  the  job,  Mr.  Esch  personally 
superintending  the  work.  There  are  in  the 
building,  700  wash-basins,  250  water-closets, 
200  urinals  and  150  bath-tubs. 

Mack  Bros.,  of  Marshalltown,  Ia„  have 
been  awarded  the  contract  for  [jlacing  the 
steam  heating  apparatus  in  the  new  Wood- 
bury school  building  in  that  city. 

The  contract  for  placing  steam  heating 
apparatus  in  the  Burlington  House  at  La- 
Crosse,  Wis.,  has  been  awarded  to  C.  A. 
Krubaum,  plumber  in  that  city. 

The  largest  job  of  plumbing  ever  con, 
tracted  for  in  New  Jersey  is  the  one  which 
has  recently  been  secured  by  J.  J.  Duffy  of 
217  Grove  street,  Jersey  City.  It  is  the  St. 
Francis  Hospital  and  Church  which  is  just 
being  erected.  The  site  occupies  a  square 
block  and  will  take  a  large  amount  of 
plumbing.  Over  200  water-closets  and  50 
wash-tubs  will  be  placed.  The  work  must 
be  finished  in  iSgi. 

The  master  plumbers  of  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
have  taken  much  interest  in  thd  case  of 
Lally  vs.  Cantwell,  recently  decided  in  favor 
of  the  plaintiff.  The  clause  in  the  by-laws 
of  the  association  providing  for  the  black- 
listing of  apprentices  who  fail  to  keep  their 
contracts  will  probably  be  eliminated. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Louisville,  Ky., 
Master  Plumbers'  Association,  the  following 
officers  were  elected :  President,  IVL  J. 
Duffy  ;  treasurer,  \V.  H.  ALitlack  ;  secretary, 
Simon  Shulhafer. 

McClure  &  Craighead  of  Wooster,  O.,  are 
doing  the  plumbing  work  on  the  new  Pres- 
byterian church  at  Picjua,  O. 

James  J.  Doud,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  con- 
cluded contracts  for  plumbing  work  on 
buildings  at  Somerset,  Ky.,  Delhi  and 
Lima,  O. 

Murray  &  Downer,  ])lunibers,  have  opened 
a  shop  at  Paterson,  N.  J.  Both  men  are 
practical  plumbers. 

The  plumbing  firm  of  Gibson  &  Krause 
on  Central  avenue,  Cincinnati,  has  been  dis- 
solved. Mr.  Gibson  remains  at  the  old 
place  and  conducts  the  business  as  usual. 

Shilling  &  Lyons  is  the  name  of  a  new 
plumbing  firm  at  Peoria,  111. 


Wholly  apart  from  the  question  of  the 
permanence  of  the  natural  gas  supply  in 
Pittsburgh,  which  is  far  from  settled  ad- 
versely, people  have  had  full  opportunity, 
the  Gazette  says,  to  learn  that  even  if  they 
have  [to  burn  coal  or  other  fuel,  the 
cheapest,  cleanest  and  best  way  is  to  convert 
it  into  gas  and  distribute  it  through  the  pipes 
which  are  already  laid. 


WHILE  THE  HOLDER  MELTS. 

VVIiilc  tlif  Koldnr  nifltH,  tlic  plumber 
Hit«  amid  liiH  fondftHt  dreams; 

And  liiH  Htar-<l(!ck(!d  (!<>ddcH»,  fonnne, 
LiKlitM  hiM  path  with  golden  beamH. 

While  the  Holder  melts,  the  plumber 
Dreams  of  fortune  an<l  of  fame; 

And  ttie  ({lintint?  lead  ^rowH  brighter 
Till  it  wreiitliK  in  gold  hiH  name. 

While  the  Bolder  melts,  the  i)lnmber 
Droains  of  home  and  family  there, 

And  he  planH  another  building 

IJeared  eight  stories  straight  in  air. 

While  the  solder  melts,  the  plumber 
Bethinks  him  of  the  opera  seat. 

And  he  adds  another  item 

That  ho  may  disbursementa  meet. 

While  the  solder  melts,  the  plumber 
Sees  the  coming  (liristmas  day, 

And  he  figures  up  a  total 

That  will  all  expenses  pay. 

While  the  solder  melts,  the  plumber 
Finds  his  gas  bill  on  the  floor. 

And  his  extras  le;ive  him  debtor 
For  his  bill  will  hold  no  more. 


In  the  summer 

Then  the  plumber 

Lazy  lounges  in  his  leisure. 
In  cold  weather 
He's  in  feather 

And  his  lawyer  makes  a  seizure. 


Boss  (looking  over  apprentice's  first  bill) 

To  repairn  over  flow  123456  S 

"  puttin  new  trap  in  123456 

"  mendin  kichn  sink  123456 


Totl  123456 

"What  do  you  mean  by  returning  such  a  bill 
as  this?" 

"That  looks  small  to  me  too  boss,  but  I 
don't  know  no  more  figers." 


Balancing  Accounts 

A  gas  man  and  a  plumber 

Had  a  settlement  to  make. 
And  each  bethought  him  liappy 

On  raising  quite  a  stake. 

But  when  they  went  to  settle 

And  each  unrolled  his  bill, 
The  grand  array  of  figures 

Made  each  one's  heart  stand  still. 

The  gas  man  viewed  the  Plumber 
And  the  plumber,  him  a  bit; 

Then  said  the  gas  man  slowly: 

"Let's  just  swap  bills  and  quit." 

Boss  (examining  apprentice)  what  is  a 
wiped  joint  ? 

Apprentice  (in  deep  thought)  well  I  sup- 
pose, boss,  it's  one  that's  just  been  pulled  by 
the  cops. 

Plumber  (just  commencing  business  for 
himself,  to  his  bookkeeper).  What  is  the 
meaning  of  sanitary? 

Bookkeeper  (always  ready  for  the  oc- 
casion). Well,  sanitary  is  one  of  those 
words  that  has  a  Latin  root  which  enters  into 
the  composition  of  many  English  words, 
such  as  sanguine,  sanguinary,  sang  froid,  etc. 
and  means  no  cure,  no  pay. 

Plumber. — Say,  painter,  leave  off  the  san- 
itary and  make  it  just  plain  plumber. 

Next  morning  low  over  the  door  hung  the 
following  sign: 


HENRY  H.  SMITH 


JUST 


PLAIN  PLUMBER. 


406 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  307 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERENEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE, 

Racine,  Wis.,  wants  a  public  building.  

Baltimore,  Md.:  Fayette  and  Baltimore 
streets  will  be  widened  and  improved  under 

the    $5,000,000    loan.  Jamaica,    L.  I.: 

Queen's  County  farmers  have  decided  by  a 
vote  of  sixty-nine  to  twelve  in  favor  of  ex- 
pending $1,000,000  in  improving  and  ma- 
cadamizing ninety  miles  of  county  high- 
ways. Winona,  Minn.:  Work  will  be  be- 
gun at  once  on  the  plans  for  the  proposed 
public  building  for  which  congress  made  an 

appropriation  at  its  last  session.  Griffin, 

Ga.:    Bonds  for"$i6,ooo  have  been  issued  for 

public  improvements.  G.   L.  Morris,  J. 

M.  Crowder,  J.  C.  Kyle  and  others  will  in- 
corporate a  $300,000  stock  company  to  build 
a  loo-ton  iron  furnace  at  Birmingham,  Ala. 
The  company  will  purchase  coal,  iron  and 
limestone  properties.  The  furnace  will 
probably  be  located  in  East  Birmingham, 

and  $100,000  of  bonds  will  be  issued.  

The  Bay  State  Furnace  Company  of  Fort 
Payne,  Ala.,  has  been  incorporated  with  a 

capital  stock  of  $125,000.  The  American 

Axe  and  Tool  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated at  Newport,  Ky.,  by  W.  H.  Forbes. 
John  S.  May  and  others,  with  an  authorized 
capital  stock  of  $4,000,000,  for  the  purpose 
of  manufacturing  all  kinds  of  edged  tools. 
 The  North  Carolina  Steel  and  Iron  Com- 
pany, capital  stock  $1,000,000,  has  been  or- 
ganized at  Greensboro,  N.  C,  to  build  a  150- 
ton  Bessemer  furnace,  to  be  followed  by 
steel  rail  mill,  rolling  mill,  etc.  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.:    The  Westinghousc  Machine 

Company  will  put  up  a  $40,000  building.  

Birmingham,  Ala.:    M.  S.  Potter  will  erect 

a  $30,000  building.^  Little  Rock,  Ark.: 

Jacob  Katzenstein  will  erect  a  $10,000  resi- 
dence. The  erection  of  a  new  state  house 
and  a  new  city  hall  are  both  in  contempla- 
tion. The  new  county  hospital  will  cost 
$30,000.    A  building  will  be  erected  for  the 

Women's  Industrial  Home.  Texarkana, 

Ark.:  The  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  & 
Southern  Railway  Company  will   build  a 

depot  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  New  Haven. 

Conn.:  The  G.  F.  Warner  Manufacturing 
Company  will  erect  three  brick  factory 

buildings,  to  cost    $25,000.  St.  Marks, 

Fla.:  It  is  reported  that  the  Newport 
Springs  Land  and  Improvement  Company 
will  build  a  sanitarium  at  Newport  Sulphur 

Springs,  Albany,  Ga.:    A  Baptist  church 

will  be  erected,  to  cost  $10,000.  Ameri- 

cus.  Ga.:  The  Americus  Manufacturing 
and  Improvement  Company  has  been  or- 
ganized and  will  erect  a  hotel.  Atlanta, 

Ga.:  The  Boyd  &  Baxter  Furniture  Manu- 
facturing Company  will  erect  a  new  four 

story  warehouse,  50x100  feet.  Brunswick, 

Ga.:  The  First  National  Bank  is  to  erect  a 
new  building.  Savannah,  Ga.:  The  Cen- 
tral Railroad  and  Banking  Company,  of 
Georgia,  will  erect  a  warehouse  40x300  feet. 
 Altoona,  La.:    John  P.  Richardson,  of 


j  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  and  W.  P.  Richardson, 
of  Altoona,  will  establish  a  town  at  Altoona, 
and  are  reported  as  to  erect  160  double  cot- 
tages, four  stores,  four  churches  and  eight 

I  houses  for  superintendents.  Hagerstown, 

I  Md.:  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Co. 
(office  Baltimore,  Md.)  contemplate  the  erec- 
tion of  a  passenger  station.  Meridian, 

Miss.:  The  East  Mississippi  Female  Col- 
lege contemplates  the  enlargement  of  their 
building  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  Grand  Rap- 
ids. Mich.:  Contractor  A.  Schniling  will  at 
once  build  six  moderate  priced  houses  for 
John  Caulfield,  on  Grandville  avenue,  and 
two  for  John  F.  Quigley  on  East  street,  on 
Finch's  addition.  Frank  W.  Curtis  is  get- 
ting in  a  foundation  at  the  corner  of  East 
Bridge  and  Union  street  for  a  block  of  stores 

and   residence   flats.  Asheville,   N,  C: 

The  Southern  Coal,  Iron  &  Railroad  Co.  is 
reported  as  to  build  a  large  hotel,  to  be 
about  350x100  feet,  and  contain  200  or  more 
rooms.  The  estimated  cost  is  $100,000.  L. 
C.  Woolkins,  chief  engineer,  Boston,  Mass., 

can  give  particulars.  Darlington,  S.  C: 

The  Cheraw  &  Darlington  Railroad  Co. 
(office  Cheraw,  S.  C.)  will  erect  a  passenger 

and  freight  station.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.: 

The  Chattanooga  Investment,  Loan  &  Bank- 
ing Co.  will  ereet  a  brick  block  at  East 
Chattanooga.     A   union   passenger  depot 

will  be  erected  at  East  Chattanooga.  

Elizabethton,  Tenn.:    Dr.  Felix  L.  Oswald 

will  erect  a  large  residence.  Humboldt, 

Tenn.:  E.  T.  Transom  will  build  a  hotel  60 
feet  front.  Knoxville,  Tenn.:  The  Ten- 
nessee Medical  College  contemplates  the 
erection  of  a  new  college  building.  The 
University  of  Tennessee  is  contemplating 
the  erection  of  a  new  building.  J.  K.  Bet- 
terton  &  Co.  will  erect  a  5-story  brick  build- 
ing 45x100  feet.  Memphis,  Tenn.:  The 

•Chickasaw  Club  contemplates  the  erection 
of  a  new  club-house. — A  Nashville,  Tenn.: 
The  Peabody  Normal  Institute  will  erect 
several  new  buildings  for  school  j)urposes. 
The  Board  of  Publication  of  the  Cumber- 
land Presbyterian  Church  will  erect  a  pub- 
lishing house.  South   Pittsburg,  Tenn.: 

The  Perry  Stove  Works  contemplates  the 
erection  of  a  3-story  brick  storage  building, 

60x240  feet.  Suffolk,  Tex.:    S.  R.  Dunn 

will  erect  a  residence;  cost,  $9,500.  George 
C.  Moser  is  the  architect,  and  E.  Tallerson 

has  the  contract.  Dallas,  Tex.:  Thomas 

Field  will  erect  a  6-story  building,  47x200; 
cost,  $60,000.  George  M.  Dilley  will  erect  a 
2-story  dwelling  with  stables,  60x78;  cost, 
$40,000,  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  The  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  Church  will  erect  a 
building  for  the  Texas  Chautauqua  in  some 

part  of  the  State.  Clifton    Forge,  \'a.: 

It  is  stated  that  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Railwly  Co.  (office,  Richmond,  Va.)  will 
build  a  $60,000  hotel,  and  also  a  large  depot. 

 Richmond,  Va.:    Louis  (iinter  will  erect 

a  4-story  building,  110x135;  cost,  $65,000. — 
Toronto,  Ont.,  proposes  constructing  a  via- 
duct at  a  cost  of  about  $2,240,000.  Alderman 
Boustead  is  chairman  of  the  \  iaduct  com- 
mittee. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
The  city  council  of  Winnepeg,  Man.,  is 
determined  to  compel  the  Northwest  Elec- 
tric Light  company  to  insulate  its  wires. 
The  wires  are  now  being  strung  without  in- 
sulation; and  the  council  claims  there  is  dan- 
ger to  life  and  property  therefrom.  The 
company  says  it  would  cost  $i8,ooo  to  comply 

with  the   council's  demand.  Savannah, 

Ga.:  The  Brush  Electric  Light  Coompany 
will  enlarge  its  plant  at  a  cost  of  $18,000,  it 
having  secured  a  contract  to  furnish  the  city 
with  100  extra  lights  of  600  candle  power 

for   1890.  The  Houston,  Tex.,  Electric 

Light  works  will  put  in  an  additional  arc 

dynomo  and  an  incandescent  dynamo.  

The  United  Electric  Light  Company  of 
Springfield,  Mass.,,  has  increased  its  capital 
stock  from  $150,000  to  $300,000.  The  peo- 
ple of  Toledo,  O.,  complain  that  the  light 
furnished  by  the  Electric  Light  Company  is 
very  poor.  Claims  are  made  that  the  Bos- 
on Electric  Light  Company  is  not  living 
up  to  its  contract  with  the  city  anc  the  mat- 
ter is  to  be  investigated.  The  Windsor 

Locks  Com.,  Electric  Company  has  been 

organized.    H.  C.  Douglas  is  secretary.  

Petersborough,  Ont.,  is  soon  to  have  an  elec- 
tric light  carbon  factory  which  will  be  es- 
tablished by  American  and  local  capitalists. 

 Seattle,  Wash.,  will  contract  with  the 

electric  light  company  for  100  additional 

lights.  The  capital  stock  of  the  Barrie, 

Ont.,  Electric  Light  Company,  has  been  in- 
creased from  $20,000  to  50,000.  The  Not- 
tingham, Ala.,  Water  and  Light  Company 
is  contemplating  the  erection  of  an  electri- 

light  plant.  Emerson,  Ga.,  will  probably 

have  electric  lights.  Henrieetta,  Tex.:  It 

is  said  that  eastern  capitalists  have  secured 
control  of  the  Henrietta  Improvement  Com- 
pany and  will  erect  light  plant  and  con- 
struct water  works.  Denison,  Tex.:  The 

Denison  Electric  Light  and  Power  Compa- 
ny has  been  organized  by  J.  B.  McDougall 
(and  others,)  with  a  capital  stock  of  $125,- 

000.  The  Newport.  Ky,,  Light  Company 

will  put  in  two  additional  fifty-light  dyna- 
mos and  ten  miles  of  wire.  Haris,  Ky.,  is 

to  have  electric  lights.  Pineville,  Ky., 

will  be  lighted  by  the  Edison  electric  light. 
 New  Berne,  N,  C,  will  soon  have  elec- 
tric   lights.  Indianapolis,    Ind.:  The 

Broad  Ripple  Gas  Compny  has  been  incor- 
porated with  $10,000  capital,  for  the  purpose 
of  supplying  Broad  Rijjiile  and  Wellington 
with  natural  gas.  The  new  concern  is  in- 
tended as  a  blow  at  the  Consumers  Trust 
Company,  which  has  advanced  its  rates  in 

Broad  Ripple  50  per  cent.  McKeysport, 

Pa.:  The  big  gas  line  from  Grapeville  to 
McKeesport,  of  the  National  Transporta- 
tion Company,  and  that  of  the  \'ersailles 
Gas  Company,  will  be  completed  in  a  week. 
The  companies  have  each  four  very  big  wells, 
brought  in  at  Grapeville.    The  2  gas  lines 

cost $500,000.  Breckinridge,  Ky.:  What 

is  estimated  to  be  a  3,000,000  foot  natural 
gas  well  has  been  struck  near  this  place 
—  The  natural  gas  well  at  Mt  \'ernon,  ()., 
yields  78,000  feet  per  day,  Indianapolis, 


Dec.  21,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


407 


Ind.:  The  Citizens  Natural  Gas  Company, 
has  struck  a  5,000,000  foot  well  six  miles 
west  of  Portland.  — The  Provincial  Natural 
Gas  and  Fuel  Company  of  Toronto,  has  ap- 
plied for  incori^oration.  The  ca])ital  stock 
is  $500,000.  Findley,  O.:  The  Carey  peo- 
ple have  just  completed  a  well  for  gas  on  a 
lYi  acre  farm,  lying  west  of  the  Thorn  Tree 
Well,  east  of  the  City.  It  is  good  for  per- 
haps, 1,000,000  feet.  It  is  a  surprise,  as  the 
situation  was  equally  as  that  of  the  well 
drilled  i)revious  to  the  present  one,  and  that 

is  yielding  nearly  8,oc(5,ooo.  The  Koko- 

mo  Natural  Gas  Company,  Kokomo,  Ind., 

is  drilling  two  more  wells.  Glasgo,  Ky.: 

The  oil  and  gas  excitement  has  broken  out 
afresh.  Natural  gas  has  been  struck  right 
in  the  heart  of  the  town,  in  a  well  in  which 
drilling  was  commenced  several  months 

ago.  The  Northwestern  Ohio  Gas  Co. 

has  its  gas  mains  laid  to  within  one  mile  of 

Sandusky  City.  Newark,  O.,  has  six  good 

vyells  in  active  operation.  Hartford  City, 

Ind.:  The  County  Commisioners  have 
granted  right  of  way  to  the  Salamonie  Gas 
Company,  of  Fort  Wayne,  to  use  the  high- 
ways for  its  pipe  lines.  The  Olathe  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  Company,  of  Olathe, 
Kan.,  has  been  incoporated  with  a  capital 

stock  of  §25,000.  Alex.  R  Campbell,  of 

Wheeling,  W.  Va..  contemplates  establish- 
ing and  electric  light  plant  in  Mounds- 
ville,  same  state.  The  Weston  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  Company  ,  of  Wes- 
ton, W.  V'a.,  has  been  formed  by  J.  S.  Lewis, 
E.  Ralston  and  W.  G.  Bennett,  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $100,000.  The  plant  will  com- 
prise 20  arcs  and  300  incandescents.  The 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,  Peters- 
burg. 111.,  has  been  incorporated,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $25,000.  G.  D.  Wright,  J. 
H.  Strodtmaon  and  T.  W.  McNeely,  incor- 
porators. A    local  company  has  been 

formed  at  Eagle  Pass,  Tex.,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $25,000,  to  establish  an  electric 
light  plant.  The  machinery  has  already 
been  contracted  for.  R.  Guthrie,  of  Su- 
perior, Neb.,  has  secured  an  electric  light- 
ing franchise.  Rouse's  Point,  N,  Y.,  is  to 

have  a  local  electric  light  company,  which 

will  use  water-power.  The  Mount  Morris 

Illuminating  Company,  of  Mount  Morris,  N. 
Y.,  has  been  awarded  the  contract  for  light- 
ing the  city  by  electricity.  The  Eastern 

"^Electric  Light  Company,  of  New  York,  has 
been  awarded  the  contract  for  lighting  the 

city  of   Rockland,   Me.  The  Louisiana 

Electric  Light  Company,  and  the  Louisiana 
Electric  Power  Company,  of  New  Orleans, 
La.,  contemplate  uniting  into  the  Louisiana 
Electric  Company  which  will  conduct  busi- 
ness on  a  much  larger    scale.  Mayor 

Shakespeare,  of  New  Orleans,  La.,  has  re- 
fused to  sign  the  ordinance  providing  for 
the  payment  of  the  bill  of  the  Louisiana 
Electric  light  Company,  for  the  reason  that 
the  company  is  in  arrears  with  its  taxes. 
 The  Louisville  Gas  Company  of  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  will  probably  erect  a  large  elec- 
tric light  plant. 

Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Mound  City,  Mo.,  has  voted  against  water- 
works by  17  majority.  Madison  I.  Stookey 

has  been  ajjpointed  receiver  of  the  Hcllc- 
ville.  111.,  Water  Company  on  the  petition  of 
the  American  Loan  and  Trust  Company  of 
New  York,  which  holds  $175,000  worth  of 
bonds,  and  alleges  the  company  to  be  in- 
solvent. Work  on  the  large  canal  that  is 

to  give  Oklahoma  City,  I.  T.,  an  immense 
water  power,  began  this  week.  The  North 
Canadian  river  will  be  tapped  six  miles 
above  the  city,  which  will  give  the  water  a 
fall  of  thirty-two  feet  in  the  city.  It  will 
give  water  power  for  several  mills  and  fac- 
toryies  soon  to  be  erected.  The  cost  of  con- 
struction is  estimated  at  $100,000.  Mc- 

Rae,  Lally  &  Co.,  the  contractors,  have 
brought  suit  against  the  city  of  Dallas,  Tex., 
for  $49,300,  which  they  claim  to  be  due  them 
for  additional  work  on  the  new  reservoir 
above  the  original  specifications  of  the  con- 
tract. Surveys  for  the  water-works  and 

sewerage  systems  at  Seattle,  Wash.,  are  pro- 
gressing under  the  direction  of  J.  G.  Scurry, 
city  surveyor.    This  portion  of  the  work  is 

expected  to  be  completed  in  thirty  days.  

Brookings,  S.  Dak.,  is  to  have  a  water  supply. 
It  is  intended  to  pump  water  from  a  well  to 
a  large  tank,  and  lay  a  7-inch  pipe.  An 
electric  light  engine  will  also  be  procured. 

 William  J.  Bryson,  Joseph  E.  Young 

and  Charles  A.  Gregory  have  incorporated 
the  West  Gallatin,  Mont.,  Irrigation  Com- 
pany, with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000,  in 

100,000  shares  of  $5  each.  The  12,000,000 

gallon  pumping  plant  for  Hyde  Park.  111., 
built  by  the  H.  R.  Worthington  Company,  is 
ready  for  delivery.  The  contract  price  was 
$59,000.  The  question  of  building  water- 
works is  under  discussion  at  Benton  Harbor, 

Mich.  The   stock  of  the   Contra  Costa 

Water  Company  of  San  Francisco  will  be 
increased  from  $3,000,000  to  $6,000,000,  to 

provide   for  extensive  improvements.  

The  Laredo,  Tex.,  Water-works  Company 

is  laying  larger  mains.  The  residents  of 

the  south  and  southeast  portions  of  Elkhart, 
Ind.,  are.  agitating  the  establishing  of  a 
system  of  water-works  for  that  portion  of 

the  city.  A  party  of  nearly   100  Phila- 

delphians,  including  members  of  the  city 
councils,  visited  Reading,  Pa.,  last  week  to 
examine  the  Schuylkill  canal  and  investi- 
gate its  adaptability  as  a  feeder  for  a  new 
water  supply  for  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

 A  committee  of  the  common  council  of 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  has  reported  in  favor 
of  the  city  retaining  its  own  works,  and,  if 
it  can  be  done  at  a  reasonable  price,  buying 
those  of  the  Hydraulic  Company.  Ches- 
ter B.  Davis,  C.  E.,  of  Chicago  has  been  em- 
ployed to  advise  as  to  the  construction  of  a 
proposed  water-works  system  at  Galesburg, 

III.  At  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  the  project 

of  building  a  gravity  system  of  water-works 
to  cost  nearly  $300,000  is  under  considera- 
tion. The  Rocky  Ford  Reservoir,  Land, 

Loan  and  Trust  Company  of  Pueblo,  Col., 
has  been  incorporated.  The  company  has 
a  capital  of   $200,000.  The  additional 


water  sujjply  for  the  Heights  section  of 
Brooklyn  will  be  forthcoming  in  about  a 
monte.  The  jiipes  extend  from  the  Prospect 
Hill  reservoir  through  P'latbush  avenue  to 
.State  street,  to  Hicks  street,  to  Clark  street, 
where  they  connect  with  present  mains.  The 
addition  to  the  supply  will  be  about  1,000,000 

gallons  daily.  At  a  special  meeting  of 

the  committees  of  the  board  of  trade  and 
city  council  of  St.  Thomas,  Ont.,  it  was 
recommended  by  the  board  of  trade  com- 
mittee that  the  only  available  supply  for  the 
city  is  filtered  water  taken  from  Kettle 
creek,  above  the  city.  Engineer  Bell  re- 
ported that  a  storage  capacity  of  about  4,- 
000,000  or  5,000,000  gallons  could  be  ac- 
quired by  raising  the  dam.  After  that  ex- 
cavating would  have  to  be  resorted  to,  and 
the  cos  twould  be  $1,500  for  each  additiona 
1,000,000  gallons.  The  amount  of  water 
flowing  down  the  creek  at  the  Casey  farm 
during  the  dry  spell  was  1,600,000  gallons 
every  twenty-four  hours.  The  engineer  sug- 
gested that  an  additional  storage  capacity 
say  of  5,000,000  gallons  over  and  above  that 
provided  by  damming  the  creek  be  provided 
by  widening  the  creek,  making  the  total 
storage  capacity  10,000,000  gallons.  Mr. 
Bell  was  instructed  to  increase  his  estimate 
accordingly.  It  is  proposed  to  lay  pipes  on 
every  street  in  the  city  which  is  reasonably 
built  up.  The  engineer  was  instructed  to 
estimate  upon  two  pumps  of  2,000,000  gal- 
lons capacity  each,  and  two  pumps  of  1,500,- 

000  gallons  each  and  three  boilers.  The 

Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  Water  and  Light  Com- 
pany has  been    incorporated  by  John  L. 

Brown   and  others.  Anaheim,   Cal.:  A 

new  40,000  gallon  water  tank  will  be  erected. 

 San   Bernardino,  Cal.:    The  Board  of 

Trustees  will  invite  bids  for  a  water-works 

system.  Reidsville,  N.  C:    Boards  for 

$10,000  will  be  issued  to  build  a  wa- 
ter   works    system.  The  Chattanooga, 

Tenn.,  Water  Company  will  rebuild  its  res- 
ervoir at  Mission  Ridge,  which  was  recently 

destroyed.  Ballinger,  Tex.:    Efforts  are 

being  made  to  organize  a  stock  company  to 

build  water- works.  San  Diego,  Cal.:  The 

Pano  water  company    proposes   to  issue 

bonds  for  $1,250,000  to  build  a  plant.  

Goldendale,  Wash.:     The  construction  of 

water-works  is  contemplated.  At  Peoria, 

111.,  $1,250,000  will  be  expended  in  recon- 
structing the  water-works  system.  Lex- 
ington, Ga.:  A  stock  company  will  be  or- 
ganized to  construct  a  water-works  system. 

 The  Fayetteville,  Tenn.,  Water-works 

Company  has  been  incorporatep.  Way- 
cross,  Ga.:    It  has  been  decided  to  expend 

130,000  on  a  system  of  water- works.  The 

new  source  of  supply  at  Sand  Creek  will 
necessitate  the  laying  of  fifteen  miles  of 
pipe  by  the  East  Denver,  Col.,  Water  Com- 
pany. Beaver  Falls,  Pa.:    It  is  said  that 

a  scheme  is  on  foot  to  build  water-works 
capable   of  supplying  the   whole  Beaver 

Valley.  Mandan,  N.  Dak.,  has  voted  to 

issue  bonds  for  $10,000  for  an  artesian  water- 
supply.  A  movement  is  on  foot  to  con- 
struct a  joint  system  of  water-worksfor  Osh 


408 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


JYoL.  XV.  No.  307 


awa  and  Whitby,  Out.,  the   supply   to  be 

taken  from  Lake  Ontario.  Omaha,  Neb.: 

The  American  Water-works  ■  Company  will 
spend  $1,000,000  on  improvements,  includ- 
ing a  reservoir  of  100,000,000  gallons  capac- 
ity. Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  will  lay  water 

mains  to  cost  §8,600.  Belair,  Md.:  Steps 

are  being  taken  to  secure  a  water  supply 

system.  Portland,  Ore.,  will  advertise  for 

bids  for  $50,000  of  bonds,  to  pay  for  water- 
works, pump,  and  for  other  purposes.  

Kingston,  Ont.:  The  city  council  has  grant- 
ed §25,000  to  further  extend  the  water-works. 
The  suction  pipe  will  be  extended  1000  feet 
into  the  lake. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Denver,  Col.:  The  contract  for  an  iron 
bridge  over  Cherry  Creek  has  been  awarded 
to  the  Lane  Bridge  and  Iron  Works,  of  Chi- 
cago, at  $14,792.  Bonham,  Tex.:  Con- 
tract for  constructing  the  water-works  has 
been  let  to  Mr.  Chatham  of  Illinois.  A 
reservoir  is  to  be  built  and  the  water  from 
the  artesian  well  utilized.    Estimated  cost, 

exclusive  of  mains,  is  $18,500.  Beatrice, 

Neb.:  Bids  for  the  storm-water  sewer  were 
opened  December  6  and  the  contract  award- 
ed to  W.  H.  Duffell  at  $8,500.  Denver. 

Col.:  The  Shickle,  Harrison  &  Howard 
Iron  Company  of  St.  Louis  has  been  award- 
ed the  contract  for  cast  iron  pipe  at  $41.60 
per  ton.  The  total  amount  will  reach  $50,- 
000.    The  sum  of  §160,000  is  being  spent  on 

improvements.  Whatcom,  Wash.:  Bids 

will  be  received  until  January  20,  for  the 
erection  of  an  §80,000  court  house.  Address 
County  Commissioners.  Bids  will  be  re- 
ceived by  the  Board  of  Supervisor  of  Bre- 
mer County,  Iowa,  at  Waverly,  Jan.  7,  for 
the  construction  of  all  single  truss  and 
slough  bridges  required  to  be  built  by  said 
county  during  the  year  1890,  as  per  plans 
and  specifications  on  file  in  the  Auditor's 

office.    C.  W.  Tyrrell,  County  Auditor.  

Opelika,  Ala.:  The  contract  for  erecting 
the  new  Lee  County  jail  has  been  awarded 
to  the  Pauly  Jail  «&  Manufacturing  Co.,  of 

St.    Louis.  Eureka,  Cal.:     L.  C.  Dunn 

has  contracted  to  erect  a  church,  for  §10,940. 

 Waterbury.  Conn.:    Joseph  A.  Jackson 

has  let  the  contracts  for  John  Moriarty's  new 
building  on  South  Main  street,  to  W.  M. 
Hurlburt,  carpenter;  Patrick  Thompson, 
mason.    E.  A.  Bcnhan  has  the  carpenter 

contract  for  H  enri  Robert's  house.  Johii- 

son  City.  Tenn.:  P.  C.  Hoss  has  the  con- 
tract for  erecting  the  new  Charleston,  Cin- 
cinnati &  Chicago  Railroad  station. 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

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indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
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NATURB'S    REMEDIES  . 

413      INNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  gronp  of  Remedies  extant.    Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
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NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY-    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC- 
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the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liveb  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedyin  all  lungand  throat  atTectious.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tootli-ache,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  you  may  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  tor  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures   now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debil 
ity. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined 
more  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Ca  c 
ada,  sole  proprietors. 


F*  roposals. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
•^the  oHiee  of  Sui)ervising  Architect,  Treasury  De- 
piirtmeiit,  Wasliiugton,  D.  C.  until  'I  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  4th  day  of  January  1H90.  for  all  tlie  labor  and 
materials  recjnired  to  build  the  brick  manholes  and 
trap  well,  funiiKh  and  lay  all  the  terra  cotta  sewer 
pipe,  cast  iron  drain  and  down  i>ipe,  etc.,  required 
for  tlio  Post  Office,  etc.,  l)ullding  at  lirooklyn.  New 
York,  in  accordance  with  the  dnnvings  and 
p(>cification  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on 
application  !it  this  ollico  and  the  t)ffice  of  tlie 
Superintendent.  Eacli  bi<l  must  l)e  accom- 
panied by  u  certified  check  for  $1(XI.IM).  The  De- 
partment will  rejc'Cl  all  l)ids  received  after  thi>time 
fixed  for  opening  the  same;  also,  the  bids  which  (h) 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  nMuiireniente  of  this 
Jas.  11.  VVINDIUM, 


invitation. 
December  VI 


1889. 


Supervising  Architect, 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

The  Pacific  Coast  Improvement,  with 
§1000,000  capital,  has  been  incorporated  at 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  by  J.  J.  Lorimer  and 
others,  for  the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipe. 

 San  Francisco,  Cal.:    Henry  Anderson, 

F.  W.  McDonald  and  others  have  organized 
the  Anderson  Indestructible  Sewer  Com- 
pany, with   $1,000,000  capital.  Trenton, 

N.  J.:    Plans  have  been  made  for  extensive 

improvements  to  the  sewerage  system.  

Fort  Payne,  Ala.:  The  city  council  has 
voted  to  issue  §50,000  bonds  to  complete  the 
sewerage  system,  open  streets  and  build  a 

city  hall.  Alexandria,  Va.:    A  committee 

will  investigate  the  cost  of  a  sewerage  sys- 
tem. North  Baltimore,  Md.,  has  decided 

to  put  in  a  sewerage  system.  The  drain- 
age commissioners  of  New  (Orleans,  La., 
offer  §10,000  in  prizes  for  plans  for  the  drain- 
age system.  Atlanta,   Ga.,   will  shortly 

vote  on  the  question  of  expending  §50,000 
for  a  sewerage  system.-  Beauharnois,  P. 
Q.,  will  spend  §10,000  on  a  system  of  sewer- 
age. Kansas  City,  Mo.,  will  expend  §200,- 
000  on  sewer  extensions. 


Deo.  28,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


The  Sanitary  News. 


PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

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The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects. 


The  proper  disposal  of  garbage  and  sew- 
age in  a  manner  to  protect  the  public  health 
is  a  question  permanently  before  the  people. 
Another  problem  confronting  them  now  is 
the  protection  of  life  and  property  by  the 
proper  control  of  electric  currents. 

An  old  and  true  saying  is  "we  never 
miss  the  water  till  the  well  runs  dry."  It  is 
equally  true  that  we  never  miss  good  health 
till  we  lose  it.  With  many  there  are  no 
deeper  draughts  and  wastes  on  the  well  than 
there  are  on  the  physical  fountain.  We 
value  good  health  mostly  by  its  loss,  and 
with  a  reckless  prodigality  we  waste  our 
physical  powers  through  inexcusable  viola- 
tions of  the  simplest  hygenic  rules. 


CHICAGO,  DEC.  28.  xl 


Contents  This  Week. 

Current  Topics.   409 

Relation  of  Hot  Water  Heating  to  the  Master 

Plumbers'  Trade       .     -     .      .     .  410 

What  Water  costs   412 

New  Filtering  Material    -----  413 

Evaporation  of  Water  in  Traps  -  .  .  413 
Antisceptic  Ventilation  ----- 

Reheating  Exhaust  Steam  -----  414 

BUTLDING—  413 

Rivalry  among  Architects  .      -      -      .  414 

Notes  from  Architects       -      -      .      -  41,5 

Pldmbino — 

Among  the  Plumbers               -      -      _  416 

While  the  Solder  melts    -      -     .     .  416 

CONTBACTINa  NeWS— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -     -     -  416 

Heating  and  Lighting       -     .     .     -  417 

Water-Works  Notes    -      -      -      -      .  413 

Sewerage  Notes          -     -     -     -     .  419 

Bids  and  Contracts     -----  415 


THE  LABOR  OF  SANITARIANS. 

There  is  one  important  factor  that  must 
shortly  enter  into  the  problem  of  universal 
sanitation  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  ever 
heretofore.  Sanitary  science  has  as  yet  but 
weakly  attempted  the  full  solution  of  this 
very  difficult  problem.  The  question,  what 
shall  we  do  with  our  foreign  immigrants  is 
of  no  less  interest  to  the  science  of  sanita- 
tion than  it  is  to  the  science  of  government. 
To  the  professional  politician  its  seriousness 
extends  no  further  than  the  securing  of  the 
foreign  vote  for  this  or  that  party.  By  the 
politicians'  methods  the  question  is  rendered 
more  perplexing. 

Discrimination  is  thrown  to  the  winds,  and 
our  cities  shelter  quarters  filled  with  the 
pauper  and  debased  element  which  makes 
the  solution  of  the  problem  from  the  sani- 
tarian's point  of  view  of  the  most  grave 
and  difficult.  This  does  not  embrace  that 
thriving,  industrious,  intelligent  class  found 
among  ot^r  best  citizens,  but  it  relates  to  that 
class  found  in  all  cities  amid  shiftlessness,filth 
and  disease.  Not  in  one  city,  but  in  all  cities 
they  exist  in  their  indigence  and  squalor, 
living  in  woeful  disregard  of  all  sanitary  re- 
quirements, without  moral  or  civil  restraint, 
void  of  decency  and  self-respect  and  with 
no  sen.se  of  the  natural  obligation  of  life. 
These  quarters  form  lodging  places  for  all 
manner  of  diseases,  especially  those  filth 
diseases  which  are  preventable.  It  has  late- 
ly been  shown  in  London  that  the  deaths 
occurring  in  such  quarters  greatly  increase 
the  death-rate  of  that  city  as  compared  with 
the  death-rate  reported  from  the  better  por- 
tions of  the  metropolis.  Evidences  of  the 
same  character  have  been  gathered  from 
divers  other  sources  until  the  question  of  the 
housing  of  the  poor  has  become  a  serious 
one,  and  has  attracted  the  attention  of 
municipal  authorities,  humanitarians  and 
philanthropists.  Such  lodgings  are  not  only 
infected  themselves,  but  they  form  centers 
from  which  infection  spreads  to  communities 
which  would  otherwise  be  free  from  diseases 
thus  given  a  foothold. 

The  question  is,  how  are  these  evils  to  be 
corrected?  There  is  little  hope  in  muni- 
cipal authorities.  These  places  receive  but 
little  attention  from  civil  powers.  Even 
law  is  loosely  enforced.  It  would  probably 
be  difficult  to  enforce  sanitation  through  the 


ministration  of  penal  laws.    This  class  of 
people  is  ignorant  of  every  requirement  of 
health  and  of  the  importance  of  all  hygenic 
rules.    The  beginning  of  this  reformation 
must  be  sought  in  education.    For  this  we 
must,  to  a  great  degree,  look  to  our  health 
boards   supported   properly  by  the  state. 
Our  cities  must  set  an  example  of  cleanli- 
ness in  keeping  the  streets.alleys,  and  walks 
clean.    Cleanliness  is  contagious  the  same 
as  filthiness,  and  from  the  street  it  is  but  a 
short  step  to  the  homes  and  lives  of  the 
people.    Poverty  may  produce  rags  but  in- 
dolence does  produce  filth.    Water  is  plenti- 
ful, but  exertion  is  scarce.    The  sanitarian 
has  here  a  duty  to  perform  in  rescuing  this 
class  from  the  low  state  into  which  it  has 
fallen.    In  it  must  be  instilled  the  higher 
aspirations  of  Hfe  and  its  greater  value. 
These  demoralized  and  demoralizing  ele- 
ments must  be  made  to  assimilate  the  prin- 
ciples of  a  better  civilzation  and  adjust 
themselves  to  the  harmonies  of  higher 
civil,  moral  and  physical  conditions.  They 
must  be  brought  up  from  their  low  state  to 
an  appreciation  of  the  duties  of  citizenship 
and  the  obligations  of  life.    The  view  be- 
fore the  sanitarian  is  not  a  pleasant  one, 
but  in  it  he  sees  a  labor  of  years. 


EVERY  ONE  TO  HIS  OWN  TRADE. 

It  will  not  be  disputed  that  every  man 
understands  his  own  special  profession  or 
trade  better  than  he  does  that  of  another. 
It  is  impossible  for  one  man  to  become 
familiar  with  all  professions  and  trades; 
hence  the  division  of  labor  and  the  tendency 
of  study  in  special  lines.  From  this  the 
different  trades  and  professions  arise,  each 
calling  into  its  service  the  time  and  labor  of 
special  classes.  Those  following  each  sepa- 
rate calling  are  rightly  expected  to  be,  to  a 
more  or  less  degree,  proficient  in  their 
particular  pursuit,  and  it  is,  likewise,  sup- 
posable  that  others  outside  of  this  special 
calling  are  not  familiar  with  it.  The  theo- 
logian does  not  study  masonry,  the  tinsmith 
does  not  follow  the  practice  of  medicine,  the 
lawyer  does  not  acquaint  himself  with  black- 
smithing,  the  architect  does  not  succeed  at 
gun  making,  the  plumber  is  not  a  carpenter, 
and  so  on  to  the  end.  But  at  the  same  time 
all  of  them  are  supposed  to  be  what  they 
profess,  and  ought  to  be  held  responsible  for 
their  inability  to  perform  efficiently  what- 
ever pertains  to  their  trade  or  profession. 
There  is  another  consideration  and  that  is, 
it  being  fairly  presumed  that  those  follow- 
ing a  special  calling  are  fully  qualified  to 
discharge  its  duties,  they  should  be  em- 
ployed when  any  services  in  their  particular 
line  are  required. 

The  above  has  a  wide  application  to  many 
important  and  practical  affairs  of  the  present 
day.  Almost  every  day  competitions  are 
advertised  for  plans  for  some  building. 
There  is  a  commission  appointed  to  examine 
these  plans  after  they  have  been  handed  in 
by  the  architects  who  enter  the  competition, 
and  to  select  the  design  to  be  used.  Now, 
in  the  majority  of  these  cases,  there  is  not 
an  individual  in  the  whole  commission  the 


410 


TTTE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  308 


knows  anything  at  all  about  architecture, 
and,  therefore,  is  entirely  unable  to  act  in- 
telligently in  the  matter.  Thus  the  risk  is 
run  of  selecting  the  poorest  plan  and  having 
inferior  work  done.  Sometimes  an  expert  is 
called  in,  but  what  is  the  result?  Instead  of 
having  the  plans  examined  by  a  commission 
of  intelligent  architects,  the  matter  is  left  to 
the  bias,  prejudice  and  whims  of  one  man. 

In  plumbing  we  find  the  same  exceptions 
to  make.  This  profession  touches  more 
nearly  the  health  and  well-being  of  human- 
ity than  any  other  affecting  building  con- 
struction, and  yet  there  are  instances  in 
which  the  utmost  disregard  is  shown  to  its 
importance,  and  the  result  always  is  a  con- 
tinual menace  to  the  health  of  the  house- 
hold. Incompetent  and  unrecognized  men 
are  employed  as  plumbers  because  it  is  sup- 
posed to  cost  less  when  it  is  a  most  costly 
outlay.  But  the  evil  does  not  stop  here. 
It  might  be  discovered  in  time  to  be  checked 
before  harm  results.  But  here  we  are  apt 
to  find  an  inspector  of  plumbing  who  has  no 
knowledge  of  plumbing  whatever,  and 
disease  is  allowed  undisturbed  to  await  its 
victims. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  follow  out  the  evils 
resulting  from  this  disregard  of  qualifica- 
tion, a  disregard  of  the  fitness  of  the  man 
for  this  place,  and  the  reckless  failure  to 
distinguish  the  qualified  from  the  unquali- 
fied. Every  one  to  his  own  trade  is  a  safe 
rule  to  follow,  and  where  error  is  possible, 
let  the  error  be  on  the  safe  side.  Let  every 
man  perform  that  for  which  he  is  fitted  by 
education  and  experience,  and  mistakes  and 
evils  will  be  reduced  to  a  point  of  absolute 
safety. 

In  regard  to  having  work  done  requiring 
the  services  of  competent  men,  there  need 
be  no  trouble.  If  you  want  a  building 
erected  properly,  go  to  an  architect.  It 
will  cost  you  something  of  course  to  employ 
him,  but  in  the  end  you  will  save  money. 
An  architect  does  not  work  for  fun,  neither 
do  you.  When  he  is  employed  he  works  for 
the  interest  of  his  employer,  and  his  work  is 
surely  of  value  to  his  client  or  his  profession 
would  have  died  long  ago.  When  you  want 
plumbing  done  go  straight  to  a  plumber.  It 
is  his  business  to  know  how  to  do  that  kind 
of  work.  It  is  not  yours  or  that  of  any  one 
else.  You  know  how  to  procure  the  service 
of  a  good  plumber  as  well  as  that  of  a  good 
architect.  Every  man  has  his  standing  in  a 
community,  a  character  which  he  has  made 
for  himself.  If  you  are  acquainted  among 
men  in  either  of  these  professions,  you  know 
just  where  to  go,  for  you  know  the  man 
whose  character  is  a  guaranty  for  good 
work.  Should  you  not  be  acquainted,  you 
can  go  to  some  responsible  friend  who  is 
There  is  no  excuse  for  having  bad  work 
done,  and  we  cannot  believe  that  any  man 
would  construct  a  building,  especially  for 
his  own  use,  deficient  in  these  twoimportan 
particulars.  The  speculative  builder  needs 
legal  checks  put  upon  him.  These  are 
simple  and  easily  obtained.  Let  an  expert 
irsoect  the  building,  and  a  reliable  plumber 


inspect  the  plumbing  and  safety  will  be 
assured.  With  competent  men  in  all  lines 
relating  to  building  no  excuse  can  be  made 
for  some  of  the  miserable  and  unsanitary 
structures  we  find  all  about  us. 


RELATION  OF  HOT-WATER  HEAT- 
ING TO  THE  MASTER  PLUMB- 
ERS' TRADE.* 
[Continued  from  page  403] 

In  regard  to  the  proper  style  or  make  of 
fittings  which  should  be  used  in  placing  the 
system,  I  wonld  say  that  I  have  found  the 
ordinary  makes  of  standard  cast-iron  fittings 
to  be  the  best,  and  in  connection  with 
wrought-iron  pipe  to  make  joints  which 
would  not  only  be  tight  at  first,  but  would 
remain  tight  for  all  time  and  give  general 
satisfaction.  I  have  used  long-sweep  or 
large-radius  elbows  and  Y  branches,  but 
have  found  that  they  did  not  possess  suf- 
ficient additional  merit  to  warrant  me  in 
recommending  their  use  except  for  special 
cases.  I  find  that  for  general  work  ordinary 
cast-iron  elbows,  reducing  elbows,  45-degree 
elbows  and  reducing  tees  give  the  best  sat- 
isfaction. I  would  avoid  the  use  of  bush- 
ings as  far  as  possible,  making  the  reducing 
tees  and  elbows  take  their  place,  thus  re- 
ducing the  number  of  joints  and  chances  of 
leakage,  besides  making  better-looking  and 
nicer  work.  I  would  use  45-degree  elbows 
at  all  points  where  their  use  would  shorten 
the  mains  or  connections.  For  connections 
between  the  heater  and  mains  I  would  use 
right  and  left  elbows,  or,  if  desired,  flange 
unions,  and  for  connections  between  the 
radiators  or  coils  and  the  mains  I  would  use 
on  the  flow  connection  a  ground  coupling 
valve  and  on  the  return  connection  aground 
coupling  elbow.  Or,  if  it  was  a  question  of 
first  cost,  I  would  use  right  and  left  elbows 
and  nipples.  But  in  no  case  or  on  no  ac- 
count would  I  use  the  ordinary  union  coup- 
lings, which  I  have  always  found  to  be  a 
source  of  annoyance,  on  account  of  leakage 
caused  by  the  continued  expansion  and  con- 
traction working  on  the  washer  and  com- 
pressing it  or  forcing  it  out  of  place. 

For  hangers  to  support  the  horizontal 
mains  in  basement  or  cellar  I  would  use 
cast  or  wrought  iron  hangers,  well  secured 
to  the  floor  beams.  Some  use  wire  and 
others  use  chain.  I  have  never  been  a 
member  of  the  chain  gang  and  I  am  a  very 
poor  wire-puller.  But  as  a  practical  hot- 
water  and  steam  fitter  I  would  discounte- 
nance the  use  of  either  for  supporting  hot- 
water  or  steam  mains,  on  account  of  the 
fact  that  I  have  experienced  more  trouble, 
both  in  hot-water  and  low-pressure  steam 
heating,  from  wire  or  chain  being  used  to 
support  the  mains  than  from  any  other  single 
cause.  I  have  known  of  numerous  cases  in 
both  of  those  systems  where  the  mains 
when  first  placed  were  properly  graded; 
but  on  account  of  the  continued  expansion 
and  contraction   the    wire  had  stretched 

*  A  lecture  delivered  by  W,  W.  Miickry,  M.  E,  be- 
fore the  New  York  Association  of  Master  PJumbers 
Not.  29,  1889, 


or  the  links  of  the  chain  had  opened,  alter- 
ing the  grade  of  the  mains  at  points,  making 
air-pockets  or  air-traps  in  hot-watar  systems 
and  water  traps  in  steam  systems,  which 
prevented  their  successful  operation  and 
made  their  owners  or  operators  wonder  why 
jobs  which  had  once  worked  so  well  should 
become  such  miserable  failures.  But  in 
this,  as  in  raising  a  family,  it  is  the  little 
things  that  make  all  the  trouble  and  require 
the  greatest  attention. 

Valves  are  usually  placed  on  the  flow  con- 
nection of  hot-water  radiators  and  coils  for 
the  purpose  of  controlling  the  circulation 
should  it  be  found  necessary  or  desirable. 
It  is  not  necessary  that  this  valve  should  be 
of  expensive  construction  or  perfectly  tight. 
In  fact,  it  is  often  a  decided  advantage  to 
have  it  leak  a  little,  so  much  so  that  I  have 
often  found  it  necessary  to  drill  a  i-i6-inch 
opening  through  the  disk  of  a  i-inch  valve 
ox  z.  y%  inch  opening  through  the  disk  of  a 
I X  inch  valve  to  maintain  a  small  circula- 
tion through  a  radiator  or  coil  when  shut  off 
in  a  cold,  exposed  room.  The  most  neces- 
sary feature  regarding  the  construction  of 
valves  for  hot-w  ater  work  is  that  they  should 
be  full-opening,  so  as  not  to  obstruct  the 
water-way.  Some  radiator  valves  only  open 
half-way,  and  while  they  answer  for  steam 
they  should  not  be  used  on  hot-water  work, 
for  the  simple  reason  that  they  retard  the 
circulation.  On  large  w-ork  valves  are  also 
sometimes  placed  on  the  flow  and  return 
mains  at  heater,  or  when  a  single  flow  and 
return  main  are  used  on  the  branches  lead- 
ing from  same.  It  is  necessary  that  these 
valves  if  used  should  be  tight.  W'hen  placed 
on  a  straight  main  they  should  be  straight- 
way or  gate  valves,  but  when  placed  on  an 
angle  in  the  main,  as  they  often  are,  espe- 
cially when  used  at  the  heater,  they  should 
be  full-opening  angle  valves.  When  valves 
are  placed  on  the  mains  it  is  customary  to 
place  draw-off  cocks  so  as  to  drain  off  any 
section  of  the  mains  which  it  may  be  found 
necessary  or  desirable  to  shut  off.  A  ^ 
inch  or  Yi  inch  square-head  stop-cock  is 
usually  used  for  this  purpose.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  manipulate  the  valves  on  a  hot 
water  apparatus  to  secure  an  even  tempera- 
ture or  circulation;  in  fact,  it  is  an  advant- 
age when  uniform  temperature  is  desired  to 
leave  the  valves  alone  and  regulate  the  heat 
by  the  fire  maintained. 

An  air-valve  should  be  placed  at  the  high- 
est point  on  all  radiators  and  coils,  for  the 
purpose  of  drawing  off  any  air  which  may 
accumulate  at  these  points  and  interfere 
with  the  circulation.  Those  operated  by  a 
key  are  the  only  ones  which  should  be  used 
on  hot-water  work.  Some  engineers  do 
away  with  the  necessity  of  using  air-valves 
on  hot-water  work  by  feeding  the  radiators 
and  coils  at  the  top  or  highest  point,  carry- 
ing an  air-pipe  from  the  highest  point  on  the 
several  mains  and  risers  to  the  expansion 
tank.  Others  carry  a  small  air-pipe  from 
the  highest  point  of  each  radiator  or  coil  to 
and  connected  with  the  expansion  tank,  or 
to  the  furnace-room  in  basement,  where  they 


Dec-  28,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


411 


are  numbered  and  fitted  with  air-valves,  buj 
I  do  not  consider  that  either  of  those  three 
connections  are  as  reliable,  safe  or  satisfac- 
tory as  placing  a  keyed  air-valve  on  the 
radiator  or  coil. 

Water  on  being  heated  from  40  degrees 
to  212  degs.  F.,  expands  i  gallon  in  every  23 
gallons,  and  it  is  necessary  to  place  a  tank 
at  the  highest  point  of  a  hot-water  heating- 
apparatus  of  ample  capacity  to  hold  the  in- 
creased volume  of  water  due  to  expansion 
These  tanks  are  made  in  various  forms. 
The  one  which  I  would  recommend  as  giv- 
ing the  best  satisfaction  and  being  the  best 
suited  for  the  purpose  is  a  perfectly  tight 
metal  tank  (constructed  of  as  heavy  ma- 
terial as  the  pipe  used  in  the  mains)  having 
a  gauge-glass  to  show  the  height  of  water,  an 
opening  at  bottom  for  connecting  the  ex- 
pansion-pipe, which  should  be  carried  to  the 
heater  and  connected  to  it  at  the  lowest 
point;  also  an  opening  at  highest  point,  to 
be  used  as  an  overflow  and  vent  pipe,  with 
a  side  opening  which  can  be  used  for  filling 
or  for  a  connection  for  circulating  the  water 
in  the  tank  should  it  be  desired  on  account 
of  placing  the  tank  in  a  cold  room.  The 
expansion  tank  can  be  arranged  to  be 
self-filling  by  the  use  of  a  ball-cock  fitted 
either  in  the  expansion-tank  or  in  an 
adjoining  tank,  which  in  turn  can  be  con- 
nected to  the  expansion-tank. 

This  brings  me  to  the  most  important  part 
of  my  subject,  the  heater,  which  is  really 
the  mainspring  of  the  whole  system;  as  no 
matter  how  ample  the  remainder  of  the  sys- 
tem may  be  planned  or  how  well  it  may  be 
placed,  if  you  lack  the  necessary  power  in 
the  heater,  or  if  the  heater  is  of  faulty  con- 
struction and  only  a  part  of  the  surface  it 
contains  is  available  for  heating  the  water, 
a  failure  or  partial  failure  is  sure  to  be  the 
result.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  heater  is 
of  ample  capacity  or  large  for  the  work,  and 
of  a  proper  construction  for  hot-water-heat- 
ing, it  will  not  only  work  well  and  give  good 
satisfaction,  but  will  also,  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent, if  the  mains  are  of  ample  capacity  and 
properly  placed,  overcome  any  slight  error 
or  shortage  in  the  radiating  surface.  And 
while  a  hot-water  heating  apparatus,  to  be 
efficient  and  economical,  should  have  ample 
radiating  surface,  ample  area  of  mains  and 
ample  capacity  in  heater,  if  for  any  reason 
it  is  necessary  to  curtail  the  power  of  any 
part  of  the  system,  the  power  of  the  heater 
should  never  be  reduced.  Nor  should  a 
hot-water  heater  be  placed  to  heat  a  greater 
number  of  cubic  feet  of  air-space  than  it  is 
rated  to  heat.  In  fact,  it  is  a  decided  ad- 
vantage to  have  the  heater  ^  to  ^  larger 
than  the  work,  as  it  will  require  less  atten- 
tion, be  more  economical  in  the  use  of  fuel, 
and  will  give  better  results  than  if  it  is  of  a 
neat  size  or  too  small  for  the  w-ork. 

Another  and  the  greatest  source  of  trouble 
which  has  come  to  my  notice  regarding  the 
rated  power  of  hot-water  heaters  has  been 
the  fact  that  some  manufacturers,  in  their 
anxiety  to  make  sales,  have  overrated  the 
power  of  their  heaters,  clairjiing  that  they 


would  heat  a  greater  number  of  square  feet 
of  radiating  surface  or  a  larger  number  of 
cubic  feet  of  air-space  than  they  had  the 
power  to  do. 

Probably  the  best,  most  largely  used  and 
most  economical  steam  heating  or  steam- 
generating  boiler  that  is  or  has  ever  been 
made  is  the  horizontal  tubular  boiler.  If 
you  will  look  into  the  construction  of  this 
type  of  boiler,  noting  the  amount  of  fire 
surface  it  contains  in  proportion  to  its  flue- 
surface,  you  will  find  that  it  has  15  per  cent 
fire-surface  and  85  per  cent  of  flue-surface; 
and  while  the  same  proportion  in  other  con- 
structions of  boilers  make  good  steam-boil- 
ers, I  have  found  in  my  experience  that 
the  very  opposite  proportions  make  the  best, 
most  economical  and  efficient  hot-water 
heaters. 

My  first  experience  with  hot-water  heaters 
was  with  imported  English  wrought-iron 
welded  tube  heaters;  and  while  I  found 
them  when  properly  constructed  to  be  quick 
and  fairly  economical  heaters,  the  greatest 
trouble  I  experienced  with  them  was  that  in 
damp  basements  they  would  wear  out  and 
rust  through  by  external  corrosion  during 
the  summer  months — so  much  that  while 
when  first  placed  they  were  constructed  of 
X  inch  boiler  iron,  I  have  found  some  of 
them  gave  out  by  rusting  through  inside  of 
two  years,  and  while  I  assisted  in  placing 
about  twenty  of  these  heaters,  I  have  not 
been  able  to  ascertain  that  any  of  them  con- 
tinued in  use  after  five  years. 

My  next  experience  was  with  cast-iron 
shell-cast  heaters  of  the  bee-hive  pattern, 
and  while  there  was  no  trouble  from  their 
wearing  out  or  rusting  out,  I  have  experi- 
enced some  trouble  from  their  leaking  at 
the  points  where  the  shells  were  rusted  to- 
gether, especially  on  high  buildings;  and 
while  I  have  found  that  they  made  good 
heaters  for  greenhouse  work  where  the 
buildings  were  low,  the  flues  short  and  the 
draft  w^as  poor  I  have  found  in  buildings 
where  the  draft  was  good  that  there  was  not 
sufficient  surface  in  the  heater,  in  proportion 
to  the  grate-surface,  to  absorb  the  heat  gen- 
erated, and  that  they  were  wasteful  in  fuel. 

My  next  experience  was  with  brick-set 
pipe  boilers  of  various  kinds,  varying  in 
efficiency  arud  lasting  qualities  according  to 
construction  and  location.  They  all  lacked 
the  necessary  fire-surface,  the  most  power- 
ful of  them  having  only  50  per  cent  of  fire- 
surface,  while  the  majority  of  them  had  only 
25  per  cent  of  fire-surface,  and  some  of 
them  offer  too  much  resistance  to  the  flow 
of  the  water. 

My  next  experience  was  with  ordinary 
horizontal  tubular  boilers,  but  having  the 
space  ordinarily  taken  up  with  steam  (when 
used  as  a  steam-boiler)  filled  with  tubes.  I 
have  found  them  to  be  sluggish  in  operation 
on  account  of  the  large  body  of  water  which 
they  contain  in  proportion  to  their  fire-sur- 
face. I  have  also  found  that  the  tubes  of 
this  type  of  boiler,  which  are  usually  about 
No.  12  wire  gauge,  rust  out  by  external  cor- 
rosion in  from  two  to  five  years  when  used 


for  hot-water  heating.  Then  there  came  a 
demand  for  a  portable  cast-iron  sectional 
heater  on  account  of  the  advantage  it  pos- 
sessed over  other  existing  heaters. 

My  opinion  regarding  the  construction  of 
a  hot-water  heater,  based  on  a  close  observa- 
tion of  the  different  constructions  and  their 
operation  for  the  past  twenty  years,  is  that 
it  should  have  from  75  to  85  per  cent  of 
efficient  fire-surface  in  proportion  to  25  to 
15  per  cent  of  flue-surface;  that  it  should 
have  a  free  and  positive  circulation  of  water 
in  all  its  parts,  and  that  this  circulation  is 
just  as  necessary  in  a  hot-water  heater  as  in 
the  mains,  radiators  or  coils  of  a  properly 
constructed  hot-water  heating  apparatus. 

It  is  sometimes  necessary  and  advisable 
to  place  a  regulator  on  a  hot-water  heating 
apparatus,  although  the  majority  of  appar- 
atus do  not  have  them  and  are  considered 
complete  without  them.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  different  constructions  of  regulators 
made.  When  it  is  necessary  to  use  an  arti- 
cle of  this  kind,  or  where  it  is  called  for,  I 
would  only  use  such  as  had  given  satisfac- 
tion in  similar  cases,  and  would  not  be  gov- 
erned by  manufacturers'  statements  or  the 
idea  that  because  they  are  high-priced  they 
must  be  good. 

1  would  not  reduce  the  radiating  surface 
in  the  event  of  having  placed  the  regulator, 
although  some  claim  this  to  be  one  of  the 
advantages  of  a  regulator  on  the  hot-water 
system,  nor  would  I  use  a  regulator  that 
required  to  be  regulated.  It  is  an  advantage 
to  place  a  thermometer  on  the  heater  or  in 
one  of  the  flow-mains,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  temperature  of  the  water 
and  thus  being  able  to  run  the  apparatus 
intelligently  and  to  suit  the  outer  atmos- 
phere. 

To  make  an  intelligent  and  accurate  esti- 
mate on  the  placing  of  the  system  it  is 
necessary  to  ascertain  the  total  number  of 
cubic  feet  of  air-space  in  the  building  and 
also  in  the  several  rooms  intended  to  be 
heated,  together  with  the  amount  of  outside- 
wall  and  glass  exposure,  figuring  on  a 
heater  of  proper  construction  and  ample 
capacity  for  the  work  and  ample  radiating 
surface  for  the  several  rooms  and  halls  to 
be  heated,  varying  the  radiating  surface  to 
suit  the  outside-wall  exposure  and  size  of 
the  several  rooms,  together  with  the  neces- 
sary mains,  valves,  fittings,  expansion  tank, 
labor  and  other  necessary  items. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  like  to  call  your 
attention  to  a  few  plans  of  large  buildings 
that  have  been  successfully  and  econom- 
ically heated  by  hot-water  circulation  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  to  show  you  that  this 
work  really  belongs  to  the  plumber.  I  would 
say  that  while  1  have  made  the  working  plans 
and  furnished  the  necessary  SMpervision  re- 
quired in  erecting  these  and  many  other 
large  apparatus,  the  work  in  most  of  these 
cases  was  done  by  local  plumbers,  and  in 
some  cases  by  men  who,  while  they  knew 
the  sizes  of  and  could  cut  and  screw  the 
pipes,  also  put  them  together,  had  no  pre- 
vious knowledge  of  nor  experience  with  the 


412 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No  308 


system.  Not  only  have  these  cases  been 
done  successfully  by  plumbers,  but  thou- 
sands of  other  cases  as  well — some  as  large 
as  these  and  some  of  smaller  sizes.  In  fact, 
a  number  of  the  master  plumbers  in  the 
smaller  towns  in  New  York  State,  through- 
out the  United  States  and  Canada  make  the 
heating  of  buildings,  principally  dwellings, 
by  hot  water  circulation  a  part  of  their  busi- 
ness, and  as  I  have  already  stated,  I  know 
of  no  class  of  men  who  are  better  adapted 
for  placing  the  system.  I  certainly  think  it 
would  be  to  the  interest  of  the  master 
plumbers  of  New  York  City  to  consider  the 
advisability  of  adopting  the  placing  of  this 
growing  system  as  an  addition  to  their 
business. 


WHAT  WATER  COSTS. 
From  a  profusely  illustrated  article  on 
"  The  New  Croton  Aqueduct,"  by  Charles 
Barnard,  in  the  December  Century,  we 
quote  the  following:  "It  is  a  curious  com- 
mentary on  the  diemands  of  modern  civili- 
zation to  observe  the  effect  of  building  this 
dam.  The  million  people  in  the  city  need  a 
reserve  of  drinking  water,  and  twenty-one 
families  must  move  out  of  their  quiet  rural 
homes,  and  see  their  hearths  sink  deep 
under  water.  The  entire  area  to  be  taken 
for  the  reservoir  is  1,471  acres.  Twenty-one 
dwellings,  three  saw  and  grist  mills,  a  sash 
and  blind  factory  and  a  carriage  factory 
must  be  torn  down  and  removed.  A  mile 
and  a  quarter  of  railroad  track  must  be  re- 
laid,  and  six  miles  of  country  roads  must  be 
abandoned.  A  road  twenty-three  miles 
long  will  extend  around  the  two  lakes,  and 
a  border  or  'safety  margin'  three  hundred 
feet  wide  will  be  cleared  all  around  the  edge 
to  prevent  any  contamination  of  the  water. 
This  safety  border  will  include  a  carriage 
road,  and  al'  the  rest  will  be  laid  down  to 
«■  grass.  As  the  dam  rises,  the  water  will 
spread  wider  and  wider  over  fields,  farms, 
and  roads.  Every  tree  will  be  cut  down  and 
carried  away.  Every  building  will  be  carted 
off,  and  the  cellars  burned  out  and  filled 
with  clean  soil,  to  prevent  any  possibility  of 
injury  to  the  water.  Fortunately  there  is 
no  cemetery  within  the  limits  of  the  land 
taken  for  the  reservoir.  Had  there  been  one 
it  would  have  been  completely  removed  be- 
fore the  water  should  cover  the  ground. 
Fifty-eight  persons  and  corporations,  hold- 
ing one  hundred  and  eleven  parcels  of  land, 
will  be  dispossessed  in  order  to  clear  the 
land  for  the  two  lakes  and  the  dams,  roads, 
and  safety  borders." 


Prol.  Dixon  states  that  consumi)tion  can 
be  communicated  by  the  use  of  family  tooth 
brush  trays  in  bath  rooms,  the  brushes  thus 
lying  with  their  bristles  in  close  i)roximity, 
affording  a  medium  for  the  spread  of  the 
tubercle  germs. 

Some  of  the  employes  of  the  Bank  of 
Switzerland  were  lately  poisoned  by  hand- 
ling bank  bills.  The  bills  were  colored 
with  Schwcinfurt  green,  an  arsenical  poison. 


SAFETY-VALVES  ON  HEATING 

BOILERS. 
The  proportion  of  the  area  of  a  safety- 
valve  to  the  area  of  the  grate,  according  to 
the  United  States  rule,  says  The  Locomotive, 
should  be  such  that  there  is  half  an  inch  of 
valve  area  to  each  square  foot  of  grate  sur- 
face, when  lever  or  dead-weight  valves  are 
used,  and  one-third  of  an  inch  of  valve  area 
to  each  square  foot  of  grate  surface  when 
spring  or  pop  valves  are  used.  It  has  been 
shown  by  actual  trial  that  when  these  pro- 
portions are  observed,  the  valve  is  of  suffi- 
cient size  to  prevent  any  considerable  rise 
of  pressure  beyond  the  point  of  blowing  off 
— that  is,  if  everything  is  in  good  order. 
This  rule,  therefore,  is  a  very  safe  one  to 
follow. 

In  heating  boilers  the  valve  area  should 
be  increased  rather  than  diminished,  because 
the  class  of  help  employed  to  run  these 
boilers  usually  lacks  the  experience  and  in- 
telligence of  the  class  employed  to  run  high- 
pressure  boilers  and  the  necessity  of  seeing 
to  it  that  all  pertaining  to  such  boilers  is 
properly  designed  becomes  correspondingly 
more  urgent.  But  it  would  seem,  judging 
from  our  past  experience,  that  altogether 
too  many  people  consider  anything  in  the 
form  of  a  safety-valve  to  be  good  enough 
for  a  heating  boiler,  and  we  found  one  boiler 
with  a  great  area  of  seven  square  feet,  which 
had  a  safety-valve  area  of  only  44-100  of  an 
inch  (or  somewhat  less  than  half  an  inch), 
when  according  to  the  United  States  rule, 
the  area  should  have  been  y/z  inches.  If 
the  safety-valve  on  such  a  boiler  should  at 
any  time  have  to  be  depended  upon  to 
relieve  the  boiler  a  dangerous  rise  of  pres- 
sure would  take  place,  the  steam  being 
unable  to  escape  as  fast  as  it  is  formed. 

Another  trouble  in  the  safety-valves  of 
low-pressure  boilers  is  so  frequently  met 
with  that  it  seems  almost  to  be  the  rule, 
even  when  the  areas  are  properly  propor- 
tioned. It  is  that  the  regular  hi_^h-pressure 
valve  and  weight  is  used,  so  that  even  when 
the  weight  is  pushed  in  as  close  to  the  valve 
as  it  will  go,  it  takes  a  steam  pressure  of 
from  twenty  to  forty  pounds  to  raise  it.  In 
other  words,  the  valve  was  made  to  use  on  a 
high-pressure  boiler,  and  is  so  designed  that 
it  can  be  set  to  blow  off  at  any  pressure 
between  forty  and  one  hundred  pounds,  with 
the  idea  that  this  range  would  be  all  that 
would  be  required;  and  this  being  the  case, 
forty  pounds  is  the  lowest  pressure  at  which 
it  can  be  set  to  blow  off.  The  safety-valves 
and  weights  on  all  heating  boilers  should  be 
adapted  to  the  duty  they  have  to  perform, 
and  the  levers  should  be  marked  accord- 
ingly. 

Let  us  consider  an  ordinary  licating  boiler. 
The  maximum  pressure  carried  is  ten 
pounds,  the  pressure  gauge  registers  up  to 
twenty  pounds,  and  the  damper  regulator  is 
adjusted  to  ten  pounds.  Now  let  us  suppose 
that  through  ignorance  or  neglect  the  draft 
doors  are  blocked  open.  The  pressure 
rises,  and  the  dam[)er  regulator  cannot  con- 
trol it,  when  ten  pounds  are  reached.  The 


safety-valve  should  have  been  so  constructed 
and  set  that  it  would  blow  at  twelve  or 
fifteen  pounds,  but  with  the  ball  pushed  in, 
in  too  many  cases  it  takes  thirty-five  pounds 
to  lift  the  valve.  The  light  diaphragms  in 
the  damper  regulators  are  broken,  and  the 
pressure  gauge  is  destroyed  or  strained. 

The  weight  of  the  lever  and  valve,  ordi- 
narily, will  balance  about  two  pounds  of  in- 
ternal pressure,  and  the  weight  placed  on 
the  lever  should  be  such  that  when  it  is 
pushed  in  close  to  the  valve,  the  boiler  will 
blow  off  at  five  pounds  or  less.  Then,  if  it  is 
desired  to  set  the  valve  to  blow  off  at  ten 
pounds  or  fifteen  pounds,  it  will  be  easy  to 
do  so  by  shifting  the  weight  outward  along 
the  lever  till  the  proper  point  is  reached, 

We  have  stated  what  can  take  place  when 
valves  are  weighted  as  we  frequently  find 
them,  and  we  will  say,  further,  that  just 
such  accidents  as  these  have  come  under 
our  personal  observation,  and  that  fre- 
quently in  our  practice  we  are  obliged  to  re- 
adjust valves  by  having  light  weights  sub- 
stituted for  heavy  ones.  The  only  objection 
to  this  change  is  that  the  point  at  which  the 
valve  blows  off  will  no  longer  correspond 
with  the  marking  on  the  lever.  If  those  fit- 
ting up  low-pressure  boilers  will  call  upon 
the  valve  manufacturer  for  valves  weighted 
and  graduated  for  low-pressure  work,  they 
can  easily  procure  precisely  what  is  needed. 


ANTISEPTIC  VENTILATION. 

At  the  Sanitary  Congress,  recently  held  at 
Worcester,  Mr.  S.  M.  Burroughs  read  a 
paper  on  "Antiseptic  ^'entilation  for  Hospi- 
tals and  Sanitariums,"  in  which  he  illustrat- 
ed and  described  an  apparatus  or  rather  a 
system  by  which  air  could  be  first  filtered, 
its  temperature  regulated,  then  propelled 
into  any  room  desired,  and  rendered  anti- 
septic. He  selected  the  system  of  the  Stur- 
tevant  Blower  Company,  of  London,  as  be- 
ing most  suitable  for  the  application  of  his 
apparatus,  for  the  reason  that  it  can  be  made 
to  blow  air  to  any  part  of  a  building  by 
means  of  tin  or  sheet-iron  pipes  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  accompanying  cut. 

The  blower  consists  of  a  revolving  fan 
having  several  blades  parallel  to  the  axis. 
It  can  run  by  a  steam-engine,  which  can 
also  be  utilized  for  lifts,  electric  lights,  cen- 
trifugals in  laundries,  mills  for  grinding,  etc. 
The  waste  steam  from  the  engine  supplies 
the  heat,  excepting  perhaps  for  a  large 
building,  when  it  can  be  supplemented  by 
live  steam. 

The  air  can  be  drawn  down  a  chimney  or 
shaft,  and  is  filtered  through  a  coarse  strain- 
er to  remove  the  larger  particles  and  through 
finer  material  to  take  out  fine  dust,  fog  and 
smoke. 

If  the  air  is  of  the  right  temperature  it  is 
drawn  directly  into  the  blower,  but  if  it  re- 
quires to  be  heated  a  damper  directs  it  into 
a  rectangular  box  of  sheet-iron  packed  with 
tubes  containing  waste  steam  from  the  en- 
gine or  live  steam  from  the  boiler,  or  both. 
In  circulating  round  these  tubes  the  air  be- 
comes heated,  is  drawn  through  the  blower 


Dec.  28,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


4I3 


and  propelled  through  main  and  branch 
pipes  to  any  or  every  part  of  the  building. 

If  only  one  antiseptic  or  air  medication 
be  desired  at  one  time  it  may  be  distributed 
from  the  main  pipe,  but  a  different  medica- 
tion can  be  used  for  each  room  if  required. 


emuriT  WAUt  flue 


RESERVOIR 
FOR  ANTISEPTIC  ' 


.SECTIONAL  VIEW  OF  FLUES. 

A  volatile  antiseptic  may  be  conveniently 
introduced  by  means  of  suitable  mechanism, 
by  means  of  which  the  liquid  can  be  made 
to  drop  regularly  in  pure  sponge  or  other 
absorbent  or  distributing  material,  whence 
it  is  readily  absorbed  by  the  current  air. 
Carbolic  acid,  creolin,  pinol,  pumiline,  tere- 
bene,  eucalyptia,  thymol,  or  other  volatile 
antiseptic  can  be  readily  employed  in  this 
manner. 

If  the  air  is  too  moist  or  too  warm,  it  can 
be  both  dried  and  cooled  by  causing  cold 
water  to  pass  through  the  pipes  referred  to 
instead  of  steam.  The  object  of  the  inven- 
tion is  to  enable  hospital  physicians  to  ex- 
actly control  the  temperature  and  to  medi- 
cate the  air,  having  previously  deprived  it 
of  dust,  etc. 

The  apparatus  is  not  secret  or  patented 
and  can  be  used  freely  by  any  one. 

It  constitutes  the  most  economical  system 
of  heating  and  for  ventilation  is  most  effec- 
tual; while  for  the  antiseptic  treatment 
of  consumption  and  germ  diseases,  also  for 
making  antiseptic  the  surgical  wards  of 
hospitals,  it  possesses  advantages  over  in- 
halers and  personal  appliances  which  inter- 
fere more  or  less  with  natural  breathings. 

The  paper  was  very  favorably  received, 
and  a  discussion  followed  in  which  Sir 
Douglas  Galton  took  part,  he  considering 
that  the  Sturtevant  ventilating  system 
would  be  of  much  service  in  the  heating 
and  ventilation  of  schools,  where  the  air 
was  usually  very  foul. 


Here  is  a  new  solder  for  metals  which  can 
be  used  like  sealing  wax,  Take  finely  di- 
vided copper,  which  has  been  precipitated 
from  sulphate  of  copper  solution  by  means 
of  scrap  zinc,  and  mix  it  with  concentrated 
solution  of  sulphate  of  mercury  in  a  porce- 
lain mortar.  Take  thirty  to  thirty-six  parts 
of  this  treated  copper,  according  to  the  hard- 
ness required,  and  stir  it  up  with  se\  enty 
parts  of  mercury.  When  the  amalgam  is 
well  formed,  wash  away  all  traces  of  acid 
with  hot  water.  The  solder  is  used  by  heat- 
ing it  till  it  becomes  waxy,  and  smearing  it 
on  the  surface  to  be  united.  When  it  is 
cold  they  will  adhere  firmly. — Exchange. 


EVAPORATION    OF    WATKR  IN 
TRAPS. 

The  following  paper  was  read  by  dlenn 
Brown  before  the  consolidation  convention 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  and 
the  Western  Association  of  Architects  at 
Cincinnati,  Nov.  21,  1889: 

Although  syphonage  and  back  pressure 
are  the  principle  causes  of  failure  in  the 
ordinary  plumber's  trap  ;  nevertheless  water 
in  them  will  evaporate  and  thus  break  the 
seal.  It  is  important  to  know  how  long 
they  will  withstand  the  effects  of  evapora- 
tion. The  opponents  of  trap  ventilation 
claim  that  the  evaporation  produced  by  the 
circulation  of  air  through  the  soil  and  vent- 
pipes  is  sufficient  to  destroy  the  seal  of  traps 
m  ordinary  use. 

If  this  is  a  fact  it  is  a  serious  blow  to  the 
usefulness  of  trap  ventilation.  Mr.  J.  P. 
Putnam,  some  years  ago  made  experiments 
on  trap  evaporation  the  result  of  which  have 
been  extensively  published.  Unfortunately 
he  made  his  experiments  on  the  same  stack 
of  pipes  and  conducted  them  at  the  same 
time  with  his  experiment  on  trap  syphonage. 
Anyone  can  see  how  great  was  the  oppor- 
tunity for  errors,  and  further,  how  impossible 
it  would  be  for  anyone  to  judge  how  much 
water  was  taken  out  by  syphonage  and  how- 
much  by  evaporation.  When  the  traps  were 
tightly  plugged  on  the  house  side,  the  par- 
tial vacuum  caused  by  the  discharge  of 
water  from  the  fixtures  above  would  make 
the  air  between  the  plug  and  the  water  ex- 
pand and  force  out  a  small  amount  of  water 
from  the  trap.  Who  could  tell  how  much  ? 
Who  could  measure  the  amount  of  air  that 
might  pass  through  the  openings  left  by  an 
imperfect  plug  ?  For  this  reason  I  consider 
the  experiments  of  Mr.  Putnam  entirely 
unreliable. 

Sometime  ago  I  made  a  limited  number 
of  experiments  on  this  subject  at  the 
Museum  of  Hygiene,  U.  S.  Navy  Depart- 
ment. They  were  made  sometime  after  and 
entirely  separate  from  the  experiments 
which  I  made  at  the  same  place  on  trap 
syphonage.  Of  course  the  amount  of  water 
evaporated  would  be  in  proportion  to  the 
surface  exposed  and  the  rapidity  with  which 
the  air  coming  in  contact  with  this  surface 
was  changed.  The  most  effective  trap 
would  be  the  one  with  the  smallest  surface 
and  the  greatest  depth  of  seal.  I  experi- 
mented with  five  traps.  Barret's,  Cudell's, 
Adee's,  a  3-inch  and  a  iX-inch  S  traps.  All 
were  vented.  It  was  assumed  as  a  fact  that 
the  vented  traps  would  be  more  effected  by 
evaporation  than  the  unvented  ones.  The 
traps  used  represent 'different  areas  in  pro- 
portion to  their  depth.  The  small  trap  had 
the  smallest  exposed  surface  and  the  great- 
depth.  To  give  them  the  severest  test  for 
evaporation,  they  were  so  placed  that  a 
strong  current  of  heated  air  passed  through 
the  sewer  branch  of  the  trap  and  out  through 
the  vent-pipe.  A  stronger  and  more  con- 
tinuous current  than  they  would  be  subjected 
to  in  ordinary  use.  The  broad  surface  traps 
lost  their  seal,  as  was  expected,  more  rapid- 1 


ly  than  the  ones  with  a  small  surface.  The 
height  of  the  water  was  measured  at  differ- 
ent periods,  and  a  steady  decrease  was 
shown  being  a  little  greater  in  the  last  four 
days  than  in  the  preceding  six  days.  This 
was  [jrbbably  owing  to  the  increased  heat  of 
the  current  of  air  due  to  a  cold  spell.  The 
traps  had  lost  the  following  amount  of  water 
after  twelve  days  : 

Barrets  %  in. 

Cudells  %  in. 

Adees  %.-\—it  in. 

3  in.  S  5-32 

IH  in.  8  M  in. 

You  see  that  a  small  S  trap  had  lost  only 
\i  inch  of  its  seal  in  twelve  days.  The  seal 
was  an  inch  and  a  quarter  deep.  At  the 
same  rate  it  would  have  taken  sixty  days  to 
have  broken  the  seal  with  the  help  of  a  con- 
tinuous current  of  heated  air  passing  through 
the  vent-pipe  to  change  the  particles  of  air 
which  come  in  contact  with  the  water.  I 
had  expected  under  the  circumstances,  to 
find  the  seal  of  the  traps  broken  in  a  few 
days.  Is  it  not  possible  that  there  is  a  small 
column  of  air  comparatively  quiescent  be- 
tween the  water  in  the  trap  and  the  current 
passing  through  the  vent. 

Although  the  examinations  made  of  the 
height  of  water  in  the  trap  were  limited  in 
number,  I  think  the  results  are  ample  to  es- 
tablish the  fact  that  the  ordinary  S  trap 
vented  will  not  lose  its  seal  by  evaporation 
for  long  periods,  and  if  the  traps  are  filled 
even  once  in  two  weeks  they  will  keep  their 
seal  intact. 

The  experiments  in  trap  siphonage  (read 
before  the  A.  I.  A.  Convention  held  in  New 
York.)  proved  that  a  simple  S  trap  properly 
vented,  was  safe  from  failure  by  trap 
syphonage  and  back  pressure,  while  all 
traps  unvented  were  liable  to  fail  from 
either  back  pressure  or  syphonage.  These 
later  experiments  prove  that  the  S  trap  vent 
is  safe  from  evaporation  during  long  periods. 
I  would  deduct  from  the  two  sets  of  experi- 
ments first.  The  S  trap  properly  vented  is 
the  best  form  to  use.  Second,  no  trap 
should  be  used  without  ventilation. 


NEW  FILTERING  MATERIAL. 

At  the  last  regular  meeting  of  the  Engi- 
neer's Club  of  Philadelphia  a  working  model 
was  exhibited  of  the  Rimmer  oxidizer,  a 
filtering  material  for  which  very  strong 
claims  are  made.  It  is  claimed  that  this 
material  will  absorb  and  retain  a  large  quan- 
tity of  oxygen  from  the  atmosphere.  In  use 
it  is  charged  daily  with  atmospheric  air, 
when,  it  is  claimed,  a  reaction  takes  place 
with  the  impurities  which  have  accumulated 
in  the  filtering  material,  and  that  the  result 
passes  off  in  the  form  of  gas.  It  is  claimed 
that  metals  in  solution  in  the  water  will  form 
insoluble  oxides.  The  upper  layer  of  the 
filtering  plant  consists  of  sand  for  the  re- 
moval of  suspended  matter  by  mechanical 
filtration,  and  the  lower  layer  of  the  material 
above  described  for  the  chemical  removal 
of  impurities  in  solution. 

The  following  tests  were  made  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  meeting- :    The  filtering  mater- 


414 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  308 


ials  were  contained  in  a  large  glass  funnel. 
Water  as  muddy  as  that  of  the  Schuylkill 
River  during  freshets  was  made  apparently 
perfectly  clear.  A  solution  of  sulphate  of 
iron  in  water  was  made  and  a  portion  there- 
of ])assed  through  the  filter.  The  unfiltered 
and  filtered  portions  were  then  tested  with 
ferrocyanide  of  potassium.  The  former 
showed  a  distinct  blue  tint,  while  the  latter 
remained  perfectly  clear,  showing  the  elim- 
ination of  the  iron.  Lead  and  copper  tests 
seemed  to  show  the  same  results.  To  illus- 
trate the  destruction  of  the  organic  matter, 
sulphide  of  ammonia,  sulphide  of  iron  and 
acetate  of  lead  were  added  to  water,  making 
a  compound  which  was  almost  black  and  of 
strong  and  unpleasant  odor.  After  filtration 
it  was  clear,  and  tests  seemed  to  fail  to  dis- 
cover any  trace  of  the  impurities.  A  mix- 
ture of  copying-ink  and  water  was  passed 
through  the  filter  with  the  same  results. 

RE-HEATING  EXHAUST  STEAiVI. 

While  exhaust  steam  in  its  normal  condi- 
tion, says  Poiner  and  Steam,  as  it  comes 
from  the  cylinder  of  an  engine  at  a  temper- 
ature of  about  212  degrees,  can  be  used  to  a 
considerable  advantage  and  economy  under 
certain  conditions  for  heating  and  manufac- 
turing purposes,  practical  experience  has 
shown  that,  owing  to  its  low  temperature, 
moist  condition  and  compaiative  sluggish- 
ness of  movement,  it  is  less  efficient  for  con- 
veying and  radiating  heat  than  steam  of  a 
higher  temperature  ;  that  it  is  liable  to  quick 
and  rapid  condensation,  and  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult of  free  circulation  for  heating  purposes, 
causing  back  pressure  on  the  engine. 

For  the  various  manufacturing  processes 
requiring  a  temperature  in  the  steam  of 
over  about  212  degrees  in  order  to  impart 
the  necessary  heat  to  the  appliances  m 
which  it  is  used,  exhaust  steam  in  its  normal 
condition  is  of  course  entirely  useless  with- 
out a  degree  of  compression  and  consequent 
back  pressure,  which  may  neutralize  its 
value,  by  reason  of  the  additional  fuel  re- 
quired to  enable  the  engine  to  carry  the 
extra  load,  and  thus  destroy  any  economical 
results  from  its  use. 

The  attention  which  has  been  drawn  in 
recent  years  to  the  subject  of  the  use  of  ex- 
haust steam  for  heating  has  led  to  quite  a 
general  introduction  of  what  is  known  as  the 
exhaust  system  of  heating  in  office  buildings, 
apartment  houses  and  other  large  structures 
of  the  kind,  in  which  the  object  to  be  at- 
tained is  merely  warming  the  building  ;  and 
the  heating  apparatus  in  modern  buildings 
of  this  character  in  which  steam  is  to  be 
used  for  power  in  running  elevators  or  elec- 
tric light  machinery  is  quite  generally 
planned  for  exhaust  steam  heating. 

But  while  many  such  buildings  are  nom- 
inally or  theoretically  heated  with  the  ex- 
haust steam,  or  supposed  by  their  owners  to 
be  so  heated,  a  visit  to  the  boiler  room  in 
cold  weather  will  generally  show  that  a 
large  amount  of  live  steam  is  being  injected 
into  the  heating  pipes  to  supplement  the  ex- 
haust, for  the  generation  of  which  a  large 
amount  of  fuel,  in  addition  to  that  required 
for  the  power,  is  being  consumed. 


A  building  in  New  York  City  of  modern 
construction  was  fitted  and  piped  according 
to  the  most  approved  modern  methods  for 
heating  with  the  exhaust  steam  from  the 
elevator  pumps. 

It  was  found  that  in  cold  weather  it  re- 
quired the  entire  steaming  capacity  of  the 
two  boilers  which  the  building  contained  to 
perform  the  service,  and  that  even  with  this 
the  building  could  not  be  satisfactorily 
heated,  and  it  was  thought  that  it  would  be 
necessary  to  add  a  third  boiler. 

Instead  of  this,  however,  a  system  of  re- 
heating the  exhaust  steam  was  introduced. 
It  was  then  found  that  the  entire  service  of 
the  building  was  satisfactorily  performed 
with  one  boiler  only.  It  was  thus  conclu- 
sively demonstrated  that  the  capacity  of 
one  boiler  was  ample  for  the  power  required 
to  run  the  elevators  ;  that  the  same  steam 
raised  to  a  proper  temperature  after  per- 
forming this  service,  was  sufficient  to  satis- 
factorily heat  the  building,  and  that  the 
entire  product  of  the  other  boiler,  in  the 
form  of  live  steam,  had  previously  been  put 
into  the  heating  pipes  in  addition  to  the  ex- 
haust steam  from  the  elevator  pumps,  with- 
out satisfactory  results. 

Of  course,  every  pound  of  this  live  steam 
meant  fuel  consumed  under  the  second 
boiler.  The  result  of  the  application  of  the 
re-heating  system  in  this  building  was  that 
it  has  never  since  been  necessary  to  use 
more  than  one  boiler  in  the  coldest  weather, 
and  that  the  winter  consumption  of  fuel  was 
reduced  fully  one-half. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  gases  of  combus- 
tion from  a  boiler  furnace  carry  a  tempera- 
ture in  the  flue  of  from  400  degrees  to  600 
degrees,  and  that  ordinarily  all  this  heat  is 
going  to  waste  up  the  chimney.  This  waste 
heat  and  the  exhaust  steam  blowing  into  the 
air,  combined,  are  carrying  off  the  seventy- 
five  per  cent  or  more  of  the  thermal  value 
of  the  fuel  which  is  lost  in  an  ordinary 
steam  jilant. 

By  bringing  these  two  sources  of  waste 
together,  and  utilizing  the  previously  wasted 
heat  of  the  flue  for  raising  the  temperature 
of  the  previously  wasted  exhaust  steam,  and 
bringing  the  latter  thus  re-heated  and  re- 
evaporated  into  active  and  efficient  use  for 
heating  purposes,  a  large  percentage  of  the 
hitherto  lost  energy  of  the  fuel  is  recovered 
and  brought  into  use. 

Some  misapprehension  has  arisen  with 
regard  to  the  practicability  of  raising  the 
temperature  of  steam  without  a  correspond- 
ing increase  of  pressure.  This  arises  from 
considering  steam  in  confinement  and  in 
contact  with  water.  When  the  containing 
pipe,  however,  is  open  to  the  atmosphere, 
the  effect  of  the  application  of  heat  is  to 
dry  out  the  moisture  and  superheat  the 
steam,  while  the  steam,  having  free  access 
to  the  atmosphere,  will  not  increase  its 
pressure  above  that  point. 

The  system  of  re-heating  exhaust  steam 
by  means  of  the  waste  heat  in  the  flue,  takes 
advantage  of  a  legitimate  source  of  saving, 
and  is  receiving  increased  attention  from 
steam  users. 


BUILDING 


RIVALRY  AMONG  ARCHITECTS. 
We  are  hardly  prepared  to  say  that  archi- 
tects are  more  subject  to  jealousy  of  profes- 
sional rivalry  than  are  other  professions  says 
Stone  and  yet  we  do  not  recall  a  single  one 
where  there  is  so  little  of  that  esprit  du  corps 
one  finds  among  lawyers,  journalists,  physi- 
cians or  artizans.  The  doctors  of  divinity 
and  medicine  do,  indeed,  indulge  in  bitter 
hatreds  ;  but  their  differences  are  defined  by 
their  respective  schools,  and  cannot  be  said 
to  be  individual.  But  the  ill-nature  of  the 
criticism  of  the  work  of  an  architect,  should 
he  violate  any  of  the  usual  rules  laid  down 
as  the  orthodoxy  of  taste  or  method  in  build- 
ing, often  partakes  of  malice.  To  be  sure, 
every  man's  work  should  be  a  subject  of 
legitimate  criticism,  but  every  man  has  a 
reputation  to  lose,  and  it  should  not  be  pub- 
licly jeopardized  whenever  a  fault  is  im- 
agined. If  the  case  were  one  of  sufficient 
importance,  it  should  only  be  condemned 
after  the  most  painstaking  investigation. 
But  more  often  an  architect  is  judged,  con- 
demned and  executed  by  careless,  fault- 
finding men,  whose  motives  are  directed 
from  an  innate  littleness  of  spirit  or  jealousy 
of  a  more  fortunate  rival.  It  is  so  easy  for 
an  expert  to  implant  a  sense  of  insecurity  in 
the  public  mind,  through  its  very  ignorance 
of  technique,  that  unjust  suspicion  does 
incalculable  injury  to  the  reputation  and 
business  of  the  accused,  that  not  even  the 
complete  success  of  his  work  will  eradicate. 
A  report  is  circulated  by  an  expert  against 
the  stability  of  a  building.  The  work  goes 
on,  and  does  not  fall  as  predicted  ;  but  then, 
with  an  ominous  shake  of  the  head,  the  pub- 
lic is  notified  that  this  proves  nothing.  The 
building  will  certainly  fall  sometime  be- 
cause of  organic  defects,  and  the  public 
mind  is  left  in  a  state  of  insecurity  and  un- 
certainty. It  is  rare  that  the  fault-finder 
takes  the  trouble  to  point  out  the  specific 
defect.  Often  he  does  not  know.  More 
often  still  he  is  himself  mistaken,  because 
he  jumps  at  conclusions  without  knowledge 
of  his  premises  ;  and  sometimes,  too,  he  does 
it  out  of  a  mere  disposition  for  fault-finding. 
A  little  improvement  in  the  courtesies  of  a 
profession  is  sadly  needed  by  architects  and 
builders. 

Seven  delegates,  seven  alternates,  and 
about  twenty-five  other  members  of  the 
Master  Builders'  Exchange  will  leave  Phil- 
adelphia on  Saturday,  January  25,  to  attend 
the  fourth  annual  convention  of  the  National 
Association  of  Builders,  at  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
the  27th  to  the  2Qth  of  that  month.  They 
will  have  a  special  train  on  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  at  Wilmington, 
Baltimore  and  Washington  will  take  up  the 
delegates  from  those  cities.  The  New  York 
delegates  will  join  the  party  here.  It  has 
been  arranged  to  have  the  train  stopped  at 
all  points  of  interest  the  delegates  may  de- 
sire to  visit  while  on  their  way  to  and  from 
the  convention. 


Dec.  28,  1889] 


415 


The  builders'  exchange  of  Washington, 
D.  C,  have  elected  the  following  as  dele- 
gates to  the  annual  convention  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Builders,  which  will  be 
held  in  St.  l';uil  January  27  :  Thos.  J.  King, 
Joseph  Fanning  and  E.  J.  Hannan  ;  alter- 
nates, Capt.  L.  A.  Littlcficld,  H.  A.  Jones 
and  Chas.  Schneider.  The  delegates  will 
join  those  from  other  cities  in  tliis  vicinity 
and  will  go  to  St.  Paul  in  a  train  to  be  known 
as  the  builders'  special. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
F.  C.  Sauer,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  one-story  brick  church  76x127 
feet  to  be  erected  in  the  Twenty-eighth 
ward,  on  South  Fifteenth  street,  for  St.  Ade- 
beat's  R.  C.  parish.  The  cost  will  be  about 
$30,000. 

Joseph  Grank,  Erie,  Pa.,  is  preparing  plans 
for  a  handsome  residence  for  the  Hon.  W. 
L.  Scott.  The  material  will  be  brown  stone, 
and  the  Romanesque  style  of  architecture 
will  be  employed.  Every  known  conven- 
ience will  be  introduced  in  the  building. 
The  steam  heating  and  ventilation  system 
will  be  very  elaborate.  The  cost  of  the  res- 
idence will  be  about  $150,000. 

Architect  Packard,  Columbus,  O.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  five  story  power  building 
I50.\i65  feet,  pressed  brick  and  frame  with 
stone  foundation  and  trimmings,  for  W.  C. 
Reynolds.    The  cost  will  be  about  S40,ooo. 

L.  \V.  Robinson,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  chapel  for 
the  First  Presbyterian  society.  The  chapel 
will  be  40x49  feet  with  an  extension,  17x22 
feet,  and  will  be  24  feet  in  height. 

Architect  Fink,  Reading,  Pa.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  four  and  a  six  room  school 
house.    Both  are  to  erected  at  Tremont,  Pa. 

Jacob  Snyder,  Akron,  O.,  has  made  plans 
for  an  office  building  for  the  B.  F.  Goodrich 
Company.  It  will  be  of  brick,  60x62  feet, 
and  will  cost  §18,000. 

J.  W.  Brown,  Findaly.  O.,  has  plans  for  a 
planing  mill  and  sash  and  door  factory  to 
cost  §5,000. 

W.  H.  Campfield  &  Son,  Findlay,  O.,  have 
plans  for  a  rolling  mill  for  the  Briggs  Roll- 
ing Mill  Company,  to  be  two  stories  high, 
110x240  feet,  and  to  cost  $8,000. 

William  F.  Wieber,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has 
completed  plans  for  sixteen  dwellings  to  be 
erected  on  Druid  Hill  avenue,  at  a  cost  of 
840,000. 

Charles  L.  Carson,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  residence  for  T.  Hoop- 
er to  cost  $30,000,  also  for  another  residence 
to  cost  $40,000. 

A.  A.  Reinhart,  Baltimore,  Md..  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  dwelling  for  Matilda 
Forbes,  to  cost  $25,000. 

Architect  Preston,  Boston,  Mass.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  large  hotel  to  be  erected  at 
Savannah,  Ga.  It  will  be  called  the  Union 
Society  Hotel. 

A.  C.  Nash,  Cincinnati,  O.,  .has  prepared 


plans  for  a  four-story  brick  and  stone  hos- 
pital to  be  erected  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

W.  C.  Brocklesby,  Hartford,  Conn.,  has 
prepared  plans  for  an  addition  to  Smith 
College.    Steam  heat  will  be  used. 

Bruce  «&  Morgan,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  have  made 
I)lans  for  a  $20,000  church  edifice  to  be 
erected  by  the  congregation  of  the  Baptist 
church  at  Americus,  Ga.  The  same  firm 
has  prepared  plans  for  a  Confederate  \' et- 
erans,  Honie  to  be  erected  at  Camilla,  Ga., 
at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

William  Gunther,  Akron,  O.,  has  plans  for 
a  four-story  brick  and  stone  hotel,  66x88  feet, 
to  be  erected  at  Canton,  O.,  by  George  W. 
Yoke. 

Wheeler  &  Northend,  Lynn,  Mass.,  have 
received  orders  for  plans  for  the  following 
buildings  in  the  burnt  district :  Two  shoe 
factories,  four  mills  and  a  drying-house  on 
the  S.  N.  Breed  estate  ;  a  building  for  John 
S.  Earle,  on  the  corner  of  Exchange  and 
Union  streets  ;  a  building  for  Lucien  New- 
hall  ;  also  one  for  Titus  &  Buckley  ;  also,  a 
building  on  the  site  of  the  Currier  Building, 
and  one  for  the  Stevens'  estate. 

Allen  &  Tyler,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  have 
plans  for  a  large  foundry  plant  for  the  J.  F. 
Warner  Manufacturing  Company.  The 
buildings  will  be  of  brick,  the  total  cost  to 
be  $25,000. 

L.  G.  Hallberg,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  seven-story  and  basement  brick  ware- 
house, 50x120  feet,  for  A.  H.  Andrews  &  Co., 
to  be  erected  at  333  and  335  West  Twenty- 
Second  street,  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.  Also, 
plans  for  one-story  brick  sheds  94x1 10  feet 
for  the  same  firm,  to  be  erected  at  308-314 
West  Twenty-first  street,  at  a  cost  of  $4,500. 

Henry  Raeder,  Chicago,  has  plans  for 
four  two  story  and  cellar  brick  dwellings  75 
X51  feet  to  be  erected  for  C.  P.  Mitchell  at 
437-443  Thirty-eight  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$13,000. 

J.  H.  Huber,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  two 
story  and  basement  brick  store  and  dwell- 
ing, 25x57  feet,  to  be  erected  for  John 
Meehan,  at  3667  Archer  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$3,000. 

J.  J.  Kouhn,  Chicago,  has  completed  plans 
for  two  two-story  and  cellar  flats  56x70  feet, 
to  be  erected  for  L.  J.  Blades,  at  203  and  205 
Warren  avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

Barling  &  Whitehouse,  Chicago,  have 
made  plans  for  a  four  story  and  basement 
brick  factory  buildmg,  102x43  feet,  for  F.  T. 
Haskell,  to  be  erected  at  89-95  Ewing  street, 
at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

H.  S.  Jaffray,  Chicago,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  three  story  and  basement  brick 
flat  building  22x68  feet  for  Holland  Bros.,  to 
be  erected  at  430  A-ustin  avenue,  at  a  cost 
of  $13,000. 

Ludkin  &  Co.,  Chicago,  have  plans  for  a 
three  story  and  cellar  store  and  flat  building 
24x54  feet,  to  be  erected  at  317  Ogden 
avenue,  for  George  I.  Stoneham,  at  a  cost 
of  $6,000. 


C.  M.  Palmer,  Chicago,  has  completed 
plans  for  five  three  story  and  basement 
brick  dwellings  for  Potter  Palmer,  to  be 
erected  at  56-64  Cedar  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$35,000. 

Treat  &  Foltz,  Chicago,  have  plans  for 
two  four  story  and  basement  brick  store  and 
flat  buildings,  50x82  feet,  for  H.  R.  Uurkee, 
to  be  erected  at  987  and  989  West  Twenty- 
second  street,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

L.  Thisslen,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  two- 
story  and  cellar  brick  flat  building  20x72 
feet,  to  be  erected  at  226  North  May  street, 
for  the  Church  of^Our  Savior,  at  a  cost  of 
$5,000. 

F.  Wolff,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  three 
story  brick  addition  to  warehouse,  32x60 
feet,  for  Louis  Wolff,  at  752  Fulton  street,  at 
a  cost  of  $5,000. 

William  Barckenbush,  Chicago,  has  plans 
for  a  two  story  cellar  store  and  flat  build- 
ing to  be  erected  for  F.  Overhen,  at  3152 
Wallace  street,  at  a  cost  of  $3,000. 


An  old  farmer  in  the  Granite  State  one 
Sunday  morning  started  to  wind  up  his 
great  silver  watch,  and  found  that  the  key 
was  filled  with  dirt.  Being  unable  to  dig 
the  matter  out  with  a  pin  the  farmer  drilled 
a  hole  in  the  key  and  with  a  single  breath 
blew  all  the  dust  out.  Then  he  sat  down  to 
think,  and  within  a  month  had  patented  that 
hole.  To-day  in  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  there  is  a 
large  factory  running  by  electric  power 
wherein  are  manufactured  daily  thousands 
of  watch-keys  of  every  possible  size,  shape 
and  design.  Each  one  of  these  keys  con- 
tains the  hole  which  has  been  patented  by 
the  farmer.  The  latter  has  already  made  a 
fortune. 


It  has  been  stated  that  in  France  they 
now  use  for  steam  and  water-pipe  joints, 
gaskets  made  of  wood  pulp,  which  are 
boiled  in  linseed  oil.  They  give  satisfactory 
results,  and  are  not  subject  to  decomposition 
at  high  temperature. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  will  open  in  New 
York,  Wednesday,  January  15,  1890,  at  10 
o'clock. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  Ohio  Society 
of  Surveyors  and  Civil  Engineers  will  be 
held  in  Columbus,  O.,  January  21,  22  and  23. 


Iron  is  rapidly  increasing  in  its  use  for 
houses.  You  can  buy  a  complete  iron  house 
at  the  manufacturers  and  have  it  sent  any- 
where in  pieces.  A  large  number  of  iron 
villas  have  been  sent  from  England  to  the 
Rivera  and  put  up  there  upon  plots  of  land 
purchased  or  leased,  with  the  provision  that 
when  the  lease  expires  the  house  can  be  tak- 
en away.  A  comfortable  house  can  readily 
be  built  in  a  month.  The  price  of  a  room 
measuring  20x13  feet  is  about  $250. — New 
York  ^im. 


416 


THE  Sanitary  news. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  308. 


PLUMBING. 


MEETING  OF  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

A  pleasant  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Master 
Plumbers'  .'Association  was  held  in  Grand 
Army  hall,  Honore  building,  last  Thursday 
evening;  Those  present  were  President,  A. 
W.  Murray;  secretary,  Joseph  R.  Alcock, 
John  J.  Hamblin,  David  Whiteford,  Robert 
Griffith,  William  Gay,  P.  Harvey,  Daniel 
Rock,  Philip  Schmitt,  Andrew  Young,  Hugh 
Watt,  William  Wilson,  P.  L.  O'Hara,  Frank 
Falk,  C.  A.  Larsen,  J.  J.  Rourke,  Solomon 
Livingston,  John  Connell,  Harry  A.  Black, 
Jacob  Weber,  Charles  Cavanah,  Charles  S. 
Lawrence,  Charles  C.  Breyer,  Charles  L. 
Byrne,  J.  L.  Pattison,  M.  L.  Gatzert,  James 
De  Veney,  M.  L.  Mandable,  Thomas  Geary, 
William  Bowden,  David  Bain,  Michael 
Reilly,  A.  C.  Hickey,  J.  J.  Clark,  Alexander 
Irons,  Charles  J.  Brooks,  W.  P.  Bradley, 
Mr.  Morris,  Patrick  Sanders,  Patrick  Nacey. 

William  Bowden,  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  look  into  the  advisability 
of  compelling  gas-fitters  to  furnish  their  own 
tools,  reported  that  as  the  master  plumbers 
were  subjected  to  great  annoyance  and  con- 
siderable expense  from  the  loss  of  their 
tools,  the  committee  recommended  that  all 
gas-fitters  be  compelled  to  furnish  a  ham- 
mer, tongs,  coal  chisel,  w^ood  chisel,  saw 
plyers,  tool  bag  and  screw  driver.  The  re- 
port was  accepted  and  after  some  discussion 
tongs  for  pipe  from  X-inch  to  i  inch,  a  large 
saw  and  compass  saw  were  added  to  the 
list  and  the  report  adopted,  to  become 
effective  January  i.  William  Bowden  was, 
on  motion,  appointed  a  committee  of  one  to 
wait  upon  the  Gas-fitters'  Union  and  notify 
it  of  the  action  taken,  explaining  at  the  same 
time  the  reason  for  it. 

It  was  decided  that,  in  accordance  with 
a  resolution  offered  at  the  last  meeting,  a 
committee  of  twelve  be  appointed  to  wait 
upon  the  Mayor  and  request  him  to  increase 
the  number  of  plumbing  inspectors  in  the 
health  department.  Mr.  Sanders  was  ap- 
pointed as  chairman  of  the  committee,  with 
power  to  appoint  the  other  eleven. 

Mr.  Mandable  submitted  a  resolution 
thanking  David  Whiteford,  John  J.  Hamblin 
and  Hugh  Watt  for  the  able  papers  read  by 
them  at  the  open  meeting  of  two  weeks  be- 
fore, and  resolving  to  endeavor  in  every 
way  to  increase  the  interest  in  the  meetings 
of  the  Association  in  the  future.  The  reso- 
lution was  unanimously  adopted.  It  was 
then  ordered  printed  and  a  copy  sent  to 
every  member  of  the  Association. 

H.  W.  Harker  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Association  and  introduced  to  the  mem- 
bers. Mr.  Davidson,  of  the  firm  of  Watson 
&  Davidson,  and  R.  C.  Miller  were  also  elec- 
ted to  membership.  The  name  of  T.  B 
Armstcad,  of  345  east  43rd  street,  was  pro- 
posed for  membership. 

The  next  order  of  business  was  the  nom- 
ination of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year,  to  be 
balloted  for  at  the  next  meeting.  The  nom- 
inations were  all  made  unanimous.  Follow- 


ing are  the  names  of  the  nominees:  Presi- 
dent, Hugh  Watt;  first  vice-president,  David 
Whiteford;  second  vice-president,  James  J 
Clark;  third  vice-president,  J.  C.  Weber; 
fourth  vice-president,  David  Bain;  fifth  vice- 
president,  J.  L.  Pattison;  treasurer,  John  J. 
Hamblin;  financial  secretary,  ^L  L.  Manda- 
ble; sergeant-at-arms,  C.  J.  Herbert.  On 
motion  of  Mr-  Hamblin  the  nomination  of  a 
secretary  was  dispensed  with  and  the  new 
president  will  be  allowed  to  select  his  own 
secretary. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  and  members 
ofjthe  Ladies  Auxiliary  filed  into  the  room- 
The  floor  was  cleared;  musicians  took  their 
places  on  the  platform  and  dancing  was  in 
order,  this  constituting  by  far  the  pleasantest 
feature  of  the  evening. 


WHILE  THE  SOLDER  MELTS. 
The  Plumber's  Wooing. 

A  maiden  sat  in  the  soft  twiligh  t 

Chewing  away  on  her  gum: 
And  the  curl  of  her  bangs  was  yanked  so  tight 

That  the  pain  was  too  awfully  some. 

She  expected  her  love  that  even  to  come. 
And  she  loosened  the  twist  in  her  hair; 

Then  from  her  sweet  month  elie  ejected  hergum 
And  tossed  it  aside  on  a  chair. 

The  bold  plumber  came  as  the  twilight  fell 

To  call  on  this  maiden  so  rare. 
And  grabbed  her  and  held  her  a  good  little  spell 

Then  sat  himself  down  on  a  chair. 

The  plnmber  waxed  warm  and  warm  waxed 
the  wax 

And  he  dramed  a  te-doodle-de-dam; 
He  was  stuck  on  the  girl,  and  alas  and  by  Jacks: 
He  was  stuck  on  that  liorrible  gum. 

He  wondered  in  grief  with  mind  all  a  rack 
And  his  brain  all  mixed  in  a  whirl. 

If  'twere  better  to  take  the  chair  off  on  his  back 
Or  leave  his  best  pants  with  his  girl. 

But  the  old  man  settled  the  question  for  him 

.\s  he  twined  his  long  claws  in  his  hair, 
And  hustled  him  out  through  the  door  with  a 
vim — 

And  the  plumber  went  off  with  the  chair. 

Boss  (examining  apprentice)  what  is  a 
down-fall  ? 

Apprentice. — A  down-fall  is  the  feller  who 
tried  to  climb  the  stair  on  Christmas. 

Boss. —  No,  no,  I  am  talking  about  some- 
thing connected  with  eves. 

Apprentice. — Oh!  I  was  talking  about 
something  connected  with  Adams. 

What  shall  we  take  to  make  us  merry 

KnA  give  the  holidays  cheer? 
It's  a  little  too  torrid  for  Tom  and  Jerry 

And  a  little  too  frigid  for  beer. 

It  is  significant  (if  it  be  true)  that  the  un- 
dertakers are  moving  away  from  plumbing 
shops  and  locating  along  the  lines  of  electric 
wires. 

First  apprentice. — What  kind  o'  plumbin's 
that  with  the  soil  pipe  comin'  down  on  the 
outside  of  the  house  by  them  winders  there? 

Second  apprentice. — That's  no  soil  pipe, 
you  idiot,  that's  a  fire  escape. 

First  apprentice.— Fire  nothin'.  Suppose 
a  combustion  was  to  break  out  in  that  top 
story,  how  on  earth  could  the  fire  escape 
down  them  iron  rods  without  so  much  even 
as  a  straw  to  cling  to  ? 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.:  Theodore  Doerflinger  will 
erect  six  brick  two  story  dwellings,  20x33  feet, 
on  Webster  avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $18,000,  and 
four  similar  dwellings  on  Mercer  street  to 
cost  S 1 2,000.  A  brick  church  building,  76x127 
feet,  is  to  be  erected  on  South  Fifteenth 
street,  at  a  cost  of  §30,000.  John  A.  Ren- 
shaw  will  erect  a  brick  and  frame  three 

story  dwelling  to  cost  $10,000.  McKees- 

port.  Pa.:  A  four  story  brick  building  120x100 
feet,  will  be  erected  by  the  White  estate  at 
a  cost  of  $40,000.  A  Turner's  Hall  to  cost 
$20,000  and  a  $50,000  hotel  will  be  built. 
The  National  Tube  Works  will  erect  a  large 

warehouse.  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.   A  $50,000 

opera  house  is  to  be  built.  Oil  City,  Pa.: 

A  new  city  hall  will  be  built,  for  which  pur- 
pose $20,000  of  bonds  will  be  issued.  

Louisville,  Ky.:  The  Commercial  Club  will 
erect  the  proposed  $600,000  auditorium. 
•The  University  Club  will  erect  a  $50,000 
club  house.  The  colored  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is 
contemplating  the  erection  of  a  $30,000 
building.  Two  more  stories  are  to  be  added 
to  Senning's  hotel,  which  is  now  four  stories. 
 Middlesborough,  Ky.:  The  Middles- 
borough  Land  and  Improvement  Company 
is  erecting  a  large  brick  building  with  a 

frontage  of  50  feet.  Findlay,  O.:  The 

Good  Templars'  Life  Association  will  erect 
a  $10,000  office  building.  Milton  Gray  will 
erect  an  $8,000  business  building.  J.  S.  Pat- 
terson will  erect  a  $10,000  presred  brick 
business  block.    Frank  Karst  will  erect  a 

brick  business  block  to  cost  §10,000.  

Tiffin,  O.:    The  Heidleberg  College  will 

erect  a  $15,000  brick  museum  building.  

Ephrata,  Pa.:  A  stock  company  is  being 
organized  to  erect  a  shoe  factory.  About 
$18,000  has  been  subscribed.  McKeesport, 
Pa.:  An  extension  costing  $40,000,  will  be 
built  on  the  Hotel  White  flats  in  the  spring. 

 Harrisburg,  Pa.:  A  Central  High  School 

building  is  to  be  erected.  Allentown,  Pa.: 

Schweyer  &  Schrader  have  made  excava- 
tions for  fifty  dwellings  which  they  will  erect 
in  the  spring.  Greensburg,  Pa.:  The 
Greensburg  Banking  Company  will  erect  a 
handsome  new  bans  building.  It  will  be  of 
granite,  with  red  stone  trimmings,  and  will 

be  two  stories  in  height.  Richmond,  Va.: 

Louis  Ginter  will  erect  a  four  story  building 

to  cost  $65,000.  Clifton  Forge,  Va.:  The 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  Company  will 
erect  a  hotel  to  cost  $60,000.    Also,  a  large 

depot.  Bridgton.  N.  J.:  Jacob  Dailcy  & 

Son  will  build  an  opera  house  on  South 

Pearl  street.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  The 

Pittsburgh,  Wheeling  &  Kentucky  Railroad 
Company  will  build  a  new  depot  to  cost 

$50,000.  Baltimore,  Md.:  J.  Faust  Son 

have  commenced  the  erection  of  a  shoe 

factory  to  cost  $125,000.-  Tiffin,  O.:  The 

managers  of  the  Heidleberg  College  will 

erect  a  $15,000  museum.  Dayton,  O.:  A 

company  has  been  organized  to  erect  a  largo 
hotel.  Pawtucket,  R.   1.:  Congressman 


Dec.  28,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


417 


Arnold  will  introduce  bills  for  appropria- 
tions of  $125,000  and  $75,000  for  the  erection 
of  public  buildings  at  Pawtucket  and  Woon- 
SDcket.  Birmingham,  Ala.:  The  congre- 
gation of  the  First  Methodist  Church  will 

erect  an  edifice  to  cost  $100,000.  Tuske- 

gee,  Ala.:  The  directors  of  the  Orphan's 
Home  contemplate  the  removal  of  the  Home 

and  the  erection  of    new  buildings.  

AmericuS,  Ga.:  A  new  Masonic  Temple  is 

to  be  erected.  Briegdport,  Conn.:  The 

Seaside  Club  will  erect  a  $35,000  club  house. 

 Findlay,  O.:  W.  W.  French  will  build  a 

$10,000  residence.  Saint  Michael's  Church 
society  will  erect  a  church  edifice  to  cost 

$10,000.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  The  Columbian 

Club  will  erect  a  club  house  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  city  hall,  to  cost  $30,000.  The  Ameri- 
can Manufacturing  Company  will,  in  the 
spring,  erect  a  number  of  buildings  for 
manufacturing  purposes.  William  Owrne 
will  erect  three  four  story  brick  flats  to  cost 
$50,000.   

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Wichita  Falls,  Tex.,  wants    an  electric 
light  plant  and  is  willing  to  grant  a  franchise 

to  some  good  company.  Alexander,  Va.: 

The  city  council  has  accepted  the  electric 
light  plant  established  by  the  Schuyler  Com- 
pany.— Lowell,  Mass.:  The  Eastern  Electric 
light  and  Storage  Battery  Company  has  been 
incorporated. — Denison,  Tex.:  J.  B.  McDou- 
gall  and  others  have  incorporated  the  Deni- 
son Light  and  Power  Company,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $125,000.  Carrollton,  Ky.,  is  strug- 
gling for  an  electric  light  plant. — Cynthiana, 
Ky.:  The  Cynthiana  Electric  Light  and 
Power  Company  has  let  the  contract  for  its 
plant  to  the  Thomson-Houston  Company  of 

Boston,  Mass.  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico  ■ 

A  Thomson-Houston  electric  light  and 
power  plant  is  being  installed  by  H.  W. 
Leach  &  Co.,  electrical  contractors.  Hal- 
ifax, N.  S.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  

Windsor  Locks,  Con.:  A  company  is  rapidly 
forming  to  erect  an  electric  light  and  power 

plant.  Tallapoosa,  Ga..   A  contract  has 

been  let  to  erect  a  270  sixteen-candle  power 
Edison  electric  light  plant.  Flemings- 
burg,  Ky.:  The  contract  has  been  let  to  the 
Thomson-Houston  Company  for  the  erection 

of    an  electric    light   plant.  Merrimac, 

Mass.:   The  new  Merrimac  Electric  Light 

Company  has  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000.  

Port  Richmond,  N.  Y.:  The  Staten  Island 
Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated. 

 Milwaukee,  Wis.:   The  Blatz  Brewing 

Company's  building  is    to    be  heated  by 

steam.  Villisca,  la.:  W.  A.  Woodward 

will  receive  bids  for  steam  heating  in  his 

new  building.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  Geo.  A. 

Schulz  &  Co.,  will  have  steam  heat  in  their 

factory  building.  S.  I.  Lessen  &  Co.,  will 

use  steam  heat  in  their  factory  building  at 

Quincy,  111.  Detroit,  Mich.:  Steam  will 

be  used  for  heating  purposes  in  the  Detroit 
Electric  Light  and  Power  Company's  build- 
ing.—— Holland,  Mich.:  The  West  Michigan 
Furniture  Manufacturing  Company  will  use 

steam  heat.  Allegan,  Mich.:  The  Allegan 

Straw  Board  Company  will  use  steam  for 


heating    purposes  in   its  new  factory.  

Macomb,  111.:  The  Macomb  Stoneware  and 
Terra  Cotta  Company's  building    will  be 

heated  by  steam.  Patterson,  N.  J.:   F.  A. 

Brooks'  new   dwelling  will   have  furnace 

heat.  Dallas,  Tex.:  O.  L.  Williams  will 

have  his  new  dwelling  heated  by  furnace. 
 Washington,  D.  C:  Senator  John  Sher- 
man will  have  furnace  heat  in  his  new  dwell- 
ings. Findlay,  O.:  Patterson  &  Son  will 

have  furnace  heat  in  their  new  building.  

Detroit,  Mich.:  Furnace  heat  is  to  be  put 
into  the  residences  of  Antonie  Corbeille, 
101 1  Fourteenth  avenue  ;  Oliver  Pheli)S,  446 
Brush  street  and  Alf.  F.  Wilcox,  48  Buhl 
block.  Daniel  Scatten's  hotel  at  P'ort  street 
and  Campan  avenue  will  be  heated  by 
steam,  also  Hiram  Walker  &  Son's  hotel. 
Address  Walker  block.  Steam  heat  will 
also  be  used  in  the  residences  of  the  Hon. 
H.  S.  Pingree,  16  East  Atwater  street  and 

Stafford  &  Norton,  1377  John  R.  street.  

Tomahawk,  Wis.:  The  Tomahawk  Com- 
pany's new  hotel  will  be  heated  by  steam. 
The  Tomahawk  Opera  Company  will  have 

steam  heat  in  its   new  building.  The 

Montgomery  County,  la.,  court  house  will 

have  steam  heat.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  A 

new  church  building  is  to  be  heated  by 
steam.  Address  Chas.  Johnson,  625  Harri- 
son street.  R.  H.  La  Moyne,-  808  Wyan- 
dotte street,  can  give  particulars  of  a  build- 
ing to  be  heated  by  steam.  J.  F.  Richards, 
127  West  Fifth  street,  has  buildings  to  be 

heated  by  steam.  Sioux  City,  la.:  The 

Sioux  City  street  car  company  will  use  steam 

heat  in  its  building.  Washington,  D.  C: 

W.  C.  Hill  has  a  building  to  be  heated  by 
steam.  Oliver  Cox,  May  building,  has 
dwellings  to  be  heated  by  steam.  Calderon 
Carlisle,  Louisiana  avenue  and  Four  and 
one-half  street,  has  a  building  to  be  heated 

by  steam.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:  S.  T.  Exey 

will  use  steam  heat  in  his  residence.  W. 

Bender's  building  will  have  steam  heat.  

Sacramento,  Cal.:  A  city  committee  has 
been  appointed  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  an 

electric  light  plant.  Seattle,  Wash.:  The 

South  Seattle  Cable  Railway  Company,  with 
a  capital  of  $450,000,  will  operate  electric 
lights  and  telephones.  The  Chicago  Edi- 
son Company  is  installing  an  Edison  plant 
of  720-lights  in  the  Anglo-American  Pack- 
ing Company's  works  at  the  Union  Stock 
Yards,  a  300-lights  plant  in  the  American 
Brewing  Company's  brewery,  a  120-light 
plant  in  Armour  &  Co's  grain  elevator,  and 
a  650-light  plant  in  the  Goodhall  apartment 

building,  The    Electric  Improvement 

Company,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  is  having 
quite  a  struggle  in  holding  the  arc  lighting 
business  it  has  secured,  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors having  ordered  down  its  housetop 
and  pole  circuits,  and  refusing  to  extend 
further  privileges.  The  board  has  also 
refused  to  grant  a  pole  line  license  to  the 
owners  of  the  big  Westinghouse  plant  that 
supplies  the  lighting  of  the  Baldwin  House. 

 Bloomington,   111.:    The   Citizens,  Gas 

Light  and  Heating  Company  has  purchased 
a  150  horse  power  Hamilton-Corliss  engine. 


Work  on  the  plant  will  be  vigorously  pushed. 
The  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  Company 
will  introduce  1,000  incandescent  lamps  in 

its  general  shops.  Columbus,  Ind.,  has 

been  served  with  a  second  injunction  by  the 
Citizens'  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company, 
restraining  the  city  from  operating  its  plant. 
The  first  injunction  was  dissolved  and  the 
second  one  will  soon  come  up  for  a  hearing. 

 Philadelphia,  Pa.:  The  Aurora  Electric 

Light  Company,  a  new  concern,  makes  a 
specialty  of  small  dynamo  machines  to  sup- 
ply eight  i6-candle  power  lamps,  Rock- 
land, Mass.:  The  Citizens'  Electric  Light 
Company  has  been  organized  with  a  capital 

stock  of  $10,000.  Harrisburg,  Pa.:  The 

Bloomsburg  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  $25,000  capital. — — 
Dallas,  Tex.:  The  Queen  City  Electric 
Light  Company  will  put  in  a  new  500  horse 
power  Corliss  engine  and  make  other  im- 
provements in  its  plant,  expending  alto- 
gether about  $100,000.  The  machinery  will 
be  furnished  by  the  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  Jen- 

ney  Electric  Light  Company.  Anderson, 

S.  C,  will  probably  soon  have  electric  lights. 

 Clay  City,  Ky.:   The  Kentucky  Union 

Land  Company  has  let  a  contract  to  the  Ed- 
ison Electric  Light  Company  to  furnish  an 
incandescent  electric  light  plant  of  1000- 

lights   capacity.  Sewickley,    Pa.:  The 

Sewickley  Electric  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated  with   $5,000    capital.  Eagle 

Pass,  Tex.:  The  Texas  Mexican  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  organ- 
ized and  will  commence  operations  January 
I.      The     authorized    capital     stock  is 

$40,000.  Marquette,  Mich.:    The  electric 

light  plant  owned  by  the  city  has  been  put 
in  operation.  Water  power  at  Bead  River 
Falls,  three  miles  distant,  is  utilized,  and  the 
entire  cost  of  the  plant,  which  operates  sixty 
street  lamps  of  2,000  candle  power  each  and 
includes  400  acres  of  land  along  Bead  river 
and  several  other  fine  powers,  is  about  $50,000 

 The  United  Electric  Light  and  Power 

Company,  St.  Loui$,  Mo.,  which  has  been 
purchased  by  the  Hollins  syndicate  of  New 
York,  has  reorganized  its  board  of  directors 
as  follows  :  H.  B.  Hollins  and  C.  F.  Stone, 
of  New  York  ;  W.  L.  B.  G.  Allen,  Alex. 
Ross,  J.  D.  Thompson,  David  R.  Powell  and 
Emerson  McMillin  of  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Allen 
was  chosen  president,  and  Mr.  Thompson 

secretary  and  treasurer.  The  La  Grande, 

Oregon,  Edison  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  organized.  President,  W.  H.  McDon- 
ald ;  vice-president,  H.  Ansen  ;  manager,  J. 
K.  Roming.  The  contract  for  the  plant  has 
been  let  to  Purdum  &  Kerr,  for  $13,500.  The 
plant  will  have  a  capacity  for  lighting  800- 
16-candle  power  Edison  incandescent  lamps. 

 The  Essex  Subway  Company  has  been 

incorporated  by  Philip  N.  Jackson,  David 
Young,  Henry  M.  Doremus,  J.  Frank  Fort, 
Benjamin  W.  Hoffer,  Samuel  Klotz,  Michael 
T.  Barrett,  and  James  Smith,  Jr.,  of  Newark, 
N.  J.  The  purpose  is  to  adopt  some  practi- 
cal system  for  putting  all  lighting,  power, 
telegraph  and  telephone  wires  under  ground, 
and  a  composition  of  wood  pulp  is  being 


418 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  308 


considered.  The  Westinghouse  Electric 

Company  has  just  brought  out  a  new  arc 
light  of  enlarged  capacity.  Heretofore  their 
best  machine  was  capable  of  running  thirty- 
five  arc  lamps,  but  with  the  new  machine 
fifty  to  seventy-five  lamps  can  be  operated, 
thus  largely  increasing  the  capacity  of  a 
plant  at  a  reduced  cost.  The  latest  pattern 
is  a  development  of  the  Waterhouse  Arc 
Lamp.  R.  G.  Kemmler,  electrical  engi- 
neer of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  Company, 
will  sail  from  New  York  on  the  17th  inst.  for 
Salvador,  Central  America.  He  will  take 
with  him  two  complete  plants  which  he  will 
erect  in  that  country.  One  of  these  is  an 
arc  and  the  other  an  incandescent  outfit. 
The  former  will  be  erected  at  Santa  Anna, 
aad  the  other  at  San  Sonnate,  about  sixty 

miles  distant.  The  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been 
incorporated,  with  the  following  directors  : 
Martin  Bulger,  Robert  P.  Hastings,  William 
McMann,  J.  M.  Chenowilh,  W.  C.  Clark,  H. 
G.  Piatt  and  J.  S.  Humbird.  The  capital 
stock  is  $1,000,000,  of  which  each  director 
subscribed  $50,000, 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Anderson,  S.  C:  The  Anderson  Water 
works  Company  has  been  incorporated  to 

build  the  proposed  waterworks.  Wichita 

Falls,  Tex.,  wants  a  system  of  waterworks. 

•  Since  the  announcement  was  made  of 

the  great  scheme  for  the  utilization  of  the 
water  power  of  the  Kakabeka  Falls,  near 
Port  Arthur,  the  American  capitalists  who 
have  the  enterprise  in  hand  have  been  con 
tinuing  negotiations  and  completing  ar 
rangements  for  the  full  consummation  of 
the  undertaking.  Matters  are  now  in  such 
a  forward  state  that  nothing  remains  to 
hinder  the  commencement  of  active  opera- 
tions for  carrying  into  effect  the  great 
scheme  and  developing  the  water  power  of 
the  rushing  cataract.  All  necessary  land 
has  been  secured,  and  the  capital  stock  of 
company  and  bonds  subscribed,  so  that  the 
money  is  now  up  for  carrying  the  under- 
taking to  completion.  Work  will  be  com- 
menced at  once  by  day  and  night  gangs  in 
putting  in  the  necessary  tnnnel  along  the 
bank  of  the  river  for  utilization  of  the  water 
power.  Knoxville,  Tenn.:  A  new  water- 
works company  has  been  organized  with  E. 
Wolman,  of  New  York,  at  the  head  of  the 
enterprise.  The  reservoir  will  be  located 
on  the  top  of  the  Black  Oak  Ridge,  near 
Fountain  Head,  this  site  being  several  hun- 
dred feet  higher  thad  the  city.  The  Foun- 
tain Head  spring  water  is  said  to  be  of  a 
very  fine  quality  and  the  supply  amounts  to 
about  20,000,000  gallons  per  day.  The 
amount  now  used  in  the  city  is  less  than 
2,000,000  gallons.    The  company  is  said  to 

be  very  wealthy.  Lexington,  Ga.:  Astock 

company  is  being  formed  to  build  water- 
works. Gonzales,  Tex.:     The  Gonzales 

Water  Power  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated, to  develop  the  water  power  of  the 
Guadalupe  river  by  building  a  dam.  The 
company  proposes   to   furnish   power  for 


waterworks  and  an  electric  light  plant.  

Reidsville,  N.  C:  A  system  of  waterworks 
is  to  be  constructed  and  $10,000  of  bonds 

will  be  issued  for  that  purpose.  Pulaski 

City,  W.  Va.:  The  legislature  will  be  peti- 
tioned to  amend  the  city  charter,  authoriz- 
ing the  issuance  of  bonds  for  constructing 

waterworks  and  for  other  improvements.  

The  Monmouth  Water  Company  has  pur- 
chased the  Remsen  Mill  property,  about 
two  miles  distant  from  Asbury  Park,  N.  J., 
including  a  stream  capable  of  flowing  10,- 
000,000  gallons  per  day,  from  which  water 
will  be  pumped  into  a  reservoir  to  be  erected 
on  Sugar  Loaf  Hill,  125  feet  above  sea  level. 
The  company  intends  to  lay  pipes  as  far 
north  as  Elberon  and  as  far  south  as  Manas- 
quan  and  furnish  water  to  the  following 
towns  :  Elberon,  Deal,  Loch  Auburn,  Inter- 
laken.  West  Asbury  Park,  West  Ocean 
Grove,  Bradley  Beach,  Ocean  Park,  Neptune 
City,  Avon-by-the-Sea,  Belmar,  West  Ocean 
Beach, Lake  Como, North  Spring  Lake, Spring 
Lake  Villa  Park, Sea  Girt.Manasquan  and  the 

State  Encampment  Ground.  Grafton,  W. 

Va.;  A  Philadelphia  Company  has  sub- 
mitted a  proposition  to  build  the  projected 

waterworks  at  this  place.  Blowing  Rock, 

N.  C:  Waterworks  are  soon  to  be  con- 
structed at  this  place.  Warwick,  Ore.: 

The  Badger  Ditch  and  Water  Company  has 
been  incorporated  by  S.  H.  Douglass  and 

others,  with  a  capital  of  $15,000.  Chilli- 

cothe,  Mo.:  The  Chillicothe  Water,  Gas  and 
Electric  Light  Company  has  been  placed  in 

the  hands  of  a  receiver.  Ballinger,  Tex.: 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  organize  a  stock 
company  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a 

system  of  waterworks.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.: 

The  waterworks  at  this  place  will  be  en- 
larged.   Information  can  be  obtained  from 

the  mayor.  The  members  of  the  recently 

appointed  Board  of  Water  Commissioners 
for  Reading,  Mass.,  are  :  Lewis  M.  Bancroft, 
chairman;  Geo.  E.  Abbott,  secretary,  and 
Ed.  C;  Nichols.  They  have  been  instructed 
to  employ  an  engineer  to  make  preliminary 
surveys  and  estimates  and  reports.  M.  M. 
Tidd,  of  Boston,  has  looked  over  the  ground 
for  a  source  of  supply,  and  is  expected  to 
report  soon.  The  proposed  plan  is  to  pump 
water  from  driven  wells  to  a  stand-pipe. 
Contracts  will  probably  be  let  early  in  1890, 
and  work  commence  in  the  spring.  Esti- 
mated cost,  $100,000.  An  analysis  of  the 

water  in  Hemlock  and  Ontario  lakes  has 
been  made  by  Prof.  S.  A.  Lattiniorc,  which 
shows  the  water  in  the  former  to  be  the 
purer.  The  special  committee  appointed 
by  the  Rochester  City  Council,  also  reported 
in  favor  of  Hemlock  Lake  as  the  source  for 
the  new  supply.  They  also  recommend 
that  an  act  be  immediately  prepared  and 
presented  during  the  first  days  of  the  ses- 
sion of  the  next  Legislature,  authorizing  the 
city  to  raise  $1,500,000  for  the  construction  of 

the   works.  The    Kingston,  Pa.,  Water 

Company  was  organized  several  years  ago 
and  has  been  operating  on  a  small  scale. 
The  plant  is  to  be  enlarged  to  supply  100,- 
000  inhabitants  and  several  miles  of  new 


mains  are  to  be  added.  The  company  has 
a  capital  stock  of  $100,000,  and  has  issued 
$300,000  of  bonds.  President,  L.  D.  Shoe- 
maker; secretary,  L.  A.  Waters;  treasurer, 

Abram  Nesbitt;  engineer,  C.  T.  Reets.  

The  Berlin  Aqueduct  Company,  Berlin  Falls, 
N.  H.,  contemplates  building  works  to  cost 
$500,000.  The  officers  are:  H.  H.  Farbish, 
Lewis  N.  Clark  and  D.  Greene.  Designing 
and  constructing  engineer,  C,  E.  Jordan,  of 
Portland,  Me.  Engineer  in  charge  of  sur- 
veys, W.  C.  Perkins.  The  proposed  source 
of  supply  is  mountain  streams.  Estimated 
cost,  $50,000.    Contracts  will  probably  be  let 

in  May,  1890.  Canajoharie,  N.  Y.:  The 

Canajoharie  Consolidated  Water  Company 

has  been  incorporated.  Lamed,  Kas.,  is 

making    extensive    improvements    in  its 

waterworks    system.  The  Rattlesnake 

Creek  Water  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated in  Wyoming,  with  $300,000  capital.  

Chautauqua,  N.  Y.:  A  reservoir  is  being 
built,  which  will  have  a  capacity  of  11,000,- 

000  gallons.  Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  is  to  have  a 

system  of  waterworks.  Albert  Lea,  Minn., 

is  to  have  waterworks.  Pueblo,  Cal.;  The 

Arkansas  River  Water  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  $50,000  capital.  It  is 
the  intention  to  build  dams  in  the  river  at 
various  points  and  thereby  secure  power  for 
milling  purposes  Denver,  Col.:  The  pro- 
posed reservoir  of  the  Citizens,  Water  Com- 
pany will  cover  an  area  of  400  acres  and  be 
200  feet  in  depth.  The  estimated  capacity 
is  9,000,000,000  gallons.  The  winterwastage 
of  the  Platte  river  will  furnish  the  supply. 

 Santa  Cruz,  Cal.:  Work  has  been  begun 

on  the  new  waterworks  system. — —The 
stockholders  of  the  waterworks  company  at 
St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  have  voted  to  increase  the 
capital  stock  from  $400,000  to  $2,500,000. 
Extensive  improvements  will  be  made  to 

the  system.  Boring  on  the  artesian  well 

at  the  Taunton,  Mass.,  waterworks  was 
stopped  at  a  depth  of  975  feet.  It  was 
thought  that  a  supply  of  200,000  gallons 
daily  was  assured,  but  the  capacity  has 

proved  to  be  not  over  70,000  gallons.  

Sturgis,  S.  Dak.,  citizens  have  raised  $2,000 
to  sink  an  artesian  well.    The  citv  clerk  can 

give   information.  The   Tonawanda,  N. 

Y.,  City  Waterworks  Company  is  preparing 
to  put  in  two  additional  pumps,  which  will 
increase  the  pumping  capacity  to  10,000,000 
gallons.  The  mains  are  also  being  extended 
to  Ironton  and  Gratwick.  — The  Phcrnix 
Iron  Company  of  Pottstown,  Pa.,  has  struck 
water  of  a  temperature  of  70  degrees  at  a 

depth  of  100  feet.  The  Whitebreak  Fuel 

Company  is  boring  a  well  1000  feet  deep  to 
supply  the  town  of  Flaj^ler,  la.,  with  water. 

 W.  G.  Ellis,  of  Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  is 

boring  a  large  artesian  well.  The  well  at 

Uniontown,  Ala.,  has  reached  a  depth  of 
1067  feet.-  The  Nottingham,  Ala.,  Water 
and  Light  Company  will  build  water  works. 
— "   Independent,  O.,  is  to  have  waterworks. 

 Bids  and  plans  for  waterworks  for  St. 

Helena,  Ore.,  are  wanted.  Address  the  city 
clerk.  -Van  Buren,  Ark,:  The  construc- 
tion of  a  system  of  waterworks  is  being 


Dbc.  28,  1889] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


419 


agitated.  Cordelle,  Ga.,  will  issue  $i4,(XX) 

of  bonds  for  the  construction  of  a  water 

works   system.  The   Charlotte,  N.  C, 

Water  Company  is  extending  its  mains.  

Quincy,  Mass.,  wants  authority  from  the 
legislature,  to  construct  waterworks  for  the 

city.  Fostoria,  O.,  wants  bids  until  Jan. 

6,  for  waterworks  supplies.  Northfield, 

Vt.,  will  probably  put  in  a  waterworks  sys- 
tem during  the  coming  year.  Marlin, 

Tex.,  expects  soon  to  have  a  waterworks 

system.  Scottsdale,  Pa.,  will  soon  have  a 

sufficient  water  supply.  Richmond,  Va.: 

Additional  water  mains  are  to  be  laid.  

Little  Rock,  Ark.:  The  Horne  Water  Com- 
pany will  expend  $150,000  in  improving  its 

plant.  Ilion,  N.  Y.:  A  stock  company  will 

probably  be  formed  to  build  a  system  of 

waterworks.  Camden,  N.  J.:  The  present 

water  supply  system  will  probably  be  im- 
proved. Oakville,  Ont.,  will  shortly  vote 

upon  the  question  of  building  waterworks. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
New  Westminister,  B.  C:  Proposals  for 
a  system  of  water-works  are  wanted  by  D. 
Robson,  city  clerk,  until  Jan.  15.  Hunting- 
ton, Ind.:  Proposals  will  be  received  by  the 
city  council  until  Jan.  13,  for  a  complete 
system  of  water  works,  with  a  capacity  of 
not  less  than  1,500,000  gallons  each  twenty- 
four  hours,  not  less  than  120  hydrants  for 
the  city's  use  for  fire  purposes,  a  stand-pipe 
150  feet  high  and  twenty-five  feet  in  diame- 
ter, with  pumping  station  and   all  pumps 

complete.  Upper  Sandusky,  O.:    W.  W. 

Taylor,  of  Philadelphia,  has  secured  the 
contract  for  constructing  a  system  of  water- 
works at  this  place.  Richmond,  Ky.:  J. 

H.  Mead  is  negotiating  to  build  the  water- 
works at  this  place.  Sealed  proposals 

will  be  received  by  John  P.  Adams,  Com- 
missoner  of  Public  Works,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
until  December  30,  for  three  io,ooo,ooo-gal- 
lon  compound  engines,  with  boiler,  and  one 
4,000,000-gallon  compound  engine  and  boil- 
er, to  be  erected  at  the  Milburn  Pumping 
Station.  Water  is  to  be  delivered  into  the 
reservoir  through  a  48-inch  force  main  about 

7,000  feet  in  length.  The  Rhodes  &  Reese 

Electric  Company  has  secured  the  contract 
for  the  annunciator,  bell  and  speaking  tube 
work  in  the  new  California  Hotel   in  San 

Francisco.  Astoria,  Ore.:    H.  Jackson  & 

Co.  have  secured  the  contract  for  building 
the  road  of  the  Electric  Railway  Company, 
which  is  to  cost  $100,000  and  is  to  connect 

with  the  present  street  railway  system.  

City  Works  Commissioner  Adams  has  award- 
ed the  contracts  for  the  extension  of  the 
water  works  in  Queens  County,  N.  Y.  The 
contracts  were  made  for  seven  sections,  and 
the  aggregate  amount  is  $3,295,509.  In  four 
of  the  sections  the  Commissioner,  acting  un- 
der the  authority  given  to  him  by  the  Alder- 
men, awarded  the  contracts  to  other  than 
the  lowest  bidders.  The  increase  in  the 
cost  of  the  work  from  this  cause  is  $223,816. 

 Bids  will  be  received  until  January  2, 

for  the  construction  of  certain  brick  sewers 
in  Washington,  D.  C„  address,  J.  W.  Doug- 


las, Commissioner.  Proposals  will  be  re- 
ceived by  the  Bremer  County,  la..  Board  of 
Supervisors,  at  the  auditor's  office,  Waverly, 
until  January  7,  for  all  the  single  bridges  to 

be  built  by  the  county  during  i8cp.  Boise 

City,  Idaho:  Bids  for  furnishing  material 
and  labor  required  in  completing  the  United 
States  penitentiary  will  be  received  at  the 
Interior  department,  Washington,  D.  C, 
until  January  15.  Plans  and  specifications 
may  be  seen  at  the  department  and  at  the 
office  of  the  Governor  of  the  territory  at 

Boise  City.  Bids  for  building  a  wooden 

bridge  across  Mill  Creek,  will  be  received 
until  January  9,  by  the  Board  of  Commission- 
ers of  Washington  County,  Kas.,  at  Wash- 
ington, Kas.     Address,   John  E.  Pickard, 

County  Clerk.  Toronto,  O.:    Bids  will  be 

received  until  January  2  for  constructing  a 

system   of    water  works.  Fostoria,  O.: 

Bids  will  be  received  by  the  city  trustees 
until  January  6  for  the   construction  of  a 

water  works  system,  Denver,  Colorado: 

Plans  will  be  received  until  December  31, 
for  the  construction  of  two  wooden  bridges 
and  their  foundations.  Address,  J.  P.  Max- 
well, State  Engineer,  Denver.  Hunting- 
ton, Ind.:  Bids  will  be  received  by  the 
common  council  until  January  13  for  a  com- 
plete system  of  water  works,  address  Joseph 

M.  Black,  city  clerk.  Bids  for  a  lo-ton 

Ice  Plant  complete,  received  until  Decem- 
ber 30  inst.;  building  is  75x30x22  feet;  water 
inside.  Address  bids,  specifications,  draw- 
ings, etc.,  D.  N.  Bachelor,  Winter  Park,  Fla. 

 Bids  will  be  received  for  construction  of 

canal,  including  tunnels,  hydraulic  cuts  and 
excavations,  amounting  to  750,000  yards,  by 
Turlock  Irrigation  District,  up  to  3  o'clock 
p.  m.,  on  January  7,  1890.  Address  R.  M. 
Williams,  Ceres,  Stanislaus  County,  Cali- 
fornia. The  Rosenfeld  Construction  Com- 
pany, of  ElPaso,  Tex.,  has  closed  a  contract 
with  a  party  of  English  capitalists  to  build  an 
irrgiating  ditch  from  Las  Cruces,  N.  M.,  thirty 
miles  east,  to  bring  under  cultivation  60,000 
acres  of  land.    The  contract  price  was$i5o,- 

000.     Work   begins   at  once.  Bids  for 

erecting  an  addition  to  the  court  house, 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  are  open  until  the  first  Wed- 
nesday in  February,  1890.  Address  John  T. 
Cooper,  Clerk  of  Commission  of  Roads  and 

Revenues.  Sioux  City,  la.:  The  bridge 

for  the  Pacific  Short  Line  has  been  awarded 
to  the  Phoenix  Bridge  Company  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.  The  cost  of  the  work  will  proba- 
bly reach  $1,000,000.  Parkersburg,  W. 

Va.:  The  contract  for  an  electric  fire  alarm 
system  has  been  let  to  the  Gamewell  Fire 
Alarm  Telegraph  Company.    Sixty  boxes 

are|to  beput  in.  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  Bids 

for  3018  tons  of  cast  iron  pipe  were  opened 
as  follows:  Addyston  Pipe  and  Steel  Com- 
pany, Cincinnati,  $31.48;  Dennis  Long  & 
Co.,  Louisville,  $32.98;  Shickle,  Harrison  & 
Howard,  St.  Louis,  $32.40;  R.  D.  Wood  & 
Co.,  Philadelphia,  $31.80;  Gloucester  Iron 
Works,  Philadelphia,  $33.91 ;  Mellert  Foun- 
dry Company,  Reading,  Pa.,  $35,00;  Cleve- 
land Pipe  Works,  $30.94.  No  bid  was  ac- 
cepted. Highland  Park,  III.:    Bids  for 


army  hospital  were  opened  by  Captain  C  . 
P.  Miller,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Highland  Park,  111., 
December  7,  as  follows:  Hospital — James 
P.  Corse  &  Son,  Racine,  Wis., $16,463;  Rioux 
&  King,  Highland  Park,  111.,  $14,744.72; 
Charles  Streiber,  Highland  Park,  111.,  $12,-  • 
567.  Heating  and  ventilating  hospital — 
John  Davis  Company,  Chicago,  111.,  $2,591 ; 
Samuel  O.  Pope  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111.,  $2,825; 
O.  C.  Davis,  Racine,  Wis.,  $2,740.  Plumb- 
ing and  gas  fitting — O.  C.  Davis,  Wis.,  $1,- 
148.50;  Edward  Burkhardt,  Jr.,  Chicago,  111., 

$1,200;  E.  Baggott,  Chicago,  111.,  $1,191.  

New  Bedford,  Mass.:  The  water  board  has 
awarded  the  contract  for  cast-iron  pipe  to 
the  McNeal  Pipe  and  Foundry  Company  of 

Burlington,  N.  J.,  for  $9,701.41.  Medina, 

N.  Y.:  Bids  for  the  construction  of  water- 
works were  opened  December  17,  but  laid 
over  for  consideration  until  next  Monday. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
The  Sewerage  system  at  Green  Island,  N. 

Y.,  is  about  completed.    It  cost  $40,000.  

Savannah,  Ga.:  People  living  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  city  have  petitioned  for 
a  system  of  sewerage  in  the  vicinity  of  West 

Brood  and  Anderson  streets.  Victoria,  B. 

C:  The  proposition  to  issue  $650,000  bonds 
for  a  sewerage  system  is  meeting  with  a 

great  deal  of  opposition.  Engineer  Percy 

M.  Blake,  of  Hyde  Park,  has  made  his  report 
to  the  committee  on  sewers  of  the  Quincy, 
Mass.,  city  council,  concerning  the  construc- 
tion of  a  sewerage  system  in  that  city.  He 
presents  two  plans,  estimated  to  cost  respect- 
ively, $1 10,600  and  $140,300.  The  entire 

sewerage  system  of  West  ,Troy,  N.  Y.,  has 

been  completed.  Rudolph  Hering  has 

prepared  plans  for  the  construction  of  the 
sewerage  system  at  Savannah,  Ga.  The 

mayor  can  furnish  information.  Toledo, 

O.:    A  brick  sewer  is  to  be  built,  for  which 

bids  will  be  open  until  December  30.  

Bakersfield,  Cal.:  A  company  has  been  or- 
ganized to  contract  for  a  complete  sewer 
system.  They  will  lay  earthen  pipe  and  flush 
it  with  water  from  the  river  and  canal.  The 

Kern  Valley  Bank  is  treasurer.  Athens, 

Ga. :  A  vote  on  the  question  of  building 
sewers  will  probably  be  taken  within  the 

next  two  or  three  months.  Elkhard,  Ind.: 

The  City  Engineer  has  been  directed  to  make 
plans  for  a  complete  sewerage  system  for 

the  city.  Springfield,  Mo.,  will  vote  on  the 

question  of  constructing  a  sewerage  system 
on  the  plans  of  Col.  Waring. 

CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS  -hay  fever. 

A  NEW   HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
these  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 


420 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  308 


pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  VVest  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. — 
Christian  Advocate. 


Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


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Propoaals. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
'^the  office  of  tlie  Supervising  Arcliitect.Treasury De- 
partment, Washington,  D,  C.  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  4th  day  of  January  IKSK).  for  all  the  labor  and 
materials  required  to  build  the  brick  manholes  and 
trap  well,  furnish  and  lay  all  the  terra  cotta  sewer 
pipe,  cast  iron  drain  and  down  pipe,  etc.,  required 
for  the  Post  Office,  etc.,  building  at  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and 
specification  copies  of  which  may  l>e  had  on 
application  at  this  office  and  the  office  of  the 
Superintendent.  Each  bid  must  be  accom- 
panied byacertifie<l  check  for  $100.00.  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time 
fixed  for  oi>ening  thes  me:  also,  bids  which  d 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  llie  requirements  of  this 
invitation.  JAS  H.  WINDRIM, 

December  12,  1889.  Supervising  Architect. 


The  attempts  of  late  years  to  build  fire- 
proof buildings  reminds  one  of  the  old  prob- 
lem of  the  irresistible  force  brought  to  bear 
on  the  immovable  mass.  Just  now  the  out- 
look seems  to  be  that  there  are  no  fire-proof 
buildings.  Proper  precautions  against  fire, 
and  ready  means  for  extinguishing  it,  are 
the  only  safeguards.  For  lack  of  these,  a 
great  many  manufacturing  establishments 
are  destroyed  every  year.  The  problem  of 
avoiding  fires  is  worthy  of  a  great  deal  more 
attention  than  it  receives, — American  Ma- 
chinist. 


Jan.  4,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


421 


The  Sanitary  News. 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERT  WEEK 

AT 

fio.  90  l<a  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 

Thomas  Huuson  Publisher, 

A.  II.  Hakryman,  Editor. 

Henry  R.  Allen,       .     .      -     London  Aoknt. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  OtBoe 


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Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
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The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects. 


CHICAGO,  JAN.  4,  1890. 


CoNTKNTS  This  "Week. 


Current  Topics  -------  421 

Hot  Water  Heating  in  Relation  to  the  Master 

Plumbers'  Trade        -      -      -      -      -  422 

Utility  of  water  in  Gas  Manufacturing  -      -  424 

Our  Homes  and  Fatal  "Colds"       -     -      -  424 

Bdilding—  413 

The  Brooklyn  Department  of  Architecture  425 

He  Knew  it  All  -      -      -      -      -      -  425 

Notes  from  Architects       -      .      -      -  425 

Plumbing— 

Results  of  Better  Plumbing      -      -      .  426 

Among  the  Plumbers         -      .      -      .  42tj 

While  the  Solder  melts     -      -      -      .  427 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -      -      -  427 

Heating  and  Lighting        -      .      _      -  428 

Water-Works  Notes   429 

Bids  and  Contracts     -----  429 

Sewerage  Notes           .      -      -      .      -  430 

It  Burns  the  Smoke  -      -      -      -  431 

Businees  Notes  431 


We  are  pleased  to  inform  the  many 
friends  and  readers  of  The  Sanitary  Nkvv.s 
that  it  starts  out  with  the  new  year  in  a  more 
prosperous  condition  than  ever  before,  and 
with  most  flattering  pros[)ects  for  the  future. 
Its  circulation  is  constantly  increasing,  and 
its  progress  during  the  year  just  closed  has 
surpassed  that  of  any  previous  year.  It  has 
received  flattering  commendations  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  We  return  thanks  to 
its  patrons  and  beg  to  express  the  hope  that 
it  will  continue  to  merit  the  very  liberal 
praise  it  has  so  generally  received.  To 
every  one  we  send  greeting,  and  our  sincere 
wish  is  that  the  new  year  may  bring  pros- 
perity and  happiness  to  all. 


New  York  has  lost  the  Statue  of  Liberty. 
According  to  the  JointBoundary  Commission 
appointed  to  locate  the  boundary  in  lands 
under  water  in  Raritan  Bay,  between  New 
Jersey  and  New  Yoak,  Bedlow's  Island  does 
not  belong  to  New  York,  as  has  been  sup- 
posed, but  to  New  Jersey,  as  also  does  Gib- 
bet Island.  So  when  the  Congressional  sur- 
veys are  made  and  the  boundary  line  estab- 
lished it  will  be  found  that  the  World's  Fair 
does  not  belong  to  New  York  but  to  Chi- 
cago. New  York  should  now  turn  her 
attention  to  the  preservation  of  her  Obelisk, 
for  without  the  World's  Fair,  the  Statue  of 
Liberty,  and  the  Grant  Monument,  it  is  her 
little  all. 


No  greater  cruelty  could  be  inflicted  than 
the  lenient  execution  of  our  building,  plumb- 
ing and  inspection  laws.  It  may  at  times 
seem  a  hardship  to  enforce  them,  and  prob- 
ably there  are  instances  in  which  the  in- 
spector would  feel  disposed  to  excuse  rather 
than  correct  blunders.  But  mercy  in  all 
such  cases  lies  in  the  strict  adherence  to 
duty  in  the  correction  of  every  fault  found 
in  plumbing  or  building  construction.  The 
enforcement  of  these  laws  and  regulations 
may  lay  a  burden  on  one  plumber  or  one 
builder,  but  their  non-enforcement  will  lay 
the  heavier  burden  of  disease  on  many  who 
are  not  at  all  responsible  for  the  causes  of 
the  affliction. 


An  English  exchange  says:  "Advertise- 
ments on  buildings  should  be  taxed  in  the 
ratio  of  their  obtrusiveness.  A  constituted 
authority  should  be  appointed,  to  whom  in- 
dividuals feeling  aggrieved  could  refer  any 
act  of  vandalism  upon  artistic  propriety  or 
educated  public  taste."  That  might  do  in 
England  but  it  would  prove  a  failure  in  this 
country.  The  sign-maker  ranks  his  profes- 
sion above  that  of  the  architect,  and  not 
content  with  covering  the  fronts  of  hand- 
some buildings  all  over  with  every  device 
and  color  known  to  his  art,  he  climbs  to  the 
top  and  throws  out  a  sign  like  the  main-sail 
to  a  ship.  The  heighth  of  the  architect's 
ambition  now  would  seem  to  be  to  construct 
a  building  best  adapted  to  the  most  elabo- 
rate and  guady  signs.  Besides  the  man 
doing  business  has  a  pride  in  the  embellish- 
ment of  his  building  with  his  name  in  the 


most  grotesque  and  gigantic  letters.  Indeed 
this  sign  business  has  been  carried  so  far 
that  the  building  with  the  least  signs  is  the 
most  conspicuous. 


THE  APPRENTICE. 

Much  advice,  good  bad  and  indifTercnt, 
has  been  given  the  apprentice.  It  is  very 
seldom  that  we  see  his  side  of  the  case  repre- 
sented, although  he  could  tell  a  story  that 
would  throw  a  very  different  light  on  the 
subject  from  that  we  generally  find  in  read- 
ing these  advices,  counsels,  etc.  As  we  have 
no  apprenticeship  system  in  this  country, 
the  boy  starting  out  to  learn  a  trade  is  at 
liberty  to  ciuit  whenever  discouraged  or  ill- 
treated.  There  is  nothing  binding  him  to  a 
term  of  years,  and  we  often  see  him  chang- 
ing from  one  class  of  work  to  another.  Wc 
seldom  stop  to  enquire  the  cause  behind  this 
and  conclude  that  the  boy  is  unsteady  and 
no  account.  But  let  us  look  upon  the  boy's 
side  and  see  how  the  matter  stands  with 
him. 

We  pick  up  an  agricultural  journal  and 
find  the  article  most  frecjuently  occurring  is, 
•'Why  do  Our  Boys  Leave  the  Farm."  The 
main  reason  is  because  the  boy  is  imposed  up- 
on beyond  endurance.  He  does  his  day's  work 
along  with  men,  but  does  not  get  a  moment's 
rest.  At  noon  he  is  called  on  to  do  this  and 
that,  and  at  evening  the  same.  He  is  not 
supposed  to  get  tired  or  need  the  rest  the 
men  take.  At  work  he  is  given  the  worst 
implements  on  the  place.  He  works  with 
an  old  broken  hoe,  digs  with  broken  and 
dull  shovels,  forks  hay  with  a  superanuated 
fork,  drives  a  blind,  old  or  lame  horse,  and 
plows  with  an  old,  broken,  dull,  rickety 
plow;  all  of  which  make  his  work  twice  as 
hard  and  turns  his  whole  nature  against 
farming.  These  and  many  other  discour- 
agements are  met  with,  and  there  is  little 
wonder  that  he  seeks  other  fields  of  labor. 
He  does  not  leave  the  farm,  but  is  actually 
driven  from  it. 

It  will  prove  an  exception  if  he  finds  it 
different  when  he  seeks  to  learn  a  trade. 
His  employer,  the  head  of  the  business  in 
which  he  starts,  may  be  disposed  to  encour- 
age his  boys  and  help  them  along  in  their 
trade.  But  the  boy  probably  never  sees  his 
employer,  and  works  under  a  boss  and  with 
men  who  not  only  impose  burdens  upon 
him,  but  abuse  him,  discourage  him  and 
drive  him  from  his  labor.  He  is  made  their 
servant,  waits  on  them,  and  is  seldom  inter- 
ested in  his  work  by  the  kind  assistance  of 
those  about  him.  Under  these  circumstances 
and  difficulties, should  he  perseve  e  n  learn- 
ing his  trade  he  will  pursue  it  in  a  mechani- 
cal way.  He  will  not  have  been  taught  any- 
thing, but  what  he  has  learned  is  by  imita- 
tion— doing  work  as  he  has  seen  it  done. 
He  has  not  been  taught,  but  has  discovered 
that  certain  things  are  done  this  way  or  that, 
and  he  will  continue  to  do  them  in  that  way 
because  he  does  not  know  why  they  are  done 
so.  He  ha'^  discovered  ways  of  doing  work 
but  knows  not  why  it  is  so  done.  He  is 
even  ignorant  of  the  existence  of  any  cause. 


422 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No  309 


and  does  not  know  tliat  there  is  a  principle 
underlying  the  work  he  docs.  These  are 
some,  but  not  in  any  manner  all,  of  the  diffi- 
culties and  discouragements  confronting  the 
apprentice.  While  there  has  been  an  im- 
provement in  his  condition,  there  is  still 
room  for  much  more.  Those  interested 
will  but  need  study  these  things  to  see 
where  the  wrong  lies  and  how  to  correct  it. 


HOT-WATER    HEATING    IN  RELA- 
TION TO  THE  MASTER  PLUMB- 
ERS' TRADE. 
At  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Mackay's  lecture 
before  the  New  York  Master  Plumbers  on 
the  above  subject,  as  given  in  previous 
issues  of  The  Sanitary  News,  questions 
were  called  and  the  following  were  asked 
and  answered: 

Mr.  Mackay  was  asked  what  is  the  object 
of  the  connection  from  the  side  instead 
of  the  top  of  the  main  as  shown  in  the 
diagram. 

Mr.  Mackay:  As  I  stated  in  my  remarks, 
it  is  often  found  that  the  near  radiator,  or 
the  one  almost  over  the  heater,  will  circu- 
late and  prevent  the  far  one  from  circulat- 
ing. Supposing  our  heater  has  a  radiator 
almost  immediately  above  it,  and  perhaps 
another  one  like  it  at  a  point  further  re- 
moved on  the  same  level,  by  taking  the 
main  up  directly,  there  is  a  possibility  of  the 
water  going  up  through  the  first  radiator 
and  down  into  the  return.  Now  the  circu- 
lation of  water  takes  place  upon  the  appli- 
cation of  heat  at  the  base  of  the  column. 
Water  goes  up  the  first  opening  into  the 
near  radiator  and  passes  through  the  radia- 
tor into  the  return  long  before  the  heated 
water  has  reached  the  far  radiator.  As  a 
natural  consequence  the  water  below  is  cold 
and  the  water  at  the  top  is  hot.  The  natural 
action  of  that  water  is  to  go  up,  instead  of 
down,  consequently  you  have  two  lines, 
both  of  almost  the  same  temperature,  hold- 
ing each  other  in  check.  The  cure  for  that 
would  be  to  take  the  connection  to  the  near 
radiator  from  the  supply  main  on  its  side, 
which  allows  the  water  to  reach  the  further 
radiator  at  the  same  time  it  reaches  the  near 
one;  they  are  then  more  liable  to  come  back 
together  than  if  you  help  the  first  one  and 
hinder  the  other.  The  real  solution  is  to 
help  the  far  radiator  and  hinder  the  near 
radiator.  In  regard  to  the  syphon  for  sup- 
plying the  indirect  stacks  or  basement 
radiators,  I  have  made  a  drawing  to  show 
you  how  it  should  be  placed. 

A  Member:  Why  do  you  not  make  your 
connection  with  the  radiators  on  the  differ- 
ent floors  by  using  simple  reducing  tees, 
instead  of  taking  the  pipe  up  with  an  offset 
in  the  way  shown  in  your  drawing. 

Mr.  Mackay:  I  find,  if  you  have  radiators 
located  on  these  floors  and  you  take  your 
mains  up  directly  on  the  walls,  the  tendency 
is  for  the  hot  water  to  rise  too  rapidly.  With 
the  arrangement  I  have  shown  the  upper 
radiator  will  not  work  until  the  lower  radia- 
tors have  been  thoroughly  heated.  In  tak- 
ing off  the  mains  for  the  several  floors  the 


best  result  is  obtained  by  carrying  the  direct 
supply  above  the  branch  taken  off  to  supply 
the  radiator  on  the  floor  above.  You  can 
always  take  your  main  off  there  for  your 
radiator,  and  offset  the  main  to  the  riser. 
You  will  find  that  where  the  walls  of  a  build- 
ing grow  smaller  as  they  go  up,  a  proper 
distance  from  the  wall  is  obtained  by  the 
offset  at  each  story,  so  you  can  get  right  up 
on  t"he  face  of  the  wall  without  having  to 
stand  off  at  all.  The  lines  can  all  be  at  a 
certain  distance  from  the  wall,  those  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  building  at  the  same  dis- 
tance as  those  below.  Probably  the  wall  at 
first  is  sixteen  inches  thick,  then  twelve, 
then  eight,  and  so  on  up  that  way. 

Mr.  Mackay  was  then  asked  if  there  was 
not  great  difficulty  in  regulating  the  heat;  if 
the  upper  rooms  were  not  over-heated;  and 
how  to  regulate  the  heat  on  the  lower  rooms 
if  such  were  the  case. 

Mr.  Mackay:  It  is  possible  to  overheat 
the  upper  rooms.  Of  course  the  tendency 
of  heated  water  is  to  rise  to  the  highest 
point,  and  unless  your  mains  are  properly 
arranged  you  are  liable  to  have  an  uncer- 
tain regulation.  The  way  to  obviate  and 
overcome  that  is  to  take  mains  for  the  lower 
radiators  from  the  best  opening  on  the 
heater.  There  are  some  heaters  ccnstructed 
that  have  some  openings  for  mains  more 
favorable  than  others.  By  taking  mains 
from  the  most  favorable  openings  to  the 
first  floor  radiators,  and  using  the  other 
openings  for  mains  to  the  other  floors,  and 
by  arranging  your  •  radiating  surface  in 
proper  proportion  on  the  second  and  third 
floors,  you  get  a  uniform  temperature.  In  a 
well-regulated  heater  there  is  only  about 
five  degrees  difference  between  the  first  and 
third  floor  radiators.  In  speaking  of  most 
favorable  openings  I  would  say  that  some 
heaters  do  not  have  those  openings.  A 
heater  that  has  a  circulation  of  water  com- 
ing from  the  lower  sections  to  the  top  has 
them;  the  water,  coming  up  in  a  large  vol- 
ume from  the  lower  to  the  top  section,  passes 
up  the  first  main  reached,  which  is  the  most 
favorable  opening.  It  will  fill  this  two-inch 
pipe  before  it  comes  to  the  one  next  in  scries. 
Though  there  is  hardly  a  perceptible  differ- 
ence in  the  heat  given  off  by  radiators  heated 
on  this  plan,  there  is  a  little  difference,  the 
first  radiator  being  the  quickest  to  take  up 
the  circulation.  By  using  the  two-inch  main 
for  the  first  floor  radiator,  supplying  radia- 
tors on  the  second  floor  with  the  ne.xt,  and 
so  on,  you  will  get  even  circulation  through 
your  whole  building,  except  that  you  must 
put  five  or  ten  per  cent  more  radiation  on 
the  first  than  on  the  second  or  third  floor. 
Making  your  mains  larger  and  your  radia- 
tors larger  to  assist  your  first-floor  radiators 
is  what  is  necessary  to  make  an  even  circu- 
lating hot-water  job. 

Mr.  Mackay  was  then  asked  if  there  was 
any  possibility  of  reducing  the  number  of 
the  elbows. 

Mr.  Mackay:  You  must  arrange  the  pipe 
lines  in  such  a  way  as  to  get  the  first  circu- 
lation in  the  lower  radiator.    You  must  take 


your  connection  from  a  lower  point  to  go  to 
the  upper  floor,  and  I  have  found  that  these 
elbows,  placed  at  the  side  of  the  supply 
main,  provide  for  the  expansion  and  prevent 
the  water  from  going  to  the  highest  point 
until  it  has  supplied  the  radiator  on  the 
lower  branch.  The  use  of  the  elbow  and 
side  outlet  gives  the  best  satisfaction,  and 
the  increased  cost  of  a  nipple  and  elbow  is 
so  little  that  I  have  never  considered  ex- 
pense, nor  do  I  advocate  reducing  the  first 
cost  at  a  sacrifice  of  efficiency. 

A  Member:  You  speak  of  "salubrious 
heat."  It  is  necessary  for  us  to  define  the 
meaning  of  that  expression  to  the  house- 
holder, and  tell  him  wherein  hot  water  heat- 
ing is  preferable  to  steam  heat.  I  would 
like  to  ask  if,  upon  entering  a  room,  you  can 
distinguish  the  difference  between  steam 
and  hot  water  heat,  and  in  what  that  differ- 
ence consists? 

Mr.  Mackay:  The  difference,  as  I  have 
found  it,  between  heating  by  steam  and  by 
hot  water  is  that  you  get  no  heat  from  steam 
until  the  temperature  is  more  than  212 
degrees.  It  is  a  dry  heat  and  takes  the 
moisture  out  of  the  air.  In  going  into  a 
room  heated  to  70  degrees  by  steam,  you 
will  find  more  oppressiveness  than  in  a 
room  heated  by  hot-water  to  80  degrees. 
You  will  find  just  the  same  results  from 
high  pressure  hot  water  obtained  by  employ- 
ing a  closed  tank,  as  you  do  from  steam  at 
212  degrees.  I  have  found  a  decided  differ- 
ence between  the  heating  of  a  room  by  steam 
and  by  hot  water;  the  steam  job  heated  to 
about  five  pounds  above  atmospheric  pres- 
sure gives  you  228  degrees  temperature.  If 
I  tell  you  that  igo  degrees  is  as  high  a  tem- 
perature as  hot-water  heating  water  should 
rise  to,  you  can  see  the  distinction.  Steam 
is  never  below  212  degrees;  if  you  go  below 
that  you  don't  get  any  heat  at  all.  In  hot 
water  heating,  almost  all  the  fire  and  fuel 
consumed  give  you  results.  The  fire  can  be 
down  below  what  would  generate  steam  and 
yet  give  you  all  the  heat  you  want.  Unless 
you  keep  the  water  up  to  boiling  point  with 
steam  heat,  you  get  no  heat  at  all,  and  the 
temperature  in  a  room  falls  at  once  to  almost 
what  it  is  outside.  With  hot-water  heating 
the  result  is  different.  The  temperature 
goes  gradually  down,  and  will  give  you 
ample  time  to  rekindle  your  fire  even  if  it  is 
dead  out. 

Question. — How  much  does  it  cost  to  heat 
an  ordinary  dwelling  with  hot  water — say  a 
four-story  dwelling? 

Ansn'cr. — The  cost  would  vary  as  to  what 
a[)paratus  was  put  in.  There  are  some 
heaters  so  cheap  that  people  should  not  use 
them.  You  can  heat  a  house  at  an  enor- 
mous consumption  of  fuel,  either  because 
the  radiating  surface  is  insufficient  or  the 
apparatus  does  not  run  properly.  A  properly 
heated  hot  water  job  costs  from  10  to  20  per 
cent  more  than  steam,  varying  according  to 
the  cost  of  the  radiators,  which  is  the  largest 
item  in  hot  water  apparatus.  There  are 
two  kinds  of  steam  apparatus;  the  one  pi]>c 
and  two-pipe  systems.   When  you  compare 


Jan.  4, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


423 


the  hot  water  with  the  one-pipe  system,  the 
difference,  of  course,  is  greater,  say  30  per 
cent. 

The  house  that  could  be  heated  by  steam 
properly  for  S500  could  be  heated  for  %^<^Q~- 
$600  with  hot  water.  Hardly  any  of  the  hot 
water  radiators  made  to-day  arc  sold  as 
cheaply  as  steam  radiators,  and  it  requires 
from  one-quarter  to  one-third  more  radiating 
surface  for  hot  water  than  steam.  That  is 
where  the  increased  cost  comes  in.  The 
return  main  also  must  be  the  same  size  as 
the  supply  main.  There  is  a  saving  in  the 
valves,  however.  A  steam  job  could  hardly 
be  put  in  without  the  use  of  a  valve  with  a 
composition  disk.  Hot  water  valves  are 
only  used  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  the 
hot  water  circulation.  You  only  use  one 
valve  in  a  hot  water  radiator  and  you  have 
to  use  two  in  steam. 

A  Member:  Does  not  the  apparatus  rust 
out  very  quickly? 

Mr.  Mackay:  The  only  part  I  have  found 
to  rust  about  a  hot-water  apparatus  is  the 
heater  itself  when  constructed  of  improper 
material,  such  as  wrought  instead  of  cast 
iron.  1  know  a  job  that  was  put  in  twenty 
years  ago;  that  heater  was  doing  the  same 
work  last  winter  that  it  was  doing  twenty 
years  before.  It  is  an  advantage  to  leave 
the  water  in  the  system,  as  it  prevents  rust- 
ing. You  cannot  completely  dry  the  pipes, 
and  it  would  be  more  injurious  to  draw  the 
water  out  than  to  leave  it  in. 

QuesiioJi. — Have  you  experienced  any 
deterioration  from  galvanic  action? 

Ans7vcr. — No, exceptat  the  heater;  I  have 
attributed  that  to  galvanic  action. 

Question. — Don't  you  find  the  same  effect 
on  the  radiators  and  coils? 
Ansiucr. — No;  I  can't  say  I  do. 
Question. — Don't  you  find  more  or  less 
trouble  with  the  threads  at  the  ends  of  the 
pipes  in  the  hot-water  system? 

Ansiucr. — No.  Unless  they  are  under 
ground,  where  the  dampness  was  at  w-ork  on 
both  sides — inside  and  out. 

Mr.  Murphy:  You  have  "just  stated  there 
was  some  advantage  in  drawing  out  the 
water  in  the  fall.  Why  not  continue  with 
the  same  water  and  replenish  at  the  top? 

Mr.  Mackay:  It  would  do,  except  for  the 
fact  that  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  sedi- 
ment, and  unless  that  sediment  has  adhered 
to  the  heater  it  would  be  better  to  draw  it 
out  of  the  system.  In  lime  water  there 
would  be  a  decided  advantage,  and  even  in 
cases  where  you  have  rain  water  or  river 
water,  I  would  recommend  it  to  be  taken 
out. 

Mr.  Murphy:  How  W'Ould  you  consider 
the  use  of  Croton  water  as  used  in  New 
York?  Do  you  think  it  would  be  advan- 
tageous to  change  it  in  the  fall,  or  use  it 
permanently,  because  there  is  but  little 
sediment? 

Mr.  Mackay:  The  first  season  I  should 
recommend  its  removal,  because  there  pos- 
sibly are  filings  of  pipes,  burrs,  etc.,  which 
work  down  to  the  bottom.    I  recommend 
hat  the  water  be  drawn  out  after  having 


once  run  it  for  a  day  or  two,  and  that  {gen- 
erally removes  any  red  lead,  oil  or  cuttings 
in  the  pipe.  Then  if  the  water  is  pure  there 
is  no  real  necessity  for  taking  the  water  out 
of  the  system. 

A  Member:  I  understood  the  objection 
made  in  your  pamphlet  was  that  it  promoted 
the  oxidation  of  the  iron — this  constantly  re- 
newing the  water  in  the  pipes. 

Mr.  Mackay:  It  was  said  in  the  pamphlet 
that  it  is  preferable  to  leave  the  water  in  the 
system  during  the  summer  months  to  pre- 
vent oxidation,  because  you  cannot  take  the 
water  entirely  out;  it  would  be  the  rusting 
during  the  summer  months  and  not  the  ac- 
tion of  the  fresh  water  in  the  pipes  that 
would  be  injurious. 

A  Member:  Don't  you  consider  it  detri- 
mental to  allow  that  used  water  to  remain  in 
the  system? 

Mr.  Mackay:  No,  that  water  is  really 
purer  and  better  than  any  water  you  can 
put  in,  especially  if  it  has  been  boiled.  I 
have  taken  out  pipes  that  have  been  in  for 
two  or  three  years,  which  had  not  been  acted 
upon  by  water  at  all,  and  which  were  as  free 
from  rust  as  the  day  they  were  put  in.  It  is 
air  and  dampness  which  injure  them.  While 
we  do  sometimes  boil  water  in  a  hot  water 
system,  we  recommend  not  to  boil  it,  conse- 
quently we  don't  purify  the  water  to  the  ex- 
tent of  distilling  it. 

A  Member:  Is  the  use  of  an  expansion 
tank  necessary? 

Mr.  Mackay:  I  have  frequently  supplied 
systems  from  the  ordinary  plumber's  tank. 
The  objection  is  that  with  the  plumber's  tank 
system  you  are  sometimes  obliged  to  shut 
off  yoar  water  for  repairs,  and  there  is  apos- 
sibility  also  of  dirt  getting  in  an  open  tank, 
and  again  the  evaporation  from  an  open 
tank  would  be  greater  than  from  a  closed 
tank.  If  the  surface  of  your  water  is  smaller, 
the  evaporation  is  less,  and  the  less  replen- 
ishing you  require.  There  is  a  possibility  of 
getting  foreign  matter  down  into  your  sys- 
tem from  an  open  tank  and  choking  up  your 
expansion  pipe.  This  is  entirely  avoided  by 
an  expansion  pipe  from  a  closed  tank.  I 
recommend  a  large  expansion  pipe.  The 
cost  of  a  small  tank  is  a  very  small  matter 
in  comparison  to  the  price  of  the  whole  job. 
When  I  have  used  plumbing  tanks  for  ex- 
pansion, I  have  always  arranged  my  expan- 
sion pipe  by  placing  the  stop-cock  immedi- 
ately below  the  tank,  and  taking  an  air  pipe 
from  below  the  stop-cock  and  carrying  it 
over  the  top  of  the  tank,  this  leaves  the  ex- 
pansion pipe  open  at  all  times.  Sometimes 
I  have  used  the  self-filling  arrangement 
steam-fitters  use  for  fillling  a  boiler,  which 
is  perfectly  close,  in  connection  with  an  ex- 
pansion tank.  The  amount  of  water  con- 
sumed by  a  hot  water  apparatus  is  very 
small. 

A  Member:  The  primary  object  of  the  ex- 
pansion tank  is  the  prevention  of  an  air  lock 
in  the  system  of  pipes,  and  that  is  what 
necessitates  the  use  of  an  expansion  tank? 

Mr.  Mackay:  No;  the  expansion  tank  is 
placed  to  supply  the  system  with  water. 


Without  this  expansion  tank  the  water  is  apt 
to  overflow,  owing  to  the  expansive  effects 
of  heat;  that  is  a  wasting  system,  and  neces- 
sitates as  high  a  water  tax  as  where  a  steam 
boiler  is  used,  it  has  nothing  to  do  with 
the  taking  away  of  air  from  the  system,  ex- 
cept when  you  put  the  apparatus  in  in  such 
a  way  that  the  air  pipe  leads  from  all  the 
mains  to  the  highest  point  in  the  system.  In 
the  closed  system  they  put  the  same  kind  of 
a  tank,  and  put  a  safety  valve  at  the  highest 
point,  which  is  supposed  to  blow  off  at  a 
certain  pressure.  I  have  seen  a  safety  valve 
on  a  low-pressure  steam  boiler,  weighted  at 
five  pounds,  refuse  to  blow  off  when  it  ar- 
rived at  forty-five  pounds.  You  can  put  a 
safety  valve  upon  your  expansion  tank,  hav- 
ing your  overflow  in  addition.  Without  the 
overflow,  in  a  closed  tank,  if  your  safety 
valve  operates,  all  well  and  good;  if  not  you 
are  liable  to  blow  out  the  whole  side  of  a 
boiler.  The  best  thing  to  do  is  to  depend 
upon  nature's  own  safety  valve — the  open 
end  of  a  pipe.  The  overflow  pipe  I  would 
make  as  large  or  a  size  larger  than  the  pipe 
leading  to  the  boiler.  Place  ample  radiat- 
ing surface;  it  will  give  better  results  and 
will  be  cheaper  in  the  end. 

A  Member:  The  greatest  difficulty  we 
would  experience,  in  my  opinion,  would  be 
in  deciding  upon  the  size  of  horizontal  lines 
and  branch  pipes.  How  far  will  two-inch 
pipe,  and  one  and  one-quarter  and  one-inch 
pipe  go?  Is  there  any  means  by  which  we 
can  calculate,  other  than  by  taking  the  table 
given  in  the  pamphlet,  if  we  started  to  do 
a  job? 

Mr.  Mackay:  If  you  started  a  new  job, 
you  would  make  it  as  moderate  as  possible. 
Two-inch  pipe  will  carry  heat  as  far  as  any 
one  wants  to  carry  it  in  an  ordinary  house. 
I  have  a  two-inch  pipe  running  horizontally 
and  perfectly  level  150  feet.  When  it  comes 
to  the  smaller  sizes  such  as  one  and  a  half 
or  one  and  a  quarter,  I  would  be  governed 
by  the  distance  I  had  to  run.  I  would  not 
run  one  and  a  quarter  inch  over  a  hundred 
feet  horizontally.  I  would  rather  prefer  not 
to  run  over  75  feet  and  if  it  was  necessary 
to  run  100  feet  or  more  I  would  prefer  to 
run  a  larger  pipe,  especially  where  it  is 
desired  to  supply  large  radiators  at  the  end. 
That  is  a  point,  however,  on  which  almost 
every  engineer  differs.  I  have  a  one  inch 
pipe  supplying  four  radiators  each  contain- 
ing 70  square  feet,  and  that  pipe  runs  hori- 
zontally 100  feet  before  it  takes  a  rise  of 
three  floors,  which  are  about  12  feet  each, 
and  then  runs  horizontally  again  for  50  feet. 
I  find  that  the  pipe  supplies  those  radiators 
and  heats  them  throughout.  That  is  an  ex- 
ceptional case.  A  man  will  make  no  mis- 
take if  he  makes  his  pipes  large  enough.  I 
I  would  carry  two-inch  pipe  as  much  as  200 
feet;  one  and  a  half  inch,  100  feet;  one  and  a 
quarter  inch,  75  feet  and  even  100  feet,  but 
not  more. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers  will  open  in  New 
York,  Wednesday,  January  15,  at  10  o'clock. 


424 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  309 


UTILITY  OF  WATER  IN  GAS 
MANUFACTURE.* 

The  first  useful  part  water  fulfills  in  the 
process  of  gas  manufacture  is  the  work 
which  it  does  in  the  ash  pans  and  under  the 
retort  furnaces.  Raised  to  boiling  point  by 
the  glowing  coke,  it  gives  off  steam  in  con- 
siderable volume  ;  and  this  rising  under- 
neath and  between  the  furnace  bars,  contri- 
butes to  the  durability  of  these  by  keeping 
them  in  a  state  of  comparative  coolness.  At 
the  same  time  it  tends  to  prevent  or  mitigate 
the  soldering  together  of  the  fused  portions 
of  the  fuel.  In  its  passage  through  the  hot 
coke,  the  steam  is  decomposed  into  its  con- 
stituent gases  ;  the  hydrogen  adding  to  the 
furnace  fuel,  and  the  oxygen  promoting  com- 
bustion. A  tidy  fire  about,  with  the  ash 
pans  charged  with  water  and  reflecting  the 
bright  fire  between  the  bars,  is  one  of  the 
characteristics  of  good  stoking.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  this,  though  the  settings  were  com- 
posed of  gold  and  diamonds,  the  best  results 
would  not  be  obtained.  Dirt  and  disorder 
are  indicative  of  general  bad  working. 

In  the  slacking  or  quenching  of  hot  coke, 
water  is  a  necessity.  It  is  true  that  if  the 
coke  is  drawn  from  the  retorts  into  iron 
barrows,  and  a  close  cover  placed  over  it, 
the  confined  gases  in  the  absence  of  atmos- 
pheric oxygen,  will  smother  and  gradually 
arrest  combustion  in  the  mass  ;  and  some 
managers  resort  to  this  method  of  dealing 
with  the  coke  with  a  view  to  abating  the  nui- 
sance of  the  escape  of  steam,  charged  with 
sulphurous  vapors,  from  the  retort  house, 
and  to  preserve  the  cokc  for  sale  in  a  dry 
and  bright  condition.  Where  the  produc- 
tion of  coke  is  great,  however,  as  in  the  case 
of  large  works,  this  is  an  inconvenient,  if  not 
an  impossible  method  of  dealing  with  the 
material.  It  is  to  be  noted  further  that  the 
quantity  of  water  absorbed  by  the  coke  when 
it  is  slaked  in  the  ordinary  way  is  compar- 
atively small,  not  exceeding  on  the  average 
14  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  coke  in  the 
first  instance  and  the  bulk  of  this  evaporates 
when  the  coke  is  deposited  outside  the  re- 
tort house  in  the  open  air  ;  about  3  per  cent 
being  permanently  retained. 

The  water  which  is  found  in  the  hydraulic 
main  is  due  to  the  condensation  of  the  vapor 
or  steam  which,  coming  from  the  retorts,  is 
carried  up  the  ascension  pipes  along  with 
the  permanent  gases  and  the  heavy  hydro- 
carbons; the  latter  being  deposited  as  tar. 
The  presence  of  this  water  is  accounted  for 
by  its  previous  existence  in  the  interstices 
of  the  apparently  dry  coal.  It  is  also  pro- 
duced synthetically  by  the  combination, 
brought  about  by  the  heat  of  the  retorts,  of 
a  portion  of  the  oxygen  and  hydrogen — two 
constituents  of  the  solid  coal.  The  quantity 
of  water  thus  yielded  varies  with  different 
coals,  but  the  average  yield  may  be  set  down 
at  16  gallons  per  ton.  In  a  previous  paper 
I  explained  that  a  portion  of  the  steam  from 
wet  coal  is  decomposed  in  the  hot  retorts, 
being  resolved  into  its  constituent  gases.  It 
will  be  seen,  therefore,  assuming  the  cor- 


*A  Paper  presented  to  tlie  MuncheBter Diet.  InBt.  of 
as  Engineers,  by  Thos.  Newbigging,  t".  E. 


rectness  of  this  hypothesis,  that  two  opposite 
processes  are  being  carried  on  simultaneous- 
ly in  the  retorts — the  analytical  and  the  syn- 
thetical ;  and  this  apparent  inconsistency 
may  be  explained  by  the  original  character 
of  the  substances  acted  upon — the  steam  in 
the  one  instance,  and  the  gases  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  in  the  other — and  their  proximity 
to,  and  period  of  contact  with  the  hot  surface 
traversed  by  them.  It  is,  in  fact,  another 
case  of  blowing  hot  and  cold  with  the  same 
breath. 

The  strong  affinity  which  exists  between 
this  water  and  the  ammonia  impurity  in  the 
crude  gas  causes  the  absorption  of  much  of 
the  latter  by  the  former  ;  and  hence  the  am- 
monical  liquor,  which  is,  roughly  speaking, 
a  solution  of  ammonia.  This,  again,  by  rea- 
son of  its  affinity  for  sulphureted  hydrogen 
and  carbonic  acid,  absorbs  a  proportion  of 
the  gases  named,  reducing  the  amount  of 
these  impurities  in  the  gas  ;  and  thus  is  pro- 
duced the  complex  liquid  designated  am- 
monical  liquor.  In  all  well-regulated  works, 
the  ends  of  the  dip  pipes  in  the  hydraulic 
main  are  sealed  with  this  liquor  in  prefer- 
ence to  tar,  which  not  only  offers  greater  re- 
sistance to  the  passage  of  the  gas,  but  robs 
it  to  some  extent  of  its  richest  illuminating 
substances — the  volatile  hydro-carbons — 
which  would  otherwise  be  retained  in  the 
gaseous  condition.  This  liquor  performs 
similar  functions  in  the  washers  and  scrub- 
bers, where,  in  the  finely-divided  state,  its 
quality  of  absorbing  ammonia,  sulphureted 
hydrogen,  and  carbonic  acid  is  still  further 
utilized. 

In  hot  climates  the  crude  gas  can  best  be 
reduced  to  the  temperature  necessary  to  ad- 
mit of  satisfactory  purification,  by  causing 
water  to  trickle  down  the  exposed  surface 
of  the  condenser. 

In  the  slacking  of  the  oxide  of  iron  and 
the  lime  with  which  the  purifying  vessels 
are  charged,  water  again  is  indispensable  ; 
giving  porosity  to  the  materials,  and  largely 
contributing  to  their  power  of  absorbing  the 
carbonic  acid,  sulj^hureted  hydrogen,  and 
other  suljjhur  impurities.  We  thus  realize 
the  vast  importance  of  the  presence  of 
water  in  the  various  processes  of  gas  man- 
ufacture and  purification. 

I  need  only  further  point  to  the  value  of 
the  water  seal  for  the  lids  of  the  purifying 
vessels,  in  the  hydraulic  valve,  in  the  station 
governor,  in  the  gasholder  tank,  in  the  cups 
of  telescopic  holders,  in  the  wet  gas  meter 
and  in  the  water  side  pendant.  The  sim- 
plicity and  efficiency,  as  well  as  the  indis- 
pensability  of  its  application  in  these  differ- 
ent directions  is  so  obvious  that  further 
comment  is  rendered  needless. 

Finally,  water  or  water  vapor  is  one  of  the 
products  of  the  combustion  of  coal  gas. 
This  product  is  brought  about  by  the  com- 
bination, at  the  point  of  consumption,  of 
the  oxygen  in  the  air  and  the  hydrogen  in 
the  gas. 

In  large  cotton  spinning  and  weaving  mills 
this  characteristic  of  the  gas  flame  is  of  the 
utmost  utility.  While  not  deleterious  to  the 
health  or  comfort  of  the  workpeople,  it  im- 


proves the  quality  of  the  work,  by  enabling 
the  yarn  to  be  spun  and  woven  with  fewer 
breakages  than  is  possible  in  a  dry,  hask  at- 
mosphere. In  short,  this  method  of  illumi- 
nation, because  of  its  moisture  producing 
quality,  will  always  commend  itself  as  being 
the  most  suitable  and  natural  under  such 
circumstances. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  presence  of 
water,  while  objectionable  under  certain 
conditions,  yet  plays  an  important,  and  in- 
deed indispensable  part  in  the  economy  of  a 
gas  undertaking. 

OUR  HOUSES  AND  FATAL  -COLDS." 

An  Englishman's  house  is  his  castle,  and 
when  we  approach  it  in  a  spirit  of  criticism, 
we  enter  upon  dangerous  ground.  We  do 
not  doubt,  nevertheless,  that  many  of  the 
"colds"  which  have  been  fatal  have  been 
caught  at  home,  and  have  been  due  to  a 
style  of  domestic  architecture,  ventilation 
and  warming,  which  are  adapted  neither  to 
heat  nor  cold,  and  are  equally  incapable  of 
resisting  either.  A  well  staircase,  with  gas 
burners  on  the  different  landings,  with  a 
wide  chink  under  the  front  door,  and  sur- 
rounded by  rooms  with  good  fires  and  badly- 
fitted  doors  and  windows,  is  as  ingenious  an 
apparatus  as  could  be  contrived  for  subject- 
ing the  inhabitants  to  all  the  evils  which 
vicissitudes  of  climate  can  produce.  More- 
over, a  person  who  goes  out  of  doors  feels 
that  he  is  about  to  encounter  something,  and 
braces  himself  in  a  manner  which  renders 
the  assault  comparatively  harmless.  A  per- 
son who  comes  from  a  drawing-room  to  a 
staircase  has  not  this  feeling,  and  steps  into 
a  cold  bath  without  warning  or  forethought. 
The  difference  is  one  of  high  importance, 
because  a  chill  for  which  the  system  ^is  un- 
prepared drives  back  the  blood  from  the 
surface  upon  the  internal  organs,  and  may 
inflict  upon  them  sudden  and  serious  injury; 
whereas,  when  the  chill  is  expected,  the 
heart  is  ready  to  assist  it,  and  to  maintain 
the  circulation  with  a  corresponding  increase 
of  force.  Even .  a  sudden  change  in  the 
opposite  and,  as  it  would  seem,  better  direc- 
tion is  not  harmless;  and  it  is  well  known 
that  there  is  no  more  common  cause  of  chil- 
blains than  bringing  numbed  fingers  abruptly 
to  a  good  fire.  What  occurs  in  the  fingers 
will  occur  under  like  circumstances  in  the 
lungs,  and  many  an  attack  of  pneumonia  or 
bronchitis  has  been  the  result  of  inhaling 
copious  volumes  of  frosty  air  through  an 
open  mouth,  and  of  then  coming  without  in- 
terval into  an  overheated  compartment. 
The  path  of  safety  lies  in  the  avoidance  of 
great  contrasts,  in  such  arrangements  of 
stoves  and  fireplaces  as  may  produce  an 
approach  to  equality  of  temperature  in  the 
house,  in  the  substitution  of  intended  and 
properly  placed  inlets  for  the  present  system 
of  crevice  ventilation,  and  in  the  manage- 
ment of  these  inlets  so  that  the  enterinj'  air 
may  be  warmed  when  warming  is  expedient. 
The  truth  of  these  matters,  simple  though 
they  arc,  and  almost  fussy  as  it  may  seem 
to  insist  upon  them,  involves  the  issues  of 
life  and  death  to  many  of  the  most  useful 
and  most  valued  members  of  the  commun- 
ity.— Decorators  Gazette. 


Jan.  4,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


425 


BUILDING. 


THE  BROOKLYN  DEPARTMENT  OF 
ARCHITECTS. 

The  Department  of  Arhcitects  of  the 
Brooklyn  Institute  was  formally  organized 
at  a  well  attended  meeting  the  evening  of 
Dec.  13.  A  constitution  was  adopted  and 
officers  were  elected  as  follows  : 

President,  George  L.  Morse  ;  Vice-Pres- 
ident, Louis  De  Coppet  Berg;  Secretary, 
William  B.  Tubby;  Treasurer,  Gustave  A. 
Jahn,  Committee  on  Current  Work,  Mr. 
Richard  M.  Upjohn,  Mr.  R.  L.  Daus  and  Mr. 
Louis  De  Coppet  Berg;  Committee  on  Mu- 
seum and  Library,  Mr.  Walter  E.  Parfitt,  Mr. 
Pierre  Le  Brun  and  Mr.  W.  Hamilton,  Gib- 
son; Committee  on  Competition  and  Awards, 
.Mr.  R.  L.  Daus,  Mr.  D.  Ernest  Lauf,  and  Mr. 
Russell  Sturgis;  Committee  on  Professional 
Practice,  Mr.  Walter  Dickson,  Mr.  Alfred  F. 
D'Oench  and  Mr.  Richard  M.  Upjohn;  Com- 
mittee on  Social  Intercourse,  Mr.  H.  P.  Fow- 
ler, Mr.  Charles  T.  Mott  and  Mr.  George 
Ingram. 

HE  KNEW  IT  ALL. 
The  builders  tell  a  rather  interesting 
story  of  a  Buffalo  capitalist  who  was  pretty 
summarily  taken  down  for  trying  to  set  him- 
self up  as  the  end  of  all  things  in  whatever 
he  undertook.  No  matter  what  was  on  foot,  if 
he  went  into  it  he  must  have  all  the  say,  and 
nobody  else  was  allowed  even  a  side  remark. 
Not  long  ago  he  built  a  fine  brick  house.  In 
this  undertaking,  as  in  all  others,  he  was 
boss  and  all  hands,  dictating  to  builders, 
architects,  and  all  without  the  slightest  hes- 
itation. At  last  they  grew  very  tired  of  the 
browbeating  they  had  to  stand,  and  let  him 
have  his  way  whether  it  was  right  or  wrong. 
The  house  was  finished,  and  shortly  after- 
ward the  owner  set  about  building  furnace 
fires  to  test  his  heating  apparatus,  when  be- 
hold, there  wasn't  a  chimney  in  the  house! 
Ex. 

NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
John  H.  Duncan,  Lamb  &  Rich,  Leopold 
Edlitz,  Berg  &  Clark,  J.  C.  Cady  &  Co.,  R. 
S.  Townsend,  Henry  F.  Kilburn,  Frederick 
T.  Camp,  Edward  Kimball  and  William 
Schickel,  all  of  New  York  City,  have  been 
invited  to  submit  plans  for  a  new  $125,000 
club  house  which  the  Occident  Club  pro- 
poses to  build  at  the  Boulevard  and  Seven- 
ty-second street.  Each  architect  will  be 
paid  $200  for  competing,  whether  his  plan  is 
accepted  or  not. 

James  Henderson,  New  York  City,  has 
made  plans  for  a  block  of  brick  and  stone 
flats  to  be  erected  at  Manhattan  avenue  and 
One  Hundred  and  Twenty-first  street  for 
Michal  O'Neill,  at  a  cost  of  $130,000. 

M.  C.  Merritt,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  a  block  of  flats  to  be  erected  at 
Third  avenue  and  Eighty-first  street,  for  the 
Gerger  estate,  at  a  cost  of  $45,000. 

T.  Englehard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  five  brick  buildings  to  be 


erected  on  Stockton  street  near  Marcy  ave- 
nue for  Mahler  &  Hollenrooth,  at  a  cost  of 
$28,000. 

J.  L.  Young,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has  made 
plans  for  four  brown  stone  dwellings  to  be 
erected  on  Halsey  street,  near  Marcy  ave- 
nue, for  O.  M.  Oleson,  at  a  cost  of  $28,000. 

Curtis  &  Avery,  Bradford,  Pa.,  have  made 
plans  for  a  three  story  brick  Masonic  Tem- 
ple, 54x100  feet,  with  front  of  red  sandstone 
and  pressed  brick.  The  cost  of  the  building 
will  be  $33,000. 

Conover  &  Porter,  Ashland,  Wis.,  have 
made  plans  for  the  Sauk  County  stone  jail 
to  be  erected  at  Baraboo,  Wis.,  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000 

John  M.  Curtis,  Colusa,  Cal.,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  Masonic  hall  to  be  erected 
in  Colusa,  at  a  cost  of  about  $28,000. 

J.  H.  Considene,  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  $20,000  residence  to  be 
erected  in  that  city  for  Jacob  Schwartz. 

Curtin  &  Campbell,  Louisville,  Ky.,  have 
prepared  plans  for  a  $25,000  six  story  build- 
ing for  the  Louisville  Safety  Vault  Company. 

F.  Brown,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  has  made  plans 
for  a  $36,000  office  building  to  be  erected  by 
the  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd. 

Fred  A.  Hale,  Aspen,  Col.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  dwelling  to  be  erected  for 
H.  P.  Cowenhoven,  at  a  cost  of  $18,000. 
Also  for  a  stone  Presbyterian  Church  to 
cost  $15,000,  a  three  story  brick  block  for 
D.  R.  C.  Brown  to  cost  $30,000,  and  a  brick 
city  jail  for  Aspen,  to  cost  $10,000. 

C.  E.  Vosbury,  Binghampton,  N.  Y.,  is 
making  plans  for  an  apartment  house  for 
Warren  Merchant,  to  cost  $25,000. 

W.  Martin  Aiken,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  an  addition  to  Fred  Eck- 
stein's residence,  to  cost  $1 5,000. 

Mortimer  L.  Smith  &  Son,  Detroit,  Mich., 
have  made  plans  for  an  eight  story  brick, 
stone  and  iron  business  block,  100x211  feet, 
to  be  erected  for  Joseph  L.  Hudson,  at 
Gratiot  avenue  and  Farmer  street,  at  a  cost 
of  $250,000. 

A.  M.  Stuckert,  Denver,  Col.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  seven  story  stone  building  to  be 
erected  at  Sixteenth  and  Glenarm  streets, 
for  C.  V.  N.  Kittredge,  at  a  cost  of  $325,000. 

F.  E.  Edbrooke  &  Co.,  Denver,  Col.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  Masonic  Tample,  to  be  of 
stone,  six  stories  high  and  to  cost  $400,000. 
Also,  for  a  $10,000  brick  dwelling  for  I.  N. 
Appel. 

Fred  A.  Hale,  Denver,  Col.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  dwelling  for  L.  Mayer,  of 
that  city,  to  cost  $15,000. 

William  Quayle,  Denver,  Col.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  stone  dwelling  for  K.  W. 
Bennett,  of  that  city,  to  cost  $18,000. 

Pierce  &  Dockstader,  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  Baptist  Church  to  be 
erected  in  that  city  at  a  cost  of  $62,000. 

Crapsey  &  Brown,  Mount  Sterling,  Ky., 
are  preparing  plans  for  an  addition  to  the 
court  house,  to  cost  $25,000. 


Sidney  R.  Osgood,  Hastings,  Mich.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  $10,000  stone  and  brick 
bank  building  for  Fuller  &  Beebe,  of  that 
city. 

J.  W.  Patstone,  Worcester,  Mass.,  has 
plans  for  a  $30,000  brick  ljuilding  to  be 
erected  in  that  city  for  C.  W.  Wood.  Also, 
for  a  $10,000  brick  building  for  G.  W. 
Coombs. 

John  C.  Burne,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  two  four  story  brick  and  stone 
dwellings  to  be  erected  on  West  .Seventy- 
second  street  for  William  Miller,  at  a  cost 
of  $94,000.  Also,  three  five  story  brick  flats 
to  be  erected  on  One  Hundred  and  Fifth 
street,  near  Fourth  avenue  for  John  Bannon, 
at  a  cost  of  $51,000.  Also,  two  five  story 
brick  flats  to  be  erected  on  One  Hundred 
and  Second  street,  near  Third  avenue,  for 
Michael  H.  Barry,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  Also, 
a  five  story  brick  store  and  flat  building  for 
John  Bannon,  to  cost  $26,000. 

Douglas  Smyth,  New  York  City,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  three  five  story  brick  flats 
to  be  erected  at  One  Hundred  and  Third 
street  and  Central  Park  west,  for  Charles  H. 
Bliss,  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 

John  Brandt,  New  York  City,  has  plans 
for  a  five  story  brick  flat  building  and  three 
stores  and  tenement  to  be  erected  at  Ave- 
nue B  and  Eighty-second  street  for  John 
and  Louis  Brandt,  at  a  cost  of  $54,000. 

John  Mumford,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,has  plans 
for  a  four  story  and  basement  brick  factory 
200x80  feet  to  be  erected  on  Thirty-second 
street  near  Fourth  avenue  for  J.  C.  Wemple 
Company,  at  a  cost  of  $54,000. 

S.  S.  Beman,  Chicago,  has  designed  a 
Roman  Catholic  Church  to  be  erected  at 
Pullman.  It  will  be  70x125,  with  tower  130 
high.  Brick  construction  heated  by  steam; 
cost  $40,000.  He  is  also  planning  an  elegant 
residence  for  Mr.  Niblock,  to  be  erected  in 
Kenwood.  It  will  be  three  stories,  35x75 
of  shingles,  with  hard  wood  interior.  Work 
will  be  begun  in  the  spring. 

Edbrooke  &  Burnham,  Chicago,  have 
completed  plans  for  an  immense  plant  for 
the  Highland  Scott  Preserving  Company,  to 
be  erected  at  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Re- 
public. The  main  building  will  be  four 
stories  high,  300x400.  The  boiler  house  will 
be  three  stories  high,  96x200.  Both  struct- 
ures will  be  of  brick.  The  plans  have  already 
been  sent.  The  estimated  cost  is  $1,000,000. 
The  companyis  composed  chiefly  of  English 
capitalists  with  George  Brougham,  a  former 
Chicago  packer,  as  manager. 

O.  W.  Marble,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  four  two  story  and  basement  houses, 
72x74,  to  be  erected  on  Calumet  avenue  near 
Forty-fourth  street.  They  will  be  of  stone, 
with  hard  wood  interiors;  cost  $25,000. 

M.  L.  Beers,  Chicago,  has  let  contracts  for 
a  three  story  flat  building,  50x65,  for  D.  A. 
Pierce,  to  be  erected  on  Lake  avenue  near 
Fifty-fourth  street.  Pressed  brick,  stone 
and  terra  cotta;  cost,  $12,000. 


426 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  309 


CM.  Palmer,  Chicago,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  three  story  house,  30x60,  for  F. 
R.  Otis,  to  be  built  on  Forty-fourth  street 
and  Greenwood  avenue.  The  exterior  will 
be  constructed  of  Portage  red  stone,  and  the 
interior  will  be  in  hard  wood;  heated  by  hot 
water;  cost,  $15,000. 

I.  K.  and  A.  B.  Pond,  Chicago,  have  de- 
signed a  carrousel  70x150,  to  be  erected  on 
Thirty-ninth  stteet  near  Cottage  Grove  ave- 
nue by  the  American  Carroussel  Company. 
It  will  be  of  brick;  cost,  §10,000. 

The  plans  of  Shipley,  Rutan  &  Coolidge, 
of  Boston,  Mass.,  for  the  new  Chamber  of 
Commerce  building,  on  the  Central  Wharf 
site,  have  been  accepted  by  the  building 
committee. 

Harry  E.  Siter,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  drawn 
plans  for  a  six  story  brick  shoe  factory,  iron 
front,  to  be  built  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Eighth  and  Sycamore  streets,  for  the  W.  S. 
Groesbeck  estate,  at  a  cost  of  $35,000.  J.  W. 
Cotteral  &  Son  have  the  contract. 

Crapsey  &  Brown,  Cincinnati,  O.,  have 
designed  for  James  Gamble,  a  brick  and 
stone  [hospital  building,  to  be  built  at  46 
York  street. 

Architect  Didden,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
completed  plans  for  a  German  orphan  asy- 
lum to  be  erected  near  Anacostia,  it  will  be 
48x103,  three  stories,  exterior  of  selected 
brick,  stone  trimmings;  cost  $30,000;  Wm. 
Lawson,  1366  E  street,  southwest,  is  the 
builder. 

John  Schmidt,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  $25,000  addition  to  Dr. 
Thorn's  office  building.  It  will  be  64x108 
feet,  of  brick,  stone  and  terra  cotta. 

Van  Brunt  &  Howe,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
have  made  plans  fora  $15,000 block  of  stores 
and  dwellings,  three  stories,  brick,  stone  and 
terra  cotta,  for  G.  F.  Ballingall. 

F.  J.  W.  Hart,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has  plans 
for  a  four  story  brick  and  stone  store  and 
office  building  for  Benjamin  Kundernian,  to 
cost  $30,000. 

Perkins  &  Adams,  Topeka,  Kan.,  have 
plans  for  a  pressed  brick  and  terra  cotta 
freight  depot,  40x500  feet,  to  be  built  for  the 
St.  Joseph  Terminal  Railroad  Company  at 
St.  Joseph,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

P.  W.  Ford,  Boston  Mass.,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  Catholic  Church  to  be  built  at 
Attleboro,  Mass.  It  will  be  of  stone,  with 
slate  roof;  heated  by  steam;  cost,  $80,000. 

J.  A.  Chapin,  Lima,  0.,has  prepared  plans 
for  the  addition  to  the  Lima  Hotel,  to  be 
80x100  feet,  two  stories  high,  of  pressed 
and  ornamental  brick  to  cost  $45.ooo- 

F.  W.  Stickney,  Boston,  and  Merrill  & 
Cutler,  Lowell,  Mass.,  have  nearly  com- 
pleted the  plans  for  the  new  Library  Memo- 
rial building  and  City  Hall  for  Lowell.  The 
material  will  be  red  granite,  slate  and  copper 
roof,  hardwood  interior  finish.  The  cost 
will  be  about  $450,000. 

L.  G.  Q.  Jackenboss,  Chicago,  has  plans 
for  a  three  story  and  basement  brick  dwell- 
ing and  barn  to  be  erected  at  1237  Washing- 


ton boulevard  for  George  Higgins,  at  a  cost 
of  $  10,000. 

W.  H.  Drake,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 
six  story  and  basement  brick  warehouse, 
40x96  feet,  to  be  erected  at  218-220  Wash- 
ington street  for  Dr.  C.  H.  Ouinlan,  at  a  cost 
of  $25,000. 

C.  A.  Weary,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
three  three  story  and  cellar  brick  flat  build- 
ings, 95  X50  feet,  to  be  erected  for  E.  J.  Leurs' 
James  Button  and  George  Fetter,  at  529-531 
Leavitt  street  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  Also, 
nine  two-story  brick  dwellings,  168x36  feet, 
to  be  erected  for  O.  M.  Brady,  at  85-99  Fran- 
"isco  street,  at  a  cost  of  $27,000. 

F.  B.  Townsend,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  two  three  story  and  basement  brick 
dwellings,  36x46  feet,  to  be  erected  at  3517 
and  3519  Calumet  avenue,  for  F.  W.  Camp- 
bell, at  a  cost  of  $10,000. 

A.  M.  F.  Colton,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  four  story  and  basement  brick  flat 
building,  25x90  feet,  to  be  erected  at  460 
Dearborn  avenue  for  S.  C.  Riddell,  at  a 
cost  of  $20,000. 

Charles  Keastner  &  Co.,  Chicago,  have 
completed  plans  for  a  one  and  three  story 
brick  addition  to  the  Star  Brewery  at  1129 
and  1141  Fulton  street,  to  cost  $45,000. 

Street  &  Foltz,  Chicago,  have  made  plans 
for  a  two  story  brick  addition  to  the  West- 
ern Electric  Company, s  building  at  227  and 
257  South  Clinton  street,  to  cost  $30,000. 

Adler  &  Sullivan,  Chicago,  have  com- 
pleted plans  for  the  Hebrew  Manual  Train- 
ing School,  60x90  feet,  to  be  erected  at  83  to 
87  Judd  street,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000. 

P.  Hale,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for  a  four 
story  and  cellar  brick  store  and  flat  build- 
ing, 25x85  feet,  to  be  erected  at  919  Milwau- 
kee avenue,  for  Mrs.  Nannie  Russ,  at  a  cost 
of  $10,000. 

The  Newark  Architectural  Sketch  Club  has 
been  organized  for  the  study  of  architecture 
and  kindred  arts,  and  will  hold  competi- 
tions in  water-color  work,  pen  and  ink  draw- 
ing and  constructional  work.  The  officers 
are:  President.  W.  Frank  Bower;  vice-presi- 
dent, J.  Clarence  Swinnerton;  secretary,  H. 
Addison  Hickok;  treasurer.  W.  Checncy 
Hudson.  The  Executive  Committee  con- 
sists of  the  officers,  and  Alonzo  E.  Hudson, 
W.  Granville  Smith,  F.  Smith  Sutton,  E. 
Kilburn  Taylor  and  Lincoln  A.  \'irtue. 


We  have  received  a  handsome  calendar 
for  1800,  with  the  compliments  of  J.  A. 
Bicknell,  the  energetic  advertising  agent  of 
1 15  Broadway,  New  York.  In  the  centre  of 
the  large  card  is  a  colored  perspective  of 
Trinity  Church,  and  the  arrangement  of  the 
calendar,  with  its  artistic  printing  and  color- 
ing, make  it  attractive  and  desirable  to  have 
in  the  office  or  study. 


The  eleventh  annual  convention  of  the 
Michigan  Engineering  Society  will  be  held 
in  Detroit,  Tuesday,  Wednesday  and  Thurs- 
day, January  21,  22  and  23,  1890. 


PLUMBING. 


RESULTS  OF  BETTER  PLUMBING. 
The  report  of  the  Baltimore  Board  of 
Health  for  1888  states  that  since  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  "Plumbing  Ordinance,"  Jan- 
uary 1,  1884,  the  percentage  of  deaths  from 
zymotic  diseases  has  diminished  from  a 
prior  average  of  28.08  to  22.  This  is  the 
percentage  of  zymotic  to  total  mortality, 
which  does  not  indicate  the  improvement  at 
all  definitely.  But  here  is  a  better  compari- 
son, on 

Scarlet  Fever. — During  a  period  of  54 
years  (1830-1883  inclusive)  the  yearly  aver- 
age was  226  deaths,  whilst  from  1884  to 
December  31,  1888  (five  years),  the  average 
has  been  57  deaths  in  a  much  larger  popu- 
lation in  1830,  with  a  population  of  81,000, 
149  deaths  were  reported  from  scarlet  fever, 
whilst  in  1888,  with  a  population  of  500,000, 
only  fourteen  deaths  were  recorded. 

Typhoid  Fever. — During  a  period  of 
twenty-four  years  (1860-1883  inclusive)  the 
deaths  averaged  190  annually,  and  were 
reduced  during  the  past  five  years  to  an 
average  of  155. 

Diphtheria. — During  a  period  of  seven 
years  previous  to  the  ordinance  (1877-1883 
inclusive)  the  yearly  average  was  469  deaths, 
which  has  been  diminished  in  5  years  (1884- 
1888)  to  143. 

Here  are  results  furnishing  the  best  of 
evidence  of  the  value  of  the  association  of 
master  plumbers  which  has  been  the  cause 
of  the  enactment  of  plumbers'  ordinances 
and  regulations.  The  plumbers  have 
worked  to  this  end,  and  the  above  is  justifi- 
cation and  recommendation  enough  of  their 
cause.  We  hope  the  plumbers  fully  appre- 
ciate their  own  work. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

David  Whiteford,  346  West  Randolph 
street,  Cnicago,  has  secured  the  contract  for 
plumbing  work  in  the  Fourth  Baptist  Church 
at  Ashland  avenue  and  Monroe  street.  He 
has  begun  work  on  two  buildings,  each  con- 
taining two  flats,  for  Thomas  Brace,  on  Lex- 
ington avenue  near  Rockwell  street.  He 
has  finished  roughing  in  a  new  residence  for 
Mr.  Kennedy  on  Dudley  street,  near  Chicago 
avenue. 

J.  Clancy,  Ogden  avenue,  Chicago,  is  fin- 
ishing up  the  work  of  overhauling  a  flat 
building  which  has  been  converted  into  a 
residence  for  Martin  Cohen,  at  Warren  ave- 
nue and  Oakley  street. 

Peter  Schmitt,  4928  State  street,  Chicago, 
has  just  completed  the  plumbing  work  on 
three  stone  stores  and  flats  for  Jacob  Wiol 
on  State,  near  Forty-Seventh  street.  He  is 
also  doing  the  work  on  a  residence  for 
George  Parker  at  Prairie  avenue  and  Forty- 
Ninth  street.  Also,  four  dwellings  for 
George  B.  Upp  at  Langley  avenue  and 
Forty-Ninth  street,  also  four  dwellings  for 
Jacob  Wiel  at  Wabash  avenue  and  Fifty- 
Fourth  street. 


Jan.  4,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


427 


Moylan  &  Alcock,  loi  Twenty-Second 
street,  Chicajjo,  are  finishing  up  the  plumb- 
ing work  on  the  stores  and  flats  in  the  Pel- 
ham  block  at  Garfield  avenue  and  Clark 
street,  also  on  the  Waldham  block  of  stores 
and  flats  on  Cottage  Grove  avenue  near 
Twenty-Ninth  street.  They  are  also  work- 
ing on  Mr.  Martin's  new  residence  at  Mich- 
igan avenue  and  Twenty-Sixth  street.  They 
are  about  to  begin  finishing  Mr.  Fernald's 
new  house  on  Greenwood  avenue  near 
Forty-Fourth  street,  and  are  working  on  a 
block  of  stores  and  flats,  eighteen  in  all,  for 
a  syndicate,  on  Fifty-Fifth  street  near 
Woodlawn  avenue. 

J.  J.  Rourke,  5438  Lake  avenue,  Chicago, 
has  the  contract  for  the  plumbing  work  on 
three  store  and  flat  buildings  for  William 
Ryan  at  Fifty-Fifth  and  Jefferson  streets, 
also  for  two  store  and  flat  buildings  for 
Daniel  Pierce  at  Fifty-Fourth  street  and 
Lake  avenue.  He  has  just  begun  work  on 
two  dwellings  far  William  Lang  at  Seventy- 
Fifth  street  and  Jeffrey  avenue.  He  is  en- 
gaged in  overhauling  Dr.  Hall's  residence 
at  5416  Jefferson  avenue  and  has  begun  the 
finishing  work  on  a  residence  for  Thomas  A. 
Bonning  at  Ffty-Si.xth  street  and  Madison 
avenue. 


Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  24,  1889.— 
Editor  of  the  Sanitary  News:  —  The 
Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Master  Plumbers  will  meet  in 
New  York  City  on  Tuesday,  January  14th, 
i8qo.  This  is  the  first  meeting  since  we  met 
in  Pittsburgh  immediately  after  the  conven- 
tion. The  State  Vice-Presidents  have  been 
requested  to  send  semi-annual  reports  to 
this  meeting.  The  President  would  be 
pleased  to  hear  from  any  committee,  local 
association,  or  individual  of  anything  of  im- 
portance for  the  good  of  the  trade. 

Respectfully  yours,  etc., 

Geo.  a.  Green,  Sec'y. 


Boston,  Dec.  27,  1889.— The  Sanitary 
News: — At  the  regular  meeting  of  Master 
Plumbers'  Association,  held  in  Elks'  Hall, 
Hayward  Place,  Thursday  evening,  Dec.  26, 
the  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  en- 
suing year:  President,  Thomas  J.Tuite;  First 
Vice-President,  William  H.  Mitchell;  Second 
Vice-President,  J. F.  Cronin;Third  \'ice-Pres- 
ident,  J.  S.  Boyd;  Recording  Secretary, 
David  Smith ;  Corresponding  Secretary, 
Henry  W.  Tombs  ;  Financial  Secretary, 
George  C.  Forbes;  Treasurer,  William 
Lumb.  Committees  were  appointed  to  re- 
ceive and  entertain  invited  guests  from 
associations  in  neighboring  cities  who  will 
perform  the  installation  ceremonies  at  next 
meeting.  Also  a  committee  of  ten  was  ap- 
pointed to  arrange  for  carrying  out  details 
of  grand  ball.         Henry  W.  Tombs, 

Cor.  Sec'y. 


Burlington,  Wis.:  W.  F.  Goodhue,  of  Mil- 
waukee, has  been  engaged  to  draw  up  plans 
and  specifications  for  the  proposed  water- 
works at  this  place. 


WHILE  THE  SOLDER  MELTS. 


An  in8i)ector  was  appointed 

Of  tho  plnmbint?  of  tlie  town, 
And  hi»  head  Bwellral  out  and  upward 

At  tho  thouRhtB  of  HDch  renown. 

He  novor  knew  a  bit  of  plumbing. 

Ignorant  he  of  everything, 
Except  tlie  fact  of  liis  appointment, 

And  the  leisure  it  would  bring- 
But  he  was  an  old  ward  bummer, 

Whooped  it  up  about  tlie  polls; 
Set  'em  uptin  all  tho  barrooms 

With  the  other  fellow.s'  rolls. 

So  he  gets  his  plumb  in  season 

And  his  clothes  grew  quite  too  small; 

Shot  he  up  most  like  an  arrow 
Tall  he  felt,  oh  !  very  tall. 

His  rounds  he  strode  with  knightly  bearing 
Wondering  wliy  he  was  no  king. 

For  he  felt  it  in  his  power 
To  inspect  most  anything. 

Stopped  he  at  a  tinislied  dwelling. 

Viewed  the  rooms  and  basement  o'er; 

Scratched  his  matches  on  the  woodwork, 
Spat  tobacco  on  each  floor. 

Came  at  length  into  the  kitchen 
Where  the  plumber  waiting  was. 

Conscious  of  his  own  importance, 
Ignorant  of  plumbing  laws. 

"Yonr  plumbing  gives  not  satisfaction 
And  your  work  must  make  one  sigh. 

For  your  bathtub  is  too  little 

And  it  stands  a  foot  too  high." 

Said  the  plumber  very  meekly, 

"You  mistake,  my  friend,  1  think: 

You  're  inspecting  now  the  kitchen 
And  that  is  but  the  kitchen  sink. 

Boss  (examining  apprentice),  explain  the 
principles  of  capillary  action. 

Apprentice — Married  six  months,  model 
husband,  wants  variety,  goes  to  club,  gets 
his  jag  on,  comes  home,  and  then  the  capil- 
lary action  business  begins. 

Owner  of  building — My  friend,  haven't 
you  put  that  trap  in  upside  down? 

Plumber — That  shows  you  don't  know 
nothin'  'bout  plumbin'.  Haint  the  world 
up-side-down  half  the  time  ?  You  study 
this  science  and  you'll  find  out  apluniber 
will  have  to  know  a  blamed  sightmore  'an 
how  to  putty  a  joint. 

Boss  (to  apprentice) — Well  how  do  you 
like  plumbing  by  this  time? 

Apprentice — Don't  know,  boss,  haven't 
tackeled  it  yet. 

Boss — why,  you  have  been  with  me  two 
years  now,  and  yet  you  say  you  do  not  know 
anything  about  plumbing.    How's  that? 

Apprentice — Well,  you  see,  boss,  I  have 
been  given  exceptional  trainin'  in  the  pre- 
liminaries and  haint  got  no  further^  than 
buildin'  fires,  runnin'^errands,  carryin'  tools 
and  rushin'  the  growler. 

"Well,  Bob,  how's 'the  new7yearj'resolu- 
tions?" 

"Fus  rate.  You  see  I  had  some  re-pairin' 
to  do  in  a  da-dam-damp  cellarjthis^ornin' 
and  I  dated  the  re-resholutions  aheadjand  I 
aint  got  to  'em  yit." 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Knoxville.  Tenn.:  A  committee  from  the 
city  council  has  reported  in  favor  of  building 

two  bridges.  Cumberland,  R.  I.:  A  new 

iron  bridge  is  to  be  erected.  La  Crosse, 

Wis.:  The  city  has  voted  to  issue  $85,000  of 
bonds  to  build  a  bridge  across  the  Missis- 
sippi river  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Vernon  street. 

 Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  A  $50,000  depot  is 

to  be  built.  Rapid  City,  S.  D.:  A  woolen 

mill  is  to  be  built,  to  use  up  the  product  of 
200,000  sheep  grazing  over  the  Black  hills. 

 Oregon,  111.:  The  supervisors  of  Ogle 

County  have  voted  an  appropriation  of  $60,- 
000  to  build  a  new  court  house  at  this  place. 

 New  York  city  :   L.  R.  Mestain  will 

erect  a  $65,000  stable  at  225  East  Fifteenth 

street.  Birmingham,  Conn.:  The  Ousa- 

tonic  Water  Company  will  erect  a  three- 
story  office  building.  Bradford,  Pa.:  C.  S. 

Bradburn  is  building  two  stores,  40x100  feet 

at  a  cost  of  §22,000.  Holyoke,  Mass.:  The 

Deane  Steam  Pump  Company  will  build  a 

large  machine  shop  and  foundry.  Los 

Angeles:  Cal.:  A  S6o,ooo  market  and  armory 
building  will  be  erected  by  Lindley  &  Jones, 

on  Fort  street.  North    Raymond,  Me.: 

Wilson  Bros,  will  build  a  new  hotel  next 

season.  Springfield,  V't.:  A  high  school 

building  will   be    etected.  Tomahawk, 

Wis.:  A  $25,000  hotel  will  be  erected.  

Victoria,  B.  C:  A  $50,000  Methodist  church 

is  to  be  build.  Xenia,  O.:  The  proposed 

building  improvements  of  the  Old  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  home  will  cost  $40,000.  The 

superintendent  can  give  information.  • 

Baltimore,  Md.:  Straus  Bros,  will  erect  a 

six-story  brick  warehouse.  Cincinnati,  O.: 

The  Spencer  &  Craig  Printing  Company 
will  erect  a  $40,000  business  block.    C.  S. 

Hooker  will  build  a  $7,000  residence.  

St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  Buck  Stove  and  Range 
Company  will  build  a  brick  warehouse  to 
cost  $25,000.  New  York  city  :  The  Ter- 
minal Warehouse  Company  will  erect  a 
number  of  six-story  brick  warehouses  on 
fifty-seven  lots,  bounded  by  Twenty-Seventh 
and  Twenty-Eighth  streets  and  Eleventh 

and  Twelfth  avenues.  Washington,  D.  C: 

Mrs.  C.  E.  Banes  will  erect  six  three-story 
dwellings  on  Spruce  street  at  a  cost  of  $20,- 

000.  New   Decatur,   Ala.:    The  Colaco 

Opera  Company  will  erect  a  $60,000  opera 

house.  Chilton,  Ala.:  It  is  probable  that 

a  hotel  will  be  erected.  Birmingham, 

.Ala.:  B.  Gilreath  will  erect  a  four-story 
building.  Little  Rock,  Ark.:  The  Metho- 
dist University    will  erect  a  magnificent 

dormitory  west  of  the  university.  Macon, 

Ga.:  It  is  reported  that  the  Covington  & 
Macon  Railroad  Company  contemplates  the 
erection  of  six  depots  and  twenty  dwellings 
between  Macon  and  Athens.  John  Knight, 
master  carpenter  can  give  information.  W. 
A.  Gans  &  Co.,  S.  Josephson  and  Harris  & 
Mitchell  will  erect  business  buildings  on  the 
site  of  the  Schofield  Hotel,  recently  burned 
Harris  &  Mitchell  contemplate  the  erection 


428 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  309 


of  twenty  houses.  Savannah,  Ga.:  Fred 

erick  Winter  will  erect  buildings  to  cost 

$25,000.  Henderson,  Ky.:   Kleymeyer  & 

Klute  will  build    several  storehouses.  

Forbes  &  McCrary,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  are  or- 
ganizing a  8500,000  stock  company  to  erect 
a  $250,000  cotton  mill  at  Greenville,  Miss. 
 Aberdeen,  Miss.:  The  Baptists  contem- 
plate erecting  a  $15,000  church.  The  city  is 
agitating  the  erection  of  a  market  house. 

 Bridgewater,  Mass.:  Perkins  Bros.,  will 

erect  a  factory  building.  Omaha,  Neb.: 

Mrs,  Anna  Kalmbach  will  erect  a  $35,000 
store  and  flat  building.  The  Thomson- 
Houston  Company  will  put  up  a  $25,000 
building.  Sarah  M.  Kitchen  will  build  a 
two-story  frame  residence  to  cost  $10,000. 
Christian  Hartman  and  O.  M.  Ramsey  will 
each  build  two  story  frame  residences  to 

cost  $10,000.  Rocky  Mount,  N.  C:  The 

Farmers'  Alliance  of  Nash  County  will  erect 

a    warehouse.  Akron,    O.:    The  B.  F. 

Goodrich  Company  will  erect  an  $18,000 

office  building.  Nashville,  Tenn.:  W.  M. 

Duncan  will  erect  a  seven-story  office  build- 
ing. Knoxville,  Tenn.:  }.  A.  Betterton  & 

Co.  will  erect  a  brick  business  building  to 

cost  $10,000.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  The 

Pittsburgh,  Wheeling  &  Kentucky  Railroad 
Company  will  erect  a  depot  to  cost  $40,000. 

 Pittsburgh,  Pa.:  The  Sons  of  St. George 

will  erect  a  building  to  serve  the  purpose  of 
a  central  head-quarters.  The  Union  Storage 
Company  will  erect  a  six  story  warehouse 
60x160  feet,  with  a  storage  capacity  of 
$1,000,000  cubic  feet,  to  cost  $100,000.  A  ten- 
story  fire-proof  building,  110x105  feet  will  be 
erected  at  Liberty  avenue  and  Sixth  street, 

at  a  cost  of  $250,000.  Allegheny,  Pa.:  The 

Pennsylvania  Company  will  erect  a  new 

freight  depot  to  cost  $24,000.  Scranton, 

Pa.:  J.  N.  Guernsey  will  build  a  piano  fac- 
tory. Duncansville,   Pa.:    The  Portage 

Iron  Works  will  expend  $60,000  in  improve- 
ments. Beaver  Falls,  Pa.:   The  Parseley 

stove  works  will  put  $15,000  into  new  build- 
ings. Washington,  Pa.:   The  trustees  of 

Washington  and  Jefferson  college  have  ap- 
propriated $25,000  to  build  a  new  gymnasium. 
The  Tyler  Tube  Works  Company,  of  Bos- 
ton, contemplate  removing  their  plant  to 

this  place.  La  Rue,  O.:  A  school  house 

w  ill  be  built  at  a  cost  of  about  $18,000.  

Lima,  O.:  A.  C.  Gaurot  will  erect  a  business 
and  office  building,  100x100  feet,  five  stories 
high,  of  pressed  and  ornamental  brick,  with 
stone  trimmings,  to  cost  $45,000.  The  Solar 
Refining  Company  will  build  a  two-story 
brick  cooper  shop,  80x200  feet.  Patter- 
son, N.  J.:  Alfred  Clew  will  build  a  silk  mill 

 Passaie,  N.  J.:   Falstrom  &  Tornquist 

will  erect  a  block  of  stores  and  tenements, 

75x70  feet,  to  cost  $20,000.  Albany,  Ga.: 

The  Baptists  will  erect  a  $10,000  church 

 Buffalo,  N.  v.:    Daniel  O'Day  and  John 

I).  Rockefeller  will  erect  stores,  at  Huron- 
and  Main  streets,  to  cost  $100,000. — —Dallas, 
Tex.:  Thomas  Field  will  erect  a  six-story 

building,  47x200  feet,  to  cost  $60,000.  

Kansas  City,  Mo.:  R.  A.  LaMoyne  will  erect 
a  five-story  brick  and   granite  apartment 


house,  114x64  feet,  at  a  cost  of  $64,000.  

Atlanta,  Ga.:  The  Boyd  &  Baxter  Furniture 
Company  will  erect  a  four-story  warehouse, 
100x50  feet.  Freeport,  111.:  The  congre- 
gation of  St.  Mary's  church  will  erect  a  brick 

and  terra  cotta  church  to  cost  $25,000.  

Northampton,  Mass.:  E.  H.  R.  Lyman  will 
erect  a  handsome  academy  of  music  with  a 

seating    capacity    of    1,000.  Waltham, 

Mass.:  The  Boston  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  weaving  mill  100x200  feet, 

to  cost  $150,000.  Meridian,  Miss.:  The 

East  Mississippi  Female  College  trustees 
will  erect  an  additional  building,  to  cost 

$10,000.  Texarkana,  Ark.:  The  St.  Louis, 

Iron  Mountain  &  Southern  Railroad  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  station  to  cost  $20,000.  

Secretary  Windym  has  transmitted  to  Con- 
gress the  following  additional  estimates: 
Drill  halls  and  gymnasiums  at  Columbus 
Barracks,  Jefferson  Barracks,  Fort  Myer 
and  Davids'  Island,  $40,000 ;  a  chapel  at 
Fort  Clark,  Tex.,  $4,700.25  ;  gun  sheds  at 
military  posts,  $30,000  ;  for  providing  appli- 
ances and  appointments  for  gymnasiums, 
$5,000 ;  for  the  construction  of  a  range 
house,  visitors'  stand  and  other  buildings 
necessary  to  properly  equip  the  rifle  range 
at  Fort  Sheridan,  111.,  $10,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
The  action  of  the  higher  court  in  revers- 
ing Judge  Andrews'  decision  in  New  York 
City,  which  upheld  the  injunction  restrain- 
ing the  municipality  from  removing  over- 
head electric  light  wires,  has  been  followed 
by  a  vigorous  renewal  of  work  which  that 
decision  interrupted.  Operations  began 
last  Saturday;  a  large  number  of  poles  and 
many  thousand  feet  of  wire  have  been  taken 
down,  and  the  city  is  again  in  comparative 
darkness  in  some  sections.  Yqwx  gangs  of 
men  have  been  at  work,  under  the  direction 

of  the   Board  of   Electrical  Control.  

Bradford,  Pa.:   An  electric  light  plant  is 

being  established  in  this  city.  Sioux  Falls, 

S.  D.:  For  the  fifth  time  natural  gas  has 
been  struck  in  South  Dakota,  this  time  at 
Redfield.  The  flow  is  so  great  that  it  cannot 
be  handled  by  the  people.  It  burns  with 
intense  brilliancy,  resembling  the  whiteness 
of  a  hydrogen  flame.     All  the  wells  yet 

struck  are  still  running,-  Kingston,  Can.: 

The  gas  company  at  this  place  is  about  to 

take  up  electric  lighting.  At  Bloomsburg 

Pa.,  $25,000  will  be  expended  on  elec- 
tric lighting.  New  Iberia,  La.:  The  New 

Iberia  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 

organized   with  $10,000  cajMtal.  Eagle 

Pass,  Tex.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  

Olathc,  Kan.:  The  Olathe  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated 

with  825,000  capital.  Scottdale,  Pa.:  An 

electric  lighting  plant  is  to  be  established. 
 Moundsville,  W.  Va.:  An  electric  light- 
ing plant  is  to  be  established.  Wilming- 
ton, Del.:  J.  Edward  Addicks,  who  recently 
began  the  erection  of  new  gas  works,  will 
begin  laying  pipes  in  the  spring.  Cleve- 
land, O.:  The  Tuscarawas  Electric  Com- 
pany of  New  Philadelphia,  Canal  Dover  and 


Cleveland,  O.,  has  been  incorporated.  

Superior,  Neb.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  

Auburn,  Cal.:  The  Auburn  Electric  Light 
Company  has  contracted  to  furnish  the 
town  with  twenty  lights  of  not  less  than  25- 

candle  power  at  $35  per  month.  Phcenix- 

ville.  Pa.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  

London,  O.:  An  electric  light  and  power 
company  has  been  incorporated  with  $10,000 

capital.  Moundsville,  W.  \'a.,  is  talking 

about  an  electric  light  plant.  Ocala,  Fla.: 

G.  W.  Brown  will  organize  an  electric  light 

company.  Antwerp  Village,  N.  Y.,  has 

granted  a  franchise  for  a  Brush  plant.  

Sheperdstown,  W.  Va.:  It  is  proposed  to 

put  in  a  Westing-house  plant.  Pulaski 

City,  \'a.,  will  issue  bonds  for  waterworks 

and  an  electric  light  plant.  Lexington, 

\'a.:  The  \'irginia  Military  Institute  is  to 

have  an  electric  light  plant.  \^an  Buren, 

Ark.:  R.  H.  Brown  has  petitioned  the  city 
council  for  an  electric  lighting  franchise. 
It  is  said  that  a  Thomson-Houston  plant 

will  be  put  in.  New  Decatui,  Ala.:  The 

Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad  Company 
W'ill  put  an  electric  light  plant  in  its  shops 

at  this  place.  McKinney,  Tex.,  is  about 

to  establish  a  central  station  electric  plant 
of  500  lights  capacity.  The  Westinghouse 
alternating  current  system  has  been  adopted. 

 The  Westinghouse  Electric  Company, 

of  Pittsburg,  has  received  an  order  from  the 
Willamette  Electric  Company,  of  Portland, 
Ore.,  for  a  plant  with  a  capacity  for  10,000 
incandescent  lights  and  100  arc  lights.  The 
plant  will  be  located  twelve  miles  from 
Portland,  at  Willamette  Falls,  and  water 
power  will  be  applied  to  generate  the  elec- 
tricity. Ansonia  Conn.,  will  contract  with 

the  Derby  Gas  Company  for  electric  light- 
ing for  a  term  not  to  exceed  five  years.  

The  Mohawk  Heat,  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  been  organized  in  New  York  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying  Albany,  Schenec- 
tady, Utica,  Syracuse,  Rochester  and  Buffalo 

with  natural  gas.  The  latest  invention  of 

Charles  E.  Carpenter,  a  young  Minneapolis 
electrician,  is  an  electric  soldering  rod,  which 
he  claims  does  away  entirely  with  the  many 
annoyances  attending  that  tool  at  the  pres- 
ent day.  One  advantage  is  that  it  can  be 
made  much  shorter  without  the  heat  being 
felt  by  those  who  handle  it.  Another  ad- 
vantage is  that  it  never  cools  off  unless  the 
connection  is  broken.  It  is  intended  for  use 
in  large  tin-smith  shops,  where  many  are 

constantly  employed.  The  trustees  of 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  have  granted  a 
franchise  to  a  new  gas  and  electric  light 
company.  The  company  will  have  a  capital 
of  $100,000  and  begin  the  erection  of  a  plant 

next  spring.  Judge  Grcsham  has  decided 

a  suit  brought  by  the  Brush  Electric  Com- 
pany of  Cleveland  against  the  Fort  Wayne 
Electric  Light  Company  for  infringing  the 
Brush  patent  upon  the  so-called  double- 
carbon  lamp.  The  case  has  been  pending 
about  three  years.  All  of  the  claims  of  the 
Brush  patents  are  sustained,  six  in  all,  and 
declared  to  be  infringed.  The  patent  was 
attacked  by  the  defense  mainly  upon  the 


Jan.  4,  18;)()] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


429 


grounds  that  its  claims  were  too  broad  and 
sweeping,  but  this  defense  did  not  avail. 
Electric  lamps  controlled  by  this  {)atcnt  arc 
in  use  throughout  the  world  wherever  elec- 
tricity is  used  for  street  lighting.  Owa- 

tonna,  Minn.,  has  given  a  franchise  for  elec- 
tric lighting.  The   lower  house  of  the 

municipal  asscmlilyof  St.  Louis  has  adopted 
resolutions  providing  for  the  ajipointment  of 
a  special  committee  to  investigate  the  gas 
and  electric  light  companies  of  St,  Louis 
and  ascertain  whether  they  have  not  formed 
a  pool,  combine  or  trust  to  keep  up  prices 

and  against  the  interests  of  the  people  

The  question  of  street  lighting  is  being  agi- 
tated at  Hrewer,  Me.  The   Queen  City 

Electric  Light  Company  of  Dallas,  Tex.,  has 
purchased  three  and  one-half  acres  of  land 
and  has  begun  the  erection  of  a  building  in 
which  to  place  the  plant.  The  motive  power 
ot  the  start  will  consist  of  two  Corliss  engines 
and  will  be  increased  as  the  demand  may 
justify.  The  Kings  County  Gas  and  Il- 
luminating Company  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  is 
incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  §100,000, 

 Montgomery,  Ala.:  The  Ball  Electric 

Light  and   Power  Company  contemplates 

erecting  an  electric  light  plant.  Decatur, 

Ala.:  The  Decatur  Gas  Company  will  ex- 
tend its  mains  in  New  Decatur.  Atlanta, 

Ga.:  The  Gate  City  Gas  Light  Company  will 
expend  $23i;,ooo  in  putting  down  larger 
mains  and  extending  present  ones.  Sa- 
vannah, Ga,:  The  Brush  Electric  Light  and 
Power  Company  will  manufacture  the  West- 

inghouse  fuel  Gas.  Frostburg,  Md.:  The 

Frostburg  Gas  Light  Company  will  put  in 
an  electric  plant  for  arc  and  incandescent 

lighting.  Snow  Hill,  Md.:  The  Snow  Hill 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
bought  and  will  enlarge  the  existing  electric 

light  plant  at  that  place.  Edenton,  N.  C: 

An  electric  light  plant  will  probably  be 
erected. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Memphis,  Tenn.:  J.  M.  Goodbar,  319 
Main  street, solicits  competitive  drawings  for 
a  church  for  the  Second  Presbyterian  So- 
ciety. Indianapolis,  Ind.:  The  State  Sol- 
diers' and  Sailors'  Monument  Commission 
solicits  designs  and  proposals,  until  May  i, 
for  the  erection  of  a  statue  of  "  Liberty  "  on 
the  monument  now  being  erected  in  Circle 
Park.  Address  George  W.  Johnston,  secre- 
tary. Modesto,  Cal.:  The  Board  of  Direc- 
tors of  the  Turlock  Irrigation  District  have 
advertised  for  bids  for  four  miles  of  work  on 
the  head  of  the  canal,  embracing  the  heav- 
iest work  on  the  route.    Bids  will  be  opened 

at  Turlock,  January  7.  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

James  F.  Kennedy  has  received  the  con- 
tract for  the  construction  of  a  main  sewer  on 

Twenty-fifth  street.  Sioux  City,  la.:  The 

Phoenix  Bridge  Company,  of  Philadelphia, 
has  been  awarded  the  contract  for  building 
a  new  iron  bridge  across  the  Missouri  river 

at  this  point  for  the  Pacific  Short  Line.  

Cumberland,  Md.:  The  contract  for  the 
wrought  iron  Pratt  truss  bridge,  of  two 
spans  of  eighty-four  feet  each,  with  a  twelve 


foot  roadway,  was  awarded  to  the  Pittsburg 
Bridge  Company,  at  a  cost  of  Si, 559,  being 

$9.28  i)er  foot.  Newbttrg  Centre,  Vt.:  The 

Board  of  Selectmen  have  contracted  with 
the  Vermont  Construction  Company  for  its 

bridges  New  York  City:  The  King  Iron 

Bridge  and  Manufacturing  Coniijany,  of 
Cleveland,  ().,  has  been  awarded  the  con- 
tract for  building  a  new  draw  span  in  the 
McConib's  Dam  bridge.  There  were  four 
bidders,  the  King  Company  being  the  low- 
est, at  $9,700.  Duluth,  Minn.:  Proposals 

are  wanted  until  January  30  for  the  steam 
heating  ap[)aralus  in  the  new  county  jail, 
also  for  cell  work.    Address  O.  G.  Trap- 

hagen,  architect,  County  Auditor's  office.  

Santa  Rosa,  Cal.:  Proposals  are  wanted  un- 
til January  17  for  the  erection  of  a  county 

jail.  Address  T.  J.  Furbee.  Barbourville, 

Ky.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  January  27 
for  constructing  an  iron  highway  bridge 
over  the  Cumberland  River  at  this  place. 

Address  Thomas  J.  Wyatt.  San  Bemar- 

dino,  Cal.:  Proposals  are  wanted  for  con- 
structing a  system  of  waterworks  according 

to  specifications.  Cincinnati,  O.:  W.  H. 

Stewart's  Sons  have  been  awarded  the  con- 
tract for  building  an  'addition  to  the  Eagan 
&  Co.  factory,  to  cost  $25,000.  Birming- 
ham, Ala.:  B.  Gilreath  has  the  contract  for 
the  erection  of  the  Charity  Hospital.   It  will 

cost  $120,000.  Sheffield,  Ala.:   Beagle  & 

Baldwin  have  the  contract  for  the  erection 

of  the  Keller  building.  Bessemer,  Ala.: 

McAllister  Bros.,  of  Birmingham,  have  the 
contract  for  erecting  seventy  houses  at 
Sumpter,  near  this  place,  for  the  De  Bar- 
deleben  Coal  and  Iron  Company,  of  Besse- 
mer. Brunswick,    Ga.:     Valentine  & 

Bro  vn,  have  the  contract  for  building  a  $17,- 

000  school  house.  Tacoma,  Wash.:  The 

contract  for  erection  of  the  Puget  Sound 
.University  of  the  M.  E.  Church  has  been  let 
to  F.  G.  Cantara,  at  $42,656.  The  structure 
will  be  the  main  building  of  the  university. 

 The  Shickle,  Harrison  and  Howard  Iron 

Company,  of  St.  Louis  has  been  awarded 
the  contract  for  cast  iron  pipe,  at  Denver, 
Col.,  at  $41.60  per  ton.  The  total  amount 
will  reach  $50,000.    The  sum  of  $160,000  is 

being  spent  on  improvements.  Link  & 

Son,  of  Erie,  Pa.,  have  been  awarded  a  con- 
tract for  the  building  of  a  large  saw  mill  for 
the  Hieronymus  Brothers,  at  Fowl  River, 
on  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  road,  hear 

Mobile,  Ala.  A  contract  for  constructing 

the  water-works  in  Bonham,  Tex.,  has  been 
let  to  Mr.  Chatham,  of  Illinois.  A  reservoir 
is  to  be  built,  and  the  water  from  the  arte- 
sian well,  previously  mentioned  as  being 
sunk,  utilized.    Estimated  cost,  exclusive  of 

mains,  is  $18,500.  Bids  for  3018  tons  of 

cast  iron  pipe  were  opened  at  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  as  follows:  Addyston  Pipe  and  Steel 
Company,  Cincinnati,  $31.48;  Dennis  Long 
&  Co.,  Louisville,  $32.98;  .Shickle,  Harrison 
&  Howard,  St.  Louis,  $32.40;  R.  D.  Wood  & 
Co.,  Philadelphia,  $31.80;  Gloucester  Iron 
Works,  Philadelphia,  $33.91 ;  Mellert  Foun- 
dry Company,  Reading,  Pa.,  $35;  Cleveland 
Pipe  Works,  $30.94.    No  bid  was  accepted. 


 Kearney,  Neb.:  Bids  for  sewer  construc- 
tion were  opened  December  15,  and  the  con- 
tract let  toC.  H.  Hubbard,  of  Council  Bluffs. 

 Amsterdam,  N.  Y.:  Bids  for  work  on  the 

extension  of  water  mains  from  the  new 
source  at  Hans  creek  were  awarded  as  fol- 
lows: Everson  &  Little,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  for 
construction  of  section  one,  and  Adam  Mil- 
ler, of  Saratoga,  for  section  two.  John  V. 
Morris,  of  Amsterdam,  salt  glazed  vitrified 
pipe,  and  the  Warren  Foundry  and  Machine 
Company,  of  Phillipsburg,  N.  J.,  cast-iron 

pipe.  Washington,   D.  C:     Bids  were 

opened  by  the  supervising  architect  for 
iron-work  for  the  first  floor  of  the  custom 
house.  Port  Townsend,  Wash.  The  bidders 
were  as  follows:  J.  J.  Myers,  $4,350;  C.  H. 
Wobymans  &  Co.,  $12,000;  Stewart  Iron 
Works,  $5,100;  Dearborn  Foundry  Company, 
$3,940;  Clark,  Ruffin  &  Co.,  Chicage,  $3,827; 
L.  Schreiber  &  Sons,  Cincinnati,  $3,898;  St. 
Paul  Foundry  Company,  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
$3,900;  Mitchell  Foundry  Company,  $6,000. 

 Denver,  Col.:  The  following  bids  were 

received  December  17,  for  the  erection  of  a 
hose  house  and  for  a  fire  and  patrol  station 
in  the  city  of  Denver:  Hose  house — Thos. 
H.  O'Neill,  $9,000;  E.  F.  Hallack  Lumber 
Company,  $9,492;  Philip  F"unke,  $10,295. 
Amount  of  appropriation,  $10,000.  Fire  and 
patrol  station — Thos.  H.  O'Neill,  $19,849;  L. 
D.  EversoU,  $19,784;  Philip  Funke,  $19,590; 
Burhans  «&  Vaughn,  $18,975;  S.  W.  Isenburg 
(S:  Co.,  $17,997.57.  Amount  of  appropria- 
tion, $20,000.  The  board  recommended  the 
awarding  of  the  contract  for  the  hose  house 
to  Thos.  H.  O'Neill,  for  the  sum  of  $9,000, 
and  for  the  fire  and  patrol  station  to  I.  W. 
Isenburg  &  Co.,  for  the  sum  of  .17,997.57. 

 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Bids  were  awarded  as 

follows:  Flagging  sidewalks — John  Morris- 
sey,  24 >^  cents  per  square  foot.  For  repav- 
ing  Warren  street  with  granite  blocks — 
James  F.  Gillen,  pavement,  per  square  yard, 
$5;  improvement,  per  lineal  foot,  $1;  new 
curb  per  lineal  foot,  $1;  new  bridge,  per 
square  foot,  $1 ;  reflagging,  etc.,  per  square 
foot,  10  cents.  Charles  Hart  $2,16,  29  cents, 
60  cents,  40  cents,  4  cents.  Thomas  Mona- 
han,  S2.13,  35  cents,  55  cents,  45  cents.  E, 
J.  McKeever  &  Brother,  $2.15,  20  cents,  60 
cents,  40  cents,  i  cent.    Denis  Norton,  $2.18, 

10  cents,  58  cents,  40  cents.  2  cents.  

Contracts  have  been  let  at  Portland,  Ore., 
for  a  new  bridge  over  the  Willamette  river. 
It  will  be  2,270  feet  long  with  a  320  foot 
draw.  The  structure  will  be  finished  by 
June  I. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Keokuk,  la.:  The  waterworks  company 
will  have  its  Gordon  engine  repaired  and 
the  daily  capacity  increased  from  1,500,000 
to  4,000,000  gallons.  The  company  has 
agreed  to  do  all  that  the  city  asked,  and  the 
controversy  is  therefore  at  an  end.  Ex- 
celsior, Minn.,  has  voted  against  establish- 
ing waterworks.  Wheatland,  Dak.:  An 

artesian  well  is  to  be  bored.  Romeo, 

Mich,:  The  people  will  soon  vote  on  ex- 
pending   $50,000    for    waterworks.  Saa 


430 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  309 


Diego,  Cal.:  The  Panic  Water  Company  is 
about  to  build  a  dam  145  feet  high  and  520 
feet  long  on  the  top,  on  the  Santa  Ysabel 
river,  at  a  cost  of  $1,000,000.  This  will 
furnish  water  to  irrigate  the  Escondido  and 
Poway  Valleys  and  the  Mesas  north  of  San 
Diego.  When  the  dam  is  completed  the 
company  will  offer  to  supply  the  city  with 
water  at  the  rate  of  three  cents  per  1,000 
gallons.— — Litchfield,  Minn.:  The  proposi 
tion  to  establish  waterworks  has  been  car- 
ried and  §25,000  will  be  expended  on  a  plant. 

 The  water  company,  at  St.  Joseph,  Mo., 

has  increased  its  capital  stock  from  $400,000 
to  $2,500,000.    The  system  will  be  extended 

and    pumping    capacity    increased.  At 

Peoria,  III.,  $1,250,000  will  be  expended  in 

reconstructing  the  waterworks  system.  

The  residents  of  the  south  and  southeast 
portions  of  Elkhart,  Ind.,  are  agitating  the 
establishing  of  a  system  of  waterworks  for 

that  portion  of  the  city.  The  Kewanee, 

111.,  Electric  Light  Company,  of  Kewanee, 
III.,  has  been  incorporated,  capital,  $30,000. 
Incorporators — G.  R.  Barry,  J.  K.  Blish  and 

F.  P.  Pierce.  The  proposed  reservoir  of 

the  Citizens  Water  Company,  of  Denver, 
Col.,  will  cover  an  area  of  400  acres  and  be 
200  feet  in  depth.  The  estimated  capacity 
is  9,000,000,000  gallons.  The  winter  wastage 
of  the  Platte  river  will  furnish  the  supply. 

 Troy,  Ala.:  J.  M.  Lanyley  &  Co.,  have 

been  given  a  franchise  for  waterworks  at 
this  place.  Bessemer,  Ala.:  The  Besse- 
mer Land  and  Improvement  Company,  has 
purchased  the  Prince's  Spring  and  other 
springs,   for    use  when    additional  water 

supply  is   required.  Fort   Payne,  Ala.: 

The  Crystal  Lake  Land  Company  will  con- 
struct an   artificial   lake.  The  Tampa, 

Fla.,  Waterworks  Company  is  building  a 
reservoir  at  Magbee  Spring  and  will  operate 

two  pumps  there.  Keokuk,  la.:  A  larger 

supply  of  water  is  assured,  as  a  number  of 
improvements  in  the  system  are  to  be  made. 
— —Romeo,  Mich.,  will  vote  on  the  question 

of  building  waterworks.  Oakland,  Cal.: 

The  Contra  Costa  Water  Company  will  in- 
crease its  capital  stock  from  $3,000,000  to 

$6,000,000.  Huron,  S.  1).,  is  [jutting  down 

an  artesian  well  for  power  purposes.  An 

artesian  well  will  be  put  down  at  Wheatland, 

Dak.  At  Sherman,  Tex.,  Z.  P.  Dederjck 

and  others  will  sink  an  artesian  well  and 

probably  erect  a  stand-pipe.  Fort  Worth, 

Tex.,  has  contracted  for  an  artesian  well  to 
furnish  250,000  gallons  of  water  per  day,  the 
well  not  to  exceed  1,000  feet  in  depth  and  to 

cost  $10  per  lineal  foot.  At  a  meeting  of 

the  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  water  board  on  Mon- 
day it  was  decided  to  enter  into  negotiation 
with  the  Montclair  Water  Company  for  a 
supply  of  water  for  the  city,  at  $40  per 

», 000,000  gallons.  At  Saginaw,  Mich.,  A. 

D.  Camp  has  a  scheme  to  supply  the  city 
with  pure  water  from  a  reservoir  to  be  sunk 
opposite  the  waterworks,  to  be  fil'ed  by 

water  filtering  through  banks  of  sand.  

Articles  of  incorporation  have  been  filed 
of  the  Gallatin  Water  Company  of  Helena, 
M  on.,   with    stock    at    $100,000,  for  the 


object  of  irrigating  in  Galatin  county.  

The  east  side  of  Big  Rapids,  Mich., 
is  now  supplied  with  water  from  a  six-inch 

pipe  laid  under  the  Muskegon  River.  

An  ordinance  has  been  passed  by  the  Kan- 
sas City  (Mo.)  city  council,  refusing  to  either 
purchase  the  works  of  the  water  company  or 

extend  the  franchise.  The  promoters  of 

the  new  water-power  scheme  at  Winnipeg, 
Man.,  say  the  matter  has  been  shelved  for 
the  winter.  The  new  council,  it  is  believed, 
will  take  the  matter  up  without  any  delay. 

 Changes  in  the  water-works  system  at 

Massillon,  O.,  are  contemplated  by  which 
the  quality  of  the  supply  may  be  improved. 

 It  is  believed  that  a  good  and  sufficient 

supply  of  water  can  be  obtained  from  arte- 
sian wells,  to  supply  Richmond,  Mich.,  which 

is  anxious  for  a  better  water  supply.  The 

water-works  at  Goodland,  Kan.,  have  been 

completed.  The  new    water  system  at 

Marblehead,  Mass.,  was  tested  on  Saturday. 
Eight  streams  were  put  on  from  four 
hydrants,    and    reached    the    height  of 

seventy-five  feet.  The  American  Loan 

and  Trust  Company  of  New  York,  on  Dec. 
19,  commenced  suit  in  the  United  States 
Circuit  Court  at  Springfield,  111.,  against  the 
City  Water  Company  of  Belleville,  111.,  and 
Madison  J.  Stookey,  receiver  of  the  same, 
The  suit  is  brought  to  enforce  payment  of 
the  bonds  of  the  company  to  the  amount  of 
$175,000  on  which  interest  has  been  in  de- 
fault since  April  i,  1889.  A  New  York 

firm  of  water-works  contractors  has  been  in- 
terviewing the  village  officers  of  Weedsport. 
N.  Y.,  upon  the  subject  of  building  water- 
works, which  are  much  needed  there  for  fire 

protection.  The  water-works  system  at 

Sprague,  Wash.,  has  been  completed  and 

tested  to  the   satisfaction  of  the  city.  

Lindsay,  Ont.,  has  contracted  with  the  On- 
tario Water-works  Construction  Company 
of  Toronto  to  build  and  maintain  a  system 
of  water-works  for  the  town. — Birmingham, 
Ala.:  The  Birmingham-Ensley  Land  and 
Improvement  Company  will  issue  30,000 
bonds  to  enlarge  its  water-works  and  im- 
prove its  property.  La  Grande,  Ore.,  is 

ready  to  negotiate  for  the  construction  of  a 
water-works  system,  having  sold  $20,000  of 

bonds  for  that  purpose.  Waycross,  Ga.: 

The  people  have  decided  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  to  issue  $30,000  of  bonds  for  building 

water-works.  Canton,  Mo.,  will  soon  vote 

on  the  question  of  water-works.  Jasper, 

Tex.,  is  to  have  a  system  of  water-works. 

 EI  Paso,  Tex.:  An  election  will  be  held 

Jan.  7  to  ratify  the  proposal  to  issue  $75,000 
of  bonds  for  purchasing  or  erecting  water- 
works. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Ashtabula,  O.:  About  $75,000  will  be  ex- 
pended in  a  sewerage  system.  Worcester, 

Mass.:  From  three  to  five  miles  of  sewers 

will  be  built  next  season.  Erie,  Pa.:  The 

only  sewer  of  importance  now  in  contem- 
plation and  not  under  contract,  is  a  three- 
foot  diameter  sewer,  double  shell  brick, 
about  4,000  feet  long,  in  Ash  street.  There 


are  about  twenty-five  miles  constructed  and 

under  construction.  Lynn,  Mass.,  expects 

to  expend  $150,000  for  sewer  construction 

during  1890-91.  Fort  Payne,  Ala.:   R.  F 

Hartford,  of  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  will  make 
plans  for  a  sewerage  system  for  this  place. 

 Clarkesville,  Tenn.:  R.  F.  Hartford,  of 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  will  make  plans  for 

Clarkesville's     sewerage      system.  Mr. 

Hartford  has  also  prepared  plans  for  a  sew- 
erage system  for  Rome,  Ga.  Gardner 

Bros,  of  Warsaw  111.,  have  entered  suit  in 
the  county  court  to  enjoin  the  Hunt  drainage 
district  owners  from  cutting  channels 
through  their  land  in  said  district.  Pales- 
tine, Tex.:  The  committee  on  sewers  has 
recommended  that  $47,000  of  bonds  be 
issued  for  the  construction  of  a  sewerage 

system.  Denison,  Tex.:    For  sewerage, 

$60,000  of  bonds  will   be  issued,  and  for 

street  work,  $35,000.  Ashtabula,  O.:  A 

sewerage  system  will  be  built  at  a  cost  of 

$75,000  Erie,  Pa.:  The  next  extension  of 

the  sewerage  system  will  be  4000  feet  of 

brick  sewer,  three  feet  in  diameter.  An- 

niston,  Ala.;  J.  D.  Hunter  has  plans  for  the 
proposed  sewerage  systems  in  Bluffton  and 

Fort  Payne,  Ala.  Rome,  Ga.:   Plans  for 

the  proposed  sewerage  system  at  this  place 
^d  Clarkesville,  Tenn.,  will  be  made  by  R. 

F.  Hartford,  of  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  At 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  about  half  the  work  requisite  to 
devise  and  frame  a  plan  of  sewerage  and 
drainage  for  the  city  has  been  completed. 
The  Lexington,  Ky.,  Press  calls  attention  to 
the  number  of  private  sewers  emptying  into 
the  town  branch,  which  have  been  built  or 
which  are  projected,  and  urges  the  need  of 
a  general  system  of  sewers.  A  joint  sewer- 
age committee  of  the  general  council  was 
appointed  over  a  year  ago,  but  has  not  yet 

reported  on  the  subject.  At  Gardner, 

Mass.,  the  committee  on  sewerage  has  re- 
ported an  act  to  be  presented  to  the  legisla- 
ture authorizing  the  construction  of  a  sewer- 
age system.  Work  on  the  intercepting 

sewer  at  Columbus,  O.,  is  progressing  very 
slowly,  the  principal  difficulty  being  in 
getting  the  right  of  way.  The  city  engi- 
neer of  Denver,  Col.,  has  nearly  finished 
plans  for  the  large  main  sewer  which  is  to 
encircle  the  city.  At  its  mouth  it  will  be 
nine  feet  in  diameter  and  the  cost  of  its  con- 
struction will  approximate  $300,000.  At 

the  meeting  of  the  Allegheny  City,  (Pa.) 
committee  on  streets  aud  sewers,  held  last 
week,  it  was  decided  to  refer  the  matter  of 
building  a  storm  water  sewer  or  surface 
drain  to  relieve  the  Butcher's  run  district,  to 
the  city  solici:o.-  for  advice  as  to  the  proper 
method  of  procedure.  The  drain,  as 
planned,  is  3,000  feet  long  and  will  cost  $5 
per  foot.  The  residents  in  the  vicinity  are 
opposed  to  paying  for  improvement,  claim- 
ing that  they  have  spent  enough  in  repairing 
damages  by  heavy  rainfalls  that  a  proper 
conduit  would  have  preventeil.-  A  plan 
has  been  proposed  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  for 
flushing  the  sewers  by  means  of  water  from 
the  canal  led  into  them  by  a  cross  sewer, 
the  canal  being  above  the  level  of  the  sew- 


Jan.  4,  ISiX)] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


431 


ers.  The  water  company  is  said  to  be  will 
ing  to  furnish  the  water  needed  for  the  pur 
pose  on  Sundays,  when  the  factories  taking 
their  power  from  the  canal  are  idle,  free  o: 
charge  if  the  city  will  make  connections.  J 
B.  Johnson,  owner  of  the  Excelsior  works  V. 
the  father  of  the  scheme,  which  he  claims 
would  cost  but  little,  and  be  of  great  advan 
tage  to  the  city. 


IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE. 
The  new  house-heating  boiler  herewith 
illustrated  is  the  invention  of  Mr  Charles 
Gorton,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  will  be 
manufactured  by  the  Gorton  &  Lidgerwood 
Company,  96  Liberty  street,  New  York.  It 
is  designed  especially  toburn  the  soft  coal^ 
which  is  so  abundant  in  many  portions  of  the 
South  and  West,  but  which,  from  its  tenden- 
cy to  deposit  the  unconsumed  carbon  or  soot, 
which  is  an  excellent  conductor  of  heat,  up- 
on the  heating,  surfaces  of  the  boilers  in 
which  it  is  used,  has  given  much  trouble  to 
those  who  have  used  it,  and,  indeed,  has  ren- 
dered its  usefar  from  being  economical  in 
spite  of  the  cheapness  of  such  fuel. 

The  thick  black  smoke  which  causes  the 
deposit  of  soot,  is  given  off  when  the  coal 
begins  toburn  or  coke,  and  ceases  when  that 
part  of  the  combustion  is  completed.  The 
arrangement  of  our  soft-coal  boiler  is  such 
that  none  of  the  smoke  resulting  from  the 
coking  process  is  permitted  to  reach  any  of 
the  heating  surfaces  until  it  has  passed 
through  the  middle  and  hottest  part  of  the 
fire,  where,  by  the  intense  heat  and  admix_ 
ture  of  sufficient  additional  air  that  is  drawn 
through  the  fire,  the  smoke  is  entirely  con- 
sumed and  converted  into  a  clear  bright 
flame  thus  utilizing  and  making  effective 
that  part  of  the  fuel  which  is  generally 
wasted. 


Gortons  Soft  Coal  Boiler. 


The  boiler,  as  clearly  shown  in  the  illus 
tration,  is  surrounded  by  a  non-conducting 
jacket  of  galvanized  iron,  lined  with  asljes- 
tos  sheeting.  The  main  or  tubular  part  of 
the  boiler  is  se[)arated  from  the  fire-pot  by  a 
casting,  in  the  form  of  an  inverted  cone 
that  forms  the  upper  part  of  the  annular 
coal  reservoir  or  coking  chamber.  The  up 
per  or  large  end  of  the  cone  ring  rests  on 
the  water-leg;  the  lower  or  small  ends  ex- 
tend well  down  into  the  hottest  part  of  the 
drum  above,  and  being  thus  kept  full  of  wa 
ter  is  prevented  from  burning,  and  makes  a 
valuable  addition  to  the  heating  surface. 

The  area  of  the  opening  in  the  water-ring 
being  less  than  that  of  the  furnace  chamber 
the  gases  pass  through  it  with  more  rapidity' 
the  atomic  contact  is  greater,  and  therefore 
a  greater  mingling  and  difYusion  of  the  gases 
takes  place  while  passing  through  said  open- 
ing than  would  were  the  opening  larger 
and  when  released  among  the  tubes,  above 
the  cone  ring,  they  expand,  giving  off  an 
extremely  clear  and  intense  heat  The  lower 
part  of  the  coking  chamber  is  formed  by  an 
annular  water-leg  that  is  also  connected  with 
the  drum  above  by  suitable  circulating  pipes. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such 
that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled  as 
an  ordinary  kitchen  range. 

The  reservoir  will  hold  enough  coal  to  last 
from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours.  The  fin- 
gered ring  which  surrounds  the  grate  allows 
the  air  to  pass  through  the  fire,  thus  keeping 
up  a  sharp  fire  long  after  the  grate  is  cov- 
ered with  ashes.  The  boiler,  as  shown  in 
the  illustration,  is  arranged  for  heating  with 
steam,  but  is  equally  well  adapted  for  heat- 
ing with  hot  water.  The  base  used  with  this 
boiler  is  of  the  improved  pattern,  having  the 
upright  lever  attachment  for  shaking  the 
grate,  already  described  in  these  columns, 
and  which  is  now  applied  to  all  the  boilers 
mannfactured  by  the  Gorton  &  Lidgerwood 
company. 


BUSINESS  NOTES. 
The  Detroit  Heating  and  Lighting  Com- 
pany, of  Detroit,  Mich.,  have  issued  a  neat 
catalogue  of  twenty-eight  pages,  illustrating 
and  describing  their  variety  of  gas  heating 
and  cooking  apparatus,  instantaneous  water 
heater  tor  baths,  etc..  and  other  specialties 
in  their  line  of  extensive  manufacture. 
They  present  a  large  list  of  latest  improve- 
ments and  patents  for  the  use  of  gas  for  all 
purposes.  A  catalogue  will  be  sent  on  ap- 
plication. 

Plumbers  will  be  interested  in  the  adver- 
tisement of  D.  AUie,  of  820  West  Twelfth 
street.  He  manufactures  artistic  plumbers' 
signs,  and  such  things  in  crowded  cities  are 
almost  necessary  as  they  locate  a  business 
and  attract  attention  to  it. 

The  Globe  Compounding  Company  of  413 
Minnesota  street,  St.  Paul,  has  sought  the 
columns  of  The  Sanitary  News  as  a 
means  of  further  extending  the  virtue  of  the 
remedies  they  manufacture.  A  reference  to 
the  advertisement  in  this  paper  will  give  the 
character  and  scope  of  these  remedies. 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  bringing  them  witliin  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  sj)ecial  physicans  who  treat 
mdigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  pre[)ared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  |)rocured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debil 
ity. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  a[)f)eal  to  the  conmion  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  mined 
more  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada, sole  proprietors. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  Ohio  Society 
of  Surveyors  and  Civil  Engineers  will  be 
held  in  Columbus,  O.,  January  21,  22  and  23. 


There  is  another  lesson  to  us  in  the  discov- 
ery made  by  the  health  officers  in  London, 
where  members  of  the  Stock  Exchange  have 
been  victims  to  enteric  fever.  The  origin 
of  the  fever,  it  is  claimed,  has  been  traced 
to  the  noxious  exhalations  arising  from  the 
sewer  ventilating  shafts. 


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KCNTACL'EMARKS,  23  Union  Square  New  York 


432 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  309 


C.  VOSBURGH  TV^F^G  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 

 o  

BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Obdeks  CakefuliLY  Filled 


NATURK'S    RKMKDIES  . 


413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   (Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  lifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Roraedies,  prompt,  raihl  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect; 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 

NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catauru  Remedy  is  a  Siivcroign  cure.  Over  l.'^iO  persons  liavo  been  tioated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  iKt  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Livkh  Ren- 
OVATOU  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  Tue  LuNO  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedyin  all  Inngand  throat  aftections.  The  I'ain  Relieveii  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache, Ear-ache,  Rruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  8t.  Paul  ;md  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  nANOEUOUS  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  you  may  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


thhe  cast  sink  must  go."   ^   '   ^ 

i-j      THE  COLUMBUS  WROUGHT  STEEL  KITCHEN  AND-l^ANTRY 

^isplacej  all  otheri  wherevK  inltoduced        jSjJj^jKsi^         painttd,  Gslvaniied,  Enamtltd 
Stnd  for  Descripfive  Cltcula»'and  Prices  lo 
THE  KILBOURNE  i  JACOBS  MFG.  CO.  Sole  Manufacturers,  COLUMBUS,  0. 


E  PLURIBUS  UNUM. 

NORTH,  CENTRAL  and  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

IT  IS  TIME 
For  less  Political  and  Partisan  Strife  and 
a  Greater  Amount  of  Commercial  Sense. 

EXPORT  AND  FINANCE. 

isaAVEEKLY  NEWSi'APEK  cnj^agcd  in  the 
mission  of  introducing  the  Manufacturers 
and  Business  men  of  the  United  States  to 
Merchant's,  Buyers,  Tradesmen  and  Busi- 
ness Men  of  Spanish  America.  The  entire 
trade  of  this  Continent  should  be  conducted 
and  controlled  by  Americans.  North,  Cen- 
tral, and  South  Americans  should  get  ac- 
quainted with  each  other,  interchange  their 
produces,  and  stop  the  unAmerican  policy 
of  sending  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars 
astray  from  this  Republican  Continent  annu- 
ally to  enrich  European  manufacturers. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
circulates  among  the  principal  Manufactur- 
ers, Bankers  and  Exporters  of  the  United 
States.  It  also  enjoys  an  extensive  circula- 
tion among  the  best  class  of  Merchants,  Im- 
porters, Tradesmen  in  this  country,  and  the 
Principal  Business  and  Public  men  of  Mex- 
ico, Central  and  South  America. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
gives  more  reliable  and  a  greater  amount  of 
serviceable  and  original  news  matter  regard- 
ing South  American  trade  than  all  the  so- 
called  trade  papers  in  this  country. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
enjoys  a  larger  circulation,  and  is  read  by  a 
larger  number  of  prominent  manufacturers 
and  public  men  of  this  country  and  Mer- 
chants, Tradcmen  and  Business  Men  in 
Spanish  America  than  all  the  trade  newspa- 
papers  in  the  United  States  combined. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
has  a  circulation  list  which  includes  the 
names  of  the  President,  Vice-President, 
every  member  of  the  Cabinet  and  every 
United  States  Senator,  all  members  of  Con- 
gress and  the  Governor  of  every  State  in 
the  Union.  It  also  includes  all  the  Spanish 
American  Ministers  and  Consuls  accredited 
-  to  the  United  States  and  all  American  Min- 
isters and  Consids  in  Spanish-America.  It 
is  also  mailed  regularly  to  the  Presidents, 
Members  of  Cabinet  and  principal  Govern- 
ment officials  in  all  the  Siianish-American 
Republics. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
is  the  best  authority  and  the  best  advertising 
medium  in  the  United  States  for  all  who  arc 
interested  in  the  development  and  extension 
of  American  trade  with  Mexico,  Conlral 
and  South  America,  lirazil  and  the  West 
India  Islands.  Every  business  man  in  the 
United  States,  either  from  business  or  patri- 
otic motive  should  support  a  paper  engaged 
in  such  work. 

IF  YOU  WANT  TO  KNOW. 
all  about  the  Spanish-American  Trade, 

•    How  to  Secure  a  Share  of  it, 
How  to  manufacture,  pack  and  ship  goods 
for  the  South  American  Markets  read 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE. 

AND 

ADVERTISE    YOUR    BUSINESS  IN 
ITS  COLUMNS. 

SUIiSCKIPTION  PRICE  $5  PER  ANNUM  I'AYA- 
liI,E  IN  ADVANCE. 

Advertising  rates  given  on  a])plication. 

A  DDK  f.SS 

Export  &  Finance  Pub.  Co., 

5  BOWLING  GREEN.  New  York.  U.  S.  A 


Proposals. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  HE  RECEIVED  AT 
■^tiie  ofhce  of  the  Supervising  Architcct.TreasuryDe- 
imrtment,  Washington,  D.  C.  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  2Hth  day  of  .Taimary  IWK).  for  all  the  labor  and 
material  re<iuired  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  Low- 
pressore,  Relurn-Circulatiou  Steam  Heating  and 
Ventilating  Apparatus,  including  power  boiler  an<l 
connections,  for  the  U.  S.  Post  OHice.  etc.,  building 
at  St.  >J<>sei'H,  Mo.,  in  accordance  with  drawings 
and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on 
!ipi>lu'ation  at  this  office  and  the  Office  of  the 
Superiiitendent.  Each  bid  must  be  accom- 
pani(>d  by  a  certified  check  for  $200.  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time 
fixed  for  opening  thes  ine;  also,  bids  which  do 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  re<iiiireiiieiilK  of  this 
invitati.m.  JAS  H.  WINDRl.M. 
December  27.  lH8il.  Supervising  Architect. 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Union  Steel  Works.  I-story  brick  crusher 
house,  tiOxKI  feet,  Ashland  and  :i2nd  st  $  .S,00() 

S,  C.  Kiddcll,.  4-story  and  basement  brick 
flats,  2.''>x!KI  feel,  (tiO  Dearborn  ave   20,000 

Star  lirewciry,  I  and  ;!-story  brick  addition 
11211  lltl  Kiilton  st   45,000 

Wwtern  lOloctric  Co.,  2-Btory  brick  addition 
1)0x150  and  2.Wx.'>0  feet,  227-.S7  S.  Clinton  st   .SO.OOO 

Nannie  Russ,  4-Btory  and  cellar  brick  store 


and  flats,  2.ix8.')  feet,  HIO  Milwaukee av   10,000 

Hebrew  Manual  Training  School,  .S-story 
and  basement  brick  traiping  school,  tiOx<K) feet, 
81!  87  .luddst   89,000 

F.  W.  Campbell,  two  S-story  and  basement 
brick  dwlls.,  SlixMi  feet,  »Iil7-l!l  Calumet  av.. . .  10,000 

Aug.  Roenert.  ;t-story  and  basement  brick 
store  and  flats,  24x80  feet,  U8  Willow  st   ti.OOO 

Winslow  Hros.  it  Co.,  1-story  brick  factory 
88x140  feet,  Stio-7t)  Carroll  st   4,200 

Dr  C.  H.  Qninlan,  ti-story  and  basement 
brick  warehouse,  40x00  feet,  218-20  Washing- 
t(m  st   2.').(X)0 

Jos.  Magee.  3-story  brick  store  and  flats,  2.')x 
72  fei  t,  Km  W.  Van  Huren  st   .I.OOO 

O.  M.  Urady,  nine  2-story  and  cellar  brick 
dwlls..  It)8x.'itl  feet,  8.'>-iKI  Francisco  st   27,000 

E.  J.  Lewis,  .las.  Button  and  (leo.  Fetter 
three  story  and  cellar  brick  flats,  rox.W  feet, 
529-3:1  Leavittst  . .  30,000 

L.  M.  Roth,  four  2-Btory  and  cellar  brick 
flats,  each  "22x40  feet.  Avers  and  Lakestti   10,000 

(ieo.  lliggins,  3-story  and  basement  brick 
dwU.  30x07  and  barn,  50x32  fet>t,  1237  Washing 
ton  bonl'd   ..  10,000 

A.  Schaefer  3  story  and  basement  brick 
store  and  flats.  25x75  feet.  1101  W.  17th  st   .'j.OOO 

Theodore  lieiiihardt.  3-story  and  basement 
brick  flats,  21x80  feet,  172  Osgood  st   4,000 

•Tames  C<msidene,  3-story  and  bnsi  nieul 
brick  store  and  flats,  24x82  feet.  li«7  W.  Madi- 
son st   ti.OOO 


Jan.  11,  1800] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


433 


The  Sanitary  News. 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 


No.  90  I«a  Salle  Street,  dilcaso. 


Thomas  Hudson,  - 

PUBI.ISlIKIi, 

Hknrt  R.  Allen, 

London  Aobnt. 

Entered  ns  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 

8UBSCBIPTION  RATES. 

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tance. When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  the  old 
address  sliould  ac<!ompany  the  new. 

ADVERTISING  RATES. 

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vertisements sent  to  this  office,  when  they  will  be 
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Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless 
made  by  check,  express  order,  money  order,  or  regis- 
tered letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  tlie 
otHce  of  its  London  agent,  Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  .W 
Finsbury  Square,  E  C 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 

A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from 
the  first  issue,  are  still  left.  The  price  of  these  is  .^2.00 
a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  S3.0(). 
The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects. 


CHICAGO,  JAN.  II,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics  -------  433 

The  London  Sewage  Question      -      -      -  433 

Garbage  Cremation      -      -----  J3.5 

The  Health  of  Michhigan,  Dec.  1889.      -      -  435 
The  Sanitary  Requirements  of  the  Modern 

Dwelling  House      ------  436 

Fans  or  hot  water       ......  437 

BaiLDING— 

Congressmen  and  Public  Buildings      -      -  438 

Plans  for  Elevator  Construction      -      -  438 

More  Stringent  Building  Laws      .      -      -  438 

Notes  from  Architects       ...     -  438 

Plumbing— 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers      ....  439 

Examination  of  Plumbers      ....  439 

New  York  Master  Plumbers      -      -      -  440 

Among  the  Plumbers         ....  440 

Contr.\cting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  ...  440 

Heating  and  Ligliting       -      .      .      .  4-JI 

Water-Works  Notes    -      .      .      .      .  442 

Sewerage  Notes  .....  443 

Bids  and  Contracts     -----  443 


In  the  Council  ot  Art  and  Manufactures 

of  Quebec,  Canada,  a  special  feature  is  made 
of  instruction  in  plumbing  in  their  technical 
school  class,  and  there  are  more  applicants 
this  season  for  the  plumbing  class  than  can 
be  accommodated. 

Thk  strike  of  the  London  gas  stokers  did 
not  bring  either  fortune  or  fame  to  those  en- 
gaged in  it.  They  believed  they  had  the 
company  refusing  their  terms  controlled  by 
three  influences  that  would  secure  them  their 
demands,  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  customers, 
the  demand  of  the  authorities  for  better 
lighted  street,  and  their  own  appeal,  but  in 
all  disappointment  awaited  them.  The  com- 
panies filled  every  vacancy  caused  by  the 
strikers  with  new  men,  and  the  result  is  there 
are  2,500  new  stokers  receiving  good  pay 
with  a  permanent  job  before  them,  while  2,500 
strikers  are  out  of  employment  with  nothing 
to  turn  to.  The  results  of  strikes  generally 
are  failures  simply  because  they  are  unbusi- 
ness-like  and  contrary  to  what  is  right  be- 
tween man  and  man. 


Builder  Inspector  Hazen,  of  Min- 
neapolis, has  discovered  that  some  electri- 
cians in  that  city  are  fitting  out  houses  with 
wires  insulated  with  a  substance  that  readily 
ignites.  He  called  the  owners  attention  to 
his  discovery  who  refused  to  pay  for  the 
work.  Suit  was  brought,  and  an  exhibi- 
tion of  the  material  used  as  an  insulator  de- 
cided the  case  in  the  owner's  favor.  It  is  now 
the  intention  of  Mr.  Hazen  to  ask  the  city 
council  to  place  the  matter  under  some  such 
regulations  as  those  that  now  control  plumb- 
ing. This  is  a  right  move.  Men  have  a 
right  to  be  protected  in  their  homes  and 
where  a  city  grants  a  franchise  to  a  com- 
pany, it  is  the  duty  of  that  city  to  see  that 
all  operations  shall  be  conducted  without 
harm  to  the  citizens.  Inspector  Hazen  is  on 
the  right  track  and  we  do  not  doubt  that  he 
will  find  support  in  the  council. 

The  progress  of  sanitary  science  is  seen 
in  the  healthy  sentiment  it  has  created  in  re- 
ference to  our  building  industry.  Only  a 
few  years  ago  buildings  were  erected  accor- 
ding to  contract  and  interest  went  no  further 
than  the  satisfying  of  business  demands. 
We  have  to-day  all  over  our  cities  evidences 
of  this  in  the  old  buildings  which  were  erec- 
ted during  that  period.  But  it  is  different 
now.  Sanitation  has  stepped  in  and  has  de- 
manded that  the  health  of  occupants  of 
houses  shall  receive  intelligent  consideration 
at  the  hands  of  builders  and  architects. 
Building  laws  and  regulations  have  been 
adopted  by  the  principal  cites,  and  inspec- 
tors have  been  appointed  in  order  that  this 
important  end  should  be  attained.  Plumb- 
ing has  undergone  the  same  changes. 
Plumbers  have  educated  themselves  in  their 
important  work,  and  are  under  rules  and  regu- 
lations and  the  inspection  system.  The  im- 
portant offices  of  sanitarians  have  been  rec- 
ognized and  building  construction  has  been 
brought  into  conformity  therewith.  We 
have  not  yet  reached  the  perfect  stage,  but 


the  improvement  made  is  gratifying  and  re- 
assuring. The  laws  of  health  are  being 
studied  in  connection  with  these  trades,  put 
in  operation,  and  the  result  is  healthier  cities. 
Build  ing  owners  have  learned  that  it  is  more 
economic  to  build  a  house  properly  than 
otherwise,  and  sanitary  improvement  in  this 
line  has  become  popular.  Wc  have  yet  to 
contend  with  the  speculative  builder,  but 
the  lines  are  tightening  about  him,  and  in  a 
short  time  we  expect  to  see  his  fraudulent 
work  made  impossible. 

Plumbing  has  made  a  very  rapid  progress 
in  the  past  few  years  in  more  ways  than  one. 
The  fraternity  has  come  closer  together 
through  associations  and  have  become  more 
brotherly  and  helpful.  The  jealousy  and 
bickering  of  a  few  years  ago  have  markedly 
disappeared  and  a  spirit  of  friendliness  and 
good  will  prevails.  The  plumbers  have  be- 
come mutually  teachers  and  pupils,  the  one 
teaching  the  other  and  in  turn  being  taught 
by  him.  The  character  of  work,  as  to  qual- 
ity relating  to  the  demands  of  domestic  san- 
tation,  has  kept  pace  with  the  rapid  strides 
of  sanitary  science,  and  now  it  is  established 
as  one  among  its  most  important  agencies. 
To  it  is  due  in  a  great  measure  the  reduced 
death-rate  of  our  larger  cities,  and  the  in 
crease  of  happier  and  healthier  homes  owe 
it  much.  But  there  is  another  direction  in 
which  its  progress  is  as  plainly  marked.  It 
has  developed  from  a  trade  concealing  its 
work  beneath  floors  and  behind  casings  to 
ne  of  the  ornamental  arts.  When  its  work 
could  no  longer  be  concealed  but  had  to  be 
left  open  to  full  view,  plumbing  at  once  arose 
to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  case.  It 
brought  under  its  control  graceful  curves 
and  lines,  symmetical  forms,  harmonious 
arrangements,  brass  and  nickel-plated  fix- 
tures, marble  and  silver,  until  now  it  orna- 
ments where  once  it  disfigured.  This  has 
been  accomplished  in  a  comparative  short 
time  in  which  plumbing  has  displayed  its 
ability  to  meet  the  demands  of  a  progressive 
age  and  stand  abreast  with  the  improve- 
ments, inventions,  enterprises,  and  reforms 
of  advancing  thought  and  the  fuller  devel- 
opement  of  science  and  art. 


THE  LONDON  SEWAGE  QUESTION. 

Sir  Robert  Rawlinson,  K.  C.  B.,  read  an 
important  paper  recently  on  this  subject 
before  the  Society  of  Arts.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  paper  was  devoted  to  a  histor- 
ical sketch  of  the  subject.  The  latter  part 
of  the  paper,  which  contains  his  conclusions 
is  as  follows: 

Sewage  irrigation  has  been  carried  on  in 
England  and  Scotland  a  sufficient  length  of 
time  to  show  that  it  is  the  cheapest  and  most 
effective  mode  of  treating  sewage  yet  tried, 
and  where  land  is  obtainable  at  agricultural 
prices,  and  the  sewage  can  flow  to  the  land, 
that  there  an  income  can  be  earned  by  the 
process.  There  are  some  thirty  or  more 
places  in  England  where  sewage  irrigation 
has  been  in  use  a  sufficient  number  of  years 
to  permit  inquirers  to  be  satisfied  with  the 


434 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No  31o 


results,  as  at  Banbury  Lodge-Farm,  Barking, 
Bedford,  Birmingham,  Blackburn,  Chelten- 
ham, Chorley,  Croydon,  Craigentinney- 
meadows,  Doncaster,  Harrogate,  Leaming- 
ton, Merthyr  Tydfil,  Oxford,  Rugby,  Tun- 
bridge  Wells,  Warwick,  West  Derby 
Wolverhampton  and  Wrexham. 

At  Berlin,  the  sewage  of  the  city  is  lifted 
by  steam-power  to  a  height  of  130  feet,  at  a 
cost  of  12,000/  per  annum.  Upward  of 
2,000  acres  have  been  purchased  at  a  cost  of 
400,000/,  and  this  land  is  laid  out  and  culti- 
vated under  sewage.  The  distance  of  the 
sewage  farm  from  Berlin  is  about  ten  miles. 
The  City  authorities  are  said  to  be  satisfied 
with  the  results.  Paris  has  appropriated 
land  for  sewage  irrigation  for  some  years  at 
Gennevilliers  and  some  other  places,  to  the 
extent  of  12,350  acres.  Steam-pumping 
power  is  used,  and  the  river  Seine  is  crossed. 
The  municipality  is  so  satisfied  with  this 
work,  that  the  engineer,  the  late  M.  Durand 
Clay,  is  to  have  a  statue. 

Irrigation  has  been  practiced  in  China, 
Japan,  Ceylon  and  Italy,  upon  an  enormous 
scale,  time  out  of  mind  and  in  England 
water-meadows  are  successfully  cultivated. 
At  Edinburgh,  the  sewage-grown  grass  feeds 
dairy-cows,  the  milk  being  used  in  Edin- 
burgh. The  London  sewage  may  be  turned 
into  milk  and  butter  which  will  be  whole- 
some. 

The  volume  of  crude  sewage  to  be  dealt 
with,  if  taken  at  1 50,000,000  gallons  per  day 
will  represent  670,000  tons.  Containing,  say 
150  grains  of  solids  per  million  gallons,  it 
will  about  equal  ten  tons  of  sludge  per  mil- 
lion. (?)  So  that  150,000,000  gallons  will 
represent  1,500  tons  per  day  of  sludge  to  be 
removed  in  barges.  So  that  there  will  be 
547,500  tons  of  sewage-sludge  to  remove  or 
get  rid  of,  per  annum.  To  consolidate  it  by 
sludge-presses  at  2s.  per  ton,  would  cost 
54,750/.  per  annum.  To  barge  it  to  sea 
there  must  be  not  fewer  than  six  of  the 
largest  class,  as  the  out-and-home  voyage 
will  be  about  seventy  miles.  Each  barge  to 
take  1,500  tons  of  sludge,  containing,  at  90 
per  cent  of  water,  1,350  tons  of  water  to  150 
tons  of  solids.  But  on  testing  the  barge 
load  before  discharging  it,  95  and  even  97 
per  cent  of  water  was  found.  Taking,  how- 
ever, 95  per  cent  there  will  be  1,425  tons  of 
water  to  75  tons  of  solids.  Did  it  ever  be- 
fore enter  into  the  heads  of  any  body  of 
men — engineers  and  representatives  of 
vestries — to  perpetrate  such  operations?  It 
must  be  remembered  that  the  crude  sewage 
flows  to  the  outlets  with  its  solids,  and  if 
pumped  into  the  proposed  sewage  canal  or 
conduit,  would  flow  to  the  North  Sea,  or  on 
to  any  land  used  for  irrigation  or  warping  as 
at  Foulness  Island. 

It  is  not  my  intention  to  raise  the  chemical 
question  as  to  the  use  and  sort  of  chemicals 
for  sludge  disinfectants;  this  I  must  leave  to 
the  chemists.  The  sludge-tanks  and  the 
sludge-barges,  will  in  hot  weather  become 
putrid,  and  to  arrest  this  chemicals  may  be 
used,  the  cost  being  estimated  very  high. 
With  fresh   sewage  flowing  at  once  over 


land  or  to  the  sea,  very  few  chemicals  need 
be  used;  the  land  will  at  once  disinfect. 
The  sea  will  at  once  dilute  and  disperse,  as 
at  Liverpool,  where  the  crude  sewage  of 
Liverpool,  Birkenhead,  and  all  the  towns  on 
the  river  and  estuary  pass  harmlessly  to  sea. 

Contracts  were  let  on  the  eve  of  closing 
the  old  Board  to  the  extent  of  741,000/.  Add 
to  this  extra  land,  fencing,  workmen's 
houses,  new  mud-barges,  at  more  than 
double  cost  by  reason  of  the  rise  in  iron, 
steel  and  labor,  and  it  appears  to  me  that 
the  legacy  in  this  form  will  exceed  1,000,000/. 
sterling.  Interest  on  this  with  maintenance 
will  be  fully  5  per  cent,  which  will  equal 
50,000/.  per  annum.  Wages  may  be  50,000/. 
a  year.  The  cost  of  chemicals  will  be  in 
proportion  to  the  quantity  used,  and  may 
range  from  50,000/.  up  to  100,000/.  per 
annum,  or  200,000/.  per  annum  on  the  whole. 
And  all  for  what?  Not  to  prevent  pollution 
of  the  Thames,  as  the  clarified  sewage  will 
ferment  in  the  river,  will  kill  fish,  as  at 
present,  and  make  the  water  foul-looking 
and  offensive.  Chemicals  have  been  tried 
at  many  places  to  see  if  they  would  purify 
sewage,  but  ever  with  the  one  result, — 
namely,  to  produce  an  effluent  which  be- 
comes putrid,  offensive  and  dangerous 
The  new  works  land  the  County  Council  in 
a  debt  of  about  1,000,000/.  sterling,  with  an 
annual  cost  of  probably  300,000/.  per  annum 
and  a  polluting  effluent.  A  vast  nuisance 
establishment  of  sixty  acres  in  extent! 

It  is  never  good  policy  to  use  hard  names 
I  admit,  but  I  may  quote  an  established 
proverb,  and  say,  that  these  Barking  and 
Crossness  Works,  as  a  gift  to  the  new  County 
Council,  are  equivalent  to  an  entire  herd  of 
white  elephants.  Among  the  suggested 
new  works  are  pumping-engines  and  appa- 
ratus to  lift  the  sewage  to  the  new  sewage 
conduit,  say  at  a  cost  of  100,000/  or  46  miles 
of  new  conduit,  at  the  estimate  put  down  by 
the  referees  for  the  cost  of  their  proposed 
southern  and  northern  outfall  sewers,  which 
together  measure  47  miles,  estimated  at 
3,144,300/  Pumping-engines  will  make  a 
total  cost  of  3.244,300/,  which  at  5  per  cent 
for  maintenance  and  redemption  will  amount 
to  162,215/  per  annum  to  be  set  against  300,- 
000/,  the  probable  cost  of  the  works  in 
progress. 

I  will  not  encumber  this  paper  with  any 
definite  estimate  as  to  income  from  sewage 
farming,  as  this  will  involve  the  question  of 
purchase  of  right  of  way  for  the  sewage  con- 
duit, and  for  outlet  works.  This  feature  of 
the  scheme  must  grow  with  time.  Areas  for 
sewage  irrigation  may  be  formed  to  any  ex- 
tent, from  10,000  up  to  50,000  acres,  and  there 
will  be  sewage  enough  and  to  spare  for  this 
large  area.  The  agricultural  value  of  town 
sewage  has  been  tried  and  estimated,  over 
and  over  again,  both  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent.  A  Royal  Commission,  with  the 
honored  name  of  Sir  J.  B.  Lawes,  Bart.,  at 
its  head,  estimated  the  commercial  value  of 
crude  sewage  at  2d.  per  ton  to  a  farmer, 
taking  it  as  he  wanted  it ;  but  only  at  i  d. 
per  ton  if  he  must  take  it  and  dispose  of  it 


I  all  the  year  round.  The  London  sewage  si 
the  richest  known  in  manurial  ingredients, 
and  amounts  in  daily  volume,  at  its  lowest 
estimate,  to  670,000  tons,  which  at  2d.  per 
ton  will  amount  to  5,583/.  and  at  >^d.  per  ton 
to  1,395/.  psr  day,  or  about  two  millions  ster- 
ling in  the  one  case,  and  at  ^d.  about  half  a 
million  sterling.  I  cannot  help  dealing  with 
these  figures,  enormous  as  they  are  ;  but 
when  I  know  that  cultivated  sewage  lands 
bring  in,  year  by  year,  rentals  of  from  15/. 
to  20/.  and  even  30/.  per  acre,  there  must  be 
more  than  a  grain  of  truth  in  these  very 
large  figures.  I  do  not,  however,  plead  for 
the  purification  of  the  Thames  on  the  score 
of  any  probable  income  to  be  derived  from 
sewage  farming,  as  this  would  be  begging 
the  main  question,  which  is  to  free  the  river 
Thames  from  pollution  by  a  sewage  conduit, 
and  additional  steam  pumping  sending  it 
eastward,  once  and  for  all,  to  the  great 
North  Sea,  and  let  reclamation  of  land  and 
sewage  irrigation  follow. 

The  length  of  the  conduit  from  Abbey 
Mills,  eastward  to  Foulness  Island,  South- 
minister  and  Burnham  Marshes,  will  be 
about  forty-six  miles,  through  an  agricultural 
district,  and  sea  outlets  must  be  provided 
along  this  shore  over  the  Maplin  Sands  to 
low  water  of  spring-tides.  This  I  consider 
is  a  work  necessary  to  be  done,  if  it  could 
even  be  proved  to  be  as  fruitless  of  pecu- 
niary results  as  the  sewage  precipitation 
and  mud-barge  process. 

The  conduit  will  be  a  canal,  or  new  river, 
for  the  conveyance  of  sewage  in  its  fresh 
state,  along  which  it  will  flow  unceasingly  at 
not  less  than  two  miles  in  the  hour,  to  be  as 
unceasingly  disposed  of  at  the  eastern  term- 
inus. The  question  may  be  put — but  will  it 
not  be  a  nuisance  to  the  neighborhood  in  its 
course  ?  My  reply  is,  that  the  works  must 
be  designed  and  be  executed  so  as  not  to  be 
a  nuisance.  Portions  will  be  covered,  por- 
tions will  be  in  tunnel,  and  some  portions 
may  be  open,  but  at  no  point  need  there  be 
one-tenth  the  nuisance  there  is  now  at  the 
existing  outlet  works,  nor  more  than  a  well 
managed  sewage  farm,  nor  so  much  as  from 
a  heavily  manured  field. 

The  New  River  at  London  has  a  grade,  01 
fall,  of  6  in.  per  mile,  and  this  inclination 
may  be  given,  by  similar  means,  to  produce 
this  grade  ;  but  there  must  be  a  head  of 
23  ft.,  not,  however,  necessarily  at  one  point, 
but  subdivided  at  several  points ;  the 
reaches  from  fall  to  fall  being  level,  velocity 
being  obtained  by  overfall-wcirs  and  sluices. 
The  Bridgcwater  Canal  is  thirty  miles  in 
length,  from  Manchester  to  Runcorn,  of 
course  level,  the  outlet  being  by  locks  at 
Runcorn.  The  rate  of  flow  is  about  one 
mile  per  hour.  The  flow  along  the  London 
sewage-conduit  is  to  be  two  miles  per  hour, 
so  that  the  sewage  of  each  day  will  be  car- 
ried, from  the  junction  with  the  metroj)olitan 
sewers  at  or  near  Abbey  Mills,  to  the  out- 
falls to  the  sea  in  twenty-three  hours. 

Mr.  R.  Etheridge  estimated  the  value  of 
London  sewage  for  Messrs.  Douglas  Galton, 
James  Simpson,  and  Thomas  C.  Blackwell, 
as  under 


Jan.  11,  18901 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


435 


THAMES  MUD. 

Thames  sewage  is  composed  of  animal 
matter,  vegetable  matter,  human  excreta  in 
a  state  of  decomposition,  and  living  organ- 
isms of  the  class  infusoria,  diatomac:e, 
zoophyta,  and  Crustacea.  The  detritus  con- 
sists of  crushed  road  and  street  material, 
such  as  granite  and  other  crystaline  rocks, 
crushed  flint,  gravel,  and  earthy  deposit. 
This  is  termed  "crude  sewage." 

From  the  analysis  of  mean  samples  of 
crude  London  sewage,  it  was  found  that  loo 
tons  of  liquid  possesses  a  value  of  17s.  7d. 
The  suspended  matter,  "  mud,"  is  worth  2s. 
2^d.  The  clarified  liquid  is  worth  15s.  4j4d., 
so  that  the  cost  of  precipitation  obtains  in 
money  value  about  one-seventh  that  of  the 
entire  sewage,  and  this  is  to  be  barged  to 
the  sea,  whilst  by  far  the  largest  value  is  to 
be  sent  to  the  river.  If  this  would  not  putre- 
fy and  pollute  the  river,  there  would  be  so 
much  in  its  favor,  but  as  the  seven-eighths 
of  the  salts  of  sewage  remain  in  the  fluid, 
plus  some  of  the  chemicals  used,  that  which 
is  most  valuable  as  manure  is  wasted,  and 
the  injurious  pollution  of  the  river  is  con- 
tinued. 

The  entire  volume  of  the  London  sewage 
at  2,145,500  tons,  17s.  7d.  per  100  tons  is 
worth  upward  of  1,750,000/.  sterling;  but 
twenty-five  years  ago  the  London  sewage 
was  valued  at  1,000,000/.  sterling. 

Along  the  entire  line  of  the  proposed  sew- 
age conduit,  sewage  may  be  supplied  to 
farmers,  and  dairy-farms  may  produce  milk 
for  London.  Italian  rye-grass  may  be  grown 
and  sold,  as  also  turnips,  mangolds,  and 
other  crops.  In  warm  and  dry  summers 
hay  may  be  made,  and  in  wet  seasons  siloes. 
Land  is  not  corrupted  by  sewage  irrigation, 
but  is  improved,  as  the  solids  out  of  100  tons 
spread  over  one  acre  of  land  would  not  give 
a  surface  deposit  of  i-iooth  of  an  inch  in 
thickness.  In  warm  summer-time  1,000,000 
gallons  of  sewage  may  be  utilised  on  one 
acre  in  one  day,  and  where  something  like 
this  volume  is  used,  and  the  land  is  light 
and  porous,  a  very  small  volume  drains  from 
the  subsoil.  In  exceptionally  hot  weather 
no  water  flows  from  the  land. 

Where  chemicals  are  used  for  precipita- 
tion and  the  water  so  clarified  is  turned  out 
unfiltered  through  land,  and  cattle  drink  it, 
the  milk  is  not  fit  to  be  used.  Cows,  will, 
however,  drink  crude  sewage  without  ap- 
parent injury,  but  they  had  better  have  clean 
water  supplied. 

It  will  be  possible  to  send  sludge,  having 
go  per  cent  of  water,  to  any  distance  in  open 
troughs  or  pipes,  to  be  used  in  warping  low 
land,  and  this  mode  of  disposing  of  it  will  be 
far  cheaper  than  barging  it  to  sea.  Enor- 
mous quantities  of  sand  are  dredged  and 
passed  through  pipes  to  the  shore.  Diluted 
clay  in  brick-fields  is  also  sent  along  open 
troughs  considerable  distances,  and  this 
form  of  Conveyance  for  the  sewage  sludge 
may  enable  the  County  Council  to  dispense 
with  sludge  barges. 

I  say  that  this  or  some  similar  work  must 
be  carried  out  to  free  the  River  Thames 


from  pollution,  and  that  for  this  purpose  the 
Barking  and  Crossness  outfalls  must  subse- 
quently be  so  alte;'ed,  modified,  and  dealt 
with,  as  not  to  pass  any  sewage  to  the 
Thames,  but  by  a  tunnel  from  Crossness  to 
Harking,  with  the  engine-power  to  lift  the 
combined  volume  to  the  new  canal  or  con- 
duit. And  that  the  crude  sewage  may  freely 
and  easily  flow  along  the  new  conduit,  to  be 
used  in  irrigation,  and  so  much  as  may  not 
be  so  required  in  winter  or  in  wet  seasons 
can  be  passed  on  to  the  North  Sea,  in  the 
way  it  now  flows  along  the  London  inter- 
cepting-sewers  to  the  present  outlets,  so  that 
it  will  not  be  necessary  to  remove,  by  pre- 
cipitation, one  pound  weight  of  sediment,  or 
use  any  chemicals,  as  the  whole  will  flow  in 
one  continuous  stream,  at  a  rate  not  less 
than  two  miles  per  hour  ;  and  properly-con- 
structed apparatus  can  be  adapted  to  float 
along  the  conduit,  sweeping  onward  any  de- 
posit there  may  be. 

This  paper  is  a  brief  statement  of  the 
main  sewerage  of  London,  which  most  un- 
doubtedly is  a  grand  work  for  the  Metropol- 
itan Board  to  have  devised  and  carried  out 
for  the  metropolis,  and  if  it  had  been  as 
wise  in  its  day  and  generation  in  devising 
proper  works  for  dealing  with  the  sewerage 
so  as  to  purify  the  Thames  without  any  out- 
falls to  the  river,  it  would  have  deserved  a 
permanent  memorial  to  be  a  record  of  its 
great  work,  which  all  men  might  see  and 
read  through  all  succeeding  time.  But  it 
has  blundered  over  the  Thames  purification 
question  until,  in  its  last  days,  it  has  handed 
over  abortive  works  which  will  cost  the 
County  Council  not  less  than  a  million  ster- 
ling to  get  rid  of.  But  must  this  work  re- 
main? I  say  no,  and  no.  It  both  must  and 
will  be  abolished. 

Look  at  this  mighty  city  of  London,  with 
its  millions  of  inhabitants;  look  at  the  beau- 
tiful river,  which  flows  gently  down  in  silver 
sheen  from  its  upper  reaches,  and  supplies 
wholesome  water  for  the  swarming  popula- 
tion inhabiting  its  banks;  look  again  at  its 
lower  reaches,  the  great  highway  to  all  the 
nations  of  the  earth,  whose  ships,  laden  with 
the  produce  of  all  climes,  crowd  the  wharves 
and  docks;  and  then  say  if  the  final  result 
of  the  main  drainage  question  shall  be  to 
leave  the  grand  old  river  a  black,  loathsome 
stinking  ditch!  My  final  conclusion  is  that 
the  sewerage  must  be  disposed  of  out  of  the 
River  Thames. 


GARBAGE  CREMATION. 
Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  Dec.  28,  1889. 
— To  the  Editor  of  The  Sanitary  News  : 
Recently  I  saw  a  statement  in  a  copy  of 
your  valuable  journal,  to  the  effect  that  the 
cremation  of  garbage  and  night  soil  was  a 
failure,  and  that  garbage  furnaces  had  seen 
their  day,  etc.  Such  a  statement  has  the 
effect  of  preventing  the  further  study  and 
the  investigation  of  the  subject  by  those  who 
are  in  search  of  some  better  method  of  dis- 
posal of  city  waste.  Will  you  permit  me  to 
say  that  a  garbage  furnace  has  been  in  suc- 
cessful operation  in  this  city  for  the  space 


of  three  years  ?  With  your  further  permis- 
sion, I  will  give  a  tabulated  statement  of  the 
kind  and  quantity  of  substances  cremated 
during  the  year : 


1889. 


Barrels 
and  Boxes  * 

0  0 

|i 

1 

0 

Jan  

86 

.59 

7 

4 

Feb. 

47 

67 

7 

19 

2 

Mar  

72 

VS 

147 

11 

Apr  

86 

122 

«)1 

15 

1 

m 

S.'iS 

\:m 

19 

16 

246 

S17 

679 

21 

5 

July, 

2.^2 

327 

470 

25 

10 

320 

382 

1389 

11 

2 

Sep. 

341 

343 

275 

9 

4 

Oct. 

204 

186 

44 

8 

2 

Nov. 

162 

112 

68 

6 

6 

Dec. 

143 

208 

104 

6 

10 

2124 

2521 

5527 

157 

62 

1888. 


Loads  of 
Gargage 

Barrels  and 
j    Boxes  * 

Barrels  of 
Night-Soil 

0 
« 

Horses 

61 

[113 

7 

7 

33 

Feb. 

78 

100 

41 

3 

1 

Mar  

66 

.52 

86 

8 

87 

115 

241 

9 

1 

May  

111 

151 

784 

17 

1 

168 

285 

1061 

16 

3 

170 

183 

415 

18 

6 

Aug  

242 

126 

96 

20 

5 

Sep. 

231 

132 

89 

7 

2 

Oct. 

128 

89 

2 

1 

Nov  

98 

66 

6 

8 

Dec  

67 

95 

18 

5 

1 

1707 

1407 

2838 

118 

32 

*  Of  Meat.  Fish,  Fruit,  Vegetables,  Poultry,  etc. 

*  The  barrels  used  for  removing  night-soil  contain 
40  gallons.  A  load  of  garbage  is  about  equal  to  the 
displacement  of  a  ton  of  coal. 


The  furnace  with  which  the  above  was 
accomplished,  is  a  modification  of  the  gas 
regenerative  heating  furnaces  used  in  the 
rolling  mills  and  steel  works  of  this  city.  It 
cost  $2,280  to  build  it,  and  requires  only  two 
men  to  operate  it  day  and  night.  The  fuel 
used  is  natural  gas.  The  above  figures  can 
be  verified  by  affidavit  if  necessary  by  the 
keeper  of  the  crematory.  Who  says  now 
that  the  system  is  a  failure  ?  Very  respect- 
fully, Geo.  J.  Garrison,  M.  D., 

Health  Officer. 

HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN,  DECEM- 
BER, 1889. 
For  the  month  of  December,  1889,  com- 
pared with  the  preceding  month,  the  reports 
indicate  that  pneumonia,  inflammation  of 
kidney,  measles,  whooping-cohgh,  inflam- 
mation of  brain,  and  small-pox  increased, 
and  that  remittent  fever,  scarlet  fever,  ty- 
phoid fever,  typho-malarial  fever,  dysentery, 
and  puerperal  fever  decreased  in  preva- 
lence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the 
temperature  in  the  month  of  December, 
1889,  was  much  lower,  the  absolute  humidity 


436 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Yoi..  XV.  No.  310 


was  less,  the  relative  humidity,  and  the  day 
and  night  ozone  were  more. 

Compared  with  the  average  for  the  month 
of  December  in  the  three  years,  1886- 1888, 
inflammation  of  kidney,  measles,  whooping- 
cough,  inflammation  of  brain,  and  small-pox 
were  more  prevalent,  and  remittent  fever, 
typho-malarial  fever,  dysentery,  membran- 
ous croup,  cerebro-spinal  meningetis,  cholera 
morbus  and  cholera  infantum  were  less 
prevalent  in  December,  1889. 

For  the  month  of  December,  1889,  com- 
pared with  the  average  of  corresponding 
months  in  the  three  years,  1886- 1888,  the 
temperature  was  higher,  the  absolute  hu- 
midity was  more,  the  relative  humidity  was 
about  the  same,and  the  day  and  night  ozone 
were  slightly  more. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observers 
and  others,  diphtheria  was  reported  present 
in  Michigan  in  the  month  of  December,  i88q, 
at  fifty-seven  places;  scarlet  fever  at  sixty- 
four  places;  typhoid  fever  at  fifty-seven 
places;  measles  at  twenty-two  places,  and 
small-pox  at  two  places. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria 
reported  at  twelve  places  less;  scarlet  fever 
at  seven  places  less;  typhoid  fever  at 
twenty-six  places  less,  and  measles  at  four 
places  more  in  the  month  of  December, 
i88g,  than  in  the  preceding  month. 

Henry  B.  Baker, 
Lansing,  Michigan.  Secretary. 


THE    SANITARY  REQUIREMENTS 
OF  THE  MODERN  DWELLING- 
HOUSE. 

The  following  paper  was  read  before  the 
combined  meeting  of  the  members  of  the 
North-Western  and  Yorkshire  branches  of 
the  Society  of  the  Medical  Officers  of  Health, 
by  Francis  Vacher,  health  officer,  Birken- 
head. While  the  details  as  set  forth  would 
not  entirely  satisfy  the  demands  of  plumb- 
ing regulations  in  American  cities  some  of 
the  suggestions  may  be  of  use  where  ap- 
plicable : 

The  late  Prof.  Laycock,  of  Edinburgh, 
was  in  the  habit  of  introducing  the  subject 
on  which  he  lectured  to  his  students  by  say- 
ing that  the  Chair  of  Clinical  Medicine  was, 
as  it  were,  the  sun-chair  of  the  Faculty 
round  which  all  the  other  chairs  might  be 
represented  as  revolving.  Public  medicine, 
regarded  as  a  study  or  a  science,  includes 
many  studies  and  portions  of  many  sciences; 
but  the  subject  of  subjects  toward  which  all 
that  it  includes  converges  is  the  health  of 
the  individual,  the  family,  the  community. 
What  environment  shall  the  individual  and 
family  have  ?  or,  in  other  words,  how  shall 
they  be  housed  wholesomely  ?  is  the  con- 
stant question  for  all  medical  officers  of 
health,  the  sun-question  round  which  most 
of  the  inquiries  we  have  to  conduct  may  be 
said  to  revolve. 

The  principles  which  should  guide  us  in 
determining  the  requirements  of  the  modern 
dwelling-house  are  scarcely  in  dispute.  All 
admit  that  the  dwelling-house  should  be 


built  of  sound  material,  on  a  clean  founda- 
tion, that  it  should  be  well  aired  and  dry, 
well  lighted  and  warmed,  that  it  should  have 
a  pure  water-supply,  conveniences  for  bath- 
ing, washing,  and  cooking,  that  efficient  san- 
itary accommodation  should  be  provided, 
and  (last  not  least)  that  all  drains  should  be 
external  to  the  house,  and  all  direct  connec- 
tion therewith  should  be  broken.  On  this 
we  are  agreed.  It  is  when  we  get  beyond 
general  principles,  and  specify  details  (as 
we  are  almost  daily  required  to  do),  that  dif- 
ferences in  opinion  and  practice  begin  to 
appear.  Now  it  has  appeared  to  me  that 
the  present  gathering  of  medical  officers  of 
health  would  afford  a  particularly  favorable 
opportunity  for  discussing  the  details  of  the 
sanitary  requirements  of  the  dwelling-house. 
I  propose,  therefore,  very  briefly  to  give  my 
owji  views  on  this  matter,  not  as  being  spec- 
ially worthy  of  respect,  for  I  lay  claim  to  no 
special  knowledge  or  experience,  but  rather 
by  way  of  opening  a  discussion  on  the  sub- 
ject selected.  Some  one  must  lead  in  every 
discussion,  and  if  I  am  first  to-day  it  is  only 
primus  inter  pares.  My  opinions  on  plumb- 
ing and  drainage  details  are  not  unalterable. 
I  have  modified  them  before  and  shall  mod- 
ify them  again  on  cause  shown.  I  trust  we 
may  have  a  useful  and  improving  debate. 

I  propose  to  state  briefly  what  I  hold  nec- 
essary in  respect  of  the  various  require- 
ments, beginning  from  the  simplest. 

RAIN  CONDUCTING. 

1.  The  rain-pipes  be  of  cast-iron,  of  good 
quality  and  free  from  flaws,  and  of  three  to 
four  inches  in  diameter. 

2.  That  they  be  galvanized  or  oxidized. 

3.  That  they  be  securely  fixed  parallel  to 
the  wall  and  about  an  inch  from  it. 

4.  That  rain-gutters  be  of  metal,  securely 
fixed,  of  sufficient  capacity,  and  have  suffi- 
cient fall.  That  if  of  iron  they  be  galvanized 
or  oxidized. 

5.  That  all  rain-pipes  and  gutters  be  ex- 
ternal to  the  house. 

6.  That  every  rain-pipe  deliver  on  a  traj) 
or  channel  or  into  a  receptacle  for  collecting 
rain-water. 

7.  That  no  store  rain-cistern  have  an 
overflow  pipe  (trapped  or  otherwise)  into  a 
drain  or  sewer. 

8.  That  no  rain-pipe  be  in  any  case  util- 
ized to  ventilate  a  soil-pipe  or  drain  or  sewer. 

TRAPPING  YARD  AND  AREA  DRAINS. 

1.  That  traps  for  this  purpose  be  of  cast- 
iron  or  glazed  stoneware  or  earthenware,  of 
good  quality  and  free  from  flaws. 

2.  That  such  traps,  if  of  iron,  be  galvan- 
ized or  oxidized. 

3.  That  every  trap  have  a  seal  of  not  less 
than  2>^  inches  in  depth  i.e.  more  than  2>^ 
inches  in  depth  of  water  would  have  to 
evaporate  before  the  water-seal  would  be 
broken. 

4.  That  every  trap  be  provided  with  a 
grating  or  perforated  lid  to  guard  the  en- 
trance, hinged  or  movable  to  allow  the  trap 
to  be  readily  cleansed. 

5.  That  every  trap  be  set  level  and  se 


curely  jointed  to  the  drain  it  is  to  guard. 

6.  The  traps  used  for  this  purpose  be  of 
the  pattern  known  as  gulley- traps,  square  o 
round. 

SINK  WASTE-PIPES. 

1.  That  sink  waste-pipes  be  of  lead,  not 
less  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  securely  fixed 
and  protected  with  a  grating. 

2.  That  every  sink  waste-pipe  be  prop- 
erly trapped  and  disconnected  on  a  trap  ex- 
ternal to  the  house. 

3.  That  the  sink-trap  be  of  the  pattern 
known  as  S  trap,  having  a  water  seal  of  not 
less  than  2j4  inches,  and  having  an  access 
hole  to  cleanse  it  provided  with  a  screw 
stopper. 

BATH  AND    LAVATORY    WA.STE    AND  OVER- 
FLOW PIPES. 

1.  That  these  pipes  be  of  lead,  not  less 
than  an  inch  in  diameter,  securely  fixed  and 
protected  with  a  grating. 

2.  That  every  such  waste-pipe  be  prop- 
erly trapped  with  an  S  trap,  and  disconnected 
on  a  trap  external  to  the  house. 

3.  That  the  overflow-pipe  be  connected 
with  the  waste-pipe  between  the  bath  or 
basin  and  the  S  trap. 

WATER-CLOSET  FITTINGS. 

1.  That  the  whole  apparatus  be  of  the 
simjjlcst  description,  of  good  quality,  and 
jointed  and  fitted  in  a  workmanlike  manner. 

2.  That  basin  and  trap  be  of  glazed  stone- 
ware or  earthenware,  if  possible  all  in  one 
piece. 

3.  That  the  trap  be  an  S  trap,  4  inches  in 
diameter,  having  a  water-seal  of  not  less 
than  2>i  inches,  and  an  easy  curve. 

4.  That  the  apparatus  be  not  boxed  in 
with  wood  or  otherwise. 

5.  That  every  closet  be  flushed  with  a 
separate  service  cistern,  the  service-pipe 
being  not  less  than  i^  inch  in  diameter, 
and  delivering  not  less  than  two  gallons  at 
each  flush,  directed  into  the  mouth  of  the 
trap. 

6.  That  every  closet  in  a  house  be  against 
an  external  wall,  and  deliver  into  a  venti- 
lated soil-pipe  or  ventilated  drain  external 
to  the  house,  and  that  the  short  pipe  leading 
from  the  closet-trap  be  ventilated  into  the 
soil-pipe  ventilator. 

VENTILATING  SOIL-PIPES. 

1.  That  every  soil-pipe  have  a  ventilat- 
ing-pipe  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  soil- 
pipe. 

2.  That  the  ventilator  be  of  lead  or  iron, 
properly  jointed,  and  securely  fixed,  parallel 
with  the  wall,  but  a  little  removed  from  it, 
and  always  external  to  the  house. 

3.  That  such  ventilator,  if  of  iron,  be  gal- 
vanized or  oxidized. 

4.  That  every  ventilator  be  carried  up  at 
least  two  feet  above  the  roof  eaves,  and  that 
its  termination  be  not  near  any  dormer  win- 
dow or  skylight. 

5.  That  a  fresh-air  inlet  not  far  from  the 
base  of  the  soil-pipe  be  provided.  As  this 
inlet  occasionally  serves  as  an  outlet,  it 
should  not  be  near  enough  to  the  house  to 
cause  the  slightest  effluvium  nuisance. 


Jan.  11,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


437 


HOUSE  DKAINS. 

1.  Thai  the  drains  be  hud  wholly  outside 
the  house. 

2.  That  these  drains  he  made  of  f,dazed 
stoneware  or  earthenware  pipes,  unwarpcd 
and  free  from  flaws  and  cracks,  and  pro- 
vided with  flanges. 

3.  That  the  pipes  be  properly  laid  in  a 
bed  of  good  concrete,  with  a  sufficient  fall 
and  tightly  jointed  with  cement,  the  pipes 
being  in  no  case  less  than  four  inches  in 
diameter. 

4.  That  when  a  connection  has  to  be 
made,  a  suitable  junction  pipe  be  used,  such 
junction  in  no  case  being  rectangular. 

5.  That  the  soil-pipes,  yard-traps,  etc.,  be 
properly  connected  with  cement  joints,  suit- 
able curved  pipes  and  junction  pipes  being 
used  as  required. 

6.  That  when  necessary,  a  grease-trap  be 
provided  and  fitted  in  an  accessible  position. 

7.  That  just  beyond  the  fresh-air  inlet 
already  referred  to  a  suitable  trap  should  be 
introduced,  the  trap  having  a  water-seal  of 
not  less  than  inches,  and  being  accessi- 
ble for  cleansing. 

8.  That  the  drains  of  every  house  deliver 
separately  into  a  sewer. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

1.  That  every  house  not  having  a  well  of 
wholesome  water  have  a  supply  direct  from 
the  main  (tap  being  marked  MAIN),  and  a 
service  to  a  store  cistern. 

2.  That  the  service-pipe  be  at  least  one 
inch  in  diameter. 

3.  That  the  store  cistern  be  of  slate,  or 
stone,  or  galvanized  or  oxidized  iron,  or  of 
suitable  material  lead  or  zinc  lined,  holding 
not  less  than  one  hundred  gallons,  and  be 
readily  accessible  for  cleansing. 

4.  That  the  cistern  overflow-pipe  be  made 
to  terminate  externally  as  a  warning-pipe, 
and  the  flow  be  regulated  by  a  ball-cock. 

5.  That  the  cistern  have  a  waste-pipe 
disconnected  on  a  trap  external  to  the  house. 

HOT  WATER  APPARATUS. 

1.  That  the  high-pressure  boiler  at  the 
back  of  the  kitchen  fire  be  of  copper  or  iron, 
quite  smooth  inside,  the  angles  and  corners 
being  rounded  off  so  that  no  air  may  lodge 
within. 

2.  That  an  access  hole  properly  protected 
be  provided  for  this  boiler. 

3.  That  a  pipe  terminating  with  a  screw- 
top  (not  a  tap)  be  taken  from  the  lowest 
point  of  the  boiler  to  empty  it  previous  to 
repairs. 

4.  That  a  pipe  be  taken  from  the  highest 
point  of  the  boiler  as  an  outflow  for  the 
cylinder,  and  that  the  return-pipe  (entered 
at  the  top  or  the  back)  be  continued  within 
the  boiler  by  a  short  length  of  pipe. 

5.  That  the  hot-water  cylinder  be  of  cop- 
per or  zinc,  and  be  fixed  near  the  boiler  on 
a  higher  level,  access  to  the  inside,  securely 
protected,  being  provided. 

6.  That  the  boiler  outflow  and  return- 
pipes  be  connected  at  the  bottom  of  the 
cylinder,  and  that  the  cold  supply  from  the 
store  cistern  be  led  in  here. 


7.  That  the  expansion  pipe  be  taken  from 
the  highest  point  of  the  cylinder,  and  led  up 
to  terminate  close  to  a  chimney  commonly 
in  use. 

8.  That  the  hot-water  supplies  required 
be  branched  from  the  expansion  i)ii)e  at  an 
acute  angle. 

This  completes  my  statement  of  sanitary 
requirements  in  a  model  dwelling.  How  in- 
complete the  statement  is  no  one  can  be 
more  conscious  than  I  am  myself.  Sugges- 
tions enabling  me  to  vary  the  statement  or 
add  to  it  arc  invited.  The  more  I  receive 
the  better  I  shall  be  pleased. 

Some  so-called  conveniences  commonly 
provided,  such  as  housemaids'  sinks  and 
ashpits,  I  have  made  no  mention  of,  as  I  dis- 
approve of  them  altogether,  and  consider 
that  in  any  form,  and  however  safe-guarded, 
they  are  objectionable. 


FANS  OR  HOT  WATER. 
The  entire  absence  of  sanitary  arrange- 
ments in  Chinese  towns  and  villages  being 
well  known,  it  goes  without  saying  that  the 
laws  of  hygiene  are  utterly  and  entirely  neg- 
lected. There  is  no  isolation  of  infectious 
diseases,  and  no  attention  is  paid  to  causes 
of  death  unless  there  is  supposition  of  vio- 
lence. According  to  our  ideas,  therefore, 
Chinese  cities  ought  to  be  hot-beds  of  dis- 
ease, subjected  regularly  to  those  terrible 
epidemics  which,  with  us,  are  invariably 
associated  with  the  neglect  of  sanitary  laws. 
Strange  to  say,  such  is  not  the  case.  Epi- 
demics come  and  go  without  any  apparent 
reason,  appearing,  perhaps,  suddenly,  caus- 
ing a  heavy  mortality  for  a  short  time,  and 
then  as  suddenly  disappearing  again,  thus 
affording  an  endless  field  of  speculation  to 
the  foreign  savant.  But,  speaking  gener- 
ally, Chinese  towns  enjoy  an  immunity  from 
these  dangerous  outbreaks  almost  as  com- 
plete as  that  of  well-drained  European  com- 
munities, and  the  cause  of  this  puzzling  and 
curious  phenomenon  has  been  variously  ex- 
plained. The  fact  is  all  the  more  striking 
when  taken  in  connection  with  the  contam- 
inated water  supplies  of  Chinese  towns  the 
effect  of  which  on  Europeans  has  been  man- 
ifested over  and  over  again  in  the  heavy 
mortality  which  overtook  them  previous  to 
the  adoption  of  precautions  enjoined  by 
modern  sanitary  science.  The  healthiness 
of  Chinese  cities  has  been  ingeniously  attrib- 
uted by  some  people  to  the  universal  habit 
of  fanning,  a  practice  which  is  said  to  keep 
the  atmosphere  in  constant  circulation.  How 
far  this  explanation  can  be  deemed  to  suffice 
we  must  leave  to  experts  to  decide,  but,  so 
far  as  a  contaminated  water  supply  is  con- 
cerned, we  believe  that  the  real  secret  of 
immunity  from  its  evil  effects  to  lie  in  the 
universal  custom  of  boiling  all  water  in- 
tended for  drinking.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  Chinese  never  drink  cold  water.  The 
national  beverage,  which,  in  a  true  sense 
may  be  said  to  cheer  but  not  inebriate,  is 
tea,  and  this  is  always  "on  tap,"  even  in  the 
houses  of  the  very  poor.  The  native  aver- 
sion to  cold  water  is  undoubtedly  carried  to 


extremes,  and  certainly  induces  diseases 
which  might  easily  be  avoided  by  a  judicious 
system  of  outward  application.  In  the  mat- 
ter of  ablutions  it  must,  however,  be  admit- 
ted, that  the  Chinese  enjoy  facilities  which, 
however  little  they  are  taken  advantage 
of,  are  far  in  advance  of  anything  within 
the  reach  of  the  poorer  classes  of  our 
own  favored  land.  Every  little  hamlet 
in  China  has  a  shoi)  where  hot  water  can  be 
bought  for  a  trifling  sum  at  any  hour  of  the 
day  or  night.  Even  in  a  small  fishing  vil- 
lage on  a  remote  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Pe- 
chili,  where  the  writer  spent  six  weeks  under 
very  unpleasant  circumstances  during  a 
severe  winter,  this  was  the  case,  and  a  great 
convenience  it  proved. —  T/ic  National  Re- 
view. 

An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Waterworks  Association  will  be  held 
n  Boston,  January  2,  1890,  opening  at  11 
o'clock  A.  M. 


A  good  paint  for  shingle  roofs,  that  can  be 
applied  cold  and  drys  quickly,  can  be  made 
as  follows:  One  barrel  of  coal  tar,  ten 
pounds  of  asphaltum,  ten  pounds  of  ground 
slate;  mix  by  the  aid  of  heat  and  add  two 
gallons  of  dead  oil. 


SULPHUR  IN  FUMIGATION. 
It  appears  that  the  prevailing  method  of 
disinfection  by  means  of  burning  sulphui 
is  considered  by  some  of  the  leading  bacterio- 
logists as  of  less  value  than  it  has  heretofore 
been  considered.  Dr.  J.  G.  Johnson  read  a 
paper  before  the  Kings  County  Medical  Soc- 
iety on  the  17th  ult.,  in  which  he  stated  that 
he  had  proved  the  present  system  of  fumi- 
gation as  worthless  for  the  destruction  of 
disease-germs;  that  the  fumes  of  burning 
sulphur  do  not  penetrate  woolens  as  disease- 
germs  do.  He  also  stated  that  he  had  pro- 
pagated diphtheria  from  the  clippings  of 
blankets  after  they  had  undergone  a  thor- 
ough process  of  fumigation  by  burning  sul- 
phur. Dr.  Prudden,  of  the  New  York  City 
Board  of  Health,  appears  to  have  come  to 
the  same  conclusion,  and  in  both  New  York 
and  Brooklyn  currents  of  steam  are  to  be 
recommended  for  disinfecting  purposes  in- 
stead of  burning  sulphur. 


There  are  two  kinds  of  varnish  used  to 
produce  ivory  gloss  on  wood — one  a  solu- 
tion of  colorless  resin  in  turpentine,  the 
other  in  alcohol.  For  the  first,  pure  copal 
is  taken;  for  the  second,  sixteen  parts  of 
sandaric  are  dissolved  in  sufficient  strong 
alcohol,  to  which  are  added  three  parts  of 
camphor;  and  lastly,  when  all  are  dissolved 
by  shaking, 5  parts  of  Venetian  turpentine  are 
added.  In  order  to  cause  the  color  to  remain 
a  pure  white  care  must  be  taken  not  to  mix 
the  oil  with  the  white  paint  previously  put 
on.  Best  French  zinc  paint  mixed  with  tur- 
pentine is  to  be  employed.  When  dry,  this 
is  rubbed  down  with  sandpaper,  and  this  is 
followed  with  the  application  of  the  varnish 
above  described. 


438 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  310 


BUILDING. 


CONGRESSMEN  AND  PUBLIC  BUIL- 
DINGS. 

It  is  a  striking  commentary  on  the  mo- 
tives that  control  a  large  number  of  congress- 
men, says  the  Conwiercial  Advertiser,  that 
more  than  seventy  were  urgently  pressing 
upon  Speaker  Reed  their  claims  to  assign- 
ment on  the  committee  on  public  buildings 
and  grounds.  This  committee  has  no  legis- 
lative functions  which  offer  opportunity  for 
a  display  of  statesmanship.  It  originates  no 
bills  effecting  the  laws  of  the  land,  the  nat- 
ional or  State  government,  nor  the  interests 
of  the  public;  there  is  no  branch  of  national 
legislation  (properly  speaking)  which  it  can 
influence — yet  Speaker  Reed  says  that  the 
formation  of  the  committee  gave  him  more 
trouble  than  all  the  other  committees  to- 
gether. About  one-fourth  of  the  entire  house 
was  seeking  assignment  upon  it.  There  was 
no  such  pressure  to  get  on  the  ways  and 
means,  the  judiciary,  the  commerce,  the  re- 
vision of  laws,  the  elections,  the  military  or 
the  naval  committees,  the  foreign  affairs,  the 
banking  and  currency,  education  or  any  one 
of  these  committees  which  have  the  affairs 
of  the  nation  to  deal  with.  There  are  few 
methods  of  strengthening  the  congressman 
in  the  estimation  of  his  constituents,  more 
efficacious  than  the  authorization  of  expen- 
ditures of  government  money  on  city  buil- 
dings. This  scramble  for  a  position  on  these 
committees  emphasizes  the  want  of  a  Board 
of  Public  Works  who  can  fairly  adjudge 
both  on  the  needs  of  the  different  cities  for 
.  government  buildings,  and  also  on  the  mer- 
its of  plans  submitted. 


PLANS  FOR  ELEVATOR  CONSTRUC- 
TION. 

There  is  absolutely  no  reason  whatever 
why  an  elevator  shaft  should  not  be  built  in 
such  a  manner  that  in  the  event  of  fire  it 
would  lead  the  flames  directly  upward 
through  the  roof  without  spreading  them 
through  the  other  floors  of  the  building.  It 
is  perfect  nonsense  to  say  that  the  present 
incendiary  construction  of  most  of  these 
elevator  shafts  is  necessary.  They  can  and 
should  build  with  substantial  brick  walls, 
with  practicable  fire  doors  at  each  landing, 
should  be  carried  above  the  roof,  and  should 
be  covered  with  glass,  after  the  manner 
which  has  been  adopted  in  the  most  modern 
theater  construction  for  skylights  above  the 
stage.  It  is  a  simple  question  of  money,  and 
in  the  common  interests  of  humanity  the 
owners  of  property  should  be  compelled  to 
build  in  this  manner.  The  quick  and  des- 
tructive communication  of  the  fire  to  every 
story  of  the  Maillard  building  on  Union 
Square,  and  the  leap  of  the  flames  from  bot- 
tom to  top  of  McKesson  &  Robbins'  big 
drug  warehouse  on  Fulton  street.  New  York, 
was  directly  due  to  the  same  agency,  involv- 
ing heavy  loss,  most  of  which,  had  the  shaft 
be?n  differently  built,  would  have  undoubt- 
edly been  averted.    In  the  case  of  existing 


unenclosed  elevators  and  hoistways  the  use 
of  automatically  closing  hatches  at  each 
floor  should  also  be  made  compulsory. — 
Fh'e  and  Water. 


MORE  STRINGENT  BUILDING  LAWS. 

The  Western  Manufacturer  noticing  the 
reported  absence  of  really  fire-proof  build- 
ings in  any  of  our  American  cities,  says: 
"Building  laws  are  quoted  by  those  who 
have  no  direct  observation  over  the  con- 
struction of  contiguous  business  property  as 
being  effective  to  prevent  the  existence  of 
structures  which  jeopardize  millions  upon 
millions  of  dollars  in  value.  Still,  it  is  an 
unfortunate  fact,  and  one  which  will  not 
meet  with  general  denial,  that  under  the 
present  system  of  administering  the  statutes 
of  like  charcter  in  this  country,  dishonest 
builders  are  enabled  to  evade  the  penalties 
provided  by  "building  laws."  As  a  result 
great  fires  occur  at  short  intervals,  life  and 
material  wealth  are  destroyed,  which  horrifies 
everyone,  but  no  one  appears  to  be  respon- 
sible for  the  calamity.  Until  some  greater 
prevention  in  the  architecture  and  construc- 
tion of  business  buildings  is  employed,  we 
may  safely  calculate  to  continue  to  exhaust 
the  annual  amount  of  $100,000,000  on  na- 
tional wealth  which  has  for  some  years  past 
been  appropriated  to  feed  the  fiery  elements, 
principally  attributable  to  the  defect  in  this 
particular.  Just  as  long  as  unsafe  buildings 
are  allowed  to  remain,  and  fire  insurance 
companies  will  assume  risks  on  them,  just 
that  long  a  premium  is  offered  to  dishonest 
property  owners  and  builders  to  continue 
these  magazines  which  jeopardize  contigu- 
ous property,  and  thereby,  through  insurance 
companies,  many  other  interests.  There  are 
any  number  of  veritable  fire-traps  right  in 
the  business  center  of  Chicago — buildings 
that  exteriorly  look  well,  but  are  dangerous 
in  case  of  fire,  and  involve  not  only  their 
own  destruction,  but  that  of  millions  of  val- 
uable contiguous  property.  It  is  argued, 
with  some  degree  of  reason,  that  insurance 
companies  are  responsible  for  much  of  the 
destruction  of  property  by  fire.  We  are  not 
adverse  to  the  opinion  that  if  no  insurance 
was  to  be  relied  on  the  construction  of  build- 
ings would  be  a  matter  of  greater  care,  and 
a  more  perfect  system  of  watchfulness  to 
guard  life  and  property  would  be  brought 
into  requisition.  This  subject  might  reason- 
ably occupy  the  attention  of  underwriters 
generally,  which,  under  appropriate  agita- 
tion, would  go  far  toward  the  adoi)tion  of 
measures  to  be  employed  in  endeavoring  to 
make  it  an  imperative  obligation  on  the  part 
of  property  owners  in  business  sections  of 
large  cities  to  not  only  construct  fire-proof 
buildings  exteriorly,  but  interiorly  as  well, 
so  that  in  the  event  of  fire  some  opportu- 
nity wouW  exist  for  its  suppression  within 
the  walls  of  its  origin,  without  the  usual  de- 
struction of  entire  contents  and  building. 


Send  in  your  subscriptions  for  Tin;  San- 
itary News. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

R.  S.  Roeschlaub,  Denver,  Col.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  building  for  the  Bell  estate,  to 
cost  $30,000. 

The  plans  of  Scott,  McDermott  &  Higgs 
for  a  new  county  court  house,  at  Key  West, 
Fla.,  have  been  accepted. 

W.  J.  Ea'er,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  flat 
building  to  be  erected  at  942-46  Park  avenue 
for  H.  H.  Bishop,  to  cost  $20,000. 

S.  S.  Beman,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 
Catholic  Church  for  Pullman,  111.,  70x125 
feet,  brick  and  stone,  to  cost  $40,000. 

N.  T.  Haller,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  a  row  of  six  three  story  and  base- 
ment brick  dwellings,  to  cost  $24,000. 

A.  S.  Eichberg,  Savannah,  Ga.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  four  story  warehouse,  68x180 
feet,  for  Andrew  Hanley,  to  cost  $30,000. 

Mortimer  L.  Smith  &  Son,  Detroit,  Mich., 
have  completed  plans  for  a  two  story  build- 
ing for  Maxwell  M.  Fisher,  to  cost  $30,000. 

E.  Cutshaw,  Denver,  Col.,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  six  story  business  block  to  be 
erected  in  that  city  for  J.  Q.  Charles,  at  a 
cost  of  $125,000. 

F.  P.  Kendrick,  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  college  to  be  erected  at 
Rensselaer.  It  will  be  of  brick  and  stone, 
66x126  feet,  three  stories  in  height. 

Julius  Germuiller,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  four  three  story  and  basement 
brick  dwellings  to  be  erected  in  the  north- 
west section  for  Diller  B.  Groff,  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000. 

William  G.  Bonfield,  Chicago,  has  made 
plans  for  a  four  story  flat  building,  25x60 
feet,  pressed  brick  and  stone,  to  be  erected 
on  Evans  avenue  for  E.  H.  Thorp,  at  a  cost 
of  $10,000. 

Burling  &  Whitehouse,  Chicago,  have 
made  plans  for  a  factory  building,  four 
stories  and  basement,  102x50  feet,  to  be 
erected  at  89-95  Ewing  street  for  Frederick 
T.  Haskell,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

F.  E.  Edbrooke  &  Co.,  Denver,  Col.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  six  story  stone  business 
block  to  be  erected  in  that  city  for  C.  G. 
Chever,  at  a  cost  of  Sioo,ooo.  Also,  aSi5,- 
000  dwelling  for  Dr.  Whitehead. 

John  Gash,  San  P'rancisco,  Cal.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  four  story  building  for  Mrs.  E. 
H.  Conly,  to  be  erected  on  Taylor  street, 
near  O'Farrell,  at  a  cost  of  $36,500.  Also, 
another  building  for  the  same  owner  to  cost 
$34,000. 

T.  J.  Welsh,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  three  story  flat  building 
to  be  erected  at  Turk  and  Lagman  streets, 
for  A.  Legallet,  at  a  cost  of  $15,500.  Also,  a 
stone  and  brick  building  for  J.  P.  Hale,  to 
be  erected  at  McAllister  and  Larkin  streets, 
at  a  cost  of  $168,500. 

Architect  Germuiller,  Washington,  D.  C, 
has  finished  plans  for  nine  brick  dwellings, 
to  be  erected  in  the  northwest  section. 
They  will  be  16x47  each,  two  stories;  cost, 


Jan.  li,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


^130,000.  Also,  for  six  two  story  and  base- 
ment dwellings  for  Mr.  Simon  Carmody. 
They  will  be  16x41  each,  of  pressed  brick; 
cost,  $24,000. 

M.  E.  Bell,  Chicago,  is  making  plans  for 
a  two  story  basement  and  attic  stone  resi- 
dence, 25x73  feet,  to  be  erected  on  Wash- 
ington boulevard,  between  Sacramento 
avenue  and  ?'rancisco  street  for  Mrs.  Martha 
R.  Hallam;  at  a  cost  of  $15,000. 

Charles  S.  Frost,  Chicago,  has  designed 
a  laboratory  and  office  building  for  the  Illi- 
nois Steel  Company,  to  be  added  to  the 
South  Chicago  plant.  It  will  cost  $25,000. 
Also,  a  residence  for  G.  B.  Shaw,  to  be 
erected  on  Michigan  boulevard,  between 
Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  streets,  at  a 
cost  of  $25,000. 

Adolphus  Druiding,  Chicago,  has  plans 
for  a  two  story  and  basement  Catholic 
Parochial  School,  70x90  feet,  pressed  brick 
and  stone,  to  be  erected  at  Marine  City, 
Mich.,  at  a  cost  of  Si8,ooo.  Also,  a  church 
for  Armourdale,  Kas.,  54x132  feet,  brick  and 
stone,  to  cost  $32,000.  Also,  a  church  for 
Green  Bay,  Wis.,  to  cost  $36,000  and  one  for 
Vincennes,  Ind.,  to  cost  $19,000. 

Furst  &  Rudolph,  Chicago,  are  making 
plans  for  two  new  school  houses,  one  to  be 
erected  on  the  south  end  of  the  Longfellow 
school  lot,  and  the  other  on  Campbell  ave- 
nue, between  Taylor  and  Fillmore  streets, 
three  stories  and  basement,  pressed  brick 
and  stone,  steam  heat.  The  first  will  con- 
tain nine  rooms  and  cost  $40,000,  and  the 
latter,  sixteen  rooms  with  assembly  hall, 
cost  $70,000. 

L.  G.  Hallberg,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  block  of  stores  to  be  erected  for  Simon 
Florsheim,  at  215-21  Wabash  avenue,  seven 
stories  and  basement,  80x160  feet,  at  a  cost 
$1 50,000.  Also,  a  furniture  factory  for  A.  H. 
Andrews  &  Co.,  to  be  erected  at  Twenty- 
second  and  Fisk  streets,  seven  stories  and 
basement,  50x110  feet,  to  cost  $20,000. 

Sprague  «&  Newell,  Chicago,  have  plans 
for  a  hotel  for  the  Colorado  Coal  &  Iron 
Company,  to  be  erected  at  Pueblo,  Col.  It 
will  be  120x250  feet,  exterior  of  red  sand- 
stone, hardwood  interior,  elevators,  steam 
heat  and  all  modern  improvements.  The 
cost  will  be  $200,000.  They  also  have  plans 
for  a  $30,000  store  and  office  building  for 
Shurlow  &  Williams,  at  the  same  place,  and 
a  $15,000  warehouse  to  be  erected  on  Thirty- 
ninth  street  near  Cottage  Grove  avenue,  for 
N.  F.  Nickerson. 


PLUMBING. 


A  new  process  for  hardening  plaster-of- 
paris,  making  that  substance  suitable  for 
flooring  purposes,  has  been  communicated 
to  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  by  M. 
Julte.  The  plaster  is  mixed  with  one-sixth 
of  its  weight  with  fine,  freshly  slaked  lime 
and  used  with  as  little  water  as  possible. 
After  it  is  thoroughly  dry  it  is  treated 
with  a  saturated  solution  of  either  zinc 
sulphate  or  iron  sulphate.  With  the 
first  the  hardened  plaster  remains  white 
while  the  second  by  gradual  "Bxidation 
yields  the  color  iron  rust,  which  gives  a  fine 
imitation  of  mahogany  under  an  application 
of  linseed  oil. 


MASTER  PLUMBER'S  MEETING  AND 
ELECTION  OF  OFFICERS. 

The  members  of  the  Chicago  Master 
Plumber's  Association  held  their  first  meet- 
ing of  1890,  at  Grand  Army  hall,  in  the 
Honore  building,  last  Thursday  evening. 
The  most  important  business  was  the  elec- 
tion of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year.  Among 
those  present  were  President,  A.  W.  Mur- 
ray; Secretary,  Jno.  R.  Alcock;  P.  J.  Laugh- 
lin,  J.  J.  Shay,  Hugh  Watt,  J.  G.  Kilian,  Wil- 
liam Williams,  P.  L.  O'Hara,  M.  L.  Manda- 
ble,  C.  J.  Brooks,  Henry  Bower,  J.  J.  Rourke, 
Thomas  Conlan,  C.  M.  Foskett,  David 
Whitefoid,  C.  J.  Herbert,  C.  C.  Breyer, 
Charles  Cavanah,  M.  H.  Riley,  Alex.  Irons, 
George  Weber,  Rupert  Coleman,  M.  C.  Mc- 
Donald, William  Morris,  Robert  Griffith, 
John  Connell,  P.  Nacey,  John  J.  Hamblin,  P. 
Sanders,  William  Bowden,  Frank  Falk,  T. 
C.  Boyd,  James  J.  Clark,  Andrew  Young  and 
J.  H.  Roach. 

Hugh  Watt,  Chairman  of  the  Apprentice- 
ship Committee,  reported  that  no  complaints 
have  been  made  during  the  year  just  passed 
from  either  master  or  apprentice.  The 
annual  circular  was  sent  out  in  March,  to 
all  master  plumbers,  requesting  them  to 
send  in  reports  of  all  apprentices  in  their 
employ.  One  hundred  and  fifty-five  circu- 
lars have  been  sent  out  and  only  twenty-six 
responses  were  received.  The  number  of 
boys  reported  was  168.  Apprenticeship 
certificates  have  been  issued  to  each.  Seven 
journeymen  certificates  were  issued  during 
the  year.  Only  fifteen  have  been  issued, 
although  the  list  contains  the  names  of  624 
persons  who  are  entitled  to  certificates. 

The  report  recommended  that  at  least 
three  lectures  be  given  each  year  to  the 
apprentices. 

The  meeting  then  went  into  executive  ses- 
sion, after  which  Treasurer  Sanders  reported 
that  he  had  received  during  the  year  $2,- 
761.41  and  paid  out  $2,635.42,  leaving  a 
balance  on  hand  of  $3,582.92,  an  increase  for 
the  year  of  $125.99.  Financial  Secretary 
Hamblin's  report  agreed  with  this  and 
showed,  further,  that  the  membership  Jan- 
uary I,  1889,  was  150,  eleven  had  been  sus- 
pended, four  had  died,  and  thirteen  new 
members  had  been  added,  making  the 
number  at  present  148. 

Robert  Griffith  moved  a  recommendation 
that  the  National  Convention  be  held  this 
year  two  weeks  earlier  than  heretofore.  The 
motion  was  carried. 

Mr.  Griffith  also  submitted  a  resolution, 
which  was  unanimously  carried  to  the  effect 
that  the  legislative  committee  be  instructed 
to  use  all  honorable  means  to  have  a  law 
passed  by  the  city  council,  compelling 
plumbers  to  work  at  the  trade  seven  years 
before  they  are  given  a  license. 

The  next  business  in  order  was  the  elec 
tion  of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year,  which 
resulted  as  follows  :  President,  Hugh  Watt 
first     vice-president,    David  Whiteford 


second  vice-president,  James  J.  Clark  ;  third 
vice-president,  George  Weber  ;  fourth  vice- 
president,  David  Bain  ;  fifth  vice-president. 
Charier  E.  Breyer  ;  treasurer,  John  J.  Ham- 
blin ;  financial  secretary,  M.  L.  Mandable  ; 
seargeant-at-arms,  C.  J.  Herbert.  Mr.  Watt, 
the  newly  elected  president,  chose  Alex. 
Irons  as  secretary  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Mr.  Coleman  moved  that  A.  W.  Murray 
be  appointed  to  represent  the  interests  of 
the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  at  the 
meeting  of  the  National  Builders'  Exchange, 
he  being  a  member  of  the  Exchange  and  a 
delegate  to  the  Convention.  The  motion 
was  put  by  President  Watt  and  unanimously 
carried. 

In  retiring  from  the  presidency  Mr.  Mur- 
ray made  a  short  address,  including  a  sum- 
I  mary  of  the  year's  work.    After  a  standing 
vote  of  thanks  had  been  tendered  to  the 
retiring  officers  the  meeting  adjourned. 


EXAMINATION  OF  PLUMBERS. 

The  first  examination  under  the  new  law 
requiring  plumbers  to  pass  an  examination 
before  doing  business  in  St.  Paul,  says  the  .,V. 
W.  Builder  and  Decorator,  occured  this 
month,  and  all  the  plumbers  in  the  city  were 
present. 

We  were  ready  to  predict  when  the  law 
was  enacted  that  the  examinations  would  be 
a  farce,  just  as  nine  out  often  of  similar  ex- 
aminations are  because  of  the  nature  of  the 
questions.    Had  the  plumbers  come  before 
a  civil  service  board,  they  would  have  been 
asked  all  about  the  Darwinian  descent,  the 
climate  of  Timbuctoo,  the  procession  of  the 
equinoxes,  and  the  respectabilily  of  the  equa- 
tor, because  Sidney  Smith  said  some  one 
spoke  disrespectfully  of  it.  But  we  have  been 
disappointed,  and  we  are  glad  to  be  able  to 
say  the  examination  was  in  every  respect 
a  model  one,  one  fairer  to  the  applicant  and 
more  comprehensive  in  its  test  of  his  work- 
ing knowledge  than  we  would  have  supposed 
it  possible  to  make.     Seventy-three  ques- 
tions were  asked,  and  not  one  of  them  was 
superfluous  or  foreign  to  the  subject  in  hand, 
and  not  one  of  them  required  knowledge  to 
answer  it,  which  should  not  be  possessed  by 
every  plumber.  But  more  important  than 
the  questions  were  the  diagrams  of  which 
nineteen  were  given.  They  coverd  about 
every  possible  point  in  a  roughed-in  job  of 
plumbing  wherein   one  not  competent  to 
do  good  work  would  be  liable  to  make  a  mis- 
take, and  wherein  a  mistake  would  endanger 
the  health  of  the  persons  occupying  the  build- 
ing so  plumbed.    Such  points  as  the  pro- 
per pitch  of  horizontal  pipes,  the  ventilation 
of  traps,  the  drainage  of  drip-pans,  by-passes, 
etc.,  were  illustrated,  and  the  questions  per- 
tained to  these  graphic  illustrations,  and 
they  were  eminently  fair — indeed,  a  know- 
ledge of  them  is  a  vital  necessity  on  the  part 
of  both  journeymen  and  master  plumbers, 
and  the  city  is  to  be  congratulated  that  the 
Building  and  Plumbing  Inspectors  are  mas- 
ters of  the  situation,  which  is  one  with  many 
difficulties.    The  result  of  the  examination 
is  not  known  as  we  go  to  press. 


uo 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


fVor.  XV.  No.  310 


NEW  YORK   MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  New  York 
Master  Plumbers,  the  Executive  Committee 
made  a  report  on  a  commumication  received 
from  the  Brooklyn  Master  Plumbers  Associa- 
tion. The  communication  consisted  of  the 
following  circular  published  for  circulation 
among  the  masters  and  journeymen  plumb- 
ers of  Brooklyn  and  signed  by  the  officers 
of  the  Association  and  Union.  Following  is 
the  circular: 

Brooklyn,  Nov.,  1889. 
Dear  Sir — You  are  hereby  notified  that 
on  and  after  the  first  day  of  May,  1890,  no 
Master  Plumber  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn  will 
employ  any  Journeymen  Plumber  or  Gas 
Fitter  unless  he  is  a  member  in  good  stand- 
ing of  the  Journeymen's  Union  of  this  City, 
and 

Fu)-thcnnore,  No  Union  Journeyman  will 
be  permitted  to  work  for  any  Master  Plumb- 
er of  the  City  of  Brooklyn,  unless  the  said 
Master  Plumber  is  a  member  in  good  stand- 
ing of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of 
this  city. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

[Master  Pltuiibers)  Thomas  Hudson,  Wm. 
J.  Roche,  Wm.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  Thos.  H.  Rad- 
cliffe,  Geo.  B.  Lewis.  {Journeymen  Plumb- 
ers) James  J.  Doody,  Patrick  H.  Gleason, 
David  Hodgins,  Harry  Fox,  James  Laverty. 
—  Conference  Committee. 

The  circular  was  accompanied  by  a  letter 
from  Secretary  Wm.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  of  the 
Brooklyn  Association,  requesting  that  it  be 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  New  York 
Association. 

The  report  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  New  York  Master  Plumbers'  Association 
on  the  communication  and  its  inclosure, 
which  was  unanimously  adopted,  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

New  York,  December  20,  1889. 
To  the  President,  Officers  and  Members  of 
the  Association  of  Master  Plumbers^  of  Netu 
York. 

Gentlemen: — The  Executive  Committee 
of  this  Association,  in  session  on  the  above 
date  (Mr.  Jones  A  Rossman,  chairman,  and 
Mr.  L.  D.  Hosford,  secretary),  referring  to 
the  letter  received  from  the  Brooklyn  As- 
sociation of  Master  Plumbers,  dated  Dec- 
ember 13,  1889,  with  the  joint  circular  ac- 
companing  same,  does  hereby  recommend: 

That  the  action  of  the  Brooklyn  Master 
Plumbers'  Association  in  this  matter  receive 
the  earnest  condemnation  and  disaprobation 
of  the  New  York  Association,  inasmuch  as 
it  is  utterly  at  variance  in  spirit  with  the  ab- 
solute, personal  and  independent  right  of  the 
individual  to  work  or  not  to  work,  to  employ 
or  not  to  employ.  This  being  a  matter  of 
fundamental  principle,  should  never  have 
been  questioned  or  assailed. 

Furthermore,  That  the  New  York  As- 
sociation of  Master  Plumbers  consider  the 
action  of  the  Brooklyn  Association  of  Mas- 
ter I^lumbcrs  in  issuing  this  circular  letter 
as  dictatorial,  illegal,  unconstitutional  and 
tending  to  encourage  conspiracy. 

Furthermore,  We  rcommend  that  this  As- 


sociation advise  the  Brooklyn  Master 
Plumbers'  Association  to  withdraw  from 
their  illegal  compact,  which  we  consider  de- 
trimental to  the  best  interests  of  the  trade 
at  large.       Respectfully  submitted. 

(Signatures  of  Executive  Committee.) 
On  motion  of  Mr.  Henry  Gabay,  the  sec- 
retary was,  by  unanimous  vote,  instructed 
to  forward  to  the  Brooklyn  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers  a  copy  of  the  above  report 
as  a  fitting  reply  to  their  communication 
and  joint  circular. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

Byrne  &  Tucker,  New  Yory  city,  did  the 
sanitary  plumbing  in  Mr.  Brokaw's  hand- 
some new  §1,000,000  residence. 

P.  A.  Wagner,  T.  H.  Parrott,  and  W.  H. 
Beers,  of  Portland,  Ore.,  have  incorpor- 
ated a  company,  with  a  capital  of  Si, 000, 
to  carry  on  a  general  plumbing  business. 

E.  Baggot,  169  Adams  street,  Chicago,  has 
secured  the  contract  for  the  plumbing  work 
in  the  magnificent  new  building  of  the  New 
York  Life  Insurance  Company  at  Minne- 
apolis, Minn. 

A.  C.  Hickey,  Madison  and  South  Clinton 
streets,  Chicago,  is  putting  in  a  complete 
stage  outfit  at  the  West  Chicago  Club  House 
on  Troop  street.  He  has  begun  overhauling 
the  Standard  Theater  and  putting  in  a  new 
Hickey  sun  burner. 

James  Allison,  of  122  Main  St.,  Cincinnati, 
has  issued  a  New  Year's  card  in  the  form  of 
a  pretty  little  calendar.  On  the  card  is  a 
pretty  face  brightened  and  made  happy  be- 
cause her  "pa  gets  his  work  done  by  Allison, 
the  plumber." 

Through  a  letter  from  the  firm  of  Nolan 
Bros.  &  Co.,  of  Cincinnati,  we  receive  the  sad 
inteligence  of  the  death  of  partner  and 
brother,  Steven  J.  Nolan.  His  death  caused 
by  a  stroke  of  apoplexy,  occured  Friday,  Jan- 
uary 3,  at  one  o'clock  p.  m.  after  an  illness 
of  but  two  days. 

C.  W.  Belden,  resident  agent  of  the  N.  O. 
Nelson  Manufacturing  Co.,  of  St.  Louis,  has 
movedhis  office  from  97  to  112  Dearborn  St., 
where  he  has  set  up  samples  of  water  clos- 
ets, with  water  on,  and  displays  other  plumb- 
ing goods.  He  has  on  exhibition  several 
patterns  of  the  Syphon  Closets  which  have 
been  before  the  people  and  tested  for  many 
years. 

S.  E.  Thomas,  of  No.  i  Adams  st.,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  is  patentee  and  manufacturer  of  a  new 
and  improved  trap  which  he  will  place  on 
the  market  soon.  There  are  features  of  the 
trap  which  will  commend  it  to  favorable  con- 
sideration. The  inlet-pipe  is  of  drawn-lead 
pipe,  and  the  entire  bottom  s  of  brass  so 
that  it  cannot  be  injured  by  any  one  thrust- 
ing sticks  down  to  remove  obstructions  or  for 
any  reason.  This  is  an  improvement  over  the 
ordinary  S  trap  to  which,  in  other  respects 
it  is  similar.  It  is  without  seams  and  will 
be  guaranteed  free  from  holes  and  other 
imperfections.  The  depth  of  seal  is  one 
inch  and  three-quarters,  and  the  trap  is  fur- 
nished ready  to  put  in  place. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.:  The  Allegheny  Valley 
Railroad  intend  building  a  new  freight  depot, 
which,  with  other  improvements  will  cost 
$150,000.  Building  permits  have  been  issued 
as  follows  :  J.  H.  Sorg,  eight  brick  dwellings- 
$10,000  ;  J.  B.  Youngson,  four  brick  dwell- 
ings, $7,500  ;  the  Linden  Club,  frame  club 
house,  87,330 ;  James  W.  Campbell,  two 
brick  dwellings,  $7,209 ;  Thos.  Snowden. 
brick  dwelling,  $6,300  ;  Harbison  &  Walker, 
brick  drying  shed,  $6,000  ;  Wilson  &  Snyder, 
iron-clad  foundry,  $5,500  ;  G.  W.  Biggs,  two 

frame   dwellings,  $5,000.  Irwin,  Pa.:  A 

brick  manufacturing  plant  to  cost  Sio,ooo, 
will  be  established  by  Michael  Clohessy. 
The  plans  will  be  equipped  with  the  most 

improved  machinery.  McKeesport,  Pa.: 

A  business  men's  exchange  is  contemplated 
to  be  a  four-story  pressed  brick  and  stone 
building  and  will  adjoin  the  Bank  of  Mc- 
Keesport. It  will  be  modeled  after  the 
Duquesne  club  house  of  Pittsburgh  and  will 

cost  $50,000.  New  Bethlehem,  Pa.:  It  is 

reported  that  a  company  has  been  formed 
with  a  capital  of  §100,000  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  a  pork  packing  establishment. — — 
Lima,  O.:  The  Zions  Lutheran  Synod  con- 
templates the  erection  of  a  college  in  this 
city.  Cost  about  $100,000.  Rev.  Eckhart, 
of  this  city,  can  furnish  further  information. 
The  Allen  county  commissioners  intend  to 
erect  an  armory  building.  Address  the 
board  of  commissioners,  Lima,  O.  Dan- 
ville, Va.:  A  new  market  house,  armory,  en- 
gine house  and  police  station  to  cost  $50,000 

will,  it  is  stated,  be  erected.  Alexandria, 

Pa.:  The  Old  Dominion  Building  Associa- 
tion contemplates  the  erection  of  a  block  of 
dwellings.  Nashville,  Tenn.;  W.  M.Dun- 
can will  erect  a  seven-story  ofifice  building. 

 Savana,  Ga.:  Fredric  Winter  will  erect 

buildings  to  cost  $25,000. — Richmond,  Va.: 
Louis  Ginter  will  erect  a  four-story  building 

to  cost  $65,000.  Henderson,  Ky.:  Kley- 

meyer  &  Klute    will  erect   several  store 

houses.  Louisville,  Ky.:    The  Builders 

and  Traders  Exchange  contemplate  erect- 
ing a  new  exchange  building.  Danville, 

Va.:  A  new  police  station,  armory,  engine- 
house,  and  market-house  will  be  erected  at 

a  cost  of  $50,000.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  The 

Wheeling  and  Kentucky  R.  R.  Co.  will  erect 

a  new  station  to  cost  $40,000.  Palmer, 

Mass.:  The  I.  O.  O.  F.  contemplate  the  erec- 
tion of  a  business  block.— — Brunswick,  Ga.: 
The  Brunswick  Brewing  Co.  will  erect  a 

brewing  and  ice  factory.  Albany,  Ga.: 

John  Leary,  of  Philadelphia,  contemplates 

the  erection  of  a  large  cotton  factory.  

Paris  Island,  S.  C:  The  Navy  Commission 
recommend  that  a  dry  dock,  naval  supplies 
depot  and  coaling  station  be  established  to 
cost  $675,000.  Raleigh,  N.  C:  The  Rich- 
mond and  Danville  and  the  Raleigh  and 
Gaston  R.  R.  Co's  will  erect  are  union  de- 
pot to  cost  $75,000.  Attleboro,  Mass.:  A 

Catholic  church  will  be  erected  of  stone  to 


Jan.  11,  18!K)| 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


441 


cost  $80,000.  Steam  heat  will  be  used.  P. 
W.  Ford,  architect,  33  School  street,  Boston. 

 Bowling  Green,  O.:  The  Bowling  Green 

Hotel  Co.  will  erect  a  hotel  to  cost  $12,000. 
 Macon,  Ga.:  It  is  stated  that  the  Cov- 
ington and  Macon  R.  R.  Co.  will  erect 
twenty  dwellings  and  six  railroad  stations 
between  Athens  and  Macon.  John  Knight, 
master  carpenter,  can  give  information. 
 Florence,  Ala.:  The  Florence  Cot- 
ton   Mills    Company    will    erect  a  large 

mill.    William  Tvlyer  is  the  contractor.  

The  East  Tennessee  Land  Company, 
whose  office  is  at  gy  Broadway,  N.  Y.,  con- 
template the  erection  of  a  town  called  Har- 
riman  in  Tennessee.  An  electric  light 
plant,  water  and  gas  works,  lumber  and 
brick  companies  are  some  of  the  improve- 
ments projected.  At  New  York  City,  the 

site  wanted  for  the  Seventy-first  Regiment 
Armory  building,  comprising  a  part  of  the 
property  n  Park  avenue,  Thirty-third  and 
Thirty- fourth  streets  and  owned  by  Mr. 
Myer,  was  offered  to  the  Armory  Board  two 
years  ago  for  $400,000,  but  now  Mr.  Myer 
says  his  property  is  worth  $8,00,000.  C.  S. 
Fraux,  E.  L.  Bush  and  Edward  Schell,  com- 
missioners of  apprisal,  are  taking  testimony. 

 Cincinnati,  Ohio:  J.  W.  Catteral  &  Son 

have  the  contract  for  erecting  a  six-story 
brick  shoe  factory  with  iron  front.  It  will 
be  built  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Syca- 
more and  Eighth  streets,  and  cost  $35,000. 
A  brick  and  stone  hospital  building  will  be 
erected  at  No.  46  York  street.  The  archi- 
tects are  Messrs.  Crapsey  &  Brown,  46  Wig- 
gins block.  James  McLaughlin  will  make 
plans  for  a  six-story  stone  office  building 
100x100  feet,  to  be  erected  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  Vine  and  Fifth  streets  for  James 

T.  Craven.  New  York,  N.  Y.:  A  lot  has 

been  purchased  on  the  Southwest  corner  of 
Washington  Square  and  Thompson  Street, 
on  which  it  is  proposed  to  erect  a  memorial 
church  to  Adoniraus  Judson,  the  Baptist 
missionary.  The  cost  will  be  about  $250,- 
000.  $40,000  has  been  donated  by  a  lady  in 
New  Jersey  for  the  erection  of  a  Children's 
Home  in  connection  with  the  church.  Rev. 
Edward  Judson,  D,  D.,  has  the   matter  in 

charge.  Yonkers,  N.  Y.:  The  property 

known  as  Valentine  Hill  and  located  in 
South  Yonkers,  has  been  purchased  by 
Archbishop  Corrigan  for  $70,=;oo,  and  a  Cath- 
olic seminary  will  be  erected  on  the  site. 
The  main  building,  200  feet  deep  by  600  feet 

long,  will   be   erected  first.  Beaumont, 

Texas:  It  is  reported  a  large  flour  mill  will 
be  erected.    The  secretary  of  the  Board  of 

Trade   will  give   information.  Marlin, 

Texas:  W.  J.  Finks  can  give  information  as 
to  the  organization  of  a   new   company  to 

erect  a  grain  elevator  and  flouring  mill.  

Corsicana,  Texas:  The  Mayor  can  give  in- 
formation as  to  a  bonus  of  $20,000,  and  ex- 
emption from  taxation  for  twenty  years,  for 
the  erection  of  a  $200,000  cotton  mill  at  that 

place.  Loredo,  Texas:  The  Mayor  can 

give  information  as  to  negotiations  now  pend- 
ing regarding  a  new  woolen  mill.  Roan- 
oke, Va.:  a  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  syndicate  con- 


templates the  erection  of  a  $50,000  brewery  in 
the  Hyde  Park  addition.  The  Roanoke 
Engine  and  Machine  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated, and  will  erect  sho[)S  and  mills. 

 New  York  City:  G.  Matthews  will  put 

up  a  $64,000  flat  building  on  One  Hundred 
and  Sixth  street,  near  Madi.son  avenue.  M. 
Benson  will  put  up  a  $100,000  row  of  brick 
flats  at  Eighth  avenue  and   One  Hundred 

and  Fourteenth  street.  Victoria,  Tex.:  A 

Levi  Co.  will  erect  a  bank  building  to 
cost  $2o,ouo.  Charleston,  S.  C:  S.  H.  Wil- 
son will  build  a  three-story  dwelling  to  cost 

$15,000.  Detroit,  Mich.;    The  Michigan 

Central  Railroad  Company  will  erect  a 
stone  viaduct  and  brick  passenger  depot  to 
cost  $25,000.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  Dan- 
iel H.  Waters  will  build  a  six-story  business 
block  in  the  spring.  Hammer  .Smith  will 
build  a  small  three-story  brick  block  to 

cost  $10,000.  Ishpeming,  Mich.:  'A  '$25,- 

000  city  hall  is  to  be  erected;  also  a  $10,000 

jail.     Address  John   Tibar,  recorder.  

Lake  City,  Minn.:  A  $10,000  factory  building 
is  to  be  erected.    Address  Beck  &  Keith. 

 Laredo,  Tex.:  A  $50,000  building  is  to 

be  erected.    Address  G.  M.  Bonham.  

LaRue,  O.  A  school  building  to  cost  $18,000 
will  be  erected.  Address  J.  L.  Frederick. 
Leominster,  Mass.:  A  $10,000  building  will 
be  erected.  Address  J.  P.  Holman.  Lin- 
coln,  Neb.:    A  $16,000  building   will  be 

erected.    Address  A.    Hurlburt.  Potts- 

ville,  Pa.:  F.  S.  Shisslerwill  erect  a  $20,000 
store  building.  Reading.  Pa.:  W.  Whit- 
man will  erect  a  three-story  summer  hotel  at 
Peune  Mount,  to  cost  $12,000.  St.  Peter's 
Methodist    College   will  erect  a  $30,000 

church.  Rutland,  Vt.:  A  $15,000  factory 

building  is  to  be  erected.     Address  P.  E. 

Chase    Manufacturing    Company.  St. 

Louis,  Mo.:  William  Prufrock  will  erect  a 
$10,000  brick  factory  at  Eighth  and  Howard 
streets.  Mrs.  Siles  Bent  will  erect  a  $20,000 
brick  dwelling  at  Cabanne  street  and  Van- 
deventer  place.  A.  Moll  will  build  a  $14,000 
brick  dwelling  at  Berlin  and  Taylor  aven- 
ues. Westfield,  Mass,;  A  Normal  school 

building  will  be  erected.  It  will  be  three 
stories  and  basement,  brick  with  brownstone 
trimmings  and  will  cost  $150,000.  Wich- 
ita, Kas.:  A  building  will  be  erected  to  cost 

$70,000.    Address  Proudfont   &  Bird.  

Council  Bluffs,  la.,  is  to  to  have  a  $250,000 

depot.  The   Cambridge,   O.,   Iron  and 

Steel  Company  is  building  a  $100,000  plant. 

 The  Minnesota  Iron  Car  Company,  of 

West  Duluth,  will  build  150  dwellings  for 
employes.  Duncansville,  Pa.:  The  Port- 
age Iron  Company  will  make  $60,000  worth 

of  improvements.  Lockport,  N.  Y.:  The 

new  Saxton  flouring  mill  is  to  be  rebuilt 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $200,000  to  $250,000. 

 Murphy,  N.  C:   J.  M.  Richardson  car 

give  particulars  as  to  the  proposed  Chero- 
kee county  court  house. 


Webster  &  Heath,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  are 
doing  the  sanitary  plumbing  at  the  Hotel 
Dieu,  Windsor,  Ont. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
M  issoula,  Mont.:   A  stock  com{)any  has 
been  organized  and  will  at  once  begin  con- 
structing gas   works.  Dan  vers,  Mass.: 

The  Danvers  Gas  Company  will  install  an 
electric  light  plant,  if  permission  can  be  ob- 
tained to  erect  poles  and  string  wires.  

Bloomington.  111.:  The  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric Light  Company  was  awarded  a  $30,000 
contract  by  the  Citizens,  Gas  Light  and 
Heating  Company  for  the  construction  of  an 
arc  and  incandescent  electric  plant.  Be- 
tween $50,000  and  $75,000  will  be  expended. 
This  makes  the  third  electric  light  plant  in 

the  city.  San  Antonio,  Tex.:  The  City 

Council  has  declined  to  grant  A.  Fitzgerald 
(&  Co.,  a  franchise  to  develop  natural  gas 
which  they  claimed  to  have  discovered  un- 
der the  bed  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  within 
the  city  limits.  Steps  will  probably  be  taken 
by  the  city  to  investigate  the  value  and  ex- 
tent of  the  find.  Tallapoosa,  Ga.:  G.  F. 

Quackenbush  and  others  have  incorporated 
the  Vernon  Light  and  Power  Company,  to 
furnish  gas  and  electric  light.  The  capital 
stock  is  $25,000.  Contract  for  electric  light 
plant  has  been  let  to  the  Edison  Company. 

 Grafton,  Va.:  The  Grafton  Natural  Gas 

Company  has  been  formed  and  a  contract 

for  sinking  a  well  let  to  A.  G.  Burritt.  

The  Provincial  Natural  Gas  and  Fuel  Com- 
pany, with  headquarters  at  Toronto  and 
Welland,  Ont.,  has  been  organized  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $500,000,  for  the  purpose  of 
boring  for  natural  gas.,  etc.,  in  the  counties 
of  Lincoln  and  Welland,  Ont.  The  Sacra- 
mento, Cal.,  Natural  Gas  and  Water  Com- 
pany, capital  stock,  $20,000,  has  been  incor- 
porated by  S.  S.  Southworth  and  others.  

Reading,  Pa.:  It  is  probable  that  the  city 
will  install  its  own  electric  light  plant.  The 

cost  would  be  about  $100,000.  The  Queen 

City  Electric  Light  Company,  Gadsden,  Ala., 
will  put  in  another  dynamo  with  capacity 
for  twenty-five  lights  of  2,000-candle  power. 

 The   Piedmont    Electric  Illuminating 

Company,  Lynchburg,  Va.,  will  enlarge  and 
improve  its  plant  and  put  in  a  125-horse 

power  engine.  The  Pine  Bluff  Mill  and 

Elevator  Company,  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.,  will 
probably  put  in  an  electric  light  plant  to 

light  its  flour    mill  and  elevator.  The 

Frostburg  Gas  Light  Company,  Frostburg, 
Md.,  contemplates  putting  in  an  electric 
light  plant  for  arc  and  incandescent  lighting 

 Salinas,  Cal.:  A  company  is  forming  to 

bore  for  gas.  The  Edison  Electric  Light 

Company,  of  New  York,  has  filed  two  bills 
of  complaint  in  the  United  States  Court 
against  the  Perkins  Electric  Lamp  Com- 
pany, of  Manchester,  Conn.  The  suit  is 
brought  to  restrain  the  defendent  from  man- 
ufacturing certain  eleciric  lamps,  the  patents 
of  which  the  complainants  claim  to  hold, 

 Camden,  N.  J.:  The  National  Gas  and 

Electric  Fixture  Company  has  been  incor 
porated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000- 

$25,000  of  which  has  been  paid.  Racine, 

Wis.:  The  Mayor  and  Council  have  decided 
that  electric  wires  must  be  removed  from 
the  streets.  Montreal,  Quebec  :  The  Men- 


442 


TTIE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  310 


treal  Gas  Consumers'  Company  has  applied 
for  a  charter.    It  is  proposed  to  manufacture 

water  gas.    The   capital   is  $300,000.  

Sheffield,  Ala.:  The  Hall  &  Edwards  Elec 
trie  Company  has  been  organized  to  manu 
facture  electrical  appliances.^ — Little  Rock, 
Ark.:  The  Edison  Electric  Light  Company 
will  increase  its  capacity  to  1,300  lights  and 
make  other  improvements. — Milledgeville, 
Ga.:  An  electric  light  company  has  been 
incorporated  byW.  T.  Conn  and  others.  The 

capital  stock  is  $10,000.  Ashland,  Ky.: 

The  Ashland  Electric  Light  and  Power 
ConTpany  has  increased   its  capital  stock 

from  $10,000  to  $25,000.  Charleston,  W. 

Va.:  The  Kanawha  Electric  Light  Company 
will  put  in  a  150  horse-power  boiler  and 

engine.  Belton,  Tex.:  The  Belton  Light 

and  Water  Company  contemplate  putting 

in  an  electric  light  plant.  Vernon,  Tex.: 

The  city  will  soon  contract  for  putting  in  an 
electric  light  plant.  The  mayor  can  give 
particulars.  Mt.  Sterling,  Ky.:  It  is  re- 
ported that  a  Thomson-Houston  electric 
light  plant  is  to  be  erscted.    Address  the 

mayor.  The  Baxter  Electric  Motor  and 

Manufacturing  Company  of  Baltimore,  Md 
has  been  organized  with  $200,000  capital 

 Meridian,  Miss.:  The  Thomson-Houston 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  in 
creased  its  capital  stock  to  $50,000. 
White  Plains,  N.  Y.:  The  White  Plains  Gas 
and  Electric  Light  Company  is  about  to  in 
crease  its  capital  stock  to  $150,000.  The 

plant  will  be  extended.  Jamestown,  N 

Y.:  At  a  special  election  the  people  have 
decided  to  bond  the  city  for  the  purpose  of 

establishing   an    electric   light  plant.  

Salineville,  O.:  The  people  have  decided  in 
favor  of  establishing  an  electric  light  plant, 

 Sacramento,  Cal.:  A  new  electric  light 

plant  is  contemplated,  Edenton,  N.  C 

is  to  have  electric  lights.  Marengo,  la.,  is 

to  be  lighted  by  electricity.  Joplin,  Mo.: 

New  England  capitalists  will  invest  $200,000 
in  an  electric  light  plant  for  this  place.- 
Blacksburg,  S.  C:  The  Blacksburg  Street 
Railway  and  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  incorporated.  J.  F.  Jones  can  give  in- 
formation. Santa  Rosa,  Cal.,  wants  an 

electric  light  plant.  Syracuse,  N.  Y,:  The 

Central  Electric  Construction  Company  has 
been  incorporated  in  this  city  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $100,000,  its  purpose  is  to  construct 
electric  lighting  power  and  heating  plants. 
Charles  F.  Moffett  can  give  details. — — 
Hamilton,  Ont.:  The  Hamilton  Electric 
Light  Company  has  been  incorporated  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $200,000.  South  Ber- 
wick, Me.:  The  Berwick  and  Salmon  Falls 
Electric  company  has  been  organized,  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $9800.— Marseilles,  111.: 
The  Marseilles  Street  Railway  and  Electric 
Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $30,000,  to  operate  an 
electric  street  railway  and  furnish  light.  In- 
corporators:   James  Montgomery,  Joshua 

Smith  and  others.  Monatiquot,  Mass.: 

The  Monatiquot  Electric  Light  Company 
has  been  organized.  Capital  stock,  $25,000. 
President,  E.  Avery.  Defiance,  O.,  will 


sink  a  natural  gas  well.  Portland,  Ind.: 

The  Citizens'  Natural  Gas  Company  has 
struck  a  5,000,000  feet  well  six  miles  west  of 

this  place.  Port  Richmond,  N.  Y.:  The 

Staten  Island  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  been  awarded  the  contract  for  elec- 
tric lighting  at  this  place.  McKinney, 

Tex.:  The  Westinghouse  Electric  Company 
of  Pittsburg  will  furnish  the  central  station 

electric  light  plant  for  this   place.  Cat- 

lettsburg,  Ky.;  An  electric  light  plant  is  to 

be  erected.  Brenham,  Tex.:   D.  C.  Gid- 

dings  is  interested  in  an  electric  light  plant 

to  be  erected  at  this  place.  Boonville, 

Mo.:  The  Boonville  Liget  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  been  formed  by  J.  Cosgrove  and 
others,  with  $10,000  capital. — ■ — Belvidere, 

111.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  Attalla, 

Ala.,  is  to  be  lighted  for  ten  years  by  the 
Queen  City  Electric  Light  Company  from 
its  plant  at  Gadsden,  a  distance  of  five 

miles.  Jersey  City,  N.  J.:  The  aldermen 

have  given  a  franchise  to  the  Bergen  Elec- 
tric Light,  Power  and  Heat  Company,  em- 
powering it  to  erect  poles  and  string  wires 
thereon.  Another  ordinance,  allowing  the 
Consumers'  Gas  Company  to  do  the  same 
thing,  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on 

Streets  of  the   Board.  Hamilton,  Ont.: 

The  Edison  Electric  Light  Company  of  Lon- 
don, Ont.,  will  establish  a  large  factory  at 
this  place. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Articles  of  incorporation  of  the  Rocky 
Ford  Ditch  Land,  Loan  and  Improvement 
Company  have  been  filed  with  the  county 
clerk.  Pueblo.    The  objects  of  the  company 
are  to  construct,  maintain  and  operate  can 
als,  reservoirs  and  laterals  for  irrigation,  etc. 
to  appropriate  water  from  the  Arkansas 
river;  to  possess,  lease  and  cultivate  lands: 

etc.    The  capital  stock  is  $200,000.  Salts 

burg.  Pa.:  Plans  for  a  complete  system  of 
water-works  have  been  made  by  Wilson  & 
Smith.  An  election  will  soon  be  held  to  de- 
cide whether  or  not  the  works  will  be 

erected.  Minden,  Neb.:    Bonds  to  the 

amount  of  $25,000  vill  be  issued  for  the  con- 
struction of  water-works.  La  Junta,  Colo., 

has  arranged  for  a  water  supply.  The 

aqueduct  commissioners  of  New  York  have 
authorized  the  Comptroller  to  issue  $1,000,- 
000  worth  of  bonds  for  carrying  on  the  work 
—The  capacity  of  the  standpipe  at  Argen- 
tine, Mo.,  is  500,000  gallons.  Articles  of 

association  of  the  Pennsylvania  Water  Com- 
pany (Limited)  have  been  filed.  The  com- 
pany is  formed  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
water  within  the  limits  of  Allegheny  county. 
Pa.  The  capital  stock  is  $200,000. — —The 
Loup  City,  Neb.,  Canal,  Water  Power  and 
mprovement  Company,  with  a  capital  stock 

of  $150,000,  has  been  organized.-  The  city 

council  of  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  has  granted  a 
franchise  for  water-works  construction  to 
the  Water-works  Company  of  Plainfield. 
The  capital  stock  is  $250,000;  the  company's 
term  of  existence,  fifty  years.  Twenty-five 
miles  of  water  mains  are  to  be  completed 
within  one  year.  The  city  treasurer  of 


Boston  has  been  authorized  to  borrow  $100,- 
000  for  thirty  years  at  the  rate  of  3K  per 
cent  per  annum  for  the  purpose  of  extend- 
ing the  high  service  system  of  the  Cochi- 

tuate  water-works.  A  mortgage  on  the 

Nevada,  Mo.,  water-works  has  been  filed 
with  the  county  recorder  by  its  president, 
Col.  Malin,  for  $200,000,  in  favor  of  the 
American  Loan  and  Trust  Company  of  New 

York.  Berwick,  Me.,  has  a  water  company 

which  will  construct  water-works  in  connec- 
tion with  Somersworth  and  Rollinsford,  N. 
H.  At  Carrollton,  111.,  $5,000  has  been  ap- 
propriated for  an  artesian  well.  An  arte- 
sian well  is  to  be  sunk  at  Brouxwood  Park, 

N.  Y.  Florence,  S.  C,  expects  to  have  a 

system  of  water-works  from  artesian  or 

driven  wells.  Vermontville,  Mich.,  will 

put  in  a  three-inch  tubular  well  to  supply 
the  town  with  water  for  domestic  and  fire 
protection  purposes.  Alamosa,  Cal.:  Sev- 
eral artesian  wells  are  to  be  drilled  to  pro- 
cure a  water  supply  for  domestic  and  fire 

protection  purposes.  Savannah,  Ga.:  The 

city  council  has  appropriated  $20,000  for  im- 
proving the  water-works  system.  Wynne, 

Ark.:  The  question  of  putting  in  a  system  of 

water-works  is  being    agitated.  Eagle 

Pass,  Tex.,  will  soon  have  a  $25,000  system 
of  waterworks.  Cordele,  Ga.:  R.  C.  Har- 
ris, G.  M.  McMillan  and  J.  B.  Scott  have 
been  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  con- 
struction or  the  city's  proposed  water-works 

system.  Frostbwrg,  Md.:  The  town  will 

either  build  or  purchase  water-works.  Owen 

Hitchens  can  give    information.  West 

Asheville,  N.  C:  The  West  Asheville  Im- 
provement Company  will  lay  five  miles  of 
eight-inch  pipe  from  Spring  Mountain  to 
supply  the  new  town  with  water.  Blow- 
ing Rock,  Ark.:  John  Bernhardt  of  Lenoir 
is  interested  in  the  construction  of  the  sys- 
tem of  water-works  at  this  place.  High 

Point,  N.  C:  New  York  capitalists  will  build 
water-works  and  erect  an  electric  light  plant. 

 Newton,  Mass.,  has  appropriated  $16,- 

000  for  new  water  mains.  Cincinnati,  O.: 

It  is  understood  that  Superintendent  Moore, 
of  the  water-works  department,  will  proba- 
bly soon  recommend  the  construction  of 
new  pumping  engines  of  30,000,000  gallons 
daily  capacity  for  the  water-works.  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.:  An  ordinance  has  been  intro- 
duced appropriating  $3,000  for  surveys  and 
estimates  for  a  new  system  of  water-works 
 Cheyenne,  Wy.:  Work  is  to  be  com- 
menced on  an  extension  of  the  Rock  Springs 
water-works  to  the  new  mining  town  of 
Dana,  a  distance  of  thirty  miles.  A  large 
reservoir  will  be  built  half  way  between  the 
two  towns.    The  extension  will  cost  $35,000. 

Brownsville,  Pa.:  Two  600  barrel  reser- 
voirs will  be  erected  and  the  laying  of 

mains  in  the  streets  will  soon  begin.  

Post  Falls,  I.T.,is  to  establish  a  water-works 

system.  Canton,  O.:  The  water-works 

trustees  intend  to  expend  $50,000  for  the 
extension  of  the  water  supply,  pumping  ma- 
chinery and  two  new  boilers.  Plainfield, 

N.  J.:  The  city  council  has  awarded  a  water- 
works franchise  to  Charles  K.  Moore  and 


Jan.  11,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


443 


Edward  A.  Lovell,  who  are  to  incorporate  a 
water  company  under  the  title  of  the  "Water- 
works Company  of  Plainfield."  The  capital 
is  $250,000.  Not  less  than  twenty-five  miles 
of  mains  must  be  laid  within  the  year.  The 
supply  is  to  be  obtained  from  a  subterra- 
nean water  bearing  strata  in  the  north-east- 
erly portion  of  the  city  by  means  of  wells 
capable  of  supplying  4,000,000  gallons  per 

day.  Norfolk,   Va.:   A   1,000,000  gallon 

pumping  engine  is  to  be  added  to  the  water- 
works plant.  Atlanta,  Ga.:   There  is  a 

movement  on  foot  for  an  entirely  new  water- 
works plant.  Morristown,  Pa.:  Additional 

water  mains  are  soon  to  be  laid.  Water- 
bury,  Conn.:  About  200  tons  of  four,  six  and 
eight  inch  heavy  cast-iron  water  pipes  will 

be  laid  during  the  year.  Sandusky,  O.: 

A  great  deal  of  water  pipe,  etc.,  will  be 

wanted  during  the  year.  Pulaski  City, 

Va.,  will  take  steps  in  the  spring  to  provide 

a  water  supply.  Portsmouth,  N.  H.:  The 

city  is  considering  the  expediency  of  buying 

the  present  water-works  plant.  Cottage 

City,  Mass.:  A  stock  company  has  been 
formed  and  will  at  once  begin  building 

water-works.    Address  H.  J.  Greene.  

Russelville,  Ark.:  Mayor  Russell  wants  in- 
formation as  to  cost  of  small  water-works 

system.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  A  contract  is  to 

be  let  for  two  20,000,000  gallons  pumping  en- 
gines, about  twenty  miles  of  water  pipe  from 
six  to  twenty  inches,  100  gates  and  valves 

and  300  hydrants.  Kingston,  Ont.:  The 

following  supplies  for  the  water-works  de- 
partment will  be  required  during  the  year: 
10,000  feet  six  inch  pipe,  3,000  feet  four-inch, 
2,000  feet  twenty-inch  suction  pipe,  twenty 
six-inch  valves,  twenty   six-inch  hydrants 

and  twenty  meters.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah: 

The  Hydraulic  Canal  Company  has  been 
formed  to  construct  and  maintain  a  canal 
for  irrigating  purposes.  The  capital  stock 
is  $150,000.  John  R.  Winder  can  give  in- 
formation. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Bids  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  Jas. 
H.  Windrim,  supervising  architect.  Treasury 
Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  Jan. 
28,  for  labor  and  material  required  to  fix  in 
place  complete,  the  low  pressure  return  cir- 
culation, steam  heating  and  ventilating  ap- 
paratus, including  power,  boiler  and  connec- 
tions, for  the  government  building  at  St. 

Joseph,  Mo.  Key  West,  Fla.:   Bids  will 

be  received  until  Feb.  6  for  building  the 

new  county  court  house.  St.  Paul,  Minn.: 

Proposals  will  be  received  at  the  general 
office  of  the  St.  P.,  M.  &  M.  Railway  in  St. 
Paul,  until  Feb.  5,  for  the  labor  required  in 
building  a  dam  across  the  Missouri  river  at 

Great  Falls,  Mont.  Houston,  Tex.:  Bids 

will  be  opened  Jan.  27  for  the  construction 
of  about  eighteen  miles  of  sewers  and  drains. 

Address  C.  W.  Lewis,   city  engineer.  

Fulton  County,  Ga.:  John  F.  Hooper,  com. 
missioner  of  roads  and  revenues,  will  open 
bids  Feb.  4  for  erecting  an  iron  bridge  over 

the  Chattahoochee  river.  New  York  city: 

Manning,   Maxwell  &  Moore    have  been 


awarded  the  contract  for  pipe  machine  for 

the  New  York  Navy  Yard,  at  $1,347.  The 

Western  Railway  of  Alabama  has  awarded 
contracts  to  the  Atlanta  Bridge  Company,  of 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  for  two  iron  bridges.  The 

contract  for  a  new  iron  bridge  over  the 
Anglaize  river  at  Toledo,  O.,  has  been 
awarded  to  the  Smith  Bridge  Company,  of 

Toledo,  for  $4.340.  The  Anniston,  Ala., 

Pipe  Works  has  received  a  contract  to  fur- 
nish 2,500  tons  of  iron  pipe  to  the  Jeter  & 
Boardman  Water  and  Gas  Association,  of 

Macon,  Ga.  Franklin,  Tenn.:  Vaughan 

Bros.:  have  the  contract  for  erecting  the 
building  for  the  Franklin  Electric  Light  and 

Power  Company.  Lake  City,  Colo.:  S.  F. 

Wicks,  of  Colorado  Springs,  has  been 
awarded  the  contract  for  building  the  water- 
works at  this  place.  The  contract  to  fur- 
nish the  vitrified  pipe  for  the  Hans  Creek 
conduit  line,  Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  has  been 
awarded  to  J.  V.  Morris  at  $31,753.71.  For 
furnishing  the  cast-iron  pipe  and  specials  to 
the  Warren  Foundry  and  Machine  Com- 
pany at  $14,208.51.  Brenham,  Tex.:  D.  C. 

Giddings,  wants  bids  on  an  electric  light 

plant  for  a  town  of  8,000  inhabitants.  

Malvern,  Ark.:  D.  D.  Maddry  wants  prices 

on  an  electric  light  plant.  Kansas  City, 

Mo.:  The  city  engineer  wants  bids  for  the 

construction  of  a  sewer  in  district  125.  

Bids  for  a  brick  school  building  will  be  re- 
ceived until  Jan.  28.  Address  J.  B.  Catlin, 
U.  S.  Indian  Agent,  Blackfeet  Agency,  Pie- 

gan,  Choteau  County,    Mont.  Houston, 

Tex.:  Bids  for  certain  sewerage  work  will 
be  opened  Jan.  27.    Address   George  R. 

Bringhurst.  Seattle,  Wash.:     Bids  for 

furnishing  and  setting  up  twenty-four  steel 
and  iron  jail  cages  and  window  gratings  for 
the  new  King  County  jail,  will  be  received 
until  Feb.  3  by  W.  R.  Forrest,  County 

Auditor.  Atlanta,  Ga.:  Bids  for  erecting 

an  addition  to  the  court  house  will  be  re- 
ceived until  the  first  Wednesday  in  Febru- 
ary. Address  John  T.  Cooper,  clerk  of  com- 
missioners of  roads  and  revenues.  Medi- 
na, N.  Y.:  Basset  Bros.,  consulting  engineers, 
Buffalo:  N,  Y.,  have  been  awarded  the  con- 
tract for  construction  of  new  water- works 
for  this  place.  The  contractors  agree  to  lay 
seven  and  one-half  miles  of  mains  and  sup- 
ply seventy-two  hydrants  at  the  rate  of  S35 
per  hydrant,  and  $35  for  each  additional 

one.  Dallas,  Tex.:  Doyle  &  Farrell  have 

received  the  contract  to  construct  a  sewer 
on  Ervay  street  and  P.  O'Donnell  and  J.  K, 
Hearte  contracts  to  grade  certain  streets. 

 South  Tonawanda,  N.  Y.:   D.  F.  Mina- 

han  of  Springfield,  O.,  has  been  awarded  the 
contract  for  constructing  fourteen  miles  of 

sewers  at  $107,000.  Kansas  City,  Mo.: 

The  contract  for  the  sewer  in  District  No. 
loi  has  been  awarded  to  Shaw  &  Downing, 
who  bid  $5  for  ten-inch  pipe  and  $5  for  re- 
pairing manhole.  No  bid  was  made  on  rock 
excavation.  Thomas  O'Connell  has  been 
awarded  the  contract  for  sewer  in  District 
No.  103.  He  bid  50  cents  on  ten-inch  pipe, 
$4.90  a  cubic  yard  for  rock  excavation  and 
$33  for  repairing  manholes.    He  was  also 


awarded  the  contract  for  the  construction  of 
sewer  in  District  No.  51,  bidding  67  cents  on 
ten-inch  pipe,  manholes  $34  and  rock  ex 

vation  2  cents  a  cubic  yard.  Pueblo,  Col.. 

The.Shickle,  Harrison  &  Howard  Iron  Com- 
pany of  .St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  been  awarded 
he  contract  for  water  mains  at  $41.60  per 
ton.  The  total  cost  will  be  $50,000.  Bos- 
ton, Mass.:  Proposals  for  the  erection  of  a 
machine  shop  on  Albany  street,  for  use  of 
the  water  department,  were  opened,  as  fol- 
lows :  Fessenden  &  Libby,  $64,377 ;  R- 
Mayers  &  Co.,  $52,260  ;  Gifford  &  Lawrence, 
$51,913  ;  W.  H.  Keyes  &  Co.,  $54,363  ;  L.  E. 
Knight,  $56  ,000  \  McNeil  Bros.,  $63.000 ; 
Wood,  Curry  &  Leighton,  $55,738  ;  Baker  & 
Dodge,  $53,487  ;  M.  S.  &  G.  N.  Mills,  $54,- 
271  ;  Keening  &  Stout  Bros.,  $54,613 ; 
Thomas  J.  Lyons,  $54,218  ;  W.  A.  &  H.  A. 
Root,  $53,978  ;  G.  Currier  &  Co.,  $54,000  ; 
S.  Brennan  &  Co.,  $53,428.75. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Norwich,  N.  Y.,  will  probably  soon  have  a 

sewerage  system.  At   University  Park, 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Senator  Stanford  has 
arranged  for  a  complete  water-works  and 

sewerage  system.  Florence,  Ala.:  Wade 

Allen  will  receive  plans  and  specifications 
for  the  proposed  sewerage  system.  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.:  The  city  engineer  has  prepared 
plans  for  the  building  of  a  circular  sewer 
nine  feet  in  diameter  a  distance  of  3,700 
feet,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $60,000.  The 

mayor  will  give  particulars.  Beachmont, 

Mass.:  The  committee  on  sewerage  from  the 
Beachmont  Improvement  Society  has  rec- 
ommended the  expenditure  of  $166,000  on  a 
sewerage    system.     Address    Mr.  Pray, 

Beachmont.  Hadings,  Vt.:  The  sewerage 

question  is  again  being  quite  generally  dis- 
cussed and  there  is  a  strong  sentiment  of 
submitting  another  proposition  early  in  the 

spring.  Washington,  Ind.:  John  Greer  of 

Seymour,  Ind.,  and  John  McCarty  of  Wash- 
ington, Ind.,  have  just  completed  the  large 
sewer.  The  contractors  completed  the  work 
in  the  most  satisfactory  manner.  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.:  The  committee  on  sewers 
has  been  empowered  to  contract  for  a  sup- 
ply of  drain-pipe. 

INFLUENZA  [LA  GRIPPE]. 

An  Absolute  Preventative  and  Cure  for  this  Terrible 
Disease 

This  preparation  emanates  from  scientific 
sources,  and  is  exactly  what  is  prescribed 
by  the  most  eminent  physicians  in  Europe 
and  is  used  in  the  great  hospitals  of  that 
country,  and  Great  Britain,  not  only  because 
it  is  a  preventative,  but  for  the  reason  that 
it  is  recognized  as  being  the  only  medicine 
known  whi':h  will  effect  a  cure.  This  medi- 
cine is  a  tonic  of  wonderful  power  and  is 
immediate  in  its  beneficial  effects,  thereby 
strengthening  the  system  and  enabling  it 
to  resist  disease.  All  persons  should,  in 
justice  to  themselves  and  friends,  use  two 
or  three  boxes  of  this  preventative. 

It  has  been  arranged  that  this  medicine 
shall  be  made  in  Canada  to  supply  the 
American  demand,  and  a  binding  agreement 
has  been  entered  into  whereby  the  price 
has  been  fixed  at  $1 — no  more  and  no  less. 
The  Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto. 


444 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  310 


Canada,  are  the  only  authorized  agents 
and  manufacturers  for  this  continent,  and 
their  name  is  on  every  box.  Sent  postpaid 
on  receipt  of  price — one  dollar. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DbAFNESS  hay  fever 

A   NEW    HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
these  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. — 
Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 

E  PLURIBUS  UNUM. 

NORTH,  CENTRAL  and  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

IT  IS  TIME 
For  less  Political  and  Partisan  Strife  and 
a  Greater  Amount  of  Commercial  Sense. 

EXPORT  AND  FINANCE. 

is  a  WEEKLY  NEWSPAPER  engaged  in  the 
mission  of  introducing  the  Manufacturers 
and  Business  men  of  the  United  States  to 
Merchant's,  Buyers,  Tradesmen  and  Busi- 
ness Men  of  Spanish  America.  The  entire 
trade  of  this  Continent  should  be  conducted 
and  controlled  by  Americans.  North,  Cen- 
tral, and  South  Americans  should  get  ac- 
quainted with  each  other,  interchange  their 
produces,  and  stop  the  unAmerican  policy 
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astray  from  this  Republican  Continent  annu- 
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ico, Central  and  South  America. 

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gives  more  reliable  and  a  greater  amount  of 
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EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
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184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBl  NATION 

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FIXTURES. 

BRASS  KITTINGS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 

BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 

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Orders  Carefully  Filled 


NATURK'S  RBMEDIKS 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect  < 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Kemedv  is  a  sc.veroign  cure.  Over  1  TO  persons  have  been  tieated  at  our  oflice  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  il9  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  jiowerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  bloo<l  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren. 
ovATOR  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Lung  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  Inngand  thrfwit  affections.  The  Pain  Kelievxb  is  an  external  applica- 
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Remedies  will  he  found  all  tluit  is  chiinicd  for  tliem.  The  most  danuekous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
t'atarrli,  and  tlumgli  yon  niav  have  tried  many  prepartiticms,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


EXPORT  and  FINANCE 

is  the  best  authority  and  theljest  advertising 
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otic motive  should  support  a  paper  engaged 
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IF  YOU  WANT  TO  KNOW. 

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Proposals. 

CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  RE  RECEIVED  AT 
'-'the  office  of  the  Supervising  .\rchitect,Treasury De- 
partment, Washington,  D.  C.  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  2xth  day  of  January  ISiW.  for  all  the  labor  and 
material  required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  Low- 
pressure,  Return-Circulation  Steam  Heating  and 
Ventilating  .Apparatus,  including  power  boiler  and 
connections,  for  the  U.  S.  Po.st  Office,  etc.,  building 
at  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  in  accordance  with  drawings 
and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on 
application  at  this  office  and  the  Office  of  the 
Superintendent.  Each  bid  must  be  accom- 
panied by  a  certified  check  for  $200.     The  De- 

Eartment  will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time 
xed  for  opening  the  same;  also,  bids  which  do 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  reouirements  of  this 
invitation.  JAH  H.  WINDRIM. 

December  27,  1889.  Supervising  Architect. 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Wm.  Gannott.  3-8tory  and  cellar  brick  flats. 

21xO.'>  ft.  .'1122  Lowe  avenue  $  4,000 

Jacob  Watleiiburg,  S-story  and  cellar  brick 

flats,  24xt')7  feet,  Ihh  Winchester  avenue   .5,.')00 

G.  R  Hockefeller.  2-story  and  basement  flats, 

20x03  feet.  S732  Calumet  avenue   4,.50O 

L.  W.  Perce,  4-8tory  and  cellar  store  and 

flats,  24x1)5  feet,  292.')  Cottage  (i rove  avenue   .'i,000 

Thomas  Galbraith,  3-story  and  cellar  brick 

flats,  iXti  Calument  avenue   8,000 

Victor  Buschser,   2-story  brick   store  and 

dwelling  26x1)1)  feet,  1174  West  Harrison  street.  .5.000 

Frank  R.  Meadowcroft,  4-story  and  cellar 
brick  flats,  18x<.IO  feet,  247  Ohio  street   10,000 

.laines  Cahill.  3-8tory  and  cellar  store  and 

flats.  23x72  feet,  748  West  Madison  street   5,000 

Peter  Lyncli,  2-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 

22x41)  fiHit,  12.V)  Wilcox  avenue   3,800 

A.  Schindler.  2-slory   and  basement  brick 

store  and  dwelling  25x49  feot,  441  2l8t  street..  3,205 


Jan.  18,  1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


445 


The  Sanitary  News. 

^—18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

ISO.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  ChicaKO. 

Thomas  Hudson,  -     -     -     -     -  Publibhbr, 

A.  H.  Harbtman,  Editor. 

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£ntei]e4  aa  Becond.cla88  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
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Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

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the  first  issue,  are  still  left.  The  price  of  these  is  $2.00 
a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  $3.00. 
The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects. 

CHICAGO,  JAN.  18,  1890. 


:  ;CoKTENTs  This  Week. 


Current  Topics  -      -      -      .      -      -  -  445 

Evaporation  of  the  Water  Seal  of  Traps  -  445 

Sanitary  Inspectors  of  Scotland    -      -  -  447 

The  Sewage  of  Rio  de  Janeiro        .      -  .  447 

Much  Money  in  Bath  Rooms  .      -      -  .  447 

ZiBc  as  a  Preventive  of  Boiler  Corrosion  -  448 

Rustless  Iron  449 

Illinois  Society  of  Engineers  and  Surveyors  449 

New  Substitute  for  Glass       -      -      -  .  449 

To  Prolong  the  Natural  Gas  Supply      -  .  449 

Health  in  Michigan         -     .     -     .  .  450 

Gas  from  Petroleum— A  New  Process  -  450 

BOILDING— 

Estimates  from  Contracts  .      -      .  -  451 

Notes  from  Architects       -      .      -  -  451 

Sanitary  Houses  452 

Plumbing— 

Inspection  does  Inspect    -     -     -  .  452 

Among  the  Plumbers         .      -      -  -  452 

Contbacting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  Be  Done  -      -  .  453 

Heating  and  Lighting        -      .      -  .  453 

Sewerage  Notes  .     -     .     .  .  454 

Water-Work^  Notes   -     ...  -  4.54 

Bide  and  Contractg    ,     ,     .     .  -  455 


Sanitary  science  has  developed  laws  of 
health  and  brought  its  discoveries  and  in- 
creased knowledge  of  preventive  medicine 
to  the  aid  of  public  sanitation,  The  impor- 
tant triumph  now  remains  in  establishing 
some  effective  means  in  bringing  all  this 
information  to  the  practical  knowledge  of 
the  public. 

The  report  of  the  New  York  Aqueduct 

Board  for  1889  contains  a  statement  of  ex- 
penditures showing  some  rather  singular 
facts.  The  amount  allowed  for  land  dam- 
ages is  $50,482.12,  while  the  expense  of  the 
commissioners  who  appraised  the  damages 
amount  to  $1,406,611.85.  It  may  have  been 
a  good  thing  for  the  appraisers,  but  it  would 
have  been  money  in  the  pockets  of  the  peo- 
ple if  the  farmers  had  been  paid  their  price 
for  the  land.  Some  New  York  servants  are 
very  expensive  luxuries,  but  they  must  be 
had  even  at  such  figures. 

New  York's  principal  claim  for  the 
World's  Fair  is  defeated  by  the  argument 
adduced  to  sustain  it.  It  is  argued  by  the 
representatives  of  New  York  that  the  Fair 
should  not  be  held  in  Chicago  because  the 
extra  cost  and  breakage  of  shipping  foreign 
exhibits  from  New  York  to  this  city  would 
be  so  great  as  to  be  almost  prohibitory. 
Suppose  that  were  true,  and  the  New 
Yorkers  must  think  it  is,  what  would  be  the 
practical  result  of  holding  the  Fair  in  their 
city?  This  suggests  the  question  on  which 
will  the  success  of  the  Fair  depend,  foreign 
visitors  or  those  at  home?  It  will  be  at  once 
conceded  that  the  patronage  on  which  will 
depend  the  success  of  the  Fair  will  be  the 
home  patronage.  We  could  not  expect  that 
the  foreign  patronage  would,  or  could  be, 
relied  on.  Then  if  this  extra  cost  and  break- 
age is  so  great  from  New  York  to  Chicago 
as  to  deter  foreign  exhibitors  from  attending, 
what  will  be  the  result  on  the  Great  West 
should  the  Fair  be  located  at  New  York? 
Certainly  the  cost  and  breakage  from  Chi- 
cago to  New  York  will  be  as  great  as  they 
will  be  from  New  York  to  Chicago.  Hence, 
the  argument  that  will  shut  out  the  few 
foreigners  will  shut  out  the  entire  West 
on  which,  more  than  on  any  other  ele- 
ment considered,  the  success  of  the  Fair  de- 
pends. The  logic  of  New  York's  strongest 
argument  most  conclusively  proves  that  the 
Fair  should  be  held  at  Chicago. 


The  state  chemist  of  Pennsylvania  has 
condemned  the  water  drawn  from  dug  wells 
in  Erie  that  state,  as  unfit  for  drinking  pur- 
poses, but  certifies  to  tVie  wholesomeness  of 
the  water  drawn  from  the  lake.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  it  is  announced  that  the  health 
officer  of  Erie  will  close  up  all  wells  in  the 
city.  In  the  earlier  period  of  towns  wells 
are  sunk  as  no  other  method  for  obtaining 
water  can  be  had.  The  town  grows,  water- 
works and  sewers  are  introduced,  but  by 
many  these  wells  are  still  used  to  avoid  the 
payment  of  water  rents.  At  this  period  these 
wells  begin  to  draw  in  the'  cesspools  and 
all  the  impupitieg  found  in  cities  and  become 


more  and  more  polluted.  Many  cases  of 
tyi)hoid  fever  in  cities  have  had  their  cause 
traced  to  well  water,  and  there  remains  no 
doubt  that  they  cause  more  or  less  sickness 
wherever  their  use  is  permitted.  There 
exists  in  the  minds  of  many  the  conviction 
that  earth  is  a  complete  filter,  and  that  water 
drawn  from  wells  has  been  purified  by  its 
passage  through  the  earth.  This  is  a  very 
serious  mistake,  as  well  water,  as  a  general 
thing,  is  about  the  most  impure  water  used 
for  drinking  purposes.  Well  water  at  best 
is  the  subject  of  much  suspicion,  and  under, 
the  very  unfavorable  conditions  surrounding 
it  in  cities  great  vigilance  should  be  ob- 
served in  regard  to  investigation  as  to  its 
quality. 

BOILER  EXPLOSIONS. 

The  boiler  explosion  last  week  on  Mon- 
roe street  calls  to  mind  again  most  forcibly 
the  urgent  necessity  of  active  and  competent 
supervision  of  these  instruments  of  danger. 
The  necessities  of  physical  development 
have  brought  to  the  aid  of  public  progress 
the  agency  of  steam  among  other  powers 
ministering  to  the  great  requirements  of  the 
age.  With  its  extended  use  are  coupled 
grave  dangers  and  the  possibilities  of  exten- 
sive ruin,  yet  no  one  would  attempt  to  de- 
mand the  withdrawal  of  steam  from  the 
economy  of  industry  and  all  its  relations  to 
life.  Conditions  are  such  now  that  steam  is 
indispensable  to  every  interest  touched  by 
every  phase  of  life.  But  when  we  look  upon 
the  wreck  wrought  on  Monroe  stre<t,  and 
contemplate  the  fact  that  Chicago  sits  over 
multiples  on  multiples  of  that  destructive 
force,  we  begin  to  realize  the  serious  possi- 
bilities of  dangers  that  underlie  us.  There 
is  but  one  conclusion  to  which  one  can  come : 
We  cannot  do  without  steam,  but  we  can 
and  must  do  without  the  carelessness,  neg- 
lect, and  incompetency  from  which  these 
disasters  result.  Good  engineers  claim  that 
there  never  need  be  an  explosion;  that  with 
proper  inspection,  and  .care  on  the  part  of 
the  engineer  the  steam  boiler  is  as  safe  a 
servant  as  man  can  employ.  The  history  of 
the  long  life  of  many  boilers  tend  to  prove 
this  to  be  true,  as  well  as  do  the  causes  of 
the  great  majority  of  explosions. 

The  demand  is  not  for  less  boilers  but  for 
more  competent  and  vigilant  engineers. 
The  fault  is  not  in  the  boilers  so  much  as  it 
is  in  the  engineer  in  charge.  Everything 
almost  is,  to  a  degree,  dangerous  in  negli- 
gent and  incompetent  hands.  The  boiler  is 
made  and  its  strength  measured  and  placed 
with  the  limits  of  steam  pressure  on  a  dial 
in  full  view.  The  safety-valve,  as  an  addi- 
tional means  of  security,  is  attached.  Guages 
are  supplied  by  which  the  limits  of  the  water 
line  are  easily  determined.  The  greatest 
danger  lies  in  a  steam  expansion  beyond  the 
strength  of  the  boiler  or  an  evaporation  of 
water  below  the  danger  line.  The  condi- 
tions augmenting  or  lessening  this  danger 
are  known,  or  should  be  known,  to  every 
engineer  placed  in  charge  06  a  boiler.  Thus 
is  constructed  the  ordinary  boiler  and  the 
intelligent  and  efficient  engineer  will  care- 


446 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  311 


fully  a  tend  to  the  means  provided  for  its 
safety.  Before  him,  immediately  in  front  of 
his  face,  is  a  record  which  only  the  grossest 
negligence  would  cause  him  to  disregard. 
Yet  there  are  other  means  of  safety  pro- 
vided. Inventions  exist  by  which  a  danger- 
ously high  steam  pressure  gives  an  alarm  to 
the  engineer  and  at  the  same  time  relieves 
the  pressure.  Many  devices  are  also  man- 
ufactured by  which  the  danger  of  a  too-low , 
water  line  is  made  known  through  an  alarm 
in  time  to  avert  disaster.  Whether  these 
inventions  tend  to  increase  the  negligence 
of  engineers  is  another  question,  but  certain 
it  is  that  they  leave  no  excuse  for  the  en- 
gineer for  any  explosions  from  this  cause. 
These  devices  should  be  attached  to  boilers 
as  an  additional  means  of  security,  inspec- 
tion should  be  rigid  and  complete  in  detail, 
and  engineers  should  not  be  allowed  em- 
ployment as  engineers  unless  they  can  pass 
a  satisfactory  examination  before  a  compe- 
tent commission.  The  destructiveness  of 
explosions  both  to  life  and  property  is  seri- 
ous enough  to  call  for  every  safeguard  that 
can  be  thrown  about  them,  and  the  author- 
ities will  fall  short  in  their  duties  when  any- 
thing less  than  this  desired  end  is  attained. 

PLUMBING  INSPECTORS. 

A  FEW  of  our  exchanges  have  rather  pro- 
tested against  our  claim  that  plumbing  in- 
spectors should  be  practical  plumbers,  one 
in  particulars  going  so  far  as  to  express  a 
very  strong  opinion  that  the  theoretical  man 
would  make  a  better  plumbing  inspector 
than  the  practical  one.  This  claim  is  based 
on  the  supposition  that  theory  is  better  than 
practical  experience,  and  that  it  is  not  nec- 
essary for  an  inspector  to  know  how  to  do 
plumbing  work  in  order  to  make  an  intelli- 
gent investigation  of  its  merits. 

In  the  first  place  this  claim  overlooks  the 
very  important  fact  that  theory  is  most  gen- 
erally modified  in  practice.  Theory  may  lay 
down  rules  to  be  followed  in  order  to  attain 
a  certain  end,  but  practice  must  modify 
these  rules,  utilize  the  knowledge  of  the 
changing  conditions  and  local  effect  before 
that  end  can  be  obtained.  A  purely  theo- 
retical man  stands  in  great  danger  of  recom- 
mending that  which  practice  could  not 
attain,  or  of  demanding  a  theoretical  prose- 
cution of  some  work  that  would  prove 
disastrous.  The  practical  man  pursues  his 
labors  in  accordance  with  experience  and 
investigation  and  does  this  or  that  because 
it  is  necessary  to  do  so,  and  not  because  of 
some  theory  which  is  always  modified  by 
the  friction  attending  its  reduction  to 
practice. 

Another  important  fact  that  is  overlooked 
by  this  claim  of  the  theorist  is,  that  the 
plumbers  of  to-day  are,  in  the  main,  theo- 
retical as  well  as  practical  in  the  important 
service  they  render  in  building  construction. 
In  the  plumbers,  who  can  be  found  where- 
ever  plumbing  inspection  is  demanded,  are 
combined  both  the  theoretical  and  practical, 
and  thus,  from  •  every  point  in  which  the 
matter  can  be  Jview^d,  they  are  above  all 
qualified  for  inspectors.   TJiey  have  been 


trained  in  this  pursuit  and  know  its  details. 
The  theoretical  man  knows  nothing  of  it 
whatever,  and  who  can  say  that  a  man  who 
cannot  do  a  certain  work  can  judge  of  its 
merits  as  well  as  one  who  can?  His  opinion 
of  it  as  a  whole  or  as  a  system  may  be  good, 
but  here  is  where  the  danger  lies.  Theory, 
not  being  acquainted  with  the  details  of 
practical  work,  overlooks  them;  and  it  is  in 
these  details  that  the  greatest  mischief  is 
most  frequently  wrought.  Who  can  locate 
the  defects,  which  may  cause  the  disorder 
of  an  entire  system  of  plumbing,  if  not  the 
practical  man  who  is  skilled  in  the  details 
of  his  work  as  well  as  learned  in  the  theory 
of  his  profession? 

The  object  of  plumbing  inspection  is  to 
prevent  the  evils  arising  from  defective 
plumbing.  It  is  not  its  object  to  point  out 
and  praise  perfect  work,  but  to  discover  the 
bad,  executed  by  incompetent  or  unscrupu- 
lous workmen,  and  if  there  be  tricks  in  this 
trade  who  would  know  better  than  the 
plumber  how  and  where  to  find  them? 
Boards  of  health  have  recognized  the  im- 
portance of  plumbing  to  health,  and  in  most 
all  of  our  cities  steps  have  been  taken,  or 
are  being  taken,  to  place  practical  plumbers 
in  that  department  of  public  health.  The 
growth  of  plumbing  interests  in  popular 
favor  indicates  that  this  matter  with  many 
others  will  soon  receive  the  intelligent  con- 
sideration and  appreciation  long  due  it. 


EVAPORATION  OF  THE  WATER 
SEAL  OF  TRAPS. 

Editor  of  The  Sanitary  News.  Dear  Sir: 
In  your  issue  of  Dec.  28,  1889,  you  quote  an 
advocate  of  trap  venting  as  saying  of  ordi- 
nary vented  S  traps,  "If  the  traps  are  filled 
even  once  in  two  weeks  they  will  keep  their 
seal  intact." 

Most  persons  now  agree  that  S  traps 
which  are  back  vented  in  the  ordinary 
manner  require  refilling  as  often  as  once  a 
fortnight  to  preserve  their  seals. 

Official  circulars  issued  to  the  public  by 
the  Brooklyn  Board  of  Health  and  other 
authorities  have  recommended  refilling  as 
often  as  once  a  fortnight,  and  later  circulars 
have  urged  refilling  once  a  week  in  unoccu- 
pied rooms  and  buildings. 

My  own  experiments  show  that  even 
shorter  intervals  between  filling  are  needed 
for  absolute  security. 

It  is,  therefore,  clear,  and  admitted  by  its 
most  persistent  advocates,  that  the  system 
of  back-venting  is  a  very  dangerous  one. 
Its  original  object  was  to  afford  security 
without  constant  watch.  It  is  now  found  that 
it  totally  fails  in  this  respect,  and  that  the 
back-venting  of  most  ordinary  traps  involves 
the  necessity  of  a  degree  of  watchfulness 
and  attention  which  experience  and  common 
sense  show  us  they  will  never  receive. 

My  experiments  on  the  rate  of  seal  reduc- 
tion produced  by  back-venting  were  made 
with  the  greatest  care  and  show  a  more 
rapid  loss  than  is  generally  supposed  to  take 
place. 

These  experiments  were  mad?  in  1884  for 


the  Boston  City  Board  of  Health,  and  were 
first  published  in  the  American  Architect 
and  Building  News,  of  June  7,  1884.  If  this 
report  be  studied,  it  will  be  seen  that  every 
precaution  was  taken  to  secure  trustworthy 
results. 

Although  the  experiments  on  siphonage 
were  made  during  the  same  year,  and  on  the 
same  system  of  piping  with  those  on  evap- 
oration, it  will  be  seen  by  studying  the 
drawings  and  text  of  this  report,  that  the 
former  in  no  way  interfered  with  the  latter. 

No  experiments  on  siphonage  were  made 
while  the  water  stood  high  in  the  traps  dur- 
ing the  tests  for  evaporation,  and  no  dis- 
turbance of  the  water  seals  was  made  by 
this,  or  any  other  cause  during  the  evapora- 
tion tests. 

It  would  have  been  exceedingly  careless, 
and  totally  unnecessary  to  allow  any  such 
disturbance.  Moreover  most  of  the  experi- 
ments on  evaporation  were  made,  a  g 
on  a  stack  so  connected  with  the  rest  of  thn 
system  of  piping  that  such  disturbance 
would  have  been  impossible  even  had  we 
not  carefully  closed  the  inlet  or  house  side 
of  the  traps. 

I  may  add  that  the  very  even  and  regu- 
larly diminishing  rate  of  evaporation  from 
day  to  day  shown  by  the  charts  accompan- 
ing  our  report,  is  of  itself  good  evi4e,nce 
that  no  such  accidental  disturbance  of  the 
seal,  as  is  suggested  by  your  correspondent, 
could  have  taken  place. 

We  found  that  a  warm  flue  caused  the 
back-vent  pipe  to  evaporate  enough  of  the 
water  from  the  seal  of  the  trap  to  break  it 
in  less  than  a  week,  and  I  am  confident  that 
this  often  happens  in  practice. 

How  short-sighted  and  foolish  is  it  to  en- 
deavor to  throw  discredit  on  these  experi- 
ments which  were  conducted  with  the 
greatest  care  and  honesty,  and  witnessed 
and  subscribed  to  by  well  known  and  im- 
partial experts;  and  to  argue  that  because 
other  experiments,  made  under  different 
conditions,  showed  a  somewhat  slower  rate 
of  evaporation,  therefore,  cases  could  never 
occur  in  which  the  more  rapid  rate  might  be 
encountered  in  practice. 

It  is  likely  that  the  public  will  very  soon 
awake  to  a  sense  of  the  importance  of  in- 
vestigating this  matter  for  themselves. 

Their  Boards  of  Health  will  then  find 
that,  with  a  very  small  outlay,  they  can 
obtain  the  truth,  and  that  a  vast  amount  of 
unnecessary  complication  and  expense  can 
be  saved  in  plumbing,  and  at  the  same  time 
greater  security  be  obtained. 

When  we  consider,  the  well  known  unre- 
liability of  the  vent-pipe  in  many  ways  and 
the  frequency  with  which  it  is  found  totally 
closed  by  grease,  it  becomes  something 
worse  than  folly  to  recommend  the  public 
to  place  implicit  reliance  upon  it. 

Respectfully  Yours, 

J.  P.  Putnam. 

Coal  cutting  machines  run  by  electricity 
are  now  so  far  perfected  that  they  can  cut 
between  t\YO  ?nd  three  hunctued  tons  per 
year, 


Jan.  18,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


447 


SANITARY  INSPECTORS  OF 
SCOTLAND. 

Those  making  application  for  sanitary  in- 
spectors in  Scotland  must  pass  a  satisfactory 
examination  in  all  the  laws  relating  to  the 
preservation  of  the  public  health;  such  as 
acts  relating  to  rivers  pollution,  sale  of  food 
and  drugs,  housing  of  working  classes,health 
clauses  of  the  local  government,  cattle  sheds, 
notification  of  diseases,  cowsheds,  and  milk- 
shops'  orders,  bakehouses,  factory  and  work- 
shops, margarine,  artisans  and  labors' dwell- 
ings. Besides  this  he  must  have  a  know- 
ledge of  the  principles  of  ventilation,  and 
the  simple  methods  of  ventilating  rooms. 
Measurement  of  cubic  space. 

A  knowledge  of  the  physical  characteris- 
tics of  good  water;  methods  of  water  supply; 
means  of  preventing  pollution;  and  the  con- 
ditions of  good  drainage. 

A  knowledge  of  the  various  sanitary  ap- 
pliances for  houses.  Inspection  of  builders 
and  plumbers'  work. 

A  knowledge  of  what  constitutes  a  nui- 
sance arising  from  any  trade,  business,  or 
manufacture. 

A  knowledge  of  the  characteristics  of  good 
and  bad  food,  so  as  to  be  able  to  recognize 
unsoundness. 

Some  knowledge  of  infectious  diseases, 
the  regulations  afifecting  persons  suffering 
from  such  diseases,  and  the  best  methods 
of  disitifection. 

Methods  of  inspecting  dwellings,  diaries, 
milkshops,  markets,  slaughter-houses,  cow- 
sheds, and  offensive  trades. 

Scavenging,  and  the  disposal  of  refuse. 

THE  SEWAGE  OF  RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 

From  a  letter  written  from  the  capital  of 
Brazil  to  The  Sanitary  Record  we  extract 
the  following  regarding  the  disposal  of  sew- 
age in  that  city: 

The  Rio  Improvements  Company  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  proper  disposition  of  the 
entire  sewage  of  the  city. 

This  company,  an  English  one,  received 
their  charter,  or  concession,  from  the  Brazil- 
ian Government  so  far  back  as  the  year 
1857,  but  it  was  1862  before  their  various 
works  were  built  and  they  commenced  oper- 
ations. Their  principal  function  is  to  con- 
trol and  utilize  the  entire  sewage  of  the  city, 
subject  only  to  the  supervision  of  Govern- 
ment Inspector,  and  they  are  under  heavy 
penalties  should  they  neglect  their  duties  or 
cause  an  avoidable  nuisance.  For  this  work 
they  are  paid  an  annual  subsidy  by  the 
Government,  and  to  every  new  house  that  is 
built  they  have  to  make  the  drains  to  the 
main  sewer.  They  also  either  supply  the 
sanitary  fittings  to  the  house  or  see  that 
those  placed  in  it  are  of  suitable  character, 
and  not  likely  to  cause  offence  or  danger  to 
the  inmates.  The  company  have  six  pump- 
ing stations  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  all 
abutting  upon  the  bay,  with  wharves,  on 
which  are  unloaded  all  their  appliances  and 
materials. 

-The  mode  of  treatment  of  the  sewage  is 
as  follows  :  The  sewage  from  a  certain  dis- 
trict is  brought  in  a  main  to  its  station  ;  here. 


as  it  enters  the  company's  premises,  it  is 
treated  with  a  mixture  of  lime,  sulphate  of 
alumina,  and  charcoal  ;  it  then  passes  on  to 
precipitating  tanks  of  the  usual  character, 
and,  after  precipitation  has  been  effected, 
and  the  effluent  been  allowed  to  travel 
through  a  series  of  narrow  canals,  it  is  dis- 
charged into  the  bay  inodorous,  and  of  a 
standard  of  purity  which  I  was  informed  by 
Mr.  Benest,  the  courteous  managing  director 
of  the  company,  was  much  higher  than  re- 
quired by  the  Rivers  Pollution  Committee 
in  England.  Without  going  into  further 
details,  I  can  safely  say  that,  from  whatever 
point  of  view  it  may  be  criticised,  the  mode 
of  treatment  of  the  Rio  sewage  is  as  good  if 
not  better,  than  the  most  approved  arrange- 
ments we  have. 

The  residuum,  is  dried  and  burnt  twice. 
The  first  burning  gives  back  a  lime,  which 
the  company  either  use  for  their  own  pur- 
poses or  sell,  if  they  have  an  excess.  The 
second  burning  reduces  it  to  a  hard  clinker; 
this  is  ground,  and,  I  am  assured  by  the 
managing  director,  makes  as  good  a  cement 
as  the  best  Portland  they  can  purchase.  In 
Brazil  manure  is  not  required,  but  as  nearly 
every  house  is  faced  with  cement,  there  is 
an  enormous  demand  for  the  article;  hence, 
by  utilizing  the  sewage  in  this  manner,  the 
company  obtain  a  valuable  marketable  com- 
modity. I  must  say,  I  was  much  astonished 
at  finding  in  this  much-abused  place  so  per- 
fect a  system  of  sewage  disposal,  so  admir- 
ably carried  out  without  nuisance  to  the 
inhabitants.  I  was,  however,  surprised  to 
hear  how  little  some  of  the  leading  inhab- 
itants knew  of  the  manner  in  which  their 
sewage  was  disposed  of,  some  of  them  be- 
lieving that  it  was  discharged  into  the  bay 
in  its  normal  condition.  I  mentioned  this  to 
Mr.  Benest,  who  smilingly  replied:  "From 
what  I  have  shown  you,  you  must  see  that 
the  sewage  is  too  valuable  an  article  for  us 
to  throw  away  if  we  can  avoid  it,  but  you 
shall  see  and  judge  for  yourself."  He  then 
explained  to  me  that  in  time  of  excessive 
rains,  owing  to  the  flat  surface  of  the  city, 
the  storm  water  (which  goes  into  the  sewers) 
would  soon  cause  an  inundation  if  it  were 
not  allowed  to  escape,  consequently  arrange- 
ments have  to  be  made  for  its  disposal  at 
each  station.  In  such  cases  it  is  necessary 
for  a  time  to  open  a  sluice,  instead  of  at- 
tempting to  pump  it  into  the  tanks,  and 
allow  the  whole  to  run  into  the  bay.  But 
whenever  it  is  found  to  be  necessary  to  do 
this,  the  fact  has  to  be  immediately  notified 
to  the  Government  Inspector,  who  visits  the 
station,  and  when  the  penstock  is  closed, 
writes  down  the  day  and  date  on  which  it 
was  opened,  and  signs  the  document.  It  is 
then  affixed  in  such  a  manner  that  the  pen- 
stock cannot  be  lifted  without  destroying  the 
notice,  and  the  Government  seal  is  affixed 
to  it. 

At  Seattle,  Washington,  during  the  six 
months  ending  Dec.  6,  permits  were  granted 
for  113  brick  buildings  and  1,084  frame 
buildings,  the  aggregate  cost  being 
$5,600,000. 


MUCH  MONEY  IN  BATH-ROOMS. 

Time  has  been,  observes  the  New  York 
Sun,  within  this  generation  when  the  bath- 
room was  the  least  considered  room  in  a 
house,  if  indeed,  such  a  room  were  not  be- 
lieved to  be  entirely  superfluous.  Time  has 
been  also,  though  in  a  somewhat  distant 
past,  when  the  bath-room  was  the  most 
sumptious  and  elegant  apartment  in  the 
house.  The  old  Pompeiians  and  fellows  of 
that  time  and  those  tastes  used  to  make 
bath-rooms  and  bath-houses  and  bathing 
establishments  that,  uncovered  to-day,  still 
reveal  the  marvelous  beauty  and  luxury  of 
their  original  appointments.  Just  at  present 
the  matter  of  bath-rooms  occupies  a  medium 
position,  with  a  tendency  toward  the  Pom- 
peiian.  The  bath-room  has  not  yet  become 
the  chief  or  the  finest  room  in  any  of  the 
beautiful  modern  houses  that  architects  are 
designing  and  millionaires  are  building  in 
and  around  this  city,  but  very  much  money 
and  a  deal  of  artistic  skill  and  scientific 
wisdom  is  being  lavished  upon  those  apart- 
ments in  all  modern  houses,  even  in  those 
that  are  built  for  renting. 

In  the  first  place,  bath-rooms  are  now 
built  from  twice  to  four  times  as  large  as 
they  used  to  be.  Formerly  any  little  closet 
room  would  do  for  the  bath-tub.  It  wasn't 
even  considered  necessary  to  have  it  large 
enough  to  take  a  tub  that  would  hold  a  per- 
son at  full  length.  Its  finishing  was  plain 
and  its  furnishing  next  to  nothing.  Now  the 
bath-room  must  be  a  room  anywhere  from 
six  by  ten  for  a  small  and  narrow  house  to 
to  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  square  for  a  fine 
house,  and  even  larger  for  many  of  the  man- 
sions now  being  erected. 

The  walls  are  of  tiling  usually,  though 
hard  wood  and  plaster  are  sometimes  used, 
and  the  floors  are  of  tile  or  marble.  Stained 
glass  is  used  in  the  windows  wherever  pos- 
sible, and  in  many  cases  the  ceiling  is  ar- 
ranged to  open  clear  to  the  roof,  and  there 
is  an  ornamental  glass  roof. 

The  fittings  of  a  well-furnished  bath-room 
now  include,  besides  the  regular  tub,  a  sitz 
bath-tub,  with  spray  and  wave  bath  attach- 
ments, and  basins,  closets  and  other  appa- 
ratus to  suit  the  taste  or  convenience  of  the 
owner  and  the  amount  of  room  at  command. 
Copper  is  the  cheapest  material  that  is 
thought  of  for  a  fine  bath-tub,  and  frequently 
hundreds  of  dollars  are  expended  upon  the 
fabrication  of  a  tub  especially  to  suit  the 
taste  of  a  man  or  woman  with  unusually 
luxurious  ideas.  Mrs.  Langtry,  for  instance, 
has  a  tub  of  silver.  It  was  made  originally 
for  an  Indian  rajah,  and  came  into  Mrs. 
Langtry's  hands  after  passing  through  those 
of  numerous  people  who  couldn't  imagine 
that  such  a  magnificent  thing  could  actually 
be  used.  It  is  in  this  that  Mrs.  Langtry 
takes  the  famous  daily  cold-water  baths, 
over  reading  about  which  all  other  women 
shiver  sympathetically  and  say  "Oh,  my  !" 

Plain  copper  tubs  are  often  covered  with 
enamel  inside,  and  this  may  be  made  of 
various  colors,  such  as  may  best  suit  the 
complexion  of  the  person  using  them.  The 


448 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  311 


use  of  taste  in  such  a  matter  as  this  is  more 
frequent  among  the  women  of  to-day  than 
would  be  suspected,  dealers  in  bath-room 
apparatus  say.  The  fact  should  go  far 
toward  settling  the  question  as  to  whether 
women  like  to  be  beautiful  for  themselves 
alone  or  for  others. . 

A  great  many  bath-tubs  nowadays  are 
made  to  stand  on  little  short  legs  instead  of 
being  cased  in  clear  to  the  floor.  Raising 
them  up  in  this  way  gives  a  chance  for  the 
air  to  circulate  all  around  them,  and  leaves 
no  opportunity  for  leaks  or  water  splashed 
over  the  sides  to  keep  the  floor  or  woodwork 
damp  and  unhealthy.  Such  tubs  are  made 
of  brass,  bronze  and  other  metals  and  are 
lavishly  decorated. 

A  woman  wrote  recently  to  an  English 
paper  protesting  against  the  custom  of  set- 
ting bath-tubs  up  above  the  floors  instead  of 
sinking  them  into  it  with  the  top  on  a  level 
with  the  floor.  She  said  the  present  style  of 
tub  was  difficult  and  dangerous  to  get  into 
and  out  of.  The  communication  made  some 
comment  amotig  the  architects  and  others 
in  the  business,  but  the  woman's  ideas  failed 
to  find  any  expert  defenders.  The  general 
opinion  was  that  a  tub  with  the  top  even 
with  the  floor  would  be  a  deal  more  danger- 
ous, if  not  more  difficult  to  enter  or  leave, 
at  least  so  long  as  tubs  were  made  of  their 
present  dimensions  and  were  not  swimming 
tanks  like  those  of  the  ancients. 

In  the  matter  of  health  there  has  within  a 
few  years  been  a  great  improvement  in  the 
construction  of  bath-tubs  and  other  appara- 
tus for  the  bath-room.  This  has,  however, 
been  merely  a  keeping  pace  with  the  im- 
provement in  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the 
plumbing  and  similar  work  all  over  the 
house. 

The  cost  of  a  really  fine  bath-room  varies 
from  a  couple  of  hundred  dollars,  or  even 
less  where  the  walls  and  floors  need  no  fix- 
ing, to  as  many  thousands  as  one  chooses  to 
pay.  The  merely  useful  with  incidental 
ornamental  features  cannot  well  go  beyond 
$500,  but  when  art  steps  in  the  limit  to  the 
game  is  wiped  out,  and  one  can  play  as  high 
as  his  pocketbook  will  go.  Many  of  the 
most  beautiful  works  of  art,  both  in  fresco 
and  oil  paintings,  in  this  city  are  in  bath- 
rooms, and  costly  statuary  in  bronze  and 
marble  is  frequently  added  to  the  attractions 
of  the  place.  Of  course  art  in  such  places 
runs  much  to  the  nude  and  semi-nude.  If 
anybody  ever  succeeds  in  making  up  a  loan 
collection  of  bath-room  art  contributed  by 
connoisseurs,  there  will  be  a  sensation  in  art 
circles  and  Anthony  Comstock's  office. 

The  business  of  furnishing  bath-rooms 
has  become  so  important  of  late  years  that 
some  firms  devote  their  whole  attention  to 
it,  and  have  large  capital  invested  in  it. 
They  issue  regular  catalogues  of  their  ap- 
paratus, and  furnish  customers  with  illus- 
trated suggestions  as  to  the  different  styles 
in  which  a  bath-room  may  be  finished  off. 
When  the  customer  makes  a  selection  from 
the  suggestions,  or  gets  an  architect  to  get 
up  original  designs  for  the  purpose,  the  firm 


takes  the  job  of  carrying  out  the  plans,  and 
besides  furnishing  the  apparatus  and  mater- 
ials has  expert  workmen  to  set  them  up  and 
to  do  the  decorating  and  finishing  of  the 
room. 

One  final  word  to  persons  about  to  invest 
in  a  modern  bath-room:  Don't  fail  to  save 
enough  money  to  buy  a  handsome  rug  for  it. 
Water  won't  hurt  a  fine  rug,  and  it  can 
easily  be  dried  out  in  a  few  minutes  if  it  is 
splashed,  while  for  decorative  and  comfort- 
ing effect  in  a  bath-room  there  is  nothing 
like  it.  A  fine  rug  is  as  good  as  five  degrees 
more  heat  in  a  bath-room,just  from  the  warm, 
rich  and  comfortable  look  it  gives  the 
place. 


ZINC  AS  A  PREVENTIVE  OF  BOILER 
CORROSION. 
Zinc  is  often  used  in  boilers  and  hot-water 
tanks  to  prevent  the  corrosive  action  of  the 
water  on  the  metal  of  which  the  tank  or 
boiler  is  composed,  says  The  Locomotive. 
The  action  appears  to  be  an  electrical  one, 
the  iron  being  one  pole  of  the  battery,  and 
the  zinc  being  the  other.  Under  the  action 
of  the  current  of  electricity  so  produced,  the 
water  in  the  tank  is  slowly  decomposed  into 
its  elements,  oxygen  and  hydrogen.  The 
hydrogen  is  deposited  on  the  iron  shell, 
where  it  remains.  It  will  not  unite  with  iron 
to  form  "a  new  compound,  but  if  any  iron 
rust  (known  to  the  chemists  as  oxide  of  iron) 
is  present,  it  will  remove  the  oxygen  from 
this  and  deposit  the  metallic  iron  on  the 
plates.  The  oxygen  of  the  water  that  is  de- 
composed, instead  of  going  to  the  iron,  goes 
to  the  zinc,  and  forms  oxide  of  zinc,  and  in 
the  course  of  time  the  zinc  will  be  found  to 
be  almost  entirely  converted  into  oxide,  only 
a  small  fraction  of  the  original  metal  being 
left. 

On  account  of  the  action  we  have  outlined 
above,  it  is  generally  believed  that  zinc  is 
always  a  good  thing  to  prevent  corrosion, 
and  that  it  cannot  be  harmful  to  the  boiler 
or  tank  under  any  circumstances.  Some  of 
our  experiences  go  to  disprove  this  belief, 
and  we  have  met  with  numerous  cases  in 
which  zinc  has  not  only  been  of  no  use,  but 
has  even  been  harmful.  In  one  peculiarly 
marked  case  a  100  horse  power  horizontal 
tubular  boiler  had  been  troubled  with  a  de- 
posit of  scale  consisting  chiefly  of  organic 
matter  and  lime,  and  zinc  was  recommended 
as  a  preventive,  some  few  weeks  previous  to 
our  annual  internal  inspection.  When  the 
inspection  was  made,  large  amounts  of  de- 
tached scale  from  the  shell  and  tubes  were 
found  in  the  bottom  of  the  boiler,  and  the 
iron  surfaces  from  which  they  had  been  de- 
tached showed  markedly  the  action  of  the 
zinc,  the  crystals  of  which,  deposited  upon 
the  iron,  gave  it  the  appearance  of  frosted 
silver  work.  On  the  rear  portion  of  the 
tubes,  the  scale,  being  much  heavier  and 
more  obstinate  to  remove,  partially  re- 
mained ;  but  it  was  easily  loosened  and  de- 
tached, and  when  it  was  removed  the  same 
frosted  appearance  of  the  iron  was  observed. 
The  beneficial  action  of  the  zinc  was  so  ob- 


vious that  its  continued  use  was  advised, 
with  frequent  opening  .of  the  boiler,  and 
cleaning  out  of  detached  scale  until  all  the 
old  scale  should  be  removed  and  the  boiler 
become  clean.  Eight  or  ten  months  later 
the  water  supply  was  changed,  it  being  now 
obtained  from  another  stream  supposed  to 
be  free  from  lime,  and  to  contain  only  or- 
ganic matter.  This  change  of  feed  water 
was  unknown  to  the  mspector,  who  two  or 
three  months  after  its .  introduction  opened 
the  boiler  for  inspection,  and  was  greatly 
surprised  at  its  condition.  The  tubes  and 
shell  were  coated  with  an  obstinate  adhesive 
scale,  clinging  tenaciously  to  the  iron,  and 
composed  of  zinc  oxide  and  the  organic 
matter  or  sediment  of  the  w  ater  used.  The 
deposit  had  become  so  heavy  in  places  as 
to  cause  overheating  and  bulging  of  the 
plates  over  the  fire.  It  was  with  difficulty 
that  these  patches  were  separated  and  re- 
moved by  the  use  of  long  chisels  made 
specially  for  the  purpose,  This  action  of 
zinc  when  the  water  supply  is  changed  has 
been  noted  by  us  in  many  cases,  but  in  no 
other  case  that  we  have  yet  met  with  has  the 
contrast  between  its  beneficial  action  at  first 
and  its  injurious  action  afterward,  in  the 
same  boiler,  been  so  marked. 

Another  very  interesting  instance  of  the 
peculiar  action  of  zinc  under  certain  condi- 
tions came  to  our  notice  not  long  ago.  This 
time  the  trouble  was  with  a  tank  used  for 
heating  water,  and  containing  coils  of  brass 
pipe  through  which  exhaust  steam  was 
passed.  The  shell,  of  the  tank  corroded 
rapidly,  and  one  day  a  large  crack  opened 
in  one  of  the  plates,  and  the  hot  water 
(which  was  under  a  pressure  of  75  lbs.)  was 
discharged  into  the  room.  An  entirely  new 
5-r6  inch  shell,  42  inches  in  diameter,  and  8 
feet  high,  was  then  constructed,  and  when  it 
was  placed  in  position,  a  3o.-pound  pig  of 
zinc  was  hung  between  the  tubes  to  prevent 
the  continuance  of  the  corrosion.  The  zinc 
certainly  did  prevent  the  species  of  corrosion 
that  had  given  so  much  trouble  before,  but 
it  gave  rise  to  a  very  peculiar  alteration  of 
the  iron  of  which  the  new  shell  was  made. 
After  the  lapse  of  two  years,  the  handhole 
plates  were  renewed,  and  it  was  found  that 
although  the  old  ones  had  preserved  their 
form,  they  were  softened  on  their  inner  sur- 
faces so  that  a  penknife  point  could  be  easily 
thrust  into  them  about  3-16  of  an  inch.  The 
metal  on  these  surfaces  was  black  and  lus- 
terless,  and  had  every  appearance  of  being 
graphite  or  black  lead.  So  soft  was  it  that 
the  strengthening  ribs  on  one  of  the  plates 
were  entirely  cut  away  by  an  ordinary  pock- 
et knife.  The  interior  surface  of  the  tank 
presented  the  same  appearance,  but  as  the 
tank  showed  no  signs  of  distress,  it  was  con- 
tinued in  use,  and  for  six  years  it  has  .proved 
serviceable  and  satisfactory,  no  leaks  or 
other  symptoms  of  weakness  having  been 
observed.  The  old  handhole  plates  were 
kept  for  subsequent  examination,  but  in  a 
short  time  they  hardened  up  so  that  a  cold- 
chisel  would  make  scarcely  any  impression 
on  them.   The  zinc  pig  that  had  been  used 


Jan.  18,  189)] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


449 


was  removed,  and  its  character  was  found  to 
be  entirely  changed.  It  had  preserved  its 
former  shaiic  and  general  outward  appear- 
ance, but  its  fracture  was  no  longer  bright 
and  metallic,  resembling  wood  from  which 
all  the  sap  had  been  expelled.  Hy  carefully 
melting  it  in  a  clean  black  lead  crucible,  it 
was  found  that  only  15  percent  of  it  re- 
mained in  the  metallic  state.  The  remain- 
ing 85  per  cent  was  probably  zinc  oxide, 
though  no  analysis  of  it  was  made. 

It  appears  from  these  experiences  and 
from  others  of  like  nature  that  the  action  of 
zinc  is  not  always  as  simple  and  harmless 
as  it  would  appear  to  be  at  first  thought.  In 
fact,  zinc  is  one  of  the  numerous  things  that 
don't  always  work  as  we  should  naturally 
expect  them  to  ;  and  in  making  use  of  it, 
the  boiler  should  be  frequently  opened  and 
the  action  carefully  watched,  so  that  if  any 
undesirable  effects  show  themselves  they 
may  be  checked  in  time  to  prevent  serious 
trouble. 


RUSTLESS  IRON. 

In  speaking  of  the  manufacture  of  rustless 
iron,  a  current  item  says  that  the  rustless 
process,  which  has  been  until  lately  an  ex- 
periment, has  now  demonstrated  that  great 
economy  can  be  used,  not  only  in  iron  pipe, 
but  in  every  article  where  iron  is  used.  In 
the  past  year  over  2,000,000  kettles  have 
been  subjected  to  this  process  in  Pittsburgh. 
The  method  is  very  peculiar.  After  the 
article  is  made  it  is  put  into  a  furnace  about 
three  and  one-half  feet  high,  fifteen  feet 
long,  and  eight  feet  broad.  The  furnace  is 
made  in  an  oval  shape,  air-tight.  After  the 
iron  has  been  in  the  furnace  for  two  hours, 
and  it  has  attained  almost  a  white  heat,  the 
air  that  comes  through  the  regenerators 
and  air-valves  is  shut  securely  off,  and  the 
furnace  is  made  air-tight.  After  the  air  has 
been  shut  off  the  super-heater,  which  is 
located  in  the  combustion  chamber  at  the 
rear  of  the  furnace,  and  at  right  angles  from 
the  air-valves,  is  opened,  and  the  furnace  is 
filled  with  steam  and  kept  in  this  condition 
for  eight  hours.  At  short  intervals  a  small 
valve  is  opened,  so  as  to  allow  the  exodus  of 
steam  in  the  furnace,  allowing  fresh  steam 
to  be  put  into  the  furnace.  When  the  articles 
have  been  ten  hours  in  the  furnace  there 
has  been  accomplished  the  formation  of 
magnetic  oxide  upon  the  iron  surface.  They 
are  then  put  into  an  acid  well,  which  is  the 
last  treatment. 


ILLINOIS  SOCIETY  Of  ENGINEERS 
AND  SURVEYORS. 

Office  of  Executive  Board,  Cham- 
paign, III.,  Jan.  8,  1890.  The  fifth  annual 
meeting  of  the  Illinois  Society  of  Engineers 
and  Surveyors  will  be  held  in  the  City  Hall 
at  Peoria,  111.,  commencing  at  1 130  p.  m. 
Wednesday,  January  29,  and  continuing 
January  30  and  31. 

programme. 

The  programme  will  not  be  completed 
until  later.    The  following  papers  have  been 


promised,  and  others  are  under  considera- 
tion: 

President's  Address- C.G.  Elliot,  Oilman. 
House  Drainage,  S.  A.  TkiUard,  Springfield. 
Strip  Coal  Mining,  J.  O.  Wright,  LaFayette 
Ind. 

Prevention  of  the  Abrasion  of  River  and 
Creek  Banks,  E.  J.  Chamberlain,  Pittstield. 

Peoria's  New  Water-works,  W.  C.  Haw- 
ley,  Peoria. 

Engineering  Features  of  the  Operating 
Department  of  Railroads,  E.  L.  Morse, 
Cazenovia. 

Sharp  Curves,  Edwin  A.  Hill,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Masonry  Structures  for  Railroads,  T.  A. 
Allen,  Terre  Haute  Ind. 

A  change  of  Line  on  the  C.  &  A.  R.  R.,  E. 
Philbrick,  Chicago. 

Interlocking  Switches  and  Signals,  Charles 
Hansel,  Springfield. 

The  distribution  Systems  for  Water-works 
D.  W.  Mead,  Rockford. 

How  to  find  a  True  Meridian,  D.  H.  Dav- 
ison, Minonk. 

Iron  Substructure  for  Highway  Bridges, 
J.  H.  Burnham,  Bloomington. 

Topographical  Surveying  for  Drainage 
Purposes,  D.  J.  Stanford,  Chatsworth. 

Drainage,  Rudolph  Bourland,  Peoria. 

Alterations  in  the  Washington  Street  Tun- 
nel, S.  C.  Colton  Chicago. 

The  Elimination  of  Local  attraction  in 
Mine  Surveying,  D.  H.  Davison,  Minonk. 

The  Mounds  Yard,  S.  F.  Balcom,  Cham- 
paign. 

Notes  on  the  Use  of  Cement  Mortar,  Prof. 
I.  O.  Baker. 

topical  discussion. 
The  topical  discussion  which  formed  such 
an  interesting  part  of  the  last  programme 
will  be  continued.  The  topics  take  the 
place  of  short  papers  upon  matters  on 
which  the  opinion,  experience  or  custom  of 
members  may  be  briefly  given.  The  dis- 
cussion will  not  be  limited  to  those  to  whom 
the  topics  are  sent.  As  the  papers  received 
on  surveying  topics  are  few,  it  is  hoped  that 
surveyors  will  endeavor  to  supply  more. 

EXHIBIT  of  drawings. 

The  committee  on  exhibit  of  drawings 
promises  a  full  display.  To  this  end  the  co- 
operation of  every  member  is  asked.  Let 
the  surveyor  bring  his  plans  and  problems, 
the  city  engineer  his  plans  of  minor  con- 
structions as  well  as  his  bridge  and  water- 
works plans,  the  railroad  engineer  plans  of 
railroad  structures,  etc.,  and  the  exhibit  will 
be  a  profitable  feature  of  the  meeting.  The 
drawings  need  not  be  elaborate,  and  plans 
that  seem  commonplace  may  be  the  most 
valuable,  so  do  not  neglect  this  on  the  plea 
of  not  having  anything  of  interest.  Those 
present  at  the  Bloomington  meeting  will 
testify  to  the  value  of  the  exhibit  there. 
Members  can  make  this  still  better. 
hotels,  railroads,  etc. 

Headquarters  will  be  at  the  Peoria  House, 
and  that  hotel  will  give  reduced  rates.  Pro- 
grammes for  the  meeting  may  be  obtained 
there. 

Reduced  rates  ha\  e  been  secured  on  part 


of  the  railroads,  and  it  is  expected  that  ar- 
rangements will  be  made  with  all  railroads 
entering  Peoria.  Notice  of  such  arrange- 
ments will  be  sent  to  members  and  to  all 
others  who  recjuest  it. 

The  local  members  have  promised  a  cor- 
dial welcome  to  Peoria  and  an  enjoyable 
time  is  anticipated.  From  an  engineering 
point  of  view,  the  location  is  advantageous. 
The  municipal  engineering  features  will  be 
attractive. 

Besides  the  advantages  of  attendance  at 
the  meetings  from  knowledge  gained 
through  the  papers  and  discussions,  the  so- 
cial feature  of  the  meetings,  the  acquaint- 
ance and  contact  with  others  in  the  same  or 
similar  work,  the  hints  and  methods  and 
plans  gained  by  a  sentence  from  those  who 
have  met  the  same  questions,  as  well  as  the 
general  good  time  and  good  fellowship,  go 
far  to  make  these  meetings  extremely  profit- 
able. The  location  will  insure  a  large  at- 
endance.  Come,  bring  your  friends,  make 
new  acquaintances,  renew  old  ones,  tell 
what  you  know,  learn  something  new,  and 
enjoy  the  society  of  the  craft.  For  further 
n  formation  address,  A.  M.  Zaibort,  Ex-Sec- 
retary, Champaign,  111. 

NEW  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  GLASS. 
A  new  substitute  for  glass  in  the  form  of 
varnish  covered  wire  is  being  used  where 
glass  will  not  stand  the  vibration  or  other 
conditions.  The  transparent  wirewove  roof- 
ing, which  is  translucent,  pliable  as  leather, 
and  unbreakable,  has  for  its  basis  a  web  of 
fine  iron  wire,  with  warp  and  weft  threads 
about  1-12  inch  apart.  This  netting  is  cov- 
ered on  both  sides  with  a  thick  translucent 
varnish,  containing  a  large  percentage  of 
linseed  oil.  The  process  of  manufacture  is 
conducted  by  dipping  the  sheets  into  deep 
tanks  containing  the  composition  until  the 
required  thickness  is  obtained;  the  sheets 
are  then  dried  in  a  heating  chamber,  and 
after  being  stored  for  some  time  till  thor- 
oughly set,  are  ready  for  use.  The  sheets 
can  be  made  any  color  from  amber  to  pale 
brown.  The  new  material  adapts  itself  to 
curves  or  angles  in  roofing,  and  is  unaffected 
by  steam,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  frost,  hail,  rain, 
or  any  atmospheric  changes.  Being  a  non- 
conductor, buildings  remain  cool  in  summer 
and  warm  in  winter. 

TO  PROLONG  THE  NATURAL  GAS 
SUPPLY. 

For  some  time  past  it  has  been  known  to 
a  few  of  the  officials  of  the  natural  gas  com- 
panies that  a  well-known  Pittsburgh  manu- 
facturer was  experimenting  with  a  mechan- 
ical problem  which,  if  proved  to  be  success- 
ful, would  set  any  doubts  regarding  a 
plentiful  supply  of  gas  for  years  to  come 
aside.  The  success  of  this  principle,  says 
the  Erie  (Pa.)  Herald,  has  at  last  been 
assured  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  manu- 
facturers of  that  locality  will  be  enabled  to 
get  a  supply  from  the  wells,  even  should  the 
pressure  of  the  latter  become  extraordinarily 
low,  for  years  to  come.  Many  months  ago 
the  Wheeling  Gas  Company  rigged  up  a 


450 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  311 


number  of  blowing  fans  at  various  points 
along  the  line,  and  endeavored  to  make 
amends  for  the  failing  rock  pressure  of  the 
wells  by  sucking  the  gas  through  the  pipes 
by  means  of  the  blowers  mentioned,  the 
idea  being  to  create  a  vacuum  in  the  pipes. 
This  proved  a  failure.  Since  then  James 
Hemphill,  of  Pittsburgh,  one  of  the  best 
known  machinery  builders  and  a  most  ex- 
perienced mechanic,  has  given  the  question 
of  pumping  the  gas  from  the  wells  to  the 
points  of  consumption  a  most  careful  study. 
As  a  result,  he  has  provided  a  system  which 
embodies  many  details  of  special  interest 
to  the  manufacturer,  and  natural  gas-con- 
suming public  generally. 

In  order  to  put  this  theory  into  practice  he 
has  provided  a  means  by  jvhich  the  gas 
coming  from  the  w-ells,  even  at  two  pounds 
pressure  can  be  concentrated  in  a  receiver 
at  a  point  near  the  wells,  and  then  be  pumped 
from  there  into  large  gas  mains. 

The  pumps  will  be  similar  in  construction 
to  those  used  for  air  pumping  at  blast  fur- 
naces or  Bessemer  plants.  By  this  means 
the  gas  will  be  forced  through  the  mains  to 
the  points  of  consumption,  and  all  the  pres- 
sure required  to  be  kept  up  for  this  purpose 
would  be  twenty-nine  pounds,  or  about  one 
fourth  less  than  is  made  by  the  air  pumping 
engines  of  blast  furnaces.  The  advantage 
to  be  derived  from  the  adoption  of  this  sys- 
tem are  claimed  to  be  manifold. 

First,  the  supply  would  be  kept  up  in  a 
large  line  as  comes  at  present  from  rock 
pressure.  The  concentration  of  the  lines 
leading  from  the  various  wells  in  one  com- 
mon receiver  will  be  of  immense  advantage. 
The  fuel,  it  is  claimed,  can  be  forced  with 
ease  and  in  sufficient  quantities  for  all 
purposes. 

President  Brown  of  the  Equitable  Gas 
Company,  in  speaking  of  the  new  system 
said:  "The  rock  pressure  in  many  wells  at 
present  is  excellent,  and  I  see  no  immediate 
necessity  for  the  need  of  any  apparatus  of 
that  kind.  It  is  certainly,  from  all  accounts, 
a  most  excellent  arrangement,  and  the  plan 
of  forcing  the  gas  is  entirely  practicable. 
When  the  time  arrives  that  rock  pressure 
gets  low,  then  this  s>'Stem  will  prove' of  in- 
calculable value.  It  will  give  the  lie  to  the 
Stories  published  in  many  of  the'  papers  out- 
side of  Pittsburgh  to  the  effect  that  our  gas 
supply  must  fail  shortly,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence, that  many  of  the  factories  here  will 
close  up.  This  new  discovery  is  of  great 
benefit,  as  it  insures  an  ample  supply  of  fuel 
for  at  least  twenty-five  years.  There  is  not 
the  least  doubt  but  that  the  pumping  plan 
will  work  like  a  charm." 


alence,  (influenza  increased  one  hundred 
and  three  per  cent  over  the  preceding 
week.) 

At  the  state  capital  the  prevailing  winds 
for  the  week  ending  Jan.  4,  were  south-east, 
and  compared  with  the  preceding  week  the 
temperature  was  lower,  the  absolute  humid- 
ity was  less,  the  relative  humidity  and  the 
day  and  night  ozone  w^ere  more. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observers 
and  others,  diphtheria  was  reported  present 
during  the  week  ending  Jan  4,  and  since  at 
twenty-seven  places — Bainbridge  tp,  Brai- 
tung  tp,  Casco  tp,  Detroit,  Evart,  East  Sag- 
inaw, Genesee  tp.  Grand  Rapids,  Gaines 
tp,  Howell,  Hastings,  Hillsdale,  Kalamazoo, 
Lansing,  Muskegon,  Manistee  tp,  Richland 
tp.  Rich  tp,  Ravenna  tp,  Saginaw,  Spalding 
tp.  Torch  Lake  tp,  Taylor  tp,  Texas  tp, 
Trowbridge  tp.  West  Branch  and  Winfield 
tp,;  scarlet  fever  increased  by  eighty-three 
per  cent  and  was  reported  at  thirty-three  { 
places — Brighton,  Bliss  tp,  Center  tp.  Car-  j 
unna,  Concord,  Caledonia  tp,  Dundee,  Den-  j 
ver  tp,  Detroit,  East  Tawas,  Eagle  tp,  Fab- ' 
ius  tp,  Grand  Rapids,  Grass  Lake,  How  ell,  | 
Hiewell  tp,  Howard  City,  Kalamazoo,  Keeler 
tp,  Metamora  tp,  Muskegon,  Monroe,  New- 
berg  tp.  New  Buffalo,  Novi  tp,  Newton  tp, 
Plymouth,  Superior  tp.  Spring  Lake,  Sand 
Beach  tp.  St.  Johns,  West  Branch  and  White 
Water  tp;  typhoid  fever  at  eighteen  places 
Albion,  Cadillac,  Cannonsburg,  Corrunna, 
Clam  Lake  tp,  Detroit,  Deerfield  tp.  Grand 
Rapids,  Gladstone,  Muskegon,  Maple  Grove 
Metamora  tp.  North  Star  tp,  Penn  tp,  Rich- 
land tp,  Taylor  tp,  Wyandotte  and  Wake- 
field tp;  measles  decreased  by  sixty-four  per 
cent  and  was  reported  at  four  places — Char- 
lotte, P'owler,  Grand  Rapids  and  Otsego. 
Lansing,  Mich.,       Henky  B.  B.-vker, 

Secretary. 

A  discovery  ot  zmc  ore  has  been  made  at 
Newton,  N.  J.,  which  is  expected  to  yield  60 
per  cent  of  pure  metal,  and  is  believed  to 
equal  in  quality  the  zinc  found  at  Franklin, 
ten  miles  distant. 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN. 
For  the  week  ending  Jan.  4,  i8qo,  the 
postal-card  reports  indicate  that  scarlet 
fever,  influenza,  puerperal  fever,  cerebro- 
spinal meningitis,  inflammation  of  brain, 
remittent  fever,  membranous  croup,  cholera 
infantum  and  cholera  morbus  increased,  and 
that  measles,  typhoid  fever,  whooping-cough 
and  dysentery  decreased  in  area  of  prev 


The  city  council  of  South  Bend,  Ind.,  has 
agreed  upon  a  route  for  the  proposed  West 
End  trunk  sewer,  The  city  engineer  will 
prepare  specifications,  and,  as  early  as  possi- 
ble, all  preliminary  arrangements  will  be 
made  and  contracts  let,  so  that  work  may 
begin  in  the  spring. 

From  researches  made  by  \'on  Esmarch 
on  the  action  of  steam  as  a  disinfectant  it 
would  appear  that  the  effects  in  relation  to 
the  destruction  of  bactei-ia  depend  not  so 
much  upon  the  temjierature  as  upon  the  de- 
gree of  saturation  of  the  steam.  If  there  is 
air  with  it,  the  power  of  desiroying  organic 
germs  is  very  much  diminished.  Experi- 
menting in  the  same  way  on  the  spores  of 
malignant  pustule  \'on  Esmarch  found  that 
while  superheated  steam,  which  was  not  in 
a  condition  of  saturation  at  a  temperature 
of  120  degrees  C,  was  unable  to  destroy  the 
spores  in  ha!f  an  hour,  saturated  steam  at 
100  degrees  C.  destroyed  them  in  from  five 
to  ten  minutes. 


GAS  FROM   PETROLEUM  — A  NEW 
PROCESS. 

Some  interesting  experiments,  the  suc- 
cess of  which  suggests  possibilities  of  a  far- 
reaching  character,  says  the  Columbus 
Despatch,  were  made  today  at  the  Haydon 
rolling  mill  in  this  city.  These  experiments 
were  made  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the 
heating  quality  of  gas  made  from  petroleum. 
Yesterday  Mr.  Robert  R.  Turner,  superin- 
tendeijt  of  the  mills,  had  set  up  two  fire 
boxes  for  the  manufacture  of  chain.  These 
boxes  are  of  iron,  and  are  perhaps  a  yard 
long,  and  about  a  foot  or  a  foot  and  a  half 
in  the  other  dimensions.  In  the  top  several 
small,  square  holes  are  cutfor  the  insertions 
of  the  iron,  which  is  to  be  made  into  chain 
links.  The  petroleum  gas  was  turned  into 
these  boxes  this  morning  and  set  on  fire. 
When  a  Dispatch  reporter  saw^  them  the  in- 
terior of  the  boxes  was  a  mass  of  dazzling 
white  flame.  That  it  was  of  intense  heat  was 
quickly  demonstrated  by  Mr.  Turner,  who 
thrust  a  bit  of  link  iron  into  it,  and,  holding 
it  there  three-quarters  of  a  minute,  pulled  it 
out  white  hot.  The  superintendent  stated 
that  in  the  fires  ordinarily  used  for  chain- 
making  purposes,  the  same  amount  of  heat 
could  not  be  obtained  in  less  than  a  minute 
and  a  half,  and  workmen  who  had  used  nat- 
ural gas  for  this  purpose  in  Pittsburgh,  de- 
clared the  latter  to  be  no  better.  A  machine 
for  welding  the  links  into  a  chain  stood  by 
the  fire  box,  and  the  w-orkman  who  operated 
it  was  compelled  to  hurry  to  keep  pace  with 
the  fire.  It  is  estimated  the  output  of  chain 
from  the  same  furnaces  will  be  doubled  by 
this  process. 

The  discovery  of  this  process  of  making 
and  utilizing  petroleum  gas  is  considered  an 
important  one.  In  the  first  place  petroleun> 
is  cheaper  than  coal,  and  then  there  is  a 
saving  of  over  fifty  per  cent  in  labor,  w  hile 
the  annoyance  of  ashes  is  entirely  avoided. 
The  process  is  the  result  of  sevci-al  months 
study  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Robert  R.  Turner, 
and  it  promises  to  revolutionize,  as  far  as 
fuel  is  concerned,  the  entire  work  of  rollings 
mills.  The  Haydens  are  now  using  the  gas 
in  two  heating  furnaces,  and  the  output  has 
increased  about  one-third  in  consequence. 
The  principal  difficulty  that  Mr. Turner'had 
to  encounter  was  the  accumulation  of  car- 
bon as  a  deposit  after  the  gas  had  all  been 
extracted  from  the  oil,  but  this  he  has  now 
overcome,  and  the  gas  is  fed  directly  into 
the  furnaces  from  the  retorts  in  which  it  is 
manufactured.  Mr.  Turner  estimates  the 
cost  of  this  gas  at  not  more  than  six  cents  a 
thousand  feet,  and  perhaps  less. 


An  important  discovery  of  copper  ore  is 
reported  to  have  been  made  on  the  farm  of 
W.  G.  Stewart,  about  three  miles  from 
Dubuque,  Iowa.  Miners  were  looking  for 
lead  and  struck  a  rich  vein  of  copper  about 
eighty  feet  below  the  surface.  An  analysis 
'  of  the  ore  submitted  shows  at  least  20  per 
cent  of  pure  ore. 

Send  in  your  subscriptions  for  The  Sa.n- 
iTARY  News. 


Jan.  18,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


451 


BUILDING. 


ESTIMATES  FROM  CONTR ACTOR.S. 

The  following  recommendations  are  made 
l)y  the  Boston  Society  of  Arcliitects  in  regard 
to  practice  in  olitaining  estimates  from  con- 
tractors: 

1.  Drawings,  when  offered  for  final  or 
competitive  estimates,  should  be  sufiicient 
in  number  and  character  to  represent  the 
proposed  works  clearly;  should  be  at  a  scale 
of  not  less  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  to  the 
foot,  and  be  rendered  in  ink  or  some  per- 
manent process. 

2.  Proper  details  should  be  furnished  for 
work  that  is  not  otherwise  sufficiently  de- 
scribed for  estimate. 

3.  Specifications  should  be  in  ink.  They 
should  be  definite  where  not  sufficiently  de- 
fined and  explained  by  drawings,  and  every 
distinctive  class  of  work  to  be  included 
in  contract  should  be  mentioned  and  placed 
under  its  appropriate  heading. 

4.  Contractors  should  be  notified,  at  time 
of  estimate,  if  they  are  to  be  restricted  in  the 
employment  of  their  subcontractors. 

5.  Sub-bids  received  by  architects  should 
be  held  as  confidential  communications  un- 
til all  the  estimates  in  a  given  class  of  work 
have  been  submitted. 

The  principal  contractor  should  add  to 
his  bids  all  these  subestiniates  while  in  the 
architect's  office,  and  should  sign  a  tender 
in  which  the  names  of  these  above-men- 
tioned subcontractors  should  be  enumerated. 

6.  A  subcontractor  should  not  (without 
his  free  consent)  be  placed  under  a  general 
contractor,  and  no  general  contractor  should 
be  compelled  to  accept  (without  his  free 
consent)  the  estimate  of  any  subcontractor. 

7.  Should  a  contractor  decline  to  assume 
in  his  contract  the  estimate  for  any  work 
not  included  in  his  original  estimate,  he 
should  not  thereby  be  denied  the  contract 
upon  the  portions  of  the  work  covered  by 
his  original  estimate. 

8.  Estimates  should  not  be  binding  more 
than  thirty  days  after  received. 

9.  Unless  previous  notification  has  been 
given  to  the  contrary  in  the  specification  or 
otherwise,  the  lowest  invited  bidder  is  en- 
titled to  the  contract.  If  radical  changes 
are  made,  the  whole  competition  should  be 
reopened. 

10.  After  bids  have  been  received,  and  be- 
fore the  award,  bidders  should  not  be  al- 
lowed to  amend  their  estimates. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

T.  A.  Lacey  &  Son,  Binghamton,  N.  Y., 
have  made  plans  for  additions  to  the  Broome 
County  Court  House  to  cost  §15,500. 

George  Archer,  Baltimore,  Md,  has  made 
plans  for  a  $20,000  three  story  brick  and 
frame  dwelling  for  E.  G.  Morrison. 

Charles  L.  Carson,  Baltimore  Md.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  four  story  brick  and  stone 
dwelling  for  German  H.  Hunt,  to  cost  $20,000, 

Col.  Edbrook,  Coryell,  Colo.,  has  made 


plans  for  a  large  store,  iron  and  brick  build- 
ing to  be  erected  at  Coryell,  at  a  cost  of 
$175,000. 

Giles  &  CJrundon,  San  Antonia,  Tex.,  has 
made  [jlans  for  a  residence  for  Mrs.  Maloney, 
to  be  erected  on  Florcs  street  at  a  cost  of 
$1 1,000. 

Maury  &  Dodd,  Louisville,  Ky.,  have  made 
plans  for  a  $250,000  building  to  be  erected 
for  the  Louisville  Safety  Vault  and  Trust 
Company. 

A.  I\L  Stuckert,  Denver,  Colo.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  seven-story  lava  stone  block  to 
be  erected  for  C.  \ .  N.  Kittredge  at  a  cost 
of  $250,000. 

Josiah  S.  Brian,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  paper  box  factory  for 
Jesse  Jones  &  Company,  five  stories,  brick, 
iron  front  and  rear. 

W.  H.  Floyd,  Chatanooga,  Tenn.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  two  story  brick  addition  to 
G.  R.  Reid's  building  on  Chestnut  street,  to 
cost  $10,000. 

E.  A.  Ellsworth,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  twelve  tenement  block  to 
be  erected  at  Appleton  and  Walnut  streets, 
for  Lawrence  O'Neill. 

George  Fogarty,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  is 
making  plans  for  a  new  brick  school  house 
for  ward  four,  of  that  city.  The  structure 
will  cost  about  $20,000. 

Crocker,  &  Smith,  Chattanooga,  Tenn., 
has  made  plans  for  twenty  frame  cottages  to 
be  erected  at  Orchard  Knot,  a  suburb  at  a 
combined  cost  of  $10,000. 

Stone,  Carpenter  &  Wilson,  Providence, 
R.  I.,  are  making  plans  for  a  five  story  store 
and  office  building  to  be  erected  for  C.  E. 
Longley,  at  Woonsocket. 

George  W.  Debevoise,  New  York  City,  has 
made  plans  for  a  four  story  brick  school 
building  to  be  erected  at  i  st  avenue  and  5 1  st 
street,  at  a  cost  of  $135,000. 

W.  A.  Otis,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
two  five-story  brick  front  and  rear  additions 
to  the  building  at  1608  Wabash  avenue  for 
W.  W.  Ellis,  to  cost  $10,000. 

Oswald  Wirz,  New  York  City  has  made 
plans  for  a  six  story  brick  warehouse  to  be 
ereted  at  17  and  ig  Walker  street  for  George 
R.  Read,  at  a  cost  of  $65,000. 

A.  M.  Smith,  Cleveland,  O.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  four  story  brick  and  stone  ad- 
dition'to  "The  Doan,"  for  the  Bradley  estate. 
The  estimated  cost  is  $20,000. 

J.  A.  Webster,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  store  building  to  be  erected 
on  Eighth  avenue  near  124th  street  for 
W.  H.  Hunt  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

C.  F.  Eisenach,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  office  building  to  be  erected 
for  the  Germania  Savings  Bank  at  375-9 
Fulton  street,  at  a  cost  of  $80,000. 

Bell  &  Swift,  Chicago,  have  made  plans 
for  a  three-story  and  basement  brick  dwell- 
ing, 30x63  feet,  to  be  erected  at  329  Park 
avenue  for  J.  Sagases  at  a  cost  of  $9,000. 
W\  H.  Dennis,   Minneapolis,   Minn.,  has 


made  plans  for  a  three-story  brick  store  antl 
dwelling  to  be  erected  for  Mary  Dahl  at 
719-21  Third  street,  East.,  at  a  cost  of  $i2,coo 

Charles  S.  Frost,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  three-story  and  basement  brick  dwell- 
ing, 36x73  feet,  to  be  erected  at  3423  Michi- 
gan avenue  for  G.  15.  Shaw,  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000. 

William  P).  Tubby.  Brooklyn,  X.  \ has 
made  plans  for  three  four  story  brick  build- 
ings to  be  erected  at  Adams  and  Water 
streets  for  Dodge-  &  Olcott,  at  a  cost  of 
$32,000. 

Andrews,  Jacques  &  l^antoul,  Denver 
Colo.,  have  made  plans  for  a  nine  story  red 
stone  office  building  to  be  erected  at  Sevfn- 
teenth  and  Champa  streets,  at  a  cost  of 
$500,000. 

Kirchner  &  Kirchner,  Denver,  Colo.,  have 
plans  for  a  three  story  and  basement  stone 
flat  building  175x150  feet,  to  be  erected  at 
nth  avenue  and  I5roadway,  at  a  cost  of 
$130,000. 

Youngs  &  Cable,  New  York  City,  have 
made  plans  for  a  large  office  building  to  be 
erected  for  Spencer  Aldrich  at  29  Broadway 
and  2,  4  and  6  Morris  street,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $400,000. 

G.  B.  Post,  New  York  City,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  brick  hospital  building  for  the 
Society  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  to  be 
erected  at  6  West  Sixteenth  street,  that  city 
at  a  cost  of  $150,000. 

Kidder  &  Humphreys,  Denver,  Colo.,, 
have  prepared  plans  for  a  lava  stone  church 
building  for  Christ  M.  E.  Church  to  be 
erected  at  Ogden  street  and  Twenty-Second 
avenue  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

A.  C.  \'arney  &  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  three  story  brick  factory 
for  the  Daily  Preserving  Company,  to  be 
erected  at  14th  street  and  the  Michigaa 
Central  Railroad,  at  a  cost  of  $15,000. 

r  F.  E.  Edbrooke  &  Co.,  Denver,  Colo., 
have  made  plans  for  an  eight  story  stone 
block  to  be  erected  at  Curtis  and  17th  streets 
for  Ernest  &  Crossmer,  at  a  cost  of  $400,000. 

Kidder  &  Humphreys,  Denver,  Colo., 
have  plans  for  a  Methodist  Church  build- 
ing to  be  erected  at  Ogdon  street  and 
Twenty-second  avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

Lang  &  Pugh,  Denver,  Colo.,  have  made 
plans  for  St.  Mark  Episcopal  Church,  to  be 
built  of  stone,  at  Lincoln  and  Twelfth  ave- 
nues, at  a  cost  of  $70,000.  The  same  aichi- 
tects  have  plans  for  a  $30,000  stone  dwelling 
for  G.  W.  Bailey. 

Treat  &  Foltz,  Chicago,  have  made  plans 
for  a  double  four-story  and  basement  brick 
store  and  flat  building,  42x82  feet,  to  be 
erected  at  931  and  933  West  Twenty-Second 
street  for  Henry  R.  Durkee,  at  a  cost  of 
$23,000. 

Conover  &  Porter,  of  Ashland  and  Madi- 
son, Wis.,  have  made  plans  for  a  nine-room 
ward  school  building  for  the  city  of  Baraboo, 
Wis.  The  cost  will  be  about  $10,000.  The 
same  architects  are  making  plans  for  re- 


I 


452 


TTT1£  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  311 


modcllin<j  the  Baraboo  High  School  at  a 
cost  of  $7,000.  They  have  also  made  plans 
for  a  stone  and  pressed  brick  jail  for  La  Crosse 
County,  to  be  erected  at  La  Crosse  at  a  cost 
of  $50,000. 

Orlopp  &  Kusener,  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  two  story  addition  to  and 
the  entire  remodelling  of  'George  Sanders 
building  at  Second  and  Center  streets.  It  will 
be  converted  into  a  hotel.  The  cost  is 
estimated  at  $25,000. 

J.  B.  McElatrick  &  Son  New  York  City 
have  prepared  plans  for  Barnum  &  Bailey's 
new  Building.  A  site  has  been  found  at 
Eighty-sixth  street,  Eighth  and  Ninth  aves., 
700x200  and  arrangements  are  now  under  way 
for  the  erection  of  a  big  building,  to  be  of 
lightcolored  brick  and  terra  cotta,  4-stories 
high,  W4th  an  iron  and  glass  roof,  and  will  cost 
about  $400,000,  exclusive  of  the  ground. 

A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son,  New  York  City,  have 
made  plans  for  seven  five  story  brick  stores 
and  flats  for  John  A.  Burshell  and  J.  E. 
Hodges  to  be  erected  at  loth  avenue  and 
.83rd  street  at  a  cost  of  $137,000.  They  also 
have  plans  for  two  five  story  stores  and  flats 
and  a  five  story  brick  tenement  to  be  erected 
for  the  same  parties  at  Tenth  avenue  and 
One-hundred-and-second  street,  at  a  cost  of 

:$55,000.   

SANITARY  HOUSES. 

There  is  one  more  change  I  am  sure  we 
•will  find  in  the  house  of  the  future,  because 
sanitation  is  to  be  the  first  law  of  construc- 
tion as  soon  as  we  know  what  is  sanitary. 
We  shall,  by  and  by,  no  more  make  our 
houses  storehouses  of  vegetables  and  fruit, 
a  part  of  which  is  always  undergoing  de- 
composition, that  we  now  follow  our  ances- 
tors in  making  them  stables  for  cattle.  The 
barn  has  been  differentiated  from  the  house, 
of  which  it  was  at  first  but  a  part.  Decent 
people  remove  stables  and  henneries  as  far 
as  possible  from  the  human  habitation.  But 
we  have  not  yet  differenced  off  the  cellar. 
We  live  over  cavities,  or  pits  dug  in  the 
soil  under  our  houses,  which  are  always 
hard  to  ventilate,  almost  invariably  un- 
wholesome, and  are  the  receptacles  of  arti- 
cles that  permeate  the  room  with  poisonous 
odors.  Not  one  cellar  in  one  thousand  is 
wholly  safe;  they  are  not  seldom  the  breed- 
ing places  of  diphtheria  and  typhoid  germs, 
or  rheumatic  or  consumtive  ailments. 

The  cellar  is  the  monstrosity  of  modern 
homes.  In  the  city  it  should  never  go  much 
below  the  level  of  the  soil  and  should  be 
built  with  more  precautions  than  the  cham- 
bers. But  the  country  cellar,  which  is  a 
store-house,  should  be  separated  from  the 
house  entirely.  I  should  like  to  have  a 
Doubting  Thomas  take  a  stroll  with  me  and 
get  a  single  whiff  of  air  from  a  dozen  cellars 
taken  consecutively  along  any  road  of  farm- 
houses. The  stenches  are  insufferable. 
They  rise  through  the  floors  and  character- 
ize the  house.  It  is  impossible  to  improve 
and  perfect  the  human  type  so  long  as  our 
homes  are  built  over  vegetables  pits.  The 
house  of  the  future  will  surely  not  be  so 

uilt. — North-  Western  Bu  ilder 


PLUMBING. 


INSPECTION  DOES  INSPECT. 

The  Sanitary  News  has  frequently 
spoken  of  the  work  under  Chief  Inspector 
Young.  It  has  published  illustrated  sketches 
of  defective  plumbing  discovered  by  his  in- 
spectors as  samples  of  numerous  cases,  and 
through  interviews  with  men  capable  of 
judging  correctly  has  set  before  the  public 
the  very  satisfactory  manner  in  which  the 
work  of  this  department  is  being  conducted. 
Evidence  enough  has  been  produced  to 
prove  that  under  the  present  chief  inspec- 
tion does  inspect. 

Recently  Mr.  Young  sent  some  of  his 
inspectors  over  to  make  an  investigation  of 
the  Cook  County  jail  and  the  Criminal  Court 
building.  The  report  on  the  Criminal  Court 
building,  after  the  description  of  the  build- 
ing, etc,,  in  accordance  with  the  blanks  pro- 
vided, states  under  the  head  of  "Remarks:" 
"Sewerage  in  poor  condition;  dried  out  sur- 
face basin  in  north-west  corner  of  basement; 
conductor  pipe  in  hot-air  flue  north  of  fan 
connected  with  open  sewer;  covers  on  man- 
holes throughout  the  building  not  fastened 
either  with  bolts  or  cement;  all  the  heated 
air  for  court-rooms,  etc.,  taken  from  base- 
ment; safe  w^astes  from  all  fixtures  on  upper 
floors  run  just  below  ceiling  of  basement 
and  are  left  wide  open;  nearly  all  re- vents 
through  building  run  on  level,  so  that  one 
fixture  is  liable  to  over  flow  into  the  next; 
lead  vent-pipes  at  end  of  run  hammered  up; 
lead  safes  at  urinals  partly  filled  up  and 
giving  out  foul  odors;  air  shafts  for  court 
rooms  running  from  basement  to  attic  and 
venting  from  one  room  to  another;  all 
closets  but  one  are  of  the  flush  pattern,  some 
of  which  syphon  through  overflow;  general 
condition  of  plumbing  bad." 

The  remarks  regarding  the  jail  are  as  fol- 
lows: "Soil-pipes  cells  wide  open  into  attic; 
Six-inch  pipe  at  bottom  reduced  to  four-inch 
at  top;  all  sewers  above  the  surface  and  not 
properly  covered;  tanks  in  attic  overflowing 
into  soil-pipe  and  not  properly  trapped;  sur- 
face basin  in  north-west  corner  of  basement 
dried  out  and  partly  filled  with  debris;  sew- 
ers in  bad  condition  and  partly  clogged  up; 
fresh  air  taken  from  basement  through  open- 
ings for  indirect  heaters  and  by  fan  in  en- 
gine room;  foul  air  from  sewers  run  through 
space  between  cells  and  with  same  air-flue 
that  supplies  and  exhausts  air  to  cells;  all 
sewers  ventilated  by  syphon  system,  worked 
by  steam  heaters  into  brick  flues;  defective 
plumbing  in  jail  office  and  room  west  of 
same,  also  kitchen,  laundry  and  dry-room; 
no  traps  on  sinks  at  bath-tub  in  woman's 
department;  gutter  in  floor  of  kitchen  for 
return  steam-pipe  for  soup  boilers  filled  up 
with  refuse,  become  heated  by  return  steam 
and  gives  off  very  offensive  odors;  air  duct 
connecting  jail  with  air  fan  in  engine  room  in 
filthy  condition,  partly  filled  with  water  and 
bottom  covered  with  slime;  bath  waste  for 
jailor's  room  running  through  hot-air  duct 
and  trapped  at  floor  below,  allowing  air  to 


circulate  between  bath  and  closet  which  is 
also  trapped  below;  employes  in  jail  office 
complain  very  much  of  bath-room." 

The  results  of  these  inspections  being  ofii- 
cially  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  commis- 
sioners it  was  decided  to  refer  the  whole 
matter  to  Architect  Bauman  and  Chief  In- 
spector Young.  These  reports  need  no 
comment.  They  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the 
value  of  inspection.  In  closing  we  note  two 
important  facts:  Our  inspection  department 
is  reliable  and  efficient  and  the  commission- 
ers have  placed  the  matters  of  the  foregoing 
reports  into  able  and  trustworthy  hands. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

John  W.  Mills,  51  River  street,  Janesville, 
Wis.,  reports  business  good,  and  prospects 
growing  better. 

Gay  &  Culloton,  50  north  Clark  street,  are 
finishing  up  the  work  on  several  handsome 
north  side  residences. 

C.  J.  Herbert,  Randolph  street,  has  sev- 
eral contracts  on  hand  and  is  paying  con- 
siderable attention  to  job  work. 

D.  &  L.  Bain,  633  west  Madison  street, 
report  two  or  three  new  contracts  for  san- 
itary plumbing  in  west  side  buildings. 

Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-second 
street,  are  hard  at  work  on  several  large 
contracts  for  sanitary  plumbing  on  the  south 
side. 

Emil  Breyer,  72  west  Randolph  street, 
has  several  west  side  plumbing  contracts 
on  hand,  which  occupying  nearly  all  his  at- 
tention. 

David  Whiteford,  346  west  Randolph 
street,  has  several  contracts  for  sanitary 
plumbing  in  new  west  side  dwellings  and 
flat  buildings. 

Howard  &  Terrell,  i  Centre  avenue,  have 
the  contract  for  sanitary  plumbing  work  in 
the  Traders'  Building.  They  are  now  en- 
gaged in  roughmg  in. 

J.  J.  Wade,  112  Dearborn  street,  is  en- 
gaged in  putting  in  a  chemical  plant,  for 
the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  for  the 
Mexican  Mining  Company  at  Albuquerque, 
N.  M. 

Samuel  S.  Dooly,  of  Dooly  &  Lancaster, 
St.  Louis,  and  Miss  Hattie  Luecke  of  the 
same  city  were  married  on  the  8th  inst. 
We  extend  the  couple  our  most  cordial 
congratulations  and  well-wishes. 

S.  Shedd  &  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C,  have 
about  finished  up  their  contract  for  gas-fit- 
ting, etc.,  in  the  new  opera  house  in  that 
city.  The  patents  of  A.  C.  Hickey,  of  Chi- 
cago, were  used  in  the  arrangement  for 
stage  lights. 

M.  Stack,  4053  south  Halsted  street,  has 
ecently  secured  contracts  for  plumbing 
work  in  O.  Olsen's  new  flat  building  on  Shool 
street  between  Fifny-sevcnth  and  Fifty- 
eighth  streets,  also  Louis  Brooks'  new  resi- 
dence on  Wentworsh  avenue  between  Fifty- 
eight  and  Fifty-ninth  streets. 

J.  J.  Duffy,  of  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  has  se- 


Jan.  18,  18901 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


453 


cured  the  contract  for  plumbing  in  a  group 
of  new  buildings  for  St.  Francis  Hospital 
and  Church.  The  fixtures  include  200  water- 
closets  and  a  proportionate  number  of  bath 
tubs,  wash  basins,  laundry  tubs,  kitchen 
sinks  and  other  plumbing. 

These  patent  bowl  and  trap  combinations 
are  being  put  into  the  new  Wisconsin  Cen- 
tral depot,  Dr.  Lyman's  new  residence, 
George  Sherwoods  handsome  new  residence 
Dr.  Gilmore's  erie  flate  at  Thirty-seventh 
street  and  Lake  avenue  Mr.  Walhci's  mag- 
nificent new  residence  on  Grand  boulevard, 
and  in  various  other  buildings. 

The  S  or  ball  trap  is  made  separate  from 
the  basin  and  can  be  attached  to  any  or- 
dinary basin  in  one  fourth  the  time  required 
to  connect  any  ordinary  trap  since  the  out- 
let waste  from  the  basin,  the  overflow  from 
the  basin,  vent  couplings  and  basin  plug 
are  all  made  on  the  trap,  requiring  neither 
putty  nor  solder  joints  of  any  kind.  These 
traps  are  made  in  brass,  iron  and  porcelain 
and  Mr.  Wade  firmly  believes  them  to  be 
the  best  and  cleanest  inventions  yet  made 
for  basin  purposes.  Certain  it  is  that  they 
are  becoming  very  popular. 

J.  J.  Wade  is  removing  his  place  of  busi- 
ness from  531  west  Madison  street  to  112 
Dearborn  street,  where  he  is  fitting  up  a 
large  show  room  for  his  sanitary  appliances, 
of  his  own  patent.  Mr.  Wade  has  just  re- 
ceived letters  patent  on  his  new  combina- 
tion porcelain  basin  and  trap.  This  is  cer- 
tainly a  novelty.  The  overflow  can  be  got 
at  for  cleansing  pnrposes,  either  from  the 
top  of  the  overflow  or  from  the  bottom  of 
the  trap.  At  the  crown  of  the  overflow  it 
has  a  flushing  device  so  that  a  jet  of  water 
may  be  thrown  into  the  interior  of  the  over- 
fllow  and  trap,  thus  cleansing  and  flushing 
it.  The  vent  and  outlet  connections  on  the 
trap  and  couplings  can  be  turned  by  the 
plumber  to  any  point  desired,  in  order  to 
meet  his  vent  and  waste  pipe.  The  bowls 
are  made  both  oval  and  round. 

Andrew  Young  chief  inspector  of  tenement 
houses,  has  introduced  an  admirable  system 
of  keeping  track  of  the  work  of  his  office. 
Before  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Young  there 
was  little  or  no  record  kept,  now,  however, 
nothing  is  lost  sight  of.  A  complete  set  of 
books  has  been  made,  including  a  "Citizens' 
■  Complaint  Book,"  "Record  of  Factory 
Examinations"  and  "Inspector's  Report  of 
plumbing,  drains  and  ventilation  of  new 
buildings."  In  these  books  will  be  kept  a 
complete  record  of  each  complaint,  when 
the  trouble  was  abated  and  the  name  of  the 
inspector.  Every  building  put  up  in  the 
city  will  also  have  its  exact  sanitary  con- 
dition recorded  in  Mr.  Young's  office,  where 
it  Qan  be  referred  to  by  any  renter  or  pur- 
chaser of  property.  This,  therefore,  will  be 
a  work  of  great  value  to  the  public  at  large 
as  well  as  of  convenience  to  the  health  de- 
partmenf. 

Send  in  your  subscriptions  for  The  San- 
itary News. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 
Lowell,  Mass.:  A  high  school  building  is 

to  be  erected.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  The  new 

Selby  avenue  bridge  will  be  1,050  feet  long, 
28  feet  high  at  the  center  span,  with  28  feet 
road  bed  and  sidewalks  six  feet  wide.  It 
will  be  of  masonry,  iron  and  steel,  and  will 

cost  about  g8o,ooo.  Toronto,  Ont.:  The 

city  engineer  has  made  his  report  on  the 
proposed  college  street  bridge.    It  will  cost 

about    §40,000.  Council    Bluffs,   la.:  A 

$250,000  depot  is  to  be  erected.  Wilkes- 

barre,  Pa.:  A  new  city  hall  is  in  contempla- 
tion, to  cost  about  $50,000.  College  Hill, 

O.:  Robert  Simpson  and  several  other  capi- 
talists will  make  large  additions  to  the  build- 
ings of  Belmont  College.  Del  Norte,  Col.: 

The  masonic  order  will  erect  a  §15,000  build- 
ing. Duluth,  Minn.:  The  Board  of  educa- 
tion will  erect  a  §40,000  school  building.  

Bear  Lake,  Mich.:  A§io,ooo  building  will  be 

erected.    Address  Bunton  &  Hopkins.  

Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  Plans  are  solicited  for 
a  three-story  brick  and  stone  club  house  for 
the  Metropolitan  City  Club,  of  which  Chas. 
Lyerly  is  chairman,  to  cost  about  §25,000. 

 Conneaut,  O.:  An  §8,000  bank  building 

will  be  erected.    Address  J.  B.  Taylor.  

Delphos,  O.:  A  §20,000  business  block  is  to 
be  erected.  Address  I.  S.  Herrick.  A  §25, 
000  business  block  will  be  erected.  Address 

Henry  Trames.  Detroit,  Mich.:  Robert 

Bell  will  erect  a  two  story  brick  double 

dwelling  to  cost  §7,000.  Eagle  Pass,  Tex 

An  opera  house  to  cost  §20,000  will  be 

erected.  Address  town  clerk.  Galveston, 

Tex.:  The  Jewish  congregation  of  B'nai 
Israel  will  erect  an  §8,000  school  building. 

 Grand  Island,  Neb.:  A  factory  building 

to  cost  §100,000  will  be  erected.  Address 

H.  J.  Fuehrman.  Ishpeming,  Mich.:  A 

§10,000  jail  building  will  be  erected.  Ad- 
dress J.  B.  Tibar,  Recorder.  Jefferson 

la.:   A  brick  store  building  to  cost  §1,060 
will  be  erected.    Address  O.  J.  White. 
Joplin,  Mo.:  A  §50,000  hotel  will  be  erected. 

Address  H.  H.  Haven.  Lansing,  Mich.: 

A  §75,000  addition  will  be  built  to  the  Reform 
School.  Address  F.  W.  Hollister,  Saginaw 
 Laramie,  Wy.:  A  §30,000  brewery  build- 
ing will  he  erected.    Address  Mrs.  Frank 

Barman.  Laredo,  Tex.:  A  §50,000  build 

ing  will  be  erected.   Address  G.  M.  Bon 

ham.  LaRue,  O.:  An  §18,000  school  build 

ing  is  to-  be  erected.    Address  J.  L.  Fred 

erick.  Marietta,  Ga.:  I.  Maxwell  can  give 

information  as  to  the  erection  of  a  §75,000 

building.  McKeesport,  Pa.:    A   row  of 

flat  buildings  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 

§60,000.     Address   F.   C.   Saur.  Ocala 

Fla.:  A.  Vogt  can  give  information  about 
§15,000  building  to  bo  erected  at  this  place 

 Petosky,  Mich.:  An  §8,000  building  will 

be  erected.    Address  W.  L.  McManus 
Rockport,  Tex.:    A  §75,000  hotel  will  be 
erected.    Address  Secretary,  Ocean  View 

Hotel  Company.  Rockville,  Md.:  The 

sum    of    §50,000  will    be   expended  for 


the    erection    of    a    court  house.  

Rutland,  Vt.:  The  P.  E.  Chase  Manufactur- 
ng  Company  will  erect  a  §15,000  factory 

building.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  F.  P.  Blair  will 

erect  a  block  of  five  story  brick  flats  and 
tenements  on  Western  avenue  near  Selby 
street,  at  a  cost  of  §85,000.  Jacob  Litt  will 
erect  a  §75,000  opera  house  on  West  Sixth 

street,  near  St.  Peter.  Wellfleet,  Neb.:  A 

§10,000  hotel  will  be  erected.    Address  J.  H. 

W.  Hawkins,  Lincoln.  Weston,  W.  Va.: 

W.  J.  Kitson  can  give  information  about  the 

erection  of  a  §20,000  hotel  at  this  place.  

Yankton,  Dak.:  A  §10,000  building  will  be 

erected.    Address  Purdy  ^  Brecht.  St. 

Louis,  Mo.:  The  Mariette  R.  E.  Company 
will  put  up  a  §20,000  four-story  brick  factory 

building.  Baltimore,    Md.:    Joseph  M. 

Cone  will  put  up  a  six-story  office  building 
at  Lexington  and  St.  Paul  streets.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  A  bill  has  been  introduced 
providing  for  the  erection  of  an  §800,000 
building  for  use  of  the  geological  survey. — • 
St.  Paul,  Minn.:  The  St.  Paul  Union  Depot 
Company  will  erect  iron  and  glass  depot 

sheds  to  cost  §118,000.  Little  Rock,  Ark.: 

The  City  Hall  building  will  be  remodeled  at 
a  cost  of  §50,000. — Florence,  Ala.:  J.  M.  Ellis 

will  build  a  §50,000  hotel.  Fort  Payne, 

Ala.:    The  Queen  &  Crescent  route  will 

erect  a  new  passenger  depot.  Oneonta, 

Ala.:  A  new  court  house  and  a  new  jail  will 
be  built.  Denver,  Colo.:  A  Masonic  Tem- 
ple will  be  built  at  a  cost  of  §250,000.  

C.  G.  Cheever  will  build  a  six-story  block  to 

cost  §100,000  New  Britain,  Conn.:  R.  W. 

Hadleighwill  erect  a  five-story  block  50x100 

feet.  Portland,  Ore.:  A  city  hall  will  be 

built  to  cost  not   less  than  §500,000.  

Waynesboro,  Pa.:  Joseph  Clugston  will  erect 

a  bonded  warehouse.  Steelton,  Pa.:  The 

I.  O.  O.  F.  will  erect  a  three-story  hall  in  the 
spring.  Punxsutawney,  Pa.:  A  glass  fac- 
tory will  be  erected.  Johnstown,  Pa.:  The 

congregation  of  the  Welsh  Baptist  Church 

will  erect  a  new  church  building.  Carlisle, 

Pa.:  A  depot  will  be  erected  for  the  C.  V. 

R.  R.  Jeannette,  Pa.:  A  school  building 

will  be  erected  to  cost  between  §25,000  and 

§40,000.  Washington,    Pa.:     A  §25,000 

building  will  be  erected  on  the  College  cam- 
pus.— -Kittasming,  Pa,:  It  is  said  that  John 
B.  Lott,  of  this  place,  will  organize  a  com- 
pany with  §2,000,000  capital,  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  four  plants  for  the  manufacture 
of  wheels.  One  is  to  be  erected  at  Pitts- 
burgh, one  at  New  York,  one  at  Chicago 

and  one  at  San  Francisco.  Burlington, 

N.  Y.:  A  new  Baptist  church  is  to  be  erected. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Napierville,  111.:  The  Napierville  Electric 
Company  has  been  organized  to  operate  an 
electric  light  plant.  The  capital  stock  is 
§20,000  and  the  incorporators  are  Robert  E. 
Travis,  Clarence  Travis  and  Annie  J.  Travis. 

 Belton,  Tex.:  The  Belton  Light  and 

Water  Company  contemplates  putting  in  an 

electric  light  plant.  Troy,  N.  Y.:  The 

Troy  Electric  Light  Company  has  leased  of 
the  Edison  Light  and  Power  Company,  its 


454 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


fVoL.  XV.  No.  311 


plant  at  the  northeast  end  of  the  depot,  for 
a  term  of  fifty  years.  The  company  now 
furnishes  2,000  incandescent  and  fifty  arc 

lights.  Weeping  Water,  Neb.:  Articles 

of  incorporation  of  the  Weeping  Water 
Electric  Light  Company  have  been  filed. 
The  capital  stock  is  $30,000  and  the  incor- 
porators are  J.  P.  Smith,  Henry  Ashman,  J. 

Chase,  A.  M.  Miller  and  J.  H.  Bellows.  

Middlebury,  Vt.:  The  Village  trustees  dis- 
cussed the  electric  light  question  at  their 

meeting  last  Tuesday.  Plattsburgh,  N. 

Y.:  The  Plattsburgh  Light,  Heat  and  Power 
Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $100,000.  The  trustees  are 
A.  L.  Inman,  John  H.  Myers,  George  M. 

Cole  and  others.  Waycross,  Ga.,  is  now 

lighted  by  electricity.  Birmingham,  Ala.: 

The  Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company 
met  this  week  to  consider  the  increase  of  its 
capital  stock  and  the  issuance  of  bonds  for 
the  enlargement  of  its  plant.  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.:  The  Southern  Lumber  Com- 
pany wants  an  incandescent  dynamo  with  a 

capacity  of  100  lights.  San  Antonio,  Tex.: 

The  San  Antonio  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  contemplates  putting  in  a  400 
horse-power  engine.- — The  Sheffield,  Ala., 
Land,  Iron  and  Coal  Company  has,  it  is 
stated,  made  arrangements  for  the  imme- 
diate enlargement  of  its  electric  light  plant 

and  water-works.  The  Nusom  Electric 

Light  Company  has  been  granted  the 
privilege  of  erecting  an  electric  light  plant 

at  Carlisle,   Ky.  The  Middlesborough, 

Ky.,  Electric  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  by  J.  B.  Cary, 
C.  M.  Woodbury,  A.  A.  Arthur  and  others, 
to  furnish  electric  light  and  coal,  water  or 

natural  gas.  Gadsden,  Ala.:  The  Queen 

City  Electric  Light  Company  has  increased 

its  capital  stock  $15,000.  Cincinnati,  O.: 

The  Brush  Company  has  secured  the  con- 
tract for  city  lighting  for  ten  years  at  $59.98 >^ 

per  year  for  each  light.  Pocomoke  City, 

Md.:  The  Pocomoke  City  Electric  Light 
Company  will  put  in  a  new  boiler,  engine 

and  dynamo  in  the  spring.  Malvern,  Ark. : 

An  electric  light  company  is  being  formed. 

Address  D.  I).  Maddry.  Rogers,  Ark.: 

An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  constructed. 

A.  Bucklin  is  interested.  Montgomery, 

Ala.:  The  Ball  Electric  Light  and  Power 

Company  will  probably  put  in  a  plant.  

Oldtown,  Me.,  is  soon  to  have  an  electric 

light  plant  in  operation.  Elizabeth,  Pa.: 

An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established  at 

this  place.  Topeka,  Kas.:  The  Electric 

Railway,  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of 

$150,000.     W.  E.  Stern  is  president.  

Milton,  Mass.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to 
be  erected.-  Chamberlain,  Dak.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  is  to  be  established.  

Owatonna,  Minn.:    A  franchise  has  been 

granted  for  electric  lighting.  Northfield, 

Vt.,  will  soon  be  lighted  by  electricity.  

Mitchell,  Dak.:  An  electric  light  plant  is 
being  erected  by  the  Northwestern  Electric 
Light  Company  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Lon- 
don, O.:  The  London  Electric  Light  and 


Power  Company  has  been  incorporated  with 

$10,000  capital.  Antwerp  Village,  N.  Y.: 

A  franchise  has  been  granted  for  a  Brush 

electric  light  plant.  Bristol,  N.  H.:  A 

stock  company  has  been  formed  to  establish 
an  electric  light  plant.  George  A.  Emerson 
is  president.    The  Brush  system  will  be 

used.  Shepherdstown,  W.  Va.:  A  West- 

inghouse  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  erected. 

 White  Plains,  N.  Y.:  The  White  Plains 

Gas  and  Electric  Company  will  increase  its 
capital  stock  to  $150,000,  for  the  purpose  of 

extending  its  plant.  Nacogdoches,  Tex.: 

An  electric   light  plant    is  contemplated. 

 Allegheny,   Pa.:  At  a  meeting  of  the 

Allegheny  County  Light  Company  it 
was    decided    to    increase     the  capital 

stock    from   $500,000    to  $1,250,000.  

Schome.  Wash.:  The  Fairhaven  Electric 
Light,  Power  and  Motor  Company  has  been 
incorporated  by  J.  F.  Warden,  Pierce  Evans 

and  others,  with  $100,000  capital.  Mc- 

Kinney,  Tex.:  The  McKinney  Electric  Light 
Company  has  been  incorporated  by  William 
McGary,  C.  W.  Hill  and  others,  with  $20,000 

capital.  Blackstone,  R.  L:    A  meeting 

will  be  held  to  consider  the  advisability  of 

establishing  an  electric  light  plant.  Union 

City,  Tenn.:  An  electric  light  plant  and 
water-works  will  be  established  at  a  cost  of 

$200,000.  St.  Joseph,  Mo.:    The  Globe 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  will  in- 
crease its  capital  stock  from  $25,000  to  $250,- 

000.  Argentine,  Kas.:  An  incandescent 

electric  light  plant  will  be  established.  

Bergen  Point,  N.  J.:  The  Bergen  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  granted 
a  franchise  to  establish  an  electric  light  plant. 

 Wilkinsburg,   Pa.:    The  Wilkinsburg 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated by  James  A.  Watson  and  others  with 

$30,000  capital.^  East  St.  Louis,  111.:  The 

New  Brighton  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  incorporated  by  Paul  W.  Abt,  Thomas 
L.  Fekete  and  others,  with  $20,000  capital. 

 Clifton,  O.:  A  company  has  been  formed 

with  $25,000  capital  to  furnish  electric  lights. 
Robert  Hosea,  W.  R.  Thrall  and  others  are 
interested. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

Washington,  D.  C:  Rudolph  Hering  has 
been  appointed  by  Pre."=ident  Harrison, 
chairman  of  the  commission  to  superintend 
the  sewerage  system  of  the  District  of  Col- 
umbia. Pittsfield,  Mass.,  wants  a  good 

sewerage  system,  and  some  agitation  is  go- 
ing on  with  a  view  to  procuring  one.  The 

West  system  of  sewerage  has  been  adopted 
at  Brunswick,  Ga.,  and  the  contract  for  con- 
struction has  been  let.  It  is  likely  that  R. 

F.  Hartford  of  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  will  pre- 
pare plans    for    a  sewerage    system  at 

Clarkesville,    Tenn.  Mayor  French  of 

Gloucester,  Mass.,  recommends  the  adoption 

of  a  sewerage  system  for  the  city.  The 

Albany,  Ga.,  Construction  and  Investment 
Company  has  been  organized  with  a  capital 
of  $50,000  to  $500,000,  with  S.  R.  Weston, 
president;  T.  N.  Woolfolk,  treasurer,  and 


W.  G.  Mitchell,  secretary.  Mayor  Fisher 

of  Waltham,  Mass.,  in  his  inaugural  address, 
urges  prompt  application  to  the  legislature 
for  authority  to  borrow  $275,000  to  construct 

a  sewerage  system.  Engineer  Allen  of 

Worcester,  Mass.,  calls  attention  to  the  need 
of  prompt  action  in  the  matter  of  adopting 
a  system  of  sewage  treatment  and  sludge 
disposal,  as  the  sewerage  system  is  rapidly 

nearing  completion.  The  village  board 

of  Waukesha,  Wis.,  has  decided  to  adopt 
the  Goodhue  drainage  system,  and  an  elec- 
tion will  be  held  Feb.  3  upon  the  question  of 
issumg  $30,000  in  bonds  to  pay  the  cost  of 

the  work.  The   Mobile,  Ala.,  Land  and 

Trust  Company  has  been  organized  with  a 
capital  of  $20,000.  The  object  of  the  organ- 
ization is  the  establishment  of  a  thorough 

system  of  sanitary  sewerage  in  that  city.  

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  has  over  sixty-three 
miles  of  sewers.  The  Embudo  Construc- 
tion Company  has  been  organized  at  East 
St.  Louis,  111.,  to  construct  irrigating  canals, 
reservoirs,  storage  basins,  railroads,  etc.; 
capital  stock,  $160,000.    Incorporators:  Geo. 

Minch,  W^m.  Aitchison  and  G.  Elliott.  

Since  August  there  have  been  laid  in  Seattle, 
Wash.,  over  11,000  feet  of  sewer-pipe.  The 
city  is  now  better  drained  than  ever  before 

in  its  history.^  Paul  A.  Pathe  has  been 

elected  secretary  to  the  board  of  sewerage 

commissioners  at  Newburyport,  Mass.  

At  Salem,  Mass.,  the  sewerage  question  has 
been  definitely  settled  by  the  adoption  of 
the  patent  deoderizer  and  evaporization  sys- 
tem. The  plans  for  a  sewerage  system 

at  Denver,  Col.,  recently  submitted  by  the 
city  engineer,  call  for  an  expenditure  of 
$428,000.  It  is  not  probable  that  they  will 
be  adopted. — —Work  on  the  sewerage  sys- 
tem at  Kearney,  Neb.,  has  been  commenced 

by  the  contractor,  C.  H.  Huber.  Lowell, 

Mass.:  Mayor  Palmer  recommends  a  new 
sewerage  system  for  the  city.  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.:  The  councils  have  been  petitioned 
for  the  extension  of  Mill  Creek  sewer,  at  a 

cost  of  $40,000.  Beachmont,  Mass.,  has 

decided  to  put  in  a  sewerage  system.  

Little  Rock,  Ark.:  Sewer  District  No.  18 has 
been  organized  for  the  purpose  of  extending 

the  sewer  system.  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.:  It 

is  proposed  to  expend  the  sum  of  $20,000  for 
additional  sewers  for  the  outlying  districts 
of  this  city.  Findlay,  O.:  There  is  an  agi- 
tation for  sewers  at  this  place.  Urbana, 

O.:  Reports  say  that  this  city  wants  sewers. 

 Greenville,  O.:  There  is  a  movement 

toward  establishing  a  system  of  sewerage 

here.  Dayton,  O.:  A  committee  has  been 

appointed  by  the  city  council  to  investigate 
the  question  of  establishing  an  improved 
sewerage  system. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Wayne  City,  Neb.:  Orders  for  water- 
works machinery  for  this  place  have  been 
given  to  the  Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Company 
of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.— Coxsackie.  N.  Y.: 
Water-works  contractors  have  been  looking 

over  the  ground  at  this  place.  New  Lon 

don,  Conn.:  A  building  has  been  erected 


Jan.  18,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


455 


a  motor  for  the  high  pressure  service  in  con 

nection  with   the  water-works.  Veazie 

Me.,  has  voted  to  adopt  the  water  system 

offered   by   Laughton    &   Clergue.  La 

Grande,  Ore.:  The  issue  of  bonds  by  the 
city  to  build  water-works  will  be  contested 
by  tax-payers  who  oppose  the  improvement 

 Seattle,  Wash.:  The  price  agreed  upon 

for  the  purchase  of  the  Spring  Hill  Water 
Company's  plant  is  $352,265.67,  which  in 
eludes  plant,  real  estate  and  franchise 
Anderson,  Ga.:  A  contract  has  been  made 
with  a  local  company,  to  construct  water 
works.    The  work  must  be  finished  by  nex 

July.  Tampa,  Fla.:  The  Tampa  water 

works  Company  is  building  a  reservoir  at 
Magbee  Spring  and  will  operate  two  pumps 

there.  Monterey,  Mex.:    At  a  recent 

meeting  of  the  city  council  a  franchise  was 
granted  to  a  company  composed  of  B.  F 
Larne,  G.  S.  Butcher  and  Bias  Dias  Gutiei 
rez,  for  the  establishment  of  a  water-works 
system  and  gas  works.  The  city  is  about 
160  miles  south  of  Laredo,  Tex.,  and  is  the 

metropolis  of  Northern  Mexico.^  At  Los 

Angeles,  Cal.,  Mr.  Van  Dusen  has  submitted 
an  ordinance  granting  a  franchise  to  Uri 
Embody  to  lay  water  pipes  along  the  public 
streets  of  the  city.  The  franchise  is  granted 
for  fifty  years,  and  stipulates  that  Embody 
and  his  assigns  shall  furnish  water  free  of 
charge  for  fire  purposes,  street  sprinkling 
to  all  public  schools,  hospitals  or  other 
public  buildings  belonging  to  the  city. 
Omaha,  Neb.:  During  the  past  year  the 
water-works  company  expended  gio.ooo  on 
improvements  and  this  year  $25,000  more 

will  be  expended.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

The  Spring  Valley  Water  Company  has 
won  the  suit  which  it  instituted  to  set  aside 
the  ordinance  passed  by  the  city  reducing 
the  water  rates  to  an  extent  of  about  twenty 

per  cent.-  Cottage  City,  Mass.:  Surveyors 

have  been  making  arrangements  for  the 

laying  of  water  pipes.-  A  bill  has  been  in 

troduced  in  the  United  States  Senate  grant 
ing  the  city  of  Colorado  Springs,  Col.,  land 
upon  which  to  construct  a  reservoir.  The 

bill  will  probably  be  passed.  Columbia 

S.  C:  Plans  have  been  laid  before  the  city 
council  for  the  West  system  of  filter  beds 
which  John  Banskett  proposes  to  construct 

at  that  place.  San  Angelo,  Tex.:  It  is  the 

supposed  intention  of  the  San  Angelo  Water- 
works Company  to  remove  its  plant  at  an 
early  date  to  the  Main  Concho,  to  enlarge 
the  mains,  and  extend  the  system  to  all  the 
various  additions  of  the  city.  The  cost  of 
these  improvements  will  amount  to  about 
$30,000  and  it  is  expected  that  the  pressure 
will  be  so  increased  that  four  streams  of 
water  may  be  thrown  simultaneously  to  a 

height  of   1000  feet.  New  York  City.: 

Gregory  &  Co.,  of  196  Broadway,  are  sink- 
ing an  artesian  well  for  the  new  Manhattan 
Club.— — Lincoln,  Neb.:  At  a  meeting  of  the 
special  water  committee  it  was  decided  to 
sink  a  test  well  within  150  feet  of  the  Rice 
well.  Abilene,  Tex.:  The  Abilene  pro- 
gressive committee  has  been  organized  with 
0.  W,  Steffen§  as  president,  to  secure  fac- 


tories and  the  sinking  of  artesian  wells  at 

this  place.  Hubbard  City,  Tex.:  The 

sinking  of  an  artesian  well  is  suggested.  

Rockiedge,  Fla.:  The  new  four-inch  well 
sunk  for  Senator  Hurdee,  discharges  the 
largest  flow  of  water  of  any  well  so  far 

bored  in  this  district.  Keyport,  N.  J.,  will 

in  all  probability,  sink  artesian  wells  for  a 

public  water  supply.  Denver,  Col.:  The 

Citizens'  and  Denver  Water  Companies  will 
expend,  between  them,  about  $5,000,000  for 
improvements  during  1890.— — Claude,  Tex.: 
A  company  has  been  formed  to  build  water- 
works. Ellicottville,  N.  C:   Citizens  of 

this  place  have  already  subscribed  about 
$8,000  toward  building  a  system  of  water- 
works. Chester,  Pa.:  The  Clifton  Heights 

Water  Company  is  preparing  to  erect  a 
reservoir  and  pumping  station  on  Darby 
creek  to  supply  water  to  that  borough, 
Lansdown,  Darby,  Fernwood,  Sharon  Hill 
and  Burmont.  The  reservoir  will  be  at  the 
junction  of  the  State  and  Springfield  roads. 
The  capital  stock  is  $150,000.  The  manage- 
ment of  the  corporation  is  in  the  hands  of 
the  following  officers:  President,  Dr.  S.  P. 
Bartleson;  secretary,  W.  J.  Crawford;  treas- 
urer, H.  T.  Wallace.  The  Boston  Mass., 

Board  of  Aldermen  has  ordered  that  for  the 
purpose  of  extending  the  high  service  sys- 
tem of  the  Cochituate  water-works,  the  city 
treasurer  be  directed  to  issue  registered 
certificates  of  indebtedness  for  $100,000,  with 
interest  at  the  rate  of  3^  per  cent  per 

annum.  Marblehead,  Mass.:  The  Board 

of  Water  Commissioners  is  having  plans 

made  for  a  new  pumping  station.  Quincy, 

Mass.:  The  city  council  has  appropriated 
$800  for  the  preparation  of  plans  for  a  water 

supply.  Fayetteville,  N.  C:    The  Har 

risburg.  Pa.,  construction  company  has 
made  a  proposition  to  supply  this  place  with 

water  from  the  ice  factory.  Hillsboro, 

Tex.:  A  stock  company  is  being  organized 
to  sink  an  artesian  well  and  construct  a 
system  of  water-works.— — Nacogdoches 
Tex.:  Negotiations  are  pending  for  the  erec- 
tion of  water-works  and  an  electric  light 
plant.    Address  the  mayor  for  information. 

 Girard,  Pa.:  The  construction  of  water 

works  for  fire  protection  is  being  strongly 
agitated.  The  New  Lisbon,  O.,  water- 
works will  be  improved  by  the  addition  of  a 

12,000  gallon  pump.  West  Rutland,  Vt.: 

The  question  of  supplying  this  place  with 
water  is  again  being  discussed.  Several 

capitalists  are  looking  into  the  matter.  

Altoona,  Pa.,  will  improve  its  water  supply 
system  by  constructing  an  additional  storage 

reservoir.  Highland   Falls,   N.   Y.:  A 

company  has  been   formed  with  $12,000 

capital,  to  furnish  this  place  with  water.  

Hamburg,  la.:  The  water- works  question  is 

under  discussion.  Cohoes,  N.  Y.,  will  ask 

the  legislature  for  permission  to  raise  $20,- 
000  for  extending  water  mains.  Hender- 
son, N.  C:  Surveys  for  a  water-works  sys- 
tem are  being  made  by  Wood  &  Wright,  of 
Boston.    It  is  proposed  to  lay  seven  miles 

of  pipe.  Massillon,  O.:  Improvements  are 

to  be  made  in  tb?  water-works  system  at 


this  place.  Greenville,  O.;  It  is  proposed 

to  establish  a  water-works  plant.  Ham 

burg,  N.  Y.:  Improvements  will  be  made  to 

the  water-works  plant  at  this  place.  Eagle 

Pass,  Tex.,  has  declared  in  favor  of  voting 
upon  the  proposition  to  issue  $75,000  in 
bonds  to  purchase  or  construct  water-works. 

 Anaheim,  Cal.:  The  Anaheim  Irrigation 

District  has  been  formed.  J.  S.  Gardner  is 
secretary.  If  the  court  confirms  the  legality 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  Board,  bids  for 
$600,000  of  bonds  will  be  advertised  for  and 
immediately  upon  their  sale  dams  will  be 
constructed  upon  several  sites  for  reservoirs. 
The  territory  embraced  in  the  district  com- 
prises 32,500  acres  and  will  have  over  one 
hundred  miles  of  main  and  branch  ditches. 

 Albert  Lea,  Minn.:  The  city  council  is 

considering  propositions  for  water-works. 

 Coraopolis,  Pa.,  is  to  have  a  system  of 

water-works.  Address  Frederick  W.  Pat- 
terson. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Gadsden,  Ala.:  W.  F.  Todd,  city  engineer, 
will  receive  proposals  for  digging  trenches 

for  10,000  feet  of  sewers.  Sherman,  Tex.: 

Z.  P.  Dederick  wants  estimates  on  1,000 
feet  of  wrought  iron  drive  pipe,  twelve  inches 
in  diameter,  also  casing,  etc.,  for  artesian 
wells.  Also,  on  a  steam  pump  of  at  least 
250,000  gallons  capacity  per  twenty-four 

hours,  for  artesian  well.  Fort  Worth, 

Tex.:  M.  G.  Ellis  wants  prices  on  a  pump 
and  windmill  for  an  artesian  well.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  The  contract  for  additional 
engines  and  dynamos  for  the  electric  light 
plant  at  the  navy  yard  has  been  awarded  to 
the  Brush  Electric  Light  Company  of  Cleve- 
land, O.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  The  contract 

for  constructing  a  sewer  on  Seventeenth 
street,  from  Michigan  avenue  to  O.  K.  creek 
was  awarded  to  John  R.  Mullens,  who  bid 

$9.15  a  foot.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  The  bid  of 

W.  G.  Mulligan  for  grading  Bircher  avenue 
at  thirteen  cents  per  yard  for  earth  work  and 
$18  per  1,000  feet  for  lumber  and  $1.40  per 
lineal  foot  for  stone  gutters  was  accepted. 

 Ocala,  Fla.:  The  contract  for  an  electric 

light  plant  has  been  let  to  the  Thomson- 
Houston  Electric  Company  of  Boston,  Mass. 

 Bids  for  a  State  bridge  across  Grand 

river  will  be  received  by  J.  P.  Maxwell,  State 
Engineer,   Barclay  Block,   Denver,  Colo., 

until  January  20.  Bridge,  over  Warren 

river,  Warren  R.  I.  Bids  open  until  Jan.  25. 
Address  Daniel  L.Tumer,Sec.,of  Committee. 

 Albany,  N.  Y.:  Bids  for  improving  Myrtle 

avenue  were  opened  by  the  board  of  con- 
tract and  appointment,  as  follows:  Jacob 
Holler,  240  Washington  avenue,  total  on  esti- 
mated quantities,  $8,330.40;  Robert  H. 
Strong,  77  Spring  street,  $14,310,  both  of  Al 

bany.   Contract  awarded  Jacob  Holler.  " 

Cincinnati,  O.:  Bids  for  the  Eden  park 
water-tower  were  opened  by  the  board  of 
public  affairs,  and  contracts  awarded  as  fol- 
lows: J.  H.  Finnegan  &  Co.,  excavation 
and  masonry,  $14,568;  David  Hummell,  cut 
stone,  $10,880;  Schrieber  &  Sons,  iron  and 
steel,  $9,775;  Jas,  Hunter  &  Co.,  copper  roof, 


456 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  311 


C.  VOSBURGH  7VYF=G  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


[^a-ctorjr,  Broolclyia.,  iT.  "Z".] 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITXINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


cia:ic.A.C3-o. 

We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 

 o  

Ordebs  Cabefullt  Filled 


NATURK'S    REMKDIKS  . 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  gronp  of  Remedies  extant.  Componnded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effectj 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  ISO  persons  have  been  treated  at  onrofiice  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99i>er  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure,  Thb  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Livkb  Ren. 
OVATOR  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  LuNO  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affoctions.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  ext«rnal  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.   The  most  danoebocs  disease  of  tlie  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  yon  may  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 
Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cared. 


$519;  Stein  &  Schulhof,  carpentering,  $450; 
J.  Grace  &  Co. ,  painting  and  glazing,  $140; 

H.  J.  Reedy  &  Co.,  elevator,  $2,150.  Bids 

for  erecting  an  addition  to  the  court  house. 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  are  open  until  the  first  Wed- 
nesday in  February,  1890.  Address  John  T. 
Cooper,  Clerk  of  Commissioners  of  Roads 

and    Revenues.  School    building  for 

Waterford,  N.  Y.  Bids  open  until  Jan.  20, 
Address  Thomas  O'Connor,  Town  Building. 

 Syracuse,  N.  Y.:   Moffett,  Hodgkins  & 

Clark  have  secured  contracts  for  building 
water-works  at  Kincardine  and  Ingersolh 
Ont.  Each  plant  will  require  a  stand  pipe' 
a  1,000,000  gal.  pumpmg-engine  and  about  5 

miles    of    pipe.  New  York  city:  The 

Twelfth  Ward  trustees  have  opened  bids 
for  a  new  school  in  Spuyten  Duyvil.  E. 
Gustaveson's  bid,  $82,971,  was  the  lowest, 
and  it  was  recommended.  John  Neal's  Sons 
were  the  lowest  bidders  for  supplying  heat- 
ing apparatus  to  Primary  School  No.  43,  at 

$5,7x4.  Ashburnham,    Mass.:  Proposals 

are  wanted  until  Feb.  15,  for  building  the 
Stevens'  Library  Building  at  this  place.  Ad- 
dress W.  H.  Richardson,  57  Main  street.  

New  York  city:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
Feb.  3,  for  erecting  a  building  to  be  used  by 
the  criminal  courts,  etc.,  at  a  cost  of  $2,000,- 
000.  Address  the  Sinking  Fund  Commis- 
sioners, Stewart  Building.  Atlanta,  Ga.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  Feb.  5,  for  con- 
structing an  iron  bridge  over  the  Chatta- 
hoochee river.   Address  J.  T.  Cooper,  Clerk 

of  County  Commissioners.  Canton,  O.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  Jan.  29,  for  the 
superstructure  for  a  bridge  across  the  East 
Branch  of  Nimishillen  Creek,  this  city.  Ad- 
dress P.  L.  Manley,  County  Auditor.  

Elizabeth  City,  Va.;  Proposals  are  wanted 
until  Feb.  i,  for  the  erection  of  a  new  bridge 
across  Hampton  river,  this  place.  Address 
John  Brooker,  Clerk  of  the  lioard  of  Super- 

visois.  Florence,  Ala.:  J.  B.  Alliger  has 

contract  for  erecting  the  Baptist  University, 
to  be  built  by  the  Florence  Education  and 
Land  Co. 

A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  brmging  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
mdigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  j)rove, //^^  rw/wfiy 
more  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is.  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
(ida,  sole  proprietors, 


BUILDING  PERMIT.S. 

A.  Schindler,  2  story  and  basement  brick  store 
and  dwelling  25x49  feet,  441  Twenty-first  fit.  .$  3,200 


v.  Marek,  2  story  and  basement  brick  flats,  22x 

»!  feet,  679  Fairfield  street   8,000 

John  Nicholson,  S  story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 

22x70  feet,  540  Thirty-third  street   5,000 

D.  &  J.  Hardin.  4  story  and  basement  brick 

store  and  flate,  SOxiK)  feet,  SH44-9  State  street  20,000 
George  A,  Seaverns,  five  1  story  cottages,  each 

20x34  feet  1447-55  Thirtyfourlhh  street   4,000 

James  Dediw  2  story  and  basement  brick  flats, 

23x80  feet,  Sfi  Ashland  street   5,000 

J.  N.  Cnnniug,  two  2  story  and  cellar  brick 

flats,  44x50  feet,  12H4-B  West  Congress  street . .  8,000 
J.    N.  Cunning,  similar  flats  at  129.S-5  west 

Congress  street   8,000 

J,  N.  Cunning,  three  2 story  and  cellar  brick 

flats  66x22  feet  and  one  1  story  cottage,  4Sx40 

feet,  1168-72  west  Congress  street   16,000 

A.  E.  Case,  3  story  and  basement  brick  flats 

21x115  feet,  3823  La  Salle  strret   6,000 

Estate  of  J,  H.  Koles,  5  story  and  cellar  front 


addition  25x16  feet,  1612  Wabash  avenue   4,000 

James  Malinquist,  2  story  and  basement  brick 
flats,  21x70  feet,  106  Crystal  street   S,500 

J.  Sogaser,  3  story  and  baseiuent  brick  dwell- 
ing, 30x63  feet,  329  Park  avenue   9.000 

Frank  Tureck.  S  story  and  cellar  brick  store 
and  flats,  24x40  feet,  .5,50  west  Nineteenth  st..  8,200 

Jolm  Jensen,  ten  2  story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
each  20x45  feet,  north  Oakley  street   16,000 

Same,  four  1  story  brick  cottages,  each  20x40 
feet,  north  Oakley  street   4,800 ' 

Same,  twelve  2  story  and  cellar  flats,  each  20x 
45  feet,  north  Oakley  street   19.200 

W.  W.  Ellis,  5  story  and  basement  brick  front 
and  rear  addition,  each  25x16  feet,  1608  Wab- 
ash avo   10,(K)0 

G.  B.  Shaw,  3  story  basement  brick  dwelling, 

36x73  feet,  8423  Micliigan  avenue   20,000 

Henry  R.  Dnrkee,  two  4  story  and  basement 
brick  store  and  flats.  42x82  feet,  931-3  west 
Twenty-second  street   28,000 

Frank  Churan,  4  story  brick  store  and  flate  34x 
80  feet,  514  north  Lincoln  street   11.000 

Peter  Lorengen.  2  story  and  basement  brick 

store  «pd  flole  '25x70,  foot  83  Tlu-mns  street ...  5,000 


Jan.  25, 1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


457 


The  Sanitary  News. 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

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Thomas  Hudson,  Publisher, 

A.  H.  Habrtman,  Editor. 

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Entered  as  eecond-claBS  matter  at  Chicago  Post  OflSce 


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brary on  sanitary  eabjects. 


CHICAGO,  JAN.  25,  1890. 


Contents  This  "Week. 


Current  Topics  457 

Sanitary  Reform  -------  458 

In  Memory  of  Stephen  J.  Molan     -     -     -  459 

BUTLDINO—  . 

Joint  Meeting  and  Consolidation  of  the 

two  Associations  of  Architects         -  460 

Notes  from  Architects       -     -     -     -  460 

Plitmbinq — 

Plumbing  Regulations  of  Cleveland  -  461 
Annual   Report  of   Superintendent  of 

Plumbing  462 

New  York  Master  Plumbers  -  .  _  463 
Meeting  of  Executive  Committee  M.  A. 

M.  P.   463 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers       -      -     -  425 

Among  the  Plumbers        -     .     .     .  464 

Contbaoting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -     -     -  465 

Heating  and  Lighting       -     -     .     .  4^5 

Water-Works  Notes   -     -     .     .     .  466 

Sewerage  Notes  -     -     -     -     .  467 

Bids  and  Contracts     .      -     .      .     _  457 


The  Sanitary  Volunteer,  the  official 
organ  of  the  New  Hampshire  State  Board 
of  Health,  has  suspended.  Dr.  Irving  A  Wat- 
son, the  very  capable  editor  and  secretary 
of  the  health  board,  was  obliged  to  withdraw 
his  labor  from  the  Volunteer  on  account  of 
the  increased  labor  and  responsibility  im- 
posed on  the  state  board  by  the  law 
which  made  that  board  also  a  commission 
of  lunacy.  The  Volunteer  was  doing  good 
work,  and  we  hope  the  suspension  will  prove 
only  temporary,  and  that  some  provisions 
may  be  made  by  which  Dr.  Watson  may 
continue  his  valuable  services  in  an  editor- 
ial capacity. 

We  have  no  string  to  the  Metal  Worker, 
and  if  we  had  we  would  not  in  the  least  be 
inclined  to  stop  the  improvements  it  is  con- 
tinually making.  It  goes  from  good  to  bet- 
ter, or,  we  might  say,  from  better  to  best  all 
the  time  as  a  matter  of  course  and  never 
gets  out  a  brass  band  to  advertise  and 
parade  the  fact.  It  is  not  particularly  stuck 
on  having  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago, 
though  perfectly  fair  in  the  matter,  yet  it  has 
found  out  that  Chicago  is  big  enough  to 
stand  along  with  New  York,  and  it  now 
reads  "New  York  and  Chicago."  We  ac- 
knowledge the  handsome  compliment  it 
paid  Chicago  by  putting  on  a  beautiful  cover 
in  becoming  "one  of.  us." 


The  Kentucky  Legislature  is  undoubtedly 
looking  forward  to  the  revival  of  the  Spartan 
race.  A  bill  has  been  introduced  into  the 
Legislature  of  that  state,  which  prohibits 
marriage  with  an  idiot,  lunatic,  pauper, 
vagrant,  tramp,  drunkard,  gambler,  felon  or 
any  person  rendered  physically  helpless  or 
unfit  for  the  marriage  relation,  or  any  person 
with  a  violent  temper,  or  who  has  within 
one  year  been  a  frequenter  of  any  immoral 
house.  Brazil  has  a  marriage  law  designed 
to  protect  coming  generations  from  the  ills 
and  weaknesses  too  commonly  left  as  a 
legacy  by  improper  and  evil-bearing  mar- 
riages. The  interference  with  matters  sup- 
posed to  be  entirely  a  question  of  sentiment, 
is  rather  a  delicate  venture,  but  we  cannot 
see  why  affection  is  more  privileged  to 
bring  woe  and  misery  into  the  world  than 
anything  else.  The  time  will  come  when 
this  question  of  marriage  will  be  looked 
upon  with  much  more  serious  consideration 
than  at  present. 


Llsewhere  in  this  issue  we  publish  an 
article  prepared  by  Dr.  J.  Berrien  Lindsley, 
Secretary  of  the  Tennessee  State  Board  of 
Health,  for  the  report  of  the  board  which 
will  afford  profitable  reading  for  all  per- 
sons interested  in  sanitary  intelligence.  It 
shows  what  can  be  done  for  large  communi- 
ties by  intelligent,  active  effort  when  sup- 
ported by  public  sympathy  and  faith.  The 
article  is  worthy  study  as  it  is  a  practical 
demonstration  of  what  sanitation  can  do 
when  properly  directed.  It  also  demon- 
strates the  importance  and  value  of  intelli- 
ent  work  in  this  direction.    What  has  been 


done  there  can  be  done  elsewhere  with  the 
same  effort.  In  1877  Nashville  occupied  an 
area  of  scant  three  miles,  with  a  population 
of  27,000,  and  a  death-rate  of  34.55  per  1,000 
yearly.  Now  it  has  an  area  of  4,021  acres, 
or  six  and  one-third  square  miles,  with  a 
population  of  68,531,  and  a  death-rate  of 
I.'). 31.  There  is  enough  in  these  figures  to 
set  at  rest  all  doubts  regarding  the  value  of 
sanitary  science. 

IMPROVED  BOILER  INSPECTION. 

The  City  Council  has  passed  an  amend- 
ment to  the  ordinance  governing  boiler  in- 
spection in  Chicago.  The  amendment  pro- 
vides that  "it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every 
owner  or  other  person  using  steam  boilers  in 
the  city  of  Chicago  to  provide  and  properly 
affix  thereto  a  full  complement  of  try-cocks, 
one  water-gauge,  one  steam-guage,  one  or 
more  safety-valves  of  suitable  dimensions, 
one  of  which  safty-valves  shall  be  a  spring 
or  pop  valve,  and  plugs  of  good  Banca  tin 
to  be  inserted  in  a  suitable  manner  in  the 
flues,  crown-sheet,  or  other  parts  of  the 
boiler  most  exposed  to  the  heat  of  the  fur- 
nace when  the  water  falls  below  its  pre- 
scribed limits,  all  to  be  subject  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  inspector;  and  to  provide  and 
properly  attach  to  each  boiler  a  good  and 
sufficient  force-pump  or  other  means  of  sup- 
plying the  boiler  with  water,  which  shall 
also  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  in- 
spector." The  ordinance  was  also  farther 
amended  so  as  to  secure  the  use  of  the  at- 
tachments and  safety  valves  enumerated  for 
each  single  boiler  owned  or  used  by  any  per- 
son in  the  city.  The  amendment  should  be 
strictly  enforced.  Yet  the  improvements  it 
contemplates  do  not  go  far  enough.  It  does 
not  reach  the  source  of  greatest  danger.  A 
negligent  or  incompetent  engineer  can  do 
more  harm  than  all  the  safety  appliances  can 
do  good.  The  truth  is  too  much  care  in  this 
matter  cannot  be  taken.  These  safety-valves, 
try-cocks,  water-gauges,  steam-gauges,  pop- 
valves,  Banca  tin  plugs,  electric  alarms,  etc., 
are  all  right  and  should  be  used,  yet  no  lack 
of  attention  should  be  paid  the  engineer  and 
inspector.  No  boiler  can  be  made  safe 
within  itself.  All  these  inventions  are  liable 
to  fail  at  some  time,  but  if  the  engineer  be 
capable  and  watchful,  he  can  without  fail- 
ure preserve  all  these  conditions  which 
these  safety  appliances  are  supposed  to 
secure.  Automatic  safeguards  are .  desira- 
ble but  are  not  so  trustworthy  as  an  intelli- 
gent, reliable  superintendent  of  the  boiler. 

The  Sanitary  Inspector  says:  "If  an 
outbreak  of  infectious  disease  occurs  in  your 
town,  it  is  rather  mean  to  throw  the  whole 
burden  of  care  and  responsibility  upon  the 
local  board  of  health,  especially  if  your  town 
pays  the  local  board  little  or  nothing  for 
their  services.  Every  person  has,  or  should 
have,  a  personal  interest  in  preventing  an 
epidemic,  and  in  lending  a  helping  hand  to 
the  afflicted  family  or  to  the  local  board  of 
health  when  needed."  This  is  good  advice 
and  should  be  heeded,  but  it  is  not.  We  re- 
gret to  say,  that  in  far  too  many  cases,  diffi- 


458 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  312 


culties  are  frequently  thrown  about  the  local 
health  officer,  and  obstacles  placed  in  his 
way  by  the  people  whose  interests  he  is 
laboring  to  serve.  In  many  communities 
the  local  health  officer  is  looked  upon  as  a 
needless  and  expensive  luxury — expensive 
even  if  his  salary  does  not  cover  half  of  his 
expenses,  and  needless  because  fogies  can- 
not crawl  out  of  their  ruts  and  "smart"  peo- 
ple know  more  than  doctors.  They  do  not 
labor  with  the  health  officer  even  to  prevent 
an  epidemic  from  contagious  diseases 
already  present.  They  refuse  to  submit  to 
notification  and  will  not  permit  isolation 
unless  compelled  to.  It  is  difficult  to  sup- 
pose that  this  results  from  ignorance,  for  the 
dangers  of  such  diseases  and  their  communi- 
cability  are  well  known  to  all.  Neither  can 
we  believe  that  it  results  from  a  malicious 
purpose  to  spread  contagion.  It  is  the  re- 
sult of  carelessness  and  a  reckless  disre- 
gard of  the  public  welfare  that  is  akin  to 
selfishness.  From  this  much  evil  results 
and  about  the  greatest  difficulties  the  health 
officer  meets  with  come  from  the  people  in 
whose  welfare  he  often  gives  his  services 
without  thought  of  compensation.  As  a 
general  rule  he  labors  without  funds,  with- 
out legal  powers,  without  aid  and  without 
sympathy. 

A  SANITARY  REFORM. 

The  following  very  interesting  article  on 
the  subject  of  sanitary  progress  in  Nashville 
during  the  past  fifteen  years  was  prepared 
by  Dr.  J.  Berrien  Lindsley,  secretary  and 
submitted  to  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
eliciting  very  favorable  comment  from  the 
members  of  the  board  present: 

Office  State  Board  of  Health, 
Nashville,  Jan.  7. — Dr.  J.  D.  Plunket,  Presi- 
dent.— Sir:  The  great  and  populous  State  of 
Tennessee  has  been  so  niggardly  and  illib- 
eral in  its  appropriation  to  the  objects  placed 
in  charge  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and 
has  paid  so  little  attention  to  the  urgent 
recommendations  of  the  board  as  to  greatly 
discourage  all  its  friends  and  co-workers. 
Specially  does  this  discouragement  become 
conspicuous  when  the  progress  and  liberal- 
ity of  the  Northwestern  States  is  contrasted 
with  the  sloth  and  inertness  of  our  own. 
Sometimes  in  despair  we  are  ready  to  quit 
the  work  and  relegate  it  to  a  future  genera- 
tion. Strange  that  the  university  State  of 
the  South  should  be  so  indifferent  to  its  most 
vital  interest. 

However,  when  we  cease  looking  at  the 
State  as  a  whole  and  take  up  in  detail  vari- 
ous localities  we  find  that  in  the  last  fifteen 
years  steady  and  notable  progress  has  been 
made  in  the  diffusion  of  sanitary  knowledge 
among  our  people,  and  that  a  vast  amount 
of  sanitary  work  has  been  accomplished, 
putting  the  State  very  far  in  advance  of 
what  it  was  when  the  reform  first  commenced 
in  its  capital  city.  Indeed  it  is  not  beyond 
the  truth  to  affirm  that  were  all  this  work 
properly  co-ordinated,  and  its  salutary  re- 
sults brought  fully  before  the  people  such 
rapid  progress  would  be  made  as  soon  to 


place  Tennessee  for  public  health  alongside 
of  the  foremost  communities. 

As  illustrating  the  above  thesis  we  may 
call  attention  to  sanitary  progress  in  Nash- 
ville, a  city  now  universally  recognized  as 
the  gem  of  the  South,  and  in  whose  pros- 
perity, fame  and  renown  all  Tennessee  takes 
an  honest  pride. 

Sanitary  reform  in  Nashville  dates  from 
1874,  and  is  the  result  of  the  last  cholera 
visitation.  At  that  time  this,  now  admittedly 
one  of  the  greatest  movements  of  modern 
times,  essentially  philanthropic  and  demo- 
cratic, was  in  its  infancy,  so  far  as  America 
was  concerned,  and,  indeed,  had  only  be- 
come well  established  in  Britain,  the  ac- 
knowledged leader  in  all  topics  connected 
with  public  health,  specially  in  vital  statis- 
tics and  local  sanitation. 

The  Board  of  Health,  as  organized  in 
Nashville,  consisted  of  the  Mayor,  ex-officio, 
and  of  four  physicians,  chosen  by  the  City 
Council,  with  a  medical  Health  Officer  ex- 
clusively devoted  to  the  work.  This  board 
took  hold  of  their  work  in  earnest,  realizing 
the  splendid  future  ahead  if  Nashville  only 
proved  true  to  itself. 

The  city  was  then  small  and  very  poor; 
hence  the  board  moved  cautiously.  No  ex- 
travagant system  of  sanitary  engineering 
was  urged,  no  bonds  issued,  no  debt  in- 
curred. The  first  steps  were  the  registration 
of  deaths  and  through  local  sanitation. 
Rigid  house-to-house  inspection  by  first- 
class  officers  was  steadily  pursued.  Health 
ordinances  impartially  and  uniformly  en- 
forced. A  complete  sanitary  survey  of  Nash- 
ville was  taken  early  in  1877,  the  summary 
of  which  may  be  found  in  the  second  re{)ort 
of  the  Nashville  Board  of  Health,  a  hand- 
some octavo  volume  of  230  pages. 

Such  a  survey  nad  not  at  that  time  been 
attempted  in  any  Southern  city,  and,  indeed, 
m  only  one  or  two  in  America.  Its  value 
can  hardly  be  computed.  Besides  giving 
that  information  without  which  a  Board  of 
Health  moves  in  darkness,  it  is  an  educator 
without  equal.  An  intelligent  and  respected 
member  of  the  police-force,  well-known  and 
well-liked  by  all  the  community,  visited 
every  house  and  every  building  in  detail. 
With  suitable  memorandum  books,  he  en- 
tered the  results  of  his  inquiries.  Thus,  in  a 
few  months,  everyone  in  Nashville  was  initi- 
ated into  the  work  undertaken  by  the  board 
— that  of  making  Nashville  a  city  renowned 
for  health  and  proof  against  epidemic 
scourges. 

This  accurate  survey  gave  the  city  an  area 
of  1,824  acres,  with  a  population  of  27,085; 
white,  17,503;  colored,  9,582;  brick  houses, 
2,178;  frame,  1,702;  log  17;  shanties,  39; 
brick  stores,  619;  frame  stores,  107;  houses, 
one  story,  2,635;  two  stories,  1,764;  three 
stories,  332;  four  stories,  36;  five  stories,  9; 
livery  stables,  23;  slaughter-houses,  4;  soap 
factories,  i;  dry  cellars,  943;  wet  cellars, 
406;  households  lit  by  gas,  i.icp;  by  coal  oil, 
3,217;  by  candles,  90;  heated  by  grate,  2,847; 
stove,  1,266;  wood  stove,  73;  wood  fireplace, 
651;  furnace,  26;  steam,  4;  water  supply, 


hydrants,  3,377;  wells,  358';  springs,  787; 
cisterns,  84.  The  particulars  concerning 
bath-tubs,  privies  and  drainage  are  also 
given,  from  which  it  appears  that  462  house- 
holds have  water-closets  in  the  house  and 
113  in  yard,  13  used  vaults,  1,588  pits,  272 
boxes,  2,147  surface,  5  earth  boxes,  36  cess- 
pools. 

All  the  above  statistics  are  classified  by 
wards  and  color,  and  it  will  readily  be  seen 
that  thus  not  only  were  the  people  awakened 
to  the  practical  study  of  sanitary  science,  but 
also  the  data  collected  upon  which  to  base  a 
systematic  and  thorough  reform,  the  press- 
ing necessity  of  which  would  be  apparent 
from  the  slightest  examination  of  some  of 
the  above  details. 

That  this  lesson  should  be  permanently  im- 
pressed upon  the  community,  a  large  edition 
of  their  elaborate  report  was  circulated  by 
the  board,  that  eminent,  practical,  business 
man  and  friend  of  the  people,  Samuel  Wat- 
kins,  contributing  $200  to  this  end,  as  he  also 
again  did  to  the  volume  brought  out  two 
years  later. 

In  1 878  occurred  the  yellow  fever  epidemic 
which  made  so  deep  a  mark  upon  West  Ten- 
nessee and  so  severely  scourged  Memphis 
and  Chattanooga.  Nashville  was  then  a  city 
of  refuge,  and  gained  great  good  will  and  no 
little  renown  far  and  wide.  For  the  first  time 
on  a  large  scale  did  its  Board  of  Health 
demonstrate  the  efficiency  of  individual  iso- 
lation and  perfect  sanitary  preparation  as 
contrasted  with  wholesale  quarantine.  On 
Oct.  31  of  that  year  the  people  of  Nashville 
gave  an  ovation  to  the  Board  of  Health  with- 
o.ut  parallel  anywhere.  Its  greatest  hall  was 
packed  with  representative  people  and  its 
foremost  citizens  with  eloquent  speech  gave 
utterance  to  sound  sanitary  doctrines.  The 
full  report  given  in  The  Atticrica)io{  Nov.  i, 
occupies  eight  closely  printed  columns. 
There  can  be  no  question  but  that  this  great 
meeting  did  much  to  fasten  the  idea  of 
sanitary  reform  and  progress  upon  the  en- 
tire community. 

The  next  movement  was  consolidation 
and  extension  of  limits.  Original  Nashville 
was  a  narrow  strip  of  six  little  wards  until 
in  1854  the  city  of  South  Nashville  was  by 
mutual  agreement  annexed  about  doubling 
its  area.  Other  smaller  additions  were  sub- 
sequently made.  In  the  meantime  the  city 
of  Edgefield  had  grown  up  on  the  north  side 
of  Cumberland  River.  As  a  sanitary  meas- 
ure of  prime  importance  the  board  urged  the 
consolidation  of  the  two  cities  and  of  the 
populous  outlying  districts  north  and  west. 
After  much  discussion  this  recommendation 
was  carried  out  by  popular  vote,  with  the 
exception  of  the  large  and  thickly  peopled 
suburb  known  as  the  Thirteenth  District.  In 
the  third  report  of  the  Nashville  Board  of 
Health  may  be  found  in  full  the  sanitary 
aspects  of  the  question  of  suitable  city  limits. 
Certainly  no  single  event  ever  gave  Nash- 
ville so  much  of  city  impetus  and  spirit  as 
these  extensions  of  territory,  which  will  in- 
evitably go  on  until  Nashville  becomes 
one  of  the  great  inland  cities  of  this  con- 
tinent. 


Jan.  25,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


459 


In  the  autumn  of  1883  the  city  entered 
upon  a  new  regime,  the  charter  having  been 
amended  with  special  reference  to  sanitary 
progress.  The  Board  of  Public  Works  then 
came  into  existence  and  prominence,  and  at 
once  began  the  work  of  remedying  the  great 
defects  made  apparent  by  the  sanitary  sur- 
vey. These  were,  especially,  the  deficient 
water  supply;  the  almost  total  lack  of  drain- 
age; the  miserable  condition  of  the  alleys, 
and  the  pressing  need  of  improved  streets 
and  sidewalks  in  many  portions  of  the  city. 
The  progress  made  in  each  of  these  lines  is 
worthy  of  note. 

During  the  five  years,  1884- 1888,  the 
amount  expended  upon  the  streets  was 
$707,893.  For  1889,  §125,677  was  appropri- 
ated, and  for  1890,  $157,591.  Everywhere 
the  effect  of  this  expenditure  is  visible.  In 
some  years  as  much  as  sixteen  miles  of 
streets  have  been  constructed.  The  alleys 
show  marked  results,  eight  or  ten  miles  yearly 
being  macadmized,  or  in  the  central  city 
paved.  Really,  a  first-class  betterment,  as 
so  many  dwellings  are  situated  on  these 
alleys.  A  few  years  since  good  sidewalks 
were  known  only  in  the  older  portions  of 
Nashville.  Now,  excellent  pavements  ex- 
tend in  all  directions  to  the  city  limits,  no 
small  contribution  to  health  and  comfort. 

The  want  of  proper  drainage  and  sewer- 
age was  a  never-failing  topic  of  lamentation 
with  sanitarians  and  people,  the  old  sewers 
being  worse  than  none.  For  the  four  years, 
1885-1888.  the  Board  of  Public  Works  have 
expended  $115,425  in  the  construction  of 
sewers.  For  1889  the  appropriation  for  this 
department  was  $27,256,  and  for  1890  it  is 
$75,000.  This  work  is  done  systematically 
upon  a  plan  carefully  matured  by  an  expert 
engineer,  and  with  reference  to  permanence. 
Instead  of  eight  miles  of  the  old  culvert  or 
ditch-sewer,  Nashville  has  now  twenty-five 
miles  of  arch  brick  sewers  or  approved  pipe. 
Unseen,  yet  second  to  none  is  the  importance 
of  this  subterranean  plant  for  drainage.  It 
is  the  gut  of  the  city,  and  that  the  people 
know  its  value  is  evidenced  by  the  impor- 
tunate calls  for  its  extension  and  by  the 
liberality  of  citizens  in  aiding  the  construc- 
tion of  lateral  sewers. 

Of  all  questions  connected  with  the  life  of 
a  city,  first  comes  the  water  supply.  Nash- 
ville was  one  of  the  first  cities  in  the  land  to 
grapple  this  question.  On  Oct.  i,  1853,  its 
first  water-works  commenced  supplying  the 
city.  Additions  were  frequently  made.  By 
reference  to  the  reports  published  by  the 
City  Board  of  Health  in  1877  and  in  1879  it 
will  be  seen  that  great  efforts  were  made  to 
arouse  the  people  to  the  necessity  of  a  com- 
pletely new  system  which  should  furnish  a 
supply  ample  enough  for  a  large  city  and 
taken  from  a  source  quite  above  danger  of 
contamination. 

This  grand  work  is  now  nearly  completed, 
and  is  known  as  the  Water-works  Improve- 
ment. $1,125,000  have  been  expended  on 
these  improvements;  $225,000  additional  will 
be  necessary  to  complete  it.  The  pumping 
machinery  is  connected  with  the  reservoir 


by  a  three-foot  iron  main  of  20,800  feet, 
which  is  also  extended  from  the  reservoir 
along  Spruce  street  to  Broadway  7,500  feet. 
At  present  20,000,000  gallons  can  be  sup- 
plied in  twenty-four  hours;  soon  10,000,000 
additional  can  be  furnished.  This  reservoir 
is  a  Cyclopean  structure  of  two  comiiart- 
ments,  each  with  a  capacity  of  25,000,000 
gallons.  Its  elevation  is  such  as  readily  to 
send  the  water  into  the  highest  buildings  in 
the  city.  It  commands  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  views  in  Tennessee,  no  less  rich 
in  historic  interest  than  beautiful  in  scenery. 

In  1877  Nashville  occupied  an  area  of 
scant  three  miles,  with  a  population  of  27,000 
and  a  death  rate  of  34.55  per  1,000  yearly. 
Now  it  has  an  area  of  4,02i[acres,  or  six  and 
one-third  square  miles,  with  a  population  of 
68,531  and  a  death  rate  of  15.31. 

This  is  progress.  But  much  remains  to  be 
done.  The  people,  as  a  rule,  are  more  back- 
ward than  the  city.  Health  ordinances 
should  be  more  rigidly  enforced.  Laws 
should  be  passed  forbidding  the  throwing  of 
rubbish  upon,  the  public  ways,  Compelling 
the  better  policeing  of  private  premises, 
regulating  the  building  upon  over-flowed 
lands  and  establishing  the  central  alleys  as 
streets,  since  so  many  dwelling-houses 
densely  peopled,  line  these  thoroughfares. 

Unremitting  efforts  should  continue  unti 
the  territory  within  the  corporation  lines  is 
at  least,  doubled  during  the  next  decade' 
Cleveland,  years  ago,  with  a  population  of 
162,000  and  planning  for  500,000,  embraced 
an  area  of  five  square  miles  more  than  New 
York.  The  wisdom  of  this  far-ahead  plan- 
ning is  demonstrated  by  the  great  fame  of 
this  city  for  health  and  beauty. 

Did  space  permit  attention  would  be  called 
to  the  great  progress  made  in  Memphis 
since  1880,  which  has  given  it  a  national 
reputation  for  sanitary  reform.  IMuch  re- 
mains to  be  accomplished  there  also.  It  is 
to  be  feared  that,  engrossed  as  its  people 
are  with  the  rapid  development  of  com- 
merce, railroads  and  other  sources  of  mater- 
ial prosperity,  they  are  becoming  unmindful 
of  that  without  which  all  their  hopes  will  be 
blasted. 

Chattanooga  hitherto  has  been  deaf  to  the 
warnings  given  by  cholera,  small-pox  and 
yellow  fever.  Public  spirit  and  far-seeing 
plans  are  wanting — wants  for  which,  beyond 
question,  heavy  penalties  will  in  due  season 
be  rigidly  enacted. 

Knoxville,  the  center  of  a  rich  farming 
and  of  a  magnificent  mineral  region  is  fatui- 
tously  lethargic.  Three  corporations  under 
variations  of  the  name  are  frittering  away 
resources,  dividing  their  strength  or  doing 
nothing. 

When  Knoxville  and  Chattanooga  enter 
upon  the  work  of  local  sanitation  as  have 
Nashville  and  Memphis  a  grand  forward 
step  will  be  taken  for  public  health  in  Ten- 
nessee. All  of  which  is  respectfully  sub- 
mitted by 

J.  Berrien  Lindsley,  M.  D., 

Secretary. 


IN  MEMORY  OF  STEPHEN  J.  NOLAN. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Master  Plumbers' 
Association,  of  Cincinnati,  held  on  .Saturday 
evening,  the  4th  inst.,  to  take  aciion  on  the 
death  of  our  esteemed  fellow-member  and 
Ex-President,  Stephen  J.  Nolan,  who  died  on 
Friday,  the  3rd  inst.,  after  an  illness  of  but 
a  few  days.  The  following  resolutions  were 
adopted: 

Whereas,  It  has  pleased  our  Heavenly 
Father  to  remove  from  our  midst  our  late 
worthy  and  esteemed  fellow-member, 
Stephen  J.  Nolan,  in  the  prime  of  his  life 
and. 

Whereas,  The  intimate  relations  long 
held  by  the  deceased  with  the  members  of 
this  association  render  It  proper  that  we 
should  place  upon  record  our  appreciation 
of  his  services  as  an  officer  and  member  and 
his  merits  as  a  man,  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  we  deplore  the  loss  of 
Stephen  J.  Nolan  with  deep  feelings  of 
regret. 

Resolved,  That  we  tender  to  his  afflicted 
relatives  our  sincere  condolence  and  our 
earnest  sympathy  in  their  affliction  at  the 
loss  of  one  who  was  a  good  son  and  brother 
and  an  upright  man. 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  our  asso- 
ciation attend  the  funeral  of  our  deceased 
member. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  the  foregoing 
resolutions  signed  by  the  president  and 
secretary  be  transmitted  to  the  relatives  of 
the  deceased  and  a  copy  be  sent  to  the  daily 
and  trade  papers,  and  that  a  page  of  our 
minutes  be  set  apart  on  which  they  shall  be 
transcribed. 

F.  Lamping,"! 
N.  K.  Aylward,  I  rr,r^^\*t^^ 
JAS.  A.  Gibson!  Kommittee. 

Thos.  McNeil. J 
Hugh  McCollu.m,  President. 

Thos.  McNeil,  Secretary. 

According  to  a  Norwegian  work  on  long- 
evity the  average  duration  of  life  in  Norway 
is  48.33  years  for  males  and  51.30  for  fe- 
males. 


A  third  of  the  deaths  in  the  French  army 
are  said  to  be  due  to  typhoid  fever. 

Nearly  half  the  medical  students  in  the 
Boston  University  of  Medicine  are  women. 


Andrew  D.  White  will  resume  his  New 
Chapters  in  the  Warfare  of  Science  in  the 
February  Popular  Science  Monthly.  The 
forthcoming  chapter  will  be  on  Comparative 
Mythology.  It  deals  with  the  myths  invent- 
ed to  explain  strangely  shaped  or  distri- 
buted rocks,  taking  the  story  of  Lot's  wife, 
which  has  gone  through  many  curious  vari- 
ations, as  a  special  example. 


The  annual  report  of  the  Brooklyn,  L.  I., 
Building  Commissioners,  shows  that  5,084 
new  buildings  were  erected  in  that  city  dur- 
ing 1889,  at  a  cost  of  $25,679,405,  this  is  an 
increase  of  858  new  buildings  over  1888,  rep- 
resenting an  increase  in  expenditures  of 
$4,201,  580  over  the  same  year. 


460 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  312 


BUILDING. 


JOINT  MEETING  AND  CONSOLIDA- 
TION CTF  the  two  ASSOCIA- 
TIONS OF  ARCHITECTS. 

A  joint  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Chapter  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Architects,  and 
the  Illinois  State  Association  of  Architects 
was  held  Monday  evening  at  French's  res- 
taurant, 84  State  street.  At  six  o'clock  an 
elegant  dinner  was  served,  at  the  conclusion 
of  which  those  present  were  in  good  condi- 
tion to  discuss  the  question  of  consolidation. 
There  was  no  opposition  to  the  consolida- 
tion proposition,  the  only  difference  of 
opinion  being  on  technical  questions. 

It  was  finally  agreed  that  the  consolida- 
tion should  take  place  and  the  new  organi- 
zation be  known  as  the  Illinois  Chapter  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Architects.  The 
constitution  and  by-laws  of  the  Illinois  State 
Association  were  adopted,  subject  to  such 
changes  as  may  be  made  in  the  future.  The 
matter  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  Executive 
Committees  of  the  two  bodies,  who  will  take 
steps  to  procure  a  charter  and  arrange  for 
the  transfer  of  the  property  and  other  de. 
tails.  After  this  a  formal  election  of  officers 
will  be  held.  It  is  probable  that  these  will 
be  selected  from  among  those  who  were 
officers  of  the  two  associations  at  the  time 
of  the  consolidation. 

As  the  personnel  of  the  association  is 
quite  large,  it  is  very  probable  that  the 
monthly  meetings,  preceded  by  pleasant 
and  tempting  lunches,  will  be  continued  in 
future  as  in  the  past. 

Those  present  at  the  meeting  were:  John 
Addison,  D.  Adler,  O.  J.  Pierce,  S.  A.  Treat, 
S.  V.  Shipman,  J.  R.  Willett,  L.  D.  Cleve- 
land, S.  M.  Randolph,  O.  C.  Hansen,  J.  M. 
Van  Osdel,  Jr.,  George  Beaumont,  N.  S. 
Patton,  J.  W.  Root,  H.  L.  Gay,  L.  G.  Hall- 
berg,  H.  W.  Hill,  Alfred  Pashley,  W.  A. 
Otis,  J.  L.  Silsbee,  W.  L.  B.  Jenney,.L.  G. 
Quackenboss,  C.  L._Stiles,  L.  J.  Schaub, 
Alfred  Smith. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
Schneider  &  Herter,  New  York  City,  have 
made  plans  for  two  brick  flat  buildings  to 
be  erected  at  179-81  Madison  street  for  A 
Cappell,  at  a  cost  of  $52,000. 

B.  B.  Ogden  &  Son,  New  York  City,  have 
made  plans  for  four  brick  dwellings  to  be 
erected  on  Ninty-Fourth  street,  east  of  Fifth 
avenue,  for  J.  H.  Gray,  at  a  cost  of  §80,000 

Parfitt  Bros.,  New  York  City,  have  made 
plans  for  a  brick  store  building  to  be  erected 
on  Eighth  avenue  near  F'ifty-Sixth  street  for 
Mary  H.  Lester,  at  a  cost  of  $85,000. 

Alfred  Zucker,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  a  six  story  brick  and  iron  store 
building  to  be  erected  at  Wooster  and 
Broome  streets  for  Simon  Goldberg,  at  a  cost 
of  §175,000. 

Mercein  Thomas,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  two  story  brick  depot,  I22x 
60  feet,  to  be  erected  at  Fifth  avenue  and 


Thirty-Sixth  street  by  the  Brooklyn,  Bath 
and  West  End  and  Prospect  Park  and  Coney 
Island  Railroads,  at  a  cost  of  §65,000. 

James  Hopkins,  Jr.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has 
made  plans  for  fifteen  two-story  and  base- 
ment frame  dwellings  to  be  erected  on  Pil- 
ling street,  near  Bushwick  avenue,  at  a  cost 
of  §34,500. 

Morris  &  Bowers,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  have 
made  plans  for  six  three-story  brick  dwel- 
lings, 20x45  feet  each,  to  be  erected  on  Four- 
teenth street,  near  Fourth  avenue  at  a  total 
cost  of  §30,000. 

John  A.  Sinclair,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  four-story  brick  flat  build- 
ing, 37x70  feet,  to  be  erected  on  Quincy 
street,  near  Bedford  avenue,  for  Mrs.  A.  E. 
Smith,  at  a  cost  of  §25,000. 

A.  O.  Elzner,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  nearly 
completed  the  plans  and  specifications  for 
the  twelve-story  brick,  stone  and  marble 
office  building  to  be  built  on  the  Neave 
estate,  corner  of  Race  and  Fourth  streets, 
at  a  cost  of  §200,000. 

Lucian  F.  Plympton,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has 
designed  for  H.  Beahr,  of  Woodburn  Heights 
a  two  and  a  half  story  residence  of  brick, 
frame  and  shingle,  to  be  built  at  cost  of 
§6,000. 

S.  T.  McClarran,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  has 
plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  church  building 
for  the  United  Presbyterian  congregation  at 
Wilkinsburg.  Also,  plans  for  a  brick  and 
stone  church  building  for  the  English  Luth- 
eran congregation  on  Sidney  street,  South- 
side. 

W.  W.  Clay,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
a  four  story  brick  store  and  flat  building  to 
be  erected  on  State  street,  near  Thirty-Ninth, 
for  D.  and  J.  Hardin,  at  a  cost  of  §30,000. 

Pond  Bros.,  Chicago,  have  designed  a 
caroussel  building,  100x125,  feet  to  be  erect- 
ed in  Kansas  City  by  the  American  Caroussel 
Company.  It  will  be  constructed  of  brick, 
heated  by  steam  and  lighted  by  incandes- 
cent light;  cost,  §15,000. 

L.  G.  Hallberg,  Chicago,  is  receiving  bids 
for  the  erection  of  a  six-story  store  and  office 
building,  185x200,  feet,  to  be  erected  at  the 
north-west  corner  of  Madison  and  Market 
streets  by  the  Central  Union  Building  Com- 
pany. It  will  be  of  brick  and  brown  stone,  will 
be  supplied  with  steam  heat  and  elevators; 
cost  §300,000.  Work  will  be  commenced  as 
soon  after  May  i  as  the  present  buildings 
can  be  torn  down. 

C.  K.  Porter  &  Son,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  are 
the  architects  for  the  new  Municipal  Court 
building.  The  structure  is  to  be  107x80,  3- 
stories  high;  brown  stone  front;  steam  heat- 
ed, ventilated  by  fan  system,  lighted  by 
gas.    Cost,  §125,000. 

C.  D.  Swan,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  has  designed 
for  C.  G.  Worthington,  a  dwelling  house,  to 
be  built  of  brick  and  wood;  cost,  §14,500. 
Also  a  stable  for  Mr.  Worthington,  to  cost 
§2,800. 

James  G.  Hill,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  a  ten-story  building  to  be  erected 


at  Ninth  and  F  streets,  for  the  Washington 
Loan  &  Trust  Company. 

Glenn  Brown,  Washington,  D.  C,  is  mak- 
ing plans  for  an  eight  story  stone  and  brick 
office  building  to  be  erected  on  F  street, 
near  Ninth,  for  the  National  Fire  Insurance 
Company. 

Crane  and  Barkhousen,  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
have  plans  for  an  office  building  for  the 
Pfister  &  Vogel  Leather  Company,  to  be 
36x72  feet,  four  stories,  of  brick  and  stone  ; 
cost,  §10,000. 

F.  E.  Edbrooke  &  Co.,  Denver,  Colo., 
have  prepared  plans  for  a  bank  building  for 
the  People's  National  Bank,  to  be  100x100 
feet,  and  nine  stories  high,  of  brick,  stone 
and  terra  cotta;  cost,  §250,000.  Also,  a  two 
story  brick  dwelling  to  be  erected  for  C.  M. 
Merritt,  at  a  cost  of  §15,000. 

Lang  &  Pugh,  Denver,  Colo.,  have  made 
plans  for  a  three  story  buff  sandstone  bus- 
iness building  to  be  erected  for  A.  M.  Ghost 
at  a  cost  of  §40,000.  Also,  a  brick  dwelling 
for  C.  T.  Hunn,  to  cost  310,500. 

C.  J.  Warren,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  three  story  brick  dwelling  to  be  erected 
for  J.  F.  Keeney  at  2622-4  Michigan  avenue 
at  a  cost  of  §50,000. 

Treat  &  Foltz, Chicago,  have  made  plans 
for  a  three  story  and  basement  brick  flat 
building  for  E.  J.  Lehman  to  be  erected  at 
2301-7  Dearborn  street,  at  a  cost  of  §12,000 

W.  T.  Lescher,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  five  story  and  basement  brick  factory 
building,  45x125  feet,  to  be  erected  for  D.  H. 
Hayes,  at  42-44  North  Halsted  street,  at  a 
cost  of  §25,000. 

Henry  Kundmger,  Chicago,  has  made 
plans  for  two  three  story  and  basement 
brick  stores  and  flats,  50x75  feet  to  be  erect- 
ed at  578-80  West  Thirteenth  street  for 
George  Ludiger,  at  a  cost  of  §9,000. 

C.  E.Cook.Chicago,  has  made  plans  for  an 
elevator,  30x189  feet  and  34  feet  high,  to  be 
erected  at  Robey  street  and  Blue  Island 
avenue,  for  the  W.  B.  Rogers  Elevator 
Company,  at  a  cost  of  §10,000. 

W.  J.  Ealer,  Chicago,  furnishes  the  plans 
for  a  flat  building  to  be  erected  at  942  to  946 
Park  avenue,  by  H.  H.  Bishoff  at  a  cost  of 
§20,000. 

F.  W.  Perkins,  Chicago,  is  making  plans 
for  a  residence  to  be  built  by  A.  M.  Fuller, 
near  the  corner  of  Ellis  avenue  and  Forty- 
Ninth  street.  It  will  be  45x60  feet  in  di- 
mensions, constructed  of  stone  and  brick 
roofed  with  slate,  and  the  interior  finished 
in  hard  "wood,  heated  by  steam  and  provided 
with  all  modern  conveniences.  Its  cost  is 
estimated  at  §30,000. 


It  has  been  estimated  that  the  habitual 
opium  eaters  in  the  L'nitcd  States  number 
six  hundred  thousand. 


The  iron  viaduct  at  Macomb's  Dam 
Bridge  to  supply  water  for  Washington 
Heights  will  be  1,500  feet  long  and  60  feef 
wide,  and  the  estimated  cost  is  §503,000. 


Jan.  25,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


461 


PLUMBING. 


PLUMBING  REGULATIONS  OF 
CLEVELAND. 

Mr.  Thomas  J.  Smith,  Plumbing  Inspect- 
or of  Cleveland,  kindly  sends  in  the  fol- 
lowing Ordinance  to  amend  Ordinance  No. 
102,  prescribing  the  manner  in  which  plumb- 
ing and  house  drainage  shall  be  done  in  the 
City  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Section  i. — Be  it  ordained  by  the  City 
Council  of  the  City  of  Cleveland,  That  no 
part  of  the  work  of  plumbing  or  house  drain- 
age shall  be  covered  or  concealed  in  any 
way  until  after  it  has  been  examined  by  an 
inspector  of  the  Board  of  Health,  and  notice 
must  be  sent  to  the'  office  of  the  Board  of 
Health  when  the  work  is  sufficiently  ad- 
vanced for  inspection,  and  when  the  plumb- 
ing-work is  finished  notice  must  be  given  at 
the  office  of  the  Board  of  Health,  within  two 
days,  that  work  is  ready  for  final  inspection. 
No  inspections  will  be  made  on  legal  holi- 
•days. 

Sec.  2. — All  plumbing  and  hous;  drainage 
must  be  constructed  in  accordance  with  the 
following  rules: — 

Rule  i. — All  materials  must  be  of  good 
quality  and  free  from  defects;  the  work 
must  be  executed  in  a  thorough  and  work- 
manlike manner. 

Rule  2. — The  arrangement  of  soil  and 
waste-pipes  must  be  as  direct  as  possible. 

Rule  3. — The  drain,  soil  and  waste-pipes 
and  the  traps  must,  if  practicable,  be  ex- 
posed to  view  for  ready  inspection  at  all 
times  and  for  convenience  in  repairing. 
When  necessarily  placed  within  partitions 
or  in  recesses  of  walls,  soil  and  waste-pipes 
should  be  covered  with  woodwork  so  fast- 
ened with  screws  as  to  be  readily  removed. 
In  no  case  shall  they  be  absolutely  inaccess- 
able. 

Rule  4. —  It  is  recommended  to  place 
soil  and  other  vertical  pipes  in  a  special 
shaft  between  or  adjacent  to  the  water-clos- 
ets and  bath-room  and  serving  as  a  ventil- 
ating shaft  fo*'  them.  This  shaft  should  be 
at  least  two  and  one  half  feet  square.  It 
should  extend  from  the  cellar  through  the 
roof  and  should  be  covered  by  a  "louvered 
skylight."  It  should  be  accessible  at  every 
story  and  should  have  a  very  open  but  strong 
grating  at  each  floor  to  stand  upon.  Shafts 
not  less  than  three  square  feet  in  area  are 
required  in  tenement  houses  to  ventilate  in- 
terior water-closets. 

Rule  5. — Every  house  or  building  must 
be  separately  and  independently  connected 
with  the  street  sewer. 

Rule  6. — All  house  sewers  must  be  of 
iron  or  hard  salt-glazed  and  cylindrical 
earthen-ware  pipe,  laid  on  a  smooth  bottom, 
free  from  all  projections  of  rock,  and  with 
soil  well  rammed  to  prevent  settling  of  the 
pipe.  Each  section  must  be  wetted  before 
applying  the  cement,  and  the  space  between 
each  hub  and  the  small  end  of  the  next  sec- 
tion must  be  completely  and  uniformly 
filled  with  the  best  hydraulic  cement.  Care 


must  be  taken  to  prevent  any  cement  being 
forced  into  the  drain  to  become  an  obstruc- 
tion. No  tempered  up  cement  shall  be 
used.  A  straight-edge  must  be  used  inside 
the  pipe,  and  the  different  sections  must  be 
laid  in  perfect  line  on  the  bottom  and  sides. 

Rule  7. — When  water-closets  discharge 
into  it,  the  drain  must  be  at  least  six  inches 
in  diameter. 

Rule  8. — It  must  be  laid  in  a  straight  line 
if  possible,  and  all  changes  in  direction 
must  be  made  with  curved  pipes,  and  all 
connections  with  "Y"  branch  pipes  and  one- 
eighth  bends. 

Rule  q. — Any  house  drain  or  house  sewer 
put  in  and  covered  without  due  notice  to 
the  Health  Department  must  be  uncovered 
for  inspection  at  the  direction  of  the  inspect- 
or. 

Rule  10. — A  running  or  Half-S  trap  musj 
be  placed  on  the  house  drain  at  an  accessible 
point  near  the  front  of  the  house.  This  trap 
must  be  furnished  with  a  hand-hole,  for  con- 
venience in  cleaning,  the  cover  of  which 
must  be  properly  fitted  and  made  gas  and 
air-tight  with  some  proper  cement. 

Rule  ii. — No  brick,  sheet-metal,  earthen- 
ware or  chimney  flue  shall  be  used  as  a  sew- 
er ventilater,  nor  to  ventilate  any  trap,  drain, 
soil  or  waste-pipe. 

Rule  12. — Every  soil  and  waste-pipe 
must  be  of  cast  iron,  lap-welded  wrought 
iron,  lead,  copper  or  brass,  and  where  it  re- 
ceives the  discharge  of  fixtures  on  two  or 
more  floors,  or  fixtures  upon  any  floor  above 
the  first,  except  for  water-closets,  it  must  be 
extended  at  least  two  feet  above  the  highest 
part  of  the  roof  or  coping.  All  soil-pipes 
that  receive  the  waste  from  water-closets 
must  extend  at  least  two  feet  above  the 
highest  part  of  the  roof  or  coping,  of  undi- 
minished size.  They  must  not  open  near  a 
window  nor  an  airshaft  which  ventilates 
living  rooms.  For  small  fixtures  other  than 
water  closets,  located  with  not  more  than 
eight  feet  vertical  fall,  and  connected  sep- 
arately to  the  sewer,  the  special  air-pipe 
may  be  omitted.  When  two  or  more  fix- 
tures discharge  into  the  same  waste-pipe, 
the  traps  must  be  protected  from  siphonage 
as  prescribed  in  Rules  27  and  28  in  this  sec- 
tion. 

Rule  13. — Soil,  waste  and  vent-pipes  in 
an  extension  must  be  extended  above  the 
roofs  of  the  main  building,  when  otherwise 
they  would  open  within  twenty  feet  of  the 
windows  of  the  main  house  or  the  adjoining 
house. 

Rule  14. — The  minumum  diameter  of 
soil-pipe  for  water-closets  permitted  is  four 
inches.  A  vertical  waste-pipe,  into  which  a 
line  of  kitchen  sinks  discharge,  must  be  at 
least  two  inches  in  diameter  with  one  inch 
and  a  half  branches. 

Rule  15. — Where  lead  pipe  is  used  to 
connect  fixtures  with  vertical  soil  or  waste- 
pipes,  or  to  connect  traps  with  vertical  vent- 
pipes,  it  must  not  be  lighter  than  the  grade 
called  "extra  light." 

Rule  16. — There  shall  be  no  traps  on  ver- 
tical soil-pipes  or  vertical  waste-pipes. 
Rule  17. — All  cast  iron  pipes  must  be 


sound,  free  from  holes,  and  of  a  uniform 
thickness  of  not  less  than  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  for  a  diameter  of  two,  tlirce  or  four 
inches,  or  five  thirty-seconds  of  and  inch  for 
a  diameter  of  five  or  six  inches;  and  in  case 
the  building  is  over  sixty-five  feet  in  height 
above  the  curb,  the  use  of  what  is  known  as 
"extra  heavy"  pipe  and  corresponding  fit-  ^ 
tings  is  required,  which  weigh  as  follows: — 

2  inches,  ^Yz  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

3  inches,  9>^  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

4  inches,  13  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

5  inches,  17  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

6  inches,  20  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

7  inches,  27  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

8  inches,  33^  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 
10  inches,  45  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 
12  inches,  54  lbs.  per  lineal  foot. 

All  wrought  iron  pipes  must  be  sound  and 
must  be  of  what  is  known  as  standard  grade 
pipe  with  corresponding  fittings.  All  fit- 
tings for  soil,  waste  and  vent-pipes  must  be 
of  cast  iron;  all  soil,  waste  and  vent-pipes 
must  be  supported  by  hooks  or  pipe  rests 
not  more  than  ten  feet  apart. 

Rule  18. — Before  they  are  connected  they 
must  be  thoroughly  coated  inside  and  out- 
side with  coal  tar  pitch  applied  hot,  or  some 
other  equivalent  substance. 

Rule  19. — All  soil,  waste  and  vent-pipes 
must  be  tested  by  the  plumber  in  charge, 
with  a  water  test  or  by  an  air  test  applied 
with  pump  and  guage,  as  directed  by  in- 
spector, in  the  presence  of  the  inspector, 
after  due  notice  to  the  Health  Office  of 
place  and  time,  by  a  pressure  of  not  less 
than  twenty  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  after 
all  openings  have  been  closed  by  the  plumb- 
er or  person  in  charge  of  the  work.  Pipe, 
joints,  fittings,  or  fixtures  thus  shown  to  be 
defective  or  wrongly  placed,  must  be  made 
good  or  be  replaced  within  five  days  and 
again  tested  if  so  required  by  the  inspector. 
None  of  the  said  pipe  shall  be  covered  from 
sight  till  they  have  been  shown  to  stand  the 
test  prescribed,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  in- 
spector. After  the  plumbing-work  of  a 
building  has  been  tested  as  directed,  no  al- 
terations will  be  permitted  except  upon 
written  application  of  the  owner  or  plumber 
in  charge  of  the  work. 

Rule  20. — All  joints  in  the  iron  drain- 
pipes, soil-pipes  and  waste-pipes  must  be  so 
calked  with  oakum  and  lead,  or  with  cement 
made  of  iron  filings  and  sal  ammonia,  so  as 
to  make  them  impermeable  to  gas. 

Rule  21. — All  connections  of  lead  with 
iron  pipes  must  be  made  with  brass  sleeve 
or  ferrule,  of  the  same  size  as  the  lead  of  the 
pipe,  put  in  the  hub  of  the  branch  of  the 
iron  pipe  and  calked  in  with  lead.  The 
lead  pipe  must  be  attached  to  the  ferrule  by 
a  wiped  joint. 

Rule  22. — All  connections  of  lead  pipe 
should  be  by  wiped  joints. 

Rule  23. — Every  water-closet,  urinal,  sink, 
basin,  wash-tray,  bath,  and  every  tub  or  set 
of  tubs,  must  be  separately  and  effectively 
trapped,  except  where  a  sink  and  wash-tub 
immediately  join  each  other,  in  which  case 
the  waste-pipe  from  the  tubs  may  be  con- 


462 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No,  312 


nectcd  with  the  inlet  side  of  the  sink  trajj; 
in  such  a  case  the  tub  waste-pipe  is  not  re- 
quired to  be  separately  trapped. 

Rl  le  24. — Traps  must  be  placed  as  near 
the  fixtures  as  practicable,  and  in  no  case 
shall  a  trap  be  more  than  two  feet  from  the 
fixtures. 

Rule  25. — All  soil-pipes  must  be  provided 
with  strong  metallic  strainers. 

Rule  26. — In  no  case  shall  the  waste 
from  a  bath-tub  or  other  fixtures  be  connec- 
ted with  a  water-closet  trap. 

Rule  27. — Traps  must  be  protected  from 
siphonage,  and  the  waste-pipe  leading  from 
them  ventilated  by  a  special  air-pipe;  in  no 
case  less  than  two  inches  in  diameter  for 
water-closet  traps,  and  one  and  a  half  inch 
for  other  traps,  and  ventilation  pipes  less 
than  four  inches  in  diameter  must  not  be 
carried  up  outside  the  building.  In  build- 
ings more  than  four  stories  in  height,  the 
vertical  vent-pipes  for  water  closets  must 
be  at  least  three  inches  in  diameter  with  a 
two-inch  branch  for  each  trap,  and  for  traps 
of  other  fixtures  not  less  than  two  inches  in 
diameter  with  branches  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter,  unless  the  trap  is  smaller, 
in  which  case  the  diameter  of  branch  vent- 
pipe  must  be  at  least  equal  to  the  diameter 
of  the  trap.  In  all  cases  vertical  vent-pipes 
must  be  of  cast  or  wrought  iron  gas  pipe. 

Rule  28. — These  pipes  must  either  extend 
two  feet  above  the  highest  part  of  the  roof 
or  Coping,  the  extension  to  be  not  less  than 
four  inches  in  diameter,  to  avoid  obstruction 
from  frost,  or  they  may  be  branched  into  a 
soil-pipe  not  less  than  six  feet  above  the 
highest  fixture.  They  may  be  combined  by 
branching  together  those  which  serve  sev- 
eral traps.  These  air-pipes  must  always 
have  a  continuous  slope  to  avoid  collecting 
water  by  condensation. 

Rule  29. — No  trap  vent-pipe  shall  be  used 
as  a  waste  or  soil-pipe. 

Rule  30. — Overflow  pipes  from  fixtures 
must  in  each  case  be  connected  on  the  inlet 
side  of  the  trap. 

Rule  3l — Every  safe  under  a  wash-basin, 
bath,  urinal,  water-closet,  or  other  fixtures, 
must  be  drained  by  a  special  pipe  not  directly 
connected  with  any  soil-pipe,  water-pipe, 
drain  or  sewer,  but  discharging  into  an  open 
sink  upon  the  cellar  floor  or  outside  the 
house. 

Rule  32. — The  waste-pipe  from  a  refrig- 
erator shall  not  be  directly  connected  with 
the  soil  or  waste-pipe,  or  with  the  drain  or 
sewer,  or  discharge  into  the  soil;  it  should 
discharge  into  an  open  sink.  Such  waste- 
pipes  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  admit  of 
frequent  flushing,  and  should  be  as  short  as 
possible  and  disconnected  from  the  refrig- 
erator. 

Rule  33. — The  sediment  pipe  from  kitch- 
en boilers  must  be  connected  on  the  inlet 
side  of  the  sink  trap,  if  connected  to  waste- 
pipe. 

Rule  34.— Rain  water  leaders  must  never 
be  used  as  soil,  waste  or  vent-pipes,  nor  any 
soil,  waste  or  vent-pipe  be  used  as  a  rain 
water  leader;  all  rain  water  conductors 


which  are  carried  up  within  the  wall  of  a 
building  must  be  of  iron,  as  required  for  soil- 
pipes. 

Rule  35. — In  every  case  where  a  leader 
opens  near  a  window  or  light  shaft  it  must 
be  properly  trapped  at  its  base. 

Rule  36. — No  steam  exhaust  or  blowoff- 
pipe  from  a  steam  boiler  will  be  allowed  to 
connect  with  ajiy  soil  or  waste-pipe,  or  di- 
rectly with  any  house  drain.  They  should 
discharge  into  a  tank  or  condenser,  the 
waste  from  which,  if  to  be  discharged  into  a 
sewer  through  the  house  drain,  must  be 
connected  on  the  sewer  side  of  the  running 
trap. 

Rule  37. — No  privy  vault,  school  sink  or 
sewer  pipe  closet  will  be  permitted  in  any 
cellar  or  basement,  and  all  sewer-pipe  clos- 
ets must  be  located  at  least  ten  feet  from 
any  building  occupied  as  a  dwelling  house, 
nor  shall  the  general  privy  accommodations 
of  a  tenement  or  lodging  house  be  allowed 
in  the  cellar  or  basement,  unless  properly 
constructed  water-closets  are  used. 

Rule  38. — No  privy  vault  or  cesspool  for 
sewerage  will  be  permitted  in  any  part  of 
the  city  where  water-closets  or  a  school  sink 
can  be  connected  with  a  public  sewer  in  the 
street. 

Sec.  3. — Any  person  or  persons  violating 
any  of  the  provisions  of  this  ordinance  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and 
upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  subject  to 
a  fine  of  not  less  than  ten  dollars  or  more 
than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  imprisonment 
not  exceeding  thirty  days,  or  both,  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court  imposing  the  same. 

Sec.'4. — All  ordinances  inconsistent  with 
the  provisions  of  this  ordinance  are  hereby 
repealed. 

Sec.  5. — This  ordinance  shall  take  effect 
and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage 
and  legal  publication. 

ANNUAL    REPORT  OF  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  PLUMBING. 

Omaha,  Neb.,  Dec.  31,  1889. 
To  THE  Honorable  Mayor  and  Coun- 
cil OF  THE  City  of  Omaha.  Gentlemen: 
I  herewith  submit  the  annual  report  of  the 
office  of  Superintendent  of  Plumbing. 

Officers.  Salaries. 

Robt.  D.  Duncan,  Superintendent  Si, 800 

Wm.  W.  Duncan,  Clerk   720 

John  R.  Ycrak,  Sewer  Inspct.~|  Authorized 

I  by  concur- 

Ed.  A.  Taylor,      "  "      |  rent  rcsolu- 

i-tion  of  May- 
Chris  Boyer  "  "  lorandCoun- 

I  cil  salary  S3 
Henry  Dunn        "         "     J  per  day. 

Total  salaries  $5,814.90 

Receipts  from  fees  collected  under 

ordinance  No.1,762   381.15 

Receipts  from  fees  and  permits  col- 
lected under  ordinance  No.  1,762  as 
amended  by  ordinance  No.  2,055.  •  •  2,413.00 

Total  receipts  S2,794.i5 

Nine  hundred  and  nineteen  inspections  of 
new  plumbing  work  were  made;  330  inspec- 
tions of  old  plumbing  work  were  made;  281 
plans  and  specifications  were  submitted  to 
the  Board  of  Health;  156  were  completed  as 
submitted;  $140,987  was  the  total  amount  of 


plumbing  contracts  made  since  July  14th, 
1889;  2,086  inspections  of  excavations  where 
liability  expired  were  made;  631  depressions 
in  streets  and  alleys  were  made  good;  138 
stop  boxes  were  lowered;  193  leaks  in  water 
services  were  taken  care  of,  103  of  which 
were  in  paved  streets;  1,363  permits  were 
issued  by  the  city  engineer  to  master  plumb- 
ers; 740  permits  were  issued  by  the  city 
engineer  to  drain  layers;  358  permits  were 
issued  by  the  Board  of  P.  \V.  to  the  Ameri- 
can W.  \V.  Co.;  517  permits  were  issued  by 
the  Board  of  P.  W,  to  the  Omaha  Gas  Man- 
ufacturing Company. 

A  total  of  2,978  permits  to  make  excava- 
tions in  the  streets  and  alleys;  14  complaints 
were  made  for  violation  of  provisions  of 
plumbing  ordinance;  12  convictions  were 
secured  and  two  acquitals  were  had. 

In  submitting  to  you  my  detailed  report, 
I  take  pleasure  in  calling  your  attention  to 
the  fact  that,  while  the  work  in  this  office 
has  increased  and  the  salaries  paid  is  §2,- 
421.77  greater  than  for  the  year  i888,  still 
the  actual  cost  to  the  city  is  $372.38  less 
than  paid  during  1888.  This,  too,  when  the 
present  ordinance  has  been  in  force  only 
six  months. 

It  is  safe  to  assume  that  this  office  under 
the  provisions  of  the  present  plumbing  ordi- 
nance will  soon  be  entirely  self  sustaining. 
In  connection  with  this  fact  I  wish  to  say 
that  the  plumbing  ordinance  contains  some 
provisions  which  experience  demonstrates 
might  well  be  modified;  also  additional  reg- 
ulations are  needed. 

Particularly  is  it  necessary  that  two  or 
more  practical  sanitary  plumbers  be  em- 
ployed to  assist  the  superintendent  in  the 
inspection  of  plumbing  work. 

In  case  any  changes  are  contemplated  in 
said  ordinance,  I  would  respectfully  recom- 
mend that  your  honorable  body  request  the 
licensed  master  plumbers  of  Omaha  to  select 
a  committee  to  confer  with  you  before  any 
changes  are  made. 

I  would  also  suggest  that  a  regulation 
similarto  that  "concerning  the  licensing  of 
engineers"  is  of  great  necessity  to  the 
plumbing  trade.  While  master  plumbers 
are  the  responsible  persons,  the  journeyman 
plumber  is  the  real  person  on  whose  skill 
and  experience  the  perfection  of  the  whole 
work  depends;  hence,  the  need  of  a  board 
composed  of  sanitary  plumbers  to  examine 
and  pass  upon  every  journeyman  plumber's 
qualifications  before  he  is  allowed  to  engage 
in  a  class  of  work  requiring,  as  plumbing 
does,  a  knowledge  of  sanitary  science  as- 
well  as  the  practical  skill  belonging  to  the 
craft. 

Your  attention  is  called  to  the  practice  of 
putting  in  "blind  services"  ahead  of  pave- 
ments. The  charter  requires  these  services 
to  be  put  in  and  they  are  a  constant  source 
of  trouble  and  cause  more  damage  to  our 
pavements  than  any  other  one  thing,  and 
are  of  little  benefit  to  anyone.  This  applies 
to  water  and  gas  services  alike.  All  of  the 
foregoing  is'respectfully  submitted. 

Robt.  D.  Duncan, 
Supt.  of  Plumbing. 


Jan.  25,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


463 


NEW  YORK  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  New  York  Associa- 
lion  of  Master  I'lumbcrs,  Jan.  lo,  after  ()rc- 
liminary  business  the  annual  reports  of  vari- 
ous standing  committees  were  jjresented. 
Separate  reports  were  presented  by  the 
Auditing  Committee,  the  treasurer,  Caldwell 
Eraser,  and  the  financial  secretary,  T.  I. 
Tuomey.  These  reports  described  the  satis- 
factory standing  of  the  association,  and  they 
were  accepted  as  presented.  Edward 
Murphy  movedjhat  they  be  placed  on  the 
minutes  for  easy  reference.  The  trustees 
deferred  presenting  their  report  until  the 
next  meeting.  The  License  Committee  in- 
cluded their  quarterly  report  with  the  annual 
report.  During  the  last  three  months  they 
had  examined  85  applicants  for  licenses  and 
found  69  competent,  to  whom  they  had 
granted  licenses.  Since  their  last  annual 
report  they  had  held  52  sessions,  one  every 
Friday,  from  2  to  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
thus  occupying  a  half  a  day's  time  each 
week,  or  26  working  days  in  the  year,  on 
this  account  they  suggested  that  members 
of  this  committee  would  not  be  asked  to  act 
in  other  capacities  for  the  associatian.  Dur- 
ing the  year  several  licensed  plumbers  had 
given  up  the  business,  and  the  number  of 
licensed  plumbers  now  in  New  York  City 
was  about  800.  The  report  was  received 
and  placed  on  file.  Edward  Murphy,  on 
behalf  of  the  Trade  School  Committe, stated 
that  the  duties  of  this  committee  did  not 
terminate  until  the  sessions  of  the  schools 
had  finished  some  time  in  May,  when  the 
committee  will  have  a  full  report  to  present. 
He  again^took  the  opportunity  of  reminding 
members  that  they  would  find  some  good 
helpers  at  the  schools  whenever  they  wanted 
any.  The  Apprenticeship  Committee  will 
have  its  report  ready  for  the  next  meet- 
ing. The  special  committees,  known  as  the 
Protection  Committee  and  Board  of  Health 
Committees  had  no  reports  to  offer  and  a 
general  discussion  on  the  work  accomplished 
by  the  former  committee  took  place.  Messrs. 
Mitchell,  Patterson,  Rossman,  Hosford  and 
Braken  expressed  various  opinions  as  to  the 
difficulties  of  getting  the  committee  to  meet 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  year.  John 
Mitchell,  in  a  few  well-chosen  remarks,  re- 
ferred to  the  small  attendance  of  members 
at  the  semi-monthly  meetings  during  the  last 
six  months,and  pointed  out  that  if  the  general 
body  of  members  did  not  show  more  interest 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  association  it 
would  be  difficult  to  expect  committees  to 
be  interested.  Chairman  McDonald  en- 
dorsed those  remarks  and  hoped  that  in  the 
future  a  larger  number  of  members  would  be 
present  at  the  regular  meetings. 

The  chairman  then  announced  that  the 
next  business  was  the  election  of  officers 
and  standing  committees  for  the  ensuing 
year  1890,  and  called  for  the  report  of  the 
nominating  committees.  John  Mitchell, 
chairman  of  one  of  the  committees,  handed 
in  a  joint  report  of  the  two  committees. 

Secretary  Hosford  having  read  the  report, 
the  chairman  appointed  Messrs.  Bracken, 


O'Connor  and  McDerniott  as  tellers.  The 
ballots  having  been  distributed,  the  election 
resulted  as  follows: 

President.— Jonas  A.  Rossman. 
First  Vice-President. — James  N.  Knight. 
Second     \'ice-Presidcnt. —  William  R. 
Bracken. 

Third  Vice-President. — Henry  G.  Gabay. 
Treasurer.— Caldwell  Eraser. 
Recording  and  Corresponding  Secretary. 
Edward  Murphy. 

Financial  Secretary. — Thos.  I.  Tuomey. 
Sergeant-at-Arms.— C.  H.  Kranickfelt. 
Trustees.  —  John    Montgomery,  James 
Muir,  John  Byrns,  Thomas  Carter,  George 
D.  Scott. 

Auditing  Committee. — Frank  Reynolds, 
James  N.  Knight,  John  Miller. 

License  Committee. — Alexander  White- 
law,  John  Montgomery,  Wm.  Young. 

Apprenticeship  Ccmmittee.  —  John  S. 
Dunn,  David  MacKay,  Jr.,  Patrick  An- 
drews, Thomas  L  Cummins,  James 
O'Brien. 


MEETING  OF  EXECUTIVE  COM- 
MITTEE, N.  A.  M.  P. 
Washington,  D.  C,  January  20,  1890. 

Editor,  Sanitary  News:  The  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  National  Association 
of  Master  Plumbers  held  its  second  meet- 
ing of  the  present  fiscal  year  at  the  Conti- 
nental Hotel,  in  New  York  City,  on  Tuesday 
and  Wednesday,  Jan.  14  and  15.  All  the 
members  were  present  except  Col.  Scott 
and  Chas.  Geiger.  Col.  Scott  appointed 
Mr.  Jos.  A.  McDonald  to  act  as  proxy  for 
him.  A  telegram  was  received  from  Mr. 
Geiger's  partner  informing  the  committee 
that  Mr.  Geiger  was  sick  in  tDed. 

Presidents  Hudson,  of  Brooklyn,  Hum- 
bert, of  Pittsburgh,  Rossman,  of  New  York 
and  Ex-President  Byrne,  of  New  York  were 
present,  and  the  privilege  of  the  floor  was 
extended  to  them.  Many  other  members  of 
the  New  York  Association  dropped  in. 

The  president's  report  was  favorably  re- 
ceived and  his  action  in  every  case  was 
unanimously  endorsed.  The  secretary  re- 
ported a  number  of  cities  organized,  and  the 
following  members  in  each:  Jacksonville, 
Fla.,  John  Elrig;  Texarkana,  Ark.,  T.  E. 
Walter  and  Texarkana  Plumbing  Company; 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  J.  A.  Bailey  &  Co.,  J.  W. 
X.  Brown,  Bruce  &  Rutledge,  Hartie  & 
Scheld,  Woods  &  McGrath,  John  Hopkins, 
Rhodes  Bros.,  Massa  Bros.,  Leech  &  Mc- 
Clain,  Callahan,  Lagomarsino  &  Zanoni,and 
Latting  &  Bailey;  Duluth,  Minn.,  Wm.  Mc- 
Millen,  Duluth  Plumbing  Company,  N.  C. 
Harvey  &  Co.,  and  P.  V.  Dwyer  &  Bros.; 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Freaney  Bros.,  Chas.  W. 
Meihel,  Healy  &  O'Brien,  Kalb  &  Ayers 
Anashansel  &  Strong,  Foley  Bros.  &  Co., 
Dewald  &  Gall,  J.  S.  Farrell  &  Co.,  Geo.  W. 
Keyser,  Henry  T.  Hudson,  John  C.  Dunn, 
Smith  &  Haslinger,  Kirkoff  &  Meyer,  Jas. 
McGauley,  Schmidt  &  Gunn,  and  Peck  & 
Toon;  Fargo,  N.  D.,  Wm.  D.  Allen;  Barre, 
Vt.,  L.  J.  Griffin. 

The  treasurer  made  report  of  the  condi- 


tion of  the  finances,  the  same  being  very 
satisfactory,  and  the  financial  secretary  was 
directed  to  call  for  the  second  half  of  the 
per  capita  tax. 

Encouraging  reports  were  received  from 
the  following  State  vice-presidents:  Hugh 
F.  Hogan,  Iowa;  T.  J.  Bransfield,  Kansas; 
W.  E.  Goodman,  Wisconsin;  W.  E.  Foster, 
Virginia;  J.  T.  Holmes,  Minnesota;  P.  Des- 
noyers,  Ohio;  J.  A.  Kramer,  Pennsylvania; 
F.  J.  Beesly,  Missouri;  James  Madden, 
Indiana;  P.  L.  Lyons,  Vermont;  Daniel 
Shannon,  Massachusetts;  and  Michael  II. 
Riley,  Illinois,  also,  from  secretaries  Mitch- 
ell, of  Boston,  Sands,  of  Pittsburgh,  and 
Prcsscott  of  Topeka,  Kan. 

A  committee  on  transportation  was  ap- 
pointed, consisting  of  Jos.  A.  M'^Donald,  of 
New  York,  Robert  Griffith,  of  Chicago.  Wm. 
F.  McGarthy,  of  Denver,  with  the  president 
as  chairman. 

The  president  was  directed  to  call  the 
meeting  of  the  convention  on  June  17,  18 
and  19,  at  Denver,  Col.  The  members  of 
the  committee  waited  on  a  number  of  the 
manufacturers,  as  directed  by  the  resolution 
on  page  123  of  the  Pittsburgh  Convention 
report.  They  were  pleasantly  received,  and 
they  were  promised  that  their  suggestions 
would  be  carefully  considered  at  all  times, 
and  whenever  for  their  mutual  good,  would 
be  carried  out.  After  the  interview,  the 
committee  adjourned,  subject  to  the  call  of 
the  president. 

Upon  invitation  of  Col.  Richard  Auch- 
mutty  the  members,  of  the  committee  visited 
the  trade  school  on  Wednesday  night,  and 
were  shown  through  by  the  colonel,  after 
which  he  called  the  plumbing  class  to  order 
and  introduced  the  committee.  Addresses 
were  made  by  Messrs.  Hannan,  Trainor, 
Rossman,  Murphy,  of  New  York,  and  Mc- 
Donald, congratulating  the  boys  on  the 
opportunity  afforded  them  in  securing  in- 
creased knowledge  of  their  trade  and  com- 
plimenting Col.  Auchmutty  on  the  good 
work  he  is  doing.    Yours  etc., 

Geo.  a.  Green,  Sec,  N.  A.  M.  P. 

MEETING  OF  THE  CHICAGO  MAS- 
TER PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 
Another  of  those  pleasant  entertainments 
that  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  and  their 
wives  know  so  well  how  to  give,  was  held 
last  Thursday  evening  at  Grand  Army  Hall, 
in  the  Honore  building,  at  the  conclusion  of 
the  business  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Master 
Plumbers'  Association. 

Owing  to  the  illness  of  President  Hugh 
Watt  and  First  Vice-President  David  White- 
ford,  J.  J.  Clarke,  Second  Vice-President, pre- 
sided over  the  meeting. 

Robert  Griffith's  resolution  to  the  effect 
that  an  effort  be  made  to  have  a  law  passed 
that  a  plumber  be  required  to  work  at  the 
trade  seven  years  before  he  be  granted  a 
master  plumber's  license,  was  taken  up  for 
consideration,  and  provoked  considerable 
discussion.  Mr.  Young  thought  the  most 
advisable  plan  would  be  to  have  an  examin- 
ing board  to  inquire  into  the  qualifications  of 


464 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Jan.  25.  1890] 


candidates  for  licenses.  Mr.  Griffith  thought 
that  many  men  might  be  able  to  answer  any 
question,  theoretically,  which  might  be  put 
to  them  by  an  examining  board;  but  that 
when  put  into  a  building  they  are  lost.  He 
was  in  favor  of  anything  to  correct  the  pres- 
ent abuses,  and  that  was  the  only  aim  of  his 
resolution,  to  bring  the  matter  before  the 
association.  Mr.  Sanders  moved  as  an 
amendment  that  applicants  be  required  to 
serve  five  years  before  being  granted  a 
license,  instead  of  seven.  Mr.  Hamblin 
moved,  as  a  substitute  for  the  whole,  that 
the  matter  be  referred  to  the  Legislative 
Committee,  with  Mr.  Young  added,  to  draft 
a  suitable  resolution  covering  all  the  neces- 
sary ground,  to  be  referred  back  to  the  asso- 
ciation for  action.  The  substitute  was 
carried. 

Mr.  Alcock  moved  that  a  committee  be 
appointed  to  draft  suitable  resolutions  to 
present  to  the  family  of  W.  H.  Esch,  de- 
ceased. The  motion  was  passed,  and  J.  H. 
Roach  appointed  a  committee  of  one  to 
•draft  such  resolutions. 

The  bond  of  J.  J.  Hamblin,  treasurer,  in 
the  sum  of  $5,000,  was  accepted,  with  E. 
Baggot  and  M.  H.  Reilly  as  sureties. 

Mr.  Wilson  moved  that  a  committee  be 
appointed  to  receive  E.  J.  Hannan,  president 
of  the  National  Association,  when  he  comes 
to  Chicago.  It  was  also  agreed  that  the 
committee  be  empowered  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  an  entertainment  to  be  given  in 
his  honor.  The  motion  was  carried,  and  J. 
J.  Hamblin,  T.  C.  Boyd,  Robert  Griffith, 
Andrew  Young,  William  Willson  and  Hugh 
Watt  were  appointed  on  the  committee. 

H.  M.  Topping  was  next  introduced  as  a 
newly  elected  member  of  the  association. 

The  following  names  of  persons  were 
read  as  chairmen  of  the  various  committees, 
to  serve  during  the  ensuing  year,  they  to 
have  power  to  appoint  the  other  members 
of  the  committee:  Sanitary,  J.  J.  Wade; 
-Arbitration,  P.  Nacey;]  Auditing,  J.  H. 
Roach;  License,  Daniel  Rock;  Legislative, 
M.  Ryan  and  P.  Sanders;  Conference,  T. 
C.  Boyd;  Warehouse,  Robert  Griffith;  Visit- 
ing— North  side,  Daniel  Rock,  R.  Coleman; 
North-west,  H.  Breyer,  F.  Falk;  West,  C.  J. 
Brooks,  Charles  Cavanah;  South,  P.  J, 
Loughlin,  G.  A.  Larson;  Apprenticeship,  A. 
W.  Murray;  Library,  J.  F.  Matthews; 
Directors,  M.  H.  Reilly,  Frank  Ruh  and 
Peter  Williams.  Mr.  Griffith  positively 
declined  to  serve  another  term  as  chair- 
man of  the  Warehouse  Committee.  The 
matter  was  laid  over  until  the  next  meeting. 
The  other  appointments  were  unanimously 
approved. 

There  being  no  further  business,  the 
meeting  adjourned,  and  several  hours  were 
spent  in  dancing.  During  the  evening  an 
elegant  lunch  was  served  by  the  members 
of  the  Ladies'  Auxiliary. 

Among  those  present  were,  J.  J.  Clark, 
A.  W.  Murray,  Alex.  Irons,  C.  J.  Herbert,  J. 
J.  Hamblin,  P.  Sanders,  C.  C.  Breyer, 
Andrew  Young,  C.  J.  Brooks,  M.  L.  Manda- 
ble,  A.  C.  Hickey,  Joseph  R.  Alcock,  Wil- 


liam Bowden,  William  Wilson,  Robert  Grif- 
fith, Charles  Cavanah,  Philip  Gundermann, 
T.  C.  Boyd,  J.  F.  Matthews,  Jacob  Weber, 
Frank  Falk,  Charles  Redieske,  R.  H.  Lear, 
G.  A.  Larson,  R.  P.  Probasco,  Toseph  O'Mal- 
ley,  J.  J.  Shea,  P.  Nacey. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

James  Muir,  New  York  City,  has  the  con- 
tract for  sanitary  plumbing  work  in  a  large 
mansion  at  Islip,  L.  L 

Master  Plumber  Wilson,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
has  been  appointed  by  the  Buffalo  health 
board,  chief  inspector  of  plumbing. 

P.  Baker,  Worcester,  Mass.,  had  his  en- 
tire plumbing  establishment  wiped  out  by 
fire  recently.  He  will  not  go  into  business 
again. 

Healy  &  Bro.,  Baltimore,  Md.,  have  the 
contract  for  the  plumbing  work  in  the  new 
Manual  Training  School  now  being  erected 
on  St.  Paul  street. 

At  a  recent  meetinng  of  the  Brooklyn 
master  plumbers'  association  the  member- 
ship role  was  increased  by  the  addition  of 
twenty-seven  new  names. 

Robert  Harper,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  has  sep- 
arate contracts  on  hand  for  the  plumbing 
work  in  thirteen  different  buildings,  most  of 
which  are  ready  for  finishing. 

Byrne  &  Tucker,  New  York  city,  have 
just  completed  the  plumbing  work  in  the 
Haydenville  Company's  show  rooms  at  73 
Beekman  street.    The  work  is  all  brass. 

The  Shilvock  Manufacturing  Company 
has  changed  its  firm  nane  to  the  Shilvock  & 
Rupp  Company.  They  have  enlarged  their 
business  and  are  manufacturing  first  class 
plumbers'  tools 

In  Oakland,  Cal.,  the  plumber  can  not  get 
paid  for  his  work  until  he  holds  a  certificate 
from  the  health  department  to  the  effect 
that  all  the  rules  regulating  plumbing  have 
been  complied  with. 

Joseph  Hadfield  of  New  York  city,  a 
member  of  the  late  Hadfield  &  McConnell 
Manufacturing  Company,  has  been  appoint- 
ed to  the  position  of  United  Stated  Inspect- 
or of  boilers. 

P.  Fleming,  Chattanooga,  Tenn..  has 
charge  of  the  sanitary  plumbing  work  in  the 
large  new  hotel  which  is  being  erected  on 
the  top  of  Lookout  Mountain.  The  sanitary 
arrangements  of  the  hotel  are  to  be  of  the 
most  improved  kinds. 

Many  manufacturers  of  plumbers'  and 
steamfitters'  supplies  have  withdrawn  their 
quotations  on  iron  and  brass  goods,  but  have 
not  as  yet  issued  any  new  discount  sheet. 
Former  prices,  therefore,  continue  to  be 
nominal  quotations.  Advances  are  looked 
for  in  such  lines,  particularly  in  the  heaviei 
articles,  which  have  not  yet  advanced  in 
sympathy  with  the  raw  material.  In  the 
meantime  the  market  for  this  class  of  goods 
is  very  strong. 

One  of  the  handsomest  specimens  of 
plumbing  in  a  private  residence  in  the 
United  States,  it  is  said,  is  to  be  seen  in  the 


beautiful  villa  in  course  of  erection  for 
Ogden  Goelet,  at  Newport,  R.  I.  Nearly 
all  the  work  is  exposed  and  silver  plated, 
with  rich  marble  and  artistic  porcelain 
fittings. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Louisville,  Ky., 
Master  Plumbers'  Association,  the  following 
officers  were  elected:  President,  M.  J.  Duffy; 
treasurer,  W.  H.  Matlack;  secretary,  Simon 
Shulhafer. 

Buick  &  Sherwood,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  the 
well  known  dealers  in  plumbers'  supplies 
and  manufacturers  of  the  "Safety"  Sanitary 
Water-Closets,  are  materially  enlarging 
their  business. 

The  following  are  the  officers  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Master  Plumbers'  Association, 
elected  at  a  recent  meeting:  President, 
Hugh  McCollum;  vice-presidents,  Steven 
Nolan,  Fred.  Lamping;  treasurer,  J.  A.  Gib- 
son; secretary,  Thos.  McNeil;  sergeant-at- 
arms,  William  Wagner. 

Robert  D.  Duncan,  for  some  time  past 
superintendent  of  plumbing  of  the  city  of 
Omaha,  Neb.,  has  vacated  his  office,  owing 
to  a  change  in  the  local  administration.  Mr. 
Duncan  is  a  thorough  plumber  and  will 
open  an  establishment  in  that  city  at  2628 
Davenport  street. 

Frank  O.  Singer,  a  Baltimore.  Md., 
plumber,  employed  a  non-registered  jour- 
neyman, in  violation  of  the  plumbing  ordi- 
nances of  that  city.  The  fact  came  to  the 
ears  of  the  authorities,  and  both  men  were 
held  for  trial.  The  complaint  is  to  be  made 
a  test  case,  the  validity  of  the  law  being 
questioned 

The  Boston  Master  Plumber's  Association, 
at  a  recent  meeting,  elected  the  following 
officers  for  the  current  yea':  President, 
Thomas  J.  Tute;  vice-presidents,  William 
H.  Mitchell,  J.  Cronin,  J.  T.  Boyd;  recording 
secretary,  David  Smith;  corresponding  sec- 
retary, Henry  W.  Tombs;  financial  secre- 
tary, George  C.  Forbes;  treasurer,  William 
Lumb. 

John  Gannon  and  Thomas  Conway,  both 
experienced  and  reliable  plumbers,  have 
entered  into  partnership  and  opened  an  es- 
tablishment at  614  Sixty-Third  street,  Chi- 
cago, under  the  firm  name  of  Gannon  & 
Conway.  They  report  business  as  good, 
and  though  they  only  begun  business  the 
first  of  the  year,  they  have  already  com- 
pleted the  roughing  in  of  a  large  store  and 
flat  building  on  Halsted,  near  Sixty-Third 
street.  They  will  no  doubt  do  a  fair  share 
of  the  trade  of  Englewood. 

Editor  Sanitary  Nkws:  At  a  regular 
meeting  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  held  Jan.  14,  the  fol- 
lowing officers  were  elected  to  serve  for  the 
ensuing  year:  President,  L.  B.  Cross;  first 
vice-president,  F.  J.  Beesley;  second  vice- 
president,  Charles  Doherty;  treasurer,  T. 
Cotter;  secretary.  R.  S.  Kirtley;  sergeant-at- 
arins.  Dent  Yates.  \'ery  truly  yours,  R.  S. 
Kirtley,  Secretary. 


Jan.  25,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


465 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

The  masonic  body  of  Chicago  has  a  pro- 
ject on  foot  to  secure  a  permanent  home  for 
itself.  It  is  proposed  to  purchase  the  prop- 
erty on  the  northeast  corner  of  State  and 
Randolph  streets,  with  a  frontage  of  about 
170  feet  on  State  street,  for  $790,000.  A 
building  is  then  to  be  erected,  at  a  cost  of 
about  §1,100,000.  In  the  building  will  be  suit- 
able quarters  for  all  masonic  bodies  in  Chi- 
cago who  desire  to  occupy  them,  a  European 
hotel  of  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  rooms, 
with  rotunda  entrance  from  State  street; 
five  floors  of  offices,  and  nine  stores,  seven 
of  them  fronting  on  State  street  and  two  on 
Randolph.  Norman  T.  Gazette,  Amos  Gran- 
nis  and  E.  R.  Bliss  are  at  the  head  of  the 

enterprise.  Blackstone,  Miss.,  has  voted 

to  build  a  stone  arch  bridge  on  St.  Paul 
street  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $19,000. 
Samuel  V.  Crane  can  give  details.  Rock- 
ford,  111.:  A  combination  deck  bridge  of 
wood,  iron  or  steel  will  be  built  over  the 
Rock  river  from  Morgan  to  Bluff  street  and 
a  plate  girder  or  through  bridge  of  iron  or 
steel  at  State  street.    City  Engineer  Dunlap 

can  give  information.  Akron,  O.:  Plans 

have  been  ordered  made  for  a  viaduct  over 

West  Market    street.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.: 

The  Central  District  and  Printing  Telegraph 
Company  will  erect  a  handsome  building  on 
Seventh  avenue.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a 
brick  and  terra  cotta  structure  seven  stories 
high.  The  building  will  be  62x120  feet,  and 
will  be  fire-proof.    The  cost  is  estimated  at 

$150,000.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  Public  school 

No.  9,  is  to  be  built  on  Bailey  avenue,  at  a 

cost  of  $38,000.  Washington,  D.C.:  House 

&  Hermann  will  erect  a  handsome  office 
building,  26x103  f^^t'        Seventh  street, 

near  I,  northwest.  Florence,  Ala.:  The 

Florence  Cotton  Mills  Company  contem- 
plates the  erection  of  150  tenement  houses 
W.  H.  &  W.  G.  Kendrick  will  erect  a  brick 

building.  Mobile,  Ala.:  A  new  Methodist 

church  is  to  be  erected.    Address  A.  C 

Danner.  Montgomery,  Ala.:  Kennedy  & 

Son  will  erect  a  large  store  building.— 
New  Decatur,  Ala.:  The  Knights  of  Pythias 

will  erect  a  hall.  Piedmont,  Ala.:  The 

Piedmont  Land  and  Improvement  Company 
will  erect  a  hotel  and  office  building.— 
Louisville,  Fla.:  John  C.  Lewis,  will,  it  is 
stated,  erect  a  seven  story  iron,  marble  and 
glass  front  store  building  to  cost  $200,000; 
Edward  Wilder  will  also  erect  a  building  to 

cost  $20,000.  Montezuma,  Ga.:  T.  R.  Mc- 

Kenzie  will  erect  a  residence.  Rome,  Ga. 

John  W^  Maddox  and  R.  J.  Ragan  will  erect 

residences.  Savannah,  Ga.:  The  Hussars 

contemplate  the  erection  of  a  new  armory 
James  T.  Shuptrine  can  give  information 

 Thomasville,  Ga.:  George  W.  Stone,  of 

Cleveland,  O.,  will  erect  a  residence  here 
A  new  court  house  for  Thomas  County  will 
be  built. — Rockford,  111.:  The  Second  Con 
gregational  Society  will  erect  a  brick  and 
stone  church  to  cost  $100,000.  Address 


ohn  Barnes.  Deer  Creek,  Md.:  A  new 

Roman  Catholic  Church  to  cost  $7,000  will 
be  built  by  St.  Mary's  congregation.  The 

Rev.  Mr.  Nys.=en  can  give  information.  

Portland,  Ore.:  R.  Perkins  will  build  a  six- 
story  brick  hotel.  Cleveland,  Tenn.:  F. 

M.  Brown,  of  Decatur,  Ala.,  will  erect  a 
business  block  at  this  place.  George- 
town, Tex.:  A  hotel  is  to  be  erected.  Chas. 

T.  Belford  can  give  information.  Halifax, 

Va.:  Halifax  County  will  either  repair  the 
old  county  jail  or  build  a  new  one.    E.  H. 

Vaughan  carvgive  information.-  Roanoke, 

Va.:  The  Roanoke  Construction  Company 

will  erect  ten    houses.  Staunton,  Va.: 

George  C.  Jordan  will  erect  $30,000  worth  of 

buildings   within   a  year.  Suffolk,  Va.: 

The  Suffolk  Manufacturing  Company  will 
erect  new  dwellings  for  their  employees. — 
Wheeling,  W.  \^a.:  The  Union  Bridge  and 
Terminal  Railway  Company  will  erect  a 

union  depot  to  cost  $200,000.  Kincardine, 

Ont.:  An  appropriation  will  be  asked  for  at 
the  next  session  of  Parliament,  for  a  new 
public  building  here. — Montreal,  Que.:  The 
Hon.  Mr.  Rodier  is  about  to  build  a  block 
on  Notre  Dairte  street,  when  the  widening 
has  been  carried  out,  at  a  cost  of  $200,000. 
A  company  of  Boston  capitalists  will  erect 
a  large  foundry  at  the  corner  of  Fullumand 

St.  Catherine    streets.  West  Toronto 

Junction:  The  subway  by-law  has  been  car- 
ried by  a  large  majority.  Plans  have  been 
prepared  for  two  new  fire  halls.  They  are 
to  be  built  of  brick  and  stone,  three  stories, 
with  towers.  Kingston,  Ont.:  The  pro- 
fessors of  the  Women's  Medical  College 
will  be  asked  to  lecture  free  in  order  that 
the  entire  revenue  of  the  College  may  be 
devoted  to  the  erection  of  a  new  build- 
ing. Quebec,  P.  Q.:   Parliament  will  be 

asked  next  session  to  incorporate  a  company 
to  build  a  railway  tunnel  under  the  St.  Law- 
rence at  Quebec.  Toronto,  Ont.:  The 

homoepathic  dispensary  on  Richmond  street 
west,  is  to  be  enlarged  and  converted  into  a 

hospital.  Halifax,  N.  S.:  It  is  proposed  to 

erect  a  church  of  England  infirmary.  

Wiarton,  Ont.:  Increased  school  accommo- 
dation will  have  to  be  provided.  Hamil- 
ton, Ont.:  A  site  has  been  purchased  for  a 

Roman   Catholic    hospital.  Walkerton, 

Ont.:  A  site  has  been  selected  for  new  Gov- 
ernment buildings.  Riverside,  Ont.:  The 

Presbyterian  congregation  will  build  a  new 

church  next  spring.  Rothsay,  Ont.:  The 

Presbyterian  congregation  has  decided  to 

build  a  new  brick  church  in  the  spring.  

New  York  City:  The  projectors  of  the  single 
span  suspension  bridge  over  the  North 
river,  between  this  city  and  Jersey  City, 
have  had  a  bill  introduced  in  Congress  pro- 
viding for  its  construction.  Among  the  in- 
corporators are  Jordan  L.  Mott,  W.  A.  Roeb- 

ling,  Henry  Flad  and  others.-  Daytona, 

Fla.:  A  company  will  construct  a  bridge 
across  the  Halifax  river  at  this  place. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
York,  Neb.:    The  electric  light  plant  at 
this  place  is  to  be  improved.  Westches- 
ter, N.  Y.:  The  Westchester  Electric  Com- 


pany has  been  formed  with  $50,000  capital. 

 Slatersville,  R.  I.,  is  to  be  lighted  by 

electricity  by  the    Woonsocket  Electric 

Machine  and  Power  Company.  Colville, 

Wash.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  es- 
tablished by  A.  J.  Hammond  and  others. 
Liberty,  Md.:  The  Bedford  Electric  Com- 
pany has  organized  with  $30,000  capital,  to 
erect  an  electric  light  plant.— — Tacoma, 
Wash.:  A  $10,000  incandescent  plant  will  be 
put  in  the  Tacoma  hotel. — Marshall,  Mich.: 
The  authorities  are  considering  the  electric 

light  question.  Petaluma,  Cal.:  The  Pet- 

aluma  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated by  George  R.  Codding,  W.  S. 
Pierce  and  others,  with  a  capital  stock  of 

$10,000.  Albina,  Ore.:  The  Albina  Light 

and  Water  Company  has  been  incorporated 
by  H.  C.  Campbell  and  others.  Capital 

stock,  $50,000.  San  Francisco,  Cal.:  The 

Central  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 
incorporated  to  construct  and  maintain  elec- 
tric apparatus  in  the  cities  and  towns  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Capital  stock,  $200,000.  Ad- 
dress C.  F.  Fargo.  Chartiers,  Pa.:  The 

Chartiers  Valley  Electric  Light  Company 
has  been  formed  by  Percy  F.  Smith  and 
others  for  the  purpose  of  lighting  all  the 
towns  in  the  valley  from  a  plant  to  be  put 

in  near  this  place.  Connellsville,  Pa.: 

The  town  has  decided  to  expend  $2,000  per 

annum  on  electric  lights.  Vernon,  Tex., 

is  to  have  electric  lights.  Summit,  N.  J., 

wants  an  electric  light  plant.  Waterford, 

Mass.:  Electric  lights  are  to  be  established 
at  this  place.  Natural  gas  has  been  dis- 
covered at  Redfield,  S.  D.  The  find  is  the 
strongest  yet  struck  in  the  State  and  the 
quality  is  of  the  best.  The  pressure  is  so 
great  that  it  carries  sand  and  gravel  over 
sixty  feet  into  the  air.  The  Montreal  Un- 
derground Conduit  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  $100,000  capital.  W.  Van 
Slooten  and  G.  H.  Potter,  of  New  York;  J. 
O.  Dupuis  and  J.  Cochrane,  of  Montreal, 
and  W.  B.  Tennen,  of  Boston,  are  the  incor- 
porators. The  Uniontown,  Pa.,  Electric 

Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  chart- 
ered, with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  Milwau- 
kee, Wis.:  The  Wisconsin  Electrical  Club 
has  been  organized,  with  A.  J.  Rogers  as 

president  and  H.  P.  Andree,  secretary.  

The  Lowell,  Mass.,  Electric  Light  Company 
has  purchased  a  site  for  a  new  building  and 
will  increase  its  steam  capacity  from  1,000 
to  5,000  horse  power  and  the  rest  of  its  plant 

to    correspond.  The    Barnesville,  Ga., 

Manufacturing  Company  will  put  an  electric 
light  plant  in  its  cotton  mill.  The  Barnes- 
ville, W.  Va.,  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 

stock  of  $40,000.  The  city  of  New  Orleans, 

La.,  has  granted  a  franchise  to  the  company 
previously  reported  as  organized  to  build 
works  for  the  manufacture  of  fuel  gas  by  L. 
E.  Lemarie  and  others.  The  company  is 
to  begin  work  within  one  year  after  the  sign- 
ing of  the  contract.    The  estimated  cost  o£ 

the  work  is  $2,000,000.  The  Asheville,  N. 

C,  Light  and  Power  Company  will  rebuild 
at  once  the  gasometer  at  its  gas  works  re- 


466 


TTIE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  312 


cently  damaged  by  an  explosion.  The 

contract  for  lighting  the  town  of  Shelby,  N. 
C,  by  electricity  will  probably  be  let  soon. 

The  Mayor  can  give  information.  The 

East  End  Railway  Company,  of  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  will,  it  is  reported,  erect  an  electric 
light  plant  for  ar.c  and  incandescent  lights. 

 Andrews  &  Towne,Kissimmee,Fla.,want 

the  addresses  of  electric  arc  light  firms.  

The  South  Brunswick,  Ga.,  Telegraph,  Tel- 
ephone, Electric  Light  and  Water  Company 
has  been  incorporated  by  J.  F.  Degnon,  W. 
E.  Tench  and  A.  J.  Crovatt  to  construct  and 
operate  telegraph  and  telephone  lines, 
water-works  and  electric-light  plant.  The 

capital   stock  is    $50,000.  The  Dupont 

Paper  Mill  Company,  Louisville,  Ky.,  will 
purchase  an  incandescent  electric  light 
plant,  with  capacity  for  from  sixty  to  one 

hundred  lights.  Knightstown,   Ind.:  A 

new  gas  company  is  being  organized  at  this 

place.  Bluffton,  O.:  A  gas  company  is 

being  organized  by  Peter  Althaus,  Frank 

Scott  and  others.  Corydon,  Ind.:  A  strong 

flow  of  natural  gas  has  been  struck  six  miles 

from  this  place.  New  Albany,  Ind.,  is 

speculating  on  the  feasibility  of  piping 
natural  gas  from  Harrison  county,  where  it 
is  hoped  a  daily  output  of  10,000,000  feet  can 

be  secured  for  its  use.  St.  Johns,  X.  B.: 

The  Carleton  Electric  Light  Station  has 
been  destroyed  by  fire,  loss  about  gS.ooo.  D. 
W.Clark  &  Son  were  the  owners.' 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Gonzales,  Tex,:    The  Gonzales  Water 
Power  Company  proposes  to  put  a  dam  in 
the  river  to  get  power  to  run  the  water-works 

also  electric  lights  and  other  machinery.  

Romeo,  Mich.:  The  Village  Council  will 
submit  the  question  of  bonding  the  town  for 

water-works.  Cheney,     Wash.:  The 

Cheney  Water  and  Land  Company  has  been 
incorporated  by  D.  C.  Percival  and  others. 

 Canton,  Mo.:    The   water-works  have 

been  completed.  Babylon,  N.  Y.;  There 

is  agitation  for  a  system  of  water-works.  

Sherman,  Tex.:  L.  P.  Dederick  wants  a 
standard  drive-pipe,  well  casings,  pumping 

machinery,  etc.  Wichita  Falls,  Tex.:  The 

City  Council  is  considering  the  question  of 

water-works  and  electric  lights.  Loup 

City,  Neb.:  The  Water  Power  Com|jany  has 
been  organized  by  C.  L.  Drake  and  others 
and  work  on  the  thirteen  miles  of  canal  and 
large  dams  will  be  commenced  by  April  i. 

 Union  City,  Tcnn.,  is  to  have  a  system 

of  water-works.  Goldendale,  Wash.:  It 

has  been  decided  to  bond  the  city  for  %},o,. 
000  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a  system 

of  water-works.  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.:  The 

Rio  Grande  Valley  Water  Company  will 
soon  have  under  way  its  mammoth  pipe  line 
from  Glorieta  to  San  Pedro.  The  line  will 
be  sixty-five  miles  in  length  and  the  enter- 
prise will  cost  $5,000,000.  Los  Angeles, 

Cal.:  The  Los  Angeles  Water  Company  will 

add  a  2,000,000  gallon  pumping  planf  

Attica,  O.:  The  question  of  constructing 
water-works  will  probably  be  left  to  the  peo- 
ple at  the  spring  election.-^  La  Juniata, 


Colo.:  The  town  is  contemplating  the  pur- 
chase of  the  present  water-works  plant 
owned  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 

Railroad.  Trenton,  Tenn.:    An  election 

will  be  held  to  determine  the  question  of 
bonding  the  city  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing water-works  Menlo  Park,  Cal.: 

The  Menlo  Park  Water  Company  has  dis- 
solved, and  articles  of  re-incorporation  have 
been  filed  under  the  name  of  the  "Bear 
Gulch  Water  Company."  The  capital  stock 
has  been  increased  from  §100,000  to  §500,000. 
Board  of  Directors:  James  L.  Flood,  George 
R.  Wells  and  others.  Extensive  improve- 
ments will  shortly  be  made  at  the  company's 
works.  New  mains  will  be  laid  to  Menlo 
Park,  and  a  large  dam  will  be  built.  Eliz- 
abeth, N.  J.:  A  new  water  company  is  to  be 
started  by  a  syndicate  of  New  York  and 
Elizabeth  people.  The  plan  is  to  furnish 
the  water  from  artesian  wells,  and  a  tract  of 
land  in  the  highest  part  of  the  city  at  South 
Elizabeth  has  been  secured,  where  the  wells 
will  be  driven.  Easton,  Pa.:  The  follow- 
ing work  is  to  be  done  for  the  Water- Works 
Department  during  the  coming  year:  35,000 
cubic  yards  of  earth  excavation;  500  cubic 
yards  rock  excavation;  400,000  bricks;  new 
mains;  7  gates  and  valves,  20x24.  Sum- 
mit, N.  J.:  The  citizens  of  this  place  have 
organized  a  company  to  furnish  the  people 
city  water.  They  will  build  a  reservoir  a 
short  distance  out  of  the  town  limit,  and  the 
principal  streets  will  be  laid  with  iron  pipe. 

 Spokane  Falls,  Wash.:  The  Northern 

Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  donated  to 

the  city,  a  site  for  a  reservoir.-  Belair, 

Md.:  The  proposed  water-works  at  this  place 

will  cost  about   830,000.  Sparta,  Mich., 

will  put  in  a  system  of  water-works  this 
spring,  consisting  of  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
of  mains,  ten  or  twelve  hydrants  and  a  pump 
of  750,000  gallons  daily  capacity.  Rad- 
ford, V'a.:  A  system  of  water- works  will  be 
built  by  a  Philadelphia  company.  Hum- 
boldt, la.:  Surveys  just  completed  show  that 
first-class  water-works  can  be  put  in  at  this 

place  for  about  §10,000.  Marietta,  O.: 

Ground  has  been  broken  for  the  new  water- 
works reservoir.  Grand  Haven,  Mich.: 

The  proposal  to  sell  the  water  works  to  a 
private  company  is  meeting  with  strong  op- 
position. Ogden,   Utah.:     A  syndicate 

composed  of  J.  T.  Mcintosh  and  others  is 
making  arrangements  to  put  in  water-works 

to  supply  the  southern  part  of  the  city.  

Hooneville,  N.  Y.:  The  water-works  question 
is  being  agitated  to  some  extent. — Bucyrus, 
O.:  The  Water-works  Company  at  this  place 
is  making  additions  to  its  building  and  put- 
ting in  new  and  large  pumping  engines.  

Keyport,  N.  J.:  The  authorities  have  dis- 
covered that  the  town  charter  forbids  the 
|)roposed  ex[)enditure  for  water-works  and 
special  legislation  will  have  to  be  asked  for. 

 Tarboro,  N.  C:  The  extension  of  the 

water  mains  is  proposed. — ^— Montreal,  Que.: 
Parties  advocate  obtaining  a  water  supply 
for  the  city  from  artesian  wells.-  Sher- 
man, Tex.:  J.  P.  Dederick  will  sink  artesian 
welfs  for  a  water-supply  for  the  city.  A 


steam  pump  will  be  put  in,  with  a  capacity 
of  about  250,000  gallons  per  twenty-four 

hours.  Canton,  O.,  is  to  have  ten  more 

wells  drilled  to  increase  the  water-works 

source  of  supply.  Plainfield,  N.  J.:  The 

Plainfield  Water-Supply  Company  is  sinking 

test  wells  for  its  proposed  works.  Grand 

Rapids,  Mich.:  The  artesian  wells  in  the 
arcade,  which  have  flowed  constantly  since 

1872,  have  gone  dry.  The  artesian  well 

at  Gladwin  village,  Mich.,  struck  a  porous 
rock  at  a  depth  of  four  hundred  feet,  from 
which  a  splendid  flow  of  the  purest  water 
comes  at  the  rate  of  two  hundred  gallons 
per  minute,  and  with  sufficient  force  to  fill 

all  the  pipes  that  are  laid.  The  artesian 

experimental  well  being  sunk  at  Santa  Fe, 
N.  M.,  is  now  down  five  hundred  feet  and 
sufficient  hydrostatic  pressure  has  been  en- 
countered to  force  the  water  to  within  one 

hundred  feet  of  the  surface.  The  artesian 

well  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  has  been  condemned 
by  the  board  of  health,  and  pumping  will 
probably  be  discontinued.  For  over  two 
years  there  has  been  doubt  on  the  subject, 
but  the  increase  of  sewage  salt  has  at  last 
become  so  marked  that  there  can  be  doubt 

no  longer.  Hudson,  Mich.,  will  put  in  a 

system  of  water-works.  Address  Ira  Swaney. 

 Hamburg,  Pa.:    The  Windsor  Water 

Company  has  purchased  fourteen  acres  of 
land  at  the  base  of  Blue  Mountain,  upon 
which  to  construct  a  reservoir. — Plain  City, 
O.:  Plans  for  a  water-works  system  for  this 
place  are  being  prepared  by  A.  H.  McAl- 
pine,  superintendent  of  the  water-works  at 

Columbus.  Springhill,  N.  H.;  This  place 

will  probably  have  a  system  of  water-works 

in  the  near  future.  Pictou,  N.  S.:  This 

place  will  soon  have  a  system  of  water- 
works. Kingsville,  Ont.:    A  system  of 

water-works  is  in  contemplation.  Howard 

City,  Mich.:   Driven  and  river  wells  will  be 

put  down  this  spring.  Osage  City,  Kas.: 

The  Osage  City  Water  Company  has  been 
incorporated. by  John  A.  Martin,  Henry  N_ 
Shaw  and  others.    Capital  stock,  §100,000. 

 It  is  proposed  to  supply  Orange  City, 

Fla.,  with  water  from  Blue  Spring.  Bee- 
ton,  Ont.,  is  to  have  a  system  of  water-works. 

 Orangeville,  Ont.:  A  reservoir  will  be 

constructed  this  summer.  Albany,  Ga., 

has  voted  to  issue  §50,000  bonds  for  water- 
works.— Exeter,  Neb.,  is  to  put  in  a  system 

of  water-works.  Chatham,  Ont.,  will  put 

in  a  system  of  water-works.  Newman 

Grove,  Neb.,  will  vote  upon  the  question  of 
issuing  bonds  for  water-works.— The  High- 
land Falls,  N.  Y.,  Water  Company  has  been 
organized,  with  §10,000  capital,  to  construct 

water-works.  The  Council  of  Laramie, 

Wyo.,  is  considering  a  proposition  for  the 
construction  of  water-works.  The  present 
system  is  not  cai)able  of  filling  the  demand. 

 Arrangements  are  being  made  for  the 

construction  of  water-works  at  Middle- 
borough,  Ky.  Isaac  Cassin,  hydraulic  en- 
gineer, of  Philadelphia,  is  said  to  have  the 

plans  in  charge.  The  Holyoke,  Mass., 

Water  Power  Company  proposes  to  build  a 
new  dam  at  an  estimated  cost  of  §750,000 


Jan.  25,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


467 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Babylon,  N.  Y.:    A  sewerage  system  will 

probably  be   put  in.  Newark,    N.  J.: 

Lateral  sewers  will  be  constructed  through- 
out the  entire    year.  Nasjivillc,  Tenn.: 

The  city  council  appropriated  jHys.ooo  for 
sewer  construction.  The  West  End  sewer 
is  the  largest  to  be  built.  It  will  be  3,000 
feet  long,  eight  feet  six  inches  to  nine  feet 
in  diameter  and  will  cost  about  $45,000.  This 
work  will  probably  be  let  by  contract  in 
April  or  May.  Palestine,  Tex.:  The  sub- 
ject of  a  sewerage  system  is  being  discussed. 
- — Cambridge,   Mass.:    Sewer  extensions 

are  soon  to  be  made.  Easton,  Pa.:  The 

city  will  expend  $110,000  this  year  in  sewer- 
age. Chester,  Pa.:    City  Engineer  C.  H 

Roberts  has  completed  plans  for  a  main 

sewer  to  cost  about  $10,000.  Summit,  N. 

J.:    There  is  a  project  on  foot  for  a  system 

of  sewerage  at  this  place.  Florence,  Ala.: 

Plans  for  the  sewerage  of  this  place  are  be- 
ing prepared  by  R.  F.  Hartford,  of  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.  Flatbush,  L.  I.:  Consulting 

Engineer  Garrett  Bergen  has  finished  plans 
and  specifications  for  an  extensive  sewer  for 

surface  drainage  at  this  place.  Macon 

Ga.,  has  voted  $200,000  for  establishing  new 
sewers  and  making  other  improvements 

 Danbury,  Conn.:   Additional  sewers  are 

to  be  constructed.  Address  Granville  0_ 
Holmes.  La  Junta,  Colo.:  The  city  con- 
templates the  construction  of  a  system  of 

sewerage.  Harrisburg,  Pa.:  An  appropri. 

ation  has  been  made  for  additional  sewers 
at  this  place.  Rockford,  111.:  City  Engi- 
neer Dunlap  has  recommended  a  general 
sewerage  system  for  the  Kent  Creek  Dis- 
trict. Ashtabula,  O.:  As  soon  as  the  sea- 
son opens  sewer  construction  will  begin  at 

this  place.  Revere,  Mass.:    A  system  of 

sewerage  is  projected.    The  estimated  cost 

is  $167,000.    Address  W.  H.  Colcord.  

Clarkesville,  Tenn.:  Considerable  money 
will  be  expended  on  sewer  construction  this 
year.    C.  H.  Dailey  can  give  information. 

 Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  The  sewer  committee 

of  the  city  has  ordered  twenty-one  miles  of 
sewers  to  be  constructed. — Richmond,  Va.; 
The  construction  of  a  garbage  crematory  is 

being  considered.  Butler,  Pa.:  Col.  War" 

ing  will  probably  prepare  the  maps  and 
estimates  for  the  proposed  sewerage  system 

at  this  place.  East  Portland,  Ore.,  is 

fighting  for  a  proper  system  of  sewers.  

Denver,  Colo.:  The  question  of  how  best  to 
drain  West  Denver  and  South  Broadway  is 
engaging  the  attention  of  the  Board  of  Pub- 
lic Works.  San  Francisco,  Cal.:    It  will 

cost  the  city  from  $10,000  to  $12,000  to  repair 
the  damages  to  sewers  caused  by  the  recent 

heavy  rains.  The  Rangoon  Drainage  and 

High  Pressure  Water  Supply  Works,  on  the 
Shone  system,  at  Rangoon,   India,  were 

opened  by  Prince  Albert  Victor  Dec.  23.  

Elkhart,  Ind.:  City  Surveyor  Cook  is  at 
work  on  a  profile  of  a  system  of  sewer  drain- 
age for  the  portion  of  the  city  between  the 
St.  Joseph  and  Elkhart  rivers  and  south  as 

far  as  sewerage    is  required.  Rudolph 

Hering  advocates  discharging  the  sewage 


of  Oakland,  Cal.,  into  Alameda  Creek,  with 
a  system  of  pumping  for  West  Oakland. — 
Minneapolis,  Minn.:  Over  thirteen  miles  of 
new  sewers  are  to  be  constructed  this  year 

at  a  cost  of  $296,541.  Sioux   City,  la.: 

Plans  for  sewers  in  different  portions  of  this 
city  have  been  submitted  by  C.  F.  Loweth, 
sanitary  engineer,  of  St.  Paul.  Jer- 
sey City,  N.  J.:  The  joint  sewer  commis- 
sioners of  Jersey  City  and  West  Hobo  ken 
have  decided  to  construct  a  new  sewer  that 
will  drain  all  of  West  Hoboken  and  a  part 
of  Jerses  City  Heights,  at  a  cost  of  $250,000. 
The  work  will  be  in  charge  of  Surveyor 

Moylan,  of  Jersey  City.  At  Findlay,  O., 

an  ordinance  has  been  passed  to  extend  the 
sewer  on  the  west  side  of  South  Main  street. 

 The  Mayor  of    Waltham,  Mass.,  has 

been  authorized  to  ask  the  legislature  for 
authority  to  borrow  $100,000  for  water-works 
construction  and  $300,000  for  sewerage.  


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Martin's  Ferry,  O.:  George  Hibbert  & 
Son,  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  have  been  awarded 
the  contract  for  furnishing  cast-iron  water 
pipe,  special  castings,  hydrants,  etc.,  for  the 

water-works,   at  $19,995.03.  New  York 

City:  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  Gil- 
roy's  plans  and  specification  for  an  earthern 
and  masonry  dam  for  Reservoir  M  have 
been  approved,  and  they  will  be  advertised 

for  proposals.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  Bids 

are  wanted  for  about  twenty-one  miles  of 

sewers.  Florence,  Ala.:  Charles  Schall 

has  secured  the  contract  for  masonry  work 

on  the  Baptist  University.  Los  Angeles, 

Cal.:  Contracts  for  schoolhouses  have  been 
let  as  follows:  C.  J.  Kuback,  four  room  with 
out-building,  with  tower,  Beaudry  tract, 
$9,393;  also  same,  without  tower,  Colina 
tract,  $8,508,  both  to  be  finished  April  i.  L. 
J.  Kelly,  four-room,  with  out-building, 
Thomas  &  Vignes  tract,  to  cost  $8,508,  to 
be  finished  April  loth;  also,  same.  Beau- 
dry  street,  to  cost  $8,508,  to  be  finished  April 
I  ;  also,  eight-room,  Pine  street,  to  cost 
$13,997;  eight-room,  Stanford  avenue,  on 
Ninth  street,  to  cost  $13,997,  both  eight-room 

buildings,    to    be  finished    April  30.  

Ocala,  Fla.:  George  Mackey  has  the  con- 
tract for  erecting  the  $15,000  dwelling,  to 

be  erected  by  Albertus  &  John  W.  Vogt.  

Hardinsburg,  Fla.:  The  contract  for  the 
erection  of  B.  F.  Beard  &  Co.'s  bank  build- 
ing has  been  awarded  to  Clayton  Beard.  

Louisville,  Fla.:  Craig  &  Gifford  have  re- 
ceived the  contract  for  erecting  the  new 
Second  Presbyterian  Church.  The  esti- 
mated cost  is  $20,000.  Brunswick,  Ga.: 

Anderson  &  Sharpe  have  received  the  con- 
tract for  the  erection  of  a  market-house. 

Their  bid  was  $12,400.  Beaumont,  Tex.: 

Valery  Blanchette  has  the  contract  for  the 

erection  of  a  hotel.  Laredo,  Tex.:  The 

Laredo  Improvement  Company  is  receiving 
bids  for  the  erection  of  a  Masonic  Temple. 
The  Legg  Architectural  Company  wants 
bids  for  the  erection  of  a  three  story  Masonic 

Temple.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  Contractor 

Tomlinson  is  erecting  a  new  edifice  for  the 


congregation  of  St.  Paul's  M.  E.  Church, 
The  Fort  Worth  Loan  &  Construction  Com- 
pany has  secured  the  contract  for  erecting 
a  six  and  one-half  story  stone  and  iron  ware- 
house, 50x100  feet,  to  cost  $150,000.— Peters- 
burg, Va.:  J.  F.  Bell,  of  Richmond,  has  the 
contract  for  erecting  a  church  at  this  place. 

 Salem,  Va.:  N.  Hockman,  of  Salem,  and 

W.  H.  Grove,  of  Roanoke,  have  secured  the 
contract  for  the  erection  of  ten  dwellings  for 

the  Salem  Improvement  Company.  St. 

Hyacinthe,  Que.:  Tenders  are  asked  until 
the  31st  inst.,  for  the  erection  of  a  post  office 
at  this  place.  Address  J.  O.  Dion,  St.  Hya- 
cinthe, or  Department  Public  Works, 
Ottawa.— Syracuse,  N.  Y.:  Moffett,  Hodgkins 
&  Clarke,  of  this  place,  have  the  contracts 
for  building  water-works  at  Kincardine  and 

Ingersoll,  Canada.  Glendale,  O.:  Bids 

for  a  school  buildins^  will  be  ooen  until  Feb. 

13.    Address  Albert  N.  Allen.  St.  Louis, 

Mo.:  The  Fulton  Iron  Works  were  awarded 
the  contract  for  iron  work  and  gates  for  the 
Inlet  Tower  Chain  of  Rocks  at  $12,551.31. 
This  was  the  only  bid  received. — —The 
Cleveland,  O.,  Water  Board  is  inviting  bids 
for  supplying  the  department  with  all  kinds 
of  water  pipe  for  the  coming  year.  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.:  Bids  for  canal  work  were 
opened  on  the  14th  by  the  Superintendent 
of  Public  Works,  as  follows:  For  improving 
570  feet  and  360  feet  of  the  Glens  Falls 
feeder,  and  improving  the  waste  weir  of  the 
same  feeder,  contract  awarded  to  Flood  & 
Sherrill,  at  $7,130.50,  $5,738.50  and  $3,737.75 
respectively  for  the  three  pieces  of  work. 
For  deepening  the  Oneida  river,  awarded  to 
P.  J.  Brumnielkamp,  of  Syracuse,  at  $8,050. 
For  improving  waste  weir  at  Adam's  basin 
on  the  Erie  canal,  fourteen  miles  west  of 
Rochester,  awarded  to  James  Robinscn,  of 

Rochester,  at  $4,595.  St.   Paul,  Minn.: 

Contracts  for  work  and  machinery  for  the 
water-works  extension  for  1890  were  awarded 
by  the  water  b  jard  on  the  12th  inst.,  as  fol- 
lows: pipe,  to  the  Shickle,  Harrison  & 
Howard  Iron  Company,  of  St.  Louis,  $120,- 
000;  valves,  to  the  Galvin  Brass  and  Iron 
Works,  Detroit,  $4,500;  brass  goods,  to  the 
Mueller  Manufacturing  Company  of  Deca- 
tur and  H.  P.  Rugg  &  Co.,  of  St.  Paul,  $1,000; 
hauling,  to  James  Claffey,  St.  Paul,  $2,000. 

 Fostoria,  O.:  The  water-works  trustees 

have  awarded  the  following  contracts:  hy- 
drants, R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia; 
valves,  Rensselaer  Valve  Company,  Troy, 
N.  Y.;  c£^pt-iron  pipe.  Lake  Shore  Foundry, 
Cleveland,  O.;  boilers,  Mansfield  Machine 
Company,  Mansfield,  O.;  pumps,  Gordon 
Steam  Pump  Company,  Hamilton,  O.:  reser- 
voir Cook  &  Heaton,  Junction  City,  Kan. ;  .pipe 

laying,  J.  J.  Rumsey,  Findlay,  O.  Marlin, 

Tex.:  The  contract  for  erecting  a  system  of 
water-works  has  been  let  to  Thomas  &  Ger- 
man, of  Houston,  who  intend  to  erect  an  ice 

factory  and  an  electric  light  plant.  Lynn, 

Mass.:  John  Sheehan  has  been  awarded  the 
contract  for  building  a  sewer  on  Beacon 
Hill,  High  Rock  and  Hamilton  avenues,  and 

Hollinsworth  and  Herbert  streets.  Mobile, 

Ala.:  The  contract  for  cleaning  and  paving 


468 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  312 


iA^.  O.  ^OSBURGH  7V\:f=G  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


[Factory,  Eroolclsraa.,  a^.  TT.] 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBINATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITXINQS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 

BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Orders  Carefully  Filled 


NATURK'S    RKMEDIKS  . 


413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  jjhysicinns  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect ' 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  ir)0  persons  have  been  tieated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  ai>plica- 
tion  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-iiclie,Ear-arhe,  Hruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

Tliis  ('ompany  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claime<I  for  them.   The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
('atarrh.  and  though  von  may  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  jou  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 
Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 

NEVER   BREAK  WROUGHT  STEEL 

Combined  Pipe  Hooks, 
Expansion  Plates, 

And  Ring  Plates. 
THE  BRONSON  SUPPLY  CO., 

Cleveland  and  New  York, 
Sole  manufactubers. 
HALL  &  NEAR,  Agents, 
FOR  SALE  BY  ALL   SUPPLY   HOUSES.  New  York  Office:  51  Cllfl  Street. 


the  streets  for  a  term  of  five  years  has  been 
awarded  to  the  Improved  Wood  Pavement 
Company,  at  $21, goo  per  annum.  The  com- 
pany agrees  to  lay  5,500  square  yards  of 
wooden  or  brick  pavement  each  year  of  the 
contract.  Baltimore,  Md.:  Bids  for  water- 
works supplies  were  opened  and  contracts 
awarded  as  follows:  pipe,  R.  D.  Wood  & 
Co.,  Philadelphia,  total,  $85,056.60;  special 
castings,  James  D.  Lacy  &  Co.,  $2.08 
and  for  pipe  fittings,  $2.04;  lumber, 
Heise  &  Bruns,  $12,50  per  1,000  feet,  B.  M.; 
brass  work,  Henry  M.  McShane  &  Co.,  brass 
stops,  at  21  cents  per  pound;  brass  ferrules> 
15  cents;  brass  castings,  William  Gisriel, 
\^Yt.  cents  per  pound;  jute  packing,  Johnson 

Bros.,  (>%  cents  per  pound.  Brown  & 

Allen,  Citra,  Fla.,  want  quotations  on  duplex 
pump  of  from  400  to  500  gallons  per  minute 
capacity. — —The  Bridgeport  Land  and  Im- 
provement Company,  Bridgeport,  Ala.,  will 
receive  proposals  for  constructing  water- 
works. A.  H.  Motley,  Jr.,  Reidsville,  N. 

C,  will  receive  proposals  for  constructing  a 
system  of  water-works. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DLAFNESS-hav  fever 

A  NEW   HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
these  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
33g  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. — 
Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


INFLUENZA  [LA  GRIPPE.] 

An  Absolute  Preventative  and  Cure  for  this  Terrible 
Disease. 

This  prepartion  emanates  from  scientific 
sources,  and  is  exactly  what  is  prescribed 
by  the  most  eminent  physicians  in  Europe 
and  is  used  in  the  great  hospitals  of  that 
country,  and  Great  Britain,  not  only  because 
it  is  a  preventive,  but  for  the  reason  that 
it  is  recognized  as  bemg  the  only  medicine 
known  which  will  effect  a  cure.  This  medi- 
cine is  a  tonic  of  wonderful  power  and  is 
immediate  in  its  beneficial  effects,  thereby 
strengthening  the  system  and  enabling  it 
to  resist  disease.  All  persons  should,  in 
justice  to  themselves  ana  friends,  use  two 
or  three  boxes  of  this  prevertativc. 

It  has  been  arranged  that  this  medicine 
shall  be  made  in  Canada  to  supply  the 
American  demand,  and  a  binding  agreement 
has  Ijeen  entered  into  whereby  the  price 
has  been  fixed  at  $i--no  more  and  no  less. 
The  Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto, 
Canada,  are  the  only  authorized  agents 
and  manufacturers  for  this  continent,  and 
their  name  is  on  every  box.  Sent  postpaid 
on  receipt  of  price — one  dollar. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


I.   K.  Keeney,  S-story  brick  dwell.  32x72  ft., 
2t)22-4  Michigan  ave  /.■)0,00() 

E.  J.  Lehman,  four  3-story  and  basement  brick 
flats,  9tix.')4  ft . ,  2301-7  Dearborn  street   12,IHX) 

Adam  MuUer,  2-8tory  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
2.'')Xt)9  ft.,  129  Orchard  street   4,.'")00 

F.  ( '.  ('levoland,  S-story  and  cellar  flats,  19x7.5 

ft,,  23  Thirty-Third  street   4,500 

A.  Suite,  two  3-8tory  and  cellar  brick  stores 
and  flats,  SOxtlH  ft.,  448-.W  8.  Western  avo   10.000 

C.  E.  Hanson,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats 
22x4.S  ft.,  71  Ellen  street   3,000 

D.  H  Hayes,  S-story  and  basement  brick  fac- 
tory 4.')xl25  ft.,  42-44  North  Halsted  street...  AOOO 

Geo.  Ladiger,  two  S-story  and  basement  brick 
stores  and  flats,  50x75  ft.,  57H.HO  West  Thir- 
I    teenth  street   9,000 


V.  Straker,  8-story  and  cellar  brick  flats;  20x63 
ft.,  H33  Allport  strei't   4,000 

Joseph  Nora,  3-storj  and  cellar  Hals,  20x82  ft., 
83i!  West  E  ighteenth  street   3,ti00 

Jos.  Kenney,  2-3tory  and  basement  bri  ik  fac- 
tory 70x1)0  ft.,  14-lH  Peoria  street   5,500 

W.  B.  Rogers  Elevator  ("o.,  1-story  elevator 
30xlH9  ft,,  31  ft.  high.  Robey  street  and  Blue 
Island  aVe   10,(X)0 

Hans  Larson,  two  3-8tory  and  cellar  brick  flats 
41x74  ft.,  35-37  Temple  street   9,000 

Peter  Wolff.  3-8tory  and  bis'im^nt  brick  flats, 
21x81  ft.,  8,532-38  Vernon  ave   7,000 

(loorge  Kuehn,  2-story  and  basement  brick  flata 
25xriO  ft.,  1748  Milwaukee  ave   3,300 

August  Hording,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
21X.52  ft.,  129  Center  street   4,000 

Henry  Garben,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
2.5x70  ft.,  15  Austin  ave   0,000 


Feb.  1,  1890] 


TNB  SANITARY  NEWS. 


469 


The  Sanitary  News. 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

ISO.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 

Thomas  Htjdson,  -----  Pubi.ibher, 
A.  H.  nARiiTMAN,  -----  Editor. 
Hemrt  R.  Allkn,       -     .     .     London  Aqbnt. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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CHICAGO,  FEB.  i,  1890. 


CoNTKNTS  This  "Wkek. 


Current  Topics  -------  469 

The  Enforcement  of  the  Laws  for  Manicipal 

Lodging  Houses  in  New  York  City   -      -  470 

Tri-State  Sanitary  Association        -      -      -  471 

Building  in  Other  Countries    -      -      -      -  471 

Information  Wanted  ------  472 

Treatment  of  Sewage  at  Kingston-on  Thames  472 

The  Milwaukee  Flushing  Tunnel  -     -     -  472 

Tests  for  Water  -------  473 

Corrosion     -      --      --      --      -  473 

Modem  Magic  as  Applied  to  Coal  -     -     -  473 

Master  Builders  -------  473 

BoiLDiNa— 

Fire  Proof  Buildings        -      -      -      -  474 

Notes  from  Architects       _      -      -      -  474 

PtUMBING— 

The  What-Is-It   476 

St.  Louis  Master  Plumbers      -      -      -  476 

Among  the  Plumbers  -----  476 
Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -      -      -  477 

Heating  and  Lighting       -     -     -     _  477 

Water-Works  Notes    -----  478 

Sewerage  Notes  -----  479 

Bids  and  Contracts     -----  479 

The  Acme  Heater     -----  479 

Building  Permits   480 


Theke  seems  to  be  one  duty  plainly 
marked  for  many  of  the  state  boards  of 
health,  and  that  is  the  procurement  of 
greater  legislative  aid.  The  support  given 
the  health  officials  of  many  states  is  utterly 
inadequate,  and  not  only  cripples  the  efforts 
of  the  boards  but  renders  their  services 
almost  valueless.  Some  means  should  be 
taken  to  arouse  public  sentiment  on  this 
question  and  popularize  the  services  of 
health  officers  whose  value  to  public  health 
should  secure  to  them  the  first  and  highest 
consideratione  of  the  state. 


Sanitary  science  of  late  years  has  re- 
ceived increased  attention  in  Brussels.  The 
results  as  presented  by  the  Sanitary  In- 
spector are  indeed  encouraging.  It  says; 
From  1868  to  1888  the  annual  average  num- 
ber of  cases  of  nuisance  removed,  sanitary 
improvements  made,  or  premises  disin- 
fected, increased  from  757  to  2,146,  and  as 
the  amount  of  sanitary  work  increased  the 
general  death-rate  gradually  decreased  from 
29.3  in  1,000  population,  in  1868  to  22.9  in 
1888,  and  the  deaths  from  zymotic  diseases 
have  come  down  from  4.60  to  1.31  in  the 
same  time.  As  was  stated  at  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Hygiene  (Lancet)  the 
Brussels  Sanitary  Bureau  costs  48,000  francs 
a  year;  and  if  we  estimate  every  life  saved 
at  only  ^40  ($200),  this  outlay  in  sanitary 
administration  is  equal  to  an  investment 
bringing  in  an  annual  interest  of  1,400  per 
cent. 


Dr.  Metcalf,  Secretary  of  the  Indiana 
State  Board  of  Health,  has  submitted  the 
eighth  annual  report  of  that  board  to  the 
governor.  While  the  report  shows  intelli- 
gent effort  on  the  part  of  the  board  in  its 
labors  in  behalf  of  the  public  health,  it  pre- 
sents some  serious  difficulties  and  obstacles 
against  which  the  board  has  to  contend.  In 
this  particular  it  is  in  a  similar  condition  with 
many  other  states,  any  one  of  which  might 
be  taken  as  a  text  on  which  to  preach  a  ser- 
mon on  the  needs  of  sanitary  reform.  It  is  al- 
most impossible  to  believe  that  the  greatest 
obstacle  thrown  in  the  way  of  the  efficient 
services  of  the  health  officers,  is  a  lack  of 
adequate  legislation.  It  would  seem  that  the 
governor  and  legislature  of  a  state  were  in- 
telligent enough,  and  solicitous  enough  of 
the  public  good  to  provide  sufficient  meansfor 
the  efficient  sanitary  supervision  of  the  state 
and  the  promotion  of  the  public  health.  There 
can  be  no  more  important  subject  presented 
for  consideration  than  the  material  value  of 
public  medicine,  yet  we  find  the  law-making 
power  careless  and  indifferent  regarding  its 
proper  maintenance. 

One  embarrassment,  and  a  very  serious 
one,  that  confronts  the  board  of  health  is 
the  appropriation  made  by  the  state.  This 
is  but  §5,000  per  annum,  and  it  is  utterly 
impossible  for  any  board  to  render  the  ser- 
vices that  should  be  rendered  to  such  a  state 
as  Indiana  with  so  small  amount.  By  such 
inadequate  financial  aid  the  services  of  the 
board  are  necessarily  limited  and  it  is  made 


to  bear  the  blame  that  should  attach  to  the 
power  creating  the  board. 

The  board  is  seriously  crijjplcd  in  another 
direction.  It  has  no  vital  statistics  as  a  basis 
on  which  to  operate.  The  secretary  in 
making  his  report  calls  the  attention  of  the 
executive  to  the  law  which  failed  of  passage 
by  the  last  legislature  in  reference  to  the 
securing  of  accurate  statistics  in  relation  to 
the  health  of  the  state.  Under  the  present 
law,  which  is  very  lame,  it  is  impossible  to 
secure  accurate  statements.  The  doctor 
wants  a  law  passed  based  on  the  New  Hamp- 
shire law,  which  will  secure  reliable  reports 
of  deaths,  births  and  marriages  from  every 
hamlet. 

The  following  is  a  tabulated  report  of  the 
deaths  from  cities  in  the  state  in  which 
burial  permits  are  required,  separately,  in 
order  to  ascertain  the  death  rate  per  thou- 
sand. It  is  evident  that  even  in  this  report 
there  are  serious  errors. 


Popula- 

No. of 

Cities 

tion. 

Deaths. 

Rate. 

2,100 

89 

18.5 

8,000 

101 

12.8 

Evansville  

50,000 

735 

14.7 

Franklin  

5,009 

52 

10.7 

Indianapolis  

100,000 

1,702 

17 

Laporte  

10,000 

96 

9.6 

Michigan  City  

12,500 

181 

14.4 

New  Albany  

27,000 

206 

7.6 

Richmond  

19,000 

240 

12.6 

South  Bend  

23,000 

81 

3.8 

Tell  City  

27,000 

30 

11.1 

Terre  Haute  

39.000 

331 

8.5 

Valparaiso  

6,000 

55 

9.1 

There  can  be  but  one  conclusion  drawn 
from  such  a  report,  and  that  is  that  it  is  in- 
correct. The  difference  in  the  death-rate  of 
3.8  per  1,000  in  South  Bend  and  18.5  in  Can- 
nelton  is  simply  absurd.  The  error  in  this 
report  can  be  accounted  for  in  an  over  esti- 
mate of  population,  a  failure  to  report  all 
the  deaths  or  both.  It  is  evident  that  all  of 
the  deaths  have  not  been  reported.  Should 
these  figures  be  true  and  the  remainder  of 
the  state  show  as  low  a  death-rate,  Indiana 
would  be  by  far  the  most  healthy  state  in 
the  Union.  The  value  of  the  return  of  vital 
statistics  lies  in  their  correctness.  When 
they  are  reliable  the  health  officer  has  be- 
fore him  a  map  of  the  healthful  condition  of 
the  state.  He  sees  where  the  inroads  of  dis- 
ease are  greatest  and  is  prepared  with  a 
guide  in  his  future  work.  He  has  a  basis  on 
which  to  operate  intelligently.  But  let  these 
statistics  be  full  of  errors,  as  the  above  table 
undoubtedly  is,  owing  to  no  means  of  obtain- 
ing correct  records  of  deaths,  the  informa- 
tion is  worse  than  useless,  for  the  health 
officer  is  liable  to  be  misled. 

It  seems  difficult  for  our  law-makers  to 
understand  that  every  means  for  promoting 
health  is  as  important  as  health  itself.  Their 
failure  to  act  in  such  matters  must  be  attrib- 
uted to  ignorance,  a  reckless  indifference 
political  demagogy,  or  a  malicious  intent  to 
expose  the  people  to  preventable  diseases 
We  can  imagine  no  other  reason,  and  the 
existence  of  such  inadequate  laws  is  a  re- 
flection upon  the  intelligence  and  integrity 
of  state  legislation. 


470 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  313 


THE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  THE  LAW 
FOR  MUNICIPAL  LODGING-HOUSES 
IN  NEW  YORK  CITY* 

The  law  whose  enforcement  we  advocate 
to-night  was  passed  June  2.  1886. 

It  authorizes  the  Commissioners  of  Chari- 
ties and  Correction  to  hire  or  purchase  the 
necessary  buildings  for  male  night-lodgers; 
specifies  the  manner  in  which  the  funds  for 
their  maintenance  shall  be  obtained  from 
the  city  treasury,  contains  the  essential 
clauses  concerning  the  compulsory  bath 
and  work,  and  gives  all  needed  powers. 

Repeated  efforts  have  been  made  to  in- 
duce the  Commissioners  to  move  in  this 
matter,  but  without  success. 

This  is  pre-eminently  a  sanitary  question, 
and  as  such  comes  before  us  this  evening. 

The  law  is  similar  to  the  one  in  force  in 
Boston,  where  it  has  worked  well  for  nine 
years.  There  an  applicant  for  a  night's 
lodging  receives  at  any  police  station  a  card 
of  admission  to  a  Wayfarer's  Lodge.  Here 
he  receives  a  warm  bath  and  a  comfortable 
bed,  and  in  the  morning,  after  sawing  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  wood  or  doing  what  other 
work  may  be  required  of  him,  has  a  hearty 
breakfast  and  leaves  the  lodge,  equipped, 
physically  at  least,  for  the  weary  tramp  for 
employment,  or  for  his  distant  home. 

Statistics  show  that  this  system  has  worked 
well  in  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Indianapolis 
and  Washington. 

In  New  York  City  we  treat  the  men  and 
women  who  are  too  poor  to  pay  for  even  the 
cheapest  night's  lodging  very  differently. 

These  men  and  women  gather  about  our 
station-houses  as  night  comes  on;  if  it  is 
stormy  they  come  early. 

You  may  see  them  any  night  lurking 
about  in  alleys  or  door-ways,  or  quarreling 
for  places  in  the  line  until  six  o'clock,  when 
they  are  admitted,  and  after  their  name, 
age,  and  nativity  are  registered  they  are 
directed  to  the  sleeping-room.  This  is  a 
bare,  stone-floored  and  brick-walled  apart- 
ment, usually  over  the  prison  cells. 

Here  they  range  themselves,  in  their  rags 
and  vermin,  upon  narrow  boards,  raised 
about  a  foot  from  the  floor  by  an  iron  frame. 
The  women  have  a  separate  room  similarly 
furnished.  When  these  are  filled,  further 
applicants  are  turned  away.  A  large  stove 
with  a  generous  fire  supplies  warmth,  but 
assists  in  devitalizing  the  air;  it  permits, 
however,  the  use  of  the  scanty  clothing  for 
a  pillow. 

The  bacteria  that  swarm  in  the  air,  let  us 
say  at  midnight,  would  delight  the  most 
confirmed  bacteriologist.  The  foul  odor  is 
indescribable.  In  the  morning  early  all  are 
turned  into  the  streets,  as  the  hose  must  be 
freely  used  to  prepare  the  chambers  for  the 
evening  guests.  The  number  of  lodgings  of 
this  sort  given  in  1887  was  128,635.  In  1888 
the  number  had  increased  by  22,000.  The 
total  was  150,812.  About  forty-four  per  cent 
were  women. 

*  Kead  before  the  Section  on  Public  Health,  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  January  S,  1890,  by 
Henry  E.  Crampton.  M.  D. 


It  is  interesting  to  note  here  that  as  a  pro- 
fession we  have  been  true  to  ourselves  in 
protesting  against  this  vile  system. 

In  1867  the  Board  of  Police  Surgeons 
presented  a  report  to  the  Department,  from 
which  I  read  the  following  extract: 

•'The  Board  of  Surgeons  is  of  the  opinion 
that  it  would  be  recreant  to  its  duty  did  it 
not  strenuously  urge  upon  the  Board  of 
Police  the  propriety,  the  economy,  nay  the 
absolute  necessity,  of  discontinuing  the 
practice  of  using  station-houses  as  lodging- 
houses  for  vagrants.  The  practice  is  fraught 
with  numerous  evils;  the  huddling  together 
like  cattle  of  a  large  number  of  drunken, 
dirty  and  ofttimes  diseased  wretches,  con- 
taminates the  air  breathed  by  the  patrolmen 
in  the  same  building.  It  engenders  typhoid 
and  other  idio-miasmatic  disease,  and  is  a 
prolific  and  traceable  source  of  sickness 
among  the  officers  and  men.  Besides  this, 
the  passing  in  and  out  of  these  lodgers  fre- 
quently prevents  the  men  from  obtaining 
the  necessary  sleep,  without  which  it  is  im- 
possible that  they  should  well  and  efficiently 
perform  the  duties  required  of  them  while 
on  post.  Some  systematic,  radical  and  com- 
prehensive change  in  this  matter  is  urgently 
needed,  such  as  the  erection  of  lodging- 
houses  for  vagrants  entirely  disconnected 
from  the  station-houses. 

"Whether  the  charitable  providing  of 
lodgings  for  the  homeless  and  destitute  be 
any  portion  of  the  duty  of  the  Board  of 
Police,  and  if  so,  what  propriety  there  is  in 
making  it  a  part  of  its  duty,  and  whether 
this  subject  does  not  more  naturally  and 
more  properly  devolve  upon  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Charities,  are  questions, 
though  interesting  in  themselves,  yet  are 
not  perhaps  strictly  within  the  scope  of  a 
medical  report.  It  is,  however,  eminently 
proper,  as  a  medical  and  sanitary  question, 
to  show  that,  to  whichever  department  this 
matter  more  rightfully  and  properly  be- 
longs, lodging  for  vagrants  should  never  be 
allowed  in  any  portion  of  a  station-house,  for 
the  reasons  above  stated." 

Attention  was  first  drawn  to  the  formation 
of  the  Night  Refuge  Association  in  1877, 
mainly  through  the  efforts  of  the  State 
Charities  Aid  Association,  and  to  the  re- 
peated and  combined  efforts  of  various 
charitable  associations,  which  finally  re- 
sulted in  the  adoption  by  the  legislature  of 
the  Act  in  question. 

Secondly,  this  question  is  one  which  con- 
cerns the  health  of  our  police  force. 

In  the  annual  report  of  the  department 
for  1888,  we  find  reported  311  cases  of  fever, 
nearly  one-half  of  which  are  classed  as 
malarial,  and  334  cases  of  diarrhccal  affec- 
tions, including  dysentery;  164  besides  are 
set  down  under  gastric  degrangement.  It  is 
certainly  impossible  to  say  how  many  of 
these  and  other  cases  of  illness  were  caused 
by  contact  or  proximity  of  sleeping  apart- 
ments to  those  occupied  by  the  night-lodgers 
but  that  the  presence  of  these  sources  of 
zymotic  contagion  is  an  important  factor  I 
have  not  the  slightest  doubt.    We  require 


of  the  police  protection  from  the  vicious  and 
degraded,  but  we  ought  not  to  ask  them  to 
sleep  with  them,  if  we  can  help  it.  In  some 
of  the  station-houses  the  sleeping-rooms  of 
the  policemen  are  over  or  near  the  night- 
lodgers'  shelter. 

We  close  with  a  summary  of  the  reasons 
why  the  Act  should  be  enforced. 

1st.  As  a  sanitary  measure.  "The  health 
of  our  citizens,  especially  the  police  force  is 
endangered  by  a  continuance  of  the  present 
system." 

2d.  It  is  feasible.  The  success  of  a  similar 
law  in  other  cities  is  proof. 

3d.  It  is  humane.  Our  present  method 
is  inhuman  and  demoralizing. 

4th.  It  is  an  economic  measure.  The 
compulsory  bath  and  work  will  deter  the 
lazy  from  applying,  and  assist  in  ridding 
our  city  of  tramps.  This  result  has  been 
obtained  elsewhere. 

5th.  It  is  necessary,  as  shown  by  the  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  lodgings  given — in 
1887,  128,635;  in  1888,  150,812. 


TRI-STATE  SANITARY  ASSOCIATION 

Arrangements  have  been  completed  to 
hold  a  Tri-State  Sanitary  Convention  at 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  February  27  and  28,  i8go. 
Representatives  will  be  present  with  papers 
and  addresses,  from  Pennsylvania,  West 
Virginia  and  Ohio.  The  object  of  the  con- 
vention is  to  consider  the  question  of  floods 
and  their  results,  from  a  sanitary  stand- 
point, and  the  best  methods tof  managing 
the  sanitary  interests  of  a  given  community 
after  such  a  calamity. 

Owing  to  the  mutual  relations  held  by 
these  three  states  with  reference  to  large 
rivers  and  the  numerous  towns  in  each  one 
of  these  states  that  are  annually  affected  by 
floods  and  their  results,  it  has  been  thought 
wise  to  hold  a  convention  for  studying  how 
best  to  manage  the  sanitary  interests  of 
cities  and  towns  so  affected. 

Every  person  interested  directly  or  indi- 
rectly in  this  important  subject  is  earnestly 
requested  to  be  present  and  assist  in  dis- 
cussing the  papers  and  add  whatever  infor- 
mation he  can  to  the  solution  of  these  prac- 
tical and  most  important  questions,  affecting 
as  they  do,  the  health  and  lives  of  thousands 
of  citizens  of  these  three  great  Common- 
wealths annually. 

Reduced  rates  of  transportation  have 
been  secured  over  all  lines  controlled  by  the 
Central  Traffic  Association,  in  the  three 
states  named  on  the  certificate  plan. 

Application  has  been  made  to  the  Trunk 
Line  Association  for  like  favor. 

We  trust  you  will  be  kind  enough  to  give 
this  matter  whatever  space  and  attention 
you  may  think  it  merits  in  your  journal. 
Very  respectfully  submitted, 
Geo.  I.  Garrison,  M.  D.. 

Secretary. 


The  Boston  Board  of  Health  has  added 
membranous  croup  to  its  list  of  contagious 
diseases. 


Feb.  I,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


471 


BUILDING  IN  0  1  HER  COUNTRIES. 

Mr.  William  Delaney  was  a  member  o 
the  American  Workmen's  Expedition  which 
was  sent  to  Europe  last  summer  by  the 
Scripps'  League.  He  is  a  practical  brick- 
laver  and  mason,  a  close  observer  and  clear 
thinker.  Since  his  return  he  has  contributed 
the  following  to  the  Philadelphia  Press: 

In"  England  the  business  of  building  is 
much  different  from  that  in  the  United 
States.  The  contract  is  usually-let  by  the 
architect  to  one  firm  of  builders,  who  are 
responsible  for  the  full  completion  of  the 
building.  The  builder  employs  a  compe- 
tent foreman  for  each  department  of  the 
work.  The  men  devote  their  whole  atten- 
tion to  the  supervison  of  their  particular 
part  of  the  work  to  be  done,  the  employer 
or  architect  exercising  a  general  supervision 
over  the  whole.  While  this  may  have  the 
effect  of  attaining  more  satisfactory  results 
in  the  matter  of  having  every  detail  of  con- 
struction and  finish  attended  to  by  one  head 
and  in  consequence  worked  up  to  the  letter 
of  the  contract,  yet  such  a  system  would 
hardly  find  a  firm  foot-hold  with  us,  as  every 
individual  American  mechanic  has  an  ambi- 
tion to  become  at  some  time  a  boss  in  his 
particular  line.  Therefore  he  begins  by 
taking  sub-contracts,  a  dealing  which  is  not 
very  well  known  in  Europe.  This  European 
system  is  really  good  for  the  journeyman 
mechanic,  so  far  as  it  goes,  as  he  is  more 
constantly  employed,  and  in  fact  loses  very 
little  time,  which,  of  course,  to  him  repre- 
sents money.  In  the  case  of  the  sub-con- 
tracting the  journeyman  is  often  idTe  because 
the  sub-contractor  has  for  the  time  being 
run  out  of  work.  It  often  happens  in  Europe 
that  both  skilled  and  unskilled  labor  in  the 
bui  Iding  line  work  for  years  without  losing 
time,  except  that  caused  by  bad  weather, 
and  in  these  cases  a  mason  may  be  em- 
ployed laying  mosaic  work  and  all  kinds  of 
inside  work,  which  is  done  after  the  building 
s  covered  in. 

Bricks  in  Europe  differ  very  much  from 
those  of  the  United  States.  In  England  the 
bricks  are  usually  qX  inches  long,  3^  thick 
and  wide.  These  sizes  vary  some  in 
different  localities.  There  is  a  very  hard 
brick  callfd  a  "blue  brick,"  <^y%  inches  long, 
3  thick  and  4^  wide.  It  is  mostly  used  in 
the  arches  of  railroads,  a  kind  of  work  that 
requires  a  brick  nearly  as  hard  as  limestone. 
Most  of  the  brick  are  rough  in  appearance. 
They  cost  from  $20  to  $50  a  thousand,  ac- 
cording to  quality.  Some  glazed  brick  of 
good  quality  bring  even  a  higher  price.  The 
French  brick  is  about  the  same  in  size  as 
the  English,  averaging  about  eight  courses 
to  24  inches.  The  Holland  brick  is  much 
smoother  and  of  a  more  uniform  color  than 
any  other  I  saw  in  Europe.  It  measures  2 
inches  thick,  4j4  inches  wide  and  9  inches 
long,  and  has  a  good  dark  red  color.  The 
number  of  brick  supposed  to  be  laid  in  Eng- 
land by  each  man  varies,  as  with  ms,  with 
the  class  of  the  work.  On  rough  work  1,000 
per  day  is  a  good  average,  the  work  being 
rather  slowly  done,  but  in  a  very  solid  and 


straight  manner.  In  France,  Germany, 
Belgium  and  Holland  the  average  is  much 
less.  On  all  fine  work,  such  as  fronts  and 
enameled  work,  pains  are  taken  to  keep  the 
bond  plumb  and  straight.  In  the  case  of 
outside  work,  such  as  front  and  rear  walls, 
they  are  always  laid  in  Flemish  bond,  al- 
though in  some  parts  of  England  and  the 
Continent  of  Europe  I  saw  heavy  buildings 
laid  every  second  course  a  header,  a  style 
called  English  bond.  I  saw  also  some  walls 
where  every  course  was  laid  in  headers.  A 
brick  or  stone  mason  in  Europe  is  expected 
to  do  all  kinds  of  work  pertaining  to  his 
trade,  such  as  setting  stone  steps  and  stairs 
and  sometimes  laying  encaustic  and  mosaic 
tiling. 

Outside  work  is  usually  put  up  rough  in 
England  and  afterward  tuck-pointed,  ex- 
cept in  large  buildings,  where  the  joints  are 
struck.  The  dwelling-houses  are  not  as  a 
rule,  as  handsome  or  convenient  as  those  of 
the  States,  but  the  work  both  inside  and 
out  is  always  well  put  up.  There  is  much 
more  work  for  brick-layers  in  most  of  the 
buildings  than  in  the  United  States.  In 
England  there  is  a  great  deal  of  arching, 
nearly  all  large  buildings  being  groin- 
arched.  The  heavy,  substantial  character 
of  the  work  requires  much  more  time.  The 
buildings,  therefore,  are  often  two  or  three 
years  in  course  of  construction  and  give 
more  constant  employment.  Segment 
arches  over  window  openings  are  seldom 
seen.  They  are  nearly  always  arched  with 
straight  or  camber  arches,  sometimes  called 
"Jack  arches."  I  have  found  mortar  in  old 
buildings  as  hard  as  rock,  although  the 
buildings  were  several  centuries  old.  I 
picked  up  some  scraps  of  mortar  at  Fount- 
ains Abbey,  in  Derbyshire,  a  ruin  seven 
centuries  old,  and  found  it  to  be  as  hard  as 
the  stone.  This  style  of  building,  though 
old,  is  still  copied  in  modern  buildings. 
The  beauty  of  the  workmanship  and  the 
elegance  of  detail  are  often  carried  out 
almost  exactly.  I  have  noticed  that  in  all 
those  historical  buildings  of  England  and 
the  Continent  each  piece  of  stone  is  of  a 
convenient  size  to  handle  by  hand.  All 
through  England  the  class  of  brick  and 
stone  work  is  much  the  same.  There  is 
much  more  of  both  used  in  building  than 
with  us,  and  for  that  reason  the  men  make 
more  time  in  the  year.  But  as  the  wages 
are  low  compared  with  the  cost  of  living 
they  have  no  real  advantage  from  the 
steadier  time. 

In  Paris  I  think  the  highest  perfection  of 
the  building  trade  is  attained.  The  city  as 
a  building  center  is  the  queen  city  of  the 
world.  Everything  is  artistic,  from  the  be- 
ginning of  the  building  to  the  last  stroke  of 
the  painter's  brush.  Every  artisan  and 
mechanic  in  Paris  is  an  artist.  He  takes 
an  artist's  pride  in  his  work.  He  has  every 
opportunity  to  develop  his  taste,  for  the 
beautiful  in  art,  for  on  every  side  he  turns 
he  sees  everything  done  with  a  view  to  being 
artistic  and  beautiful.  For  the  Frenchman's 
benefit  and  education  the  State  maintains 


museums,  art  galleries  and  gardens  which 
are  free  to  all  comers,  and  the  Parisian  work- 
man avails  himself  of  these  opportunities. 
As  a  consequence  he  becomes  the  better 
mechanic,  or  I  might  use  the  word  artist,  as 
every  mechanic  in  Paris  works  with  an  eye 
to  what  would  be  beautiful  and  artistic  in 
his  industry.  The  [)ublic  buildings  of  Paris, 
both  ancient  and  modern,  are  beautiful  in 
every  detail  of  exterior  and  interior  finish. 
The  workman  is  not  in  a  hurry  to  get  the 
work  off  his  hands.  He  tries  to  make  his 
work  look  good  and  he  generally  succeeds. 
The  leading  trade  in  the  building  business 
of  Paris  is  that  of  stone  cutter  and  carver. 
Almost  all  outside  work  is  stone,  beautifully 
carved  in  almost  every  place  where  a  piece 
of  ornamental  work  can  be  put.  The  public 
buildings  sometimes  take  years  to  complete, 
as  everything  inside  and  outside  is  made 
with  the  intention  of  being  ornamental. 
Next  to  the  stone-cutter  in  importance  is  the 
Parisian  plasterer.  There  is  an  immense  lot 
of  ornamental  plastering  done,  both  in 
private  and  in  public  buildings.  I  was 
among  some  of  the  Parisian  masons  and 
worked  with  them  a  short  time.  Their 
methods  of  work  and  tools  are  much  differ- 
ent from  ours,  and  to  an  American  mechanic 
look  crude.  For  instance,  their  trowel  is 
similar  to  an  American  mortar  hoe.  Al- 
though not  so  wide,  the  tang  of  the  trowel  is 
almost  exactly  the  same  as  the  hoe.  The 
trowels  of  Germany,  Holland  and  Belgium 
are  much  the  same  and  are  very  awkward  to 
handle.  The  brick-hod  is  a  flat  board  with 
a  piece  cut  out  for  a  man  to  pass  his  neck 
through.  While  it  rests  on  his  shoulders 
the  bricks  are  placed  on  each  end  of  the 
board.  The  mortar-hod  is  an  oblong  trough 
about  two  feet  long,  made  to  rest  on  the 
shoulder,  with  two  handles  from  one  end  to 
steady  it  while  being  carried  on  either 
shoulder. 

Not  alone  in  public  buildings,  but  in  pri- 
vate houses  is  the  skill  of  the  French  artisan 
displayed,  even  in  the  minutest  detail  of  ex- 
terior and  interior  finish  and  decoration. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  stone,  both  rough 
and  cut,  used  in  French  buildings.  At 
Paris  there  is  one  of  the  largest  pieces  of 
brick-work  that  I  ever  saw.  It  consists  of  a 
reservoir  for  supplying  a  portion  of  the  city 
with  water.  It  covers  a  space  of  40,000 
yards  and  is  a  two-story  basin,  the  first  story 
the  same  size  as  the  second,  and  containing 
2,500  columns  of  brick,  each  twenty-one 
inches  square  and  about  eight  feet  high. 
The  whole  is  arched  over  with  groin  arches 
in  brick,  and  again  there  is  the  same  number 
of  columns,  about  the  same  height,  and 
again  arched  over  in  a  similar  manner  for 
the  second  floor.  Each  floor  carries  about 
four  feet  of  water  and  the  whole  is  covered 
over  with  glass.  A  man  goes  over  both 
lakes  twice  each  day,  in  a  boat  constructed 
for  the  purpose,  to  see  that  all  is  secure. 
The  brick-layers  in  England  do  not  seem  to 
be  well  organized.  They  have  a  union  in 
almost  CA'ery  large  city,  but  all  brick-layers 
are  not  members.     Some  men  object  to 


472 


TriE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  313 


organization  because  there  is  a  system  pre- 
vailing which  allows  a  man  to  go  from  town 
to  town  at  the  expense  of  the  union,  and  this 
opportunity  is  sometimes  abused.  Others 
claim  they  can  do  as  well  outside  of  a  union 
but  the  general  result  is  that  they  are  not 
quite  so  independent  in  manner  and  appear- 
ance as  the  American  workman  of  the  same 
class.  I  saw  no  trace  of  organization  any- 
where else  in  Europe,  except  Paris,  where 
there  is  a  labor  bureau  where  all  labor  or- 
ganizations meet.  This  bureau  is  established 
by  the  Municipal  Council  of  Paris.  The 
hours  of  labor  in  England  are  mostly  ten 
per  day,  with  a  half-holiday  on  Saturday, 
making  an  average  of  about  fifty-four  hours 
per  week.  The  English  mechanic  goes  to 
work  at  six  in  the  morning  and  takes  a  half- 
hour  for  breakfast  at  about  nine.  In  France 
the  hours  of  labor  are  eleven  and  twelve  a 
day,  and  half  a  day  on  Saturday,  but  they 
do  not  work  as  steady  during  the  day  as  the 
English.  In  Germany,  Belgium  and  Hol- 
land the  hours  of  labor  are  even  longer. 
Sometimes,  in  Holland,  the  men  work  until 
dark  in  the  summer,  but  they  work  very 
slowly  and  accomplish  little  in  the  day. 

In  England  men  are  paid  by  the  hour  and 
receive  from  fifteen  cents  in  some  parts  to 
sixteen  cents  in   London.     In   Paris  the 
wages  are  about  the  same  as  in  London.  In 
Germany  the  wages  average  $i  per  day  in 
United  States  money.    In  Holland  the  rate 
is  a  trifle  less.    The  wages  of  stone-cutters 
are  about  the  same  as  those  of  brick-layers 
in  most  parts  of  Europe.    The  terms  of 
apprenticeship  is  usually  about  four  years 
in  Europe,  but  this  is  a  question  into  which 
I  had  little  chance  to  enter.    In  no  part  of 
Europe  do  the  men  live  as  well  as  the 
American  mechanic  nor  are  they  housed 
and  clothed  as  well.    They  seldom  save  any 
money.    They  usual'y  dress  as  a  class;  that 
is  to  say,  they  can  be  readily  recognized  as 
belonging  to  certain  trades  by  the  manner, 
of  their  dress.    Especially  is  this  so  in  the 
building  trades.    In  Paris  it  is  easy  to  tell 
the  building  mechanic,  as  he  wears  a  long 
white  blouse  something  like  a  night-shirt. 
In  Germany  they  are  not  as  neat  in  personal 
appearance  and  workmanship  as  the  Paris- 
ian workmen,  nor  do  they  by  any  means 
come  up  to  the  American  workman.  The 
English  building   mechanics  do  not  lose 
much  time  during  the  building  season,  and 
indeed  very  little  in  the  winters,  as  the 
winters  are  usually  mild,  and  when  the 
season  is  cold  there  is  often  inside  work  for 
them  to  do.    The  European  masons  do  not, 
as  a  general   rule,  have  as  comfortable 
homes  as  the  American  mechanic  of  the 
same  grade.    Themselves  and  their  children 
are  not  as  bright  looking  as  the  same  class 
in  America,  nor  are  their  houses  furnished 
as  cheerfully.    On  the  whole,  there  is  really 
nothing  in  the  building  business  in  Europe 
that  can  come  up  to  the  American  methods, 
except  it  may  be  the  solidity  of  construction 
and  the  pains  that  are  taken  to  carry  out 
the  idea  of  the  architect,  even  in  the  smallest 
detail. 


INFORMATION  WANTED. 
C.  N.  Priddy,  of  Leadville,  Colo.,  desires 
to  receive  from  the  different  water-works 
systems,  the  information  indicated  below: 

At  the  present  time  there  seems  to  be  a 
wide  difference  in  the  classification  of  water 
rates,  with  works  throughout  the  United 
States.  As,  for  instance,  one  will  charge 
more  for  a  water-closet  than  a  urinal, 
the  next  will  charge  more  for  a  urinal  than 
a  closet;  one  will  charge  a  residence  by  the 
number  of  rooms,  another  by  the  number  of 
faucets,  another  by  the  frontage,  another  by 
the  occupancy,  etc.,  etc. 

Now,  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  a 
Schedule  of  Classification  of  Water  Rates, 
to  present  at  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  of 
the  American  Water  W^orks  Association,  to 
be  held  in  Chicago,  May  20,  21  and  22  (and 
I  believe  such  a  Schedule  will  be  beneficial 
to  the  managers  of  most  every  water-works 
in  the  country,  where  it  is  not  practical  to 
use  meters,  as  it  will  greatly  assist  in  class- 
ifying and  rating  if  they  know  the  quantity 
of  water  consumed  by  the  different  fixtures 
and  uses),  I  would  kindly  ask  your  co-oper- 
ation and  assistance,  by  sending  me,  at  your 
earliest  convenience,  a  copy  of  your  water 
rates,  and  any  information  you  may  have  as 
to  the  quantity  of  water  consumed  by  differ- 
ent fixtures,  etc.,  and  any  other  suggestions 
would  be  welcome. 


TREATMENT  OF  SEWAGE  AT 
KINGSTON-ON-THAMES.  * 
The  Kingston  sewage  on  reaching  the 
works  passes  into  the  screening  chambers, 
and  through  a  grating  which  intercepts 
coarse  matter  likely  to  choke  or  injure  the 
pumps,  thence  through  a  culvert  to  a  pump- 
well  under  the  main  building,  where  it  re- 
ceives the  B.  C.  or  de-oderising  and  purify- 
ing mixture.  The  sewage  thus  partially 
treated  is  raised  about  twelve  feet  by  cen- 
trifugal pumps,  of  which  there  are  three, 
each  driven  by  a  fifteen  horse  power  engine, 
and  capable  of  lifting  1,650  gallons  per 
minute. 

The  pumps  discharge  into  a  meter  cham- 
ber, where  the  sewage  flows  along  an  open 
channel  to  the  settling  tanks,  receiving  on 
its  way  the  precipitating  agents.  There  are 
eight  tanks,  each  85  feet  long  by  50  feet 
broad  and  6  feet  average  working  depth, 
holding  150,000  gallons  in  the  aggregate, 
which  gives  a  capacity  of  30  gallons  per 
head  of  a  population  of  40,000. 

The  treated  sewage  flows  in  a  continuous 
stream  through  the  tanks,  precipitating  as 
it  flows,  and  passes  comparatively  clear  and 
odorless  into  a  covered  channel,  discharging 
into  the  Thames. 

The  tanks  are  cleaned  periodically — the 
deposit  or  sludge  being  pumped  into  the 
sludge-well  by  a  Tangye-Holmans'  double- 
action  pump,  at  the  rate  of  five  hundred  gal- 
Ions  per  minute.    From  this  well  the  sludge 

*  Kxtrnct  from  the  Keport  of  Messrs  CumminK 
and  Whyte  totlie  Masistratos  nnd  Council  of  Glas- 
gow on  Bowers,  etc..  2Hth  November,  Ibsy. 


if  first  drawn  into  four  sludge  vessels  or  ac- 
cumulators by  the  creation  of  a  vacuum, 
and  is  then  forced  by  air  pressure  at  100 
pounds  on  the  square  inch  into  filter  presses 
on  the  first  floor  of  the  building,  from  which 
it  is  rsmoved  in  hard  cakes. 

The  pressed  cakes  are  dried  in  a  Berwick's 
drying  cylinder,  ground  into  powder,  bag.ged 
and  sold  as  a  native  guano  at  10 s.  per 
ton. 

In  a  short  time  Hampton  Wick,  with  a 
population  of  2,500,  will  send  its  sewage  to 
the  Kingston  Works. 
The  cost  of  the  works  at  Kingston  is — 
Main  building,  offices,  boundry 
walls  and  fences,  roads  and 
screening  chamber,        -      -    £  8,500 

Tanks  6,000 

Machinery,  8,000 


22,500 

The  cost  of  this  scheme  to  Kingston  is 
I  yi,  d.  per  £  for  building  and  works,  and  3d 
per  £  for  the  treatment  of  the  sewage. 

When  we  visited  the  works  and  saw  the 
raw  sewage,  black  and  disagreeable  as  it 
approached  the  house  in  which  the  screen  is 
placed,  and  the  effluent  as  it  left  the  works 
to  all  appearance  clear,  odorless,  and,  in  our 
opinion,  wholly  unobjectionable  water,  we 
were  favorably  impressed  with  what  had 
been  done  in  Kingston  by  way  of  purifying 
the  sewage. 

The  quantity  of  ground  enclosed  for  the 
works  is  two  and  one-half  acres. 

As  a  rule,  the  sewage  passes  through  two 
tanks  before  it  is  considered  sufficiently 
clarified,  and  is  allowed  to  run  into  the 
Thames,  The  materials  used  in  clarifying 
the  sewage  are  clay,  charcoal,  and  alum. 

If  the  scheme  proposed  by  Mr.  Carrick  at 
Cranstonhill  is  adopted,  the  cost  in  the  same 
proportion  at  Kingston  will  be  ^94,500  for  a 
population  of  168,000,  but  it  is  not  necessary, 
as  advised  by  Mr.  Carrick,  to  go  into  the 
whole  scheme  suggested  by  him,  and  if  a 
portion  is  dealt  with,  say  a  population  of  91, 
000  the  probable  cost  will  be    5 1,000. 

THE    MILWAUKEE  FLUSHING 

TUNNEL. 
An  exchange  in  describing  Milwaukee's 
flushing  tunnel  says: 

When  Milwaukee's  $250,00  flushing  tun- 
nel, which  has  attracted  the  attention  of  civil 
engineers  throughout  the  country,  is  in 
operation — being  at  present  closed  down  for 
the  winter — 335,000  gallons  of  water  a  min- 
ute, equivalent  to  45,000  cubic  feet,  are 
pumped  into  the  river  out  of  the  lake.  This 
volume  of  water  passes  through  a  tunnel 
2,500  feet  long  and  twelve  feet  in  diameter, 
built  under  the  city,  the  pumping-works  be- 
ing on  the  beach  near  the  North  Point.  The 
pump  is  the  largest  in  capacity  in  use  in  the 
world.  It  is  simply  a  wheel,  but  peculiar  in 
construction,  resembling  somewhat  a  pro- 
■peller  wheel.  This  wheel  is  within  the  con- 
duit which  leads  from  the  lake  under  the 
|)umping-vvorks  to  the  tunnel,  and  its  revolu- 
tion not  only  raises  the  water  three  feet,  but 


Feb.  1.  1^90] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


473 


gives  it  a  pressure  that  sends  it  through  the 
tunnel,  a  distance  of  2,500  feet,  in  a  little 
more  than  six  minutes.  The  wheel  is  thir- 
teen feet  in  diameter,  and  has  blades  some- 
what similar  to  a  propeller  wheel,  but  six 
feet  of  the  center  is  solid,  leaving  the  blade 
on  either  side  three  and  a  half  feet  long. 

"This  solid  center  is  the  real  secret  of  the 
success  of  the  wheel,"  said  City  Engineer 
Kenzenberg  to-day,  "for  extending  out  from 
the  center  five  or  six  feet  on  both  sides  are 
cone-like  projections  of  solid  iron.  This 
construction  is  to  prevent  a  suction  back  to 
the  center,  which  would  interfere  with  the 
free  and  uninterrupted  discharge  of  water 
forced  through  the  wheel  by  its  revolutions. 
There  is  thus  no  backing  up  whatever  to  the 
water,  which  is  sent  through  the  tunnel  as 
a  swirling  current.  The  pump  has  also 
proved  itself  to  be  the  most  economical,  as 
in  its  duty  throughout  the  last  year  it  showed 
68,800,000  foot  pounds  for  every  100  pounds 
of  coal;  that  is,  for  every  100  pounds  of  coal 
consumed  in  the  boiler  the  pump  raised 
68,800,000  cubic  feet  one  foot  high,  proving 
it  to  be  the  most  economical  of  any  wheel 
pump  for  a  year's  run." 

There  has  been  no  trouble  whatever  with 
it  since  it  was  first  started,  in  September, 
1 888.  Should  one  of  the  blades  be  broken, 
it  is  quickly  replaced,  as  all  the  blades  are 
removable. 


MODERN   MAGIC  AS    APPLIED  TO 
COAL. 

Pit-coal  has  been  known  for  some  hun- 
dreds of  years.  The  discovery  of  its  num- 
berless products  is  confined  to  the  present 
centurj'.  Illuminating  gas  was  unknown 
100  years  ago.  Petroleum  has  been  in  use 
only  about  forty  years,  and  it  is  scarcely 
more  than  fifty  since  some  one  discovered 
that  stone-coal  was  inflammable.  Nearly 
all  the  other  products  derived  from  soft  coal 
have  been  discovered  and  applied  in  the  in- 
terests of  science  or  of  fraud  within  the  last 
twenty-five  years.  The  first  thought  in  re- 
gard to  coal  is  that  it  is  made  to  give  heat 
or  warmth;  the  next  that  one  of  its  principal 
uses  is  to  illuminate.  But  there  are  obtained 
from  it  the  means  of  producing  over  tour 
hundred  shades  of  colors  among  the  chief 
of  which  are  saffron,  violet-blue  and  indigo. 
There  are  also  obtained  a  great  variety  of 
perfumes — cinnamon,  bitter  almonds,  queen 
of  the  meadows,  clove,  wintergreen,  anise, 
camphor,  thymrl  (a  new  French  odor),  van- 
aline  and  heliotropine.  Among  the  explo- 
sive agents  whose  discovery  has  been  caused 
by  the  war  spirit  of  the  last  few  years  in 
Europe  are  two,  called  dinitrovenzine  or 
bellite  and  pitrates.  To  medicine  coal  has 
given  hypnone,  salicylic  acid,  naphtol, 
phenol  and  antipyrine.  Benzine  and  naph- 
talino  are  powerful  insecticides.  There 
have  been  found  in  it  ammoniacal  salts  use- 
ful as  fertilizers,  tannin,  saccharin  (a  substi- 
tute for  sugar),  the  flavor  of  current  rasp- 
berry and  pepper,  pyrogallic  acid  and  hydro- 
quinone,  used  in  photography,  and  various 
substances  familiar  or  unfamiliar,  such  as 


taresin,  asphaltum,  lubricating  oils,  var- 
nish and  the  bitter  taste  of  beer.  By  means 
of  some  of  these  we  can  have  wine  without 
the  juice  of  grapes,  beer  without  malt,  pre- 
serves without  either  fruit  or  sugar,  per- 
fumes without  flowers,  and  coloring  matter 
without  the  vegetable  or  animal  substances 
from  which  they  have  been  hitherto  chiefly 
derived. — Exchange. 


TESTS  FOR  WATER. 

For  Carbonic  Acid. — Take  equal  parts  of 
water  and  clear  lime  water.  If  combined  or 
free  carbonic  acid  is  present;  a  precipitate 
is  seen,  to  which  if  a  few  drops  of  muriatic 
acid  be  added,  effervescence  commences. 

For  Magnesia. — Boil  the  water  to  a  twen- 
tieth part  of  its  weight,  and  then  drop  a  few 
grains  of  neutral  carbanate  of  ammonia  into 
a  glass  of  it,  and  a  few  drops  of  phosphate 
of  soda.  If  magnesia  is  present  it  will  fall  to 
the  bottom. 

For  Iron. — Boil  a  little  nut  gall  and  add  to 
the  water.  If  it  turn  gray  or  slate  black  iron 
is  present.  Second — Dissolve  a  little  prus- 
siate  of  potash,  and  if  iron  is  present  it  will 
turn  blue. 

For  Lime. — Into  a  glass  of  water  put  two 
drops  of  oxalic  acid.  Blow  upon  it.  If  it 
gets  milky  lime  is  present. 

For  Lead. — Take  sulphuretted  gas  and 
water  in  equal  quantity.  If  it  contains  lead 
it  will  turn  a  blackish  brown.  Again — The 
same  result  will  take  place  if  sulphate  of 
ammonia  be  used. 

For  Copper. — If  present  it  will  turn  pol- 
ished steel  a  copper  color. 


CORROSION. 
The  purest  water  is  often  the  most  active 
in  corroding  and  pitting  plates,  and  this 
makes  it  probable  that  the  active  substance, 
in  some  cases  at  least,  is  air.  It  is  well 
known  that  water  is  capable  of  dissolving  a 
considerable  amount  of  air,  in  fact,  it  is  this 
dissolved  air  that  enables  fish  to  breathe.  It 
is  not  so  widely  known,  however,  that  the 
oxygen  of  the  air  is  more  soluble  than  the 
nitrogen.  If  a  small  quantity  of  water  be 
shaken  up  in  a  bottle,  it  dissolves  some  of 
the  inclosed  air,  and  when  this  is  afteiward 
driven  of?  by  boiling,  and  analyzed,  it  is 
found  to  consist  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  in 
the  proportion  of  i  to  1.87,  instead  of  i  to  4, 
as  in  the  natural  air.  Thus  the  dissolved 
air,  being  more  than  twice  as  rich  in  oxygen 
as  common  air  is,  and  being  brought  into 
more  intimate  contact  with  the  metal  by 
means  of  the  water  that  holds  it  in  solution, 
exerts  a  correspondingly  more  noticeable 
effect.  It  is  probable,  too,  that  water  plays 
some  other  miportant  action  in  connection 
with  the  oxidation  of  metals,  for  it  has  been 
found  by  recent  experiments  that  pure  oxy- 
gen will  not  combine  with  things  that  it  has 
the  greatest  affinity  for,  provided  it  is  per- 
fectly dry.  Even  the  metal  sodium,  which 
has  an  intense  affinity  for  oxygen,  may  be 
heated  in  it  to  a  very  high  temperature 
without  combination,  provided  sufficient 
precautions  are  taken  to  exclude  the  slight- 


est trace  of  moisture.  It  appears,  therefore, 
that  water  plays  a  most  important  part  in 
the  oxidation  of  metals  by  air — a  part,  in- 
deed, that  we  cannot  explain,  and  that  we 
really  know  but  little  about. —  The  Locomo- 
tive. 


MASTER  BUILDERS. 

The  Master  Builders'  Association  which 
convened  in  St.  Paul  last  Monday,  concluded 
its  labors  on  Wednesday.  The  meeting 
was  of  unusual  interest  and  largely  attended. 
Space  will  not  allow  a  full  report,  but  the 
action  of  the  association  on  the  eight-hour 
movement  is  of  interest.  When  the  ques- 
tion was  opened  for  discussion  the  Boston 
delegation  offered  the  following  substitute 
in  place  of  the  substitute  offered  by  the  Exe- 
cutive Committee: 

Recognizing  the  agitation  for  shorter 
hours  of  labor  than  those  now  prevailing 
the  National  Association  of  Builders  de- 
clares that  as  a  central  body,  representing 
so  many  different  constitutents,  it  is  not 
competent  or  proper  for  it  to  define  a  certain 
number  of  hours  for  the  building  trades 
generally  to  adopt,  but  that  it  should  be  left 
to  the  local  bodies  to  adjust  the  number  of 
hours  of  labor  as  circumstances  and  condi- 
tions by  which  they  are  surrounded  may 
dictate,  but  we  do  believe  that  this  body 
should  persistently  urge  upon  all  local 
bodies  that  the  thorough  establishment  of 
the  system  of  "payment  by  the  hour"  is  an 
absolutely  necessary  safeguard  and  they 
should  earnestly  labor  to  secure  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  system. 

After  a  heated  discussion  the  question 
was  called  for  and  the  Boston  substitute 
was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  1 1 1  to  4.  Resolu- 
tions were  adopted  recognizing  arbitration 
and  further  action  was  referred  to  the  fol- 
lowing Committee  on  Arbitration:  J.  Milton 
Blair,  Cincinnati;  George  O.  Prussing,  Chi- 
cago; Anthony  Ittner,  St.  Louis;  Marc  Eid- 
litz.  New  York;  David  Woeipper,  Phil- 
adelphia. 

A  paper  on  manual  training  in  the  public 
schools,  written  by  J.  B.  McCarthy,  vice- 
president  of  the  Chicago  exchange,  who  was 
unable  to  be  present,  was  read  by  Mr.  Pur- 
rington  of  that  city.  The  next  convention 
will  be  held  at  New  York,  Feb.  11,  1891 
John  F.  Tucker,  of  that  city,  was^elected 
president. 

The  Nominating  Committee  .reported  as 
follows:  President,  John  J.  Tucker,  New 
York;  first  vice-president,  A.  McAllister, 
Cleveland,  O.;  second  vice-president,  An- 
thony Ittner,  St.  Louis;  secretary,  W.  H. 
Say  ward,  Boston;  treasurer,  George  Tapper, 
Chicago. 

This  list  of  nominees  was  unanimously 
elected. 


The  factory  inspector  enactment,  which 
goes  into  effect  in  Pennsylvania  this  year 
provides  for  the  protection  of  children  in 
mills,  and  the  enforcement  of  laws  govern- 
ing sanitation  and  the  safety  and  comfort  of 
employes  in  factories. 


474 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  313 


BUILDING. 


FIRE  PROOF  BUILDINGS. 

Some  very  valuable  suggestions  to  archi- 
tects and  builders  are  embodied  in  the 
methods  of  constructing  buildings  urged  by 
the  Boston  Board  of  Underwriters.  First  of 
all,  particular  stress  is  laid  on  the  import- 
ance of  having  solid  division  walls  between 
buildings  put  up  in  blocks,  so  as  to  cut  off 
each  from  its  immediate  neighbors.  More- 
over, these  division  walls  should  be  carried 
as  parapets  at  least  a  foot  above  the  roofs, 
and  when  there  are  projecting  gutters  or 
cornices,  the  side  walls  should  be  corbelled 
out  at  least  six  inches  from  the  front  or  rear 
walls.  These  recommendations  apply  to 
frame  as  well  as  to  brick,  stone  or  iron 
buildings;  the  object  is  to  prevent  a  tire 
starting  in  one  building  from  extending  to 
another.  The  only  sure  way  of  accomplish- 
ing this  is  by  having  a  solid  cut-off  in  the 
shape  of  a  brick  wall  at  least  eight  inches 
thick,  and  preferably  twelve,  with  a  parapet 
to  break  the  continuity  of  roofing. 

In  many  cases,  after  a  solid  division  walj 
has  been  built,  however,  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  cut  an  opening  through  it  to  connect 
an  adjoining  building.  When  this  has  to  be 
done,  swinging  doors,  not  of  iron,  but  of  two 
thicknesses  of  tongued  and  grooved  ^-inch 
boards,  laid  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
and  nailed  with  wrought  iron  nails,  driven 
flush  and  clinched  on  the  underside— should 
be  put  in.  These  doors  must  also  be  cov- 
ered on  both  sides  and  edges  with  sheets  of 
tin  locked  together  like  a  tin  roof,  the  sheets 
being  secured  in  place  by  narrow  cleats  of 
zinc.  Nails  driven  through  the  sheets,  will 
not  be  allowed. 

The  edges  of  the  doors  where  they  come 
together  should  be  rabetted,  the  single 
boarding  of  one  door  extending  over  that  of 
the  other  about  an  inch,  so  as  to  make  a 
close  joint.  The  door  frames  should  be  of 
wrought  iron  properly  secured  to  the  brick 
walls;  the  door  sill  of  boiler  iron  plate,  and 
at  least  four  inches  wider  than  the  thickness 
of  the  wall;  and  all  hooks,  latches  and  bolts 
should  be  of  wrought  iron.  Doors  of  the 
above  description  must  be  placed  on  each 
side  of  the  wall. 

If  sliding  doors  for  any  reason  must  be 
used,  they  are  required  to  be  constructed  on 
the  same  or  a  nearly  similar  plan  to  swing- 
ing doors,  being  wooden  and  covered  with 
tin  in  all  cases.  Special  directions  are  given 
for  their  equipment  in  position.  Doors  of 
this  description  should  also  be  placed  on 
each  side  of  the  wall. 

As  to  shutters  for  the  .upper  windows  of 
manufacturing  or  mercantile  buildings, 
likely  to  be  exposed  to  danger  from  neigh- 
boring fires,  the  board  recommends  that 
they  be  made  in  the  same  way  as  the  swing- 
ing and  sliding  doors  referred  to,  with  this 
excej)tion,  that  one-inch  boards  be  used  in 
the  place  of  %-inch.  The  window  frames 
and  all  fastenings,  hooks  and  other  parts 
should  likewise  be  of  wrought  iron.    If  the 


shutters  are  made  in  two  parts,  the  edges 
coming  together  should  be  rabetted. 

The  internal  construction  of  a  building 
next  claims  attention.  In  France  all  manner 
of  buildings  are  so  constructed  that  a  fire 
starting  in  one  room  or  on  one  floor  seldom 
breaks  through  its  environment.  The  floors 
in  that  country  are  made  in  the  following 
manner:  The  carpenters'  work  completed, 
strong  batten  laths  are  nailed  up  to  the 
under  side  of  the  joists,  the  same  laths  that 
we  use,  only  thicker  and  wider,  and  are 
placed  so  far  apart  that  not  more  than  one- 
half  the  space  is  occupied  by  them.  This 
being  done,  a  platform  of  rough  boards  is 
braced  up  parallel  to  and  about  an  inch 
below  the  laths.  Mortar  is  then  laid  on 
from  above  over  the  platform  and  between 
and  over  the  laths  to  a  thickness  of  from 
two  and  one-half  to  three  inches,  and  is 
forced  in  under  the  laths  and  under  the 
joists  and  girders.  The  mortar  being  gauged, 
soon  sets  enough  to  allow  the  platform  to  be 
moved  to  another  place  until  the  whole  ceil- 
ing is  formed.  The  finishing  coat  of  plaster- 
ing is  then  put  on.  Such  a  ceiling  is  a  solid 
mass;  and  will  resist  any  fire  which  can  act 
upon  it  from  below. 

Above,  rough  battens  in  short  lengths  and 
stout  enough  to  bear  the  weight  of  a  man 
without  bending,  are  laid,  without  abutting 
upon  each  joist,  and  as  near  together  as 
they  will  lie  without  being  placed  on  their 
edges.  Upon  this  rough  and  loose  floor, 
mortar  of  similar  consistency  as  that  used 
for  the  ceiling  is  laid  to  the  thickness  of 
three  inches,  and  as  it  is  made  to  fill  all  the 
spaces  at  the  ends  and  sides  of  these  floor 
laths  laid  upon  the  joists,  the  laths  become 
imbedded  upon  the  joists,  which  are,  to  a 
considerable  extent,  also  incorporated  with 
the  plaster.  The  result  is  an  exceedingly 
firm  one.  With  partitions  the  French  first 
frame  and  brace  them  as  we  do  here,  ex- 
cept that  oak  is  commonly  used.  They  then 
nail  on  horizonally  strong  oak  batten  laths 
from  two  to  three  inches  wide  at  from  four 
to  six  inches  apart.  The  spaces  behind  the 
laths  are  then  loosely  filled  up  with  rough 
stone  rubble,  which  the  laths  prevent  from 
falling  out.  To  this  is  applied  a  strong 
mortar  made  mostly  of  plaster  of  paris,  laid 
on  from  both  sides  at  the  same  time,  so  that 
the  mortar  pressed  through  from  opposite 
sides  meets  and  embeds  the  stone  rubble  by 
filling  up  every  crack  or  space,  while  it  has 
enough  body  on  the  surfaces  to  cover  up 
and  embed  the  timber  and  the  laths. 

In  covering  the  inner  surfaces  of  exterior 
walls  a  similar  method  is  followed.  The 
staircases,  which  are  usually  of  wood  in 
France,  are  also  filled  with  a  solid  mass  of 
concreted  rubble,  and  though  they  may  be 
set  on  fire,  they  will  not  burn. 

In  this  country  the  safest  construction  in 
buildings  intended  for  mechanical  purposes 
is  what  is  known  as  mill  construction.  This 
applies  more  to  the  internal  than  to  the  ex- 
ternal features,  for  upon  the  construction  of 
the  floor  depends  in  a  large  degree  the 
safety  of  a  building  from  fire.    The  Boston 


building  laws  require  that  columns  for  in- 
ternal support  shall  not  be  farther  apart 
than  twelve  feet;  therefore  main  beams 
must  be  placed  twelve  feet  on  centers,  rest- 
ing on  an  iron  cap  on  the  columns  and 
properly  secured  to  the  girder.  An  imme- 
diate beam  is  then  hung  to  the  girder  by  a 
suitable  iron  stirrup,  which  really  make  the 
floor  timbers  six  feet  on  centers.  The  under 
floor  should  be  three-inch  plank,  tongued 
and  grooved  and  properly  spiked  to  the 
beam.  Then  a  eoat  of  plaster  or  lime 
mortar,  or  two  thicknesses  of  heavy  asbestos 
paper,  should  cover  the  entire  area  of  every 
floor.  Upon  the  plaster  or  paper  should  be 
laid  a  top  floor  of  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
in  thickness.  For  flat  roofs,  timbers  are 
put  together  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
floor  timbers,  and  are  covered  with  two-inch 
plank,  tongued  and  grooved,  and  the  roof 
then  covered  with  copper,  tin  or  gravel. 
Stairways  and  elevators  are  built  in  brick 
shafts,  having  their  walls  carried  one  and 
one-half  feet  above  the  roof,  with  skylights 
on  the  top,  and  double  fire  doors  are  placed 
at  all  openings  of  stairways  and  elevators 
leading  to  the  various  floors. 

The  same  plan  of  construction  may  be 
wisely  followed  in  the  erection  of  stores  and 
warehouses.  It  would  be  well,  however,  to 
have  the  floors  pitch  from  the  center,  one 
inch  to  ten  feet,  to  scuppers  in  the  internal 
walls,  thus  giving  outlet  to  the  water  which 
may  be  thrown  into  the  building  in  case  of 
fire,  and  preventing  it  from  damaging  the 
merchandise  stored  on  the  floors  below. 

Other  points  of  advice  volunteered  are — 
Don't  carry  the  end  of  a  floor  timber  into  a 
chimney  flue;  don't  have  a  brick  or  stone 
hearth  rest  directly  on  wood-wook;  give 
steam  pipes  a  clear  air  space  of  two  or  three 
inches  around  them;  put  skylights  in  iron 
frames;  surround  all  four  sides  of  well  holes 
made  in  buildings  for  light  and  ventilation 
with  brick,  terra  cotta  block  or  other  ap- 
proved fire-resisting  materials,  etc. 

NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS, 

George  H.  Griebel,  New  York  City,  has 
made  plans  for  nine  four-story  and  base- 
ment stone  front  dwellings,  20x60  feet  each, 
to  be  built  on  Scventy-fitth  street,  near 
Ninth  avenue. 

The  Hanover  Insurance  Company,  New 
VorkCity,  has  accepted  the  plans  of  Charles 
W.  Clinton  for  a  handsome  office  building, 
to  be  erected  at  34  and  34 >^  Pine  street. 

John  C.  Burne,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  five  five-story  brick  flat  buildings 
to  be  erected  for  Stephen  J.  Egan  in  the 
vicinity  of  Willis  avenue  and  One  Hundred 
and  Thirty-fourth  street,  at  a  total  cost  of 
about  $100,000. 

J.  E.  Scheller,  Chicago,  has  planned  ex- 
tensive additions  and  alterations  in  Ransom 
Parker's  five-story  building  at  the  corner  of 
Halsted  and  Madison  streets.  It  will  be 
converted  into  a  first-class  store  and  office 
building,  and  among  the  improvements  will 
be  steam  heat,  elevators  and  a  lighting, 
plant;  cost,  §25,000. 


Feb.  1, 1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


475 


James  E.  Ware,  New  York  City, has  made 
plans  for  two  four-story  and  basement  brick 
and  brownstone  dwellings  to  oe  erected  at 
34  and  36  West  Fifty-seventh  street  for 
David  C.  Lyall,  at  a  cost  of  S  105,000. 

Edward  Wenz,  New  York  city,  has  made 
plans  for  nine  five-story  brick  flats,  25x68 
feet  each,to  be  erected  on  Eighty-ninth  and 
Nintieth  streets,  near  Third  avenue,  for 
Frederick  Schuck,  at  a  cost  of  $135,000. 

Flemer  &  Koehler,  New  York  city,  have 
made  plans  for  a  six-story  brick  <ind  brown- 
stone  flat  building  50x100  feet,  to  be  erected 
at  107-9  West  Ninety-fourth  street  for  John 
H.  Babcock,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

H.  P.  Seyfert,  New  York  city,  has  made 
plans  for  ten  four-story  brick  and  brown- 
stone  dwellings  to  be  erected  on  Eighty- 
sixth  street  near  Riverside  drive  for  W.  E. 
1).  Stokes,  at  a  cost  of  $200,000. 

J.  J.  Deery,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has  plans 
for  rebuilding  the  Casino,  at  Twenty-fourth 
and  State  streets,  Chicago. 

Geissinger  &  Hale,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
have  plans  for  a  three-story  brick  cotton 
mill  100x400  feet,  to  be  erected  at  Florence, 
Ala.,  for  the  Florence  Cotton  Mills  Com- 
pany. 

John  H.  Wagner,  Chicago,  has  plans  for 
two  large  machine  shops,  to  be  erected  at 
Stewart  avenue  and  Thirty-ninth  street,  by 
the  Link  Belt  Machinery  Company.  They 
will  be  one-story  high,  the  one  480x120,  and 
the  other  1 12x130.  They  will  be  constructed 
of  brick  and  stone  with  steel  interior  and 
roof  construction;  cost  $60,000.  The  same 
architect  has  plans  for  a  seven-story  build- 
ing, 20x90^  to  be  erected  at  the  corner  of 
Randolph  and  Desplaines  streets  by  the  E. 
.Smeeth  estate.  It  will  be  constructed  chiefly 
of  iron,  and  will  have  heating  and  elevator 
plant;  cost,  $15,000. 

William  Strippleman,  Chicago,  has  plans 
for  a  factory  six  stories  and  basement,  38X 
151,  for  Charles  Schoote.  It  will  be  of  brick 
and  stone,  with  elevators;  cost  $25,000.  He 
also  planned  a  foundry  for  James  Mc- 
Andrews,  to  be  erected  on  Rockwell  street 
north  of  Lake;  cost,  $11,000.  Also  a  resi- 
dence for  Peter  Smith,  to  be  two  stories, 
basement  and  attic,  27x55;  of  stone,  with 
hard  wood  finish  and  hot-water  heating  ap- 
paratus, to  be  erected  on  Wilson  street  near 
Sheffield  avenue;  cost,  $10,000. 

John  Otter,  Chicago,  has  planned  a  four- 
story  flat  building,  22x117,  for  E.  Ekeland, 
to  be  erected  on  Townsend  street  between 
Oak  and  Hobbie  streets;  cost,  $25,000. 

F.  B.  Townsend,  Chicago,  has  planned 
twenty-two  three-story  and  basement  resi- 
dences, 33x56,  to  be  erected  at  Calumet 
avenue  and  Twenty-fifth  street,  by  F.  W. 
Campbell.  They  will  be  constructed  of 
stone  and  brick;  cost,  $25,000. 
C  Baldwin  &  Pennington,  Baltimore,  Md., 
have  plans  for  new  fronts  and  interior  re- 
construction of  two  business  buildings  at  323 
and  325  West  ^Baltimore  street;  cost,  about 
$30,000. 


D.  S.  Pentecost,  Chicago,  is  receiving  bids 
for  the  erection  of  a  three-story  and  cellar 
flat  building,  100x120,  at  the  south-east  cor- 
ner of  Morgan  and  Jackson  streets,  for  How- 
ard &Berwin.  They  will  be  constructed  of 
pressed  brick  and  stone,  and  will  cost 
$70,000. 

John  S.  Woollacott,  Chicago,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  to  be  erected  at  Ravenswood.  It 
will  be  of  stone  with  slate  roof,  93x120;  cost, 
$25,000.  The  same  arthitect  will  build  an 
elegant  hotel  five-stories,  72x100,  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Lake  View  avenue  and  Deniiig  court. 
It  will  have  a  stone  front,  with  slate  rqof^ 
and  contain  all  modern  improvements;  cost, 
$80,000. 

George  Archer,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has  plans 
for  remodeling  and  renovating  the  Rialto 
Building,  corner  of  Holliday  and  Second 
streets,  the  property  of  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity; cost,  $15,000. 

Wm.  F.  Weber,  Baltimore,  Md.,  has  plans 
for  twenty-three  attractive  dwellings,  to  be 
constructed  of  stone  and  brick;  cost  will  ap- 
proximate $100,000. 

Charles  L.  Carson,  Baltimore,  Md.,  is 
making  plans  for  a  six-story  and  basement 
stone  warehouse  and  store  building,  io2^x 
109 >^  feet,  to  be  erected  on  Eutaw  street  for 
Joel  Gutman,  at  a  cost  of  $125,000. 

L.  F.  Plympton,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  de- 
signed for  John  G.  Dinkelbilter,  a  two  and 
a  half  story  brick,  stone  trimmed  residence^ 
to  be  built  on  Walnut  Hill,  at  a  cost  of 
$9,000 

J.  McLaughlin,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  fire  engine  house  to  be 
built  at  Avondale. 

F.  C.  Sauer,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  large  brick  wire-mill,  90x170 
feet,  to  be  erected  at  Rankin  station  for  the 
Braddock  Wire  Company. 

T.  B.  Evans,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  has  plans  for 
a  two-story  brick  hospital  building,  with 
frame  wings,  for  the  Pennsylvania  Reform 
School,  at  Morganza;  the  cost  will  be  about 
$10,000. 

W.  Bruce  Gray,  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
making  plans  for  extensive  alterations  m 
the  building  at  the  south-east  corner  of 
Fifteenth  street  and  New  York  avenue, 
known  as  the  Windsor  House.  The  owner, 
J.  W.  Nairn,  will  change  the  building  into  \ 
an  apartment  house. 

Ferry  &  Clas,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  have  de- 
signed for  E.  P.  Bacon  a  two-story  brick 
and  sandstone  residence,  to  be  built  on  the 
south-east  corner  of  Martin  and  Marshall 
streets,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

Stephen  B.  Button,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has 
plans  for  the  hotel  to  be  erected  at  Birming- 
ham, Ala.,  by  the  Birmingham  Improvement 
Company.   The  cost  will  be  $30,000. 

Orrin  W.  Lloyd,  Detroit,  Mich.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  residence  and  stable  to  be 
erected  at  Sioux  Falls,  Dak.,  for  D.  Whit- 
ney, Jr.,  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.  The  walls  will 
be  of  Sioux  Falls  granite,  throughout. 


Architect  Hughes,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  Catholic  college,  83x100 
feet,  four  stories  high,  with  wings,  to  be 
built  at  Belleville,  Kan.,  at  a  cost  of  $75,000. 

G.  B.  P.  Alderman,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  brick  and  brownstone 
church  for  the  Main  Street  Methodist  Soci- 
ety, to  seat  850  persons.    It  will  cost  $40,000. 

Conover  &  Porter,  Madison,  Wis.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  three-story  jail,  50X 1 20  feet 
of  pressed,  ornamental  and  enameled  brick, 
to  be  built  at  LaCrosse,  Wis.,  at  a  cost  of 
$50,000. 

T.  J.  Welsh,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  warehouse  to  be  erected  at 
Bluxome  and  Fifth  srreets  for  Mary  E.  Von 
Schroeder,  to  cost  about  $15,000. 

Shalfield  &  Kohlberg,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
have  made  plans  and  let  contracts  for  a 
building  to  be  erected  on  Gough  street,  be- 
tween Post  and  Sutter,  for  Samuel  Weitz, 
at  a  cost  of  $10,800. 

Fred.  E.  Wilcox,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  three-story  building  to  be 
erected  at  Pine  and  Jones  streets  for  Mrs. 
I.  S.  Allen,  at  a  cost  of  $12,000. 

Ashton  &  Stone,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  building  to  be  erected  at 
Stockton  and  Vallejo  streets  for  Robert  R. 
Hind,  at  a  cost  of  $28,000. 

The  plans  of  Curtlett  &  Cuthbertson,  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  for  the  new  Record  Hall  to  be 
built  at  Yuba  City  for  Sutter  County,  have 
been  accepted. 

Clinton  Day,  Oakland,  Cal.,  has  made 
plans  and  let  contracts  for  a  frame  dwelling 
for  Oscar  Derby  to  be  erected  at  East  Four- 
teenth and  Park  streets  at  a  cost  of  $10,500. 

Frank  Miller,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  hotel  to  be  erected  at  Winslow, 
N.  J.,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

F.  E.  Kidder,  Denver,  Colo.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
building  to  be  erected  on  Fay  street,  at  a 
cost  of  $50,000. 

Varian  &  Steiner,  Denver,  Colo.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  brick  dwelling  for  J.  R. 
Hicks,  to  cost  $10,000.  Also,  a  brick  and 
stone  store  building  for  C.  H.  Rosenfeld  to 
cost  $i6,ooo.  Also,  eight  houses  for  W. 
Harris,  to  cost  $20,000,  and  alterations  for 
J.  T.  Edson's  building,  to  cost  $25,000.  Also, 
plans  for  a  four-story  stone  and  brick 
gymnasium  building  for  the  Denver  Athletic 
Club,  to  cost  $70,000. 

Shultz  &  Niere,  Denver,  Colo.,  have  made 
plans  for  a  three-story  stone  building  to  be 
erected  for  the  Denver  Turn  V' erein,  at  a 
cost  of  $56,500. 

Andrews,  Jaques  &  Rantoul,  Denver 
Colo.,  have  made  plans  for  a  three-story 
brick  building  to  be  erected  for  the  Colorado 
Telephone  Company,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000. 

F.  C.  Eberly,  Denver,  Colo.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  three-story  red  sandstone  jail 
building,  160x188  feet,  with  _  slate  andiron 
roof  and  steel  cells,  to  be  erected  at  Colfa.x 
avenue  and  South  Eleventh  street,  at  a  cost 
of  $250,000. 


476 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  313 


J.  M.  Wood,  Denver,  Colo.,  has  made 
plans  for  an  eight-story  stone  apartment  and 
theater  building  to  be  erected  for  W.  H. 
Bush,  at  a  cost  of  $2t;o,ooo. 

J.  J.  Huddart,  Denver,  Colo.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  terrace  of  stone  houses  for  C.  H- 
Smith,  to  cost  $20,000. 

T.  B.  Evans,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  two-story  brick  hospital 
building,  with  frame  wings,  for  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Reform  School,  at  Morganza.  The 
cost  will  be  about  $10,000. 

D.  K.  Dean  &  Son,  Erie,  Pa.,  have  pre- 
pared plans  for  St.  Patrick's  Catholic 
Church,  to  be  erected  at  Greenville,  to  be 
50x110  feet  in  size,  built  of  brick  and  stone, 
and  to  cost  $20,000. 

E.  M.  Butz,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  is  preparing 
plans  for  an  office  building  for  N.  and  S.  E. 
Ewing  and  John  Boyle.  It  will  be  brick 
with  a  stone  front,  will  contain  twenty-four 
rooms  and  have  all  conveniences;  cost 
$15,000. 

I.  S.  Herrick,  Delphos,  O.,  has  plans  for  a 
business  block  to  be  40x85  feet  in  size  and 
three  stories  high,  built  of  common  and 
press  brick,  and  to  cost  $20,000. 

Henry  Trames,  Delphos,  O.,  has  plans  for 
a  business  block  and  flats,  to  be  64x80  feet 
in  size,  three  stories  high,  built  of  common, 
press  and  ornamental  brick,  and  cost$25,ooo_ 

George  Horn,  Findlay,  O.,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  business  building  to  be  erected 
for  Karst,  Patterson  &  Gray,  to  be  80x120 
feet,  four  stories  high,  built  of  common  and 
pressed  brick;  cost  $15,000. 

F.  J.  Osterling,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  has  made 
plans,  wiiich  have  been  accepted,  for  a 
handsome  new  brick  and  stone  public  school 
building,  120x150  feet,  which  will  be  erected 
on  Logan,  Franklin  and  Hazel  streets,  at  a 
cost  of  $100,000. 

J.  P.  Dore,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for  a 
three-story  brick  store  and  flat  building  26x 
70  feet,  to  be  erected  at  2700  Portland  ave- 
nue, for  William  Burns,  at  a  cost  of  $8,500. 

M.  A.  Bell,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for  a 
two-story  and  basement  dwelling,  22x68  feet, 
to  be  erected  for  Martha  R.  Hallam  at  1248 
Washington  boulevard,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000. 

A.  Bessler,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
three  two-story  and  cellar  brick  flat  build- 
ings, 63x46  feet,  to  be  erected  for  Eugene 
Geissler  at  71 1-15  Wood  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$14,000. 

J.  L.  Merriam,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  two  three-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
44x47  feet,  to  be  erected  for  H.  Hughes  at 
234-6  West  Monroe  street,  at  a  cost  of 
$10,000. 


German  chemists  have  discovered  in  the 
cocoanut  a  fatty  substitute  for  butter,  and 
this  new  product  has  begun  to  be  manufac- 
tured on  a  large  scale. 

The  night  air  is  not  necessarily  bad  unless 
it  is  sung  by  a  cat,  and  prevents  sleep. — 
Women's  Journal. 


PLUMBING. 

THE  WHAT-IS-IT. 
Were  we  to  offer  a  large  prize  for  the  cor- 
rect name  of  the  object  represented  by  the 
accompanying  illustration,  to  be  sent  in  by 
the  first  ten  hundred  persons,  we  haven't 
the  slightest  idea  that  the  prize  would  have 
to  be  paid  at  all.    We  say  "correct  name" 
meaning  that  given  by  the  inventor  of  what- 
ever the  cut  represents.    Well,  whatever  the 
thing  might  be  it  cer- 
tainly is  not  what  the 
inventor  intended  it  to 
be.    It  has  been  sent 
us  as  a  trap  used  in 
some  system  of  plumb- 
I  I    ing  in  Detroit.  There 

are  traps  and  traps 
but  this  one  beats  any 
thing  of  the  kind  ever 
seen  or  heard  of. 
There  are  plumbers 
^  probably  in  almost  all 

cities,  or  at  least  peo- 
ple who  do  plumbing, 
who    resort   to  such 
things  as  traps  here 
rep  resented.  Bad 
plumbing  is  done,  but 
where  proper  regula- 
tions are  enforced  un- 
der competent  inspect- 
ors, such  work  cannot 
long'  endure.     It  is 
discovered  and  the  author  is  made  known. 
It  is  unfortunate  that  Detroit  has  not  such 
regulations  and  inspection.    In  the  absence 
of  these,  tin  smiths,  hardware  men,  and  all 
who  so  desire  can  go  about  seeking  whom 
they  may  impose  their  skin  plumbing  upon. 
We  know  there  are  enough  good,  compe- 
tent and  honest  plumbers  in  Detroit  to  bring 
about  a  different  and  far  better  result.  A 
good  organization  with  the  pluck  and  ag- 
gressiveness of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumb- 
ers would  soon  make  tin-smiths  and  charla- 
tans tired  in  their  pretended  plumbing  ex- 
ploits and  trap  ventures.    The  result  would 
be  of  great  importance  to  the  honest  and 
capable  plumbers  of  Detroit  and  of  much 
value  to  the  people  who  are  now  at  the 
mercy  of  almost  any  one  who  chooses  to 
hang  out  a  plumber's  sign. 

MASTER  PLUMBERS. 
The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  St. 
Louis  at  their  recent  meeting  at  No,  1306 
Olive  street  elected  officers  for  the  ensuing 
year  and  transacted  other  business,  such  as 
came  before  that  body.  The  new  officers 
elected  are  as  follows:  President,  Frederick 
Ate  ;  first  vice-president,  Joseph  P.  Gal- 
lagher; second  vice-president,  John  Arnold; 
recording  secretary,  P.  H.  Callahan;  financial 
secretary,  J.  A.  Wilke;  corresponding  secre- 
tary, 1).  W.  Fletcher;  treasurer,  James  Lan- 
caster; sergeant-at-arms,  Martin  Taffe.  The 
auditing  committee  consists  of  the  following 
named  gentlemen:  David  Roden,  H.  M. 
I  Snyder  and  William  Morris. 


The  public  installation  of  the  officers  of 
the  organization  will  take  place  on  Tuesday, 
February  4,  and  the  ceremony  will  be  fol- 
lowed by  a  banquet  in  honor  of  the  newly- 
elected  officers.  The  committee  appointed 
to  make  the  necessary  preparations  for  the 
banquet  consists  of  Messrs.  D.  J.  Collins. 
Jeremiah  Sheehan  and  P.  H.  Callahan.  The 
affair  will  doubtless  prove  an  enjoyable  one, 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
R.  A.  Nance,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  has  the 
contract  for  plumbing  work  in  Isabella 
Levy's  new  building  at  Sutter  and  Taylor 
streets. 

A.  C.  Hickey,  75  South  Clinton  street,  is 
engaged  in  overhauling  the  plumbing  work 
and  putting  new  fixtures  in  the  residence  of 
William  McGregor,  at  6g2  West  Monroe 
street.  Mr.  Hickey  is  making  a  set  of  gas 
signs  for  Wolff's  clothing  house,  at  Madison 
and  Halsted  streets.  There  will  be  434  gas 
tips  in  the  letters  forming  the  sign,  "\'isit 
our  shoe  dep't."  Job  work  is  reported  as 
good  and  several  small  contracts  are  under 
way. 

David  Whiteford,  346  West  Randolph 
street,  is  finishing  up  a  big  plumbing  job  of 
twenty-six  flats  and  one  residence,  fourteen 
houses,  for  Charles  Steinbrecher,  at  Superior 
street  and  Western  avenue.  His  work  in- 
cluded plumbing,  gas-fitting  and  running  in 
six  inch  iron  sewer  pipe  to  the  front  of  the 
buildings.  Mr.  Whiteford  has  just  finished 
the  sanitary  plumbing  work  on  a  block  of 
six  very  fine  dwellings  at  Robey  street  and 
Warren  avenue  for  Mr.  Oswald,  by  S.  \'. 
Shipman,  architect. 

□  W.  S.  Verity,  229  West  Randolph  street, 
has  finished  the  plumbing  work  on  the 
Moody  Training  School,  on  Pearson  street, 
and  is  now  working  on  three  three-story  flat 
buildings  for  John  Spry,  at  116-20  South 
Sangamon  street.  He  has  just  begun  finish- 
ing up  a  three  flat  building  at  California 
avenue  and  Adams  street  for  John  Coombs, 
and  a  two  flat  building  for  J.  G.  Jones  &  Co., 
at  921  Warren  avenue. 

A  large  day  job  of  plumbing  has  been  re- 
ceived by  Whealen  Bros.,  of  58  West 
Twenty-Fourth  street.  New  York  city.  The 
limit  is  $21,000.  It  is  a  bachelor  apartment 
house  in  course  of  erection  at  Thirtieth 
street  and  Eighth  avenue,  which  is  to  cost 
$250,000.  The  feature  is  the  plumbing  work; 
it  will  be  all  brass,  with  forty  baths  and 
forty-five  closets. 

P.  Sanders,  505  State  street,  has  the  con- 
tract for  plumbing  work  in  the  new  Erring 
Woman's  Home,  at  Fifty-first  street  and 
Indiana  avenue.  He  is  finishing  the  work 
on  two  stone  dwellings  for  Mrs.  Snowdell, 
at  Thirty-seventh  court  and  Wabash  avenue. 
He  has  just  finished  up  two  stone  flat  build- 
ings for  Charles  Burdick,  on  X'ernon  ave- 
nue near  Twenty-ninth  street,  and  is  work- 
ing on  the  extensive  sewerage  and  i)lumb- 
ing  contract  on  the  park  barn  in  Garfield 
park. 


Feb.  1,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


477 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

El  Paso,  Tex.:  Bonds  to  the  amount  of 
§30,000  are  advertised  for  sale,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  public  school  buildings.  

Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Timothy  Gallagher  will 
build  thirty-one  two  story  dwellings  on  Free 
and  Daby  streets,  near  Ninth.  Also,  three 
dwellings  on  Ninth  street.  T.  W.  Swaltz, 
will  build  thirty-two  two  story  dwellings  on 
Mascher  street,  near  Cambria.  J.  I.  Mc- 
Duffee  will  build  thirty-four  three  story 
dwellings,  15x45  feet,  on  Erie  avenue  near 
Broad  street.  Hugh  McNeill  will  build 
eight  three  story  dwellings,  17x45  feet,  on 
West  Passyunk  avenue,  near  Mifflin  street. 

 St.  Louis,  Mo.:.W.  H.  Thompson  will 

erect  a  seven  story  brick  store  building,  43 
xii5feet,  on  Eighth  street,  between  Lucas 
and  Washington  avenues,  at  a  cost  of  $60,- 
000.  The  LInion  Depot  Railway  Company 
will  erect  a  one  story  powerhouse  at  Easton 
and  Ewing  avenues,  to  cost  gi 3,000.  James 
A.  Duffy  will  erect  a  two  story  brick  store 
and  flat  building,  77x44  feet,  at  Easton  and 
Ewing  avenues,  to  cost  $10,000.  Meyer 
Bannerman  &  Co.  will  erect  a  seven  story 
brick  store  building,  30x66  feet,  at  Lucas 
avenue  and  Sixth  street,  to  cost  $22,000. 
James  Taussig  will  erect  a  two  story  brick 
dwelling  on  Washington  avenue  between 
Grand  avenue  and  Cabanne  street,  to  cost 

$14,000.  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Maryland 

Screw  Company  will  erect  a  larpe  factory, 
65x100  feet,  at  Olive  street  and  Guilford 
avenue.  Mr.  McCormack,of  the  New  York 
Confectionery  Company,  will  erect  a  four 
story  brick  warehouse,  20x105  feet  on  North 
Howard  street,  at  a  cost  of  about  §15,000. 

 Cincinnati,  O.:    The  Union  Distilling 

Company  will  build  an  addition,  30x90  feet, 

to  its  warehouse.  Washington,  D.  C: 

Mrs.  Letitia  Chandler  will  erect  a  handsome 
stone  residence,  53x90  feet,  at  Sixteenth  and 
K  streets.  Danbury,  Conn.:  B.  C.  Sher- 
wood will  erect  a  three  story  frame  business 

block     and     tenement,    125x40  feet.  

Lowell,  Mass.:  The  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  large  building.  C.  I.  Hood 
will  erect  a  five  story  brick  block,  60x90,  to 
be  used  for  stores  and  lodge  rooms.  Work 
on  the  new  post-office  building  will  begin  at 
once.    C.  J.  Glidden  will  erect  a  brick  block. 

■  During  1889  the  total  value  of  buildings 

erected  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  was  a  little 
over  $13,000,000;  Denver,  Colo.,  over  $12,- 
000,000;  Seattle,  Wash.,  $13,547,979  and  in- 
cluding the  work  done  in  the  burned  dis- 
trict, §15,179,079.  The  number  of  buildings 
erected  was  3,465.  In  Tacoma,  Wash.,  1,367 
new  buildings  were  erected  at  a  cost  of  §6,- 
000,000.  This  includes  3,049  feet  of  brick 
business  blocks.  In  Spokane,  Wash.,  the 
amount    expended    was  §5,200,000;  Los 

Angeles,    Cal.,  §4,134,459.  Middletown, 

Conn.:  There  is  talk  of  building  a  new 
bridge  between  Middletown  and  Portland, 
Conn.  It  would  be  1,170  feet  long.  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.:  The  project  for  bridging  the 


Delaware  river  from  this  city  to  the  Camden 
shore,  made  its  appearance  in  the  United 
States  Senate  last  week,  when  a  bill  was  in- 
troduced to  incorporate  the  Philadelphia 
and  Camden  Bridge  Company.  The  bill 
bears  the  names  of  James  Pollock,  Thomas 
S.  Speakman,  Simon  Cameron,  W.  Allen 
and  J.  B.  Hodgkms  as  incorporators.  The 
capital  stock  is  §2,000,000,  with  privilege  to 
increase  to  §4,000,000.  The  bridge  is  to  be 
on  a  site  to  be  selected  by  a  majority  of  the 

incorporators.  New    York  City.:  The 

Harlem,  Mott  Haven  and  Morris  avenue 
Railroad  Company  was  incorporated  Jan- 
uary 21,  with  a  capital  stock  of  §1,000,000. 
 Youngstown,  O.:  Work  will  be  com- 
menced  at    once  constructing    the  new 

Electric  Street  Railroad  in  this  city.  New 

York  City.:  The  East  River,  Central  Park 
and  North  River  Railroad  Company  has 
asked  the  Board  of  Aldermen  for  permis- 
sion to  build  a  railroad  from  the  East  River 
by  way  of  East  Sixty-first  street,  avenue  A, 
Eighty-fourth  street,  Eighty-fifth  street  and 
through  the  Eighty-sixth  street  transverse 
road  in  Central  Park  and  West  Eighty-sixth 
street  to  Ninth  avenue,  to  Seventy-nmth 
street  and  the  North  River.  The  president 
of  the  new  company  is  A.  S.  Baldwin,  and 
the  articles  of  incorporation  were  filed  Jan- 
uary 21.  The  petition  was  referred  to  the 
Railroad  Committee,  and  it  will  give  a  hear- 
ing in  the  Common  Council  chamber  at  i 

p.  m.  on  March  5.  Helena,  Mort.:  A§30,- 

000  church  will  be  built.  Jersey  City,  N. 

J.:  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company 
will  erect  a  round-house  323  feet  in  diameter 
with  accommodations  for  forty-five  engines. 

 Newport.  Ky.:  A  §30,000  school  house 

will  be  built.  Pottstown,  Pa.:    A  four 

story  stone  refrigerator  building,  41x100 
feet,  is  to  be  erected  by  W.  H.  Young  & 

Co.,  to  cost  between  §15,000  and  §20,000.  

Texarkana,  Ark.:  A  §14,000  church  is  to  be 

erected.   Address  the  Rev.  D.  O'Dwyer.  

Athol,  Mass.;  A  §40,000  school  house  will  be 

erected.  Belie  Centre,  O.:    A  §16,000 

school  house  is  to  be  erected.  Belleville, 

Kas.;  A  §75,000  college  building  is  to  be 

erected.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  The  Erie  County 

Savings  Bank  will  erect  an  eight  or  ten 
story  stone,  brick  and  iron  fire  proof  build- 
ing at  Main  and  Niagara  streets,  to  cost 

§750,000.  Elkhart,  Ind.:  A  §10,000  church 

will  be  erected.    Address  Mrs.  J.  D.  Gillet. 

 Houston,  Tex.:  Giles  &  Guindon  will 

erect  a  §20,000  store  building.  W.  B.  Wright 
will  erect  a  §30,000  store  building.  Lan- 
caster, Pa.:  A  block  of  six  three  story  brick 
houses  is  to  be  erected  by  Myers  &  Rath- 

bon,  to  cost  §15,000.  Piedmont,  Ala,:  A 

§15,000  office  building  will  be  erected.  A 
building  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  §75,000. 

 Rockford,  111.:  A  church  to  cost  §100,000 

will  be  erected.    Address  John  Barnes.  

Harrisburg,  Pa.:  A  charter  has  been  granted 
the  Bryn  Mawr  Hotel  Company,  with  §300,- 
000  capital.  Washington,  D.  C:  The  con- 
gregation of  St.  Mary's  German  Catholic 
Church,  has  decided  to  erect  a  handsome 
church  edifice,  to  cost  about  §60,000.  


Long  Branch,  N.  J.:  About  $150,000  will  be 
spent  in  street  paving.    A  new  Lutheran 

Church  will  be  erected.  Morganza,  Pa.: 

A  two  story  brick  hospital,  to  cost  §ro,ooo, 
will  be  erected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Reform 
.School.  Moxham,  Pa.:  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  and  school  will  be  erected.  

Irwin,  Pa.:  The  Keystone  Paper  Bag  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  three  story  factory,  80x100 

feet.  Mansfield,   Pa.:     The  Panhandle 

road  will  expend  §100,000  building  new 

shops.  Wilkinsburg,  Pa.:  A  new  school 

building  will  be  erected.  Beaver  Falls, 

Pa.:  R.  A.  Boles  &  Co.  will  build  a  grist 

mill.  Jeannette,  Pa.:    A  §30,000  school 

building  will  be  erected.  Williamsport, 

Pa.:  A  new  school  building  will  be  erected. 

 Coatesville,  Pa.:  A  new  Presbyterian 

Church  will  be  erected,  at  a  cost  of  §20,000. 

 Greensburg,   Pa.:    John  .Sandles  will 

erect  a  three  story  business  block.  .Steu- 

benville,  O.:  The  Steubenville  Pottery  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  new  pottery.  Fostoria, 

O.:  J.  M.  Cauley  and  Andrew  Emerine  will 

erect  a  large  business  block.  Ada,  O.:  A 

§12,000  Presbyterian  Church  is  to  be  erected. 

 Toledo,  O.:  The  Drasonan  Club  will 

build  a  four  story  club  house  in  the  spring. 
The  Knights  of  Pythias  will  put  up  a  hall  to 
cost  §30,000.  I.  D.  Smead  &  Co.  will  build 
a  large  foundry.  The  Cheney  Medicine 
Company  will  erect  a  four  story  brick  busi- 
ness block.  Lima,  O.:   The  Shenck  & 

Lang  Milling  Company  will  erect  a  §75,000 
mill.    Henry  J.  Lawlor  will  erect  a  $25,000 

building.  Somerville,  N.  J.:  A  new  depot 

will  be  built  by  the  Central  Railroad  of  New 

Jersey.  Moorestown,  N.  J.:    Samuel  S. 

Dager  will  erect  a  large  hotel.  Mount 

Holly,  N.  J.:  A  large  shoe  manufactory  is 

to  be  established.  Winslow,  N.  J.:  A  large 

hotel  will  be  erected.  Huntingdon,  Pa.: 

B.  F.  Isenberg  is  interested  in  the  erection 

of  a  bag  factory  and  paper  mill.  Denver, 

Pa.:  A  Reformed  Lutheran  Church  build- 
ing will  be  erected.  Pottsville,  Pa.,  wants 

a  government  building.  West  Chester, 

Pa.:  An  annex  will  be  built  to  the  court 

house,  at  a  cost  of  §100,000.  Pittsburg, 

Pa.:  The  Eighteenth  Regiment  Infantry, 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  will  build  an 
armory. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

New  York  city:  The  Anglo-American 
Electric  Light  Company  has  purchased  a 
factory  and  plant  at  New  Britain,  Conn.,  and 
will  soon  commence  the   manufacture  of 

storage  batteries.  Randolph,  Mass.:  The 

Randolph  Electric  Light  Company  will 
erect  a  new  electric  light  station  to  contain 

fifty  arc  and  650  incandescent  lights.  

Barnesville,  W.  Va.:  The  Barnesville  Gas 
and  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated, with  a  capital  of  §40,000.  

Ottumwa,  la.,  is  to  be  lighted  by  electricity 

at  an   early  date.  Scottdale,  Pa.:  The 

Scottdale  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 

organized,  with  §12,000  capital.  Catasau- 

qua.  Pa.:  The  Catasauqua  Electric  Light 
Company  will  soon  erect  a  plant,  to  cost 


478 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  313 


about  $30,000.  Chester,   111.:    The  city 

council  has  refused  to  entertain  a  propos'" 
tion  of  St.  Louis  parties  to  light  the  city  with 

electricity  at  S>i,500  per  year.  Portland, 

Ore.,  is  to  be  lighted  by  electricity  for  the 
first  time,  The  current  is  to  be  carried 
twelve  miles  before  being  distributed,  for 
which  purpose  a  machine  has  been  especi- 
ally constructed,  capable  of  producing  4,000 

volts.  Incandescent   electric  lights  are 

being  introduced  at  Bridgeton,  N.  J.— 
Yreka,  Cal.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  con- 
templated. The    Media,    Pa.,  Electric 

Light  Company  will  at  once  extend  its  line 

to  Moylan  and  Wallingford.  Beverly,  N. 

J.:  The  Edison  Company  will  erect  an  elec- 
tric light  plant. — Calais,  Me.:  The  St.  Croix 
Gas  Light  Company  will  add  an  incandes- 
cent system  to  its  elertric  light  plant.  

Atlanta,  Ga.:  The  Southern  Light  and  Fuel 
Gas  Company  has  been  incorporated  by  W. 
B.  Miles,  J.  R.  Gambling  and  others.  The 

capital  stock  is  $100,000.  Lapelle,  Ind.: 

A  new  gas  well  of  considerable  size  has  been 
struck. — — Arroyo  Grande,  Cal.:  An  import- 
ant natural  gas  discovery  has  been  made  on 
the  Tar  Spring  Ranch,  a  few  miles  east  of 
this  town.  The  gas  escapes  through  fissures 
in  the  ground  and  can  easily  be  piped  to 

this  town.  Meadville,  Pa.:    The  People's 

Incandescent  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated, with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000. 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.:  The  Frankford  Ave- 
nue Merchants'  Electric  Company  is  con- 
templating increasing  the  capital  stock  to 

$200,000.  Elizabethtown,  Ky.:  An  electric 

light  plant  is  contemplated   at  this  place. 

H.  A.  Somers  is  interested.  New  Berne, 

N.  C:  The  New  Berne  Electric  Light  and 
Power  Company  has    been  incorporated 

with  $75,000  capital.  Radford,  Va.:  The 

Central  City  Electric  Light  Comyany  has 

been  incorporated.  Grafton,  W.  Va.:  The 

Hon.  A.  R.  Campbell  has  submitted  a  prop- 
osition to  light  the  town  by  electricity.  

West  Troy,  N.  Y.:  The  West  Troy  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated,  with  $75,000  capital.  Wichita 

Falls,  Tex.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  con- 
templated at  this  place.  Milford,  Mass.: 

The  Milford  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  contemplates  adding  a  1,000  volt 
alternating  dynamo  to  its  plant  for  long  dis- 
tance lighting.  Wellsburg,  W.  Va.:  The 

Wellsburg  Electric  Light,  Heat  and  Power 
Company  has  been  incorporated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supplying  light  and  heat  to  the  city. 

 Oswego,  N,  v.:    The  Oswego  Electric 

Light  Company  will  erect  a  plant  which  will 
have  a  capacity  of  200  arc  and  2,700  incan- 
descent lights,  alternating  current.  Al- 
bany, N.Y.:  The  Antwerp  Electric  Light 
Company  has  been  incorijorated  by  the 
Hon.  E.  B.   Buckley,   John   D.   Ellis  and 

others,  with  $12,000   capital.  Hamburg 

N.  Y.:  The  Hamburg  Water  and  Electric 
Company  will  increase  its  capital  stock  from 
$12,000  to- $50,000. — --Westchester,  Mass.: 
The  Westchester  Electric  Company  has 
been  organized,  with  $50,000  capital,  forgen- 
erating  and  distributing  electricity  for  light 


and  power  purposes.  Boston,  Mass.:  The 

Walworth  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
been  granted  permission  to  either  lay  or 

erect  wires  through  the  city.  New  York 

City:  In  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  the 
suit  of  the  Brush-Swan  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany, of  New  England  vs.  The  Brush  Elec- 
tric Company,  of  New  York,  involving  the 
exclusive  right  to  sell  and  use  the  Brush 
electric  lighting  system  in  New  England 
and  certain  other  territories,  has  been  de- 
cided in  favor  of  the  plaintiff,  and  an  injunc- 
tion and  accounting  ordered.  Indiana- 
polis, Ind.:  The  Jenney  Electric  Motor  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  by  Charles  D. 
and  Edwin  E.  Jenney,  Addison  Bybee  and 
Julius  F.  Pratt.  The  capital  stock  is  $35,000. 

 The  Suffolk,  W.  Va.,  Electric  Light  and 

Power  Company  has  been  formed.  Mc- 

Minnville,  Tenn.:  An  electric  light  company 
has  been  formed,  with  W.  P.  Faulkner  as 

president  and  Jesse  Walling,  secretary.  

Louisville,  Ky.:  John  C.  Lewis  will  purchase 
an  electric  light  plant  and  elevators  fpr  his 
$200,000  building.  Address  C.  A.  Curtin, 
architect. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
At  El  Paso,  Tex.,  the  city  council  has 
passed  an  ordinance  authorizing  the  issu- 
ance of    $75,000  water-works  bonds.  

Laramie,  Wyo.:  A  system  of  water-works  is 
to  be  established.  Albany,  Ga.:  Water- 
works will  be  established  at  this  place.  

Helena,  Kas.,  wants  a  system  of  water-works. 

 Plainfield,  N.  J.,  has  given  a  franchise 

to  a  private  corporation  to  build  water- 
works, but  has  retained  Rudolph  Hering,  of 
New  York,  as  consulting  engineer  for  the 

city,  to  look  after  its  interests.  Newton, 

Mass.:  About  700  acres  of  land  have  been 
taken  in  Needham  and  100  in  Newton,  on 
the  south  and  north  sides  of  Charles  river, 
for  an  increased  supply  of  water.  Frost- 
burg,  Md.:  A  bill  has  been  adopted  by  the 
Mayor  and  Council  to  be  presented  to  the 
legislature  for  passage,  authorizing  this 
place  to  issue  $40,000  in  bonds  for  the  con- 
struction of  water-works.  If  the  bill  is 
passed,  the  people  will  vote  on  the  question 

in  April.  Columbus,  Ga.:  Improvements 

are  to  be  made  in  the  waterworks  at  this 

place.  Morrison,    111.:    Bonds    to  the 

amount  of  $6,000  will  be  issued  for  the  pur- 
pose of  building  an  additional  reservoir  for 

the   city  water-works.  The  Davenport, 

la.,  Water  Company  will  extend  its  supply 
pioe  to  the  channel  of  the  river  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $10,000.'  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  has 

voted  against  issuing  $260,000  bonds  for  a 

water  supply  system.  Colden,  N.  Y,:  The 

water-works  question  is  being  agitated  at 
this  place.  At  Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  a  syndi- 
cate has  proposed  to  purchase  the  water- 
works for  $500,000,  and  promises  to  spend  a 
like  sum  on  improvements  for  a  larger  and 
purer  supply  of  water.— — Vinton,  la.:  Ar- 
rangements have  been  made  to  supply  this 
place  and  the  land  belonging  to  the  Glade 
Company,  with  a  first-class  system  of  water- 
works. Dublin,  Tex.:  There  is  talk  of 


organizing  a  company  to  build  water-works 

and  put  up  an  electric  light  plant.  Osage 

City,  Kas.:  A  system  of  water-works  will  be 
erected  by  a  company,  providing  a  source 

of  supply  can  be  found.  The  Anniston, 

Ala.,  Water-works  Company  will  probably 

extend  a  main  to  Oxford.  The  Shelby- 

ville,  Ind.,  water-works  plant  has  been  sold 
to  Walter  Stanton,  of  New  York,  for  $61,250. 
 About  S8,ooo  will  be  expended  in  ex- 
tending the  six-inch  pipes  from  the  Denver, 
Colo.,  Water  Company's  mains  to  the  Arling- 
ton Park  land  addition.  Babylon,  N.  Y.: 

An  effort  is  being  made  to  form  a  company 
for  the  construction  of  water-works  and  a 
sewerage  system.  Wapakoneta,  O.:  East- 
em  parties  are  contemplating  the  building 

of  water-works  at  this  place.  Atkinson, 

Neb.,  has  voted  to  issue  $7,000  of  bonds  for 
the  construction  of  water-works.  Address 

C.  H.  Walrath,  town  clerk.  Mansfield, 

Tex.:  G.  A.  Graves  would  like  to  correspond 
with  contractors  relative  to  the  building  of 

a  small  water- works  system.  Rome,  Ga.: 

The  Georgia  Power  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated by  F.  C.  Hand  and  W.  H.  Adkins 
to  develop  water  power,  operate  machinery, 
etc.    The  capital  stock  will  not  be  less  than 

$25,000  nor  more  than  $500,000.  Sanders- 

ville,  Ga,:  The  question  of  water-works  con- 
struction is  receiving  considerable  attention. 

 Donaldsonville,  La.,  proposes  to  soon 

put  in  a  system  of  water-works.  Platts- 

ville,  Ont  :  Three  large  wells  will  be  drilled 
as  soon  as  spring  opens.    Address  Robert 

Baird.  Washington,  Ind.:  The  Ohio  & 

Mississippi  Railroad  Company  will  estab- 
lish a  private  water-works  system.  San 

Diego,  Cal.:  Bonds  to  the  amount  of  $3,000,- 
000  have  been  placed  by  the  Mount  Tecarte 
Water  Company.  Work  will  now  be  pushed 
on  a  system  of  water  storage  and  distribu- 
tion. Coshocton,  O.:  A  bill  has  been  in- 
troduced in  the  legislature  providing  for 
the  construction  of  a  $100,000  system  of 

water-works    for  this    place.  Amherst 

N.  S.,  is  in  need  of  a  good  water- 
works system.  A  stock  company  with  a 

capital  of  $50,000  will  put  in  a  system  of 

water-works  at  Lancaster,   N.  H.  The 

village  of  Cote  St.  Paul,  P.  Q.,  has  about 
2,000  population,  and  it  is  expected  that  the 
new  Council  Committee  will  take  action 
upon  the  question  of  putting  in  water- 
works at  once. — —Plans  will  be  made 
for  an  improved  system  of  water-works 
at  Muskegon,  Mich.,  the  supply  to  be  taken 

from  a  crib  in    Lake   Michigan.  The 

Board  of  Water  Commissioners  of  Norfolk, 
Va.,  ask  for  an  appropriation  of  $60,000  for 
a  new  10,000,000  gallon  pump,  securing  ad- 
ditional boiler  capacity  and  other  nccdfu 
improvements  to  the  water-works. 


The  government  has  issued  regulations  to 
keep  leprosy  out  of  the  United  States,  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  this  deadly  contagious 
disease  is  prevalent  in  several  countries 
with  which  we  have  constant  commercial 
intercourse. 


Feb.  1,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


479 


sioner's  office,  280  Broadway,  New  York.  

Proposals  for  the  materials  and  construction 
of  the  new  criminal  court  building  in  the 
city  of  New  York  will  be  received  until 
Februrary  12,  by  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Sinkinf^  Fund  at  the  office  of  Comptroller, 

14  and  15  Stewart  Building.  Proposals 

will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Light 
House  Board,  Washinton,  D.C., until  July  i, 
for  the  design,  specifications,  complete  con- 
struction and  equipment,  and  temporary 
maintenance  of  a  ligh-tower  on  Diamond 
Shoal,  of¥  Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina. 
The  total  cost  of  the  light  station  shall  not 

exceed  $500.000.  Sealed  proposals  for 

erecting  a  steam  and  water  distributing 
plant  in  the  building  of  the  United  States 
Fish  Hatchery,  Put-in-Bay,  Lake  Erie,  will 
be  received  at  the  office  of  the  United  State 
Commissioner  of  fish  and  fisheries,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  up  to  noon  February  10. 
Specifications,  plans,  etc.,  can  be  seen  at 
the  office  of  Henry  Douglass,  State  Fish 
Hatchery,  Sandusky,  O.;  Geo.  D.  Mussey; 
Secretary  State  Fish  Commission,  Detroit, 
Mich.;  Edward  E.  Schwabe,  Beckman build- 
ing, 204  Superior  street,  Cleveland,  and 
George  E.  David,  United  States  Fish  Com- 
mission, Put-in-Bay,  Lake  Erie.  Hobo- 
ken,  N.  J.:  Proposals  for  putting  in  a  system 
of  indirect  heating,  with  ventilation  for  the 
proposed  new  three  story  school  building. 

Address  Beyer  &  McCann,  architects.  

Proposals  are  wanted  until  Feb.  10  for  the 
construction  of  an  iion  bridge  over  Rocky 
Creek,  near  Houston,  Tex.  Address  John 
Buchanan,    Clerk   County   Court,  Lavaca 

County,  Tex.  Cincinnati,  O.:  Thomas  G. 

Smith, president  of  the 
Board  of  Public  "fe 
Affairs,  opens  bids  — 
Feb.  19,  for  grading, 
setting  curbs  cross- 
ings,flagging  and  pav- 
ing gutters,  macadam- 
izing aud  constJucting 
drains,   culverts  and 

retaining  walls.  

Asheburnham,  Mass.: 
W.  B.  Richardson, 
57  Main  street,  opens 
bids  Feb,  15  for  the 
erection  of  the  Stev- 
ens Library  Building. 

 Albany,    N.  Y.; 

The  prison  site  com- 
mission have  selected 
a  site  at  Esapus,  Ul- 
ster County,  N.  Y.,  for 
he  new  State  Prison 
Bids  will  be  invited 
later.  T.  G.  Perry  is 
the  architect  and  the 
estimated  cost  of  the 
worth  under  his  plan 
is  $880,000. 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  S|)ecifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Eurojjc  and 
America,  and  bringing  them  witiiin  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
indigestion,  ,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  /las  ruined 
jnore  stomachs  thati  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada, sole  proprietors. 


THE  ACME  HEATER. 
The  Acme  Gasoline  Instantaneous  Water 
Heater,  is  an  appliance  for  supplying  the 
bath  with  hot  water  any  time  of  the  day  or 
night,  using  vaporized  gasoline  for  its  fuel. 

The  method  of  heating  the  water  and  the 
general  construction  of  this  heater,  is  some- 
what similar  to  the  well-known  Douglas 
Instantaneous  Gas  Water  Heater,  which  is 
manufactured  by  the  Instantaneous  Water 
Heating  Company,  of  210  Illinois  street, 
Chicago,  who  are  also  the  sole  owners  and 
manufacturers  of  the  Acme  Heater. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y.:  It  has  been  decided 
to  expend  $50,000  in  the  construction  of  lat- 
eral sewers.  Waukesha,  Wis.:  The  sewer 

proposition  will  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of 

the  people,  Feb.  3.  Quincy,  Mass.:  The 

sewerage  report  accepted  for  this  city  will 
cost  $395,000.  It  embraces  thirty-one  miles 
of  mains,  and  the  annual  expense  of  main- 
tenance will  be  about  $10,000.  Atlantic, 

Mass.:  Engineer  Blake  has  placed  before 
the  city  council  plans  and  estimates  for  the 
complete  drainage  of  this  section.  Three 
different  methods  were  at  the  option  of  the 
city.  The  plan  adopted  is  for  a  local  gravity 
system,  to  be  elevated  by  a  pumping  station, 
and  disposed  of  into  the  main  sewer,  and 
will  cost  $72,000,  and  $2,500  to  $3,000  per 
annum  to  maintain.  Canton,  O.,  will  ex- 
pend $100,000  on  storm-water  sewers  this 

spring.  Revere,  Mass.:  The  officials  of 

this  place  have  voted  to  petition  the  legisla- 
ture for  authority  to  establish  and  maintain 
a  system  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal 
for  the  town  of  Revere,  and  a  committee  has 
been  appointed  to  present  the  petition.  For 
particulars,  address  F.  L.  Fuller,  civil  engi- 
neer, Boston,  Mass.  Kearny,  N.  J.:  Sew- 
ers, to  cost  $25,000  are  contemplated  for  this 
place.  Surveyor  Young  can  furnish  inform- 
ation. Brockton,  Mass.:   The  Board  of 

Health  is  urging  the  adoption  of  a  sewerage 

system.  Denison,  O.,  is  to  have  a  system 

of  sewerage.  At  Atlanta,  Ga.,  it  is  pro- 
posed to  issue  $20,000  of  bonds  for  paving 
and  sewering  the  streets  and  for  public 
parks,  in  addition  to  the  assessment  of  $500,- 

000  for  that  purpose.  Gloucester,  Mass.: 

The  plans  for  a  system  of  sewerage  for  this 
place  have  been  completed  by  C.  E.  Bow- 
ditch,  C.  E.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  will  vote 

upon  the  question  of  a  sewerage  system.  It 
will  be  submitted  in  three  propositions:  An 
interior  system,  storm-water  drains,  and  an 

outfall  sewer  by  the  Ballena  route.  Plans 

for  a  system  of  sewers  at  Rochester,  Minn., 

have  been  adopted.  City  Engineer  C.  A. 

Allen  is  preparing  plans  and  estimates  for  a 
sewerage  system  for  Westboro,  Mass. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Greenville,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
February  13,  for  the  erection  of  a  brick 
school  building  at  this  place.    Address  W. 
J.  Brack,  Clerk  of  the  Board  of  Education. 

 Stockton,  Cal.:  Bids  for  the  proposed 

school  house  were  rejected  as  being  too  high. 
Seven  bids  were  made,  ranging  in  amounts 

from  $13,430  to    $17,979.  Birmingham, 

Ala.:  City  engineer  J.  R.  Carter  will  soon 
want  bids  for  the  construction  of  the  new 

bridge  at  Twenty-first  street.  Bids  will  be 

received  until  February  15  by  J.  P.  Maxwell, 
State  engineer,  Denver,  Col.,  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  wooden  or  combination  bridge 
across  the  Bear  river  at  Thornburg  crossing 

in  Routt  county.  Bids  for  building  earth 

and  masonry  dam  on  the  Titicus  river, 
Westchester  county.  New  York,  with  gate- 
house and  appurtenances,  will  be  received 
until  February  5  at  the  Aqueduct  Commis- 


We  are  indebted  to  The  Building  Regis- 
ter, of  Washington,  D.  C,  for  a  handsomely 
bound  volume  of  the  Building  Regulation 
of  the  District  of  Columbia,  revised  and 
adopted  Nov.  i,  1889. 


THE  ACME  HEATER. 

This  heater  is  the  results  of  a  great  deal 
of  experimenting,  and  it  is  only  with  the  aid 
of  such  a  long  and  practical  experience  as 
enjoyed  by  this  company,  that  could  enable 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  313 


the  production  of  such  a  complete  appliance. 

The  appearance  of  the  heater  is  most  at- 
tractive and  will  make  an  ornament  in  the 
finest  bath  room,  while  its  usefulness  for 
heating  water  will  be  readily  understood 
when  the  inconveniences  in  not  having  hot 
water  for  bath  are  considered. 

A  large  sale  is  predicted  for  the  Acme 
and  the  trade  will  find  it  to  their  advantage 
to  further  investigate  and  become  acquainted 
with  the  merits  of  the  same,  by  calling  or 
addressing  the  company  referred  to. 


Among  the  middle  and  upper  classes  in 
Dublin  typhoid  fever  has  been  prevalent  re- 
cently, and  it  is  suggested  by  many  that  the 
oyster  is  responsible  for  the  disorder.  It  is 
claimed  that  the  oyster  has  had  a  habit  of 
satisfying  his  hunger  on  sewage  before  taken 
to  satisfy  human  appetites.  However,  there 
are  some  English  medical  journals  that  in- 
sinuate that  the  sanitary  condition  of  Dub- 
lin is  not  the  best,  and  that  the  people  and 
not  the  oyster  had  been  in  the  habit  of  feast- 
ing on  sewage.  Perhaps  some  sanitary  im- 
provements in  and  about  Dublin  would  ac- 
quit the  oyster  of  the  serious  charge  of  car- 
rying typhoid  fever  germs.  But  as  the  oys- 
ter seldom  goes  out  foraging,  an  interesting 
question  would  be  who  fed  him  the  sewage  ? 


We  are  in  receipt  of  the  initial  number  of 
the  Official  Estimating  Courier,  published 
at  113-116,  Stock  Exchange  Building,  Chi- 
cago, every  Tuesday.  The  journal  speci- 
ally appeals  to  the  capitalists,  owners,  in- 
vestors, bankers,  brokers  real  estate  dealers 
contractors,  etc.,  as  its  title  implies.  The 
paper  presents  a  handsome  and  healthful 
appearance,  and  from  a  perusal  of  the  first 
number  we  shall  judge  it  had  come  to  stay 
and  be  useful  and  helpful  to  its  constituency. 


Says  the  Augusta  (Me.)  Sanitary  Inspect- 
or: Ignorance  of  the  essentials  of  sanitary 
knowledge  is  a  fool's  paradise  of  safety. 

Prof.  Jansen,  who  is  employed  and  con- 
sulted as  a  chemist  by  the  principal  beef 
canning  establishments  in  the  United  States, 
asserts  that  American  productions  of  this 
kind,  by  their  superiority,  are  driving  those 
of  other  countries  out  of  the  market. 


The  Board  of  Trade  Journal  of  Portland 
Me.,  states  that  6,000  tons  of  terra  alba  were 
recently  imported  through  the  port  of  New 
York,  this  being  exclusively  used  for  the 
adulteration  of  candies. 


Consumption  and  inflammation  of  the 
lungs  have  caused  the  greatest  per'^entage 
of  deaths  in  Philadelphia  in  1889. 


W.  C.  ^OSBURGH  7VIF=G  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 

ELECTROLIERS. 


COM  Bl  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITTINOS. 


All  of  our  o«T3  superior  make. 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Orders  Cabefully  Filled 


NATURK'S  RKMBDIKS 


413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formolas 
•which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  pliysicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  cerUiia  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect- 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  C.\tahrh  Remedy  is  n  si  vereign  cure.  Over  1?.0  persons  liave  been  tieated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  tlie  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  an  I  blood  purifier.  The  Liveb  Ren- 
OVATOU  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  P.«N  Reliever  is  an  external  ai'plica- 
tion  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache.Ear-aclie,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  he  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  danqehous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrli.  and  thougli  you  mav  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  N.VrilRE  S  CATARRH  remedy,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  curetl. 

NEVER   BREAK  WROUGHT  STEEL 


OOK 


FOR   SALE   BY   ALL   SUPPLY  HOUSES. 


Combined  Pipe  Hooks, 
Expansion  Plates, 

And  Ring-  Plates. 
THE  BRONSON  SUPPLY  CO., 

Cleveland  and  New  York, 

ROLK  MANUFACTURERS. 

HALL  «&  NEAR,  Agents, 
New  York  Office:  51  CliH  Street 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 

A  Cullendar.  1-story  brick  foundry.  70xl2(!  ft.. 

10-14  W.  Rockwell  street  *10 

McOarry  &  Dunn,  1-story  and  basement  brick 

factory  48x84  ft.,  r)44-t)  Fifteenth  street  

C.  E,  Crinkshank,  three  2-8tory  and  cellar 

brick  flats,  ()*)x42  ft.,  14()ri-9  W.  Monroe  St.. . 
H.  C.  Thomson,  2-story  and  basement  frame 

dwelling  22x46  ft.,  1011  Fairfield  avenue   3, 


,000 
,000 
.000 
000 


Wm.  Barns,  3-story  and  basement  brick  store 
and  fiats,  2t)x70 ft.,  2700  Portland  avenue....  8,500 

Vincent  DIoughly,  2-story  brick  store  and 
factory,  34x120  ft.,  t>97.9  Laflin  street    3,000 

Henry  Plaff,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats.  22x 
72ft.,  3121  Lowe  street   4,200 

N.  Herring,  3  story  and  cellar  brick  store  and 
flats,  24x7t>  ft..  152  Willow  street   4,000 

Martha  R.  Hallam,  3-story  and  basement 
dwelling,  22xtW  ft.,  1248  Washington  boul . . .  8,000 

Charles  Kugelard.  3-story  and  basement  brick 

flats,  21x.5t)  ft..  17  Elk  (Jrove  street   3,500 

The  Caroussel  Co.,  1-storv  brick  addition, 
and  rear  addition,  100x80  ft.,  and  14x19  ft  , 

3129-35  State  street   5,000 

J.  C- Tracy,  2-story  and  basement  brick  flats, 

21x46  ft.,  1625  Carroll  avenue   8,000 


Same,  2-story  brick  store  and  flats,  23x83  ft., 

295  Springfield  avenue   6.000 

Mrs.  L.  O,  Cochran,  3-8tory  and  cellar  brick 

flats,  26x45  ft,,  248  .50  N.  Lincoln  street   4,000 

Eugene  ( Teissier,  three  2-atory  and  cellar  brick 

flats,  63x46  ft.,  711-15  Wood  slrret   14,000 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
'-'tlie  office  of  the  Custodian,  until  two  o'clock  p.  m, 
on  the  15th  day  of  February,  1890,  for  Plumbing  and 
Drainage  for  tlie  U.  8.  Court  House  and  I'ost  Office 
building  at  Madisim,  Wisconsin,  in  accordance  with 
specification  and  drawings,  copies  of  which  may  ba 
seen  at  this  office.  Each  bid  nuist  lie  Bcconipauie<l 
by  a  ceti  ified  check  for  $100.00.  The  Department  will 
reject  all  bids  rpceive<l  after  the  time  fixed  for  open- 
ing the  same;  al.so,  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly 
with  all  the  roquireraents  of  this  invitation. 

EARL  M.  ROGERS. 
January  15,  1890.  Custodian. 


Feb.  8,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


481 


The  Sanitary  News 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

?(o.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  Cliicagro. 


Thomas  Hudson  Publibher, 

A.  H.  Harrtman,  Editor. 

Henry  R.  Aixen,       ...     London  Aobnt. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  OflSce 


SUBSCRIPTION  RATES. 

The  subscription  price  of  The  Sanitary  News,  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  is  $2.00  a  year,  pay- 
able strictly  in  advance;  foreign,  12s.  6d.  a  year.  The 
number  with  wliich  the  subscription  expires  is  on  the 
Address-Label  of  each  paper,  the  change  of  which  to 
a  subsequent  number  becomes  a  receipt  for  remit- 
tance. When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  the  old 
address  should  accompany  the  new. 

ADVERTISING  RATES. 

The  advertising  rates  are  reasonable,  and  will  be 
furnished  on  application. 

"WANT"  ADVERTISEMENTS. 

Persons  so  desiring  may  hsjve  replies  to  small  ad- 
vertisements sent  to  this  office,  when  they  will  be 
promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless 
made  by  check,  express  order,  money  order,  or  regis- 
tered letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 
LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
office  of  its  London  agent,  Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50 
Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 

A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from 
the  first  issue,  are  still  left.  The  price  of  these  is  $2.00 
a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  $3.00. 
The  entire  tliirteep  voluU'^s  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  eubjectb. 


CHICAGO,  FEB.  8,  i8go. 


Health,  no  less  than  the  convenience 
facilities,  and  comfort  of  transportation,  de- 
mands clean  and  properly  constructed 
streets  and  alleys.  The  material  best  suited 
for  paving  streets  is  a  subject  of  different 
opinions  and  varies  with  the  purposes  for 
which  the  streets  are  constructed,  but  there 
is  no  difference  of  opinion  regarding  the 
cleanliness  and  solidity  of  them.  Their  con- 
struction and  continued  repairs  are  burdens 
that  have  to  be  borne.  There  is  no  alterna- 
tive, and  cheap  methods  in  this  regard  is 
false  economy.  In  all  large  cities  the  cus- 
tom prevails  of  maintaining  certain  streets 
in  excellent  condition  while  others  are  neg- 
lected till  they  become  filled  with  filth 
and  almost  impassable.  It  will  also  be 
noticed  that  our  best  streets  are  given  to 
the  leisure  pursuit  of  pleasure  and  not  to  the 
necessities  of  traffic.  If  there  is  any  such 
thing  as  a  necessary  evil  it  is  the  alley.  It 
is  made  so  by  neglect  and  indifference  and 
not  by  the  possibilities  of  the  construction 
or  condition  of  use.  The  alleys  are  a  kind 
of  back  yard  of  the  city  where  tidiness  ends, 
where  front  show  and  cleanliness  cease  and 
rubbish  and  disorder  begin.  Many  of  them 
are  constructed  so  low  that  they  form  a  pool 
of  water  when  rain  falls,  while  others  are  so 
high  that  back  lots  are  flooded.  Aside  from 
all  other  conditions  sanitation  demands 
cleanliness  throughout  and  such  a  construc- 
tion of  these  highways  and  byways  that  they 
shall  be  contributors  to  health  and  not  en- 
couragements to  disease. 


Contents  This  Wkek. 

Current  Topics  -------  480 

The  Chicago  Sanitary  District      -      -      -  480 

Danger  in  Water-Gas      -      ...      -  480 

Apparent  Failure  of  the  Soil  to  Filter  Water  480 

When  to  Stop  Epidemics      .      -      -      .  480 

Modern  Sanitary  Conditions  -     -     .     -  480 

Prevention  of  Smoke      -----  480 

Sanitarj'  Arrangements     .      -      -      .      -  480 

Elevator  Accidents    ------  480 

Damp-Proof  Houses  ------  480 

Danger  of  Hawkers    ------  480 

Reviews  and  Notes    ------  480 

BoiLDiNa— 

Deserving  Careful  Consideration    -      .  480 

Brick  the  Best  Building  Material     .      -  480 

The  Life  of  Corrugated  Iron    -      -      .  480 

Notes  from  Architects  -  -  .  -  480 
Plumbing— 

St.  Paul  Master  Plumbers      ...  480 

Plumbing  in  Detroit   -----  480 

Among  the  Plumbers  -----  480 
Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  ...  480 

Heating  and  Lighting        ....  480 

Sewerage  Notes  .....  480 

Water-Works  Notes   480 

Bids  and  Contracts     ....      -  480 

Building  Permits   4«0 


made  outside  of  it?  The  presumption  is  in 
favor  of  the  plumber  and  this  natural  sup- 
position is  the  safest  to  follow.  Who  would 
want  his  plumbing  inspected  by  a  man  who 
knows  nothing  about  the  work?  Were  the 
influence  of  politics  removed,  a  calm  judg- 
ment could  not  but  accept  this  view,  and 
this  safeguard  to  health  would  be  secured. 


We  are  pleased  to  see  that  the  seeds  sown 
by  The  Sanitary  News  are  taking  vigor- 
ous growth  in  several  localities.  We  speak 
in  reference  to  the  appointment  of  plumbers 
for  plumbing  inspectors.  Another  effort 
will  be  made  in  the  next  Legislature  of  Ne- 
braska to  secure  state  legislation  to  secure 
this  desirable  end.  The  bill  to  be  presented 
will  require  among  other  things  that  the  in- 
spector of  plumbing  "shall  have  served  a 
regular  apprenticeship  at  the  trade  of 
plumbing,  and  shall  be  versed  in  sanitary 
laws  as  applied  to  plumbing  and  house  drain- 
age, and  shall  have  been  identified  with  the 
business  of  plumbing  for  the  five  years  next 
preceding  his  appointment."  A  law  con- 
taining such  a  clause  would  be  definite  be- 
yond any  possibility  of  evasion.  If  the 
judgment  of  those  having  the  appointive 
power  does  not  dictate  to  them  the  import- 
ance of  securing  efficient  inspectors,  then  a 
law  should  be  enacted  making  it  impossible 
for  them  to  disregard  the  source  from  which 
competent  inspectors  can  be  obtained. 
There  may  be  men  not  plumbers  who  would 
make  good  inspectors  but  the  presumption 
is  against  them  and  in  favor  of  the  plumber. 
There  may  be  plumbers  who  would  not 
make  good  inspectors,  but  it  is  idle  to  sup- 
pose that  a  better  class  of  inspectors  can  be 
obtained  outside  of  the  plumbing  trade  than 
from  within  it.  Can  any  one  deny  that, 
should  all  appointments  be  made  from  the 
plumbing  trade,  less  liability  for  mistakes 
would  occur  than  if  all  appointments  were 


The  old  cry  of  "stop  thief"  was  never 
better  illustrated  than  in  the  following  from 
the  St.  Louis  Real  Estate  and  Financial 
Record:  "If  St,  Louis  and  the  West  do  not 
get  the  World's  Fair,  Chicago  will  be  the 
cause.  That  city  was  practically  defeated 
ten  days  ago  when  it  attempted  to  prevent 
the  appointment  of  a  special  committee  to 
consider  the  World's  Fair  proposition,  and 
if  it  had  had  any  consideration  for  the  great 
Southwest  it  would  have  set  out  fr jm  that 
moment  to  work  for  St.  Louis  as  the  only 
hope  for  the  greater  part  of  the  United 
States.  Not  so  with  Chicago.  Since  then 
she  has  been  filibustering,  and  now  New 
York  has  practically  a  guarantee  fund  of 
§20,000,000,  which  is  one  of  the  strongest 
arguments  so  far  put  forth  in  favor  of  that 
coast  town."  We  do  not  see  how  our  con- 
temporary, usually  fair,  could  make  such  a 
misstatement.  Chicago  has  never  fili- 
bustered. The  filibustering  has  been  done 
by  St.  Louis  in  combination  w^ith  New  York 
and  Washington.  Chicago  has  always  urged 
prompt  action  in  settling  the  question  of  site 
and  St.  Louis  is  responsible  for  the  delay, 
for  it  took  the  votes  of  St.  Louis,  New  York 
and  Washington  combined  to  prevent  an 
early  decision.  Whatever  New  York  has 
gained,  St.  Louis  has  helped  her  to  it.  St. 
Louis  has  shown  its  opposition  to  the  West 
by  throwing  its  strength  with  the  East. 


THE  CHICAGO  SANITARY. DISTRICT. 

The  drainage  trustees  of  the  sanitary  dis- 
trict of  Chicago,  met  last  Saturday,  and  per- 
fected their  organization  by  taking  the  oath 
of  office  and  electing  the  following  officers; 
President,  Murry  Nelson;  clerk,  Austin  J. 
Doyle;  treasurer,  Byron  L.  Smith;  chief 
engineer,  L.  E.  Cooley;  attorney,  S.  S.  Greg- 
ory, secretary,  Charles  Bary. 

The  following  rules  for  the  government 
of  the  board  were  adopted: 

The  law  establishes  a  municipality  called 
"The  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago,"  of  which 
the  board  of  trustees  is  the  legislative  and 
administrative  body. 

Chapter  i.  Meetings— i.  The  board 
shall  proceed  to  business  without  delay,  but 
the  members  thereof  shall  incur  no  individ- 
ual liability  in  any  respect. 

lYz.  The  meetings  of  the  board  shall  be 
open  and  accommodations  shall  be  provided 
for  the  press. 

2.  Regular  meetings  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees shall  be  held  on  Saturday  of  each  week 
at  10  o'clock  a.  m. 

3.  Special  meetings  shall  be  called  by  the 
secretary  at  the  request  of  any  three  mem- 
bers or  of  the  president.  Written  notice  of 
twenty-four  hours  previous  shall  be  given 


482 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  314 


by  the  secretary  to  each  trustee  of  the  time 
of  each  special  meeting.  Robert's  rules  of 
order  shall  be  followed  in  parliamentary 
pracJ^icc,  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

4.  The  call  for  special  meetings  shall  state 
the  purpose  thereof.  At  every  special  meet- 
ing the  call  for  the  same  shall  be  read  and 
afterward  filed  by  the  clerk,  and  no  business 
other  than  that  proposed  by  the  call  shall  be 
in  order  at  such  meeting. 

5.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  trustees 
shall  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  December  of  each  year,  at 
which  meeting  the  president  for  the  ensuing 
year  shall  be  elected. 

6.  The  vote  of  the  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  trustees  elected  shall  be  necessary 
to  every  act,  order,  resolution  and  ordinance 
of  the  board. 

Committees — 7.  Committees  may  he  ap- 
pointed from  time  to  time,  as  necessity  may 
require,  in  such  manner  as  the  board  may  by 
resolution  determine. 

Ordinances — 8.  All  ordinances  of  the 
board  and  all  its  acts,  orders  and  resolutions 
involving  the  incurring  of  indebtedness  or 
the  expenditure  of  money  shall  be  signed  by 
the  president  and  attested  by  the  clerk,  and 
then  filed  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  and  re- 
corded by  him  in  a  book  to  be  kept  for  the 
purpose,  and  such  record  shall  be  signed  by 
the  president  and  clerk. 

Chapter  i.  Officers — 9.  The  presi- 
dent of  this  board  shall  be  elected  by  the 
board  for  the  term  of  one  year;  provided, 
that  the  president  to  be  first  elected  shall 
hold  only  until  the  next  annual  meeting  of 
the  board.  It  shall  oe  the  duty  of  the  presi- 
dent to  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  board, 
and  he  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as 
hall  from  time  to  time  be  ordered  by  the 
board.  His  salary  shall  be  the  sum  of  S4,ooo 
per  annum. 

10.  The  board  shall  elect  a  clerk,  a  treas- 
urer, a  chief  engineer  and  an  attorney  for 
the  municipality,  who  shall  hold  their  offices 
during  the  pleasure  of  the  board.  All  va- 
cancies occurring  in  these  offices  shall  be 
filled  by  the  board  of  trustees  as  soon  as 
practicable  after  they  occur. 

Clerk— II.  The  duties  of  the  clerk,  until 
further  ordered  by  the  board,  shall  be  to 
keep  all  the  accounts,  papers,  books  and 
records  of  the  municipality.  He  shall  have 
a  separate  office  and  he  shall  devote  his 
time  constantly  to  the  duties  of  his  office 
His  salary  shall  be  the  sum  of  Ss6,ooo  per 
annum.  He  shall  attend  all  meetings  of  the 
board,  whether  regular  or  called,  keep  a 
corporate  seal  and  affix  the  same  to  all 
papers  which  require  it,  and  shall  perform 
such  other  duties  as  are  required  by  law  or 
by  the  ordinances  or  resolutions  of  the 
board.  The  clerk  shall  be  superintendent 
of  the  work  until  the  board  shall  otherwise 
direct. 

Treasurer — 12.  The  treasurer  shall  re- 
ceive all  moneys  of  the  municipality  and 
make  such  payments  as  shall  be  ordered  by 
he  board  upon  warrants  drawn  by  the  presi- 
dent and  countersigned  by  the  clerk,  and 


hall  deposit  all  funds  of  the  district  that 
come  to  his  hands  in  such  bank  or  banks 
and  on  such  terms  as  the  board  shall  direct, 
and  shall  give  bond  in  such  sum  and  upon 
such  condition  as  shall  be  directed  by  the 
board.  He  shall  also  submit  to  the  annual 
meeting  a  detailed  report  showing  the  re- 
ceipts and  disbursements  of  money  during 
the  preceding  year.  His  salary  shall  be  the 
sum  of  §5,000  per  annum.  He  shall  also  file 
with  the  clerk  on  the  last  day  of  each  month 
a  detailed  statement  of  receipts,  disburse- 
ments and  balances.  He  shall  sign  all 
checks  drawn  for  account  of  the  district, 
and  the  same  shall  be  countersigned  by  the 
clerk. 

Chief  Engineer — 13.  The  chief  engi- 
neer shall  have  charge  of  all  engineering 
work,  and  shall  do  all  surveying  and  city 
engineering  necessary  ordered  by  the  board; 
make  all  plans,  estimates,  drawings,  figures 
and  reports  required  by  the  board,  and  shall 
perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  im- 
posed upon  him  from  time  to  time  by  ordi- 
nances or  resolutions  of  the  board.  His 
salary  shall  be  the  sum  of  §6,000  per 
annum. 

Attorney — 14.  The  attorney  shall  have 
charge  of  all  litigation  to  which  this  district 
shall  be  a  party,  shall  draft  all  papers  re- 
quired by  the  board,  attend  upon  its  meet- 
ings when  requested,  give  written  opinions 
upon  all  questions  referred  to  him  by  the 
board  or  its  officers  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duties  and  generally  attend  to  all  law  busi- 
ness of  the  board.  His  salary  shall  be  the 
sum  of  §5,000  per  annum. 

Secretary— 15.  The  board  shall  elect  a 
secretary,  whose  duties  shall  be  to  attend  all 
meetings  of  the  board;  to  keep  its  minutes 
and  the  record  of  its  proceedings;  conduct 
its  correspondence;  be  always  on  hand  to 
carry  out  its  directions,  and  to  communicate 
its  orders,  resolutions  and  ordinances  to  the 
officers  of  the  municipality;  to  receive  all 
communications  directed  to  the  board,  and 
submit  the  same  to  the  board.  He  shall 
hold  his  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  board. 
His  salary  shall  be  the  sum  of  §1,500  per 
annum. 

Miscellaneous — 16.  The  salary  of  each 
trustee,  except  that  of  the  president,  shall  be 
the  sum  of  §3,000  per  annum. 

17.  All  amendments  and  changes  in  these 
rules  and  ordinances  must  be  proposed  in 
writing  at  a  regulor  meeting  of  the  board, 
and  shall  not  be  acted  on  before  the  next 
regular  mcctmg  of  the  board.  The  votes  of 
a  majority  of  the  trustees  constituting  the 
board  shall  be  necessary  to  their  adoption. 

18.  The  officers  shall  give  bonds  condi- 
tional to  secure  the  district  from  loss  in  case 
of  any  default,  the  amounts  of  the  bonds  to 
be  as  follows;  Treasurer,  §500,000;  clerk, 
§200,000;  chief  engineer,  §100,000;  attorney; 
§100,000;  secretary,  §20,000. 

19.  The  officers  selected  shall  not  be  en- 
titled to  draw  any  salaries  until  after  the 
Supreme  Court  shall  have  affirmed  the 
validity  of  the  law,  and  until  after  they  have 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  their  office. 


DANGER  IN  WATER-GAS. 
The  following  is  a  short  extract  from  a  re- 
port of  A.  B.  Almon,  president,  to  the  Sani- 
tary Protective    Association  of  Newport, 
R.  I.: 

The  president  of  the  Newport  Gas  Com- 
pany having  announced  the  proposed  use  of 
water-gas  by  said  company,  the  Sanitary 
Protective  Association  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  has 
felt  it  its  duty  to  inquire  as  to  the  conditions 
and  safe-guards  under  which  this  dangerous 
agent  is  to  be  used.  -In  response  to  this  in- 
quiry an  answer  was  received  from  the  gas 
company  declining  to  give  any  definite  in- 
formation on  the  subject;  stating,  further- 
more, that  the  opinion  now  prevails  that 
water-gas  is  not  more  harmful  than  ordinary 
coal-gas.  This  statement  is  clearly  incor- 
rect. Dr.  Wolcott  Gibbs,  of  Newport,  form- 
erly professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School  of  Harvard,  comes  to  the 
following  conclusions  from  an  elaborate 
series  of  experiments  made  in  1884-85,  viz: 
That  when  ordinary  coal-gas  is  allowed  to 
escape  in  a  room  from  an  open  gas-jet  it  is 
somewhat  difficult  to  reach  the  danger  line, 
partly  on  account  of  the  relatively  small 
percentage  of  carbonic  oxide  and  partly  on 
account  of  the  natural  means  of  ventilation. 
In  the  case  of  water-gas  it  is,  on  the  con- 
trary, easy  to  reach  the  danger  line,  from 
much  larger  percentage  of  carbonic  oxide 
gas  which  it  contains,  as  well  as  from  its  in- 
herent poisonous  properties.  In  all  cities  in 
which  water-gas  has  been  introduced  there 
has  been  an  extraordinary  increase  in  the 
number  of  deaths  from  gas-poisoning.  He 
concludes  by  saying  that  water-gas  is  to  be 
regarded  as  extremely  dangerous  to  life. 

Prof.  Josiah  P.  Cooke  Erving,  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Harvard,  concurs  in  the  views 
expressed  above  by  Dr.  Wolcott  Gibbs. 

Mr.  A.  R.  Carter,  secretary  board  of  health 
of  Baltimore,  states  that  the  introduction  of 
water-gas  into  that  city  in  1881  has  increased 
enormously  the  deaths  from  suffocation  by 
illuminating-gas.  Before  that  time  the  rec- 
ords show  but  one  death  from  that  cause. 
Since  then,  and  up  to  Dec.  26, 1889,  fifty-four 
deaths  have  been  reported. 

Especial  interest  centers  in  the  report  of 
Mr.  A.  B.  Almon  from  the  fact  that  it  is  the 
intention  of  the  association  to  petition  the 
legislature  for  a  law  similar  to  that  which  is 
enforced  in  Massachusetts,  wh'ch  forbids 
the  use  of  illuminating-gas  containing  more 
than  10  per  cent  of  carbonic  oxide. 


ELEVATOR  ACCIDENTS. 
A  decision  recently  rendered  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  California  defining  the  re 
sponsibility  of  elevator  owners,  covers  some 
important  points  which  should  be  borne  in 
mind  by  both  manufacturers  as  well  as 
users  and  owners  or  those  indispensable  de- 
vices. The  case  grew  out  of  an  action 
brought  for  damages  on  account  of  injuries 
sustained  by  a  passenger  who  was  riding  in 
an  elevator  which  fell  in  the  defendant's 
building.  The  court  gave  a  decision  in  fa- 
vor of  plaintiff,  and  the  supreme  court  sus- 


Feb.  8,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


483 


tained  this  decision,  holding  that  defen- 
dants, in  operating  their  elevator,  were  car- 
riers of  passengers,  and  the  same  responsi- 
bilities as  to  care  and  diligence  rested  on 
them  as  on  carriers  of  passengers  by  stage- 
coach or  railway;  that  the  manufacturer  of 
elevator  was  defendant's  agent  or  servant  in 
its  construction,  and  that  they  were  respon- 
sible for  any  want  of  care  of  the  maker  or 
builder;  and  that,  like  common  carriers  of 
passengers,  they  must  keep  pace  with 
science,  art,  and  modern  improvements  in 
supplying  safe,  obtainable  vehicles,  ma- 
chinery and  appliances  for  their  use,  and 
must  use  every  precaution  which  human 
skill  and  foresight  can  suggest.  It  will  be 
seen  that  while  the  decision  in  ef¥ect  relieves' 
the  manufacturer  from  direct  responsibility, 
it  emphasizes  the  necessity  for  good  and  ef- 
ficient workmanship  on  his  part  in  the  con- 
struction of  his  specialities,  for  the  adoption 
of  all  the  known  appliances  and  improve- 
ments, and  in  fact  of  every  precautionary 
measure  to  insure  a  mimimum  of  risk  in  the 
operation  of  his  elevator,  since  the  individ- 
ual who  intends  to  place  one  in  his  store  or 
building,  fortified  by  the  knowledge  that  he 
is  responsible  for  dangers  arising  through 
mishaps  caused  by  inferigr  workmanship  or 
antiquated  and  unsafe  auxiliary  appliances, 
will,  for  his  own  protection,  if  for  no  other 
reason,  seek  out  the  manufacturer  whose 
work  bears  this  scrutiny,  and  patronize  him 
rather  than  the  maker  of  obsolete  traps 
whose  every  ascension  may  carry  a  specter 
in  the  shape  of  a  disastrous  law-suit. — Amer- 
ican Artisan. 


APPARENT  FAILURE  OF  THE  SOIL 
TO  FILTER  WATER. 
The  ground  under  favorable  conditions, 
says  The  Samtary  Inspector,  is  capable  of 
doing  efficient  work  as  a  filter,  but  under 
other  conditions,  not  always  to  be  foretold,  it 
is  also  capable  of  transmitting  infection  long 
distances.  An  illustration  of  the  latter  pos- 
sibility has  come  to  light  in  a  recent  report 
to  the  Local  Government  Board  of  England, 
on  an  outbreak  of  typhoid  fever  at  New 
Herrington.  The  outbreak  was  character- 
ized by  great  suddenness,  no  less  than  loo 
cases  o"curring  in  the  first  nine  days.  The 
large  number  of  cases  occuring  at  the  same 
time  pointed  unmistakably  to  some  common 
cause;  but  the  milk  supply  as  a  factor  in  the 
causation  was  easily  eliminated,  and  at  first 
it  did  not  seem  probable  that  the  water  sup- 
ply had  anything  to  do  with  the  outbreak. 
The  place  was  supplied  with  water  from  a 
deep  well  sunk  through  clay  and  other 
formations  and  to  a  total  depth  of  330  feet, 
and,  as  it  was  walled  up  with  brick  laid  in 
cement,  it  was  supposed  to  be  impervious  to 
soakage  from  the  surface.  Nevertheless 
the  well  was  opened,  and,  contrary  to  an- 
ticipation, it  was  found  that  a  surface  feeder 
of  water  was  entering  at  the  rate  of  twenty- 
two  gallons  a  minute,  and  this  accidental 
supply  was  found  to  present  evidence  of 
pollution.  Experiments  were  made  to  de- 
termine the  source  of  this  feeder,  and  ulti- 


mately suspicion  fell  upon  a  farmhouse 
where  the  water  closet  contents  and  other 
liquid  wastes  escaped  through  a  fissure  in 
the  magncsian  limestone.  This  fissure  was 
on  a  higher  level  than  the  well,  but  was  at  a 
distance  of  not  less  than  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  from  it.  A  large  quantity  of  common 
salt  was  dissolved  and  poured  into  the  fis- 
sure near  the  farmhouse,  and  chemical 
analysis  showed  that  the  chlorine  in  the 
water  of  the  feeder  was  thereby  markedly 
increased.  This  undoubtedly  showed  the 
source  of  the  pollution,  but  unfortunately  no 
information  could  be  got  as  to  any  cases  of 
typhoid  fever  in  the  farmhouse  or  of  any 
chance  for  specific  infection  to  become  mixed 
with  the  water. 

It  should  be  added  that  the  incidence  of 
the  disease  was  almost  wholly  upon  the 
users  of  the  Herrington  water  supply,  while 
other  neighboring  peoples,  using  other 
sources  of  supply,  were  but  little  affected. 


MODERN    SANITARY  CONDITIONS. 

Dr.  Billings,  in  his  work  for  the  tenth  cen- 
sus of  the  United  States,  estimated  the 
death-rate  of  the  whole  country  at  about  18 
per  thousand.  It  cannot  be  questioned  that 
a  proper  regulation  of  the  universal  condi- 
tions of  human  life  throughout  the  whole 
country  would  reduce  this  rate  to  12  per 
1,000,  thus  saving  every  year,  on  a  basis  of 
the  present  population,  not  fewer  than  365,- 
000  lives  which  are  now  sacrificed  to  neg- 
lected filth,  with  its  attendant  contamination 
of  the  soil  on  which  we  live,  of  the  air  we 
breathe,  of  the  food  we  eat,  and  of  the  water 
we  drink. 

Disregarding  for  the  moment  the  enormous 
loss  of  power  and  loss  of  heart,  and  the  man- 
ifold suffering  incident  to  the  sickness  these 
deaths  imply,  we  are  confronted  with  the 
stupendous  and  disgraceful  fact  that  in  these 
prosperous  and  intelligent  United  States,  of 
which  we  boast  as  the  home  of  the  highest 
modern  civilization,  one  thousand  human 
beings  are  stricken  to  death  every  day,  cru- 
elly, needlessly,  wickedly,  solely  because  of 
the  lack  of  that  which  it  needs  only  intelli- 
gent direction  to  secure.  We  thus  wantonly 
destroy  every  three  years  more  lives  than 
were  sacrificed,  directly  or  indirectly,  by 
both  North  and  South,  during  the  war  of  the 
rebellion.  The  sum  now  paid  for  pensions 
during  three  years,  if  intelligently  adminis- 
tered, would  cover  the  improvements  re- 
quired to  prevent  these  deaths. 

The  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  1878 
aroused  the  active  sympathies  of  the  nation, 
and  even  frightened  congress  into  an  un- 
wonted momentary  activity  in  behalf  of  the 
life  and  health  of  the  people.  The  deaths 
from  that  epidemic  did  not  amount  to  more 
than  18,000.  The  lives  wantonly  sacrificed 
to  preventable  diseases  amount  to  that  num- 
ber in  eighteen  days. 

The  whole  country  now  stands  aghast  at 
the  fearful  sacrifice  of  life  caused  by  the 
bursting  of  the  dam  above  Johnstown.  Es- 
timates of  actual  loss  are  necessarily  vague, 
but  it  is  entirely  safe  to  say  that  thrice  each 


month  thirty-six  times  each  year,  as  many 
persons  die  lingering  and  painful  deaths, 
caused  by  a  universal  neglect  on  the  part  of 
the  whole  of  the  people  that  is  no  less  culpa- 
ble than  was  the  neglect  of  those  charged 
with  the  construction  and  care  of  the  disas- 
trous dam. 

We  stand,  one  and  all,  we  and  our  wives 
and  children,  subject  to  an  ever  present  and 
entirely  avoidable  danger  of  a  sort  that 
every  man,  woman  and  child  in  every  en- 
lightened country  has  a  just  right  to  be  pro- 
tected against. 

Such  protection  is  quite  within  the  power 
of  the  people  themselves  to  secure,  but  the 
people  themselves  must  secure  it.  All  that 
we  can  do  is  to  point  out  the  way  and  to  em- 
phasize the  necessity.  The  huge  task  is  one 
whose  doing  can  be  compassed  only  by  the 
force  of  an  aroused  public  opinion;  our  task, 
hardly  less  huge,  it  must  be  to  awaken  and 
vivify  that  opinion. 

It  may,  therefore,  safely  be  asserted,  in 
the  light  of  what  we  know  of  improvements 
that  have  been  effected  by  simple  changes 
of  physical  conditions,  that  a  proper  appli- 
cation of  the  sanitary  arts  of  the  engineer 
would  of  itself  suffice  to  save  us  the  thou- 
sand daily  lives  now  thrown  away,  and  mul- 
tiply greatly  the  happiness  and  efficiency  of 
myriads  whose  sickness,  though  not  mortal, 
is  grievously  painful  and  incapacitating. — 
Geo.  E.  Waring,  jr. 

PREVENTION  OF  SMOKE. 
The  Lishman  system  of  perfecting  com- 
bustion says  the  New  Castle,  Eng.,  C/ironicle 
and  preventing  smoke  has  been  submitted 
to  a  further  test  at  the  works  of  Messrs. 
Inglis  and  Wakefiel,  Busby,  near  Glasgow, 
with  satisfactory  results.  The  apparatus,  in 
the  instance  referred  to,  was  attached  to  two 
Lancashire  boilers,  twenty-eight  long  by 
seven  feet  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  Scotch 
coal  was  used  as  fuel. 

,  The  fuel  was  leveled  in  the  furnace,  then 
fired  in  the  usual  way,  each  furnace  in  suc- 
cession being  similarly  treated.  The  chim- 
ney top  was  anxiously  watched  by  the  spec- 
tators. From  their  firings  no  smoke  was 
perceptible.  The  fires  were  then  sinked, 
and  fresh  fuel  to  each  furnace  supplied, 
when  nothing  more  than  a  light  stream  of 
thin  vapor  issued  from  the  chimney.  To 
prove  the  difference  of  the  two  systems  three 
of  the  other  boilers  of  similar  dimensions 
delivering  into  the  same  chimney  were  fired 
up  in  the  ordinary  way,  when  immediately 
afterwards  dense  volumes  of  black  smoke 
issued  from  the  chimney.  The  trial,  which 
lasted  over  an  hour,  clearly  demonstrated 
that  smoke  from  Scotch  coal  can  practically 
be  prevented  by  the  application  of  this 
method.  The  main  features  of  the  appara- 
tus consists  of  a  blower,  through  which  the 
air  at  any  required  pressure  is  introduced. 

There  are  226  thin  streams  of  air  operat- 
ing upon  the  fuel  and  gases  at  right  angles 
to  the  currents,  and  thereby  the  gases  be- 
come thoroughly  mixed  and  the  combustion 
perfected.  The  apparatus  is  of  a  very  sim- 
ple nature,  and  easy  to  deal  with. 


484 


rriE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  314 


WHEN  TO  STOP  EPIDEMICS. 
In  this  connection  the  proper  recognition 
of  the  first  cases  of  infectious  disease  occu- 
pies the  place  of  greatest  importance.  The 
first  cases  are  like_]  sparks  falling  upon  a 
thatched  roof.  The  sparks  may  be  put  out 
with  but  little  trouble,  but  the  conflagration 
that  would  soon  ensue  might  scorn  all 
efforts.  Just  at  this  point  the  future  method 
of  fending  off  'epidemics  will  differ  essen- 
tially from  those  which  have  hitherto  pre- 
vailed. In  the  past,  as  a  Trule,  energetic 
measures  were  taken  only  when  the  devasta- 
tion of  the  pestilence  was  extended,  and  the 
prospect  of  further  destruction,  exerted  an 
irrisistible  compulsion  to  action.  No  espec- 
ial worth  was  laid  upon  the  stamping  out  of 
the  beginnings  of  infectious  outbreaks,  be- 
cause it  was  thought  that  the  origin  was  not 
due  to  importation,  but  to  development  with- 
in the  system  of  the  patient,  and  that  there- 
fore it  would  be  useless  to  take  measures 
against '  single  cases."  Now,"  however,  we 
take  the  opposite  view  of  the  case,  and  pro- 
ceed_on  the  assumption  that  the  disease  has 
been  imported,  excluding  the  possibilities 
that  it  is  endemic  in  the  locality  where  the 
outbreak  has  occurred.  As  the  first  cases 
may  be  so  watched  and  cared  for  that  the 
infection  which  is  given  off  by  the  patient 
may  be  rendered  harmless,  and  as  with  in- 
creasing numbers  of  cases  this  becomes 
more  and  more  difificult,  everything  demands 
that  the  outbreak  be  wiped  out  in  its  begin- 
ning.— Koch. 


SANITARY  ARRANGEMENTS. 
A  Dublin  architect,  Mi.  W.  Sterling,  has 
expressed  disapproval  of  the  existing  sys- 
tem of  sanitation  in.the  following  letter  in 
the  Builders'  Reporter  and  Engineering 
Times: 

While  the  sanitary  reforms  of  the  past  ten 
years  have  been  productive  of  much  benefit  it 
has  been  in  an  isolated  way,and  much  is  yet  to 
be  desired.  The  fact  is  forced  upon  us  by  the 
successive  epidemics  and  the  continued  high 
death-rate  that  something  is  yet  wrong — 
perhaps  radically  wrong.  I  have  had  ex- 
perience of  the  so-called  "sanitary  arrange- 
ments" identified  with  those  reforms,  and  I 
have  suffered,  having  contracted,  in  the 
pursuit  of  my  professional  avocations,  small- 
pox a  few  years  ago  and  typhoid  fever  re- 
cently. I  am  reluctantly  obliged  to  attribute 
them  to  the  so-called  "sanitary  arrange- 
ments," particularly  to  the  methods  of  sewer 
ventilation  advocated  and  now  widely — and, 
as  I  believe,  indiscriminately  ■ —  adopted. 
The  causes,  and  the  means  by  which  they 
spread,  of  the  zymotic,  enteric,  erosive  and 
eruptive  diseases  are  questions  chiefly  for 
the  i)hysician,  who  tells  us,  in  the  face  of 
some  contradiction,  that  the  germ  theory  is 
correct.  It  seems,  to  the  ordinary  intelli- 
gence, the  most  rational  that  has  been 
adduced. 

It  is  of  immeasurable  importance  that  this 
question  should  be  at  once  and  forever 
settled,  as  the  whole  question  of  sewer  venti- 
lation, and  consequently  of  the  health  of  ihe 


inhabitants  of  towns,  hinges  upon  it;  for  if 
it  be  not  correct,  it  may  be  that  the  com- 
plete development  of  the  present  system  of 
sewerage  and  house  sanitation  is  the  one 
and  only  course  to  pursue.  But  if  it  be  in- 
deed positively  true,  and  true  that  the  air  by 
which  we  continue  to  breathe  for  life  may 
be  charged  with  microbes,  invisible  death 
dealers,  the  seeds  of  filthy  and  fatal  dis- 
orders, it  is  surely  time  to  pause,  reflect,  in- 
quire, and  act  so  that  we  may  successfully 
combat  the  enemy;  to  ask,  in  the  first  place 
whether  our  so-called  "sanitary  arrange- 
ments" are  constructed  upon  right  lines, 
and  if  we  should  be  convinced  that  they  are 
not,  surely  no  time  should  be  lost  in  devis- 
ing and  adopting  measures  to  banish — to 
stamp  out  that  recognized  enemy. 

That  a  more  effectual  system  by  which  to 
destroy  the  germ  fiend  may  be  found  I  am 
fully  convinced — one  by  which  we  may  be 
protected  from  her  continued  access  to  us 
through  the  free  and  uncontrollable  venting 
of  sewer  gases,  which  are  the  nurses  of  the 
fiend,  through  the  surface  ventilators  and 
untrapped  sinks  of  our  streets,  areas  and 
yards.  I  have  been  for  some  time  of  the 
growing  opinion  that  much  of  the  present 
sanitary  system  is  unsatisfactory  in  its  work- 
ing. I  am  now  fairly  convinced  that  it  is 
wrong  in  principle. 

The  question  is  one  of  life  and  death,  and 
no  mere  subject  for  speculation,  but  in  an 
inquiry  as  to  prospective  amelioration  of  a 
bad  state  of  things,  cannot  be  quite  free 
from  speculative— that  is,  contemplative — 
treatment. 

It  is,  I  think,  the  bounden  duty  of  all 
classes,  parties  and  individuals  to  give 
prompt  and  careful  attention  to  all  notes  of 
warning,  and  to  combine  in  lending  their  aid 
to  stamp  out  a  threatening  enemy;  and  it  is 
because  I  feel  this  call  of  duty  that  I  venture 
to  point  to  what  I  consider  to  be  fatal 
defects  in  the  present  system  of  sanitation, 
and  to  suggest  for  consideration  and  fair 
criticism  a  system  of  sewer  ventilation  that 
would  not  be  open  to  any  such  objections  as 
those  which  are  obviously  proper  to  the 
present  one,  that  would  not  retain  about  our 
houses  and  streets  the  sewer  gases  and  fatal 
germs  which  they  carry  in  their  bosom,  and 
that  would  effectually  draw  them  away  and 
destroy  them. 

That  such  a  system  is  feasible  I  am  satis- 
fied; I  have  thought  over  it  long,  and  have 
discussed  its  merits  and  difficulties  with 
competent  judges,  and  1  have  not  yet  heard 
a  sufficiently  sound  or  unanswerable  objec- 
tion to  it. 

When,  upon  the  occasion  of  a  Sanitary 
Congress  meeting  some  years  since,  I  took 
occasion  to  touch  upon  it,  at  the  same  time 
that  I  expressed  an  adverse  opinion  respect- 
ing the  street  surface  ventilation,  I  was  met 
with  such  evasive  responses  as  that  the 
question  of  sewerage  was  not  yet  ripe  enough 
for  the  application  of  such  a  system,  and 
that  that  there  were  such  conflicting  difficul- 
ties to  face  that  it  could  not  be  entertained. 
I  may  not  claim  it  as  my  own,  as  I  doubt 


not  it  has  occurred  to  others  in  one  form  or 
another;  but  I  have  not  yet  heard  of  a  devel- 
opment of  its  principles,  as  I  believe  to  be 
possible  and  thoroughly  efficacious. 

When  I  first  gave  an  outline  of  my  views 
I  had  not  the  experience  I  have  since  gained. 
My  observations  were  timidly  offered,  and 
they  were  lost.  They  v.  ere  not  in  sympathy 
with  the  humor  of  the  hour,  which  developed 
into  something  of  a  craze;  they  were  not  in 
line  with  newfangled  specifics  which,  while 
good  enough  under  certain  conditions  only, 
were  enjoined  under  all.  In  fact,  the  period 
that  has  ensued  since  the  establishment  of 
the  Sanitary  Congress  became  one  of  expe- 
riment, and  very  much  the  same  order  yet 
remains,  every  week  producing  some  new 
sanitary  fad  intended  to  meet  some  acknow- 
leged  want.  Yet  the  sewer  gases  and  the 
disease  germs  remained  about  the  sewers, 
the  drains,  the  houses,  and  in  the  regions  of 
higher  temperature,  awaiting  the  true  and 
only  stimulant  to  which  they  will  or  could 
reasonably  be  expected  to  respond. 

Water  carriage,  while  it  is  most  wasteful, 
is  the  readiest  and  cheapest  method  for  the 
removal  of  soil;  but  it  fails  to  destroy,  or 
even  remove,  the  gases  and  germs.  The 
latter  may  be  carried  for  a  distance,  but 
somehow  it  escapes  and  gets  dry,  forms  a 
particle  of  dust,  or  is  conveyed  in  vapor  or 
gas,  and  it  is  in  this  comparatively  dry  state 
that  it  is  most  prepared  for  business.  The 
germ  is  minute  and  light,  consequently  the 
more  obedient  to  the  laws  which  govern  the 
winds,  the  more  easily  actuated  by  the 
motion-producing  heat;  and  this  leads  me  to 
the  method  that  has  suggested  itself  to  me 
as  the  true  solution  of  the  difticulty— that 
the  enemy,  the  disease  germ,  floated  on  the 
sewer  gases,  be  induced  to  travel  along  the 
sewers  to  furnaces  of  intense  heat  placed  in 
convenient  situations,  chiefly  on  high  ground 
in  separate  districts  of  the  city;  the  furnaces 
to  be  utilized  further  for  the  incineration  of 
the  ashpit  refuse,  borne  thither  in  closed 
bins,  tipped  into  kilns,  at  a  heat  of  i,6oodeg. 
Fahr.,  and  converted  into  clinkers  available 
for  road  metalling  and  concrete,  in  the  man- 
ner satisfactorily  accomplished  at  Hornsey 
in  Middlesex. 

In  accordance  with  a  well-known  law,  heat 
will  induce  such  a  motion  as  that  which  is 
thus  necessary;  but  certain  conditions  will 
have  fo  be  observed,  particularly  as  other 
attracting  forces,  amongst  them  the  heat  of 
town  houses,  will  have  to  be  overcome  by 
superior  heat  in  order  to  insure  a  constant 
flow  in  the  right  direction. 

All  surface  sinks  and  connections  (if  any) 
with  soil  pipes  shall  be  trapped,  no  trap  to 
be  placed  between  the  house  drain  and  the 
main  sewer;  have  no  surface  ventilators  or 
other  escapes  of  air  to  the  streets,  houses, 
yards,  etc.,  but,  at  the  lower  levels  of  the 
sewers,  air  to  be  let  in  through  tall  shafts, 
continued  well  above  the  [surrounding 
houses;  the  exit  shafts  or  towers  to  be  higher 
still,  at  least  150  feet  high;  in  them,  above 
the  furnaces,  at  a^  height  of  about  70  feet, 
have  chambers  for  the  filtration,  through  cx- 


PiiB.  8,  18901 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


485 


tremely  corrosive  chemicals,  of  the  ascend- 
ing hot  products  of  combustion. 

This  is  the  system,  and  the  only  system, 
which  1  think  will  be  constantly  operative 
in  stamping  out  the  epidemic  dangers  to 
which  we  are  periodically  subject  under  the 
cold  untrammelled  sewer  ventilation  system 
now  inuse,  and  from  which  not  our  city  alone 
but  most  others  within  the  borders  of  the 
Empire  suffer. 


DAMP-PROOF  HOUSES. 

Sir  Edwin  Chadwick,  in  his  recent  address 
at  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Great  Britain 
convention,  in  referring  to  damp  and  un- 
healthful  houses,  said: 

The  Mosaic  ordinances  for  the  instruction 
of  the  priest,  who  was  then  the  only  health 
officer,  as  to  the  cleansing  of  the  leprous 
house,  which  ordinances  mark  the  house  and 
its  condition  as  a  source  of  disease,  have 
their  analogy  for  the  condition  of  unwhole- 
some houses  in  modern  times.  The  measure 
which  we  provided,  and  Lord  Shaftesbury 
got  passed,  for  the  regulation  ot  the  common 
lodging-house,  might  be  taken  to  be  a 
measure  for  the  cleansing  of  the  leprous 
house  in  these  times,  by  dealing,  as  in  the 
Mosaic  ordinances,  with  foul  walls,  by 
means  of  white-washing,  by  ventilation, 
water-supply  and  other  sanitary  particulars, 
which,  when  properly  executed,  were  com- 
pletely successful.  The  commentators  on 
the  Mosaic  provision  for  dealing  with  the 
leprous  house  (Lev.  xiv.,  33-53)  have  de- 
parted from  it,  and  gone  into  the  theor^  of 
the  transmission  of  the  disease  from  the  per- 
son instead  of  from  the  house. 

One  leprous  condition  is  the  dampness  of 
walls;  and  in  England  now,  the  common 
bricks  absorb  as  much  as  a  pint  or  pound  of 
water.  Supposing  the  external  walls  of  an 
ordinary  cottage  be  one  brick  thick,  and  to 
consist  of  12,000  bricks,  they  will  be  capable 
when  saturated  of  holding  1,500  gallons,  or 
dYz  tons  of  water.  An  instance  occurred  to 
me,  whilst  living  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  of 
the  effect  of  dampness  alone  in  the  produc- 
tion of  disease.  On  expressing  to  the  local 
Registrar  my  surprise  at  the  death-rate  in 
that  locality  as  being  24  in  1,000,  the  then 
rate  In  the  interior  of  the  metropolis  itself, 
he  stated  that  this  excessive  death-rate  was 
in  a  measure  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
erection  of  blocks  of  buildings  for  middle- 
class  dwellings;  and  that  every  new  block 
brought,  in  the  first  instance,  an  addition  to 
the  death-rate.  The  fact  was  that  the  houses 
were  let  immediately,  before  they  were  dried 
and  it  was  a  matter  of  observation  that, 
within  a  month  after  they  were  occupied, 
we  saw  the  doctor's  carriage  at  the  door. 
The  houses  of  the  wage-classes  are  often 
left  unoccupied,  and  they  are  left  filthy  as 
well  as  damp,  and  the  effect  of  those  condi- 
tions may  be  taken  as  conditions  of  the 
leprous  house.  For  the  prevention  of  those 
evils  I  proposed  the  hollow-brick  construc- 
tion, which  ought  to  be  of  pot,  burned  so 
hard  as  to  be  entirely  non-absorbent.  The 
Prince  Consort  adopted  the  principle,  to- 


gether with  another  point,  that  the  ends  of 
the  hollow  brick  should  be  glazed  and  the 
walls  made  washable.  The  construction  of 
the  damp  wall  in  houses  occupied  by  the 
wage-classes,  in  single  rooms  especially,  or 
the  leprous  house,  still  continues  withoul 
notice. 


BRICK    THE    BEST  BUILDING 
MATERIAL. 

The  growing  conviction  among  builders 
that  brick  is  the  best  building  material,  says 
the  Clay  Worker,  has  been  made  a  certainty 
which  must  be  universally  admitted  by  the 
developments  of  the  last  Boston  fire.  This 
demonstrated  that  among  all  durable  mate- 
rials, granite  has  the  least  fire  resistance. 
But  there  is  nothing  but  a  graphite  crucible 
that  will  withstand  fire  as  well  as  brick. 

The  smoothness  with  which  columns,  pil- 
asters and  walls  can  be  given  in  brick,  as 
the  present  perfection  of  the  art  admits, 
together  with  the  ornamental  capacity  of 
the  material  itself,  and  the  cheapness  with 
which  parts  may  be  reproduced,  will  lead  to 
a  much  more  extensive  use  of  brick.  We 
do  not  mean  that  stone  as  a  building  mate- 
rial will  ever  be  entirely  abandoned;  in 
large,  isolated  public  buildings  it  will  be 
preserved,  but  that  its  use  for  general  build- 
ing purposes  will  be  subordinated  to  the 
effects  of  its  contrasts  of  color,  and  the  pecu- 
liar development  of  its  ornamentation,  leav- 
ing brick  to  form  the  main  structure.  The 
mistake  of  discarding  brick  in  favor  of  stone 
is  largely  due  to  the  prevailing  ignorance  of 
the  artistic  capacity  of  the  modern  clay- 
worker.  This  want  of  knowledge  is  in  part 
due  to.  the  very  recent  development  of  terra 
cotta  art,  and  to  a  want  of  practical  exam- 
ples well  distributed  throughout  American 
towns,  and  even  cities.  But  the  confessed 
inadequacy  of  stone  to  resist  heat  and  in 
some  degree  its  greater  cost,  is  fixing  public 
attention  to  a  more  extended  use  of  brick, 
and  the  ingenuity  of  necessity  may  be  relied 
on  to  give  it  all  the  forms  of  artistic  expres- 
sion demanded. 


In  the  early  stages  of  disease,  when  doubts 
arise  as  to  the  diagnosis,  an  invaluable  oppor- 
tunity for  instituting  protective  measures  is 
often  lost  by  awaiting,  inactive,  the  future 
development  of  the  symptoms.  Suspicious 
of  the  infectious  nature  of  the  disease  de- 
mand the  prompt  use  of  measures  of  pre- 
caution. Epidemics  have  occured  through 
the  dilatory  action  of  the  physician,  who 
while  waiting  for  distinctive  symptoms  be- 
fore employing  the  means  of  prophylaxis, 
has  allowed  the  infection  to  escape  beyond 
his  control. —  The  Medical  News. 


Angry  Subscriber  (to  editor): — "I  am  mad 
all  the  way  through,  an'  I  want  my  paper 
stopped!" 

Editor:  '"Yes,  sir;  do  you  want  your  bill 
made  out?" 

Angry  subscriber:  "No,  I  ain't  mad 
enough  for  that." — New  York  Sun. 


BUILDING. 


DESERVING  CAREFUL  CONSIDERA- 
TION. 

The  Master  Builders'  Association  of  Brus- 
sels offers  eight  prizes  for  the  best  devices 
for  scaffolding  of  various  sorts,  including 
the  hanging  stage,  the  stage  resting  upon 
the  ground,  the  general  scaffold,  and  finally 
for  a  system  of  protection  against  accidents 
to  workmen  employed  upon  roofs.  New 
York  Architecture  and  Builder,  after  detail- 
ing some  facts  in  connection  with  the  compe- 
tition thus  open  to  the  world,  says:  We  hope 
American  mechanics  and  inventors  will  enter 
heartily  into  this  competition,  not  only  for 
their  own  reward,  but  for  the  sake  of  re- 
newed progress  in  the  art  of  building.  If 
any  argument  were  needed  to  convince  men 
of  the  necessity  of  an  improvement  in  this 
regard,  it  would  be  that  of  citing  the  dan- 
gerous character  of  the  old  methods,  in 
comparison  with  the  greater  security  of  the 
new.  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  element 
of  personal  safety,  either  to  his  men  or  to 
himself,  seldom  enters  into  the  calculations 
of  a  contractor,  for  his  business  is  attended 
constantly  with  more  or  less  personal  dan- 
ger, and  to  a  certain  extent  he  has  become 
inured  to  it;  for  that  reason  it  is  almost 
needless  to  urge  any  consideration  of  the 
subject  upon  that  ground.  Although  there 
is  a  vast  increment  of  conservatism  in  the 
modern  contractor  about  trying  new  meth- 
ods, there  is  one  point  upon  which  he  is 
equally  sensitive  with  other  mfti,  viz.,  upon 
the  question  of  increased  profits,  and  it  is  to 
this  phase  of  the  new  methods  in  vogue  that 
his  attention  is  commended.  It  is  this  phase 
and  that  of  greater  rapidity  of  progress  that 
appeals  to  the  architect,  and  it  is  possible 
that  between  the  impatience  of  the  public, 
long  suffering  though  it  be,  at  the  interfer- 
ence of  traffic  by  the  old  methods  and  the 
united  interests  of  both  contractor  and  archi- 
tect, that  we  are  on  the  eve  of  great  improv- 
ments  in  this  branch  of  design  and  con- 
struction. We  hope  this  competition  will 
initiate  the  movement  and  hasten  its  de- 
velopment. 


THF  LIFE  OF  CORRUGATED  IRON. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Connecticut 
Association  of  Engineers,  a  paper  by  Mr.  C. 
M.  Jarvis  was  presented  on  "Iron  Roofs." 
In  the  discussion  which  followed,  Mr.  Field 
was  asked  the  question,  "What  is  the  ordi- 
nary life  of  corrugated  iron?"  He  replied: 
"The  life  of  corrugated  iron  roof  depends  on 
what  gauge  of  iron  you  use  or  whether  you 
use  it  galvanized.  You  can  put  it  on  to  last 
one  hundred  years,  but  ordinarily  it  will  not. 
Iron  near  the  seashore  will  go  faster  than 
inland.  There  are  instances  where  that  iron 
has  lasted  twenty  to  twenty-five  years;  other 
times  it  has  gone  in  five  or  six.  There  is  no 
repair,  except  to  put  a  new  sheet  on.  You 
can  take  off  any  one  sheet  and  renew  it.  We 
have  had  roofs  on  our  place  seventeen  years, 


486 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XV  No.  314 


and  they  do  not  leak  very  badly  now.  We 
keep  them  painted.  A  good  many  places 
where  they  have  lost  corrugated  iron  roofs 
they  have  not  painted  them.  We  use  me- 
tallic paint.  Those  that  last  the  longest  are 
galvanized  iron.  Many  people  put  on  26 
iron,  which  is  not  much  better  than  paper. 
If  they  will  put  on  18  or  20  galvanized,  they 
will  have  a  roof  to  last,  practically,  forever 
They  put  on  26  frequently.  There  are  three 
or  four  gauges-  standard,  Birmingham  and 
others— and  you  must  be  posted  on  what 
guage  you  are  buying,  for  26  in  one  might 
be  28  in  another  man's.  You  gauge  it  by  the 
weight  per  foot." 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

-Thomas  P.  Neville,  New  York  City,  has 
made  plans  for  a  five-story  brick  and  stone 
store  and  flat  building,  30x96,  and  four  five- 
story  flats,  20x72,  to  be  erected  at  Madison 
avenue  and  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth 
street,  for  McDonough  &  O'Sullivan,  at  a 
total  cost  of  Si6o,ooo. 

William  Howe,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  six  five-story  brick  flats,  51x90  and 
25x86,  to  be  erected  on  Eighth  avenue,  from 
One  Hundred  and  Third  to  One  Hundred 
and  Fourth  streets,  for  John  B.  Fuller  &  Son, 
at  a  total  cost  of  $200,000. 

French,  Dixon  &  De  Saldern,  New  York 
City,  have  made  plans  for  a  six-story  brick 
flat  building,  75x90,  to  be  erected,  on  Fifty- 
seventh  street  near  Sixth  avenue  for  Thomas 
J.  Walsh,  at  a  cost  of  $250,000.. 

Schneider  &  Herter,  New  York  City,  have 
plans  for  fdTir  five-story  brick  stores  and 
flats,  25x96  and  25x88,  to  be  erected  at 
Second  avenue  and  Ninety-fourth  street, 
lor  Annie  L.  Hatch,  at  a  cost  of  $95,000. 

Lindley  Johnson,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  is  en- 
gaged on  plans  for  a  large  seven-story  stone 
and  brick  warehouse  and  stable,  150x231,  to 
be  erected  at  Broad  and  Carpenter  streets, 
for  John  Wanamaker. 

A.  J.  Warren^  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has  plans 
for  seven  two-story  and  basement  brick 
dwellings,  18x40  each,  to  be  erected  on 
Mason  street,  near  Ralph  avenue,  for  Joseph 
Palmer,  at  a  cost  of  $28,000. 

Julius  H.  Huber,  Chicago,  has  prepared 
new  plans  for  a  handsome  residence  for 
Hempstead  Washburn,  to  be  erected  on 
Astor  street,  near  Burton  place.  It  will  be 
three-stories  and  basement,  30x76,  with 
granite  front,  copper  bay  and  slate  roof;  cost, 
$20,000. 

William  Thomas,  Chicago,  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  two-story  basement  and  attic 
dwelling,  to  be  erected  on  Washington 
boulevard,  by  F.  L.  Wilson.  It  will  be  con- 
structed of  stone,  with  interior  of  hard  wood 
and  heated  by  steam;  cost,  $15,000. 

S.  S.  Beman,  Chicago,  is  receiving  esti- 
mates for  a  residence  for  W.  C.  Niblack,  to 
be  erected  at  Forty-sixth  street  and  Wood- 
lawn  avenue.  It  will  be  two-stories  and 
basement,  33x70,  of  frame,  with  hard  wood 
interior  and  steam  heat;  cost,  $15,000. 


Pond  &  Pond,  Chicago,  have  completed 
plans  for  a  five-story  and  basement  store 
building,  25x100,  to  be  erected  in  Kansas 
City,  by  Ashley  Pond,  of  Detroit,  Mich.  It 
will  be  constructed  of  pressed  brick  and 
stone,  with  iron  front;  will  contain  elevators 
and  steam  heat;  cost,  $25,000. 

Perley  Hale,  Chicago,has  planned  a  three- 
story  store  and  flat  building,  101x50,  to  be 
erected  at  Seventy-second  street  and  Vin- 
cennes  avenue.  It  will  be  constructed  of 
pressed  brick  and  stone,  and  will  cost 
$30,000. 

Beman  &  Parmentier,  Chicago,  have  in 
preparation  the  plans  for  a  new  club  house 
to  be  erected  at  Fifty-first  street  and  Wash- 
ington aveuue,  by  the  Hyde  Park  Club.  It 
will  be  three-stories  and  basement,  70x84, 
with  exteriorsjof  brown-stone,  brown  pressed 
brick  and  red  slate  roof;  cost,  $25,000. 

John  F.  Warner,  Chicago,  is  planning  a 
four-story  and  basement  factory,  60x100,  for 
James  Clowry,  to  be  erected  at  Clybourne 
and  Racine  avenues.  It  will  be  of  brick 
and  stone,  with  interior  of  mill  construction; 
cost,  $25,000.  Also  a  store  and  flat  building 
for  W.  A.  Sargent,  to  be  erected  on  Van 
Buren  street,  near  California  avenue;  cost, 
S8,ooo. 

Joseph  Stillburg,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  is  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  two-story  brick  stable  for  S. 
S.  Marvin.  It  will  be  erected  on  Duquesne 
way,  and  will  accommodate  eighty  horses 
and  cost  $20,000. 

W.  W.  Carlin,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  has  designed 
a  residence  for  J.  T.  Hurd,  to  be  built  at 
Elma,  N.  Y.,  to  be  of  stone  and  frame;  cost, 
$10,000. 

C.  D.  Swan,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  has  designed 
for  Francis  Handle  a  residence,  to  be  built 
on  Linwood  avenue;  to  be  brick  and  frame; 
cost,  $14,000. 

G.  W.  Lloyd,  Detroit,  Mich.,  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  five-story  brick  and  stone  busi- 
ness block  to  be  erected  for  David  Whitney, 
at  a  cost  of  $40,000. 

D.  K.  Dean  &  Son,  Erie,  Pa.,  have  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  hotel  building  for  James 
Campbell,  to  be  30x110  in  size,  three  stories 
high,  built  of  common  and  ornamental  brick, 
and  to  cost  $15,000.  The  same  architects 
have  prepared  plans  for  a  residence  for 
Bishop  Mullin,  to  be  built  of  common,  press 
and  ornamental  brick,  with  stone  trimmings. 
Also,  a  pastor's  residence  for  St.  Bridget's 
Church,  at  Meadville,  to  be  built  of  com- 
mon and  ornamental  brick. 

Robert  Rae,  Chicago,  is  making  plans  for 
a  two-story  and  attic  residence,  24x60,  to  be 
erected  on  Oakenwald  avenue  near  Forty- 
fifth  street  for  J.  A.  Coleman,  at  a  cost  of 
$12,000.  Also,  a  three-story  storage  ware- 
house, 55x279,  for  Charles  Lamoreaux,  at 
Englewood,  to  cost  $40,000.  Also,  fifteen 
three-story  buildings  for  J.  B.  Ingraham,  at 
Auburn  Park,  to  cost  $80,000.  Three  dwell- 
ings and  two  apartment  houses  for  D.  J.  Gill, 
at  Auburn  Park,  to  cost  $36,000,  a  Y.  M.  C. 
A.  building  for  Geneva,  Wis.,  to  cost  $15,- 
000,  and  a  residence  for  A.  E.  Otis. 


Stone,  Carpenter  &  Wilson,  Providence, 
R.  I.,  have  in  preparation  plans  for  two 
buildings  to  be  built  this  spring  for  Brown 
University;  one  a  gymnasium,  and  the  other 
an  observatory  presented  by  Gov.  Herbert 
W.  Ladd. 

Allen  &  Tyler,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  brick  barn  on  Brewery 
street,  for  C.  L.  Smedley.  It  will  be  three 
stories  high,  tin  roof,  128x33,  with  -vving  64X 
33,  and  will  accommodate  one  hundred 
horses;  cost,  $12,000. 

E.  W.  Wells,  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  is  pre- 
paring plans  for  the  county  court-house  to 
be  erected  at  Beverly  court-house. 

J.  L.  Meriam,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  three  two-story  and  cellar  brick  flats,  44X 
47,  to  be  erected  at  1234-6  West  Monroe 
street,  for  H.  Hughes,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000. 

Perley  Hall,  Chicago,  has  prepared  plans 
for  six  two-story  brick  flats,  120x62,  to  be 
erected  at  1468-78  Warren  avenue,  forE.  M. 
Jagger,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

John  Krivanek,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  four-story  and  cellar  brick  store  and 
flat  building,  39x86,  to  be  erected  at  378 
West  Eighteenth  street,  for  George  Schne- 
berger,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000. 

C.  Baumann,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
a  three-story  and  cellar  brick  store  and  flat 
building,  25x63,  to  be  erected  at  650  West 
Twenty-first  street,  for  John  Hehl,  at  a  cost 
of  $7,000. 

J.  S.  Villiers,  Chicago,  has  made  plans  for 
six  two-story  and  basement  brick  flats,  I26x 
33,  to  be  erected  on  Dickey,  near  Hanson 
street  for  Prent  &  Williams,  at  a  cost  of 
$7,000. 

Thomas  Allen,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  three  three-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
77x52,  to  be  erected  at  2974-8  \' ernon  street, 
for  J.  D.  Milliken,  at  a  cost  of  $13,000. 

F.  O.  Franklin,  Chicago,  has  prepared 
plans  for  five  two-story  and  cellar  brick  flats 
100x42,  to  be  erected  at  90-c;8  Whipple 
street,  for  C.  B.  F"linn,  at  ^cost  of  $10,000, 

Thiel  &  Lang,  Chicago,  have  made  plans 
for  a  three-story  and  basement  brick  store 
and  flat  building,  24x76,  to  be  erected  at  403 
West  North  avenue,  for  J.  G.  Jo  n  . 
a  cost  of  $6,000. 


The  danger  of  peddlers  and  hawkers 
spreading  infection  from  house  to  house  has 
often  occured  to  me.  The  new  law  regulat- 
ing this  business  cuts  off  much  of  the  dan- 
ger by  the  exclusion  of  foreign  peddlers 
from  the  state.  This  class  of  peddlers  was 
so  importunate  that  it  was  hard  to  exclude 
them  from  the  dwellings  of  the  poorer 
classes,  even  if  a  case  of  scarlet  fever  or 
diphtheria  were  in  the  room  into  which  the 
door  opened.  An  instance  of  the  spread  of 
scarlet  fever  by  a  family  of  hawkers  in  Scot 
land  is  mentioned  in  a  late  number  of  the 
Sanitary  Record,  but  in  that  case  the  source 
of  the  mischief  was  more  easily  traced,  be- 
cause it  was  found  that  one  of  the  children 
of  the  peddler  had  scarlet  fever. 


Fkb.  8,  1S0()| 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


487 


PLUMBING. 


ST.  PAUL  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

LSpecial  to  The  Sanitary  News. J 

The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  St_ 
Paul,  Minn.,  met  in  special  session  Wednes- 
day afternoon,  Jan.  2q.,  the  object  being  to 
meet  Mr.  E.  J.  Hannan,  the  president  of  the 
National  Associat'on.  Mr.  Hannan  was  ac. 
companied  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Murray,  of  Chica- 
go, Mr.  Harkness,  of  Philadelphia  and  Mr. 
Polacheck,  of  Milwaukee. 

At  the  rooms  of  the  association  all  the 
Master  Plumbers  of  St.  Paul  were  present, 
and  at  4  o'clock  the  visitors  were  escorted 
from  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  by  Messrs. 
J.  J.  Dunnigan  and  J.  H.  Shea.  The  visit- 
ing gentlemen  were  presented  to  the  local 
plumbers,  and  after  a  pleasant  interchange 
of  compliments.  President  Holmes  called 
the  meeting  to  order,  and  introduced  Mr. 
Hannan,  who  delivered  a  very  interesting 
address.  He  pointed  out  the  benefits  de- 
rived from  association  of  men  engaged  in 
the  plumbing  business,  and  gave  a  detailed 
history  of  the  work  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion. In  the  course  of  his  remarks  he  paid 
a  high  coitipliment  to  the  "'Lone  Delegate," 
Mr.  J.  J.  Dunnigan  of  this  city,  who  has  been 
a  delegate  to  every  National  Convention 
since  the  organization  of  the  body. 

Mr.  Hannan  was  warmely  applauded  at 
the  close  of  his  address,  and  Mr.  Harkness 
responded  to  calls  for  a  speech,  by  modestly 
assertmg  that  he  was  no  speaker;  but,  never- 
theless, he  succeeded  in  the  course  of  a  half 
hours  talk  in  convincing  the  members  that 
he  was  not  only  a  good  speaker  but  a  man 
possessed  of  original  and  practical  ideas  of 
great  benefit  to  the  trade.  He  explained 
several  trade  questions,  and  was  profuse  in 
his  approval  of  the  trade  schools.  He  hoped 
to  see  at  no  distant  day  a  trade  school  in 
every  city  in  the  country  modeled  after  that 
admirable  system  introduced  by  Col.  Auch- 
muty  in  New  York. 

Mr.  h..  W.  Murray,  of  Chicago,  next  ad- 
dressed the  meeting.  Mr.  Murray  explained 
the  position  of  Chicago  in  association  mat- 
ters, and  his  practical  remarks  were  fre- 
quently interrupted  by  applause.  After  Mr. 
Murray  came  Mr.  Polacheck,  the  president 
of  the  Milwaukee  Association.  He  is  a 
young  man  of  more  than  ordinary  brightness 
and  his  remarks  were  listened  to  with  great 
interest.  At  this  stage  of  the  meeting  Mr. 
W.  J.  Freaney  presented  Mr.  Hannan  with  a 
beautiful  bouquet  of  natural  flowers.  Mr. 
Freaney  stated  that  he  was  instructed  to 
present  the  flowers  to  the  National  President 
by  the  wives  and  sweethearts  of  the  St.  Paul 
Plumbers,  as  a  reminder  to  the  gentleman 
from  the  Sunny  South  that  the  glorious  cli- 
mate of  Minnesota  was  not  by  any  means  a 
perpetual  winter.  Mr.  Hannan  returned 
thanks  for  the  gift,  and  assured  the  gentle- 
men that  one  of  the  secrets  of  success  in  all 
associations  was  the  securing  of  the  co-oper- 
ation of  the  ladies. 

An  adjournment  was  then  taken  to  the 


anti-room  where  a  sumputous  spread  had 
been  prepared  for  the  guests. 

Mr.  Freaney  acted  as  toast-master,  and 
proposed  the  ■'Health  of  the  President  of 
the  National  Association." 

Mr.  Hannan  responded  in  a  very  feeling 
manner  and  expressed  his  appreciation  of 
the  apparent  prosperous  condition  of  the 
local  body. 

Mr.  Harkness  resjjonded  to  the  toast, 
"The  City  of  Brotherly  Love."  He  dwelt 
at  length  upon  the  efforts  of  his  fellow  mem- 
bers in  Philadelphia  in  the  good  work  of 
furthering  any  movement  that  had  for  its 
object  the  advancement  of  the  mechanic  of 
any  trade.  He  was  personally  very  much 
interested  in  the  boys,  "the  future  men," 
and  considered  the  apprenticeship  question 
the  most  important  of  any  of  the  various 
questions  brought  up  to-day  for  discussion 
in  associations  of  employers. 

Mr.  Murray  responded  for  "Chicago,  The 
Choice  of  the  Northwest  for  the  Next 
■World's  Exposition."  He  said  he  hoped  to 
see  all  the  gentlemen  present  at  the  World's 
Fair,  and  assured  them  of  a  genuine  Chica- 
go greeting.  Mr.  Murray  then  discussed 
the  position  of  the  trade  in  Chicago  and  ex- 
plained the  very  successful  outcome  of  the 
various  objects  sought  to  be  obtained.  He 
advised  the  gentlemen  of  St.  Paul  to  get  the 
ladies  interested  in  their  work  and  that  then 
there  would  be  no  domestic  discord  as  to 
late  hours,  etc.,  if  the  meetings  were  made 
in  some  sense  a  social  nature.  He  explained 
how  in  Chicago,  after  their  meetings,  the 
Ladies  Auxiliary  Association  came  prepared 
with  music,  etc.,  to  enjoy  themselves  for  a 
few  hours,  which  were  usually  spent  in 
dancing,  conversation,  etc. 

Mr.  W.  L.  Klein,  editor  of  the  North- 
western Builder  and  Decorator,  responded 
to  the  "The  Sanitary  Press."  Mr.  Klein  sur- 
prised his  freinds  by  the  warmth  of  his  ora- 
tory. He  was  not  suspected  of  being  pos- 
sessed of  the  "divine  gift"  but  he  convinced 
his  hearers  that  he  was  in  full  sympathy 
with  the  aims  and  objects  of  the  associations. 
He  eulogized  the  sanitary  press  of  the  coun- 
try and  pointed  out  the  great  development 
which  has  taken  place  in  the  plumbing  and 
kindred  trades  since  the  introduction  of 
papers  devoted  to  the  interests  of  such 
trades.  He  said  that  the  success  of  such 
publications  largely  depended  upon  the  en 
couragement  of  the  men  in  whose  interests 
they  were  published,  and  he  was  happy  to 
say  to  Mr.  Hannan,  that  the  plumbers  of  the 
North-west  were  most  generous  in  their 
patronage  of  such  publications. 

The  regular  order  of  toasts  having  been 
disposed  of,  Mr.  Robert  Haddow,  of  St.  Paul, 
insisted  upon  proposing  the  health  of  Mr. 
Freaney.  Mr.  Haddow  said  the  plumbing 
fraternity  owed  Mr.  Freaney  a  debt  of  grati 
tude  for  his  untiring  efforts  in  their  behalf, 
He  was  always  in  the  forefront  where  there 
was  any  advantage  to  be  gained  for  the 
trade,  and  he  hoped  some  day  to  see  Mr. 
Freaney  sent  to  Congress,  where  he  could 
advocate  the  claims  of  the  plumbers. 


Mr.  Freaney  responded  briefly,  thanking 
the  gentlemen  for  their  good  will,  and 
thanking  the  visitors  for  the  entertainment 
afforded  the  association,  wishing  the  Nation- 
al Association  "good  luck  and  prosperity" 
in  all  its  undertakings. 

Mr.  Hannan  left  for  Minneapolis  where 
he,  with  his  coleagues,  will  be  entertained 
by  the  plumbers  of  that  city.  The  Minne- 
apolis Association  will  probably  be  re-organ- 
ized during  the  stay  of  Mr.  Hannan  in  that 
city.  C0.M0. 


PLUMBING  IN  DETROIT. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  Feb.  4,  i8qo.   Editor  of 

The  Sanitary  New.s:  In  the  last  issue  of 
the  News  you  present  in  the  "What-is-it"  a 
very  familiar  feature  of  Detroit  plumbing. 

Were  you  never  so  willing  you  would 
have  neither  time  nor  space  to  enumerate 
the  bad  features  of  nearly  all  the  plumbing 
done  in  this  city. 

True,  the  individual  plumber  is  as  capable 
as  plumbers  elsewhere,  but  with  a  few  ex- 
ceptions; the  shops  that  do  the  so-called 
plumbing  here  do  not  employ  plumbers. 
The  reason  for  this  state  of  affairs  is  simply, 
that  a  good  plumber  here  can  get  little 
more  wages  than  a  tinker  can,  as  nearly  all 
tinkers  here  are  licensed  to  do  plumbing. 
That  is,  a  tin-shop  can  as  easily,  with  §5  and 
two  "bondsmen"  (S500),  get  a  license  and 
carry  on  what  is  called  plumbing.  Now,  as 
tinsmiths  are  to  be  hired  here  by  the  score 
for  from  $1.50  to  $2  per  day,  and  a  great 
deal  of  the  plumbing  being  soldering-iron 
work,  a  tinker  is  the  more  profitable  man  to 
employ  where  "tinning  and  plumbing"  are 
worked  together.  So  our  regular  plumber, 
coming  into  competition  with  tinkers,  must 
employ  cheap  labor,  which  he  does,  as 
dozens  of  young  plumbers  working  here  for 
Si. 50  to  $2  per  day  know  this  to  be  true. 

The  experienced  plumber  will  not  work 
for  laborers'  wages,  and  as  several  shops 
here  can  afford  to  pay  reasonable  prices,  the 
highest  paid  is  $2.50  and  S3>  and  the  latter 
very  rarely,  the  result  is  a  lot  of  botch  work, 
which  must  continue  until  Detroit  has  some 
system  and  that  one  of  inspection. 

The  inspection  system  will  compel  good 
work  and  good  prices  will  result,  which  will 
enable  employers  who  are  willing  to  do  so, 
to  pay  wages  and  engage  plumbers,  and  not 
the  kind  of  mechanics  some  of  the  "master" 
plumbers  themselves  are  said  to  be,  i.  e., 
shoe-makers,  bakers  and  car  drivers. 

A  medical  friend  said  to  the  writer  last 
spring,  that  in  attendance  upon  a  wealthy 
lady  at  whose  house  the  plumbing  had  just 
been  remodeled,  she  said  her  plumber,  a 
prominent  one,  had  assured  her  that  the  fix- 
tures then  in  use  in  her  house,  pan-closets 
and  old  wooden  wash-trays,  were  as  good  as 
the  latest  and  ventilation  was  nonsense. 

He  was  told  to  do  a  perfect  job  and  send 
in  his  bill,  and  there  is  no  doubt  he  did  the 
latter  and  will  be  called  on  again. 

We  now  have  an  inspection  system  here 
(instituted  by  the  Water  Board),  which  is  a 
I  most  original  way  of  elevating  the  plumbing 


483 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  314 


business,  and  which  should  be  adopted  by 
every  city. 

When  a  plumber  puts  in  a  water  connec- 
tion (service-pipe),  the  inspector  examines  it 
"officially"  to  see  if  it  be  "medium"  pipe 
and  "four  feet"  under  ground,  and  if  the 
shut-off  and  box  are  in  proper  place.  The 
writer,  last  summer,  had  to  change  one  from 
outside  to  inside  of  side-walk.  The  Water 
Board,  ever  vigilant,  have  "inspectors"  going 
around  by  night,  and  a  Detroit  paper  cau- 
tioned its  readers,  if  they  saw  a  man  prowl- 
ing around  by  night  "not  to  shoot"  as  they 
might  kill  a  "Detroit  water-works  inspector." 

N'ow,  just  imagine,  for  a  moment  if  you 
can,  the  amount  of  anxiety  bestowed  upon 
the  people  of  Detroit  in  regard  to  their 
plumbing,  and  picture  the  dangers  to  health 
that  might  occur  should  a  pipe  burst  and 
flood  the  cellar  with  clean  water. 

We  in  the  plumbing  business  in  Detroit, 
that  is  some  of  us,  say  there  is  nothing  like 
midnight  "inspection"  of  leaky  water-pipes, 
as  they  are  unsanitary.  Yours  respectfully, 
John  J.  Blackwood. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
George  Humphreys,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
has  secured  the  contract  for  plumbing  and 
gas-fitting  work  in  five  houses  at  Buchanan 
street  and  Broadway,  belonging  to  John 
Hincke.    The  amount  is  $2,350. 

S.  Ickelherimer  &  Bros.,  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  have  the  contract  for  plumbing  and 
gas-fitting  in  Samuel  Weitz's  new  building 
on  Gough  street,  between  Post  and  Sutter. 

R.  R.  Thornton,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  has 
the  contract  for  plumbing  work  in  Isaac 
Harris'  new  dwelling  at  Grove  street  and 
Van  Ness  avenue,  the  price  being  $1,275. 

Hugh  Watt,  300  Dearborn  srreet,  has  be- 
gun finishing  up  Clem  Studebaker's  hand- 
some residence  at  South  Bend,  Ind.  He  is 
also  engaged  at  roughing  in  three  first-class 
dwellings  for  A.  M.  Lynch  on  Grand  boule- 
vard, near  Forty-third  street. 

Daniel  J.  Rock,  86  North  Clark  street,  has 
the  contract  for  sanitary  plumbing  and  gas- 
fitting  in  a  large  and  magnificent  residence 
for  B.  F.  Rockwood,  at  Elmhurst. 

Turner  &  Sullivan,  i/g  Illinois  street,  have 
contracts  for  furnishing  steam  heating  ap- 
paratus and  steam-fitting  in  the  Burt  Manu- 
facturing block,  at  Clinton  and  Van  Buren 
streets,  and  the  Melville  hotel  on  State 
street,  near  Fourteenth.  They  have  recent- 
ly finished  the  wcrk  on  Root  &  Son's  Music 
store  at  Adams  street  and  Wabash  avenue, 
on  the  additions  to  the  Cook  County  Insane 
Asylum,  on  a  residence  at  Evanston  for  Dr. 
Webster,  and  on  several  smaller  residences. 

J.  J.  Wade,  531  West  Madison  street,  has 
finished  up  a  three-story  and  basement 
dwelling  for  Mr.  Sherwood,  at  200  Ashland 
avenue,  is  finishing  up  a  new  dwelling  at 
3645  Grand  boulevard  and  also  the  new 
building  for  Studebaker  Brothers  on  Michi- 
gan avenue. 


James  Clancy,  223  Ogden  avenue,  is  finish- 
ng  up  the  plumbing  work  on  a  three-story 
flat  building  for  Mr.  Ryan  on  Seventeenth 
street,  between  Rockwell  and  Fairfield,  and 
has  finished  a  two-story  flat  building  for 
George  Ramsey  at  .Sixty-fourth  street  and 
Langley  avenue. 

The  Master  Plumbers  of  Chicago  gave  a 
banquet  to  the  National  President  Hannan, 
Friday  night  at  Kinsley's.  As  The  S.\ni- 
TARY  News  must  go  to  press  on  Friday 
morning  for  distribution  on  Saturday,  the 
report  of  the  meeting  will  appear  in  our 
next  issue. 

Ford  Bros.,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  have  the 
contract  for  plumbing  and  gas-fitting  in  A. 
Legallet's  new  building  at  Turk  and  Laguna 
streets.    The  contract  price  is  §1,450. 

Duffy  Bros.,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  have 
secured  the  contract  for  plumbing  and  sew- 
erage work  in  Simon  Wenban's  new  resi- 
dence at  Jackson  street  and  \'an  Ness  ave- 
nue, at  S4,42i. 

We  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  a  most 
handsome  invitation  to  the  banquet  tendered 
by  the  Omaha  Master  Plumbers'  Association 
to  the  delegates  of  the  state  convention  in 
that  city  the  5th  inst.  The  invitation  is  a  deli- 
cate work  of  art,  and  in  itself  bespeaks  the 
excellent  quality  of  the  banquet. 

An  ordinance  regulating  plumbing  in  Col- 
orado Springs,  Colo.,  seems  to  have  been 
pretty  generally  neglected  by  the  plumbers 
of  that  place,  but  present  indications  are 
that  it  will  be  enforced.  From  the  amount 
of  bad  plumbing  reported  in  the  Gazette  of 
that  city  it  would  seem  that  it  is  high  time 
that  the  regulations  were  rigidly  executed. 

Pittsburg,  Feb.  3,  i8go.  Editor  Sanita- 
ry New.s:  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  As- 
sociation of  Master  Plumbers  of  Pittsburg 
and  vicinity,  the  following  officers  were 
elected  for  the  ensuing  year;  J.  J.  Kennedy, 
president;  Allen  McFadden,  first  vice-pres- 
ident; Theo.  McShane,  second  vice-presi- 
dent; George  Addy,  third  vice-president; 
George  Sands,  secretary;  R.  J.  Bradshaw, 
treasurer;  Frank  McKnight,  sargeant-at- 
arms.  Very  truly  yours,  George  Sands, 
Secretary. 

The  plumbing  regulations  of  Chicago  and 
the  system  of  plumbing  adopted  under  them 
have  achieved  a. wide  popularity.  Chief  In- 
spector Young  informs  us  that  on  applica- 
tion, they  have  been  sent  to  about  all  the 
principal  cities  in  the  country,  and  that  many 
personal  calls  have  been  made  at  the  Chief 
Inspector's  office  in  reference  to  the  Chicago 
system.  This  speaks  well  of  the  Chicago 
plumbers,  and  it  would  be  a  happy  result  if 
this  system  should  be  established  in  cities 
where  a  poor  system  or  no  system  exists.  The 
necessity  for  such  a  system  can  be  found  in 
many  places,  and  its  establishment  with  the 
inspection  that  Chicago  has,  would  be  a 
blessing  to  communities  that  now  suffer  the 
imposition  of  all  kinds  of  bad  plumbing 
However,  rapid  progress  in  this  direction  is 
greatly  encouraging. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Lowell,  Mass.,  will  ask  the  legislature  for 
authority  to  borrow  §500,000  for  the  erection 
of  a  new  city  hall  and  8150,000  for  a  new 

high  school  building.  Ashland,  Ky.,  will 

probably  petition  the  legislature  for  author- 
ity to  issue  §15,000  of  bonds  for  street  pav- 
ing. Address  the  Mayor.  Highland,  Ala.. 

will  ask  the  legislature  for  authority  to  issue 
§25,000  of  six  per  cent  bonds  for  publi':  im- 
provements.  Address  the  mayor,  J.  J.  Mc- 

David.  Rhea  County,  Tenn.,  has  voted 

unanimously  to  issue  the  bonds  for  the  erec- 
tion of  the  court  house  previously  reported. 

 Moundsville,  \\'.  \'a.,  has  decided  by  a 

popular  vote  to  issue  the  820,000  bonds  for 
street  paving.  The  Mayor  can  give  infor- 
mation. Reading,  Pa.:  The  county  com- 
missioners are  considering  the  proposition 
to  build  an  iron  bridge  at  a  cost  of  about 
S8o,ooo.  Columbus,  O.:  A  bill  will  be  in- 
troduced in  the  legislature  authorizing  the 
city  council  to  borrow  §130,000  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  bridge  over  the  railroad  tracks 

at  Buckeye  street.  Lyons.  la.:  A  bridge 

will  be  built  to  cost  from  $100,000'  to  S125,- 
000.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  A  special  elec- 
tion will  be  held  April  15  to  determine  the 
question  of  expending  §75,000  for  a  stone 
and  iron  bridge  over  the  creek  at  Main 

street.^  Norwich,  Conn.:    A   new  union 

depot  will  be  built.-  Alexander  City,  Ala.: 

The  Columbus  and  Western  Railroad  Com- 
pany contemplates  the  erection  of  a  new 

depot.  Anniston,  Ala.:  George  Miller,  of 

Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  will  erect  a  $7,000  resi- 
dence at  this  place.  Florence,  Ala.:  John 

Thresher  will  erect  a  two-story  brick  busi- 
ness block  66x49.    Howard  Bros,  will  erect 

two  dwellings.  Fort  Payne,  Ala.:  F.  H. 

Foster  will  erect  five  dwellings.  Birming- 
ham, Ala.:  T.  H.  Molton  will  erect  a  four- 
sjtory  building.  The  Jefferson  County  Sav- 
ings Bank  building  will  be  remodeled.  Jonn 

Bruce  will  erect  a  residence.  Bristol, 

Conn.:  A  §20,000  high  school  building  will 

be    erected.  Charlotte     Harbor,  Fla.: 

Hinckley,  Emerson  &  Borges  will  erect  a 

cigar  factory  and  build  thirty  cottages.  

St.  Augustine,  Fla.:  Charles  Brooks,  of  EI- 
mira,  N.  Y.,  will  erect  a  handsome  residence 
at  this  place.  Tallapoosa,  Ga.:  The  Tal- 
lapoosa Cotton  Company,  recently  incorpor- 
ated, will  erect  a  three-story  brick  building 
152  feet  in  length,  a  one-story  brick  25x39, 

and  another  30x45.  Atlanta,  Ga.:  Hugh 

T.  Inman  will  make  additions  to  his  resi- 
dence, at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  Columbus, 

Ga.:  The  Board  of  Trade  will  erect  a  build- 
ing. Eatonton,  Ga.:    The  Standard  Oil 

Company  will  erect  a  storage  warehouse. 

 Macon,  Ga.:    Mercer  University  will 

erect  a  $25,000  building.  The  Covington  and 
Macon  Railroad  Company  will  build  a  freight 
and  passenger  depot.     A  new  Catholic 

Chuich  is  to  be  erected.  \'ienna,  Ga.:  A 

$25,000  court  house  will  be  erected.  

Wavcrly  Hall,  Ga.:  The  Georgia  Midland 


Feb.  8. 1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


489 


and  Gulf  Railroad  Company  coutemplatcs 

building  a  depot.  Barbourville,  Ky.:  The 

Barbourville  Wood-working  &  Manufactur- 
ing Co.  will  erect  a  planing  mill,  40x80,  and 

build  a  furniture  factory  in  the  spring.  

Middlesborough,  Ky.:  The  Middlesborough 
Town  Company  contemplates  the  erection 
of  a  two-story  office,  to  cost  about  $15,000. 
Plans  are  being  prepared  for  the  erection  of 
a  building  by  the  Commercial  Club,  to  cost 
about  S35,ooo.  James  T.  Fisher  can  give  in- 
formation. Paris,   Ky.:    The  Kentucky 

Central  Railroad  Company  will  erect  a  two- 
story  brick  building.  The  Paris  Opera 
House  Company  has  been  organized  with 
W.  H.  McMillan,  p  resident,  to  build  the 

opera    house    previously  mentioned.  

Baton  Rouge,  La.:  The  Louisville,  New  Or- 
leans and  Texas  Railroad  Company  will 

erect  a  passenger  depot.  Grand  Rapids, 

Mich.:  Rowson  Bros.,  will  build  a  three- 
story  factory,  66x72.  W.  S.  Hull  will  build 
a  handsome  residence.  Harry  Brown  and 
Dr.  Hazeltine  will  both  erect  handsome  resi- 
dences. Tacoma,  Wash.:  A  Chamber  of 

Commerce  building  will  be  erected  at  a  cost 

of  §250,000.  Egypt,  N.  C:  The  Bank  of 

Egypt  and  the  Egypt  Coal  Company  will 
each  erect  office  buildings.  A  new 
school  house,  church,  public  library  and 
several  mercantile  houses  are  also  to  be 
erected.   Address  the  Egypt  Improvement 

Company.  Franklinton,  N.  C:  J.  S.  Joy- 

ner  wall  erect  two  brick  stores  and  a  brick 

warehouse.  Lebanon,  Ore.;  O'Neil  Bros., 

of  Soquel,  Cal.,  will  build  a  paper  mill  at 
this  place.  Pottsville,  Pa.:  A  new  Cath- 
olic Church  will  be  erected  to  cost  Sioo,ooo. 

 West  Chester,  Pa.:  An  annex  to  the 

court  house  will  be  built,  at  a  cost  of  Sioo,- 

000.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  The  Nashville, 

Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  Com- 
pany will  build  a  round  house  at  this  place. 

 Knoxville,  Tenn.:  The  Knoxville  Hotel 

Company  will  build  a  large  hotel.  Ama 

rillo,  Tex.:  The  Amarillo  Collegiate  Insti- 
tute will  erect  a  §12,000  building.  Dallas 

Tex.:  Henry  Clark  will  build  a  large  brick 

hotel,  100x200.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  The 

Denver,  Texas  and  Fort  Worth  Railroad 
Company  will  erect  a  new  freight  depot. 
Lampassas,  Tex.:  The  First  National  Bank 
will  erect  a  building.    A  new  Episcopal 

Church  will  be  erected.  Marshall,  Tex. 

The  Texas  and  Pacific  Railway  Company 

will  erect  a  round  house.  Navasota,  Tex. 

A  building  will  be  erected  for  the  fire  de- 
partment. Palestine,  Tex.:    The  Inter 

national  and  Great  Northern  Railroad  Com- 
pany w-ill  erect  a  passenger  depot  to  cost 

about    $20,000.  Blacksburg,   Va.:  The 

Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col 

lege  will  erect  a  chapel.  Buena  \'ista 

Va.:  The  Buena  Vista  Improvement  Com 
pany  will  let  contracts  for  twenty  houses 

 Norfolk,  Va  :  A  new  almshouse,  to  cost 

$18,000,  will  probably  be  erected.  George 

C.  Moser  is  the  architect.  Franklin,  W 

Va.:  Pendleton  County  will  probably  erect 

a  court  house,  50x60.  Harper's  Ferry,  W. 

Va.:  T.  S.  Lovett  will  erect  a  twenty-five 
room  hotel. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Covington,  Ky.:  The  Card  Electrical  and 

Dynamo  Company  has  been  incorporated  by 
Robert  J.  Smith,  Alexander  Montgomery 
and  others.    The  capital  stock  is  $200,000. 

— Elizabethtown,  Ky.:  H.  A.  Sommers  is 
organizing  a  stock  company  to  erect  an  elec- 
tric light  plant,  ice  factory  and  steam  laun- 
dry. Henderson,  Ky.:  The  erection  of  an 

electric  light  plant  is  projected. — Gadsden, 
Ala.:  P.  H.  Harralson,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  will 
organize  a  stock  company  to  erect  an  elec- 
tric light  plant  and  build  gas  works  at  this 

place.  Baton  Rouge,   La.:    The  Baton 

Rouge  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 
will  increase  its  capital  stock  to  not  more 
than  $25,000,  to  improve  its  plant. — Crystal 
Falls,  Mich.:  A  complete  electric  light  plant 

will  be  established  this  summer.  At  Cris- 

field,  La.,  efforts  will  probably  be  made  to 
establish  an  electric  light  plant.  The  sur- 
vey of  the  water-power  in  the  Colorado  river 
s  being  made  by  the  city  of  Austin,  Tex., 
with  a  view  to  using  it  to  operate  an  electric 
light  plant  and  water-works.  The  matter 
has  yet  to  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  peo- 
ple before  anything  can  be  done.  John  Mc- 
Donald, Mayor,  can  give  information.  

The  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant  is 

projected  at    Dublin,    Tex.  The  Fort 

Wofth,  Tex.,  Light  and  Power  Company, 
previously  reported  as  contemplating  chang- 
ing the  location  of  its  gas-works,  has  sold 
present  site  of  same  to  Casey  &  Swasey 
and  is  negotiating  for  land  in  another  part 
of  the  city.  The  works  are  to  be  improved 
and  enlarged  at  a  cost  of  about  $75,000,  in- 
creasing the  capacity  'from  100,000  to  260, 

000  cubic  feet  daily.  Joel  Hunt  contem 

plates  erecting  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  a  3,000  horse- 
power steam  plant  to  furnish  electric  power. 

—A  company  will  probably  be  organized 
at  Jackson,  Tenn.,  to  furnish  electricity  for 

power.  The  Wellsburgh,  W.  \'a.,  Elec 

trie  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company  pro- 
poses to  build  an  electric  street  railway  and 
electric  light  plant.    The  company's  capital 

is  $50,000.  An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

erected  at  Opelika,  Ala. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Rising  City,  Neb.,  will  probably  adopt 

water-works  system.  O'Neill,  Neb.,  is  to 

have  a  system  of  water-works  for  fire  pro- 
tection. North  Yakima,  Wash.:  The  city 

has  granted  a  franchise  to  Edward  Whitson 
for  a  Holly  system  of  water-works.  Cam- 
den, N.  J.:  A  real  estate  company  has  offered 
$600,000  cash  for  the  water-works  at  this 

place.  Sarcoxie,  Mo.:   The  water-works 

question  is  being  agitated  at  this  place. - 
San  Diego,  Cal.:  There  are  a  number  o 
schemes  on  foot  to  increase  the  water  supply 

 Holly,  N.  Y.:   Surveys  are  being  made 

for  the  proposed  system  of  water-works  at 

this  place.  At  a  town  meeting  at  Ux 

bridge,  R.  I.,  January  25,  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  take  steps  toward  acquiring 
the  franchise  and  property  of  the  L'xbridge 
W^ater  Company  in  accordance  with  its 
charter,  At  Terryville,  Conn.,  R.  Baldwin 


and  Dr.  W.  P.  Sweet  have  bought  a  tract  of 
land  containing  springs,  on  Fenn  hill.  It  is 
nderstood  that  they  propose  to  build  a 
reservoir,  and  will,  at  a  future  time,  furnish 
to  those  in  the  village  desiring  it  a  supply  of 

water  for  drinking  and  other  purposes.  

Baltimore,  Md.:  An  ordinance  has  been  in- 
troduced in  the  city  council  providing  that 
water  be  furnished  to  consumers  free,  ex- 
cept for  the  annexed  portion  of  the  city, 

after  January  i,  1891.  Denver,  Col.:  The 

Citizens'  Water  Company  has  secured  con- 
trol of  the  South  Denver  water-works  plant 
for  a  year,  with  the  privilege  of  renewal  for 
a  second  year.  Bar  Harbor,  Me.:  A  com- 
pany, composed  of  summer  visitors,  pro- 
proses  to  put  $200,000  into  a  new  system  of 
water-works,  although  there  is  already  a 
system  in  operation.- — Oakland,  Cal.:  The 
city  council  will  be  urged  to  borrow  money 
for  the  purpose  of  building  a  public  water- 
works system.  Camden,  N,  J.:  The  Rim- 

mer  Water  Purifying  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated. The  objects  are  to  manufacture 
filters  for  purifying  water  and  other  liquids 
for  cities  and  towns,  and  to  purify  sewage  in 
connection  with  the  Rimmer  precipitant. 
The  capital  stock  is  $150,000  with  $1,000  paid 
n.  The  incorporators  are:  Robert  C.  Clip- 
perton,  C.  Conrad  Bateraan  and  David  D. 
Cresswell,  of  Philadelphia;  Henry  F. 
Whitely,  of  Wilmington,  Del.;  William 
Spence,  of  Merchantville,  and  Richard  T. 

Miller,  of  Camden.  Lachute,  Que.:  There 

is  a  probability  that  the  town  will  buy  out 
the  present  water-works  and  build  a  more 
efficient  system. — — Cleburne.'.Tex.:  The 
water-works  plant  has  been  sold  to  a  private 
company  who  will  construct  a  reservoir  of 
sufficient  capacity  to  supply  a  population  of 

20,000.  Green  Mountain  Falls,  Colo.:  The 

contract  has  been  let  for  completing,  by 
June  next,  the  water-works  system  at  this 
place.  The  cost  will  be  $20,000.  Fair- 
haven,  Wash.:  A  system  of  water-works  will 
be  constructed  at  this  place  by  the  John 
Barrett  company,  of  Portland,  Ore.  Ips- 
wich, Mass.:  The  question  of  water-works 
will  be  discussed  at  the  annual  town  meet- 
ing. St.  Paul,  Minn.:  The  committee  on 

ways  and  means  has  been  authorized  to 
issue  and  negotiate  $100,000  of  four  per 
cent  bonds  for  the  water  board.  Savan- 
nah, Ga.:  The  city  council  has  authorized 
the  water  committee  to  buy  equipments  for 
sinking  six  of  the  artesian  wells  to]  a  depth 

of  1,000  feet.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  The  city 

council  has  ordered  the  sinking  of  another 

artesian  well.  St.  Paul,  Neb.:  Eight  new 

artesian  wells  are  to  be  sunk,  the  contract  to 

be  made  about  March  i.  Hillsboro,  Tex., 

citizens  are  organizing  a  company  to  bore 
an  artesian  well  and  establish  a  water-works 

system.  Trinity,  Tex.:  The  question  of 

drilling  artesian  wells  for  a  water  supply,  is 

under  consideration.  Dodgeville,  Wis.: 

There  is  talk  of  putting  in  a  system  of  water- 
works. Franklin,  Tex.,  has  secured  arte- 
sian water  and  will  probably  put  in  a  system 
of  water-works.  Cameron,  Tex.:  Water- 
works will  probably  be  put  in  this  year,  


490 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  314 


Oxford,  Ala.:  It  is  proposed  to  build  water- 
works at  this  place.  Address  W.  H.  Orr. 
 Girard,  111.:  There  is  some  talk  of  water- 
works at  this  place.  Miles  City,  Mont.: 

The  council  is  considering  a  system  of  water 
supply,  which  will  likely  soon  be  adopted. 

 West  Kno.xville,  Tenn.:  E.  Waltman,  of 

New  York,  has  organized  the  Fountain  Head 
Water  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  supply- 
ing this  place  with  water.  Bon  Air, 

The  establishment  of  a  system  of  water- 
works at  this  place  is  projected.    T.  M.  V. 

Talcott  can  give  information.  Meridian, 

Tex.:  A  water-works  system  is  to  be  put  in 
at  this  place.    Artesian  wells  will  be  the 

source  of  supply.  Dillon,  Mont.:  A  water 

system  will  probably  be  put  in  this  year. 

Address  U.  T.  Chapman.  A  complete 

water- works  system  will  be  put  in  at  Geneva, 
Wis.  Charles  F.  Case  is  city  clerk  and  E. 
H.  Brooks  chairman  of  fire  and  water  com- 
mittee. Hartington,  Neb.,  will  decide  this 

season  on  some  plan  for  a  system  of  water- 
works. Reedsburgh,  Wis.:  There  is  talk 

of  constructing  water-works  at  this  place, 

 Wapakoneta,  O.:  J.  B.  F.  Reynolds,  of 

New  York,  will  submit  a  proposition  to  con- 
struct water-works.  Syracuse,  Neb.,  pro- 
poses to   build  water-works.  Oakland, 

Neb.:  There  is  a  probability  that  a  water- 
works system  will  be  built.  White  Sul- 
phur Springs,  Mont.:  Water- works  will  be 

put  in  during  the  coming  summer.  Shell 

Lake,  Wi.=.,  proposes  to  have  a  system  of 
water-works.  Rockdale,  Tex.:  A  water- 
works system  will  be  put  in  when  some  con- 
tractor accepts  the  city's  franchise.  It  is 

probable  that  the  question  of  establishing  a 
water-works  system  will  be  voted  on  at  the 

spring  election  at  Carthage,  O.  Maynard 

Mass.,  will  petition  the  legislature  for 
authority  to  borrow  $50,000  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  the  town  water- works.  Ar- 
rangements have  been  completed  to  enlarge 
the  capacity  of  the  water-works  at  Pittsburg, 
Kas.,  by  sinking  two  large  wells  and  laying 
seven  miles  of  pipe,  with  sixty  fire  plugs. 
 A  charter  has  been  granted  to  the  Glen- 
wood  Water  Company,  of  Mayville,  Lacka 
wanna  county.  Pa.,  with  a  capital  of  $5,000, 
The  directors  are  Joseph  J.  Jermyn,  May- 
ville; William  Walker,  Scranton;  Augustus 

F.  Gebhardt,  Jermyn.  The  building  of 

water-works  is  contemplated  at  Greenville, 

Ga.  Woodstown,  N.  J.,  is  moving  for 

water-works.  Storm  Lake,  la.,  will  soon 

vote  on  the  question  of  putting  in  water- 
works. -The  citizens  of  Elkton,  Md.,  are 

working  hard  for  a  water-works  system.  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.:  Extensions  will  be 

made  to  the  water  mains.  Denver,  Col.: 

The  Citizens'  Water  Company  will  expend 

8300,000  for  cast  iron   pipe.  Nashville, 

Tenn.:  A  10,000,000  gallon  pump,  hydrants, 
meters,  gates,  valves,  etc.,  are  to  be  put  in. 

 Blue  Lakes,  Cal.:  A  water-works  system 

will  be  put  in  at  a  cost  of  830,000.  David 
Powers  can  give  information.- — Osage  City, 
Neb.:  The  Osage  City  Water  Company  has 

been  incorporated  with  Sioo,ooo  capital.  

Fort  Bragg,  Cal.:  The  Fort  Bragg  Water 


Company  has  been  formed  with  $200,000 
capital.— — Pulaski,  Va.:  L.  S.  Calfee  can 
give  information  about  the  water-works  pro- 
ject. Contra  Costa,  Cal.:    The  Contra 

Costa  Water  Company  will  build  a  large 
reservoir  and  otherwise  improve  its  plant. 
 Merlin,  Tex.,  is  to  have  waterworks. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Hawarden,  la.:  Bids  for  a  system  of  water 
works  for  this  place  will  be  open  until  Feb- 
ruary 20.    Address  the  City  Recorder  for  in- 
formation. Sioux  Rapids,  la.:  Bids  for  a 

complete  system  of  water-works  will  be  re- 
ceived by  James  M.  Hoskins,  until  Feb.  12. 

 Montreal,  Que.:  The  road  department 

wants  bids  for  500,000  beveled  and  2,000,000 
square  bricks  for  sewers.    Address  P.  W 

St.  George,  city  surveyor,  until  Feb.  19.  

Glendale,  O.:  Bids  for  a  school  building  will 
be  received  until  Feb.  13,  by  Albert  N 
Allen,  president  of  the  Board  of  Education 

 Denver,  Colo.:  Bids  will  be  received un 

til  Feb.  15,  by  J.  P.  Maxwell,  State  engineer, 
Denver,  for  the  construction  of  a  wooden  or 
combination  bridge  across  the  Bear  river  at 
Thornburg  crossing  in   Routt  county.- 
The  committee  on  streets  and  lanes  at  Sa 
vannah,  Ga.,  will  shortly  want  proposals  for 
paving  certain  streets  with  asphalt.  W 
Winn,  city  engmeer,  can  give  particulars 

 Henderson,  N.  C:  J.  H.  Bridgers,  town 

clerk,  opens  bids  Feb.  15,  for  the  erection  of 
a  complete  system  of  water-works  upon 
franchise  plan,  with  a  capacity  of  1,000,000 

gallons  per  day.  Proposals  will  be  re 

ceived  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Ar 
chitect.  Treasury  Department,  Washington 


C,  in  accordance  with  the  designs  and  spec- 
ifications made  by  Frank  Niernsee,  archi- 
tect of  the  State  House.  Sioux  Falls,  S. 

D.  :  W.  H.  Halt,  city  auditor,  opens  bids 
Feb.  12,  for  the  erection  and  construction  of 
an  iron  viaduct  756  feet  in  length  and  26  feet 
wide,  besides  a  sidewalk  6  feet  wide  on  one 
side,  to  be  completed  on  or  before  June  i , 
1890,  containing  about  70  tons  of  iron  and 
190,000  feet  of  lumber,  over  the  several  rail- 
road tracks  on  Tenth  street,  east,  in  the  city 
of  Sioux  Falls. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 


material  required  in  the  erection  and  com- 
pletion of  the  court  house,  post-office  and 
custom  house  building  at  \  icksburg.  Miss, 
approaches,  heating  apparatus  and  plumb- 
ing not  included.— — Cincinnati,  O.:  Thomas 
G.  Smith,  president  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Affairs,  opens  bids  Feb.  19,  for  grading,  set- 
ting curbs  and  crossings,  flagging  and  pa 
ing  gutters,  macadamizing  and  constructing 

drains,  culverts   and   retaining  walls.  

Proposals  will  be  received  at  once  at  the 
office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until 
Feb.  20,  for  the  completion  of  the  stone  and 
brick  masonry  of  the  superstructure  of  the 
U.  S.  custom  house,  post-office,  etc.,  building 

at  Port  Townsend,  Wash.  Proposals  will 

be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
Architect,  Treasury  Department,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  until  .March  i,  for  furnishing  and 
fitting  comp'ete  the  .  low  pressure,  return 
circulation  steam  heating  and  ventilating 
apparatus  required  for  the  S.  post-office, 
court  house,  etc.,  building  at  Binghampton, 
N.  Y.  Columbia,  S.  C:  J.  S.  \'erner,  con- 
troller general  and  secretary  of  the  State 
House  commission,  opens  bids  March  i,  for 
furnishing  and  setting  up  in  place  complete 
the  two  grand  stairways,  with  a  return  flight 
three  feet  wide  underneath  each,  to  toilet 
)ms,  for  the  State  House  at  Columbia,  S. 


Wilmington,  Del.:  The  estimated  cost  of 
the  Brandywine  intercepting  sewer,  to  be 
constructed  at  this  place,  is  842,000  to  850.- 
000.  Specifications  will  be  ready  and  bids 
for  construction  invited  about  March  i.  The 

sewer  will  be  over  a  mile  in  length.  At 

Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  a  sewerage  committee 
has  been  appointed,  composed  of  H.  P 
Rucker,  M.  F.  Murphy,  J.  Elton,  H.  L. 
Whithed  and  George  B.  Clifford.  James- 
town, N.  Y.:  A  committee  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  systems  and  a  cost  of 
sewerage  and  prepare  a  bill  authorizing  the 
city  to  borrow  money  for  the  construction  of 

a  system.  Macon,  Ga.:    City  Engineer 

Hendricks  is  arranging  to  make  an  exhaust- 
ive topographical  survey  of  all  the  streets  of 
the  city,  in  preparation  for  the  new  system 
of  sewerage  with  which  the  city  is  to  be  pro- 
vided. Grand  Forks,  Neb.,  is  agitating 

the  sewerage    question.  Belfast,  Me.: 

Plans  for  a  sewerage  system  have  been 
made  by  Wheeler  &  Parks  of  Boston,  and 

submitted  for  acceptance.  Joplin,  Mo.: 

The  Business  Men's  Club  has  held  a  meet- 
ing and  decided  to  aid  the  city  council  in 
establishing  a  drainage    system  for  this 

place.  \'ancouver,  B.  C:    The  trustees 

have  awarded  a  contract  for  sewers,  that 

will  cost  819,600.  Gloucester,  Mass.:  The 

estimated  cost  of  the  sewerage  system  at 
this  place,  the  plans  for  which  have  just 
been  completed  by  E.  C.  Bowditch,  is  8325,- 

000.  Nautucket,  Mass.:  The  question  of 

establishing  a  sewerage  system  for  this 
place  will  come  up  in  the  Hull  town  meet- 
ng  this  month.  Seattle,  Wash.:  Council- 
man N.  Neisz  and  the  city  attorney  are  pre- 
paring a  new  city  charter  to  be  submitted  to 
the  state  legislature.  Special  needs  for  the 
new  charter  are  as  follows:  Increase  of  city 
ndebtedness  to  §2,500,000.  Of  this  8500,000 
s  proposed  to  be  expended  for  a  sewerage 
system,  and  850,000  for  an  electric  light 
plant,  new  water-works  |)lant  and  other  im- 
provements. Dayton,  O.:    The  sewerage 

question  is  engaging  much  attention.  Citi- 
zens' Committees  have  been  appointed  to 
further  the  adoption  of  a  good  system.  Wal- 
ter W.  Smith,  J.  O.  Shoup  and  Charles  1. 
Williams  will  correspond  with  engineers 
upon  the  subject.  Yankton,  S.  D.:  Exten- 
sions will  be  made  this  year  to  the  sewerage 
system. — —Walla  Walla,  Wash.:  Prelimi- 
nary steps  have  been  taken  toward  bonding 
the  city  in  a  sum  sufficient  to  give  a  com- 


Feb.  8,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


491 


plete  system  of  sewerage,  and  probably  pur- 
chase the  present  water-works,  a  committee 
having  been  appointed  to  interview  the  own- 
ers thereof  relative  to  sale  to  the  city. 
The  system  of  sewerage  will  be  one  of  the 
best,  and  will  cost  nearly  $200,000.  A  bill 
has  been  forwarded  to  the  legislature  in  be- 
half of  bonding  the  city.  Kearney,  N.  J., 

contemplates  spending  $25,000  for  sewers. 
 Colonel  Waring  has  been  making  sur- 
veys at  Marien,  Conn.,  with  a  view  to  the 
establishment  of  a  sewerage  system. — The 
city  of  Talladega,  Ala.,  will  probably  issue 
$25,000  of  bonds  to  build  sewers.  The  may- 
or can  give  information.^  Atlanta,  Ga., 

contemplates  building  ten  miles  of  sewers 
during  the  year.  Jacob  Haas,  chairman  of 
Committee  on  Sewers,  can  give  information. 
 A  bill  will  be  introduced  in  the  Missis- 
sippi legislature  authorizing  the  issue  of 
$100,000  in  bonds  by  the  city  of  Vicksburg 
for  the  construction  of  a  sewerage  system. 
The  city  engineer  of  Chillicothe,  O.,  has 
been  instructed  to  make  an  estimate  of  the 
cost  of  a  sewer  from  Vine  street  to  the  Park 
lake,  at  the  head  of  Walnut  street,  adequate 
to  carry  the  waters  of  Honey  creek,  and  also 
to  draft  plans  for  properly  draining  the 
eastern  and  southeastern  portions  of  the  city. 

 Cincinnati,  O.  A  new  sewer  branch  is  to 

be  built  on  Walnut  Hills,  to  cost  Si  1,540. 

 Jersey  City,  N.  J.:    Extensions  are  to  be 

made    to    the  "sewerage  system.  New 

Haven,  Conn.:  The  city  has  appropriated 
$135,000  for  building  new  sewers. 


REVIEWS  AND  NOTES. 

A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construc- 
tion, by  Ira  O.  Baker,  C.  E.,  professor  of 
civil  engineerning,  University  of  Illinois. 
(New  York:  John  Wiley  &  Sons;  Chicago: 
A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.)— There  is  no  book 
more  timely  in  its  publication  than  this  one. 
There  is  less  literature  on  the  subject  it 
treats  than  any  other  of  the  interests  that 
enter  the  building  profession  or  general 
construction.  The  higher  thought  that  has 
been  ^iven  these  several  interests  has  pro- 
duced a  literature  of  increasing  importance 
and  value,  and  Mr.  Baker  has  made  a  valu- 
able addition  to  this  by  the  publication  of 
the  present  volnme.  It  has  a  wide  and  im- 
portant field — the  great,  substantial  portion 
of  all  building  construction  which  in  the 
present  age  is  as  marvelous  as  it  is  active. 

We  cannot  better  present  the  aim  of  the 
author  in  the  preparation  of  this  book  than 
to  reproduce  the  following  from  the  preface: 

"The  object  has  been  to  develop  princi- 
ples and  methods  and  to  give  such  exam- 
ples as  illustrate  them,  rather  than  to  accu- 
mulate details  or  to  describe  individual 
structures.  The  underlying  principles  of 
ordinary  practice  are  explained;  and,  where 
needed,  ways  are  pointed  out  whereby  it 
may  be  improved.  The  common  theories 
are  compared  with  the  results  of  actual 
practice;  and  only  those  are  recommended 
which  have  been  verified  by  experiments  or 
experience,  since  true  theory  and  good  prac- 


tice are  always  in  accord.  The  author  has 
had  the  benefit  of  suggestions  and  advice 
from  practical  masons  and  engineers,  and 
believes  that  the  information  here  presented 
is  reliable,  and  that  the  examples  cited  lep- 
rescnt  good  [)ractice.  The  general  prices 
are  the  average  of  a  large  number  actually 
paid,  and  the  special  prices  are  representa- 
tive. The  structures  illustrated  are  actual 
ones.  The  accredited  illustrations  are  from 
well-authenticated  copies  of  working  draw- 
ings, and  are  presented  without  any  modifi- 
cation whatever;  while  those  not  accredited 
are  representative  of  practice  so  common 
that  a  single  name  could  not  properly  be 
attached." 

A  perusal  of  the  work  will  show  that  the 
author's  object  has  been  attained  and  that 
he  has  succeeded  in  supplying  a  demand 
which  our  best  literature  on  building  interests 
has  heretofore  largely  neglected.  The  ma- 
son and  engineer  will  find  a  counselor  in 
this  work  embodying  the  experiments  and 
experience  of  the  best  practices  relating  to 
this  department.  The  work  is  conveniently 
and  systematically  arranged,  carefully  in- 
dexed, consists  of  552  pages  of  reading  mat- 
ter and  illustration,  and  sells  for  $5- 

Conklin's  Handy  Manuel  of  the 
Mechanical  Arts  ano  House  Plans. 
(Chicago:  Laird  &  Lee.) — This  is  a  handy 
volume  of  575  pages  on  a  variety  of  import- 
ant and  practicable  subjects.  It  is  system- 
atically arranged  and  so  indexed  that  any 
subject  can  be  quickly  found.  It  is  a  ready 
reference  on  every  subject  touching  the 
every-day  life  of  the  busy  man.  It  is  a  time- 
saver  for  all,  containing  as  it  does  such  a 
vast  amount  of  information  so  compiled  and 
arranged  as  to  be  of  the  easiest  access.  It 
is  unnecessary  to  attempt  to  enumerate  the 
subjects  treated,  for  they  embrace  about 
everything  that  could  possibly  benefit  any 
one.    It  will  be  found  helpful  to  all. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DLAFNESS  hay  fever 

A  NEW   HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
(These  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Uixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. — 
Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


Customer — I   see   you   advertise:  "Um- 
brellas recovered  while  you  wait." 
Shopkeeper — Yes,  sir;  certainly  sir. 


Customer  -Well  I  lost  an  umbrella  a  year 
ago  last  fall,  and  1  guess  I'll  sit  down  here 
while  you  recover  it  for  me. — Boston  Herald. 


Bromine  as  a  disinfectant  is  said  to  be 
coming  to  the  front.  It  is  an  inexpensive 
by-product  of  the  manufacture  of  salt,  sell- 
ing at  70  cents  a  pound,  and  in  solution  con- 
taining one  part  in  weight  to  about  800  of 
water,  it  may  be  used  freely  without  affect- 
ing anything  which  it  may  touch.  A  few 
gallons  used  daily  will  remove  all  ammoni- 
acal  odors  from  stables,  or  a  few  quarts  will 
thoroughly  deodorize  the  entire  plumbing 
system  of  an  ordinary  house.  The  undiluted 
bromine  is  strongly  corrosive,  and  if  it 
touches  the  skin  causes  a  painful  burn. 


The  great  question  just  now  seems  to  be 
whether  the  wires  or  the  people  shall  be 
given  the  preference  in  going  underground. 
— Boston  Transcript. 


The  belief  that  smoke  from  soft  coal  may 
have  beneficial  sanitary  effects  is  gaining 
ground.  It  is  claimed  that  sulphur  in  the 
coal  when  burned  becomes  sulphurous  in 
acid  gas,  a  well-known  disinfectant.  Fur- 
ther, that  creosote  and  its  allied  products 
are  thrown  off  with  the  fumes  of  bituminous 
coal,  and  that  an  atmosphere  charged  with 
carbonic  acid  must  be  freer  from  germs  of 
disease  than  an  apparently  purer  air. 


Wood  pulp  is  now  being  used  as  the  basis 
of  a  plastic  cgmpound  to  serve  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  lime  mortar  in  covering  and  fin- 
ishing walls.  It  is  designed  to  possess  in 
addition  to  all  the  desirable  qualities  of  or- 
dinary mortar  the  characteristics  of  being 
harder  and,  when  applied  to  woodwork  in  a 
thin  coat,  rendering  it  both  fire  and  water- 
proof.—  Timberinan . 


In  Paris  whenever  a  local  shopkeeper  ad- 
vertises to  sell  "at  cost,"  a  government  offi- 
cial, detailed  for  the  purpose,  swoops  down 
upon  him,  and  makes  a  careful  inspection  in 
order  to  satisfy  himself  that  the  merchant 
carries  out  what  he  advertises.  If  the  latter 
is  detected  in  fraud  an  adequate  punishment 
is  at  once  meted  out  to  him.  They  don't  de- 
ny a  man's  right  to  sell  his  goods  at  less 
than  cost  if  he  chooses,  but  he  must  not  pub- 
lish any  lying  advertisemenj. — Canadian 
Journal  of  Fabrics. 


"Who  is  your  family  physician,  Freddy?" 
asked  Mrs.  Hendricks  of  the  Brown  boy. 
"We  ain't  got  none,"  said  the  boy.  Pa's  a 
homoeopath,  ma's  an  allopath,  sister  Jane  is 
a  christian  scientist,  grandma  and  grandpa 
buy  all  the  patent  medicines  going,  uncle 
James  believes  in  massage,  and  brother  Bill 
is  a  horsedoctor." 


Send  in  your  subscription  for  The  Sani- 
tary News. 


492 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No. 


"LOOKING 
FORWARD." 


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56-58  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 
AGENTS  WANTED, 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 

George  Oliver,  2-story  and  cellar  brick  dwell., 
24x33,  UU  W.  Monroe  St  $  3,100 

(',.  G.  Fanning,  2-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
25x52, 1027  Park  av   +.000 

H.  Hughes,  two  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 
44x47,  1234-6  VV.  Monroe  st   10,000 

E.  M.  Jageer,  six  2-8tory  brick  flats,  120x62, 
1408-78  Warren  av   25,000 

James  J.  Bafton,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 

25xB2,  195  Oakley  8t   4,000 

George  Schneberger,  4.story  and  cellar  brick 

store  and  flats,  39x86,  378  W.  Eighteenth  st.. .  16,000 
Liouis  Jacobson,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 

21x72,  301  W.  Ohio  st   4,500 

M.  Kusinzwaki,  2-8tory  and  base,  flats.  21x69. 

.571  Dickson  st   4,200 

J.  N.  Cunning,  2-story  and  cellar  flats,  22x48, 

1148  W.  Congress  et   3.000 

John  Hehl,  3-story  and  cellar  brick  store  and 

flats,  25x63,  650  W .  Twenty-first  st   7,000 

Prent  &  Wilson,  six  2-8tory  and  base,  brick 

flats,  126x33.  Dickey  st.  near  Hanson   7,000 

A.  Hanner,  2-story  brick  flats,  21x.')6,  500  W. 

Fourteenth  st   3.000 

Matt  Kolines,  3-story  brick  flats,  21x65  ft.,  2938 

Dashiel  st   4,000 

M.  B.  Bailey,  two  3-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 

44x50,  11,5-17  Nebraska  st   5,000 

August  Stoltze,  2-story  and  cellar  brick  store 

and  flats,  25x68  ft.,  634  W.  North  av   3,500 

Henry  Kon,  2-story  and  cellar  brick  flats,  21x 

.55,  1169  Wilcox  st   3,. 500 

J.  D.  Milliken,  three  3-story  and  cellar  brick 

flats,  77x52,  2974-8  Vernon  st   13,000 

Frank  Sima,  3-6tory  cellar  and  attic  brick  store 

and  flats.  2.5x70,  2901  Parnell  st   8,400 

Edward  Shea,  2-story  and  C3llar  brick  flats,  21x 
42,  1482  vV.  Congress  st   3,.500 


C.  VOSBURGH  7V\:F=G  CO  limited 
184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COM  BI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITTINOS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


CHZIC-A-GrO. 

We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Ordeks  Carefully  FiliiEd 


NATURE'S  REMKDIKS 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  eflfective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Knmedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect  ■ 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  C.\tarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  150  persons  have  been  treated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liveu  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  ia  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lungand  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  ajiplica- 
tion  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache.Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  nANQEROUS  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
("atarrh,  and  though  you  mav  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATUUE'S  CATARKH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 

NEVER   BREAK  WROUGHT  STEEL 

HOOK         Combined  Pipe  Hooks, 
Expansion  Plates, 

And  Ring'  Plates. 
THE  BRONSON  SUPPLY  CO., 

Cleveland  and  New  York, 

Sole  MANUFACTURERS. 

HALL  &  NEAR,  Agents, 
FOR  SALE  BY  ALL   SUPPLY   HOUSES.  Ne*  York  Office:  51  Cll«  Street 


i7 


"NEVER 


C  B.  Flinn,  five  '2-story  and  cellar  brick  flats, 

100x42,  il0.9H  Whipple  st . . . .    10,000 

J.  (J.Jones  &  Co.,  2-story  and  cellar  brick 
dwell.,  25x50,  951  Warren  av   5,000 

Jolin  .Jt>hnson,  S-story  and  base,  brick  store 
and  flats,  24x7ti,  403  W.  North  av   t5,OoO 

Canvasser — I  have  here  a  work  

Master  of  the  House — I  can't  read. 

Canvasser — But  your  children  

Master  of  the  House — I  have  no  children 

(triumphantly).    Nothing  but  a  cat. 
Canvasser— But  you  want  something  to 

throw  at  the  cat.    (He  took  '\i.)~Li/e. 


PROPOSALS. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Washington,  D.  ('..  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.  on  the  1st  day  of  March  1H<X),  for  all  llie  labor 
and  material  required  to  fix  in  place  complete,  the 
Low-PresHure  Return  Circulation  Steam  Heating 
and  Ventilating  Ai>paratua  remiired  for  the  U.  S. 
Post  Office,  Court  House,  etc.,  building  at  Hingham- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  in  accordance  with  the  <lrawing»  and 
sjiecification,  ooiiies  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Superintend- 
ent. Each  bid  must  be  accompanietl  by  a  certified 
check  for  #200.00.  The  Department  will  reject  all 
bids  received  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all 
the  requirements  of  this  invitjition. 

JAS.  H.  WINDRIM. 
Jan.  28,1890.  Supervising  Architect. 


Feb.  15, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


493 


The  Sanitary  News 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

ISO.  90  l^a  Salle  Street,  CliicaKo. 

Thomas  Hudson,  Publishkb, 

A.  H.  Harrtman.  Editor. 

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CHICAGO.  FEB.  15,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics   493 

Heating  and  Ventilation  in  School  Houses      -  494 

Philadelphia  Water  Supply         -      .      .      -  494 

Health  in  Michigan  Jan.  1890      .      .      -      -  49.5 

Increasing  Greatness  of  the  U.  S.      -      -      -  49.5 

Sewage  Precipitation  Works.     -      .      -      .  4(15 

Spontanious  Ignition          .      .      .      _      .  490 

Bonds  to  be  Issued  49^ 

BniLDiNG— 

Uniformity  in  Building      -      .      .      .  jvtS 

On  Detei  mining  Accuslic  Qualitii  s' -      -  497 

To  coiner  Building  (  cnttruction    .      -      _  497 

Notes  from  Architects        _      .      .      -  4517 

The  Hansen  Chimney  Topping  -      -      -  498 

Plumbing— 

Pikes  System  of  Plumbing  and  Ven(ilati<jn  499 

Registration  of  Plumbers  -  _  .  -  499 
Banquet  given  by  the  Chicago  Master 

Plumbers              -      .      .      .      .  .500 

Among  the  Plumber;!      -----  .501 

CONTBACTING  NeWS— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -      -      -  502 

Heating  and  Lighting        -      -      -      .  .502 

Water-Works  Notes    -      -      -      .      .  583 

Bids  and  Contracts     -      ...      -  ,593 

Sewerage  Notes          .....  504 


The  State  15oard  of  Health  of  Idinana 
has  finished  its  inquiry  into  the  sanitary  con- 
dition of  the  school-houses  in  that  state  with 
the  followin};  startling  results: 

In  3,186  schools  there  are  1,833  near- 
sijjhted  pupils,  18  per  cent  of  the  grounds 
need  drainage,  71  per  cent  of  the  houses  are 
not  properly  ventilated,  12  per  cent  not 
properly  heated,  34  per  cent  have  black- 
boards between  the  windows,  35  per  cent  of 
the  blackboards  have  bad  surfaces,  30  per 
cent  have  bad  water  supply,  10  per  cent 
have  no  closets,  41  per  cent  of  the  closets  in 
bad  condition,  u  per  cent  of  the  closets  not 
separated  for  sexes,  45  per  cent  have  dan- 
gerous nuisances  near  them,  6  per  cent  re- 
quire pupils  to  be  vaccinated,  in  52  per  cent 
pupils  coming  from  families  in  which  conta- 
gious diseases  are  prevailing  are  not  ex- 
cluded from  school,  and  22  per  cent  of  the 
houses  are  not  suitable  for  the  district.  The 
dangerous  nuisances  referred  to  are  ceme- 
t  ries  and  ponds. 

This  state  is  not  alone  in  its  unsanitary 
conditions  of  school-houses.  In  other  states 
dangerous  and  "disgraceful  conditions  exist. 
Where  shall  the  blame  be  placed?  Who 
should  be  held  responsible  for  this  state  of 
affairs?  There  is  a  serious  wrong  some- 
where. In  such  cases  the  state  board  should 
be  impowered  to  discover  the  responsible 
parties  who  should  be  punishable  by  the 
laws  of  the  state.  Here  are  buildings  erected 
by  some  one  who  endangers  the  health  and 
lives  of  thousands  of  children  and  escapes 
punishment  for  his  crime.  These  houses 
are  built  by  contractors  who  have  no  care 
beyond  the  money  they  can  make.  In  this 
age  they  cannot  be  considered  ignorant  of 
the  sanitary  laws  that  should  govern  the 
erection  of  school  buildings.  This  thing  has 
been  going  on  long  enough,  and  authorities 
should  be  held  responsible  for  a  further 
continuence  of  the  evil.  There  is  nothing 
to  prevent  the  proper  authorities  from  hav- 
ing a  building  thoroughly  inspected  by  a 
competent  person,  and,  if  found  deficient  in 
any  particular  they  can  refuse  to  accept 
it  from  the  contractor.  There  is  too  much 
carelessness  in  this  matter  on  the  part  of  all 
concerned  and  the  sooner  some  are  severely 
dealt  with  the  better. 

Attention  has  been  directed  to  the  very 
large  number  of  houses  in  Philadelphia 
which  are  without  sewer  connection  and  de- 
pend on  cesspools  into  which  they  are 
drained.  The  present  condition  of  house 
drainage  was  brought  to  public  attention  by 
a  recent  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  a 
case  affecting  the  power  of  the  health  board 
in  abating  certain  nuisances.  Charles  F. 
Kennedy,  Chief  Inspector  of  the  nuisance 
department  of  the  Board  of  Health,  reported 
that  there  are  25,000  or  30,000  refuse  wells  in 
the  city,  some  of  these  receptacles  of  filth 
bemg  thirty  or  forty  feet  deep.  In  the  year 
1888  the  attention  of  the  Board  of  Health 
was  called  to  the  condition  of  some  5,000 
wells  which  were  either  full,  leaky,  foul  or 
illegally  drained  into  the  sewers,  and  the 
number  reported  to  the  Board  during  1889 


was  equally  as  great.  The  evil  is  augmented 
by  the  fact  that  in  the  majority  of  cases  only 
one  well  is  provided  for  two  houses,  and  in 
some  instances  there  is  but  one  to  four  and 
even  six  houses.  These  unsanitary  condi- 
tions are  found  in  the  old  portions  of  the 
city,  while  the  more  modern  portions  arc 
found  to  be  free  from  this  nuisance.  The 
Board  of  Health  will  not  allow  any  privy 
wells  to  be  constructed  where  there  is  a 
sewer,  and  where  vaults  are  permissible, 
they  must  be  ten  feet  deep  and  incased  with 
a  nine-inch  wall  of  brick  laid  in  cement. 

The  supreme  court,  while  holdingthat  the 
health  board  has  a  perfect  right  to  condemn 
privy  vaults  as  nuisances,  dangerous  to  the 
public  health,  it  has  no  power  to  compel 
property  owners  to  put  closets  in  their 
premises.  The  effect  of  this  decision  will 
greatly  retard  the  action  of  the  Board  of 
Health  in  suppressing  a*  nuisance  of  this 
character  but  will  not  prevent  it.  As  the 
Board  of  Health  has  the  power  to  condemn 
a  vault  and  fill  it  in,  the  house  itself  can  be 
condemned  as  an  unfit  habitation,  and  the 
property  practically  becomes  valueless. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  owner  will 
most  generally  supply  his  building  with 
closets  for  his  own  protection  against  loss. 
Should  he  rent  the  property  without  either 
a  vault  or  closet  the  Board  of  Health  is  em- 
powered to  do  the  w^ork,  and  the  cost  be- 
comes a  first  lien  against  the  property.  It 
will  be  seen  that  one  serious  effect  of  this 
decision  is  that  it  will  prevent  the  health 
board  from  anticipating  a  nuisance,  and  it  is 
always  dangerous  to  wait  till  the  evils  of  a 
nuisance  make  manifest  its  presence. 
Nuisances  of  this  character  can  be  antici- 
pated and  should  not  be  allowed  to  be 
brought  into  existence  at  all.  If  the  board 
can  condemn  a  vault  or  refuse  well  after  its 
construction,  it  seems  that  good  logic  and 
wisdom  would  empower  it  to  prevent  the 
construction  of  such  a  possible  nuisance. 


THE  VALUE  OF  THE  PLUMBER  TQ 
PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

In  many  of  the  chief  towns  of  Scotland 
there  has  recently  been  a  re.narkab.'"  in- 
crease of  typhoid  fever.  In  a  report  on  the 
health  of  Aberdeen  during  November  1889, 
Dr.  Matthew  Hay  comments  on  this  for 
which  no  special  cause,  such  as  the  contam- 
ination of  the  water  or  milk  supply,  could  be 
discovered.    In  his  report  he  says: 

"The  disease  has  almost  wholly  confined 
itself  to  the  laboring  and  artisan  classes, 
and  especially  to  those  of  them  whose  hous- 
ing and  sanitary  surroundings  are  not  of  the 
most  satisfactory  kind.  In  connection  with 
nearly  every  case  a  leak  in  the  drains,  a 
choked  pipe,  an  imperfect  trap,  an  unventi- 
lated  water-closet,  a  filthy  house  interior,  or 
other  sanitary  defect  has  been  discovered. 
These  defects  cannot  be  more  numerous  at 
the  present  time  than  they  have  been  in  the 
past,  considering  the  enormous  labor  that  is 
yearly  spent  by  the  sanitary  staff  in  rectify- 
ing them;  and,  assuming  that  the  disease  is 
not  spreading  by  p'ersonal   contagion,  of 


464 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  315 


which  there  is  no  evidence,  the  present  out- 
break is  apparently  indicative  of  same  pecu- 
liar meteorological  condition  more  than 
usually  favorable  to  the  development  of  the 
fever,  but  favorable  only  where  there  exists 
some  sanitary  defect." 

It  will  be  noticed  here  that  although  no 
special  cause  has  been  made  known  of  the 
increase  of  the  fever,  a  condition  of  house 
plumbing  and  drainage  has  been  discovered 
which  is  most  favorable  to  the  development 
of  such  a  disease.  There  have  been  numer- 
ous cases  reported  where  typhoid  fever  has 
been  known  to  result  from  bad  plumbing  or 
plsmbing  that  had  become  defective 
through  use.  A  case  was  recently  reported 
in  which  the  infection  was  carried  from  one 
house  to  another  by  both  houses  being  con- 
nected with  the  sewer  by  the  same  drain 
without  the  placement  of  a  running  trap. 
The  plumbing  in  the  house  to  which  the  dis- 
ease was  communicated  was  found  to  be 
deficient  as  the  trap  seals  were  almost  con- 
tinuously broken  by  syphonage.  A  close 
inspection  might  reveal  the  fact  that  some 
such  condition  obtains  in  the  cities  of  Scot- 
land which  would  account  for  the  spread  of 
typhoid  fever.  At  any  rate  the  plumbing  is 
sufficient  to  cast  considerable  suspicion  on 
it  regarding  this  disease. 

The  case  of  Boston  reported  recently  in 
regard  to  the  decreased  death-rate  since  the 
plumbing  regulations  were  enforced,  is  in 
itself  sufficient  to  establish  the  important 
relations  of  the  plumber  to  public  health. 
Yet  we  find  many  obstacles  thrown  in  his 
way  in  his  efforts  to  better  these  conditions 
and  more  thoroughly  guard  the  health  of 
the  household.  The  association  of  master 
plumbers  has  exerted  a  most  powerful  in- 
fluence in  the  line  of  improving  the  plumb- 
er's work  and  educating  the  plumber  up  to 
a  proper  appreciation  of  his  calling  and  the 
acquirement  of  the  qualifications  necessary 
for  its  prosecution.  A  trap  is  often  the  only 
thing  standing  between  disease-producing 
filth  and  health,  and  it  is  necessary  that  the 
trap  should  be  perfect.  The  same  is  true  of 
every  pipe  and  joint  in  the  building.  Yet, 
serious  as  this  is,  people  will  allow  the  in- 
competent and  unscrupulous  so-called 
plumber  to  do  their  work  leaving  open  every 
avenue  and  gate-way  for  the  free  passage  of 
disease.  It  is  from  such  people,  whose  mis- 
erly natures  secure  cheaj)  work,  that  much 
of  the  railing  against  plumbers  come.  The 
whole  craft  must  be  reproached  because 
some  people  have  not  sense  enough  and  are 
loo  stingy  to  employ  reputable  and  profi- 
cient plumbers. 

The  injury  to  health  does  not  stop  with 
the  persons  who  employ  unqualified  and 
cheap  tinsmiths  to  do  their  plumbing.  The 
filth  diseases  that  make  their  appearance 
through  defective  plumbing  arc  communi- 
cable and  the  public  must  suffer  for  the 
criminal  actions  of  others.  The  [lublicgood 
is  higher  than  individual  selfishness  com- 
monly called  liberty.  No  man  has  the  right 
to  afflict  his  neighbor.  The  good  and  high- 
est welfare  of  the  cemmunity  must  be  re- 


spected by  the  individual.  Hence  a  strin- 
gent law  should  secure  to  a  community  the 
greatest  possible  freedom  from  those  pre- 
ventable diseases  which  may  be  communi- 
cated by  the  reckless  indifference  of  the 
individual.  Some  means  should  be  provided 
whereby  defective  plumbing  would  be  an 
impossibility.  The  employment  of  reputable 
plumbers  will  be  found  the  means  immedi- 
ately at  hand,  and  the  enforcement  of  prop- 
er laws  should  be  first  in  consideration;  for 
as  important  as  health  is,  so  important  is  the 
work  of  the  plumber. 


HEATING  AND  VENTILATION  IN 
SCHOOL-HOUSES. 
The  following  description  of  heating  and 
ventilating  school-houses  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  will  prove  of  interest,  and  should  re- 
ceive the  consideration  of  those  interested  in 
the  construction  of  such  buildings: 

In  the  Belmont  street  building  indirect 
steam-heating  and  exhaust-fan  ventilation 
have  been  introduced.  The  old  system  in 
use  in  this  building  was  one  of  direct  steam- 
heating.  This  was  entirely  remodeled  as 
the  first  step  in  the  proposed  changes,  and 
the  boiler  plant  was  doubled  by  the  addi- 
tion of  a  45  horse-power  boiler.  Then  six 
warm  air  chambers,  each  containing  750 
square  feet  of  indirect  heating  surface,  a 
total  of  4,500  feef,  were  built  in  the  cellar 
for  warming  the  fresh-air  supply,  each 
chamber  supplying  three  rooms.  These 
chambers  are  constructed  of  brick,  and  each 
is  ten  feet  long,  four  feet  wide  and  nine  feet 
high.  From  these  chambers  brick  flues  lead 
to  each  room  and  are  supplied  with  dampers 
so  arranged  that  while  the  flow  of  incoming 
air  cannot  be  diminished  its  temperature 
can  be  regulated  at  will  by  the  teacher,  thus 
placing  in  her  care  the  entire  control  of  the 
temperature  of  the  room  whether  warm  or 
cold  air  is  desired.  The  advantage  of  this 
arrangement  will  be  better  understood  when 
it  is  remembered  that  uuder  many  existing 
systems  the  control  of  the  temperature  of 
the  several  rooms  of  a  building  is  with  the 
janitor  alone,  and  if  a  teacher  wishes  to  raise 
or  lower  the  temperature  of  her  school-room 
the  janitor  must  be  notified. 

Another  feature  of  the  system  is  the  auto- 
matic device  for  controlling  the  volume  of 
air  admitted  in  such  a  manner  that  an  in- 
crease of  wind  pressure  results  in  a  corres- 
pondingly decreased  inlet.  The  supply  of 
fresh  air  for  the  building  is  admitted  through 
six  inlets  in  the  foundation  walls,  each  of 
which  is  ten  and  one-half  feet  in  area.  In 
each  of  these  inlets  is  a  box  or  duct  that 
leads  directly  to  the  chambers  described 
above.  The  fresh  air  passing  over  the  ra- 
diating surfaces  is  heated,  and  passing  up 
the  flues  enters  the  school-room  through  a 
register  in  a  side  wall  eight  feet  above  the 
floor,  at  a  temperature  never  exceeding  130 
degress  and  usually  at  about  90  degrees,  an 
excessively  high  temperature  being  pre- 
vented by  an  abundant  fresh-air  supply. 

When  the  warm  air  enters  the  school- 
room it  ascends  to  the  ceiling,  and  coming 


in  contact  with  the  side  walls  it  drops  grad- 
ually to  the  floor  and  passes  out  through  a 
register  placed  as  nearly  as  possible  under 
the  hot-air  register,  so  as  to  secure  good 
ventilation.  The  foul  air,  after  passing 
through  the  registers,  enters  fire-proof  brick 
flues  and  goes  to  the  cellars,  where  it  is  col- 
lected in  one  common  main  ventilating  duct 
and  carried  to  the  foot  of  the  ventilating 
shaft,  which  is  a  brick  structure  at  the  rear 
of  and  outside  of  the  building,  and  is  eight 
feet  square  and  extends  above  the  roof  of 
the  building.  The  exhaust  fan  is  seven 
feet  in  diameter  and  runs  at  a  speed  of  150 
revolutions  a  minute.  It  is  driven  by  a 
seven  horse-power  engine.  The  engine  and 
fan  will  be  run  continuously  while  the  schools 
are  in  session. 

According  to  the  terms  of  the  contract 
go.ooo  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air  are  to  be  sent 
into  each  one  of  the  eighteen  rooms  of  the 
building  every  hour,  and  the  same  volume 
is  to  be  withdrawn.  This  gives  to  each  one 
of  the  supposed  fifty  pupils  in  each  room 
thirty  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air  every  minute  as 
required  by  law.  The  size  of  the  escape 
flues  from  the  school-room  allows  the  air  to 
be  changed  every  seven  minutes,  while  in 
the  cloak-room  it  is  changed  every  fifteen 
minutes,  by  means  of  flues  independent  of 
those  leading  from  the  school-room. 

The  water  closets  are  in  a  separate  build- 
ing, fitted  with  an  independent  ventilating 
shaft.  In  this  shaft  is  placed  a  small  heat- 
ing furnace,  in  which  a  fire  is  kept  con- 
stantly burning.  As  a  closet  cover  is  raised 
a  strong  downward  current  of  air  sets  in, 
which  completely  prevents  the  escape  of 
offensive  odors.  The  drinals  are  thirty  feet 
long,  of  slate,  and  flushed  with  constantly 
running  water,  and  so  arranged  that  a  cur- 
rent of  air  is  drawn  down  over  the  entire 
surface  by  the  closet  ventilating  shaft. 


PHILADELPHIA  WATER  SUPPLY. 

Dr.  Milton  A.  Nobles,  of  Philadelphia,  a 
physician  who  has  given  much  attention  to 
water  in  its  relation  to  health,  has  written  a 
letter  regarding  the  much-discussed  water 
supply  of  that  city,  from  which  are  gleaned 
the  following  interesting  conclusions; 

1.  Chemical  analysis  of  the  samples  of 
Schuylkill  water  taken  from  Fairmount 
Dam,  Phccnixville,  and  other  points,  show 
that  little  or  no  difference  as  to  purity  exists 
at  any  of  the  various  points. 

2.  The  population  of  the  Schuylkill  \  al- 
ley  is  so  dense,  the  amount  of  manufacture 
so  great,  and  the  character  of  the  stream 
such  that  throughout  its  course  it  acts  as  a 
sewer,  and  at  no  point  in  its  course  can  it  be 
used  as  a  source  of  water-supply  without 
menace  to  the  health  of  those  so  using  it. 

The  deductions  are  self-evident — 

1.  That  the  quality  of  water  supplied  will 
not  be  improved  by  change  of  source  from 
Fairmount  Dam  to  some  other  point  on  the 
.Schuylkill. 

2.  That  the  quality  of  water  supplied  will 
not  be  sufficiently  improved  to  make  such  a 

I  change  desirable. 


Feb.  15,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


495 


3.  That  ultimately  the  source  of  water 
supply  must  be  from  the  upper  regions  of  the 
Delaware  (or  Lehigh)  River,  and  that  any 
change  not  in  that  direction  will  necessarily 
be  but  temporary,  and  all  expense  in  such 
direction  a  waste  of  funds. 

If  these  reasons  are  not  sufficient  to  dis- 
pose of  the  [iresent  Schuyli<ill  scheme,  allow 
me  to  add  the  following. 

1.  The  Schuylkill  Navigation  Company's 
charter  does  not  allow  water  to  be  sold  or 
leased,  except  out  of  the  surplus  water  of  the 
river,  after  navigation  is  fully  supplied.  The 
only  "right"  which  may  be  purchased  of 
them,  therefore,  is  the  right  to  use  the  sur- 
plus of  water  above  the  amount  necessary 
for  the  purpose  of  navigation.  This  surplus 
water  would  not  be  sufficient  to  afford  a 
supply  for  the  use  of  the  city  ten  days  in 
the  year. 

2.  The  right  to  use  the  water  of  the 
Schuylkill  River  in  any  portion  of  its  course, 
down  to  the  very  last  drop,  for  all  purposes 
other  than  those  of  navigation  and  power,  is 
inalienably  possessed  by  every  individual  or 
collection  of  individuals  inhabiting  the  area 
drained  by  the  Schuylkill.  The  attempt  of 
Councils  to  purchase  what  we  already  pos- 
sess is  probably  an  attempt  to  subsidize  the 
members  of  Councils  interested. 


INCREASING  GREATNESS  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 
The  rapid  increase  in  the  wealth,  business 
and  prosperity  of  the  United  States  during 
the  i)ast  ten  years,  says  the  Boston  Maiiu- 
factiircrs  Gazette,  is  simi)ly  marvelous.  Ac- 
cording to  the  published  figures  the  total 
wealth  of  the  country  is  now  $71,459,000,000^ 
equal  to  nearly  §1,000  per  capita.  This  is 
an  increase  in  ten  years  of  §18,000,000,000,  or 
42  per  cent;  England's  wealth  in  1885  is 
given  at  $50,000,000,000.  The  average  of 
wealth  per  head  in  England  is  $1,545;  in 
Scotland,  §1,215;  in  Ireland  but  $565.  The 
total  wealth  of  France  is  estimated  at  §36,- 
000,000,000.  England  exacts  in  taxes  $20 
per  head  of  population,  while  each  individ 
ual  in  the  United  States  pays  but  $12.50. 
America  will  produce  q,ooo,ooo  tons  of  iron 
this  year,  while  England's  greatest  produc- 
tion is  8,600,000  tons. 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN,  JAN.,  1890. 
For  the  month  of  January,  1890,  compared 
with  the  preceding  month  the  reports  indi- 
cate that  influenza,  pneumonia,  pleuritis  and 
membranous    croup    increased,  and  that 
typho-malarial  fever,  inflammation  of  brain, 
cholera    morbus,   typhoid   fever  (enteric), 
dysentery,  inflammation  of  kidney;  inflam- 
mation of  bowels,  whooping-cough,  diphthe- 
ria and  small-pox  decreased  in  prevalence 
Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the 
temperature  was  lower,  the  absolute  humid 
ity  was  less,  the  relative  humidity  and  the 
day  and  night  azone  were  more. 

Compared  with  the  average  for  the  month 
of  January  in  the  four  years  1 886-1 889,  in 
fluenza,  pneumonia  and  measles  were  more 
prevalent  and  typho-malarial  fever,  cholera 
morbus,  cholera  infantum,  dysentery,  in 
flammation  of  brain,  membranous  croup 
typhoid  fever,  scarlet  fever,  cerebro-spinal 
meningitis,  diphtheria  and  remittent  fever 
were  less  prevalent  in  January  1890. 

For  the  month  of  January  1890,  compared 
with  the  average  of  corresponding  months 
in  the  four  years,  1886-1889,  the  temperature 
was  much  higher,  the  absolute  humidity  was 
more,  the  relative  humidity  was  less,  and 
the  day  and  night  ozone  were  more. 

Including   reports  by  regular  observers 
and  others,  diptheria  was  reported  presen 
in  Michigan  in  the  month  of  January  1890 
at  sixty-one  places;  scarlet  fever  at  sixty 
two  places;   typhoid  fever  at  forty-eight 
places  and  measles  at  twenty-seven  places 
Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria 
reported  at  four  places  more,  scarlet  feve 
at  two  places  less,  typhoid  fever  at  nine 
places  less  and  measles  at  five  places  more 
in  the  month  of  January  1890,  than  in  the 
preceding  month.     Henry  B.  Baker, 

Secretary. 


SEWAGE  PRECIPITATION  WORKS 
Engineering,  London,  thus  minutely  de- 
scribes the  precipitation  works  at  Crossness, 
on  the  occasion  of  a  visit  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers  to  the  Metropolitan  Sew- 
age Works  where  important  enlargements 
and  modifications  of  the  existing  works  are 
now  being  carried  out: 

The  old  works  consists  of  a  covered  reser- 
voir having  an  area  of  about  six  acres,  and 
capable  of  containing  about  24,000,000  gal- 
lons of  sewage.    This  reservoir  is  divided 
into  four  compartments,  any  one  of  which 
can  be  filled  or  emptied  independently  of 
the  others,  and  the  whole  four  are  connected 
by  a  culvert  with  the  main  sewer  from  Lon- 
don.   The  sewer  is  about  "jYz  miles  long  and 
II  ft.  6  in.  in  diameter.    All  the  sewage  of 
London  south  of  the  Thames,  which  has 
about  2,500,000  inhabitants,  is  collected  in 
this  main,    and    the    average  daily  flow 
through  it  is  about  75,000,000  gallons,  but  in 
rainy  weather  this  figure  may  be  doubled. 
Depending  o?i  the  state  of  tne  tide,  the  sew- 
age is  at  present  turned  direct  into  the  river 
or  else  into  the  reservoirs,  from  whence  it  is 
pumped  into  the  river,  in  either  case  being 
totally   untreated.     The   culverts  leading 
from  the  main  sewer  to  the  reservoir  and 
pump  wells  are  somewhat  peculiai,  three 
separate  culverts  being  arranged  one  above 
the  other.    This  plan  was  adopted  in  order 
that  one  foundation  might  serve  for  all  three 
culverts,  as  the  ground  is  water-logged  and 
good  foundations  can  only  be  obtained  at  a 
depth  of  23  feet  below  the  marsh  level.  The 
main  pumps  are  eight  in  number,  but  in 
average    weather  four  only  are  worked. 
There  are  eight  barrels  in  all,  12ft.  in  diam- 
eter, and   there  are  four  rams,  each  4  ft. 
3  in.  in  dimameter  by  2  ft.  3  in.  and  4 
ft.  stroke    to    each   pump  barrel.  These 
rams  are  worked  from  the  beams  of  four 
large  rotary  beam  pumping  engines  erected 
by  James  Watt  and  Co.,  at  Crossness,  about 
1856.    These  engines  have  each  a  single 
cylinder  48  in.  in  diameter  by  9  ft.  stroke, 
^and  at  eleven  revolutions  per  minute  indi- 


cate about  250  horse-power,  using  steam  at 
a  pressure  of  40  lb.  per  square  inch.    At  this 
rate  of  working  the  two  pumps  driven  by  an 
engine  lift  about  100  tons  of  sewage  per 
minute.    The  suction  valves  to  the  i)umps 
are  situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  barrel  and 
are  of  iron  faced  with  leather;  the  opening 
through  a  single  valve  measures  18  in.  by 
12  in.  each.  In  addition  to  the  above  pumps 
two  auxiliary  j)umping  engines  are  also 
ready  in  case  of  emergency.    These  engines 
were  originally  (ireat  Western  broad-gauge 
locomotives,  which  have  been  converted  to 
drive  a  couple  of  centrifugal  pumps  with 
horizontal  fans  5  feet  in  diameter,  and  each 
is  capable  of  raising  40,000  gallons  of  sewage 
a  day.    One  of  these  engines  is  always  kept 
fired  up,  ready  to  start  at  a  moment's  notice 
should  the  necessity  occur.   As  already 
mentioned,  the  sewage  is  at  the  present 
time  turned  into  the  river  totally  untreated, 
but  the  works  now  in  progress  have  been 
designed  in  order  to  allow  some  purification 
of  the  sewage  before  it  is  passed  into  the 
river.    The  method  to  be  adopted  is  to  add 
four  grains  of  lime  and  one  of  iron  to  each 
gallon  of  sewage.    This  precipitates  a  large 
proportion  of  the  solid  matter,  and  the 
supernatent  liquid  is  then  to  be  decanted  off 
into  the  river.    The  quantities  of  lime  and 
iron  seem  small,  but  it  is  said  that  an  in- 
crease of  either  the  lime  or  the  iron  would 
cause  a  further  reaction  to  take  place  after 
the  purified  sewage  had  been  passed  into  the 
river.    Moreover,  one  grain  of  lime  per  gal- 
lon to  the  London  sewage  means  on  an  aver- 
age 10  tons  of  lime  per  day,  so  that  the  total 
quantities  of  lime  and  iron  to  be  dealt  with 
are  very  large.    The  new  reservoirs  now 
being  constructed  for  this  purpose  cover  an 
area  of  about  two  and  one-half  acres,  and 
will  be  capable  of  holding  about  8,000,000 
gallons  of  sewage.    I'he  reservoir  is  being 
built  in  two  stories,  the  upper  one  being  a 
settling  tank  in  which  the  precipitation  of 
the  sludge  after  the  addition  of  the  chemi- 
cals is  to  take  place,  whilst  the  lower  tank  is 
simply  for  storage  purpose  when  the  state  of 
the  tide  is  unfavorable.    The  liquor  is  de- 
canted from  the  storage  tanks  by  a  very  in- 
genious device  much  resembling  the  laths 
of  a  Venetian  blind.    These  laths  are  piv- 
otted  at  one  of  their  edges,  and  as  the  sew- 
age rises  in  the  chamber  a  float  sweeps  up 
the  face  of  what  we  may  call  the  blind  and 
makes  each  lath  in  succession  become  ver- 
tical, in  which  case  it  makes  a  joint  with  its 
neighbor  immediately  above  it.    Flow  from 
the  chamber,  therefore,  can  only  take  place 
over  the  edge  of  the  lath  immediately  above 
the  float,  and  as  the  float  sinks,  each  lath 
in  succession  falls  over  into  an  inclined  pos- 
ition, leaving  a  gap  between  it  and  its  pred- 
ecessor for  the  sewage  to  flow  through.  It 
will  thus  be  seen  that  it  is  always  the  upper 
layers  of  the  liquor  which  escape  into  the 
culvert,  and  the  sludge  at  the  bottom  is  not 
disturbed.    This  sludge,  even   when  thor- 
oughly settled,  contains  about  90  per  cent  of 
water,  and  can  therefore  be  pumped  without 
difficulty.  It  is  intended  to  pump  it  on  board 


496 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No.  315 


steamers  especially  designed  for  the  pur- 
pose, which  are  to  convey  it  down  the  river 
for  about  forty  or  fifty  miles,  and  there  de- 
posit it  in  the  waterway.  Each  steamer  will 
carry  about  1,000  tons  of  sludge,  and  can  be 
filled  through  one  15-inch  pipe  in  about  one 
hour.  The  cost  of  thus  disposing  of  the 
sludge  is  said  to  be  about  sd.  to  6d.  per  ton, 
whilst  it  was  found  that  pressing  could  not 
be  done  at  Crossness  for  less  than  3s.  6d.  per 
ton.  As  upward  of  3,000  tons  of  sludge  will 
daily  have  to  be  dealt  with,  it  will  be  seen 
that  there  were  good  reasons  for  not  adopt- 
ing the  presses  in  the  absence  of  a  satisfac- 
tory market  for  the  product. 


SPONTANEOUS  IGNITION. 
All  substances  that  are  liable  to  take  fire 
spontaneously  says  the  Industrial  IVor/d, 
do  so  more  readily  when  covered  up  so  as 
to  confine  the  heat  generated  or  when  sub- 
jected to  artificial  heat,  either  from  steam  or 
hot-air  flues  or  that  of  the  sun.  Oily  rags 
are  very  liable  to  burn  spontaneously,  and 
are  doubtless  often  the  cause  of  fires  in  fac- 
tories, junk-shops  or  paper-mills  which  are 
supposed  to  be  of  incendiar>'  origin.  Canvas 
when  painted  with  oil  paint  and  rolled  up  or 
packed  closely  in  a  confined  place  is  pretty 
sure  to  burn.  Ordinary  oiled  clothing,  such 
as  worn  by  sailors,  when  piled  in  heaps  on 
shelves  or  elsewhere  is  very  subject  to  spon- 
taneous ignition.  Such  goods  should  al- 
ways be  hung  up,  so  as  to  admit  of  a  free 
circulation  of  air  around  them.  Spent  tan- 
bark  will  ignite  spontaneously  when  stacked 
up  in  heaps.  It  is  for  this  reason  often  used 
in  white-lead  works  to  generate  carbon  di- 
oxide by  its  fermenting  in  the  corroding- 
beds.  The  moistening  of  such  fibrous  sub- 
stances as  cotton,  hair,  or  wool  is  always  at- 
tended with  slight  heat.  Wet  iron-filings 
generate  heat  readily,  as  does  also  rusting 
iron.  Very  fine  fragments  of  iron  and  steel, 
by  their  rapid  oxidation,  will  become  red- 
hot,  and  some  English  scientists  declare 
that  the  fires  known  to  be  caused  by  steam- 
pipes  constantly  in  contact  with  wood  origi- 
nate from  the  rust  of  iron. 


BONDS  TO  BE  ISSUED. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Drainage  Trustees 
held  Saturday,  January  8,  the  following 
ordinance  was  adopted  after  considerable 
discussion: 

Be  it  ordered  by  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  sanitary  district  of  Chicago: 

Section  i.  That  interest-bearing  bonds 
to  the  amount  of  Si, 000,000  be  issued  by  the 
sanitary  district  of  Chicago,  said  bonds  to  be 
each  for  the  principal  sum  of  $1,000  payable 
on  the  1st  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1910,  to 
bear  date  on  the  15th  day  of  February,  A.  D. 
1890,  to  be  numbered  consecutively  i  to  1,000 
inclusive,  to  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  3>2 
per  cent  per  annum  from  the  date  thereof, 
the  interest  to  be  payable  on  the  ist  day  of 
January  and  the  ist  day  of  July  in  each  vear 
upon  presentation  and  surrender  of  the 
proper  interest  coupons;  the  interest  to  be 


evidenced  by  forty  coupons  attached  to  each 
bond,  to  be  numbered  consecutively,  and 
each  coupon  to  bear  the  number  of  the  bond 
to  which  it  is  attached,  the  first  or  No.  i 
coupon  on  each  bond  to  be  for  the  sum  of 
S13.12  and  each  of  the  remaining  coupons  to 
be  for  the  sum  of  $17.50.  The  first  or  No.  i 
coupon  on  each  bond  to  be  payable  on  the 
1st  day  of  July,  1890,  and  the  next  or  No.  2 
coupon  on  each  bond  to  be  payable  on  the 
1st  day  of  January,  1891,  and  so  on,  each  suc- 
ceeding coupon  being  payable  six  months 
after  the  preceding  one,  both  principal  and 
interest  to  be  payable  by  the  Northern  Trust 
Company  at  Chicago;  the  bonds  shall  be 
signed  by  the  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees,  countersigned  by  the  clerk  and 
attested  by  the  corporate  seal  of  said  sani- 
tary district. 

Sec.  2.  That  said  bonds  sha'l  be  sold  at 
such  times  and  for  such  rates  as  the  board 
of  trustees  of  said  district  may  from  time  to 
time  determine  and  direct,  and  the  proceeds 
arising  from  the  sale  of  said  bonds  shall  be 
paid  to  the  treasurer  of  said  district  and 
shall  be  used  for  the  corporate  purposes  of 
said  district,  as  directed  from  time  to  time 
by  the  board  of  trustees  of  said  district. 

Sec.  3.  That  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to 
pay  the  interest  on  said  bonds  as  the  same 
shall  become  due  according  to  the  terms 
thereof,  and  sufiicient  also  to  provide  an 
adequate  sinking  fund  for  the  final  pay- 
ment of  the  principal  sum  of  said  bonds 
herein  provided  lor,  on  the  1st  day  of  Janu- 
ary, A.  D.  1910,  to-wit,  the  sum  of  §85,000,  be 
assessed  and  levied  annually  hereafter  on 
the  taxable  property  of  said  sanitary  district 
of  Chicago,  and  shall  be  certified  annually 
until  the  maturity  of  said  bonds  to  the  coimty 
clerk  to  be  extended  on  the  proper  collec- 
tion warrants  according  to  law,  and  the 
clerk  of  the  said  district  is  hereby  authorized 
and  directed  to  include  said  sum  in  the 
amount  which  shall  be  certified  to  the  county 
clerk  in  each  year  as  the  amount  required 
to  be  raised  by  taxation  in  said  district. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  credit  of  the  sanitary 
district  of  Chicago  be  and  the  same  is  here- 
by irrevocably  pledged  to  the  payment  of 
any  and  all  said  bonds  in  this  ordinance  pro- 
vided for,  and  the  interest  thereof. 

On  this  ordinance  it  is  presumed  an  in- 
junction will  be  prayed  for,  on  which  the 
legality  of  the  law  will  be  determined  by 
the  courts. 

The  retirement  of  Dr.  Rauch  from  the 
Illinois  State  Board  of  Health  removes 
from  official  labors  one  among  the  most 
active  and  best  qualified  sanitarians  in  the 
United  States.  His  efficient  labors  as  sec- 
retary of  the  Board  has  gained  him  recog- 
nition throughout  the  Union  and  placed 
Illinois  among  the  foremost  states  in  sani- 
tary matters.  All  will  regret  to  learn  that 
his  health  would  no  longer  permit  him  to 
discharge  the  duties  he  has  so  ably  per- 
formed. He  will  still  act  as  secretary  of  the 
Board  and  we  hope  his  suggestions  and  ad- 
vice, if  not  his  labors,  will  continue  to  serve 
the  public  health  of  his  state. 


BUILDING. 


UNIFORMITY  IN  BUILDING. 

There  seems  to  be  a  demand  from  both 
the  technical  and  lay  press  for  a  greater  un- 
formity  in  building,  and  for  more  care  to  be 
bestowed  on  the  embellishment  of  our  cities 
by  the  construction  of  buildings.  A  close 
observation  is  not  needed  to  prove  that  the 
demand  rests  on  a  very  broad  basis.  It 
does  not  take  a  generation  to  make  a  motley 
city  in  which  buildings  of  every  description 
present  their  ragged,  hap-hazard  appear- 
ance to  public  view.  A  few  years  will  suffice 
to  produce  a  city  with  the  appearance  of  the 
joined  fragments  of  every  age  of  building 
through  which  the  world  has  gone,  and  with 
many  styles  that  has  never  had  a  precedent 
and  will  never  become  one.  The  Philadel- 
phia Pt  ess  in  a  recent  editorial  on  "  Beauti- 
fying Cities"  says:  "There  is  hardly  a  city 
in  the  country  to-day  that  has  not  been  dis- 
figured and  its  growth  checked  by  the  lack 
of  unity  of  design  among  its  inhabitants. 
The  location  of  most  cities  was  a  matter  of 
chance,  and  their  growth  more  a  matter  of 
surprise  than  of  foresight.  Fifty  years  ago 
no  one  anticipated  the  great  increase  in  the 
urban  population  of  the  courijtry.  This  is  no 
discredit,  for  the  changes  wrought  by  in- 
vention could  not  have  been  foreseen. 

"But  while  acquitting  the  fathers  of  a  lack 
of  foresight,  it  is  time  that  the  sons  entered 
upon  a  broader  and  more  sagacious  policy 
in  the  management  and  government  of 
cities.  There  is  no  direction  in  which  such 
a  policy  is  more  needed  than  in  beautifying 
cities  and  making  them  attractive  to  the 
eye.  For  two  hundred  years  the  severest 
style  of  architecture  alone  was  permissible 
in  Philadelphia.  Red  brick,  with  white 
marble  trimmings,  was  considered  orna- 
mental enough  for  the  private  residence, 
while  the  Greek  pillar  and  pediment 
answered  for  the  public  building.  But 
within  five  years  a  new  impulse  has  been 
given  to  city  architecture,  and  ambitious 
structures  now  vary  the  old  styles  on  all  the 
principal  streets." 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  nor  is  it  desirable 
that  such  care  should  be  bestowed  on  build- 
ings in  beautifying  cities  or  in  obtaining 
that  strictness  and  severity  in  uniformity  that 
would  produce  monotony  or  weary  the  eye 
by  lack  of  variety.  Yet  there  is  room  for 
severe  criticism  for  the  construction  of  a 
large  number  of  buildings,  out  of  place,  out 
of  proportion  and  out  of  everything  else  but 
that  part  of  the  city  where  they  should 
not  be. 

The  Architecture  and  Builder,  in  speaking 
of  the  architecture  of  Paris,  says: 

•'The  ordinance  requires  that  the  height  of 
chimneys  and  the  height  and  pitch  of  roofs 
shall  be  within  certain  prescribed  limits,  ac- 
cording to  the  width  of  the  street  and  the 
height  of  the  building  itself,  and  it  does  not 
permit  a  man  to  put  a  structure  without  re- 
gard to  the  character  and  purpose  of  other 
buildings  in  the  neighborhood.  Neither 


Feb.  15,  1890j 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


497 


may  he  build  it  of  any  material  or  in  any 
style  he  may  choose,  regardless  of  its  effect 
upon  the  market  value  of  adjoining,'  prop- 
erty. The  detailed  plans  and  elevations  of 
every  building  proposed  to  be  erected  in 
Paris  must  be  submitted  to  the  proper  des- 
ignated authorities,  who  are  both  competent 
for  their  duties  and  vested  with  needed 
powers,  and  they  see  to  it  that  it  shall  be  m 
height,  arrangement  and  general  appearance 
suitable  to  its  surroundings  and  the  purpose 
for  which  it  is  intended — not  too  high  and 
ornate,  nor  yet  too  low  and  insignificant  in 
treatment.  Of  course,  durability  and  safety 
against  fire  are  the  primary  objects  in  view, 
but  symmetry  and  proper  architectural 
effects  are  looked  after  quite  as  carefully. 

"Reducing  the  French  metre  of  measure- 
ment to  our  feet  and  inches,  a  building  in 
the  French  capital  may  not  exceed  38.37 
feet  in  height  on  a  street  less  than  25.58  feet 
wide;  not  over  47.88  feet  on  a  street  between 
25.58  and  31.98  feet  wide;  not  over  57.56  ona 
street  31.98  feet  wide  and  over.  On  streets 
65.60  feet  wide  and  over  the  height  may  be 
carried  to  65.50  feet,  but  in  no  case  shall  a 
private  building  contain  more  than  six 
stories,  including  the  entresol.  The  mini- 
mum height  of  a  story  shall  be  8.52  feet,  and 
the  projection  of  a  cornice  shall  not  exceed 
the  thickness  of  the  wall  at  its  summit." 

This  may  do  for  France  and  many  other 
countries,  but  hardly  for  America.  The 
energy,  push  and  boldness  of  American 
builders  could  not  be  fettered  in  this  man- 
ner. We  have  not  time  to  have  a  city 
planned  and  pictured,  remodelled  and  rear- 
ranged before  active  building  is  commenced. 
Besides,  we  find  in  our  cities  a  large  class  of 
persons  whose  income  take  them  out  of 
apartment  houses  but  cannot  place  them  in 
palaces.  They  build  their  own  homes  ac- 
cording to  their  means  and  tastes,  and  very 
few  are  in  any  feature  similar.  There  is, 
also,  the  speculative  builder  who  builds  re- 
gardless of  everything  but  the  income  to  be 
derived,  the  object  always  being  to  get  the 
largest  income  from  the  smallest  outlay. 
The  proeress  being  continually  made  in 
building  construction  and  the  improvement 
and  invention  in  building  material  are  so 
great  that  one  period  is  such  an  improve- 
ment on,  or  change  from  the  preceding  one 
that  uniformity  in  the  continued  growth  of  a 
city  is  almost  impossible.  The  growth  of 
cities  in  America  is  marvelous.  Buildings 
are  adapted  to  the  wants  of  popu'ation  and 
business  at  a  certain  period,  and  in  a  few 
years  larger,  finer  and  a  newer  style  of 
buildings  are  reared  to  meet  the  demand. 
The  old  are  slow  to  give  way  to  the  newer 
demands  or  suffer  the  expense  of  remodel- 
ing or  rebuilding.  The  new  in  turn  become 
old,  and  thus  continual  progress  must  be 
marked  by  the  wreck  and  ruins  of  continual 
decay.  The  old  stands  facing  the  new. 
The  magnificent  edifices  of  to-day  will  be- 
come eye-sores  a  few  years  hence.  We  can- 
not measure  our  progress  and  cannot  build 
for  the  future. 

Architects  are  too  often  condemned  for 


the  many  objectionable  buildings  that  mar 
the  beauty  and  symmetry  of  our  cities.  The 
truth  is,  had  they  their  way  the  buildings 
objected  to  would  be  made  ornaments  to  the 
city  and  would  adorn  rather  than  mar  the 
beauty  of  our  streets.  But  they  must  plan 
for  others.  \'ery  seldom  do  they  build  ac- 
cording to  their  own  judgments  or  cultured 
tastes.  They  would  desire  to  do  so  if  they 
could,  but  they  cannot.  They  are  restricted 
and  hemmed  in  on  all  sides  in  the  majority 
of  building  until  the  result  stands  as  an  ex- 
pression of  the  dissimilar  tastes  of  building 
owners  ignorant  as  to  utility  and  adornment 
and  not  as  the  expression  of  the  cultured 
profession.  All  the  beauty  we  have,  the 
synmietry  of  building  and  the  adornment  of 
our  cities,  are  due  to  the  efforts  and  educa- 
tion of  our  architects  who  work  against 
obstacles  at  every  turn,  and  whose  success 
or  failure  is  more  the  measure  of  the  diffi- 
culties confronting  them  than  that  of  their 
purpose  or  ability. 


ON    DETERMINING  ACOUSTIC 

(2UALITIES. 
Why  is  it  that  our  men  of  science,  with  all 
their  marvelous  achievements  in  various 
fields,  says  the  Real  Estate  Record  and 
Guide,  have  never  yet  discovered  the  secret 
of  determining  in  advance  whether  the 
acoustic  properties  of  any  building  intended 
to  hold  large  audiences  will  or  will  not  be 
good?  A  recent  writer,  referring  to  this 
matter,  says  that  "we  have  never  discovered 
the  principles  applicable  to  the  proportions 
of  a  great  hall  by  which  the  voice  is  spread 
and  conveyed  evenly  and  in  the  most  per- 
fect manner  to  all  parts.  After  the  building 
is  completed  it  is,  confessedly  and  notor- 
iously, a  matter  of  accident,  and  a  question 
to  be  solved  by  experiment,  whether  it  is 
'good  for  sound.'  Furthermore,  when  the 
acoustic  quality  is  not  satisfactory,  it  is  not 
often  easy  to  explain  why  or  to  devise  means 
to  correct  it.  Here  is  a  field  for  discovery 
that  has  not  yet  been  worked  out,  nor  do  we 
see  any  rational  attempts  to  solve  the  prob- 
lem. Can  it  be  that  it  is  insoluble?  Or  is  it 
that  the  properties  of  sound  are  still  only 
imperfectly  understood?" 

TO  CORNER  BUILDING  CONSTRUC- 
TION. 

A  scheme  is  reported  to  be  in  the  shape 
of  development  in  Philadelphia  under  the 
name  of  the  "American  Engineering  and 
Construction  Company,"  for  the  purpose  of 
"designing  and  constructing"  all  classes  of 
architectural  and  engineering  work.  The 
capital  stock  is  to  be  S i ,000,000  which  is  to 
be  divided  into  ten  thousand  shares  of  Sioo, 
10  per  cent  of  which  is  to  be  cash  and  the 
remainder  is  to  be  paid  as  the  business  and 
needs  of  the  company  may  demand.  There 
are  to  be  branch  offices  in  every  important 
city  in  the  country,  where  all  building  and 
work  in  the  line  of  the  company  is  to  be 
absorbed.  The  great  claim  of  the  company, 
and  the  one  on  which  it  will  base  its  great 


usefulness,  is  that  it  can  buy  material  cheap- 
er than  the  individual  contractor,  and  be 
able  to  underbid  him  in  competition  for 
work.  This  is  a  brief  statement  of  the  com- 
pany's purpose.  It  is  what  might  be  called 
"vaulting  ambition,"  for  the  man  who  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  cornering  all  the  building 
construction  and  engineering  work  of  this 
country  must  be  lofty  in  ideas,  big  with  pur- 
pose, and  inflated  with  hope.  We  wish  ill 
of  no  laudable  undertaking  or  honorable 
aim,  but  the  extravagance  of  this  scheme  is 
almost  intoxicating.  We  have  been  expect- 
ing the  closing  decade  of  this  century  would 
bring  forward  something  of  colassal  propor- 
tions, but  we  did  not  expect  right  in  the 
morning  of  the  '90's,  to  be  overawed  by  the 
magnificent  presence  of  such  hugeness  as 
this. 

This  company  does  not  vouchsafe  to  the 
public  any  reason  why  it  can  buy  material 
cheaper  than  individual  contractors.  What 
can  it  do  with  a  capital  of  but  §1,000,000,  and 
that  not  paid  in,  which  the  individual  con- 
tractor cannot  do  who  can  command  twice 
that  amount  of  capital?  How  much  of  the 
"designing  and  constructing"  is  it  going  to  do 
"in  every  important  city  in  the  Union"  with 
a  million  dollars  when  one  year's  building 
in  its  native  city  exceeds  twenty  million  dol- 
lars in  value  in  twelve  months?  There  are 
other  obstacles  confronting  it.  The  profes- 
sion of  architecture  stands  very  near  the 
people.  Those  who  anticipate  building  have 
an  architect  in  view  whom  they  know  and  in 
whom  they  have  confidence.  He  will  do 
their  work.  The  same  in  general  is  true  of 
every  department  in  building  construction. 
Men  who  put  a  million  or  two  of  dollars  in 
one  building  will  not  look  with  favor  upon 
this  scheme  in  Philadelphia  which  is  to  un- 
derbid all  competitors.  From  the  present 
view  of  the  matter  we  do  not  apprehend  any 
great  revolution,  and  do  not  expect  to  see 
contractors  and  architects  learning  another 
trade. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
The  plans  of  O.  C.  Wolf,  of  Philadelphia 
Pa.,  have  been  accepted  for  the  buildings  to 
be  erected  by  the  Consumers'  Brewing' 
Company  on  Auenue  A,  Fifty-fourth  and 
Fifty-fifth  streets,  New  York  City,  at  a  cost 
of  $500,000. 

Alfred  Zucker,  New  York  City,  has  drawn 
plans  for  three  large  warehouses,  a  six-story 
brick,  stone  and  terra  cotta  building,  53x93, 
to  be  built  for  Charles  Weiss,  at  a  cost  of 
Si  53.000,  at  Washington  place  and  Mercer 
street. 

Andrew  Spence,  New  York  City,  has  made 
plans  for  a  four-story  brick  stable,  25x98,  to 
be  erected  on  Seventy-third  street  near 
Third  auenue  for  Gertrude  Kayton  and 
Johanna  Mayer,  at  a  cost  of  $125,000. 

Hubert,  Pirrson  &  Hoddock,  New  York 
City,  have  made  plans  for  a  six-story  brick 
and  stone  flat  building,  75x80,  to  be  erected 
on  Fifty-eighth  street  near  Sixth  avenue  for 
R.  Lorforte,  at  a  cost  of  $140,000. 


498 


TTTE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  315 


Buchanan  &  Deisler,  New  York  City, 
have  made  plans  for  an  eight-story  brick 
and  stone  building,  51x95,  to  be  erected  at 
113  Bleecker  street  for  G.  Lidenberg  &  Co., 
at  a  cost  of  §130,000. 

The  designs  submitted  by  Furness,  Evans 
&  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  to  the  Bryn  Mawr 
Hotel  Company  have  been  accepted,  and 
they  will  be  the  supervising  architects  of  the 
structure.  The  material  will  be  gray  stone 
and  Port  Deposit  granite  four  stories  high, 
L-shaped,  one  wing  being  40x160,  the  other 
40x200. 

Oscar  Cobb,  Chicago,  is  designing  an  ele- 
gant theater  to  be  erected  in  St.  Paul,  at  the 
corner  of  Sixth  and  St. Peter  streets,  by  Jacob 
Lift,  of  Milwaukee.  The  theater  will  be  76 
XI 70.  It  will  be  handsomely  finished,  heated 
by  steam  and  lighted  by  incandescent  light; 
cost,  $80,000. 

C.  A.  Meory,  Chicago,  has  planned  nine- 
teen two-story  and  cellar  dwellings,  35x45, 
to  be  erected  on  West  Monroe  street,  west 
of  Western  avenue,  by  J.  L.  Campbell.  They 
will  have  pressed  brick  and  stone  fronts; 
cost,  S>6o,ooo.  Also  a  block  of  flats,  two- 
story  and  basement,  150x50,  to  be  erected  at 
the  corner  of  Francisco  street  and  Carroll 
avenue,  by  Brody  &  Holman.  They  will  be 
built  of  pressed  brick,  stone  and  terra  cotta; 
cost,  $32,000.  Also  three  dwellings  for  Mr. 
Clark,  tivo  stories  and  cellar,  72x57,  to  be 
built  at  the  corner  of  Warren  and  California 
avenues;  cost,  $14,000.  Also  a  $5,000  flat 
building  for  O.  N.  Ellison,  to  be  built  at 
Central  Park  boulevard  and  Troy  streets. 

Adolphus  Druiding,  Chicago,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  Roman  Catholic  church, 
to  be  erected  at  New  London,  Wis.  It  will 
be  54x135,  with  tower,  150  feet  high,  pressed 
brick  and  stone  exterior,  slate  roof;  cost, 
$35,000.  Also  a  Roman  Catholic  church  to 
be  built  of  frame  near  Whitc\  ilie,  \'a.;  cost, 
$10,000. 

Ostling  Bros.,  Chicago,  are  making  plans 
for  a  four-story  and  basement  fiat  building 
28x55,  to  be  erected  by  John  Bugren.  The 
front  will  be  of  Bedford  stone  with  galvan- 
ized-iron  bays;  cost,  $15,000.  Also  a  three- 
story  and  basement  flat  building,  25x83,  to 
be  erected  on  Webster  near  Sheffield  ave- 
nue. It  will  be  of  stone  with  slate  roof;  cost, 
$15,000. 

J.  H.  Wagner,  Chicago,  is  making  plans 
for  alterations  to  the  Portland  block,  to  cost 
$15,000. 

Shepley,  Rutan  &  Coolidge,  Boston, 
Mass.,  have  completed  plans  for  a  building 
to  be  erected  on  Bedford  and  Kingston 
streets  and  Rowe  place,  for  Fred.  L.  Ames. 
It  is  to  be  of  brick  and  stone,  six  stories,  115 
feet  on  Bedford  street,  and  123  feet  on 
Kingston  street;  slow-burning  construction. 

S.  Hannaford  «&  Sons,  Cincinnati,  O.,  are 
making  plans  for  a  Congregational  church 
to  be  erected  at  Hamilton,  O.,  a  M.  E. 
church  to  be  erected  at  Middletown,  O.,  and 
several  very  fine  residences  for  different 
parties. 


John  H.  Ball.  Cincinnati,  O.,  is  making 
plans  for  200  small  cottages  to  be  erected  at 
Addyston.  He  will  shortly  let  the  contract 
for  the  new  Odd  Fellows'  Hall  to  be  erected 
at  Ludlow,  Ky. 

James  McLaughlin,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has 
plans  for  the  f^ve-story  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building, 
to  be  erected  at  Walnut  and  Eighth  streets. 
The  building  will  be  73x100,  of  pressed 
brick,  with  stone  trimmings;  cost,  $100,000. 

W.  W.  Franklin,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  de- 
signed for  Lawrence  Peppard,  a  two  and 
one-half-story  brick,  stone-trimmed  resi- 
dence, to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $5,000;  also, 
for  the  Joseph  C.  Butler  estate,  a  block  of 
five  brick  and  stone  dwellings  at  Mt.  Au- 
burn, at  a  cost  of  $16,000,  and  two  double 
houses  adjacent  for  the  same  estate,  to  cost 
$18,000. 

Pissis  &  Moore,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  building  to  be  erected  for 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Parrott  at  Sacramento  ard  Davis 
streets,  at  a  cost  of  about  Si 00,000. 

Ashton  &  Stone,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  828,000  building  to  be 
erected  for  Robert  R.  Hind  at  Stockton  and 
Vallejo  streets. 

Spier  &  Rohns,  Detroit,  Mich.,  have  fin- 
ished plans  for  a  new  German  Reformed 
church  and  pai.sonage,  to  be  erected  on  the 
corner  of  Jay  and  Chene  streets,  and  to  cost 
$10,000;  also,  a  block  of  twelve  brick  tene- 
ments, to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Clin- 
ton and  Hastings  streets. 

R.  G.  Kirsch  &  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
have  prepared  plans  for  a  hotel  to  be  erected 
on  Seventh  and  State  streets,  for  John  Kap- 
ple,  to  be  50x50,  three  stories,  of  common 
brick,  stone  foundation  and  trimmings;  cost, 
$8,000. 

Lang  cS:  Pugh,  Denver,  Colo.,  have  made 
plans  for  a  brick  apartment  house  to  be 
erected  for  G.  W.  Timmerman  at  a  cost  of 
$40,000. 

Kidder  &  Humphreys,  Denver,  Colo., 
have  made  plans  for  a  church  to  be  erected 
at  Bert  and  Tay  streets  by  the  North  Den- 
ver M.  E.  Church  Society,  at  a  cost  of 
$50,000. 

William  Guther,  Canton,  O.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  five-story  brick  business  block, 
127x80,  with  steam  heat  and  elevator,  to  be 
erected  for  B.  Dannemiller  &  Sons  at  a  cost 
of  $35,000. 

W.  H.  Wilson,  Dallas,  Tex.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  pressed  brick,  stone  and  terra 
cotta  office  building  to  be  erected  at  Com- 
merce and  Austin  streets  for  H.  C.  Clark,  at 
a  cost  of  $40,000. 

A.  M.  Stuckert,  Denver,  Colo.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  three-story  brick  and  stone  store 
building  to  be  erected  on  Market  street,  be- 
tween Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  for 
Louis  Klipfel.  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

Andrews,  Jaques  and  Rantoul.  Denver, 
Colo.,  have  made  plans  for  a  brick  dwelling 
to  be  erected  on  Logan  avenue  for  S.  \'. 
Farnum,  at  a  cost  of  $22,000. 


Coburn  &  Sons,  Lewiston,  Me.,  have  made 
plans  for  a  four-story  frame  tenement  flat 
building  to  be  erected  at  Park  and  Ash 
streets  for  Col.  C.  Hosgood  at  a  cost  of 
$2 1 ,400. 

J.  Patston,  Worcester,  Mass.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  brick  tenement  house  to  be 
erected  for  C.  W.  Wood  at  a  cost  of  $30,000. 

M.  E.  Beebe  &  Son,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  have 
made  plans  for  a  six-story  frame  building  to 
be  erected  on  Main  street,  near  South  Divi- 
sion, for  John  C.  Jewett,  at  a  cost  of  $45,000. 

Joseph  F.  Mills,  Lexington,  Neb.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  three-story  hotel  to  be 
erected  for  E.  N.  Gamble  and  others,  at  a 


Fig. 


THE  HANSEN   CHIMNEY  TOPPING. 

We  present  with  illustrations  the  Hansen 
Chimney  Topping  designed  to  prevent  the 
early  destruction  of  chimneys  by  rain  and 
the  general  effect  of  hard  weather.  This 
topping  is  made  of  salt-glazed  terra  cotta, 
manufactured  by  steam  press  and  dies  the 
same  as  salt-glazed  sewer-pipe,  for  keeping 
in  stock  in  pieces 
ready  to  be  set  in 
place  by  the  mason. 
It  is  the  patent  of 
Harald  M.  Hansen,  88 
La  Salle  street,  Chica- 
go, and  is  put  forward 
with  the  following 
Fig.  I.  claims: 
I.  shows  a  single  8x8  pressed-brick 
chimney  with  the  glazed  coping  and  top, 
which,  shedding  water  off  and  away  from 
the  brick  body  of  the  chimney,  removes  the 
cause  (bricks  and  mortar  absorbing  rains  in 
fall  and  winter,  freeze  up,  and  crumble  to 
pieces  thawing  out)  and  saves  the  expenses 
of  repairs,  to  brickwork  of  chimneys  and 
leaky  roofs  adjoinmg  same. 

Fig.  2.  represents  a  breast  or  block  of 
flues  on  which  the  topping  can  be  used 

\ — I)  \\ — \       as  well  as  on  but  one  sin- 

i  I  iiTTTi^  gle  flue.  As  the  material 
(t~\\  II — I^Ai  comes  in  sections  of  dif- 
ferent dimensions,  it  can 
be  placed  on  any  block, 
or  any  sized  chimney 
with  but  little  work.  The 
sections  are  laid  in  ce- 
ment and  protection  is 
chimnev  of  whatever  size  or 


T 


T 


I  I 


Fig.  2. 
given  to  any 
pattern. 

Fig.  3.  represents  double  chimney  show- 
ing two  styles  of 
topping  above  sec- 
tion with  coping. 
These  can  be  cov- 
ered as  the  one 
represented  in  the 
cut,  and  are  made 
of  many  ornament- 
al patterns  suitable 
to  all  tastes.  But 
the  protection  to 
chimney  is  the  fun- 
damental principle 


Feb.  15,  1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


499 


that  obtains  throughout,  whether  in  the 
plain  or  ornate  patterns. 

Fig.  4.  is  a  group  of  different  sections 
showing,  first,  cowles  (tops)  for  8x8  and  8x 
12  chimney  with  which  copings  (tops  always 
fitting  4-inch  parti- 
tion walls  between 
flues)  any  number 
of  8x8  or  8xi2flues 
in  one  continuous 
breast,  can  be  ar- 
ranged and  com- 
'pleted  as  in  Figs. 
I  and  2;  second  a 
breast  of  one  8x8 
and  8x12  flue,  and 
the  manner  of  off- 
sets, on  which,  on 
an  ample  bed  of 
best  cement  mor- 
Fig.  4-  tar     the  several 

pieces  are  set,  and  chimneys  completed; 
third;  corner  and  extension  pieces  as  manu- 
factured for  the  usual  8x8  and  8x12  chimney 
toppings— also  for  larger  sized  flues  (either 
way)  but  in  such  case,  tops  if  required, 
would  be  made  to  order  of  copings  used 
without  tops. 

Fig.  5.  is  a  true  reproduction  of  a  photo- 
graphic view  showing  effect 
of  rain  and  frost,  a  few  years 
after  being  built,  on  a  chim- 
ney breast  of  two  8x12  flues. 
Such  pictures  are  seen 
wherever  chimneys  are  fin- 
ished in  either  a  plain  or 
ornamental  manner  with 
brick  or  stone.  Such  chim- 
neys cost  more  to  repair 
than  the  cost  of  this  topping 
which  is  everlastmg.  This 
guaranteed  to  be  better  than 
stone  because  being  rain  and  frost-proof  and 
therefore  not  decaying  by  exposure  to  rains 
and  frost  like  most  stones,  also  better  than 
iron, — iron  requiring  frequent  painting  to 
keep  from  rusting.  Full  particulars  can  be 
obtained  by  addressing  patentee  at  address 
above  given. 


PLUMBING. 


E.  C.  Hughes,  one  of  the  electricians  of 
the  Pillsbury  A.  Mill,  has  lately  been  ex- 
perimenting with  the  heating  capacity  of 
electricity,  and  has  demonstrated  that  al- 
most any  degree  can  be  produced  with  com- 
parative ease.  He  has  gotten  up  an  oven 
for  baking  and  for  besting  gluten  which  is  a 
great  success.  The  gluten  is  placed  in  a 
cylindrical  glass  -;ase,  about  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter, which  in  turn  is  placed  in  the  oven, 
the  latter  also  being  in  cylindrical  form,  and 
under  a  heat  of  about  500  degrees  the  gluten 
is  baked  in  about  twelve  days. 


Oh,  the  weather  of  the  season! 

When  the  winter's  changed  to  summer. 
It  most  surely  stands  to  reason 

That  the  clerk  was  ne'er  a  plumber. 


PIKE'S  SYSTEM  OF  PLUMBING  AND 
VENTILATION. 

We  reproduce  from  the  Metal  Worker 
the  following  system  of  plumbing  which 
will  be  of  interest  both  as  to  the  new  features 
represented  and  in  comparison  with  other 
systems: 

A  system  of  plumbing  embodying  some 
novel  features  of  arrangement  was  patented 
by  P.  D.  Pike,  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  and  is  now 
being  introduced  by  the  Pike  Mfg.  Com- 
pany, Boston,  Mass.  The  features  of  this 
system  are  shown  very  clearly  in  the  sec- 
tional cut  presented  herewith.  In  refer- 
ring to  their  system  the  manufacturers 
remark  that  there  have  been  no  important 
changes  in  the  method  of  putting  in  soil 
pipes  in  buildings  during  the  last  few 
years  and  that  the  common  system  now 
employs  the  back-air  and  foot-vent  ar- 
rangement with  the  ventilation  of  traps. 
It  is  pointed  out  that  there  are  several  de- 
fects in  this  pl#n,  the  principal  one  being 
that  there  is  seldom  any  upward  circulation 
of  air  in  the  soil-pipe  and  consequently 
the  sewer  gas  remains  in  it  until  by  the 
flushing  of  a  fixture  it  is  driven  before 
the  water  out  through  the  foot-vent  into 
the  yard. 


A — Fresh  air  inlet. 
B — Pipe  to  sewer. 

The  many  vent-pipes,  it  is  also  stated, 


necessitate  a  number  of  joints  liable  to  leak 
or  break,  and  furthermore  that  they  cause 
the  ra]}id  evaporation  of  water  in  traps.  The 
Pike  system  which  has  been  in  practical 
use  in  several  buildings  is  said  to  have  given 
an  unvarying  success.  The  system  has  a 
line  of  ventilating  pipe,  as  shown  in  the  cut, 
which  is  entirely  separate  from  the  soil-pipe, 
entering  under  the  sill  of  the  building  and 
running  parallel  with  the  soil-pipe  through 
the  roof.  It  is  claimed  that  with  this  pipe 
there  is  always  an  upward  circulation  of  air. 
The  ventilating  pipe  is  connected  with  the 
soil-pipe  at  each  story,  the  top  connection 
being  above  the  highest  fixture,  as  shown. 
All  the  gases  and  odors  in  the  soil-pipe,  it  is 
claimed,  rise  to  the  ventilating  pipe  through 
these  connections  and  are  immediately 
carried  upward  through  the  roof.  When  a 
fixture  is  flushed  the  air  in  the  soil-pipe  is 
entirely  changed  and  the  water  in  the  traps 
is  not  disturbed.  The  manufacturers,  in 
fact,  say  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  ventilate 
the  traps  where  the  Pike  system  is  em- 
ployed, thus  doing  away  with  the  danger  of 
the  vents  clogging  and  the  accumulation  of 
waste  which  occurs  at  the  vent  opening. 


REGISTRATION  OF  PLUMBERS. 
The  following  from  the  London  Builder 
shows  how  the  registration  of  plumbers  is 
regarded  in  England.  The  extract  gives  an 
illustration  of  what  has  taken  place  at  many 
other  places.  The  sentiment  in  favor  of  the 
movement  is  growing  rapidly  and  becoming 
popular  with  all  classes: 

The  Mayor  of  Hull,  Dr.  Sherburn,  pre- 
sided a  few  days  since  at  a  public  meeting 
held  in  the  Town-hall,  Hull,  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  certificates  of  registration  granted  b/ 
the  Plumbers'  Company,  London,  to  plumb- 
ers in  the  Hull  district.  There  was  a  large 
attendance  of  members  of  the  plumbing 
trade.  The  mayor,  in  opening  the  proceed- 
ings, said  the  work  which  the  Plumbers' 
Company  was  carrying  on  deserved  the  very 
highest  praise  from  every  citizen,  not  only 
in  Hull,  but  throughout  the  entire  country. 
Alderman  Frazer  said  the  Corporation  San- 
itary Committee,  of  which  he  had  the  honor 
to  be  the  chairman,  was  anxiously  desirous 
of  working  hand  to  hand  with  the  plumbers 
in  their  efforts  to  raise  the  educational  status 
and  increase  the  efficiency  of  their  craft,  in 
the  common  interests  of  its  members  and 
the  public.  Mr.  Ferguson,  A.  R.  I.  B.  A., 
said  he  made  it  a  practice  to  separate  the 
plumbers'  work  from  all  other  work  in  his 
building  contracts,  and  he  strongly  recom- 
mended architects  in  general  to  do  likewise. 
Mr.  Councillor  Cohen  remarked  that  he  be- 
lieved the  effect  of  the  registration  system 
would  be  to  give  the  public  confidence  in 
plumbers,  as  a  body  of  tradesmen  compe- 
tent in  sanitary  matters.  Dr.  Mason,  Medi- 
cal Officer,  supported  the  remarks  of  Mr. 
Councillor  Cohen,  adding  an  expression  of 
his  opinion  that  the  registration  system 
would  be  the  means  of  gradually  weeding 
out  the  incompetent  workmen,  and  thereby, 
in  a  great  measure,  insuring  the  public 


500 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  315 


against  the  evil  effects  of  defective  plumb- 
ers' work.  Several  other  speakers  having 
addressed  the  meeting,  certificates  of  regis- 
tration were  distributed  to  a  number  of  mas- 
ter and  operative  plumbers,  and  the  pro- 
ceedings terminated  with  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  the  mayor.  A  requisition,  signed  by  the 
Mayor  of  Plymouth  and  a  number  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  plumbing  trade  and  the 
public,  has  just  been  received  by  the  Plumb- 
ers' Company,  desiring  that  a  center  should 
be  formed  at  Plymouth  for  carrying  out,  in 
South  Devon,  the  company's  national  sys- 
tem for  the  technical  education  and  regis- 
tration of  qualified  plumbers. 

BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE  CHICAGO 
MASTER    PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIA- 
TION IN  HONOR  OF  NATION- 
AL PRESIDENT  HANNAN. 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  Master  Plumbers  of 
Chicago  ever  enjoyed  an  entertainment 
more  heartily  than  they  did  the  banquet  and 
social  given  at  Kinsley's  Friday  evening, 
Feb.  7,  by  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers' 
Association,  in  honor  of  E.  J.  Hannan,  of 
Washington,  president  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Plumbers.  Certain  it  is  that  Mr. 
Hannan  could  hardly  have  received  a  more 
royal  welcome.  Owing,  probably,  to  the 
disagreeable  weather,  only  about  seventy- 
five  members  of  the  association  were  pres- 
ent, but  these  seemed  to  vie  with  each  other 
in  honoring  their  president.  Hugh  Watt_ 
president  of  the  Chicago  Association,  pre- 
sided as  master  of  ceremonies.  On  his  left 
sat  President  Hannan  and  next  to  him,  Dr. 
Wickersham,  health  commissioner.  On  the 
right  of  Mr.  Watt  were  Mayor  Cregier,  and 
Andrew  Young,  chief  inspector  of  tene- 
ments. Mr.  Watt  made  a  short  and  appro- 
priate address  of  welcome  and  the  party 
then  took  seats  and  began  to  discuss  the 
following  menu  while  the  strmg  orchestra 
discoursed  strains  of  delicious  music: 
Cream  of  Oysters 

Hors-D'  oeuvre  Varies 

Whitofish,  Point  Shirley 

Parisian  Potatoes 
Fillet  of  Beef— Larded 
Mushroom  Sauce 
Potato  Croquettes         Siring  Beans 
Lobster  Salad 
Qlaces  and  Cake 
Cheese  Crackers 
Coffee 

Their  appetites  fully  appeased  with  the 
above  substantial  repast  and  their  thirst 
fully  quenched  with  goodly  portions  of  Sau- 
terne,  St.  Julien  and  Extra  dry,  the  plumbers 
lit  their  cigars  and  settled  back  in  their 
chairs  contentedly  to  listen  to  the  toasts  and 
responses  from  their  distinguished  visitors 
and  members. 

Mayor  Cregier  was  first  introduced.  He 
spoke  to  the  subject  "The  City  of  Chicago," 
and  he  immediately  put  every  one  present 
in  an  excellent  humor  by  his  witticisms  and 
graceful  compliments.  His  address  was  not 
long,  but  it  was  highly  interesting  and  pleas- 
ing in  the  extreme.  "I  come  to-night  on 
your  kind  invitation,"  he  said,  "to  pay  my  re- 


spects to  the  plumbers.  My  friend  Dr. 
Wickersham  tells  me  that  the  plumbing 
guild  extends  back  to  the  time  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, but  there  is  so  little  similarity  be- 
tween the  plumber  of  to-day  and  he  of  only 
a  few  short  years  ago  that  they  could  hardly 
be  called  members  of  the  same  trade.  Why, 
sixteen  years  ago  I  built  the  house  in  which 
I  am  now  living,  and  I  had  the  very  best 
plumbing  appliances  put  into  that  house 
then  that  could  be  obtained.  Only  three 
weeks  ago  I  had  them  all  torn  out  and  new 
uut  in.  The  plumbirg  of  those  days  would  not 
be  permitted  in  this  city  today.  The  advance- 
ment of  the  science  of  sanitary  plumbing 
has  been  rapid,  and  as  a  result  the  plumb- 
ing of  to-day  is  as  far  ahead  of  the  plumb- 
ing of  ten  years  ago,  as  I  am  better  looking 
than  Mike  Ryan,  (laughter) 

"Your  president  has  hoped  that  I  would 
do  more  for  Brother  Young.  I  wish  there 
were  one  hundred  thousand  people  of  Chi- 
cago in  this  room  to-night  that  we  might 
talk  over  this  very  subject.  You  may  look 
at  your  auditoriums  and  your  Kinsley's  and 
other  noted  places  in  Chicago  and  feel  justly 
proud  of  your  great  city,  but  it  is  to  the 
plumbers  that  we  must  look  for  help  in 
building  up  a  healthy  city  and  it  is  to  your 
trade  that  the  people  of  this  community  owe 
many  thanks."  The  mayor  then  paid  a 
graceful  tribute  to  the  plumbing  trade  in 
general  and  continued: 

"You  have  spoken  of  the  size  of  this  city. 
It  is  true,  I  have  seen  Chicago  grow  to  the 
great  city  it  is  to-day,  second  only  as  to  com- 
mercial importance,  second  only  as  to  pop- 
ulation and  first  as  to  territorial  extent,  on 
this  continent.  How  old  is  it?  Fifty-four 
years  from  the  date  of  its  charter,  when  it 
took  the  name  of  city,  but  in  fact  only  nine- 
teen years,  when  that  great  conflagration 
swept  nearly  everything  from  sight  and  left 
but  a  barren  waste  of  debris.  But  the  pluck, 
energy  and  enterprise  that  characterizes  the 
Chicago  of  to-day  was  manifested  at  that 
time  and  the  work  of  rebuilding  was  at  once 
commenced.  This  city  has  grown  beyond 
all  precedence,  and  now  my  friend  Mr.  Watt 
wants  more  help  for  Inspector  Young.  Gen- 
tlemen, it  lies  with  Dr.  Wickersham  to 
recommend  an  increase  in  the  force  of  his 
department  and  just  so  far  as  I  can  officially 
aid  him,  I  shall  do  so  with  all  my  heart. 
(Applause.)  We  want  the  best  of  plumbing 
in  this  city.  We  want  the  strictest  sanitary 
regulations,  and  we  want  to  see  that  those 
regulatijns  are  carried  out  to  the  letter.  We 
don't  want  them  on  Dearborn  avenue  and 
Michigan  avenue  and  Washington  boulevard 
where  men  live  who  can  afford  and  are  will- 
ing to  have  the  best,  but  we  want  them  in 
the  sloughs.  (Applause.) 

The  speaker  then  alluded  to  the  contest 
now  going  on  in  Congress  over  the  location  of 
the  World'sFair  for  i8g2,and  spoke  of  the  bill 
introduced  in  the  New  York  legislature  for 
aid  from  the  "Empire  state"  to  the  extent 
of  iSio.ooo.ooo.  "But  the  representatives 
of  Chicago,"  he  said,  "turned  back  to  their 
city  and  said,  'We  want  five  millions  more, " 


and  the  reply  was  flashed  back  over  the 
wires  to  Washington,  'Here  it  is!' "  (Ap- 
plause.) J' 

"But,  my  friends,  do  not  let  us  speak 
slightingly  of  New  York.  She  is  the  first 
city  of  this  continent  to-day,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  the  world.  We  depend  upon 
New  York,  and  New  York  is  dependent  upon 
us,  and  I  congratulate  the  city  of  New  York, 
for,  notwithstanding  our  vast  territorial  ex- 
tent, created  by  the  recent  annexation  of 
several  municipalities.  New  York  has  $36,- 
000,000  this  year  for  her  work, and  we  in  Chi- 
cago have  but  $8,000,000."  Mayor  Cregier's 
address  was  followed  by  prolonged  applause 
and  E.  J.  Hannan,  president  of  the  National 
Association  of  Master  Plumbers,  was  next 
introduced  and  responded  to  the  toast, 
"National  Master  Plumbers'  Association." 
He  said: 

"Words  cannot  express  the  pleasure  that 
I  feel  in  being  with  my  Chicago  friends  to- 
night. The  national  organization  of  master 
plumbers  met  in  New  York  in  1883  when 
twenty-one  cities  were  represented,  and  at 
Pittsburg  last  June  sixty  cities  were  repre- 
sented. What  have  we  accomplished  for 
sanitary  purposes?  Dr.  Wickersham  will 
give  the  information  to  anyone  who  will  step 
down  to  his  office,  or  his  assistant,  Mr. 
Young.  To  whom  are  these  sanitary  laws 
indebted  for  their  existence?  To  the  Mas- 
ter Plumbers'  Association.  We  are  educat- 
ing the  public  to  good  work,  to  the  necessity 
of  sanitary  laws,  and  we  will  educate  them 
after  awhile  to  the  point  that  they  will  pay 
us  well  for  that  work.  (Applause  and 
laughter.)  Chicago  may  not  have  the 
World's  Fair  of  1892,  for  that  is  destined  to 
go  to  Washington,  but  she  will  have  the 
next  president  of  the  National  Association 
of  Master  Plumbers,  I  can  assure  you.  We 
want  the  other  sixty  great  cities  of  the 
United  States  to  follow  the  noble  example 
of  your  chief  executive.  Mayor  Cregier.  If 
we  had  a  few  more  such,  we  might  have  ex- 
cellent sanitary  laws  in  Washington  and 
elsewhere." 

During  the  evening  Mr.  Hannan  was  pre- 
sented with  a  large  and  handsome  boquet  of 
flowers,  with  the  compliments  of  the  Ladies. 
Auxiliary  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers* 
Association.  He  made  a  short  reply  and 
extended  his  heartfelt  thanks  to  the  ladies 
for  thhir  kind  remembrance. 

The  next  toast  responded  to  was  "Sani- 
tary Condition  of  Chicago,"  by  Dr.  Swayne 
Wickersham. 

"We  have  just  passed  through  several 
weeks  of  a  very  unpleasant  time,"  said  the 
health  commissioner,  "but  I  am  glad  to  say 
that  we  are  getting  out  of  it  at  last.  Now, 
at  any  other  time  we  couldn't  have  passed 
through  such  a  siege  of  sickness  and  mor- 
tality without  the  people  saying  that  it  was 
the  result  of  defective  plumbing  or  that  they 
were  being  killed  off  by  the  doctors.  So 
you  gentlemen  want  to  know  about  the 
sanitary  condition  of  Chicago,  and  right  it  is 
that  you  should  know,  for  I  tell  you 
that  you  have  to  bear  the  brunt  of  troubles 


Feb.  15,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


501 


arising  from  an  unsavory  sanitary  condition. 
We  go  back  to  last  year,  and  what  was  the 
result?  The  lowest  death-rate  since  this 
city  was  incorporated.  (Applause.)  During 
the  last  quarter  of  last  year  it  was  down  to 
twelve  or  twelve  and  one-half  per  cent. 
Anything  that  the  health  department  thinks 
will  lessen  the  death-rate  and  add  to  the 
health  of  our  people,  your  mayor  has  always 
been  ready  to  lend  his  willing  assistance, 
and  has  issued  an  order  to  that  effect.  I  be- 
lieve that  if  the_  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion does  its  duty  to  itself  and  to  the  peopl-^, 
instead  of  showing  a  death-rate  of  seventeen 
and  one  half  per  cent  as  it  was  last  year,  we 
will  eventually  have  it  down  to  fifteen  per 
cent  or  less. 

"Now,  what  is  going  to  happen  here  in  the 
future?  We  will  have  pure  water  to  drink. 
We  will  have  no  cattle  cross  the  line  that 
are  not  fit  for  consumption,  and  we  will  get 
rid  of  this  polluted  river." 

The  speaker  then  spoke  of  the  drainage 
matter,  paying  a  tribute  to  Mayor  Cregier 
and  then  continued. 

"If  I  were  a  millionaire  and  ten  times 
over  a  millionaire,  I  would  say,  let  this 
plumbing  work  be  done  in  first-class  style 
and  I  will  pay  for  it.  The  plumber  and  the 
physician  are  the  two  most  important  men 
that  enter  your  houses,  though  I  will  admit 
you  are  opposing  forces  to  a  certain  extent." 

Mayor  Cregier  here  interrupted  with 
"Yes,  the  plumber  lays  the  foundation  and 
then  the  doctor  comes  in  and  finishes 
you  up." 

Dr.  Wickersham  concluded  by  saying,  "I 
want  to  see  the  death-rate  diminished.  1 
shall  not  hold  you  responsible  because  we 
have  an  epidemic  now  and  then,  but  I  will 
say  to  put  your  best  foot  foremost  now,  for 
the  time  may  come  when  you  will  not  have  a 
friend  as  a  chief  executive." 

Robert  Griffith  was  next  introduced  and 
responded  to  the  toast,  "Chicago  Master 
Plumbers'  Association."  He  said  the  first 
thought  that  arose  to  his  mind  was,  how 
about  the  time  when  the  plumbers  had  no 
association.  He  spoke  of  the  organization 
of  the  association,  the  troubles  it  went 
through  in  its  infancy,  etc.,  and  said  that 
now  no  less  than  fourteen  foreign  countries 
are  applying  to  this  country  to  know  what 
rules  are  in  vogue  regarding  plumbing. 

"We  are  not  doing  good  to  ourselves  only, 
but  to  others  as  well.  The  question  is,  how 
much  good  can  I  do  others  by  joining  this 
association,  what  can  I  do  to  aid  in  reaching 
the  object  of  this  association,  to  bring  about 
the  result  of  perfect  plumbing;  how  can  I 
assist  the  Board  of  Health  and  the  adminis- 
tration in  bringing  about  a  perfect  sanitary 
condition  of  the  city.  Those  are  the  ques- 
tions to  ask  yourself  before  joining  this 
association." 

Andrew  Young  then  made  a  brief  but  in- 
teresting response  to  the  toast  "Relation  of 
Sanitation  to  the  Plumbers." 

A.  W.  Murray  followed  on  the  "Ladies' 
Auxiliary  Association."    John  J.  Hamblin 


on  "Plumbing  of  the  United  States,"  and  T. 
C.  Boyd  spoke  on  "Money  is  King." 

This  concluded  the  set  speeches,  and  C. 
G.  Dixon,  J.  J.  Wade,  Alderman  Michael 
Ryan,  M.  L.  Mandable  and  David  White- 
ford  were  in  turn  called  upon  and  made 
short  addresses.  The  meeting  then  ad- 
journed, after  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
gatherings  ever  held  by  the  Chicago  Master 
Plumbers'  Association. 

Among  those  present  were:  DeWitt  C. 
Cregier,  Dr.  S.  Wickersham,  E.  J.  Hannan, 
A.  A.  Campbell,  W.  A.  Phelan,  R.  C.  Pro- 
basco,  C.  J.  Brooks,  C.  A.  Cavanah,  R.  A. 
Smith,  E.  Breyer,  J.  H.  DeVcney,  C.  T. 
Byrne,  H.  A.  Black,  J.  J.  Wade,  P.  Macey, 
R.  C.  Miller,  M.  G.  Brooke,  H.  W.  Culbert- 
son,  P.  Harvey,  M.  L.  Morris,  John  Connell, 
J.  F.  Matthews,  W.  F.Orell,  A.  W.  Maypole, 
Thomas  Conlin,  J.  H.  Roche,  G,  A.  Larsey, 
Frank  E.  Ruh,  James  J.  Clark,  T.  C.  Boyd, 
G.  M.  Miller,  P.  J.  Loughlin,  M.  L.  Manda- 
ble, J.  G,  Weher,  J.  J.  Hamblin,  Robert 
Griffith,  C.  G.  Dixon,  A.  F.  Irons,  David 
Bain,  A.  W.  Murray,  David  Whiteford,  An- 
drew Young,  Hugh  Watt,  William  Bowden, 
Daniel  J.  Rock,  George  Tipple,  Richard 
Graham,  P.  L.-  O'Hara,  Henry  J.  Klahre,  A. 
C.  McLean,  Michael  Ryan.  The  Committee 
of  Arrangements,  to  whom  is  due  great 
credit  for  the  pleasant  entertainment,  were 
Hugh  Watt,  T.  C.  Boyd,  Andrew  Young, 
William  Wilson,  Robert  Griffith  and  John  J. 
Hamblin. 


MEETING  OF  THE  CHICAGO  MAS- 
TER PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

At  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Chigago 
Master  Plumbers'  Association  in  the  Honore 
block  last  Thursday  evening,  J.  J.  Wade, 
chairman  of  the  Sanitary  Committee,  re- 
ported the  list  of  his  associates  on  that  com- 
mittee: West  division — A.  W.  Murray,  J.  J. 
Hamblin,  David  Whiteford,  C.  A.  Cavanah. 
North  division— Robert  Griffith,  Peter  Wil- 
liams, T.  P.  CuUerton,  Rupert  Coleman. 
South  division — Hugh  Watt,  P.  Nacey, 
Joseph,  R.  Alcock,^M.  L.  Mandable..  Ashe 
wants  to  make  this  one  of  the  features  of 
the  meetings  he  desires  the  members  of  the 
committee  2  take  an  interest  in  sanitary  mat- 
ters in  their  respective  districts.  Meetings  of 
the  committee  will  be  held  on  the  first  and 
third  Tuesday  of  each  month  in  the  Associa- 
tion hall.  He  presents  a  list  of  practical  sub- 
jects on  which  the  members  of  the  committee 
will  be  expected  to  prepare  papers  to  be  read 
from  time  to  time  during  the  yearbefore  the 
association,  concluding  at  the  end  of  the 
year  with  his  own  official  report. 

David  Whiteford  moved  that  the  matter 
of  iron  sewerage-pipe  in  buildings  be  taken 
from  the  Legislative  Committee  and  referred 
back  to  the  Sanitary  Committee.  The  mo- 
tion was  carried. 

The  question  of  gas-fitters  furnishing  their 
own  tools  came  up  again  and  Mr.  Bowden, 
chairman  of  the  Arbitration  Committee  of 
last  year  being  absent,  no  report  was  made. 
Mr.  Wade  spoke  on  the  subject  and  urged 
that  the  committee  attend  to  the  matter,  not 


only  for  the  good  of  the  master  plumbers 
but  for  the  good  of  the  gas-fitters  as  well. 

Daniel  Rock,  chairman  of  the  Liccnss 
Committee,  a|)j)ointed  M.  H.  Reilly  and  C. 
J.  Herbert  as  his  associates  on  that  commit- 
tee. Robert  Griffith  was  appointed  chair- 
man of  the  Warehouse  Committee.  A.  W. 
Murray,  chairman  of  the  Apprentice  Com- 
mittee, appointed  R.  P.  Probasco  and  Philip 
Gundermann  as  his  associates  on  that  com- 
mittee. 

Those  [)resent  at  the  meeting  were  Presi- 
dent Hugh  Watt,  W.  F.  Gay,  T.  B.  Arm- 
stead,  C.  A.  Cavanah,  Richard  Graham,  C. 
S.  Lawrence,  Chas.  Klahre,  J.  J.  Wade,  C.  E. 
Breyer,  P.  Redieske,  Robert  Griffith,  Andrew 
Young,  J.  J.  O'Rourke,  J.  J.  Clark,  P.  J. 
Loughlin,  A.  W.  Murray,  David  Whiteford, 
M.  L.  Mandable,  Harry  Black,  J.  H.  De- 
veney,  John  J.  Hamblic,  Alex.  F.  Irons, 
Daniel  Rock,  P.  Sanders,  J.  H.  Cilian,  H.  M. 
Topping,  Richard  Graham,  Henry  Klahre, 
David  Bain,  C.  J.  Brooks,  Charles  Byrne,  J. 
H.  Roche,  T.  C.  Boyd. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

The  plumbing  establishment  of  Brown  & 
Morrow,  at  Brockton,  Mass.,  was  destroyed 
by  fire  last  month. 

Patrick  J.  McGowan,  1848  Nintii  avenue. 
New  York  City,  has  secured  the  contract  for 
plumbing  and  gas-fitting  in  the  new  Catholic 
Orphan  Asylum  at  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

The  Water  street  firm  of  Earl  B.  Chase  & 
Co.,  New  York  City,  plumbers,  steam-fitters 
and  manufacturers  of  furnaces,  has  been 
dissolved.  Mr.  Chase,  the  senior  member, 
will  continue  the  business. 

Chris.  Nally,  Forty-ninth  street  and  Sec- 
ond avenue.  New  York  City,  has  secured 
the  contract  for  plumbing,  gas  and  steam- 
fitting  in  the  Twenty-second  Regiment 
Armory  in  that  city.  The  contract  price  is 
$24,000. 

St.  Pai  l,  Feb.  5.  Editor  of  Sanitakv 
News:  At  a  meeting  of  the  Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  held  Feb.  5  the  the  follow- 
ing officers  were  elected:  President,  W.  J. 
Treaney;  vice-president,  J.  C.  Johnston; 
treasurer,  Phillip  Gleich;  secretary,  Allen 
Black;  Executive  Committee;  Geo.  Demp- 
sey,  W.  P.  Hudner,  J.  P.  Adamson;  Arbitra- 
tion Committee,  J.  T.  Holmes,  J.  J.  Dunni- 
gan,  M.  J.  O'Neil;  sergeant-at-arms,  John  H. 
Shea. 

The  Master  Plumbers' Association  of  Bos- 
ton and  vicinity  will  give  a  grand  sociable 
Tuesday  evening,  February  25. 

Donovan  Bros.,  486  Court  street,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  are  finishing  the  sanitary  plumbing 
and  gas-fitting  in  ten  flat  houses  on  Baltic 
and  Columbia  streets,  in  that  city.  They 
have  the  contract  for  eleven  more  such 
buildings  at  Hamilton  and  Huntington 
streets. 

We  give  in  another  column  a  new  system 
of  plumbing  and  would  be  pleased  to  have 
the  opinion  of  plumbers  regarding  it. 


502 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV  No.  315 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Louisa,  Va.,  has  been  authorized  by  the 
legislature  to  issue  bonds  for  the  erection  of 

a  town  hall.  Sumter,  S.  C,  will  hold  an 

election  on  Feb.  26,  to  decide  as  to  the  issu- 
ance of  $12,000  of  bonds,  proceeds  to  be  de- 
voted to  the  erection  of  a  public  school 

building.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  will  vote 

April  15,  upon  the  question  of  building  a 
$75,000  stone  and  iron  bridge  over  the  creek 

on  Main   street.  The   city  engineer  of 

Louisville,  Ky.,  has  prepared  plans  for  an 
elevated  roadway  and  bridge  across  the 
Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  on  Broad- 
way.   The  estimated   cost   is  $50,000.  

Chester  C.  H.,  S.  C,  will  hold  an  election 
during  February  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining whether  to  issue  $10,000  of  bonds  to 
aid  in  the  construction  of  a  public  building. 

 A  Western  syndicate  has  bought  4,000 

acres  of  land  near  Petersburgh,  Va.,  of  C. 
D.  Tinsley  for  $32,000  and  will  probably  lay 
off  a  new  town  and  establish  several  indus- 
tries. A  new  town  will  be  built  on  C.  W. 

Prescott's  laind,  near  Port  Tampa.  Fla.— Clin- 
ton, la.:  The  city  of  Lyons,  adjoining  Clin- 
ton, has  voted  a  tax  of  $40,000  to  aid  in  build- 
ing a  highway  wagon  bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  river.    A  charter  for  the  bridge 

at  Lyonshas  been    secured.  Savannah, 

Ga.:    A  movement  is  on  foot  to  construct  a 

$500,000  dry  dock  on  Hutchinson  Island.  

Lebanon,  Pa.:  The  Lebanon  &  Cornwall 
Railroad  Company  contemplates  building  a 

new  depot  of  brown  stone.  Fort  Smith, 

Ark.:  A  bridge  is  to  be  built  across  the 
Arkansas  river  at  this  place,  by  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  (office  St.  Louis, 

Mo.,)  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $500,000.  

Daytona,  Fla.:  A  company  is  being  organ- 
ized to  construct  a  bridge  across  the  Halifax 

river.  Jersey  City,  N.  J.:  Earl  &  Harrison 

are  about  to  build  an  elevated  road  from 
Communipaw  to  Greenville,  a  distance  of 

three  miles.  Champaign,  111.:    The  City 

Council  has  adopted  an  ordinance  granting 
a  franchise  for  twenty  years  for  the  purpose 

of  operating  an  electric  railway.  The  new 

Chicago  Casino  building  to  be  erected  by 
Reginald  DeKoven,  P.  E.  Stanley  and 
Dudley  Winston,  at  Michigan  avenue  and 
Monroe  street,  will  be  eight  stories,  with  a 
summer  garden  on  the  roof,  and  will  cost 

$500,000.  Boston,  Mass.:   R.  M.  Bradley 

will  erect  a  $60,000  store  building  at  Mason 

and  Tremont  streets.  Baltimore,  Md.: 

David  Ambach  will  erect  a  five-story  ware- 
house, 26x87,  to  cost  $25,000.  Alonzo  Lilly, 
Jr.,  will  remodel  two  stores  at  a  cost  of  $30,- 
000.  William  J.  Glendenin  will  erect  eight- 
teen  dwellings,  to  cost  $38,000.  Minneap- 
olis, Minn.:  J.  H.  Seymour  will  erect  a  four- 
story  brick  business  block  at  Second  avenue 
North  and  First  street,  to  cost  $100,000.™ 
Anniston,  Ala.:  Mrs.  S.  A.  Smith  is  contem- 
plating the  erection  of  a  three  story  business 
building.  Birmingham,  Ala.:  The  Ameri- 
can National  Bank  contemplates  the  erection 


of  a  new  building.     Address  S.  T.  Barnett, 

president.  Sheffield,  Ala.:  The  Sheffield 

Manufacturing  and  Construction  Company 

will  erect  fifty  houses  at  Furnace  Hill.  

Camden,  Ark.:  The  Ouchita  \'alley  Fair 
Association  will  erect  buildings  this  year. 

Address  John  C.  Ritchie,  president.  Al- 

lentown,  Pa.:  William  F.  Yeager  will  build 
forty-four  brick  dwellings,  at  a  cost  of  S35,- 

000.  Duluth,  Minn.:  A  catholic  hall  will 

be  built,  to  seat  6,000  people.  St.  Paul, 

Minn.:  The  St.  Paul  National  Bank  will 
erect  a  $225,000  building  at  Fifth  and  Robert 

streets.  Stambaugh,   Mich.:    A  $10,000 

church  will  be  erected.  Vicksburg,  Miss.: 

An  $80,000  hotel  will  be  erected.  Address 

Jackson   &   Heibert.  Walkerville,  Ont.: 

The  Walkerville  Manufacturing  Company 
will  build  a  malleable  iron  foundry,  at  a  cost 
of  $100,000.  Address  H.  T.  White,  Secre- 
tary, 78  Elizabeth  street  West,  Detroit, 

Mich.  Asbury  Park,   N.  J.:    A  $10,000 

hotel  will  be  erected.   Address  G.  A.  Shel- 

linger,  128  Broadway,  New  York  City.  

Battle  Creek,  Mich.:  A  business  college  will 
be  erected,  to  cost  $12,000.  Address  A.  D. 
Ordway.  Belleville,  III.:  An  $8,000  build- 
ing will  be  erected.    Address  L.  Tiernan. 

 Blue  Earth  City,  Minn.:  A  $9,000 school 

building  will  be  erected.    Address  G.  W. 

Buswell.  Bradford,  Pa.:   A  $7,000  hotel 

will  be  built.    Address  William  Hanly.  

Cadillac,  Mich.:    A  $15,000  public  school 

building  will  be  erected.  Detroit,  Mich.: 

The  Church  of  the  Epiphany  will  build  a 
$10,000  edifice.  Zion's  German  Reform 
Society  will  build  a  frame  church  and  par- 
sonage to  cost  $10,000.  Fredonia,  N.  Y.: 

An  opera  house  and  town  hall  will  be  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $40,000.    E.  A.  Curtis  can  give 

information.  Friar's  Point,  Miss.:  A  $20,- 

000  factory  building  will  be  erected.  Col. 

D.  A.  Scott  can  give  information.  Good- 

lettsville,  Tenn.:  A  $20,000  hotel  will  be 
built.  James  Scruggs  can  give  information. 
 Grand  Junction,  Colo.:  A  $7,000  build- 
ing will  be  erected.  Address  city  clerk.—— 
Hutchinson,  Kas.:  A  $10,000 building  will  be 

erected.     Address  D.  F.  De  Pry.  Mid- 

dlesborough,  Ky,:  A  $35,000  building  will  be 

erected.    Address  James  C.  Fischer.  

Morris,  111.:  A  $9,000  store  building  will  be 

erected.    Address  Dr.  A.  D.  Smith.  

Parker,  Minn.:  A  $10,000  public  school  build- 
ing will  be  erected.  Pasadena,  Cal.:  A 

library  building  will  be  erected  by  the  city 

at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.: 

A  $75,000  factory  building  will  be  erected. 
Address  G.  A.  Shellinger,  128  Broadway, 
New  York  City. —  Puyallup,  Wash.:  A  $50,- 
000  hotel  will  be  erected.  Address  A.  C. 
Campbell.  —Red  Oak,  la.:  A  $75,ooocourt 

house  will  be  erected.  Richmond,  Va.: 

An  $  1 1,000  residence  will  be  erected.  Ad- 
dress A.  L.  West,  1 105  East  Main  street.  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.:  A  $15,000  business 
block  will  be  erected.  Address  B.  Y. 
Hampton,  202  G  street.  -  Sheboygan,  Wis.: 
A  $20,000  school  building  will  be  erected. 

Address  Board  of  Public  Works.  Spar- 

tansburg,  S.  C:  A  $50,000  court  house  will 
be  erected. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Rock  Rapids,  la.,  is  to  have  an  electric 
light  plant.  The  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  De- 
velopment Company  has  been  incorporated 
by  N.  B.  Scott,  James  McGinley  and  others, 
to  develop  gas  and  oil  lands.    The  capital 

stock    is   $15,000.  Crawfordsville,  Ind.: 

The  Crawfordsville  Water  and  Light  Com- 
pany has  asked  the  legislature  for  the  priv- 
ilege of  maintaining  an  electric  light  and 

power  plant.  New  York  City:  At  a  recent 

meeting  of  the  Edison  Electric  Illuminating 
Company  the  capital  stock  was  increased 

from  $2,500,000  to  $4,500,000.  Portland, 

Me.:  The  Safety  Electric  Light  Company 
has  been  incorporated  by  Massachusetts 
capitalists.  The  capital  stock  is  $300,000. 
C.  L.  Cotton,  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  is  president 

and  C.  M.  Reed,  of  Boston,  treasurer.  

Nashua,  N.  H.:  The  Nashua  Heat,  Light 
and  Power  Company  will  put  up  a  new 
building  at  Belvidere,  and  remove  its  plant 
to   that   place.    The  new  works  will  cost 

from  $60,000  to  $80,000.  Elgin,  111.:  The 

Elgin  Electro-Hydraulic  Company  has  been 
incorporated  by  R.  E.  Gray,  W.  N.  Wilcox 
and  others,  to  furnish  power  and  light  by 
motor  system.    The  capital  stock  is  $250,- 

000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The  Westinghouse 

Electric  Company  will  remove  its  plant  to 
Brinton,  twelve  miles  distant,  where  new 

works  will  be  at  once  put  up.  The  suit 

brought  by  the  natural  gas  companies  to 
prevent  the  city  of  Toledo,  O.,  from  issuing 
$750,000  worth  of  bonds,  in  order  to  pipe  its 
own  gas,  has  been  decided  in  favor  of  the 
city.  The  proceedings  of  the  city  were  de- 
clared lawful  and  constitutional.  Owen- 
ton,  Ky.:  A  stock  company  is  being  organ- 
ized by  A.  M.  House,  of  the  Houston  Elec- 
tric Light  Company,  to  erect  an  electric  light 

plant.  Louisville,  Ky.:  Hiram  &  Gooch 

are  about  to  erect  an  electric  light  plant. 

 Rogers,  Ark.:  J.  W.  Scraggs  wants 

prices  on  an  electric  light  plant.  Cuero, 

Tex.:  It  is  proposed  to  erect  an  electric 

light  plant  at  this  place.  The  erection  of 

an  electric  light  plant  is  contemplated  at 
Seguin,  Tex.  The  Mayor  can  give  informa- 
tion. An  election  will  be  held  at  Char- 
lottesville, \'a.,  about  Feb.  20,  to  decide  upon 
the  issuance  of  $7,000  of  bonds  for  the  pur- 
chase of  a  new  gas-holder  for  the  city's  gas- 
works. It  is  reported  that  parties  con- 
template erecting  another  electric  light  plant 
at  Laredo,  Tex.    The  Laredo  Improvement 

Company  can  give  information.  W.  F. 

Carter  and  others  contemplate  erecting  an 
electric  light  plant  with  capacity  for  about 

300  incandescent  lights  at  Searcy,  Ark.  

The  Piedmont,  W.  Va..  Electric  Illuminat- 
ing Company  will  issue  $40,000  of  bonds  for 

the  enlargement  of  its  plant.  The  Salem, 

Va.,  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 
has  been  incorporated.  E.  W.  Parsons  is 
president  and  W.  -M.  Nelson  vice-president 

and  secretary.  The  erection  of  an  electric 

light  plant  is  contemplated  at  Bridgeport, 
W.  Va.    The  Mayor  can  give  information. 

 A  proixjsition  has  been  made  to  erect 

an  electric  light  plant  at  Summit,  Miss.,  to 


Feb.  15,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


503 


supply  Summit,  McComb  City  and  Majiiiolia. 
The  Mayor  can  give  information.  Wash- 
ington, Ga.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be 
established  at  this  place  by  the  Excelsior 

Manufacturing  Company.  Mansfield,  O.: 

The  Mansfield  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  at  this  place. 

Address  the  president,  A.  F.  Rogerson.  

Louisville,  O.:  The  people  of  this  place  want 

electric  lights.  Suffolk,  Va.:  The  Suffolk 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been 

incorporated.  New  Cumberland,  W.  Va.: 

The  New  Cumberland  Light,  Heat  and 
Power  Company  will  add  an  arc  plant  to  its 

works.  Lima,  O.:   The  Citizens'  Electric 

Light  and  Power  Company  has  applied  for 
a  franchise  to  establish  and  maintain  a  plant 

at  this  place.  Tiffin,  O.:  The  plant  of  the 

Tiffin  Edison  Illuminating  Company,  at  this 

place,  is  to  be  extensively  improved.  

Schenectady,  N.  Y.:  The  electric  light  plant 

at  this  place  is  to  be  improved.  Sandy 

Hill,  N.  Y.:  The  Sandy  Hill  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $15,000.  Incorpora 
tors,  Marcus  C.  Allen,  John  H.  Derby  and 

others.  Waxahachie,  Tex.:   The  citizens 

of  this  place  will  shortly  establish  an  elec 

trie  lighting  plant.  St.  Charles,  Mo.:  At 

a  special  election  held  recently,  it  was  voted 
to  establish  an  electric  plant,  to  cost  $15,000. 

 Hopkinton,  Mass.,  is  to  have  electric 

lights.  Stafford ville,  Mass.:   An  electric 

light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this  place. 

 Bridgeport,  O.:  There  is  an  agitation  for 

a  $7,000  electric  light  plant  at  this  place. 

■  Fremont,  O.:    Improvements   to  cost 

about  $15,000  are  to  be  made  to  the  plant  of 
the  Fremont   Electric   Light   and  Power 

Company.  Evansville,  Md.:  The  Lamas- 

co  Natural  Gas  and  Oil  Company  has  been 
organized.  The  object  is  to  bore  for  natural 
gas  and  oil  and  transport  it  to  places  where 
it  can  be  used  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  capital  stock  is  $6,500.  Redwood, 

Cal.:  The  City  Trustees  have  granted  to 
Otto  R.  Brandt  an  electric  light  fianchise  to 

cover  a  period  of  ten   years.  Taunton 

Mass.:  The  electric  light  plant  at  this  place 

is  to  undergo  extensive  improvements.  

Evergreen,  Ala.:  The  Evergreen  Hotel  and 
Improvement  Company  will  put  in  private 

gas   works.  East    St.   Louis,  III.:  The 

Western  Coal  and  Gas  Company  has  been 
incorporated  by  Henry  O'Hara,  Joseph  W. 
Sheppard  and  others,  for  the  construction  of 
gas  plants.  The  capital  stock  is  $500,000. — 
New  gas  wells  are  to  be  sunk  at  Sacramento, 

Cal.  Peoria,  111.:    The   Peoria  Natural 

Gas  and  Fuel  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated by  S.  A.  Kinsey,  H.  N.  Peterson  and 
Nicholas  Ulrich.  with  a  capital  of  S  10,000. 

 Meadville,  Pa.:  The  Phoenix  Electric 

Light  Company  has  been  incorporated.  

Minonk,  111.:  The  Minonk  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated 
by  M.  L.  Newell,  A.  B.  Kipp  and  G.  W. 

Weber,  with  $15,000  capital:  Selma,  Ala,: 

The  Selma  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  $50,000  capital. 
J.  R.  Baird  is  secretary.  Chas.  P.  Lud- 


wig,  of  Brooklyn,  Harold  S.  James  and  Ar- 
thur B.  Elbecks,  of  New  York  City,  and 
others,  have  formed  the  Consolidated  Gas 
and  Electric  Light  Company,  of  Westchester 
County,  N.  Y.  The  operations  of  the  com- 
pany will  be  caried  on  in  the  towns  of  Rye, 
Mamaroneck,  New  Rochelle,  Harrison  and 

Scarsdale.  Sheffield,  Ala.:  The  Hall  & 

Edwards  Electric  Company  will  establish 
works  for  the  manufacture  of  arc  and  in- 
candescent dynamos,  lamps,  motors,  etc.  

Boston,  Mass.:  The  Edison  Electric  Illum- 
inating Company  will  increase  its  capital 

stock  to  $2,000,000.  Kennett  Square,  Pa.: 

An  electric  light  company  will  be  formed, 

with  $7,500  capital.  Lexington,  Ky.:  The 

Western  Electric  Light  Company  intends 

enlarging  its  plant  four-fold.  Portland, 

Me.:  The  Russell  Electric  Lamp  Company 
has  been  organized;  $300,000  capital. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.:  An  additional  pump  and 
the  building  of  a  reservoir  on  Fort  Hill  are 
recommended  by  the  water  commissioners. 
 Springvale,  Me.,  Hydrants  will  proba- 
bly be   put   in   this  spring.  Needham, 

Mass.,  has  appropriated  $500  for  preliminary 
expenses  connected  with  the  introduction  of 

water.  The  water  company  at  Massillon, 

O.,  has  decided  to  drill  wells  in  order,  if  pos- 
sible, to  obtain  a  larger  supply  of  water.  


Ludlow,  Ky.,  is  anxious  to  get  a  supply  of 
water  from  the  Covington  works,  if  reasona- 
ble terms  can  be  made.  Santa  Anna,  Cal.: 

The  question  of  water-works  is  being  agi- 
tated. The  city  will  grant  franchise  or  own 
the  works.  San  Angelo,  Tex.,  will  ex- 
pend $45,000  on  water-works  improvements. 

 Horton,  Kas.,  will  put  in  a  system  of 

water-works  at  an  early  date.  Port  Ar- 
thur, Can.,  proposes  to  put  in  a  $1,500  sys- 
tem of  water-works.  Antonito,  Colo.,  will 

have  a  system  of  water-works  in  the  spring. 
Davenport,  la.:  Improvements  to  the  amount 
of  $10,000  will  be  made  to  the  water-works. 
Rock  Rapids,  la.:  Water-works  will  be  es- 
tablished at  this  place.  Muskegon,  Mich.: 

will  have  a  system  of  water-works,  W^ater 

will  be  pumped  from  Lake  Michigan.  

Albert  Lea,  Minn.,  has  granted  a  franchise 
for  water-works  to  E.  T.  Sykes  &  Co.,  of 
Minneapolis.  The  city  will  pay  $3,800  hy- 
drant rental.  Laramie,  Wyo.:  The  city 

will  try  and  secure  control  of  the  water- 
works from  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  if  successful  an  extensive  system 

will  be  introduced.  Ground  was  broken 

for  the  new  water-works  at  Havana,  Cuba, 
January  31,  by  Gen.  Cabada,  representing 

the  Captain-General  of  the  Island.  Phila 

delphia.  Pa.:  The  United  States  Water  Sup 
ply  Company  has  proposed  to  furnish  the 
city  with  a  daily  supply  of  150,000,000  gal- 
lons of  water  of  a  superior  quality  by  means 
of  the  Syphon-Gangwell  system,  for  $4,000, 
000,  the  city  to  own  its  own  plant  or  the 
company  would  lease  it  at  $25,000  a  year  for 
a  period  of  not  less  than  twenty  years,  with 

the  privilege  of  purchasing.  Blakely,  Ga 

An  artesian  well  is  to  be  sunk  at  this  place. 


 Vicksburg,  Miss.:  The  Louisville,  New 

Orleans  and  Texas  Railroad  Company  will 

sink  an  artesian  well.  Bceville,  Tex.:  An 

artesian  well  will  probably  be  sunk.  Dil- 
lon, Mont.:  The  city  will  put  in  a  system  of 

water-wcrks  next  summer.  Dallas.  Ore.: 

Bonds  to  the  amount  of  $ioo,coo  are  adver- 
tised for  sale,  for  the  water-works  system. 

Address  Z.  F.  Moody.  West  End,  Ga.: 

An  election  will  be  held  Feb.  25  to  consider 
the  issuance  of  $50,000  bonds  for  a  water- 
works system  and  gas  or  other  light.  

Princton,  Ky.:  A  $25,000  stock  comjjany  has 
been  organized  to  build  water-works.  Ad- 
dress the  Mayor.  Ithica,  Mich.:  A  water 

works  system  will  probably  be  constructed. 

 A  New  York  Company  will,  it  is  stated, 

submit  a  proposition  to  the  town  commission- 
ers of  Elizabeth  City,  N.  C,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  water-works.  The  Reidsville,  N. 

C,  Cotton  Mills  Company  contemplates  put- 
ting a  system  of  water-works  in  its  mills, 
and  is  having  estimates  prepared.  Gon- 
zales, Tex.:  The  Gonzales  Water  Power 
Company  proposes  to  put  a  dam  in  the  river 
to  get  power  to  run  the  water-works  and 

other  machinery.  Tallahassee,  Fla.:  The 

Tallahassee  Suburban  Land  Company,  will 
construct  and  operate  water,  gas  and  electric 
light  works,  etc.    The  capital  stock  is  $50,- 

000.  Lincoln,   Neb.:     The  water-works 

question  at  this  place  is  still  being  agitated. 
Plainsville,  Conn.:  There  is  a  movement 
towards  establishing  a  system  of  water- 
works at  this  place.  Address  Richard 
Baldwin.  A  company  with  $75,000  is  be- 
ing formed  to  furnish  water  to  Babylon, 

Amityville   and    Breslau,   N.   Y.  Lake 

George,  N.  Y.:  The  Lake  George  Water- 
works Company  has  been  incorporated  with 

$15,000    capital.  Griffin,    Ga.:  Mayor 

Stewart  is  in  favor  of  establishing  a  water- 
works   system.  Trenton,  Tenn.:  The 

question  of  constructing  water-works  is  be- 
ing discussed.  Princeton,  Ky.:  A  com- 
pany has  been  organized,  with  $25,000  capi- 
tal, to  build  water-works. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
F.  E.  Rebarer,  city  clerk  of  Savannah, 
Ga.,  will  receive  bids  until   Feb.  25,  for 
asphalt  paving.    About  5,000  square  yards 

will  be  done.  The  Cumberland  Brewing 

Company,  Cumberland,  Md.,  wants  price  on 

an  artesian  well  pump.  M.  P.  McRey- 

nolds,  Morrilton,  Ark.,  will  receive  proposals 
for  the  construction  of  an  iron  bridge  of  one 
span,  about  100  feet  long.  Bids  for  con- 
structing the  Choix  Point  Light  Station, 
Lake  Michigan,  Mich.,  are  open  until  March 
10.  Address  William  Ludlow,  Light-house 
Keeper,  Detroit,  Mich.  Court-house,  post- 
office  and  custom-house  building  for  \'icks- 
burg,  Miss.  Bids  open  until  March  3.  Jas. 
H.  Windrim,  Supervising  Architect,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Bids  for  constructing  offi- 
cers' quarters  at  Fort  McPherson,  Ga.,  are 
open  until  Feb.  24.  Address  Captain  J.  W. 
Jacobs,  U.  S.  A.,  Atlanta,  Ga.  Sealed  pro- 
posals will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the 
Supervising    Architect,   Treasury  Depart- 


504 


THE  SAJsriTARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  315 


ment,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  the  first  day 
of  March,  for  all  the  labor  and  material  re- 
quired to  fix  in  place  complete  the  low-pres- 
sure, return  circulation  steam  heating  and 
ventilating  apparatus  required  for  the  U.  S. 
post-office,  court  house,   etc.,  building  at 

Binghampton,  N.  Y.  Sealed  proposals 

will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervis- 
ing Architect,  Washington,  U.  C,  until  Feb. 
28,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required 
to  fix  in  place  complete  the  low  temperature 
hot  water  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus 
for  the  U.  S.  post-office,  etc.,  building  at 

Springfield,  Mass.  Sealed  proposals,  in 

triplicate,  subject  to  usual  conditions,  will 
be  received  at  the  office  of  the  assistant 
quartermaster,  U.  S.  Army,  Newport,  Ky., 
until  1 1  o'clock  a.  m.,  Monday,  March  3,  for 
furnishing  and  setting  up  complete  about 
twelve  gasoline  lighting  machines  for  light- 
ing the  buildings  at  the  new  post  near  New- 
port, Ky.  San  Bernardino,  Cal.:  Proposals 

are  wanted  until  April  8,  for  building  a  Hall 
of  Records  at  this  place.  Address  the  Board 
of  Supervisors.  McKeesport,  Pa.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  March  i,  for  the 
erection  of  a  Turner  Hall  at  this  place.  Ad- 
dress J.  P.  Nill,  Chairman  Building  Com- 
mittee. Columbus,   O.:     Proposals  are 

wanted  until  Feb.  26,  for  the  erection  of  the 
superstructure  of  Rich  Street  bridge  over  the 
Scioto  river.  Address  Y.  J.  Reinhard,  County 

Auditor.  Comanche,  Tex.:  Proposals  are 

wanted;  no  date  specified,  for  the  erection 
of  six  bridges  at  this  place.  Address  County 

Judge.  Coulterville,  Cal.:   Proposals  are 

wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  about  fifty  miles  of  railroad,  together 
with  several  bridges.  Address  Maurice 
Newman,  County  Clerk,  Mariposa  County. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Manchester,  N.  H.:  Mayor  Varney,  in  his 
annual  message,  recommended  borrowing 
$210,000  for  the  completion  of  the  street  and 

sewerage  system  of  the  city.  Portsmouth, 

N.  H.:  The  citizens  are  asking  for  a  sewer 
from  Market  Square  to  Spring  Hill,  through 

Market  street.  There  is  talk  of  a  system 

of  drainage  to  reclain  about  500  acres  of  land 

in  Racine  county.  Wis.  Newport,  R.  1., 

has  appropriated  $10,000  for  sewers.  

Boonville,  la.,  is  considering  the  question  of 

a  sewerage  system.  Canton,  O.:  The 

county  commissioner;;  have  authorized  the 
payment  of  $10,000  to  the  city,  which  is  to 
include  the  pro  rata  assessment,  as  a  bonus 

for  building  a  sewerage  system.  The  city 

council  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  has  directed 
the  city  engineer,  when  he  has  finished  his 
plans  and  estimates  for  a  sewerage  system, 
to  take  Rudolph  Hcring  of  New  York  into 
consultation  and  get  his  opinion  of  them. 
The  sewerage  committee  recommends  Web- 
ber river  as  a  point  of  disposal.  Kansas 

City,  Mo.:  A  petition  is  being  circulated  for 
a  special  election  to  vote  on  the  proposition 
of  issuing  $50,000  of  bonds  for  a  city  hall  and 
sewerage  system.  The  sewerage  commit- 
tee ot  Marlborough,  Mass.,  has  petitioned 
the  Legislature  to  allow  the  town  to  raise 


NATURK'S  RKMKDIES 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINK.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  groap  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  lierbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect* 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  sf>vereign  cure.  Over  1.50  persons  have  been  treated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  The  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Rek- 
OVATOR  is  a  sure  stimulant  ot  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  voii  mav  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


$75,000  over  the  debt  limit,  for  the  purpose 
of  constructing  the  desired  sewerage  system. 

 The  sewerage  committee  of  Jamestown, 

N.  Y.,  of  which  D.  H.  Post  is  secretary,  is 
considering  the  question  of  the  best  method 

of  sewering  that  place.  Gloucester,  Mass., 

is  at  present  ves  y  much  interested  in  the  sew- 
erage question.  The  Decatur,  111.,  city 

city  council  has  passed  ordinances  for  two 
sewer  to  cost  $8o,ooo  and  to  be  paid  for  by 
special  assessment.  Plans  have  been  pre- 
pared for  the  building  of  additional  sewers 
at  Atlanta,  Ga.    A.  P.  Woodward,  city  clerk, 

can  give  information.  The  cily  engineer 

of  Macon,  Ca.,  is  preparing  plans  for  the 
sewer  work  and  street  improvements,  for 
which  $2oo,oooof  bonds  will  be  issued,  The 
mayor  can  give  particulars.  Plans  and  es- 
timates are  being  prepared  for  the  proposed 
sewerage  system  at  Talladega,  Ala.  The 

mayor  can  give  information.  The  city  of 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  contemplates  construct- 
ing sewers  on   Palmetto,  (^ak  and  other 

streets  during  the  year.  Talladega,  Ala.: 

The  mayor  and  sanitary  committee  of  the 
city  council  have  been  instructed,  by  resolu- 
tion of  council  to  have  a  survey  of  the  city 
made  looking  to  the  establishment,  at  an 
early  day,  of  a  complete  system  of  sanitary 

sewerage.  Worcester,  Mass.:  About $75,- 

000  will  be  used  to  purchase  more  land  and 
machinery  for  sewerage  precipitation  accord- 
ing to  plans  by  City  Engineer  C.  A.  Allen. 

 Great  Falls,  Mont.:  G.  N.  Miller,  C.  E., 

has  been  employed  to  prepare  plans  and 
specifications  for  sewerage  system  for  this 
place.  The  separate  system  will  be  adopted, 
and  about  $50,000  will  be  expended  this  sea- 
son. Walla  Walla,  Wash.:  The  council 

will  submit  to  its  voters,  as  soon  as  a  plan 
can  be  agreed  upon,  the  question  of  bonding 
the  city  for  the  construction  of  a  complete 
sewerage  system. 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove, //rt^  ruined 
more  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada, sole  proprietors. 


PROPOSALS. 


It  is  a  queer  kind  of  an  individual  who 
will  not  allow  a  preacher  to  inspect  his 
health,  but  will  permit  a  tanner  to  inspect 
his  plumbling,  but  of  such  is  a  ])art  of  the 
kingdom  of  earth. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Washington,  D.  ('..  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.  on  the  lt.t  day  of  March  1H90,  for  all  the  labor 
and  material  rentiired  to  fix  in  place  complete,  tlie 
Low-Pressure  Return  Circulation  Steam  Heating 
and  Ventilating  Apparatus  reiiuireil  for  the  U.  8. 
Post  Office,  Court  House,  etc  , ,  building  at  Bingham- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and 
specification,  conies  of  which  may  bf>  had  on  appli- 
cation at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Superint  nd- 
ent.  Eacli  bid  must  be  accoinpanie<l  bv  a  certified 
check  for  Jf2(X).0O.  The  Department  will  reject  nil 
bids  rereive<l  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  al 
the  requirements  of  this  invitat'on. 

JA8.  H.  WINDRIM. 
Jan.  28,1890.  Supervising  Architect. 


CKALKD  PROPOSALS  WILL  RE  RECEIVED  AT 
the  offii'e  of  the  Supervising  Architect.Treasury De- 
par  ment.  Washington,!).  C.  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  2Hth  day  t  f  Felvniary  1H9().  for  all  the  labor  8n<I 
materials  requiretl  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  Low- 
temperature,  Hot-water  Heating  and  Ventilating 
.\pparatus,  for  the  U.  S.  Post  Office.  et<;.,  building  at 
Hpringfied.  Mass  ,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings 
and  spi'cification,  copies  ot  whicli  nuiy  lie  had  on 
application  at  this  office  or  tlie  Office  of  the 
Superintendent.  Each  bid  must  be  accom- 
panie<l  by  a  certifie<l  check  for  $2IH).  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  receivi><l  after  the  time 
fixed  for  opening  the  same:  also,  bids  which  do 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  recinirenients  of  this 
invitation.  JAS  H.  WINDRIM. 

February  1, 1890.  Sut>ervising  Architect, 


Feb.  22, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


505 


The  Sanitary  News 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

ISO.  90  l.,a  Salle  Street,  Clilcaieo. 


Thomas  Hudson,  Publisher, 

A.  H.  Harktman.  Editor. 

Hbmrt  K.  Au-en,       -     -     -     London  Agent. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
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Finsbnry  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 

A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from 
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a  Tolume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  83.00. 
The  entire  thirteen  volun")s  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  eabjects. 


CHICAGO.  FEB.  22  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 

Current  Topics      -------  .i05 

Disposal  of  House  Refuse       ....  506 

To  Utilize  the  Power  of  Niagara       -     -  507 

The  Godfrey  Water  Supply  System       -      -  ,508 

The  "Old  Well"        -        -     -      -      .  508 

A  Sanitary  Pump  -      -      .      .      .  .508 

Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting     ...  .508 

Building— 

Sub-Contracting        .      .     -     .      .  ,509 

Domestic  Architecture  in  New  York      -  510 

Sandy  Foundations         -      -  -  510 

Notes  from  Architects        ...      -  .mo 

Plumbing— 

St.  Paul  Plumbing  -      -      .      .  511 

National  Registration  of  Plumbers      -      .  511 

Sfnitary  Inspectors      ....  512 

Detecting  Defective  Pipes       -      -      .  512 

Among  the  Plumbers  -  .  .  .  .  512 
New  Pipe  Hooks  Expansion  Plates  and 

Ring  Plates        .      .     -      .     .  .^13 

CONTEACTINO  NeWS— 

Where  New  Work  wUl  be  Done  -     .     -  513 

Heating  and  Lighting       .     -     .     .  513 

Sewerage  Notes  ....  514 

Water.Works  Notes   .....  514 

Bids  and  Contracts     -  -      -      -  515 


The  City  of  Toronto  has  so  far  observed 
the  good  results  of  phimbing  inspection 
that  the  increase  of  pliiinbing  inspectors 
is  being  agitated.  It  docs  not  sccni  possible 
that  a  city  the  size  of  Toronto  could  receive 
[iropcr  inspection  from  the  services  of  two 
inspectors,  the  number  now  em[)loyed. 


Thk  Toronto  City  Council  are  considering 
the  advisability  of  appointing  a  "city  archi- 
tect." The  objection  to  this  is  that  it  is  not 
desirable  to  have  all  the  city  buildings  de- 
signed by  one  architect  as  "variety  and  not 
uniformity  of  design  should  be  the  object 
sought."  P'avoring  the  apj)ointment  of  such 
an  architect  is  the  fact  that  the  services  of  a 
capable  superintendent  of  building  construc- 
tion for  the  city  are  greatly  needed.  It  does 
not  necessarily  follow  that  the  designs  by 
one  architect  would  produce  a  painful  uni- 
formity in  building.  Should  it  tend  in  that 
direction,  variety  to  some  extent  can  be 
sacrificed  for  the  good  work  of  a  competent 
superintendent. 

There  is  more  in  obeying  the  laws  of 
health  than  the  mere  escape  of  the  penalties 
of  their  disregard.  There  is  another  side 
The  man  who  lives  in  conformity  to  the  laws 
of  hygiene  does  not  only  escape  the  miseries 
of  disease,  but  does  more.  He  lives  in  the 
serene  consciousness  a  security  that  lifts 
him  above  the  sense  of  mere  escape  into  the 
complacent  feeling  of  safety.  He  feels  that 
he  is  ennobling  and  glorifyinir  life  through 
his  devotion  to  the  means  that  preserve  the 
health  on  which  life  depends.  His  vigor  is 
redoubled  by  the  simple  fact  of  his  right 
living  and  the  reassuring  consciousness  of  it. 
In  the  sense  of  good  health  which  prevades 
his  life  is  a  renewed  element  of  strength 
which  gives  life  buoyancy  and  cheer,  and 
makes  man  not  only  the  possessor  of  health, 
but  the  evidence  and  revelation  of  health. 


An  exchange  of  the  medical  persuasion 
contains  an  article  in  which  is  expressed  the 
belief  that  there  is  some  injury  liable  to  re- 
sult from  a  "sanitary  scare."  That  is  that 
sanitarians  go  too  far  in  expressing  their 
views  regarding  all  the  means  which,  in  their 
belief,  will  spread  disease.  Well,  the  fact  is 
there  are  a  great  many  persons  who  need  to 
be  pretty  badly  scared  some  way,  for  they 
take  no  fright  from  the  insanitary  conditions 
surrounding  them.  We  also  wish  to  sug- 
gest to  our  solicitous  contemporary  that  it 
need  not  worry  about  the  "scare."  Those 
who  are  indifferent  to  the  conditions  against 
which  sanitary  science  is  directed,  are  not 
going  to  collapse  or  stampede  at  anything 
in  the  form  of  sanitation.  Many  lives  may 
be  lost  through  disregard  of  proper  sanita- 
tion but  sanitary  science  will  never  scare 
any  body  to  death. 

The  registration  of  plumbers  in  England 
and  some  other  European  countries  is  re- 
ceiving much  public  attention,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  popular  favor.  At  a  recent 
meeting  held  in  the  Manchester  District,  in 
the  Manchester  Town  Hall,  the  mayor  who 


presided  at  the  meeting  said:  No  body  of 
workmen  engaged  in  the  construction  of 
dwelling-houses  could,  through  ignorance 
or  carelessness,  inflict  so  much  danger  on 
the  public  health,  or  cause  so  much  incon- 
venience to  one's  family  or  jiocket,  as  the 
plumbers.  The  length  of  time  a  man  had 
been  in  the  trade  was  no  guarantee  of  his 
efficiency,  and  a  careful  technical  examina- 
tion was  the  only  test  which  would  satisfy 
the  requirements  of  public  comfort,  and 
avert  the  existing  dangers  to  the  public 
health.  He  urged  that  even  the  plumbers 
of  many  years'  experience  in  the  trade 
should  a\'ail  themselves  of  the  facilities  pro- 
vided at  the  technical  schools  to  learn  some- 
thing of  the  modern  science  connected  with 
the  plumber's  art.  It  is  observed  that  a 
healthy  sentiment  in  support  of  the  advance- 
ment of  plumbing  is  on  the  increase  there 
as  well  as  here  which  is  an  encouragement 
to  the  plumbers  of  both  countries. 


REGARDING  MEMBERSHIP  IN  THE 
MASTER  PLUMBERS'  NATIONAL 
ASSOCIATION. 

An  exchange,  in  speaking  of  the  probabil- 
ity that  the  Brooklyn  Master  Plumbers,  As- 
sociation will  not  be  represented  at  the  com- 
ing national  convention,  says:  "If  in  view 
of  the  rapid  growth  of  our  city  our  master 
plumbers  can  meet  the  public  demands  as 
well  out  of  the  national  organization  as  in  it 
we  are  satisfied."  That  is  probably  true, 
and  it  is  also  true  that  a  plumber  can  do 
good  work  without  belonging  to  the  associa- 
tion at  all,  but  the  advantages  are  in  favor 
of  those  who  are  members.  Regardless  of 
the  advantages  to  be  gained  directly  from 
the  helpful  influences,  sympathy,  inspiration, 
and  mutual  aid  by  the  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation, there  is  a  public  sentiment  which  is 
most  favorable  to  the  association  with  a 
preference  for  its  membership.  The  same 
is  true  of  all  other  similar  associations  of 
like  respectability  and  importance.  The 
peculiar  and  very  close  relations  the  plumb- 
er sustains  to  public  health  in  the  present 
advancement  of  sanitary  science,  make  this 
sentiment  perfectly  natural  and  of  greater 
strength  than  that  which  is  generally  given 
other  organizations  unless  it  be  that  of  med- 
ical men.  This  sentiment  is  reasonable,  for 
such  associations,  actuated  by  motives  and 
purposes  enlisted  in  the  advancement  of  the 
public  weal,  are  naturally  supposed  to  con- 
tain a  membership  of  the  best,  the  most  pro- 
ficient and  advanced  men  in  that  line  of  bus- 
iness. It  can  be  logically  presumed  that 
the  most  progressive  and  advanced  will  ally 
themselves  with  an  association  organized  for 
the  purpose  of  promoting  the  welfare  of  its 
members  by  carrying  their  work  to  a  higher 
grade  of  proficiency  and  protecting  them 
from  frauds  and  the  impositions  of  the  in- 
competent and  dishonest  who  bring  discred- 
it upon  the  craft. 

In  this  respect  the  Master  Plumber's  As- 
sociation is  different  from  all  others,  and  it 
is  to  be  expected  that  public  opinion  will 
strongly  support  it,  Its  relation  to  the  health 


I 


506 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


^VoL.  XV.  No.  316 


of  a  community  brings  it  close  to  the  highest 
interest  of  the  people;  for  whatever  promotes 
the  qualifications  of  the  plumber  increases 
the  security  of  the  public  m  the  abodes  of 
health.  Its  history  and  present  purposes, 
the  efforts  it  has  made  and  the  results  at- 
tained establish  it  among  the  most  import- 
ant agencies  of  sanitation  we  have.  It  is 
recognized  as  such  by  boards  of  health  and 
in  many  cities  its  representatives  fill  an  im- 
portant place  in  the  department  of  health. 
Its  advancement  in  public  favor  has  been 
rapid  and  its  progress  in  the  proficiency  of 
work  has  made  the  advanced  position  its  has 
obtained  secure.  Considering  all  this  it  is 
not  difficult  to  see  the  advantages  of  a  mem- 
bership in  this  association.  It  affords  the 
member  not  only  the  valuable  help  of  good 
counsel,  the  enthusiasm  of  emulation  and 
the  inspiration  of  advanced  thought,  but  in 
his  business  relations  to  the  public  it  throws 
about  him  a  kind  of  guarantee  which  the  pub- 
lic very  naturally,  although  perhaps  uncon- 
sciously, accept.  Through  meetings  and 
conventions  the  member  is  brought  before 
the  public  in  ways  that  those  not  members 
could  not  be,  from  all  of  which  he  reaps  a 
benefit.  The  member  is  not  only  presumed 
to  be  better  qualified  in  his  work,  but  in 
truth  he  really  is.  His  membership  acts 
both  as  an  inducement  to  effort  and  a  spur. 
He  becomes  more  active  and  earnest,  his  in- 
vestigations and  researches  are  extended, 
his  education  widened,  and  on  all  sides  he 
feels  incentives  to  stronger  and  more  earnest 
and  more  constant  effort.  He 'is  traveling 
with  the  advance  of  an  inspiring  company, 
among  the  cheer  of  members  and  is  not 
loitering  along  by  himself.  He  becomes 
more  public,  feels  more  keenly  the  public 
gaze  and  recognizes  more  fully  his  responsi- 
bility. All  these  influences  tend  to  make  a 
better  workman  and  a  better  man,  and  they 
cannot  be  obtained  outside  of  the  associa- 
tion. Therefore,  although  a  man  may  be- 
come a  good  plumber  and  do  good  work 
outside  the  association,  the  chances  are 
over-balanced  in  his  favor  on  becoming  a 
member  of  it.  The  refusal  of  a  man  to 
identify  himself  with  the  association  is  inter- 
preted as  a  tacit  opposition  to  it,  and  as  a 
protest  to  the  advancement  and  improve- 
ment it  seeks  to  secure.  The  individual  and 
the  association  may  not  view  the  matter  in 
this  light,  but  the  public,  who  set  the  stand- 
ard against  every  man's  business  stature 
and  interpret  his  acts  and  motives,  silently 
regard  such  a  man  as  a  negative  quantity  in 
the  equation  of  the  great  problem  of  pro- 
gressive reform.  Every  man  who  does  not 
belong  to  the  association  may  not  oppose 
the  great  purposes  in  view,  but  we  know 
that  those  who  are  members  do  approve 
and  support  the  efforts  to  attain  them.  Their 
membership  is  proof  of  this,  and  no  man  can 
give  better  evidence  of  his  sympathy  with 
this  movement  of  the  plumbers'  association 
than  by  joining  them.  As  the  association  is 
approved  by  the  public  the  members  there- 
of must  stand  nearer  public  esteem  than 
those  who  are  not  members,  for  no  associa- 


tion can  be  publicly  approved  without 
each  member  receiving  his  individual  por- 
tion. Thus  we  can  repeat  that  there  are 
advantages  to  be  obtained  through  a  mem- 
bership with  this  association  that  cannot  be 
gained  by  those  who  do  not  give  the  associa- 
tion the  support  implied  by  a  membership 
therewith. 

DISPOSAL  OF  HOUSE-REFUSE.* 
Household  life  necessitates  the  deporta- 
tion of  several  different  kinds  of  refuse 
matter,  consisting  of  excremental  substances, 
liquid  wastes  from  the  kitchen  and  the  laun- 
dry, baths  and  basins,  garbage,  sweepings 
and  dust  of  various  sorts.  As  regards  the 
first  of  these,  the  average  for  each  individual 
is  fifty-seven  pounds  faecal  excreta  and  1 14 
gallons  of  urine  annually:  or,  for  a  family  of 
five  persons,  285  pounds  and  570  gallons,  re- 
spectively. The  danger  from  these  is  not 
when  they  are  freshly  voided,  but  after  de- 
composition has  set  in,  favoring  the  evolu- 
tion of  noxious  gases  and  volatile  products 
of  putrefaction.  Where  atmospheric  oxygen 
has  free  access,  the  principal  results  of  de- 
composition are  ammonia,  carbonic  acid 
and  water;  but  in  large  accumulations,  where 
air  can  not  thoroughly  penetrate,  deleterious 
compounds  are  generated,  bacterial  fer- 
ments multiply,  and  ptomainal  products  are 
given  off  in  increased  quantity.  An  addi- 
tional peril  arises  where  the  intestinal  dis- 
charges are  impregnated  with  the  virus  of 
specific  diseases,  such  as  cholera,  enteric 
fever,  and  probably  other  diarrhtcal  mala- 
dies, though  even  in  this  case  it  seems  to  be 
requisite  for  the  dedelopment  of  the  conta- 
gium  that  decomposition  shall  have  reached 
a  certain  stage.  When  urine  is  mixed  with 
faeces,  fermentation  occurs  more  rapidly  and 
with  greater  evolution  of  volatilized  organic 
products.  P'or  these  reasons  it  is  of  prime 
importance  that  such  matters  be  removed 
from  any  possibility  of  communication  with 
the  interior  of  the  house,  or  of  its  inmates, 
before  they  shall  have  time  to  decompose; 
that  is  to  say,  for  practical  purposes,  within 
twelve  hours. 

But  a  greivous  mistake,  made  by  many 
engineers  and  by  some  superficial  writers  on 
hygiene,  is  to  consider  the  intestinal  and 
renal  dejecta  as  the  only  things  to  be  cared 
for,  whereas  in  reality  they  constitute  less 
than  one  per  cent  of  the  offensive  residua 
which  should  be  speedily  removed  from  in- 
habitated  places.  The  feathery  masses  of 
decaying  epithelium  from  basins  and  baths, 
or  the  organic  scourings  from  soiled  cloth- 
ing, not  only  afford  fertile  culture  media  for 
microzymes,  but  arc  often  specifically  in- 
fected; the  culinary  outpourings  are  virtu- 
ally weak  organic  broths,  responding  readily 
to  inoculation;  indeed, all  the  water  supplied 
to  the  domicile  is  discharged  in  so  fouled  a 
condition  that  prudence  forbids  its  retention 
on  or  about  the  premises.    There  is  little 

•  Head  in  the  section  of  State  Medicine  at  the  for- 
tietli  aunnal  meeting  of  the  Ameriran  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, by  .\lfrod  Ludlow  Carroll,  M,  D.  and  pnb- 
lished  in  the  Jovrnal  of  the  Amfriciin  Health  Asso- 
ciation, 


difference  in  the  sewage  of  towns  whether 
excremental  matter  be  admitted  or  excluded 
and  in  populous  communities  where  "dry 
methods"  are  used  it  is  found  necessary  to 
construct  sewers  in  addition.  Liernur's 
pneumatic  system  and  other  schemes  based 
upon  the  single  view  of  the  manurial  utility 
of  undiluted  excreta  are  open  to  the  same 
objection. 

If  the  arch-enemy  of  mankind  had  been 
asked  to  suggest  the  most  mischievous 
method  of  dealing  with  these  waste  products 
he  could  not  have  devised  a  more  diabolical 
one  than  that  which  is  commonly  adopted, 
not  alone  in  sequestered  rural  regions,  but 
in  the  majority  of  villages,  and  which  lingers 
as  a  relic  of  barbarism  even  in  many  cities, 
to-wit:  the  storage  of  them  in  pervious  privy- 
pits  and  cess-pools,  whence  the  festering 
liquified  filth  permeates  the  soil  over  a  wide 
area,  polluting  the  surface  wells  which  are 
usually  in  convenient  proximity,  and  poison- 
ing with  its  noxious  exhalations  the  ground 
atmosphere  which  is  drawn  into  the  base- 
ments of  ill-constructed  houses. 

Of  the  various  plans  for  the  "dry  disposal" 
of  excreta,  the  simplest  is  admixture  with 
dry  earth  or  sifted  coal-ashes,  using  either  a 
shallow  cemented  pit,  a  box,  or  other  re- 
ceptacle above  ground,  or  one  of  the  more 
elaborate  patterns  of  earth-closets.  While 
this  may  be  practicable  for  single  houses  or 
for  very  small  hamlets,  the  difficulty  of  car- 
rying it  out  on  a  larger  scale  is  almost  in- 
surmountable. It  is  estimated  that  for  a 
population  of  10,000,  more  than  a  hundred 
tons  of  dry  earth  would  be  required  weekly, 
and  the  supply  and  removal  of  such  a  quan- 
tity would  involve  expensive  machinery.  It 
is  an  error  to  suppose  that  the  fertilizing 
quality  of  this  earth  after  use  will  compen- 
sate for  its  transportation.  Even  when  it 
has  been  redried  and  used  several  times  it 
is  no  richer  than  ordinary  garden  soil,  and  is 
absolutely  worthless  as  manure.  In  many 
places  abroad  the  tub  or  pail  system  is  em- 
ployed with  more  or  less  satisfactory  results, 
movable  vessels  receiving  the  excreta  with 
or  without  the  admixture  of  ashes,  chaff,  or 
other  absorbent  or  dtodorizing  substances, 
and  being  removed  once  a  week  or  oftener 
by  the  public  authorities,  the  more  volumin- 
ous remainder  of  the  sewage  being  reserved 
for  irrigation  or  "intermittent  filtration" 

In  rural  or  suburban  districts,  where  there 
is  a  reasonable  amount  of  ground  about  the 
house,  with  grass  or  a  small  garden  plot, 
liquid  wastes  may  safely  be  distributed  on 
the  surface;  not  poured  persistently  in  the 
same  spot,  after  the  manner  of  the  average 
handmaiden,  to  create  an  artificial  swamp 
close  to  the  foundation  walls,  but  scattered 
thinly  and  alternately  over  a  wider  extent 
of  growing  vegetation.  A  piece  of  land 
twenty  by  twenty-five  feet  will  amply  suffice 
to  utilize  all  the  "slops"  of  an  ordinary  house- 
hold, if  due  regard  be  paid  to  their  distribu- 
tion, avoiding,  of  course,  the  vicinity  of  the 
well,  if  the  water  supply  be  derived  from 
this  source.  A  neater  but  costlier  plan  is 
"subsoil   irrigation"  through   a  branching 


Feb.  22, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


507 


system  of  loose-jointed  small  drain  pipes, 
laid  about  a  foot  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  so  as  to  distribute  their  contents 
within  reach  of  the  roots  of  plants.  To 
render  this  method  effective  it  is  almost 
essential  to  collect  the  sewage  in  a  tank  with 
an  automatic  mechanism  for  discharging  at 
stated  intervals,  since  a  continual  trickling 
would  fail  to  flow  to  the  terminal  branches, 
and  without  preliminary  subsidence  the  sus- 
pended solids  would  be  apt  to  clog  the  pipes 
in  a  sluggish  current.  Too  great  a  descent, 
on  the  other  hand,  will  carry  all  the  dis- 
charge at  once  to  the  farther  end  of  the 
drains,  thus  thwarting  the  purpose  of  uni- 
form distribution.  The  proper  grade  for 
pipes  in  this  system,  according  to  Col.  War- 
ing, who  is  one  of  its  strongest  advocates,  is 
not  more  than  six  inches  in  each  loo  feet. 
Beyond  the  aesthetic  consideration  of  put- 
ting things  out  of  sight,  this  subsoil  system 
has  no  special  advantage  over  surface  irri- 
gation; indeed,  where  large  quantities  of 
sewage  are  to  be  dealt  with  the  latter  is 
preferable,  if  it  be  intermittent.  For  both 
methods  perviousness  of  the  soil  is  a  pre- 
requisite, and  a  clayey  or  other  moisture- 
retaining  ground  should -first  be  thoroughly 
underdrained;  for  it  is  to  be  remembered 
that  the  purifying  power  of  "dry  earth"  re- 
sides not  in  the  earth  itself,  but  in  the  air 
contained  in  its  interstices.  It  is  an  accepted 
belief  that  the  bacilli  of  "nitrification"  have 
their  usual  field  of  action  in  the  uppermost 
two  or  three  feet  of  a  fairly  pervious  soil, 
while  at  a  greater  depth  thjse  which  pre- 
side over  mischievous  putrefactive  processes 
predominate.  This  limitation,  however,  can- 
not be  arbitrarily  fixed,  since  it  depends  up- 
on the  depth  to  which  the  soil  is  aerated, 
and  in  a  water-logged  earth  it  may  be  con- 
fined to  a  few  superficial  inches.  In  prop- 
erly selected  or  prepared  ground  the  water 
of  sewage  (if  not  too  profusely  applied)  filters 
downward,  leaving  its  suspended  and  most 
of  its  dissolved  matters  to  the  ventilated 
laboratory  above. 

A  desire  for  all  attainable  "modern  im- 
provements," conjoined  with  the  imperative 
demand  of  the  imported  domestic  vicegerent 
for  "  hot  -  and  -  cold-water-and-stationary- 
tubs,"  has  brought  into  general  vogue,  even 
in  rural  abodes,  water-closets,  kitchen  sinks, 
fixed  hand  basins,  and  the  rest  of  the  com- 
plicated paraphernalia  of  the  "water  car- 
riage" system,  which  is  a  very  good  system 
if  the  plumbing  arrangements  be  intelli- 
gently planned  and  well  constructed,  if  there 
be  a  sufficient  water  supply  to  flush  and 
thoroughly  cleanse  all  waste  pipes,  and  if  a 
safe  outfall  be  provided,  but  which,  if  made 
to  discharge  into  a  leaching  cess-pool  or  to 
pollute  the  nearest  stream,  to  the  detriment 
of  riparian  residents  below,  is  anything  but 
an  unalloyed  blessing.  If  a  cess-pool  be 
permitted  in  connection  with  such  a  system, 
it  should  be  of  small  capacity,  absolutely 
water-tight,  ventilated  by  means  of  an  air 
pipe  reaching  above  the  level  of  respiration 
and  emptied  frequently.  Its  liquid  contents, 
which  comprise  about  seven-eights  of  the 


fertilizing  materials,  may  be  utilized  in  a 
garden  by  either  surface  or  subsoil  irriga- 
tion, and  the  precipitated  solids  deodorized 
with  lime,  copperas,  or  other  agents,  for  de- 
portation to  such  destination  as  chance  or 
the  public  authorities  may  afford.  On  a 
scale  of  more  expensive  magnitude,  where 
arable  or  pasture  land  of  suitable  quality  is 
at  hand,  a  well-masoned  "settling  basin," 
with  an  overflow  into  a  distributing  tank, 
answers  satisfactorily.  In  communities  with 
a  public  system  of  sewerage  the  final  dispo- 
sition of  the  sewage  does  not  concern  the 
householder  as  an  individual,  though  it 
should  interest  him  more  than  it  usually  does 
in  his  collective  capacity. 

The  grosser  refuse  solids  which  go  under 
the  generic  name  of  "garbage"  constitute 
the  bane  of  social  existence,  from  the 
domestic  "swill-pail"  to  the  "dumps"  of  large 
communities.  Even  where  the  corporate 
authorities  assume  the  duty  of  gathering 
them  from  the  separate  premises  they  are 
usually  deposited  in  an  aggregate  of  nasti- 
ness  at  some  convenient  spot  on  the  out- 
skirts, whence  their  exhalations  vitiate  the 
atmosphere  for  miles  around,  or,  mixed  with 
mineral  rubbish  of  different  kinds,  are  used 
by  some  contractor  to  fill  in  prospective 
building  sites,  for  the  gradual  murder  of 
future  tenants.  The  common  rustic  make- 
shift of  burying  them  in  casual  shallow  pits 
handily  contiguous  to  the  domicile  must  in 
time  overtax  the  disinfectant  capacity  of  any 
soil,  and  is,  as  a  rule,  rather  less  advisable 
than  the  prevalent  urban  practice  of  throw- 
ing them  into  a  neighbor's  gutter  or  over 
the  roadway.  The  best  way  to  get  rid  of 
such  things  is,  unquestionably,  to  burn  them. 
Cremation  is  the  manifest  destiny  of  or- 
ganic matter  in  all  populated  places.  It 
means  a  rapid  and  innocuous,  instead  of  a 
slow  and  possibly  dangerous,  process  of  oxi- 
dation. In  either  case  organic  substances 
are  never  destroyed,  but  their  chemical 
compositions  are  changed  and  their  elements 
are  profitably  recombined  in  nature's  labor- 
tory.  In  the  most  humlsle  household  the 
incineration  of  vegetable  matters  may  be 
easily  effected  in  a  cooking  stove  or  range, 
if  they  be  put  in  a  little  at  a  time.  An  in- 
genious metallic  pail  with  a  water-sealed 
cover  and  a  hinged  grated  bottom  has  been 
anonymously  invented  by  a  member  of  this 
association,  in  which,  when  placed  over  one 
of  the  openings  of  a  range,  a  considerable 
quantity  of  garbage  can  be  inodorously  dried 
to  the  point  of  combustibility  and  dropped 
into  the  fire.  On  a  larger  scale  furnaces  of 
different  capacities  are  in  common  use 
abroad  and  to  a  less  extent  here,  which  cre- 
mate without  offense  and  at  a  small  ex- 
pense, all  private  and  public  refuse,  includ- 
ing slaughter-house  offal,  street  sweepings, 
etc.,  from  small  villages  up  to  great  cities. 
One  of  the  first  of  these,  I  believe,  in  this 
country  has  been  for  some  time  in  success- 
ful operation  on  Governor's  Island,  in  New 
York  harbor,  where  the  orderly  in  charge 
informed  me  that  the  only  element  of  the 
garrison  jetsam  which  was  passingly  mal- 


ordorous  was  an  occasional  burnt-offering  of 
old  shoes.  In  some  instances  the  mineral 
detritus,  which  forms  a  large  percentage  of 
city  refuse,  after  being  thus  freed  from  or- 
ganic admixture,  is  converted  into  a  service- 
able cement,  as  is  notably  the  casein  Leeds, 
where  the  outlay  for  maintaining  the  "de- 
structor" is  much  lessened  by  the  scale  of 
the  resulting  [jroduct.  But,  aside  from  any 
actual  pecuniary  return,  the  economy  of 
this  plan  of  combustion,  as  compared  with 
other  methods  of  disposal,  should  commend 
it  to  every  corporate  government.  In  the 
notorious  Whitechapel  district  of  London, 
where  it  formerly  cost  from  half  a  dollar  to 
a  dollar  a  load  to  cart  away  to  a  distance  the 
household  refuse  and  "dust,"  all  the  con- 
tents of  the  East  End  bins  are  reduced  to  a 
harmless  mass  of  clinker  at  about  one-twelfth 
of  the  expense  by  means  of  a  series  of  strong 
draught  furnaces,  which  consume  all  gases 
generated  during  the  process.  The  day  is 
probably  not  far  distant  when  this  method 
of  purification  by  fire  will  be  adopted  for 
organic  waste  substances  wherever  civilized 
men  dwell  together.  Meanwhile  it  is  the 
part  of  wisdom  to  prevent  their  accumulation 
either  above  or  under  ground. 

If  an  apology  be  due  for  this  brief  presen- 
tation of  rudimentary  considerations  before 
an  assemblage  principally  composed  of  ex- 
perts, my  excuse  must  be  a  desire  to  remind 
a  wider  audience,  through  the  publicity  given 
to  our  proceedings,  that  the  "dry  methods," 
exclusively  advocated  by  a  few  doctrinaires, 
are  applicable  to  a  very  small  part  of  our 
deleterious  wastes;  that  sewage  farming  and 
other  schemes  for  irrigation  and  filtration 
involve  separate  treatment  of  precipitated 
solids;  that  the  best  devised  system  of  sewer- 
age still  leaves  on  our  hands  an  enormous 
residuum  which  must  be  otherwise  dealt  with 
and  that  no  one  method  of  refuse-disposal 
will  satisfy  the  diverse  needs  of  households 
and  communities. 

TO  UTILIZE  THE   POWER  OF 

NIAGARA. 
A  New  York  dispatch  says:  At  last  there 
is  a  perfected  plan,  backed  by  money  al- 
ready subscribed,  to  utilize  the  power  of 
Niagara — not  of  Niagara  Falls,  but  of  the 
waterhead  of  the  river  above  the  falls. 
Within  a  month  the  Niagara  River  Hydraul 
ic  Tunnel,  Power,  and  Sewer  company  will 
begin  the  digging  and  blasting  necessary 
for  the  building  of  its  main  tunnel,  which 
will  be  about  two  and  one-half  miles  long. 
The  system  by  which  the  force  of  the  river 
is  to  be  used  is  familiar  to  all  who  have  had 
occasion  to  interest  themselves  in  the 
scheme.  The  ground  above  Niagara  where 
the  factories  of  the  company  are  to  stand 
has  already  been  bought  by  the  company. 
The  estimate  of  cost  for  tunnel,  twenty-four 
cross  tunnels,  twelve  raceways  and  bulk- 
heads, and  necessary  masonry,  timber,  walls, 
etc.,  is  $2,250,000.  It  is  thought  to  be  practi- 
cable by  the  men  who  are  undertaking  to 
convey  this  power  as  far  as  Buffalo  (twenty 
miles)  lor  lighting  that  city  with  electricity, 


508 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  316 


and  new  ways  of  using  and  conveying  the 
inexhaustible  force  of  Niagara  River  it  is 
thought  would  be  discovered  in  the  future. 
One  of  the  best-known  banking  houses  in 
Wall  street  is  deeply  interested  in  this  un- 
dertaking. 

IViV  GODFREY  WATER  .SUPPLY 
SYSTEM. 

A  recent  issue  of  a  Fremont,  Neb.,  news- 
paper gives  a  concise  description  of  the  God- 
frey system  of  water  supply  in  operation  in 
that  city,  and  which  has  also  proved  so  suc- 
cessful at  south  Fremont,  Ames,  Schuyler 
and  Missouri  \'alley. 

The  system  consists  of  a  large  central 
chamber  made  of  heavy  boiler  iron,  usually 
located  near  to  the  pump  which  it  is  calcu- 
lated to  supply.  From  this  chamber  radiate 
supply  pipes  which  are  connected  at  their 
farthest  extremities  with  batteries  of  pipes 
driven  to  any  depth  required  to  furnish  a 
given  amount  of  water.  These  pipes  are 
each  driven  into  the  earth  from  the  bottom 
of  a  head  or  cylinder  of  iron,  and  at  the  top 
of  this  head  is  connected  the  pipe  which 
supplies  the  central  chamber.  As  the  water 
is  exhausted  from  the  central  chamber  by 
the  pump  these  batteries  are  put  in  opera- 
tion by  that  same  action  and  thus  the  supply 
of  water  is  maintained.  The  pipes  leading 
from  these  batteries  are  each  supplied  with 
a  cut-off  valve  in  order  that  any  number  of 
them  may  be  shut  off  from  the  main  well  for 
repairs  without  impairing  or  interfering  with 
the  working  of  the  system.  Wells  of  the 
desired  capacity  are  regulated  by  the  num- 
ber of  batteries  and  the  number  of  points  to 
each  battery.  The  Fremont  well  with  five 
batteries  has  a  capacity  of  three  million 
gallons,  though  the  contract  with  the  city 
calls  for  but  two  millions.  The  Godfrey 
patent  covers  the  central  chamber. 

THE  -  OLD  WELL." 
An  exchange  which  has  had  the  opportun- 
ity of  examining  the  annual  report  of  the 
Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health,  says: 
The  annual  report  of  the  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Health  on  water  supply  and 
sewerage  would  be  instructive  and  profita- 
ble reading  to  the  authorities  of  a  large 
number  of  growing  towns  throughout  the 
country,  where  the  old  dug  wells  are,  even 
after  the  introduction  of  water-works,  allowed 
to  remain  open  for  the  public  use.  Preach 
to  the  people  as  much  as  you  may  about  the 
pollution  of  this  well  water  by  sewage,  grow- 
ing worse  and  worse  as  the  population  in- 
creases, they  see  only  its  clearness,  find  it 
frequently  cooler  than  the  supply  from  the 
street  mams,  and  nothing  short  of  filling  up 
the  well  suffices  to  keep  them  from  it,  while 
wondering  meanwhile  at  the  mysterious  dis- 
pensation of  Providence  which  visits  them 
with  fevers  and  kindred  diseases.    If  some 
persons  could  be  brought  to  realize  the  filth 
which  they  daily  imbibe  with  the  limpid  fluid 
from  the  "old  well"  before  the  door,  it  is 
likely  that  most  of  them  would  eschew  cold 
water  as  a  beverage  for  some  time  to  come. 


In  its  investigation  the  Massachusetts  board 
reports  having  found  some  instances  where 
the  well  water  appeared  to  be  merely  fil- 
tered sewage,  and  not  so  well  filtered  or  so 
pure  as  the  effluent  from  some  of  the  sewage 
filters  at  the  Lawrence  experimental  station 
where  the  outflow  from  a  city  sewer  is  filtered 
through  a  depth  of  five  feet  of  sand.  The 
Massachusetts  health  board  is  doing  a  good 
work,  which  might  with  profit  be  carried  on 
in  the  other  States  generally. 


A  SANITARY  PUMP: 
Sir  Edwin  Chadwick,  deservedly  distin- 
guished as  "the  father  of  sanitary  science," 
has  long  advocated  the  use  of  elevated 
pumps  in  large  cities  to  purify  their  polluted 
atmosphere  with  a  continued  supply  of  ozone 
from  the  upper  cnrrents  of  air.  The  modern 
craze  for  lofty  towers  has  evolved  the  idea 
of  their  utilization  for  scientific  purposes  not 
possible  on  the  earth's  surface,  and  Chad- 
wick in  consultation  with  the  architect  of 
the  famous  Eiffel  tower  pronounces  in  favor 
of  their  erection  for  the  sanitary  purpose 
named.  He  declares  it  possible  to  improve 
the  health  of  our  cities  by  the  pumping  down 
of  the  vital  principle  into  the  poisoned  lungs 
of  our  streets  and  factories. 

He  finds  no  ozone  at  the  base  of  St.  Paul's 
in  the  city  of  London,  but  plenty  of  it  at  its 
summit.  Government  clerks  finding  the 
poisoned  air  of  the  offices  a  hindrance  to 
their  health  and  duty  are  asking  leave  to 
take  their  work  to  their  homes,  whilst  the 
hospitals  and  grave  diggers  are  running  a 
heavy  business  with  the  victims  of  poisoned 
air. 

If  the  Chadwick  pump  is  possible,  its  use 
will  revolutionize  the  sanitary  conditions  of 
our  centers  of  population.  It  has  been  tried 
on  a  small  scale  on  the  large  ocean  steam- 
ers, in  supplying  fresh  air  to  engineers  and 
stokers,  and  it  has  been  a  success,  and  it 
seems  to  be  equally  possible  in  these  days 
of  scientific  achievement  to  pump  even  the 
heavens  for  the  health  and  use  of  man.  A'.r. 


1)AN(;ERS0F  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 

The  following  article  from  the  London 
(Eng.)  Electrical  Review  deserves  every 
attention:  The  time  has  now  arrived  when 
it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  public  gen- 
erally to  clearly  understand  one  or  two  mat- 
ters connected  with  electrical  science,  and 
wt  propose  to  explam  to  the  uninitiated  cer- 
tain electrical  terms  and,  having  exi)laincd 
them,  to  show  what  are  the  "dangers  of  elec- 
tric lighting,"  whether  a  high  tension  or  a 
low  tension  system  is  used. 

The  foregoing  are  the  opening  words  of 
an  article  in  Kiijj^ineertnji^,  by  Messrs.  Fer- 
ranti  and  Ince,  on  "The  Dangers  of  Electric 
Lighting. '  These  gentlemen  have  e\  ident- 
ly  taken  fright  at  the  succession  of  fatalities 
which  have  occurred  in  America,  and  which 
have  so  alarmed  the  public,  and  feeling, 
that  the  system  on  which  they  have  practic- 
ally staked   their   reputation   is  seriously 


menaced,  they  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  they  must  uphold  it  at  all  hazards.  The 
first  portion  of  the  article  in  question  deals 
with  a  general  explanation  of  the  advan- 
tages of  the  high  tension  system  in  the  econ- 
omy which  it  effects  by  enabling  small 
mains  to  be  used,  then  the  question  of  the 
insulation  and  the  heating  of  the  conductors 
is  fully  gone  into. 

With  reference  to  this,  great  stress  is  laid 
upon  the  fact  that  if  an  accidental  contact 
causes  a  rush  of  current,  a  safety  fuse  will 
cut  the  current  off  before  any  damage  is 
done.  Safety  fuses,  we  believe,  will,  sooner 
or  later,  be  looked  upon  as  barbarisms;  gas 
companies  do  not  cut  off  their  mains  with  a 
safety  valve,  and  electric  conductors  must 
be  protected  by  making  the  generating 
plant  regulate  automatically. 

Arguing  with  reference  to  the  calorific 
effects  of  the  low  tension  system,  the  writers 
say:  "We  have  seen  that  to  do  the  same 
work,  the  low  tension  system  requires  1,750 
amperes,  against  17.5  on  the  high  pressure, 
and  thus  if  an  accident  does  happen  on  the 
low  tension  system,  the  immediate  calorific 
effect  of  1,750  anifieres  is  called  into  play 
Now,  if  on  the  high  tension  system  such  an 
effect  could  be  reached,  our  engines  would 
be  called  upon  to  do  an  absolute  impossibil- 
ity, as  they  would  be  required  to  give  100 
times  their  normal  power  before  the  quan- 
tity and  equal  heating  effect  of  1,750  amperes 
could  be  reached." 

To  the  general  public,  for  whose  benefit 
I?)  the  artical  is  written,  this  will  apjiear 
very  sound  logic,  no  doubt,  but  that  Messrs. 
Ferranti  and  Ince  could  have  penned  the 
argument  believing  it  to  be  sound  we  hesi- 
tate to  accept;  the  conductor  for  high  ten- 
sion is  only  made  to  take  17  amperes,  and  a 
very  little  extra  current  would  heat  and 
melt  it,  whereas  the  writers  make  it  ap[)car 
as  if  1,750  amperes  would  be  required  to  do 
this.  But,  after  all,  why  all  this  argument? 
Does  it  disprove  facts;  of  the  total  number 
of  fires  that  have  been  caused  how  many 
have  been  due  to  low  tension  and  how  many 
to  high  tension  systems?  We  are  told  what 
damage  the  low  tension  system  might  do, 
but  not  what  the  high  tension  system  has 
done. 

The  article,  we  observe,  is  to  be  contin- 
ued, and  we -shall  be  interested  in  seeing 
what  further  is  to  be  said;  the  columns  of 
matter  already  written  by  Messrs.  Ferranti 
and  Ince  deal  with  a  question  which,  al- 
though of  importance,  is  not  the  one  that 
has  caused  such  a  scare,  though  the  tend- 
ency of  the  article  is  to  make  it  ajjjear  as  if 
it  were.  The  question  of  danger  to  life,  not 
from  calorific  but  from  physiological  effects, 
is  the  question,  and  unless  this  can  be  satis- 
factorily dealt  with,  and  we  cannot  imagine 
that  any  argument  can  prove  that  a  low  ten- 
sion system  is  dangerous  and  a  high  tension 
one  not,  the  whole  of  the  first  article  is  prac- 
tically of  little  account.  Messrs.  Ferranti 
and  Ince  are  trying  to  argue  against  facts, 
and  facts  are  against  them. 


Feb.  22,  1890.1 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


BUILDING. 

SUB-CONTRACTING.  * 

No  question  can  probably  be  propounded 
which  possesses  a  more  comprehensive  and 
far-reaching  interest,  not  alone  to  builders 
but  also  to  the  general  public,  meaning 
thereby  the  projectors  of  building  enter- 
prises of  every  description,  than  this  ques- 
tion which  I  shall  endeavor  to  elucidate. 

It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that,  in 
consequence  of  the  great  development  of 
building  within  the  past  decade  or  for  a 
longer  period,  this  problem  of  the  just  and 
equitable  distribution  of  the  responsibilities, 
the  emoluments,  and  the  honorable  recog- 
nition by  the  public,  of  every  master  work- 
man, every  guiding  hand  and  directing 
mind,  engaged  in  the  construction  and  em- 
bellishment of  a  building,  has  called  forth 
much  diversity  of  opinion  and  no  small 
amount  of  discontent  on  the  part  of  those  to 
whom  this  question  comes  directly  home, 
namely,  the  subcontractors,  that  large  and 
by  far  most  numerous  class  of  mechanics  or 
craftsmen — call  them  by  what  name  you 
will — whose  life-long  training  must  of  neces- 
sity be  intense,  peculiar,  and  all  absorbing, 
and  upon  whose  efforts,  in  the  very  nature 
of  things,  the  success  of  every  building 
project,  great  or  small,  hinges  and  depends, 
and,  it  is  on  behalf  of  this  class  of  sub-con- 
tractors that  I  essay  a  few  words  of  argu- 
ment or  rather  explanation,  with  respect  to 
rights  which  are  sometimes  unjustly  in- 
vaded, often  thoughtlessly  overlooked,  and, 
when  so  slighted,  always  to  the  injury  of  the 
purchasing  public. 

The  practice  of  awarding  extensive  build- 
ing contracts,  embodying  many  and  peculiar 
branches  of  mechanical  and  decorative  in- 
dustry, to  an  individual  or  a  firm,  assuming 
the  functions  of  a  general  contractor,  in 
other  words,  the  general  contract  system,  as 
opposed  to  the  separate  or  independent  con- 
tract system,  which  gives  to  the  one,  busi- 
ness man  or  mechanic  as  he  may  be,  the 
financial  control— and  any  further  control  is 
mere  pretense — of  the  many  specially 
trained  and  expert  sub-contractors,  while  it 
may  command  the  approbation  of  the  few, 
appeals,  in  my  humble  judgment,  mainly  to 
one  dominant  feeling,  avarice,  the  feeling 
which  prompts  the  one  to  absorb  the  profits 
of  the  many,  oblivions  of,  or  indifferent  to, 
consequences  respecting  the  just  aims  and 
aspirations  which  must  ever  guide  and  con- 
trol the  capable  and  accomplished  artisan, 
and,  deprived  of  which  aims  and  incentives, 
he  cannot  arrive  at  the  goal  of  acknowl- 
edged excellence,  the  master's  rank,  to 
which  constructive  and  decorative  efforts 
must  ever  be  directed,  or  fail  of  the  highest 
achievement. 

The  specific  questions  implied  in  the  pre- 
ceding remarks  seem  to  me  plain  and  an- 
swerable only  on  the  part  of  the  sub-con- 
tractor.   I  shall  state  them  briefly: 

*  Address  by  M.  J.  Sullivan  before  the  National 
Association  of  Builders  at  8t.  Paul. 


We  expect  of  the  master  mechanic,  the 
sub-contractor,  that  he  shall  be  a  practical 
workman,  shall  have  worked  at  and  learned 
his  trade,  and  that,  in  his  line  of  mechanical 
industry  he  shall  be,  esteemed  an  expert,  a 
recognized  master.  Can  such  a  man  pursue 
his  calling  and  obtain  such  recognition  with- 
out a  just  pride  in  his  work,  and  an  equally 
just  hope  of  ample  regard  for  the  mastery 
and  skill  he  has  acquired?  Assuredly  he 
cannot,  else  he  would  be  more  or  less  than 
human.  Acquirements,  competence,  dis- 
tinction, honor,  these  are,  and  should  be  his 
impelling  motives.  Can  these  motives  be 
subserved,  his  honest  ambition  gratified,  his 
incentives  to  greater  effort  stimulated  if  he 
finds  that  his  efforts,  his  distinctive  personal 
aims,  or  personal  consequence,  are  apt  to  be 
merged  in  those  of  another,  or,  as  I  have 
before  intimated,  entirely  overlooked,  and, 
not  infrequently,  his  just  profits  partly  or 
wholly  absorbed  by  the  spirit  of  greed 
which,  under  the  guise  of  convenience  or 
facility,  prompts  the  system  of  general  con- 
tracting? 

Here  it  may  be  urged  that  I  assume  too 
much,  as  bearmg  agamst  the  sub-contractor, 
that  I  am,  so  to  spsak,  begging  this  question 
of  his  just  and  honorable  recognition  which 
I  claim  as  the  grand  motive  that  should  act- 
uate every  true  artsian.  1  do  not  think  the 
experience  of  the  large  majority  of  those  to 
whom  I  address  myself,  who  have  figured 
in  the  role  of  sub-contractors,  could  be 
quoted  adversely  to  my  position,  and  it  is 
a  question  only  to  be  tested  and  settled  by 
such  experience. 

How  often  have  we  received  the  atten- 
tive consideration,  even  of  the  owners,  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  their  buildings,  where 
the  general  contract  system  obtains?  Do 
we  not  know  that  such  cases  are  merely  in- 
cidental, and  that,  even  they  are  as  fre- 
quently of  a  discouraging  as  of  a  cheering 
character? 

Refering  now  to  the  pleas  of  convenience, 
facility,  the  capitalizing  of  building  projects, 
and  other  kindred  pretexts,  the  ostensible 
ones  which  might  be  and  are  urged  in  favor 
of  building  on  the  general  contract  system. 
Granting  that  at  times  these  may  be  fairly 
advanced,  are  they  not  frequently  over-esti- 
mated? To  whom  do  these  considerations 
become  of  most  consequence?  To  the 
owner?  Perhaps  so,  when  financial  man- 
agement, credit,  or  some  such  underlying 
motive  must  influence  him,  but  not  always 
even  then,  and  with  a  counterpoise  in  that 
lack  of  closer  business  relation,  apprecia- 
tion, and  confident  esteem  which,  on  every 
true  principle  of  economy,  should  prevail 
between  the  owner,  who  is  the  actual  buyer, 
and  the  artisan,  the  master  mechanic,  who  is 
the  actual  producer,  the  actual  seller. 

Again,  does  the  convenience  or  the  facility 
of  the  general  system  come  home  to  the 
architect?  I  answer:  It  would  hardly  be  an 
argument  in  its  favor  if  it  did,  because  the 
architect's  first  and  paramount  care  should 
be  excellence  of  work,  and  my  experience 
with  members  of  that  honorable  profession 


is  that  excellence  is  the  dominant  idea,  but, 

the  fact  is—  and  close  examination  will  bear 
out  the  statement  that  the  general  contract 
system  relieves  the  careful  and  conscien- 
tious architect  not  at  all,  and  too  often,  in 
the  adjustment  of  differences  between  the 
general  and  sub-contractor,  occupies  many 
of  his  overtaxed  hours. 

Let  me  here  state  that  many,  very  many 
times  I  have  been  brought  into  relation  with 
principal  contractors  under  the  general  sys- 
tem, and  such  experience  satisfies  me  that 
there  are  and  will  always  be  found  such 
men,  of  high  character  and  personal  skill, 
yet,  here  comes  in  another  and  I  may  say 
my  final  consideration,  which  is:  That  no 
matter  what  the  character  or  experience  of 
the  general  contractor,  no  matter  what  spec- 
ial training  he  may  possess,  let  us  not  lose 
sight  of  the  vital  question,  namely,  the  vast 
strides  made  in  the  art  of  building,  in  this 
country,  even  within  the  past  few  years,  the 
almost  total  revolution  in  the  application  of 
building  materials  and  decorative  irtven- 
tions,  the  advance  in  masonry,  stone,  wood, 
and  iron  and  steel  construction,  and  the 
complex  nature  of  the  many  items  of  the 
sanitary  work,  convenience,  or  adornment 
which  go  to  complete  the  modern  American 
edifice,  and  who  will  deny  that  these  results, 
astounding  in  their  magnitude  and  variety, 
and  in  the  inventive  genius  displayed,  are 
the  fruitful  outcome  of  the  labor  of  the  tire- 
less mechanic,  the  artisan,  the  inventor,  the 
master  of  his  craft,  surely  not  of  the  general 
contractor? 

r  I  say  then,  with  all  confidence  in  your 
judgment,  let  us  not  approve  any  system  of 
contracting  which,  however  remotely,  could 
tend  to  relegate  that  individual  merit,  that 
heretofore  triumphant  energy  of  the  artisan, 
to  obscurity.  Let  us  not  divert  one  ray  of 
light,  in  all  the  turmoil  of  our  daily  lives, 
from  the  individual  form  of  the  master 
mechanic. 

Rather  let  us  say,  with  that  giant  in  intel- 
lect, that  noble  friend,  teacher,  and  toiler 
for  art,  and  the  artisan,  John  Ruskin:  "In 
all  buying  consider,  first,  what  condition 
of  existence  you  cause  in  the  producers  of 
what  you  buy;  secondly,  whether  the  sum 
you  have  paid  is  just  to  the  producer;  third- 
ly, to  how  much  clear  use,  for  food,  knowl- 
edge, or  joy,  this  that  you  have  bought  can 
be  put;  and  fourthly,  to  whom  and  in  what 
way  it  can  be  most  speedily  and  serviceably 
distributed;  in  all  dealings,  whatsoever,  in- 
sisting on  entire  openness  and  stern  fulfill- 
ment; and  in  all  doings,  on  perfection  and 
loveliness  of  accomplishment." 

No  great  nation  without  great  artisans, 
great  producers,  great  toilers!  To  them,  as 
in  this  splendid  passage,  will  the  thoughts 
of  great  men  ever  be  directed,  and  it  is  for 
them  too,  the  master  mechanics,  the  arti- 
sans, the  toilers  in  this  greatest  of  all  human 
industries,  to  whose  fertile  brains  and  busy 
hands  this  great  land  already  owes  so  much, 
that  I  would  present  my  humble  plea. 


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olO 

DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE  IN 
NEW  YORK 
Under  the  above  caption,  Architecture 
and  Building  discusses  places  of  habitation 
not  for  the  man  of  great  weahh,  but  for  a 
class  whose  homes  would  exclude  the  flat 
and  the  apartment  house,  and  enable  them 
to  reside  in  habitations  built  for  men  of 
moderate  but  steady  incomes.  "The  archi- 
tecture of  such  a  house"  declares  the  writer 
"consists  almost  wholly  in  the  over  elabora- 
tion of  its  front.  Its  prominent  feature  is 
either  its  full  two-story  bay  or  an  oriel  bay, 
or  a  dwarfed  tower  cutting  an  ugly  swath 
into  the  cornice  or  roof  and  adding  little  if 
any  dignity  to  the  building.  This  picture  is 
surely  anything  but  encouraging,  and  the 
query  naturally  arises,  who  is  responsible 
for  such  a  condition?  We  are  informed, 
with  how  much  truth  we  do  not  attempt  to 
say,  that  as  a  rule  architects  do  not  draw  the 
plans  for  these  houses;  that  their  first  cost  is 
so  small  that  the  owners  do  not  feel  the  ne- 
cessity of  calling  upon  an  architect  to  design 
them,  but  buys  them  without  a  thought  as 
to  having  his  own  ideas  expressed  in  his 
home.  One  of  the  chief  causes  of  the 
wretched  habitations  with  their  bizarre  fronts 
has  been  the  ease  with  which  money  could 
be  obtained  to  build  them;  this  is  an  evil 
which  will  be  difficult  to  lessen,  but  if  the 
profession  can  steadily  increase  its  standards 
of  designs,  can  steadily  offer  object  lessons 
in  simplicity  of  composition  and  refinement 
of  detai',  it  will  not  be  many  years  before 
the  public  will  have  arrived  at  the  period  of 
discrimination,  and  houses  built  for  the  man 
of  modest  income  will  be  entitled  to  study 
as  an  object  of  emulation,  and  our  domestic 
architecture  will  take  the  rank  it  ought  to 
occupy.  We  fully  believe  the  haste  to  get 
rich  in  order  to  build  grandly  will  give  way 
to  a  haste  to  become  refined  and  cultured 
in  order  to  enjoy  life  without  speeding 
on  the  wings  of  morning,  with  tongues  of 
flame  for  chariot  wheels,  as  so  many  of  our 
business  men  do.  It  is  the  hurry  and  worry 
of  modern  life  that  has  brought  our  city  do- 
mestic architecture  into  its  present  forlorn 
condition;  but  we  believe  the  signs  are  many 
that  there  is  now  a  feeling  growing  that  it 
were  better  to  take  life  a  little  less  fast,  in 
order  that  it  may  be  lived  a  little  longer,  and 
that,  even  that,  in  an  individualized  home." 


SANDY  FOUNDATIONS. 
A  process  of  preparing  foundations  has 
been  patented  by  F.  Neukirch,  of  Bremen. 
Its  object  is  to  make  loose  sand  firm  and  re- 
sisting as  solid  rock.  At  present  the  univer- 
sal method  of  doing  this  work,  if  under  water, 
is  to  remove  all  loose  material  and  then 
make  a  beton  or  other  similar  substructure. 
The  process  under  consideration,  which  is 
only  of  use  where  the  materials  are  fairly 
clean  siliceous  or  calcareous  sand,  aims  at 
consolidating  the  grains  by  covering  them 
with  a  film  of  cement,  which  is  forced  into 
the  spaces  between  the  particles  by  com- 
pressed air,  steam  or  water  under  pressure. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 

Sheet  piles  are  employed  to  prevent  the 
spreading  of  the  cement  over  more  ground 
than  is  necessary.  The  system  has  been 
largely  used  in  the  harbor  of  Bremen,  and 
is  to  be  tried  in  preparing  dry  foundations. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
Mason  &  Rice  are  preparing  plans  for  an 
addition  to  the  Mettawas'  Hotel  at  Kings- 
ville.  Ont. 

Chamberlain  &  McGeoy,  Memphis,  Tenn., 
are  preparing  plans  for  a  hotel  to  be  erected 
at  West  Memphis. 

C.  Langlois,  Tacoma,  Wash.,  is  making 
plans  for  a  six-story  brick  and  stone  build- 
ing to  be  erected  for  the  National  Bank  of 
Commerce,  at  a  cost  of  Sioo,ooo. 

Architect  Hunt,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  is 
preparing  plans  for  five  houses  to  cost, 
g8,ooo. 

Fred  J.  H.  Rickon,  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  is 
making  plans  for  several  handsome  resi- 
dences to  be  erected  in  that  city. 

Cyrus  L.  W.  Eidlitz,  New  York  City,  is 
preparing  plans  for  the  eight-story  fire-proof 
building,  100x45,  to  be  erected  on  Broad 
street,  between  Pearl  and  Stone,  for  the 
Metropolitan  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Company. 

Architects  Thom  &  Wilson  and  Schau- 
schmidt.  New  York  City,  have  completed 
plans  for  the  new  court  house  to  be  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $1,500,000.  It  will  be  seven- 
stories,  188x171  feet,  built  of  stone  and  iron. 

Paul  Brandner,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has 
plans  for  the  Morocco  Manufactory  to  be 
located  at  Leathertown,  that  state,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Delaware  river.  The  syndi- 
cate will  have  a  capital  of  fully  S5.ooo,ooo 
and  occupy  250  acres  of  ground.  They  will 
have  twenty-five  buildings,  250x40  each, 
mostly  of  brick  and  ranging  from  three  to 
five  stories.  About  500  houses  will  also  be 
erected  by  the  syndicate. 

F.  C.  .Sauer,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  is  preparing 
plans  for  three  store  buildings  to  be  erected 
on  Diamond  street.  He  is  also  preparing 
plans  for  three  Allegheny  brick  dwellings 
and  a  block  of  six  business  and  dwelling 
houses  in  the  city. 

C.  K.  Porter  &  Son,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  are 
architects  for  the  new  Municipal  Court 
House.  The  building  is  to  be  107x80, 
three-stories  high,  brown  stone  front;  cost 
$125,000. 

C.  D.  Swan,  Buffalo,  N.  'S'.,  has  made  plans 
for  C.  G.  Worthington,  for  a  residence,  to  be 
erected  of  brick  and  wood,  to  cost  $14,500. 

W.  Bruce  Gray,  Washington  D.  C,  has 
made  plans  and  let  contracts  for  a  handsome 
residence  to  be  erected  by  John  Gibson  on 
Fifteenth  street  between  Massachusetts  ave- 
nue and  M.  street. 

W.  G.  Borfield,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  a  handsome  two-story  attic  and  base- 
ment residence  for  Julius  Stern,  to  be  erected 


[Vol  XV.  No.  316 

at  Sheridan  avenue  and  Sixty-sixth  street. 
It  will  be  constructed  of  stone,  brick  and 
shingles,  with  hard  wood  interior,  and  heated 
by  hot  water;  cost,  $8,000.  For  Henry  Rieke 
a  three-story  flat  building,  54x63,  to  be 
erected  at  Larrabee  and  Center  streets.  It 
will  be  of  pressed  brick;  cost,  Si  1,000.  Also 
residences  at  Argyle  Park  for  F.  Smith  and 
A.  H.  Hortman,  to  cost  $4,000.  Also  a  resi- 
dence for  Seth  Baker  at  Glen  Ellyn,  to  cost 
$6,000. 

I.  C.  Zorbell,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  two- 
story  basement  and  attic  flat  building  for 
Martin  Connelly,  to  be  erected  at  Leavitt 
and  Congress  streets;  cost,  $7,000.  Also  a 
four-story  factory,  25x100,  to  be  built  at 
Sangamon  and  Fulton  streets  by  the  Peters 
Trimming  Company;  cost,  $8,000. 

Albert  W.  Dilks,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  large  five-story  store  build- 
ing to  be  erected  for  Isaac  S.  Miller,  at  1606 
Chestnut  street. 

Hazelhurst  &  Huckle,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
have  made  plans  tor  a  four-story  building 
to  be  erected  at  407-9  Walnut  street  for  the 
Fire  Association  of  Philadelphia. 

Henry  Sierks,  Chicago,  has  designed  a 
three-story  and  basement  store  and  flat 
building,  64x64;  to  be  erected  at  the  corner 
of  Milwaukee  and  Western  avenues,  by  C. 
Pribyl.  It  will  be  constructed  of  pressed 
brick  and  stone;  cost,  $10,000.  Also  a  one- 
story  foundry,  68x120,  for  Kurz  Bros.  & 
Buhrer,  to  be  erected  at  Diller  street  and 
Austin  avenue;  cost,  $10,000.  Also  a  two- 
story  brick  building  at  Seventy-ninth  street 
and  the  Rock  Island  Railroad  Company's 
tracks  for  Otto  Miller;  cost,  $8,000. 

O.  W.  Marble,  Chicago,  is  making  plans 
for  sixteen  four-story  store  and  flat  buildings, 
160x160,  to  be  erected  on  Van  Buren  street, 
east  of  Halsted,  and  running  through  to 
Boston  avenue.  They  will  be  constructed 
of  pressed  brick  with  stone  trimmings;  cost, 
$100,000. 

M.  L.  Beers,  Chicago,  has  plans  under  ■ 
way  for  a  public  school  building,  to  be 
erected  at  Lebanon,  Ind.    It  will  be  two- 
stories,  65x70,  of  red  brick  with  galvanized 
corni':e;  cost,  $1 5,000. 

James  Griffith  &  Sons,  Cincinnati,  O.,  have 
prepared  plans  for  a  six-story  brick,  iron 
and  stone  factory,  to  be  erected  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Smith  and  Augusta  streets,  for  Henry 
Closterman,  Sr.,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

The  plans  of  A.  Page  Brown,  of  New  York 
and  San  Francisco,  have  been  accepted  for 
the  proposed  Crocker  Building  on  Market, 
Montgomery  and  Post  streets,  .San  Francisco. 
It  will  be  a  ten-story  brick  and  stone  build- 
ing, the  largest  business  block  on  the  coast; 
cost,  $800,000. 

James  T.  Steen,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  has  plans 
for  a  brick  block  to  be  built  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Ohio  and  Diamond  streets, 
Allegheny.  The  building  will  be  four-stories; 
cost,  $12,000. 

Fred  Baumann  and  J.  K.  Cady,  Chicago^ 
are  making  plans  for  a   nine-story  office 


Feb.  22,  1890J 


511 


Iniilding,  44x104,  to  be  erected  at  I23and  125 
La  Salle  street,  by  the  Watson  estate.  It 
will  be  of  modern  construction,  with  ele- 
vators, heating  and  lighting  plant:  cost,  $60,- 
000  to  Sioo,ooo.  Also  for  A.  M.  Burch  and 
M.  G.  Hargis,  a  block  of  five  houses  at 
Boulevard  place  between  Korty-sixth  and 
Forty  seventh  streets,  and  Vincennes  ave- 
nue and  Grand  boulevard.  The  exteriors 
will  be  constructed  of  Madison  sandstone 
and  Roman  pressed  brick,  with  interiors  in 
hardwood  and  heated  by  hot  water;  cost_ 
$17,500.  Also  alterations  in  the  dwelling  at 
1336  Michigan  avenue,  converting  it  into  a 
store  for  Dwight  F.Cameron;  cost,  $6,000. 
Also  alterations  in  Mr.  Schwerdtfeger's  resi- 
dence at  Lincoln,  111.;  cost,  $4,000. 

Wm.  Thomas,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  the  following  structures:  for  May- 
pole Bros.,  a  five-story  building,  40x135,  to 
be  erected  on  Canal  street,  between  Wash- 
ington and  Randolph  streets.  It  will  be  of 
brick  and  stone,  will  contain  heating  and 
jiower  plant,  and  will  be  used  for  light  man- 
ufacturing; cost,  $18,000.  For  Frank  R. 
Wilson,  a  residence,  25x62,  to  be  built  on 
Washington  boulevard  near  Francisco  ave- 
nue. It  will  be  built  of  stone,  with  hard 
wood  interior,  and  hot  water  heating  appa- 
ratus; cost,  $12,000.  For  Jacob  Fredericks, 
a  residence  on  Edgecomb  court,  near  Evans- 
ton  avenue;  cost,  Sg.ooo.  For  Timothy 
Dowling,  a  three-story  and  cellar  flat  build- 
ing on  Paulina  street,  near  Polk;  cost,  $6,- 
500.  For  Miss  Margaret  Williams,  a  flat 
building  at  the  corner  of  Francisco  street 
and  Warren  avenue;  cost  $4,500. 

Adam  J.  Bast,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  designed 
a  four-story  store  and  flat  building,  iron, 
brick,  stone  and  terra  cotta  front,  to  be  built 
on  Sixth  street,  near  Central  avenue,  at  a  cost 
of  $18,000,  for  G.Mulhauser. 

H.  E.  Siter,  Cincinnati,  O.,  is  making  plans 
for  a  six-story  hotel,  to  be  erected  at  Wal- 
nut Hills,  of  iron,*  brick,  terra-cotta  and 
stone;  cost  about  $106,000. 

Bruce  &  Morgan,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  are  mak- 
ing plans  for  a  five-story  office  building  104X 
1 10,  to  be  erected  for  M.  C.  Kiser. 

B.  B.  Owens,  Baltimore,  Md..  has  made 
plans  for  a  lyceum,  40x125,  two-stories,  with 
stores  and  auditorium,  to  be  erected  at 
Sparrow's  Point  for  the  Pennsylvania  Steel 
Company  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

The  plans  of  B.  B.  Davis,  of  Natchez, 
Miss.,  and  Giles  &  Guindon,  of  Austin,  Tex., 
have  been  adopted  for  the  Masonic  Temple 
and  opera  house  to  be  erected  at  Natchez. 

H.  C.  Lindsay,  Zanesville,  O.,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  hospital  forthe  Children's  Home, 
three-stories  high;  cost  $10,000.  Also  for  a 
Masonic  Temple  to  be  erected  at  Barnes- 
ville,  O.;  cost,  $10,000. 

L.  G.  Halberg,  Chicago,  has  made  plans 
for  a  seven-story  and  basement  brick  store 
building,  80x160  feet,  to  be  erected  for  .Simon 
Florsheim  at  215-21  _  Wabash  avenue,  at  a 
cost  of  $150,000. 


PLUMBING. 


ST.  PAUL  PLUMBING. 

The  A'ews  of  St.  Paul  has  the  following  to 
say  of  the  plumbing  of  that  city,  which  we 
take  the  liberty  and  i)leasure  to  reproduce: 

The  methods  employed  by  St.  Paul  plumb- 
ers in  the  construction  of  work  which  they 
are  called  upon  to  do  are  very  far  in  advance 
of  the  systems  used  in  other  cities.  The 
waste  pipes  used  for  house  drainage  are  all 
extra  heavy  cast  iron  and  the  ventilation 
pipes  used  for  back-vents  and  local  ventila- 
tion are  of  wrought  iron.  All  connections 
between  fixtures  and  pipes  are  soldered  by 
means  of  brass  ferules,  and  before  any  part 
of  the  work  is  used  it  is  inspected  by  the 
Plumbing  Inspector,  who  requires  that  an 
air  test  be  applied.  The  system  of  testing 
is  similar  to  that  used  by  the  Gas  Company 
on  all  house  gas-fitting,  an  air  pressure  of 
ten  pounds  being  the  standard  required  by 
the  building  department  in  all  plumbing 
work.  This  may  seem  excessive,  when  the 
fact  is  taken  into  consideration  that  the  ex- 
treme of  pressure  from  the  sewers  never  be- 
comes more  than  one-half  a  pound.  How- 
ever, it  is  thought  best  to  be  on  the  right 
side,  and  any  one  who  has  plumbing  done 
in  St.  Paul  may  feel  assured  that,  with  proper 
trapping  and  ventilation,  there  is  no  possi- 
bility of  sewer  gas  getting  into  buildings. 
Mr.  Gates  A.  Johnson  some  time  ago  ap- 
pointed a  local  Board  of  Examiners  to  pass 
upon  applications  made  by  persons  apply- 
ing for  licenses  to  carry  on  the  plumbing 
business  in  this  city.  The  board  consists  of 
W.  J.  Freaney  and  J.  T.  Holmes  and  Plumb- 
ing Inspector  Chenery.  This  board  pre- 
pared examination  papers  embodying  about 
sixty  questons,  all  of  a  practical  nature; 
they  also  furnished  diagrams  of  defective 
work  more  especially  showing  where  "by 
passes"  occurred.  The  applicants  for  license 
were  required  to  answer  the  questions  and 
points  out  the  defects  in  diagrams.  The  ex- 
amination was  conducted  as  are  those  of  the 
pharmacists,  and  anyone  failing  to  receive 
the  necessary  per  cent  was  not  given  a 
license.  This  system  is  in  use  only  in  St. 
Paul,  but  letters  of  inquiry  have  been  sent 
to  the  board  here  from  other  cities  for  in- 
formation as  to  its  working,  and  it  is  safe  to 
assume  that  in  the  near  future  other  cities 
will  follow  the  example  of  St.  Paul  in  this 
matter. 

A  great  many  original  features  in  connec- 
tion with  modern  plumbing  have  had  their 
origin  in  St,  Paul.  The  extreme  cold 
weather  here  makes  it  necessasy  that  pre- 
cautions should  be  taken  that  are  not  neces- 
sary in  milder  climates.  The  variety  of 
devices  used  here  to  prevent  the  freezing  of 
soil  pipes  and  vent  pipes  have  been  the  out- 
come of  necessity.  The  admirable  system 
of  sewerage  in  use  here  is,  of  course,  with- 
out a  parallel  )n  the  country.  The  natural 
formation  of  sand  rock  under  the  main  por- 
tion of  the  city  permits  of  large,  roomy  and 
well-ventilated  sewers,  similar  to  the  sys- 


tem used  in  Paris,  but  on  a  modified  scale. 

One  of  the  objects  of  the  Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  here  is  to  form  a  trade 
school  for  the  instruction  of  api>rentices 
where  they  can  receive  technical  as  well  as 
manual  training.  This  is  a  very  important 
matter  and  the  associations  of  all  trades 
are  beginning  to  give  it  deserved  attention. 
The  old  system  of  apprenticeship  has  been 
practically  abandoned,  and  the  mechanic  of 
the  future  must  be  a  product  of  the  training 
school. 

President  Freaney,  of  the  .Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  of  this  city,  has  taken  a 
great  personal  interest  in  the  organization 
of  the  training  school,  and  important  devel- 
opments may  soon  be  looked  for  in  this 
direction. 

NATIONAL  REGISTRATION  OF 

PLUMBERS 

The  following  circular  letter  has  been  ad- 
dressed by  W.  H.  Bishop,  the  Master  of  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  Plumbers,  to  gen- 
tlemen directly  interested  and  engaged  in 
the  building  trades.  The  national  registra- 
tion movement  is  progressing  rapidly  and 
this  letter  manifests  the  earnestness  of  its 
projectors  and  may  interest  the  plumbers  of 
this  country  in  the  matter  of  securing  legis- 
lation in  their  behalf: 

Gentlemen — At  the  personal  suggestion 
of  the  President  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  (the  Right  Hon.  C.  T.  Ritchie,  M.  P.) 
I  beg  leave  to  invite  your  particular  attention 
to  the  report  of  proceedings  of  the  highly  in- 
fluential and  representative  deputation  which 
recently  waited  upon  him  to  ask  his  official 
aid  in  promoting  the  great  public  movement 
which  has  been  inactive  progress  during  the 
past  five  years,  for  advancing  technical  edu- 
cation among  plumbers,  and  securing  the 
National  Registration  of  qualified  plumbers 
of  the  L^nited  Kingdom. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  occupy  your  time  by 
referring  in  detail  to  the  serious  evils  hither- 
to and  now  suffered  by  the  public  through 
defective  and  unsanitary  plumbers'  work,  or 
in  remarking  upon  the  anomalous  circum- 
stance that  while  it  has  long  been  the  prac- 
tice to  require  that  medical  practitioners 
druggists  and  others  dealing  with  matters 
affecting  the  health  of  the  community  should 
possess  sufficient  training  and  prove  their 
qualification  before  undertaking  their  duties, 
there  is  not  at  present  any  correspond.ng 
safeguard  to  the  public  in  respect  of  plumb- 
ers, upon  whose  efficiency  the  health  of  the 
public  is  even  more  largely  dependent. 

It  will  suffice  for  the  practical  object  of 
this  communication  to  direct  your  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  whole  subject  has  been 
very  fully  considered ;  and,  with  the  approval 
and  assistance  of  a  large  body  of  municipal 
and  sanitar}'  authorities,  medical  officers  of 
health,  architects,  educationists,  and  publicly 
elected  representatives  of  each  section  of  the 
plumbers'  trade,  a  system  has  been  carefully 
organized  by  which  the  educational  status  of 
plumbers  may  be  elevated,  and  the  registra- 
tion of  qualified  men  provided  for  through- 
out the  L^nited  Kingdom. 


512 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVOL.  XV  No.  316 


The  system  is  being  carried  out  in  con- 
venient centres  by  publicly  elected  Boards 
composed  of  representatives  of  the  public 
and  the  plumbers  of  the  locality,  upon  con- 
ditions securing  the  best  possible  guarantees 
of  impartiality  and  efficiency. 

Diplomas  or  certificates  of  a  uniform  kind 
are  issued  to  qualified  plumbers,  and  regis- 
ters of  those  holding  such  diplomas  or  cer- 
tificates are  now  available  for  public  use  in 
most  of  the  chief  cities  and  towns  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland. 

It  will  be  apparent  to  you  that  in  order  to 
fully  effect  the  important  object  -in  view  the 
organization  by  which  the  movement  is  now 
being  carried  on  will  require  the  support  of 
legislative  enactment;  pending  which  the 
object  is  being  and  may  be  still  further  pro- 
moted by  the  voluntary  co-operation  of  the 
public  and  their  representatives.  This  com- 
munication is  made  in  the  hope  that  you,  on 
your  part,  will  lend  your  aid  to  the  attain- 
ment of  that  object  by  requiring  that  all 
plumbers  engaged  in  the  buildings  under 
your  control  shall  be  registered  men. 

In  adopting  this  course  you  may  do  so  in 
the  perfect  assurance  that  the  system  which 
has  been  organized  has  the  full  confidence 
and  support  not  only  of  the  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  plumbers'  trade,  but  also  of  the 
leading  sanitarians  throughout  the  kingdom. 

SANITARY  INSPECTORS. 

We  find  the  opinion  of  the  Decorators 
Gazette,  and  Plumber  and  Gasfitters  Re- 
view so  similar  to  that  held  by  Tun  S.wi- 
TARV  News  regarding  the  appointment  of 
plumbers  for  plumbing  inspectors,  that 
space  isgi\  en  for  an  editorial  in  that  journal 
regarding  the  matter: 

One  of  the  arguments  often  used  in  fa\  or 
of  the  present  movement,  the  object  of 
which  is  the  higher  education  of  plumbers, 
is,  that  considering  the  increasing  attention 
that  is  being  given  to  sanitary  science  both 
by  private  individuals  and  public  bodies, 
such  as  school  boards,  vestries,  and  other 
local  authorities,  and  the  demand  which  is 
continually  being  made  for  an  increase  in 
the  number,  and  more  efficient  sanitary  offi- 
cers, plumbers  should  be  the  men  to  fill  such 
positions,  owing  to  their  special  knowledge 
of  sanitary  matters.  Unfortunately,  how- 
ever, the  present  system  of  selecting  the 
candidates  for  these  posts  do  not  give  any 
encouragement  to  plumbers  either  to  make 
themselves  more  efficient  or  to  apply  when 
a  vacancy  presents  itself.  There  are  cer- 
tainly a  few  notable  exceptions  where 
plumbers  are  discharging  their  duties  with 
considerable  ability  and  satisfaction  to  their 
superiors. 

But  in  numerous  instances,  able  and  reli- 
able men  have  been  passed  over  to  make 
way  for  one  of  the  friends  or  relations  of  a 
member  of  the  board,  or  the  nominee  of  one 
of  the  officials. 

There  also  seems  to  be  an  extraordinary 
fancy  for  army  pensioners  and  ex-policemcn. 
One  of  the  reasons  sometimes  put  forward 
is  that  such  men  are  not  likely  to  submit  to 


undue  influence,  whereas  plumbers — well, 
everyone  knows  their  characters,  and  the 
very  name  of  their  profession  is  quite  enough 
to  condemn  them. 

It  reminds  one  of  the  present  police  reg- 
ulations, if  a  dog  is  a  dog  he  must  be  muz- 
zled, and  if  a  man  is  a  plumber  he  cannot 
be  trusted. 

It  is  quite  time  that  this  silly  prejudice 
was  swept  away,  and  men  who  have  gained 
considerable  experience  in  practical  sanitary 
engineering  should  be  induced  to  further 
qualify  themselves  by  studying  the  laws  re- 
lating to  sanitary  reform,  and  endeavor  to 
pass  the  examinations  of  the  Sanitary  Insti- 
tute of  Great  Britain,  and  measures  should 
also  be  taken  to  make  the  certificate  of  the 
Institute  of  more  importance  than  it  is  at  the 
present  time  among  those  who  are  responsi- 
ble for  the  selection  of  candidates  for  the 
position  of  sanitary  inspectors. 


DETECTING  DEFECTIVE  PIPES. 

S.  Burtis,  inspector  of  plumbing  for  Crane 
Bros.  Manufacturing  Company,  is  introduc- 
ing their  patent  system  of  inspection  in 
Chicago.  Their  patent  lies  in  a  small  in- 
strument invented  for  this  special  use  and 
itj  application  to  pipe  inspection.  The  sys- 
tem employs  the  peppermint  test,  but  it  is 
not  applied  in  the  usual  way,  from  the  top  of 
the  soil  pipe.  The  apparatus  used  is  ar- 
ranged to  hold  in  its  stem,  which  is  perfor- 
ated with  slots  along  the  sides,  a  vial  of  pep- 
permint oil.  These  vials  are  hermetically 
sealed  so  that  they  can  be  carried  in  the 
pocket  and  to  prevent  any  escape  of  the  oil 
outside  of  the  pipes.  The  inspector  goes  to  the 
basement  and  taps  the  soil-pi])es.  Threads 
are  cut  in  the  opening  which  is  made  just 
large  enough  to  receive  the  apparatus  con- 
taining the  oil.  This  is  then  inserted  with  a 
vial  of  pepi)ermint  in  its  stem,  and  screwed 
tightly  in  the  opening  made  in  the  soil-pipe. 
Then  by  turning  a  crank  a  screw  is  forced 
down  and  the  vial  is  broken  inside  the  jiipe. 
A  pail  of  hot  water  is  immediately  poured  in 
at  the  top  of  the  pipe,  and  at  once  the  fumes 
of  peppermint  pervade  every  part  of  the 
plumbing  connected  with  that  system'.  The 
discovery  of  the  odor  of  peppermint  in  any 
room  indicates  the  defect  in  the  pipe  where 
sewer  gas  can  escape.  The  chief  excellence 
of  this  system  of  inspection  according  to 
Mr.  Burtis  is  that  the  leakage  can  be  ex- 
actly located  and  remedied  without  tearing 
up  floors  and  unnecessarily  removing  pipes 
or  fixtures  not  defective.  This,  with  the 
reliability  of  the  test,  is  sufficient  to  recom- 
mend this  mode  of  inspection  to  all. 

When  the  tests  are  completed  the  instru- 
ment is  removed  fiom  the  soil-pipe  and  a 
plug  is  screwed  in  its  place  which  can  be  re- 
moved at  any  time  for  future  tests.  Mr. 
Burtis  refers  to  many  buildings  where  his 
work  has  been  successful,  and  his  references 
are  first-class.  With  his  tests  he  has  dis- 
covered some  very  interesting  specimens  of 
plumbing  work  and  is  qualified  to  write  a 
book  on  "how  not  to  do  it."    The  instrument 


he  uses  is  small,  can  be  carried  in  the 
pocket,  but  is  a  wonderful  tell-tale  when  put 
on  the  track  of  a  skin  plumber's  work. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
James  Fay,  New  York  City,  has  s  cured 
the  contract  for  plumbing  and  gas-fitting  in 
the  new  Criminal  Court  building  to  be 
erected  in  that  city.  The  contract  price  is 
$11,775.  The  entire  building  will  cost 
$1,350,000. 

The  water-works  trustees  of  Columbus,  O., 
held  a  meeting  on  Friday  evening  of  last 
week,  to  appoint  an  examining  board,  before 
which  applicants  for  licenses  as  plumb- 
ers will  have  to  go.  The  following  were 
appointed  on  the  board:  E.  A.  Futerer 
and  William  Halley,  on  behalf  of  the  plumb- 
ers, and  Joseph  A.  Schwartz,  inspector,  on 
behalf  of  the  city.  Mr.  Schwartz  is  to  in- 
spect all  work  and  report  to  the  trustees, 
and  see  that  consumers  are  treated  fairly 
and  not  imposed  upon. 

Invitations  have  been  issued  for  a  grand 
ball  to  be  given  by  the  Sanitary  Inspectors 
of  the  Health  Department  of  Chicago,  at 
Apollo  Hall,  Twelfth  street  and  Blue  Island 
avenue  on  Wednesday  evening,  March  5. 
Among  the  members  of  the  Committee  of 
Arrangements  are:  Joe  Greenhut,  J.  Dillon, 
J.  T.  McGinnis,  E.  Flanigan,  T.  A.  Mahoney, 
S.  H.  Myers,  M.  G.  Connell,  E.  Halpin,  J. 
O'Neil,  T.  Barrows  and  William  Crowley. 

A.  A.  Campbell,  842  West  Madison  street 
has  on  hand  the  following  contracts:  He  is 
j«st  finishing  forty-three  flats  and  five  stores 
on  Cottage  Grove  and  Bo  wen  avenues;  has 
also  three  residences  on  St.  Lawrence  ave- 
nue near  Forty-third  street,  for  G.  B.  Good- 
all;  contract  for  nineteen  houses  on  Grand 
avenue  for  D.  T.  Anderson;  forty-four 
houses  and  flats  on  Ledzie  avenue  and  Cen- 
tral Park  Boulevard  for  same  owner;  one 
two-flat  building  on  Whipple  street,  two  res- 
idences on  Albany  avenue  for  W.  J.  Ander- 
son; two  two-flat  buildfngs,  number  203-5 
Warren  avenue  for  L.  J.  Blades;  a  five-story 
building  on  Canal  street  for  O.  M.  Wells  & 
Co.;  fitting  up  of  a  large  turkish  bath-house 
on  Wabash  avenue;  also,  will  furnish  com- 
bination gas  fixtures  for  the  Goodall  apart- 
ment building  on  Cottage  Grove  and  Bowen 
avenues.  Mr.  Campbell  reports  jobbing 
much  better  than  could  be  expected  this 
kind  of  weather. 

Chief  Inspector  Andrew  Young  addressed 
the  Woman's  Alliance  last  Thursday  even- 
ing on  the  legal  enactment  relating  to  the 
sanitation  of  Chicago,  building  construction, 
plumbing,  etc.  The  ladies  of  the  Alliance 
could  not  have  made  a  better  selection,  as 
Mr.  ^'oung  is  well  informed  and  knows  how 
to  tell  what  he  knows.  The  address  was 
complete  in  scope  and  detail  and  conveyed 
much  useful  information. 

As  a  result  of  inspections  by  the  health 
department,  plans  have  been  made  and  the 
work  is  now  being  let  for  a  thorough  over- 
hauling of  the  plumbing,  drainage  and  ven- 
tilation of  the  jail  and  criminal  court  build- 


)Pbb.  22,  1890] 


The  saMtary  n^ws. 


ings.    Extensive  repairs  have  also  been 
made  in  the  city  hall  as  a  result  of  inspec- 1 
tions  by  the  health  department. 

The  Board  of  Education  has  concluded  to 
be  guided  by  the  rules  of  the  health  depart- 
ment hereafter  in  the  matter  of  plumbing, 
drainage  and  ventilation  in  new  school 
buildings,  and  the  plans  of  all  buildings 
now  in  course  of  construction  have  been 
altered  to  conform  with  those  rules. 

Applications  from  the  boards  of  health 
from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada are  being  received  in  large  numbers  by 
the  health  department,  asking  for  copies  of 
the  new  rules  and  plans"  There  are  no  more 
plans  on  hand  in  the  department,  but  copies 
of  th"?  rules  have  been  cheerfully  sent.  In 
one  day  this  week  applications  were  re- 
ceived from:  Kalamazos,  Mich.;  Wichita 
Kans.;  Lincoln,  Neb.;  Worcester,  Mass.,  and 
Toronto,  Ont.  A  number  of  applications 
have  also  been  received  from  European 
cities. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Brooklyn,  N. 
Y.,  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  thirteen 
new  members  were  elected,  bringing  up  the 
total  membership  to  450. 

At  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  the  new  Registration 
Board  began  operations  and  every  master 
and  journeyman  plumber  in  that  city  is  now 
compelled  to  register  his  name  according  to 
the  laws  of  New  York  state. 

The  Robinson  Lead  Company  succeeds  to 
the  plumbing  business  of  George  W.  Robin- 
son, at  Hartford,  Conn. 


NEW  PIPE-HOOKS,  EXPANSION- 
PLATES  AND  RING-PLATES. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  represent 
a  line  of  goods  which  are  being  put  on  the 
market  by  the  Bronson  Supply  Company, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  for  whom  Hall  &  Near  are 
New  York  agents,  51  Cliff  street.  Eig.  i 
represents  a  combined  pipe  hook  and  ex- 
pansion-plate and  Fig.  2  combined  ring- 
plate  and  pipe-hook.  These  goods,  as  in- 
dicated in  the  cuts,  are  made  of  wrought- 


NEVER  iBREAK" 


Fig.  1. 

steel  and  are  intended  to  take  the  jjlace  of 
cast-iron  plates,  and  the  obvious  point  is 
made  in  regard  to  them  that  they  are  prac- 
tically indestructible.  It  is  also  pointed  out 
that  to  make  expansion-plate  out  of  any 
hook-plate  the  hook  mav  be  straightened 


Fig.  2 

out  by  a  hammer,  and  to  make  a  ring-plate 
out  of  a  pipe-hook  the  point  of  the  hook 
may  be  bent  over  the  top  of  the  pipe  with  a 
hammer  after  the  pipe  is  put  in  place. 
These  goods  are  made  in  sizes  ranging  from 
three-fourths  to  two  inches  and  with  from 
one  to  twelve  hooks. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Barbourville,  Ky.,  has  applied  to  the  state 
legislature  for  authority  to  issue  bonds  for 

street    imjirovcments.  Bonds    will  be 

issued  by  Wichita  Falls,  Tex.,  to  provide  for 

the  erection  of  a  $20,000  school  house.  

Bowling  Green,  Ky.  has  applied  to  the  state 
legislature  for  authority  to  issue  $20,000  of 

bonds  for  public  improvements.  Toledo, 

O.:  A  new  engine  house  will  be  built  in  the 

First  ward.  Red  Wing,  Minn.:  A  bridge 

will  probably  be  built  across  the  river  by  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Northern  Railroad. 

 Glasgow,  Ky.:  Three  iron  bridges  are  to 

be  built  in  this  county  this  spring.  Address 

Judge  S.  E.  Jones.  Detroit,  Mich.:  A 

new  bridge  will  be  built  over  the  Michigan 
Central  tracks  at  Fifteenth  and  Baker 
streets.  Alderman  Watson  can  give  infor- 
mation. Cincinnati,  O.:  The  bill  author- 
izing the  issue  of  $300,000  of  bonds  for  a 
viaduct  on  Eighth  street  has  passed  and 

work  will  soon  be  commenced.  Washin 

ton,  D.  C:  A  new  stone  bridge  will  be 
erected  at  Bennings,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000 

Address  A.  J.  Curtis.  New   York  City: 

Arrangements  have  been  completed  by  the 
Park  Department  for  building  the  street 
railroad  through  the  transverse  road  at 
Eighty-second  street,  in  Central  Park.  The 
contracts  for  work  are  to  be  advertised  next 

week.  Keokuk,  la.:    The  Keokuk  Elec 

trie  Street  Railway  and  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated,  with  an  authorized  capi 

tal  of  $200,000.  Cleveland,  O.:  Se\eral 

thousand  dollars  will  probably  be  expended 
on  street  paving  and  general  improvements. 

 York,  Pa.:   The  city  will  lay  a  granite 

pavement  at  a  probable  cost  of  $18,000.  Ad 

dress  J.  G.  Durbin.  New  York  City:  The 

Jewish  Benevolent  society,  the  B'nai  B'rith, 
will  erect  a  building  to  cost  $450,000. — 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  The  Havemeyer  Sugar 
Refining  Company  will  build  a  seven-story 
and  basement  brick  sugar  house,  96x113,  on 
Bell    street,    near  Commercial, 

to    cost    $40,000.  Cincinnati, 

O.:  The  ljuilding  of  the  Dime 
Bank  is  to  be  remodeled  and 
improved  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  New  Or- 
leans, La.:  The  finest  business  block  in  the 
South  is  to  be  a  twelve-story  building  on  the 
corner  of  Carondelet  and  Common  streets, 
this  city.    It  will  cost  about  $800,000.  John 

A.  Morris  is  the  projector.  Pittsburg,  Pa.: 

Arbuthnot,  Stephenson  &  Co.  will 
erect  an  eight-story  stone  and  brick 
building  at  Penn  avenue  and 
Eighth   street,  to    cost  $100,000. 

 Washington,  D.  C:  Samuel  Norment 

will  erect  seventeen  brick  dwellings  on  Sea- 
ton  and  \  streets,  to  cost  $40,000. — Detroit, 
Mich.:  A  new  engine  house  will  be  erected 
by  the  Parsons'  Lumber  Company.  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.:  Mr.  Schlessinger  will  erect  a 
$75,000  residence  on  Prospect  avenue.  St. 
Michael's  Catholic  congregation  will  erect 


Savings 


I  $5,000  school  house.  Little  Rock,  Ark 

Martin  Lambert  of  St.  Louis  will  erect  a 
seven-story  warehouse  to  cost  $80,000.  Sev- 
eral handsome  residences  are  to  be  erected. 
Jacksonville,  Fla.:  A  Baptist  church  will 
probably  be  erected.  Address  J.  Gardner 
Ross.  A  Congregational  church  will  be 
built.  The  Rev.  R.  T.  Hall  can  give  infor- 
mation. Hamilton,  (ia.:    A  new  Baptist 

church  will  be  erected.    Address  the  Rev. 

W.  Arnold.  Winsboro,   La.:    The  New 

Orleans  &  Northwestern  Railroad  Company 

will  erect  a  depot.  Lima,  O.:  William 

Roberts  will  erect  a  brick  and  stone  busi- 
ness block  on  East  Market  street  to  be  50X 
96,  three  stories  high;  cost,  about  $20,000. 
J.  B.  Stamcnts  will  build  a  brick  and  stone 
business  block.  A  syndicate  proposes  erect- 
ing a  hospital,  with  a  capital  stock  of  not 
less  than  $50,000.  Address  B.  D.  Kauffman. 
 Rock  Hill,  S.  C:  The  Charlotte,  Colum- 
bia &  Augusta  Railroad  Company  will  erect 

a  new  depot.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  Mr. 

Yeale  will  erect  two  houses  to  cost  $31,000. 
J.  M.  X'each  will  erect  a  four-story  block  of 

stone  front  buildings.  Knoxville,  Tenn.: 

S.  G.  Heiskell  will  erect  a  three-story  brick 
warehouse.    C.   H.   McGhee  will  erect  a 

block  of  business  buildings.  Nashville, 

Tenn.:  A  Baptist  female  college  will  shortly 
be  erected.  Address  the  Rev.  C.  S.  Gard- 
ner. Bartlett,  Tex.:  A  Moss  &  Son  and 

C.  L.  Fowler  contemplate  the   erection  of 

two  two-story  brick  buildings.  Dallas, 

Tex.:  J.  P.  Murphy  will  erect  a  $5,000  resi- 
dence. C.  H.  Huvelle  will  erect  a  three- 
story  brick  and  stone  building  to  cost  $12,- 

000.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:    J.  M.  Robbins 

will  erect  four  two-story  brick  flat  buildings. 

 \'ictoria,  Tex.:  A.  Levi  &  Co.  will  erect 

a  brick  bank  building.  Balcony  Falls, 

Va.:  The  Glasgow  Improvement  Company 
will  erect  a  number  of  buildings  at  Glasgow. 
 Berkley,  \'a.:  The  Tunis  Lumber  Com- 
pany of  Baltimore,  Md.,  will  erect  a  number 

of  buildings.  Buena   Vista,  \'a.;  The 

Buena  Vista  Light  &  Water  Company  will 

erect  twenty  dwellings.  Christiansburg, 

Va.:  The  Bank  of  Christiansburg  will  erect 

a  new  building.  Newport  News,  \'a.:  C. 

P.  Huntington  will  erect  seventy-five  dwell- 
ings. Roanoke,  \'a.:  John  McCarthy  con- 
templates the  erection  of  a  three-story  brick 

building.  Spokane   Falls,   Wash,:  The 

First  National  Bank  of  Spokane  Falls  will 
soon  erect  a  $100,000  building.  Hunting- 
ton, W.  \'a.:  R.  A.  Mathews  will  erect  an 
addition  of  forty  rooms  to  his  hotel. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Worcester,  Mass.:    S.   Salisbury  has  a 

building  to  be  heated  by  steam.  Hudson, 

N.  Y.:  George  Macy  wdll  use  steam  heat  in 

his  new  building.  Heating  contracts  are 

to  be  let  for  the  following  buildings:  Buffa- 
lo, N.  Y.,  building,  steam.  Address  John  C. 
Jewett;  Cresco,  la.,  building,  steam.  Ad- 
dress C.  S.  Berg;  York,  Pa.,  building,  steam, 
Peter  Wiest  &  Sons;  Cincinnati,  O.,  factory, 
steam,  Henry  Closterman,  Sr.;  Elkin  Valley, 
N.  C,  factory,  steam,  Gwyn  &  Chatham; 
Washington,  D.  C,  building,  steam,  George 


514 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  316 


W.  SaegmuUer;  Lexington,  Neb.,  hotel, 
steam,  E.  N.  Ganble;  Fremont,  O.,  theater, 
steam,  Fremont  Opera  House  Company; 
Pendleton,  Ore.,  building,  steam,  R.  G. 
Thompson;  Detroit,  Mich.,  church,  steam, 
Rev.  C.  W.  F.  Husted,  214  Russell  street; 
Edwardsville,  111.,  church,  steam.  Rev.  M. 
Schneiville;  Chicago,  building,  steam,  Post 
Graduate  Medical  College;  Norristown,  Pa., 
residence,  steam,  H.  C.  Wentz;  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  building,  steam,  Fire  Insurance  Asso- 
ciation; Des  Moines,  la.,  residence,  furnace, 
R.  T.  Wellslager;  Freeport,  111.,  residence, 
furnace,  JohnT.  Hinderks;  Springfield,  Mo., 
residence,  furnace,  D.  U.  Denton;  Ottawa, 
O.,  building,  furnace,  De  Ford  &  Beardsley; 
Cleveland,  O.,  building,  furnace,  Dime  Sav- 
ings Bank;  Pomeroy,  la.,  church,  furnace, 

G.  W.  Wilkinson;  Owensboro,  Ky.,  church, 
furnace,  G.  N.  Thompson;  Detroit,  Mich., 
residence,  furnace,  William  C.  Ross,  788 
Grand  River  avenue;  Detroit,  Mich.,  resi- 
dence, furnace,  Herman  Dietrich,  470  Four- 
teenth avenue;  Detroit,  Mich.,  buildings, 
furnace,  James  B.  McKay,  115  Griswold 
street;  Cleveland,  O.,  dwelling,  furnace,  C. 

H.  Gardner;  Cleveland,  O.,  dwelling,  fur- 
nace, H.  V.  Hartz;  Chicago,  residence,  hot- 
water,  R.  W.  Hyman;  Puyalup,  Wash.,  hotel, 
hot-water.  Park  Hotel  Company;  Richmond, 
Ind.,  hotel,  hot-water,  Hittle  &  Jackson; 
Omaha,  Neb.,  dwelling,  hot-water,  O.  N. 
Ramsey;  Alliance,  Neb.,  residence,  hot- 
water,  J.  K.  Painter.  Westchester,  Mass.: 

The  Westchester  Electric  Company  has  or- 
ganized with  $50,000  capital.  The  Gooch 

Electric  Company  is  erecting  the  electric 
light  plant  at  Louisville,  Ky.  The  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  Electric  Light  Company  is  put- 
ting in  an  incandescent  dynamo.  A  bill 

has  been  introduced  in  the  legislature  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  incorporating  the  Wood- 
berry  and  Belt  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company,  with  James  E.  Hooper,  F.  E. 
Walters  and  others  as  incorporators.  The 
capital  stock  is  to  be  $100,000.  The  Capi- 
tal Electric  Company  of  Nashville,  Tenn., 
mentioned  as  probably  to  consolidate  with 
the  Nashville  Light  and  Power  Company, 
has  purchased  the  plant  and  franchises  of 
that  company  for  $60,000  and  will  increase 
capital  stock  from  $75,000  to  $200,000  to 
make  improvements  and   furnish  working 

capital.  Max  Elser  of  Fort  Worth  and 

W.  H.  Gaston  of  Dallas,  have  with  others,  in- 
corporated the  Cleburne  Electric  Light  and 
Gas  Company.    The  capital  stock  is $20,000. 

 The  Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  Light  and  Power 

Company,  has  bought  a  site  for  its  new 

works.  At   Jackson,  Ga.,   the  Farmers' 

Alliance  contemplates  erecting  an  electric 
plant  to  furnish  power  for  a  street  railway; 

also  for  electric  lighting.  At  Montezuma, 

Ga.,  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant  is 
talked  of.  The  mayor  can  give  information. 
 A  bill  has  been  introduced  in  the  legis- 
lature at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  incorporating  the 
Edison  Electric  Light  and  Heating  Com- 
pany of  Newport,  with  T.  P.  Carothers.  J.J. 
Hetsch,  J.  H.  Mead  and  others  as  incorpo- 
rators. A  bill  has  been  introduced  in  the 


Virginia  legislature  to  allow  the  city  of  Rich- 
mond to  establish  and  operate  electric  light 
plants.    The  mayor  can  give  inforrhation. 

 Thomas  &  Gorman,  Houston,  Tex.,  are 

in  the  market  for  a  600  sixteen-candle  power 

incandescent  electric  light  plant.  The 

Maverich  Printing  House,  San  Antonio, 
Tex.,  wants  plant  for  200  incandescent  elec- 
tric lights.  The  purchasers  of  the  Wins- 
ton, N.  C,  electric  light  plant  have  reorgar- 
ized  as  the  Winston  Electric  Light  and 
Street  Railway  Company.  J.  H.  McClement 

is  secretary.  D.  J.  McRae,  N.  T.  Skinner 

and  B.  F.  Toole  have  been  appointed  by  the 
city  of  Cordele,  Ga.,  to  let  contract  for  an  in- 
candescent electric  light  plant  of  250  or  300 

lights    capacity.  Abbott    Thomas  and 

Thomas  S.  Wylly,  jr.,  have  been  granted  ex- 
clusive franchise  to  light  the  city  of  Darien, 
Ga.,  by  gas  and  electric  light  for  twenty 
years.  The  gas  works  are  to  be  completed 
and  in  operation  within  eighteen  months. 

 Stern  &  Silverman  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

will  erect  an  Edison  plant  for  incandescent 

and  arc  lighting  at  Weston,  W.  \'a.  The 

Talladega,  Ala.,  Gas  Light  and  Water  Com- 
pany will  issue  bonds  to  enlarge  its  works. 

 Magnolia,  Miss.:  There  is  a  proposition 

for  an  electric  light  plant  at  this  place.  

Evergreen,  Ala.:  The  Evergreen  Hotel  and 
Improvement  Company  will  put  in  private 
gasworks.  Winchendon,  Mass.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  to  cost  $10,000  is  to  be  estab- 
lished at  this  place.  McComb,  Miss,  is  to 

have  electric  lights.  Van  Wert,  O.:  The 

plant  of  the  Van  Wert  Gas  Light  Company 
is   to   undergo    extensive  improvements. 

 Dubuque,  la.:   The  Dubuque  Electric 

Railway  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated,  with  $400,000  capital. 
Webster  City,  la.:  An  electric  light  plant 
will  probably  be  established  at  this  place. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  is  talking  of  con- 
structing   a  sewerage  system.  Athens, 

Ga.,  is  to  have  a  complete  system  of  sewer- 
age. Butler,  Pa.:  Col.  George  E.  Waring, 

Jr.,  will  probably  establish  the  new  sewer- 
age system   at   this   place.  -Waukesha, 

Wis.,  has  voted  in  favor  of  a  sewerage  sys- 
tem. Albuquerque,  N.  M.,  has  determined 

to  establish  a  first-class  system  of  sewerage. 

 Belfast,  Me.,  is  to  have  a  new  system  of 

sewerage,  jjlans  having  been  already  pre- 
pared. The  expense  will  aggregate  $50,000. 
From  $3,500  to  $4,000  will  be  expended 

yearly  until  the  system  is  completed.  

Revere,  Mass.:  It  is  estimated  that  a  sew- 
erage system  suitable  for  this  place  would 

cost  about  Si67,ooo.  Halifax,  N.  S.:  The 

Board  of  Aldermen  will  petition  the  legisla- 
ture for  authority  to  borrow  $400,000  for  sew- 
erage extensions.  The  city  engineer  of 

Charleston,  S.  C,  is  making  plans  for  a 

sewer  on  Clifford  street.  A  bill  has  been 

introduced  in  the  Ohio  legislature  to  permit 
Canton  to  borrow  $04,000  for  a  storm  water 
sewerage  systeni.  The  proposed  exten- 
sions to  the  sewerage  system  at  Montgom- 
ery, Ala.,  have  been  ordered  by  the  city 


council.  Plans  and  surveys  are  being 

made  for  the  sewerage  system  and  water- 
works to  be  constructed  at  Eureka  Springs, 
Ark.    The  estimated  cost  is  $130,000.    J.  T. 

Spring  can  give  information.  A  bill  will 

be  introduced  in  the  Mississippi  legislature 
authorizing  the  city  of  Vicksburg  to  issue 
bonds  for  the  construction  of  the  sewerage 
system  previously  mentioned.  The  cost  will 
be  about  $100,000.  The  Mayor  c?n  give  in- 
formation. A  bill  is  pending  in  the  city 

council  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  to  issue  $75,000 
of  sewer  bonds.  Avondale,  O.:  This  vil- 
lage will  baild  g,ooo  feet  of  sewers,  from 
twelve  to  eighteen-inch  pipes  this  spring. 
Arthur  S.  Hobby  is  the  engineer  in  charge. 

 Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  Improvements  and 

extensions  will  be  made  to  the  sewerage 

system  of  this  city.  Jersey  City,  N.  J.: 

The  Board  of  Street  and  Water  Commis- 
sioners has  decided  to  build  a  new  sewer  in 
the  Third  District  that  will  empty  into  the 
Hudson  River.  The  cost  of  the  work  will 
be  about  $50,000. 

WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Mayville,  Pa.:  A  charter  has  been  granted 
to  the  Glenwood  Water  Company,  with 
$5,000  capital.  Address  William  Walker. 
 The  Fair  Haven,  Conn.,  Water  Com- 
pany has  petitioned  the  superior  court  for 
permission  to  take  10,000,000  gallons  of  wa- 
ter daily  from  West  River  for  the  purpose 
of  supplying  New  Haven  and  Fair  Haven 

with  water.  Liberty,  Neb.  is  agitating  the 

question  of  building  water-works.  Crab 

Orchard,  Neb.:  There  is  some  talk  of  build- 
ing water- works.  Denver,   Colo.:  The 

Citizens'  Water  Company  has  been  granted 

a  permit  to  lay  mains.  Pierre  City,  Nev.: 

The  people  will  probably  vote  on  the  ques- 
tion of  water- works.  Rochester,  Pa.:  The 

Valley  Water  Company  has  been  organized 
by  W.  S.  Shallenberger,  John  Conway  and 

others,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  

Cape  May,  N.  J.:  A  new  city  well  is  to  be 

dug  at    the    water-works.  Fairhaven, 

Wash.:  A  company  has  been  organized  and 
will  soon  begin  laying  pipes  for  a  complete 

system  of  water- works.  Horton,  Kans.: 

The  question  of  water-works  is  again  being 

discussed.  Creston,  la.:  A  water- works 

franchise  has  been  granted  to  Reagan  Bros., 
of  Omaha,  Neb.,  who  are  under  $15,000 

bonds  to  construct  the  works  this  spring.  

Sterling,  111.:  The  water-works  plant  is  to  be 

improved.  Oakland,  Cal.:    The  Contra 

Costa  Water  Company  proposes  to  build  a 
settling  reservoir  for  the  purpose  of  purify- 
ing the  water  supply  for  this  city.  The  res- 
er\oir  will  have  a  capacity  of  a  whole 
month's  supply.-  --The  Dalles,  Ore.:  A 
company  has  been  organized  to  build  water- 
works.- Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The  citizens  Wa- 
ter Company  has  been  granted  a  charter  for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  the  new  town  of 
Wilmerding  and  adjacent  district  with 
water.-  Cohoes,  N.  Y.:  A  bill  has  been  in- 
troduced in  the  legislature  authorizing  the 
expenditure  of  $25,000  for  water  works  im- 
provements. Kansas  Citv,   Mo.:  John 


Feb  22, 1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


515 


Donnelly  and  G.  W.  Pearson  have  been  se- 
lected to  prepare  the  plans  for  the  proposed 
new  water-works.  Carthage,  (0.  has  de- 
cided to  adopt  the  Holly  water-works  sys- 
tem at  a  cost  of  $15,000.  Wapakonita,  O., 

The  question  of  water-works  is  being  dis- 
cussed, a  proposition  to  put  in  works  having 
been  made  by  J.  B.  F.  Reynolds,  of  New 

York.  Antonito,  Colo.:    St.  Louis  parties 

have  proposed  putting  in  a  §25,000  system 
of  water-works.    The  matter  has  been  taken 

under  advisement.  Babylon,  Breslau  and 

Amity ville,  L.  1.:  An  effort  is  being  made  to 
organize  a  $75,000  stock  company  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  these  three  places  with 

water.  San  Angelo,  Tex.:    The  sinking 

of  an  artesian  well  is  proposed.  Mans- 
field, Tex.:  An  artesian  well  will  be  sunk. 

Address  G.  A.  Graves.  Taylor,  Tex.:  The 

Taylor  Artesian  Well  Company  will  sink 

more  wells.  Avilla,   Ind.,  has  voted  in 

favor  of  a  water-works  system.  Buena 

\'ista,  Ga.:  Negotiations  are  pending  for  a 
system  of  water-works.  Address  C.  S. 
Crawford.  Noblesville,  Ind.:  A  water- 
works system  will  probably  be  put  in  this 

year.  The  construction  of  a  system  of 

water-works  at  Camoron,  Tex.,  is  talked  of. 
The  mayor  can  give  information.  It  is  re- 
ported that  the  San  Angelo  Texas  Water 
Company  will  expend  $45,000  upon  improve- 
ments. The  water  mains  of  the  system  at 

Norfolk,  Va.,  will  probably  be  extended. 
 The  Middlesborough,  Ky.,  Town  Com- 
pany is  having  surveys  made  to  increase  the 
water  supply  by  utilizing  a  mountain  stream. 
 Estimates  are  being  prepared  at  Bridge- 
port, W.  Va.:  for  supplying  the  town  with 
water.    The  mayor  can  .give  information. 

 F.  J.  Miller  of  Franklin,  Tex.,  can  give 

information  about  the  proposed  system  of 
water-works.  The  construction  of  water- 
works is  projected  at  Greeneville,  Ga.  

An  irrigating  plant  wall  be  established  on  G. 
A.  Buffington's  property  near  Delano,  Fla. 

 E.   Borchardt   previously  reported  as 

sinking  an  artesian  well  at  Monticello,  Ark., 
will  erect  a  stand-pipe.  P.  E.  Cox,  Frank- 
lin, Tenn.,  desires  to  correspond  with  build- 
ers of  water-works.  Peabody,  Mass. :  A 

new  pump  is  needed  at  the  pumping  station, 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  water  board  will 
recommend  the  purchase  of  one  by  the 
town.  A  stock  company  has  been  organ- 
ized at  Bel  Air,  Md.,  to  construct  water- 
works at  an  estimated  cost  of  $35,000.  O. 

S.  Lee  can  give  particulars.  Elkton,  Md. 

will  petition  the  legislature  for  authority  to 
construct  a  system  of  water-works.  The 
mayor  can  give  information.  The  legisla- 
ture of  Maryland  will  be  petitioned  for  au- 
thority to  issue  $40,000  of  bonds  for  the 
building  or  purchasing  of  water-works  at 
Frostburg.  Owen  Hitchens  can  give  infor- 
mation. At  Lansing,  Mich.,  a  proposition 

to  bond  the  city  for  $25,000  for  water-works 

extension  is  before  the  common  council.  

Water-works  will  sQpn  be  put  in  operation 
at  Clay  City,  Ky.    The   Kentucky  Union 

Land  Company  can  give  information.  

Bristol,  Tenn.:  The  Goodson  board  has  de- 


cided to  issue  $3,500  of  additional  bonds  to 
extend  the  Bristol-Goodson  Water-works 
system.  Mr.  Muir  is  constructing  a  sys- 
tem of  water-works  for  irrigating  purposes 
at  Lane  Park,  Fla.,  to  cost  $15,000. —  Marys- 
ville,  O.  will  vote  April  i  upon  the  question 

of  building  water-works.  Whitewood,  S. 

D.,  is  moving  for  a  system  of  water-works. 

 Imlay  City,  Mich.,  will  probably  vote 

upon  the  water-works  motion  at  the  spring 
election.  A  committee  consisting  of  E.  E. 
Palmer,  Chas.  Manhaer  and  Chas.  Palmer 
has  been  collecting  information   and  will 

make  a  report  upon  the  subject.  The 

Redding  (Cal.)  Citizens  Water  Company, 
capital  $100,000,  has  been  formed. — A  large 
reservoir  and  pumping  station  will  be  built 
by  the  Clifton  Heights  Water  Company  at 
Clifton  Heighths,  Pa.,  to  supply  that  bor- 
ough, Lansdowne,  Darby,  Fernwood,  Sharon 
Hill  and  Burmont  with  water.  Dr.  S.  P. 
Bartleson,  of  Media,  is  president  of  the  com- 
pany. At  a  special  meeting  of  the  special 

committee  of  council  members  and  citizens 
of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  appointed  to  investigate  the 
subject  of  new  water-works  for  that  city,  a 
report  was  submitted  advocating  the  build- 
ing of  new  works,  which  should  take  their 
supply  from  the  Chattahoochee  river.  The 
report  was  adopted  and  an  ordinance  passed 
authorizing  an  election  ordered  for  March  8 
to  determine  as  to  the  issue  of  $250,000 
bonds  for  water-works  and  $100,000  for  sew- 
erage.   A.  P.  Woodward  is  city  clerk. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
The  time  for  receiving  bids  and  opening 
proposals  for  the  stone  and  brick  masonry 
of  the  United  States  custom  house,  post 
office,  etc.,  building  at  Port  Townsend, 
Wash.,  has  been  extended  to  March  13. 
Address  James  H.  Windrini,  Supervising 

Architect,    Washington,    D.  C.  Sealed 

proposals  in  triplicate,  for  dredging  500,000 
cubic  yards  of  material  from  the  main  ship 
channel  north  of  buoy  12,  New  York  Harbor, 
will  be  received  until  12  o'clock  m.  on  March 
13,  i8cp.  Address  Col.  G.  L.  Gillespie, 
Room  62,  Armory  building,  39  Whitehall 

street.  New  York  City.  McKeesport,  Pa.; 

J.  P.  Nill,  chairman  of  the  building  commit- 
tee, opens  bids  March  i  for  the  erection  of 

a  public  hall.  Wilmington,  Del:  William 

M.  Conby,  president  of  the  park  commission 
opens  bids  March  i,  for  the  construction  of 
about  500  lineal  feet  of  wharf,  fronting 
Kirkwood  park  on  Brandywine  creek,  in 
that  city.    It  is  to  be  built  of  stone,  concrete 

and  timber.  Norwood,  O.:  E.  G.  Balles, 

city  clerk,  opens  bids  March  10,  for  the  im- 
provement of  Forest  avenue.  Madison- 

ville,  O.:  James  Giffin,  village  clerk,  opens 
bids  March  i  for  lighting  the  village  for 

three  years  with  gasoline  or  electricity.  

Harrold,  Tex.:  Bids  are  wanted  for  boring 
an  artesian  well.    Address  F.  M.  English. 

 George   Dulling,  San  Antonio,  Tex., 

wants  prices  on  pipe  and  fixtures  for  con- 
ducting natural  gas  a  distance  of  six  and 
one-half  miles.  New  Haven,  Conn.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  March  5,  for  furnish- 


ing vitrified  pipe,  cement,  catch  basin  heads, 
blue  stone  curb,  flagging,  etc.,  as  may  be 
required  during  the  year.    Address  A.  B. 

Hill,  City  Engineer.  New   York  City.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  March  5,  for 
furnishing  two  complete  portable  hoisting 
plants,  for  the  use  of  the  New  Aqueduct. 
Address  John  C.  Sheehan,  Secretary  Aque- 
duct Commission,  Stewart  building.  New 

Haven,  Conn.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
March  5,  for  the  construction  of  a  steel  arch 
bridge.    Address  A.  B.  Hill,  City  Engineer. 


MR.  STANLEY'S  PERSONAL  NARRA- 
TIVE. 

The  interesting  fact  is  announced  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  that  they 
have  acquired  from  Mr.  Henry  M.  Stanley 
all  the  American  rights  for  his  personal  nar- 
rative of  the  expedition  for  the  relief  of 
Emin  Pasha.  Prior  to  the  appearance  of  the 
complete  work,  Scrilmcr  s  Magazine  will 
publish  an  article  upon  his  last  journey  by 
Mr.  Stanley.  It  will  be  illustrated  and  is  cer- 
tain to  be  as  important  a  contribution  as  any 
that  has  ever  appeared  in  an  American 
Magazine. 

Readers  may  have  noticed  that  Mr.  Her- 
bert Ward,  who  was  one  of  Stanley's  officers, 
makes  no  mention  of  the  expedition  in  the 
article  recounting  his  experiences  upon  the 
Congo,  which  appears  in  >icribncrs  for  Feb- 
ruary, the  fact  being  that  Mr.  Stanley  has 
deserved  the  sole  right  to  describe  this  most 
remarkable  of  all  his  African  undertakings. 


Export  and  Finance,  published  at  5 
Bowling  Green,  New  York,  is  a  weekly  news- 
paper laboring  earnestly  and  strongly  for 
the  control  of  the  entire  trade  of  this  conti- 
nent by  Americans.  Its  object  is  to  intro- 
duce the  manufacturers  and  business  men 
of  the  United  States  to  the  merchants,  buy- 
ers, tradesmen,  and  business  men  of  Spanish 
America.  We  know  of  no  better  means  of 
forming  such  a  profitable  acquaintance  than 
through  its  columns.  Its  circulation  extends 
to  all  the  business  men,  merchants,  shippers, 
buyers,  etc.,  of  North,  Central  and  South 
America  and  is  the  most  ably  conducted 
journal  of  its  class  published.  The  man 
who  wants  to  secure  business  relations  with 
men  in  South  American  countries,  can  find 
most  profitable  information  in  its  colnmns. 
No  greater  service  is  rendered  the  business 
of  these  countries  than  that  rendered  by 
this  paper. 

There  is  excitement  in  the  upper  portion 
of  Warren  County  over  the  discovery  of 
natural  gas  and  o'-l.  An  option  of  5,000 
acres  of  land  bordering  on  Schroon  Lake 
has  been  secured.  The  geological  forma- 
tion of  the  land  is  the  same  as  at  Bradford, 
Pa.,  and  Johnstown,  this  state.  The  work  of 
sinking  wells  will  be  begun  in  a  few  days. 


Vegetable  flannel  is  a  textile  material 
now  largely  manufactured  in  Germany  from 
pine  leaves;  the  fiber  is  spun,  knitted,  and 
woven  into  the  undergarments  and  clothing 
of  various  kinds. 


A  pin  may  lose  its  head,  but  it  never  gets 
stuck  on  itself  .—A'.fw  Orleans  Picayune. 


516 


TTfE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  316 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DbAFNESS  hay  fever 

A  NEW   HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
chese  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  niembrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada.— 
Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


PROPOSALS. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  REEVED  AT 
•^the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect.Treasury De- 
partment. Washington,  D.  C.  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  2Sth  day  of  February  IW.  for  all  the  labor  and 
materials  required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  Low- 
temperatare,  Hot-water  Heating  and  Ventilating 
Apparatus,  for  the  U.  S.  Post  Office,  etc..  building  at 
Springfied,  Mass.,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings 
and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on 
application  at  this  office  or  the  Otfic"  of  the 
Superintendent.  Each  bid  must  be  accom- 
panied by  a  certified  check  for  $200.  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time 
fixed  for  opening  the  same;  also,  bids  which  do 
not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  requirements  of  this 
invitation.  JA8  H.  WINDRIM. 

February  1,  1890.  Supervising  Architect. 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 
Chicago  Sugar  Refining  t'o,  6-st  brick  add  to 

store  house,  H0x79,  Taylor  and  Beach  sts.  15,000 
.JnoZalend.  3-st  and  eel  brick   fls,  20x00, 

aiS  AUport  ave   t.i,000 

S.   Barkenstein,  5-8t  and  basement  brick 

warehouse,  2 txlOO,  W  Michigan   iKKIO 

H.  W.  Pierce.  .S-st  brick  st .  and  fls,  25x57, 

13.53  W.  Madison  st   H.OOO 

Ole  Johnssn,  3-8t  and  eel  brick  fls,  21x72,  2H 

Snellst   5,000 

S.  W.  Roth,  It)  l-st  brick  cottages,  each  20x30 

250-8t>  Trumbull  st   13,000 

Simon  Florshiem,  7-8t  and  base  brick  st,  80x 

ItiO,  21.5-21  Wabash  ave   150,000 

('has  J,  Klein,  2-8t  and  eel  brick  fls,  21x70, 

«)5  W  Lincoln  st   3,000 

Leach  &  Son,  l-st  brick  add.  78x173,  430-4  Wa- 
bash ave. ...    5,(KX) 

Fred  Ferity,  2-8t  and  base  brick  st  and  tis, 

22xt)0,  571  Clybourn  ave   3,.50() 

Michael  Smith,  3-Bt  and  base  brick  fls,  22x.52, 

14  Hastings  st   4,000 

Louis  Martin,  3-.st  and  base  brick  st  and  fls, 

25X.50,  .5H0  Thirtieth  st   :t,(KK) 

C.  R.  1.  .t  P.  R.  R.  Co,  l-st  brick  dock  freight 

house,  270x44,  141H.54  S  Clark  st   ;i,(l<iO 

C.  Schotte,  li-st  and  basement  Virick  factory, 

38x151,  18-20  N.  Canal  st   1.5,000 

Wm  Krause,  3  st  and  base  brick  fls,  22x.50, 

177  Jay  st   3,.5(K) 

F.  E.  Miller,  3-8t  brick  st  and  fls,  2»xH5.  ti25 

Indiana  St  

S.  W.  Roth,  t)  2-st  and  eel  brk  fits,  126x45  feet, 

81-87  and  '."5-7  Dardin  st   |m,uoo 

A.  Denlow,  l-st  and  basement  fits  aud  fct, 

2.5x102,  :!S3  Sedgewick  st   .h,0(K) 

.J as.  Clowry,  4-st  and  basement  brk  fct,  ttOxlOO 

.572-4  Clybnrn  av   12,000 

Jas.  Vavra,  l-st  and  basement  brk  store  and 

flts,  50x00,  380-8  Desplaines  st   19,000 


NATURK'S    RKNIKDIES  . 


413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  aud  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
,  special  genius.    Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect- 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  ('.\tarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  1.50  persons  have  been  treated  at  our  office  daring 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  The  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liveb  Ren- 
ovATOB  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  a;iplica- 
tion  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
( Catarrh,  and  though  you  may  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  yon  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


C.  :^OSB\JRGH  7V^F=G  CO  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

((ias  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITXINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 

BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Ordbbs  Cabefully  Filled 


THE  STANDARD  CONTRACT. 

FRAMED  AND  ADOPTED  UV 

American  Institute  of  Architects,  Western  Association  of  Architects, 
National  Association  of  Builders. 

IT  IS  CERTAIN  TO  COME  INTO  GENERAL  USE.    TRY  IT  FOR 
YOUR  NEXT  BUILDING. 


PUBLISHERS'  CARD. 

Having  been  licensed  to  publish  and  sell  the  Standard  Form  OF 
CoNTRACr,  we  are  prepared  to  fill  all  orders  promptly.  We  will  furnish 
the  blanks  at  the  following  prices,  agreed  upon  with  the  Joint  Committee, 
viz:  gi.io  per  lOO,  I4.2S  per  500,  and  J8.00  per  1,000,  free  by  mail  or 
express.  Architects'  names  and  consequent  pronouns  inserted  at 
additional  cost.  To  save  innumerable  small  accounts,  payment  should 
accompany  orders.  Personal  checks  on  local  banks  not  accepted  unless 
New  York,  Chicago,  or  equivalent  exchange  is  added. 

INLAND  PUBLISHING  CO. 

(Publishers  Inland  Architect), 

Tribune  Building,  CHICAGO. 


Uudolpli  SleeKmeiors.  J-nt  and  basement  brk 

stores  and  flts,  21x120,  mi  Lnflin  st   1.">,(J«0 

H.  Washburne.  S-st  and  basement  brk  dwl. 

Xixliti,  andbarn2i.xlO,  Vyk  Aster  st   20,000 

L.  Fronby,  S-st  and  basement  store  and  flts, 

22x62,  2514  Hanover  st   «,500 


The  "milk  in  the  cocoanut"  has  been  ex- 
plained. The  (ieniians  are  making  butter 
of  it. 

Kxcellent  brown  paper  can  now  be  made 
out  of  peat  liber. 


March  1, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


517 


The  Sanitary  News 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

Mo.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  ChlcagTO. 


Henrt  R.  Allen, 

London  Agknt. 

Entered  as  second-clase  matter  at  Chicago  PoBtOfiBce 

SUBSCRIPTION  RATES. 

The  subscription  price  of  The  Sanitary  News,  in 
he  United  States  and  Canada,  is  $2.00  a  year,  pay- 
able strictly  in  advance;  foreign,  128.  6d.  a  year.  The 
number  with  which  the  subscription  expires  is  on  the 
Address-Label  of  each  paper,  the  change  of  which  to 
a  subsequent  number  becomes  a  receipt  for  remits 
tance.  When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  the  old 
address  shoold  accompany  the  new. 

ADVERTISING  RATES. 

The  advertising  rates  are  reasonable,  and  will  be 
furnished  on  application. 

"WANT"  ADVERTISEMENTS. 

Persons  so  desiring  may  have  replies  to  small  ad- 
vertisements sent  to  this  office,  when  they  will  be 
promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  nnles 
made  by  check,  express  order,  money  order,  or  regis- 
tered letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
office  of  its  London  agent,  Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50 
Finsbnry  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 

A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from 
the  first  issue,  are  still  left.  The  price  of  these  is  S2.00 
a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  83.00, 
The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  enbjeots. 


Thk  good  effects  of  the  examination  and 
egistration  of  plumbers  in  England  can  be 
most  happily  seen  in  the  trade  schools. 
Representatives  of  these  schools  report  a 
largely  increased  attendance  last  year  over 
the  year  before,  and  the  students  are  con- 
tinually increasing  in  numbers.  There  can 
be  no  better  recommendation  of  the  plumb- 
ers' movement  than  this.  It  shows  the  pre- 
vailing sentiment  among  the  plumbers,  or 
those  desiring  to  enter  the  trade,  is  in  favor 
of  better  workmanship.  Animated  by  the 
desire  to  attain  higher  proficiency  in  their 
work  the  trade  schools  are  entered  and 
studies  pursued  with  enthusiasm.  The  re- 
sult in  a  few  years  will  be  most  salutary.  Its 
good  effects  are  already  observable. 


CHICAGO,  MARCH  i,  1890. 


Contents  This  "Week. 

Current  Topics     -------  517 

Foundations  --------517 

The  Drainage  Question       -----  520 


BCILDINO— 

Notes  from  Architects 


510 


Plumbino— 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers    -     -     -     -  522 

Complimentary  to  St.  Paul  Plumbers     -  622 

For  Sanitary  Inspection  -  -  -  -  523 
Some  Recollections  of  Plumbers  and 

Plumbing  in  Detroit  -      -      -      -  523 

Plumbers  in  New  Quarters      -      -      .  523 

Kansas  Master  Plumbers     -      .      -      .  523 

One  Fare  Rate  to  Denver     -      -      .      -  524 

Minneapolis  Master  Plumber}  -     -     -  524 

Among  the  Plumbers     -----  524 


CONTBACTINa  NeWS— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  - 

Heating  and  Lighting 

Sewerage  Notes 

Water-Works  Notes  - 

Bid*  and  Contracts     -         ■  - 

Trade  and  Business 

Untidiness  and  Ruin    -     .  . 


524 
524 
525 
526 
527 
428 
528 


this  could  be  devised  for  fixing  the  prin- 
ciples of  plumbing  in  the  students'  minds. 


The  fatalities  of  bursting  dams,  gas  and 
boiler  explosions,  railroad  crossings,  electric 
wires,  fires,  etc.,  would  seem  to  indicate 
that  a  great  saving  of  life  could  be  made 
by  some  intelligent  supervision  that  would 
eliminate  the  recklessness  and  carelessness 
which  characterize  services  in  these  lines. 


Give  the  capable,  honest  plumber  a 
chance  to  remove  from  his  shoulders  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  incompetent  and  unscrup- 
ulous so-called  members  of  the  trade. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Registration  Commit- 
tee held  recently  at  Hull  for  the  purpose  of 
presenting  certificates  to  the  plumbers  who 
had  passed  satisfactory  examinations,  sev- 
eral speeches  were  made,  all  in  support  of 
the  registration  system.  The  pith  of  the 
subject  was  touched  by  Councillor  Cohen 
who  remarked  that  "the  Sanitary  Committee 
and  the  town  felt  that  they  could  look  for- 
ward to  the  plumbers  as  a  body  of  trades- 
men who  were  registered  and  competent  in 
plumbing  matters,  and  that  being  so,  they 
had  one  good  auxiliary  in  securing  the 
proper  sanitation  of  the  town."  Here  the 
matter  is  presented  in  the  right  light.  There 
are  people  who  believe,  or  profess  to  believe, 
that  registration,  or  licensing  of  plumbers, 
or,  in  this  country,  even  the  Plumbers'  Asso 
ciation  is  for  the  benefit  only  of  the  plumb- 
er, and  this  is  made  of  a  pretex  of  a  sly  op 
position  to  such  movements.  The  fact  is 
relations  existing  between  the  plumber  and 
the  public  are  such  that  whatever  benefits 
the  plumber,  whatever  increases  his  qualifi 
cations  and  elevates  the  standard  of  the 
trade,  will  benefit  the  public.  The  plumb 
ing  trade  has  advanced  to  that  point  in 
which  it  is  recognized  in  a  community  as  an 
important  sanitary  agent,  and  the  higher  the 
qualifications  of  the  plumber  the  greater  the 
usefulness  of  his  work  to  sanitation.  If  the 
plumber  is  of  no  importance  to  sanitation, 
then  let  him  alone  without  restraint  to  put 
in  any  kind  of  slop  work  he  may.  If  he  is 
an  aid  to  proper  sanitation,  then  make  him, 
or  let  him  make  himself,  a  proficient  and 
trustworthy  aid. 


An  important  and  valuable  feature  has 
been  introduced  in  the  plumbing  classes  in 
England,  The  student  does  not  derive  the 
benefits  of  the  trade  schools  alone  from  his 
training  at  the  bench  and  instruction  from 
books  and  lectures,  but  he  is  given  an  op- 
portunity to  lecture  himself.  A  subject  is 
taken  on  which  the  student  prepares  a  lec- 
ture which  is  delivered  before  the  school 
and  is  discussed.    No  better  method  than 


The  location  for  the  World's  Fair  was  a 
matter  of  doubt  till  the  eighth  ballot  had 
been  taken  in  the  House  of  Representatives 
last  Monday  afternoon.  True  the  friends 
of  Chicago  were  very  sanguine  of  success, 
but  the  matter  was  a  question  submitted  to 
the  nearest  representatives  of  the  people  of 
all  the  states.  It  was  a  matter  upon  which 
the  whole  country  had  to  render  a  decision, 
and  the  selection  of  Chicago  has  a  signifi- 
cance that  cannot  be  misunderstood.  The 
fair  to  be  held  is  of  national  interest  and 
commemorative  import.  Its  site  must  be  of 
national  importance,  and  the  selection  of  Chi- 
cago is  a  recognition  of  the  national  import- 
ance of  the  great  West.  The  government  at 
Washington  has  spread  of  record  its  just 
recognition  of  the  scope  of  national  great- 
ness that  has  carried  its  power  over  the 
Alleghanies  and  to  and  beyond  the  Mississ- 
ippi Valley.  The  spirit  which  actuated  the 
representatives  to  take  this  view  of  the 
matter  was  not  only  national  but  American. 
The  people  of  the  West  are  satisfied  with 
the  recognition  received,  and  the  people  of 
all  sections  cannot  fail  to  appreciate  the 
growth  of  their  country  which  has  made  it 
advisable  to  hold  a  national  celebration  and 
an  international  exposition  in  the  metropolis 
of  the  West.  The  marvelous  growth  of  this 
country  is  the  significant  fact  recorded  by 
the  vote  for  Chicago,  and  the  whole  country 
cannot  but  rejoice  in  its  greatness.  This 
same  national  spirit  will  be  seen  and  felt  in 
the  elements  that  will  work  harmoniously 
for  the  success  of  the  exposition.  It  can- 
not be  otherwise.  The  West  is  not  the 
West's  alone.  It  belongs  to  the  East,  South 
and  North,  to  the  whole  country,  and  its 
selection  for  the  location  of  the  World's 
Fair  is  the  expression  of  the  whole  country 
in  recognition  of  its  national  importance,  its 
fitness  and  representative  character. 


FOUNDATIONS.  * 
In  all  purely  constructive  work,  the  prin- 
cipal object  is  to  obtain  perfect  stability  with 
the  minimum  expenditure  of  materials  and 
labor.  In  no  part  of  a  building  should  this 
object  be  more  diligently  sought  than  in  the 
foundations.  Generally  covered  up  out  of 
sight,  and  in  no  way  entering  into  the  appar- 
ent constructional  outline  of  the  building, 
utility  is  the  one  great  test  to  be  applied. 
Avoiding  on  the  one  hand  an  inefficient 
foundation  which  will  imperil  the  stability 
of  the  building,  and  on  the  other  a  prodigal 


*  Paper  read  by  Mr.  H.  P.  Gordon  before  the  first 
Annual  Convention  of  the  Ontario  Association  of 
Architects. 


518 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  317 


expenditure,  where  much  is  wasted  that 
might  be  fruitfully  employed  on  the  super- 
structure. 

To  obtain  this  most  desirable  mean,  it  is 
evident  that  a  careful  and  scientific  investi- 
gation into,  and  adjustment  of  the  relation 
of  three  things  must  be  carried  out,  viz.,  ist, 
the  weight  and  character  of  the  structure; 
2d,  the  solidity  of  the  foundation  bed;  3d, 
the  width,  form  and  materials  of  the  foot- 
ings. These  three  factors  are  seldom  the 
same  in  two  cases,  and  it  is  evident  that  no 
mere  rule  of  thumb  method  or  so-called 
practical  experience  is  a  safe  guide. 

We  owe  it  to  our  professional  standing,  as 
well  as  to  our  clients'  claims,  to  give  this 
important  branch  of  construction  much  care- 
ful attention  and  study.  While  in  this  brief 
paper  I  may  not  present  anything  that  is 
new  to  many  present,  I  trust  it  may  be  the 
means  of  directing  more  of  our  attention  to 
this  important  matter. 

Before  completing  the  foundation  plans 
of  any  building,  these  two  questions  should 
always  be  considered:  ist,  What  is  the 
weight  of  each  part  of  the  building  upon 
each  sq.  foot  of  the  foundation?  and  2d, 
What  is  the  safe  sustaining  load  of  each  sq. 
foot  of  the  foundation  bed?  Not  until  these 
are  at  least  approximately  answered,  can  the 
size,  form  and  material  of  footings  be  accur- 
ately determined.  The  weight  of  a  building 
may  vary  in  different  places,  and  one  part  re- 
quire much  greater  bearing  area  than  other 
parts. 

The  foundation  bed  may  not  be  homoge- 
neous, and  may  require  special  treatment  to 
make  a  solid  bearing.  Before  plans  are 
completed,  pits  should  be  dug,  or  holes 
bored  on  the  site  of  proposed  building,  in 
order  to  reveal  the  nature  of  the  foundation. 
These  should  be  extended  some  depth  be- 
low the  proposed  bottom  level  of  footings. 
In  ordinary  soils,  and  for  ordinary  houses 
3  or  4  feet  might  suffice,  while  for  heavier 
buildings,  or  in  shifting  or  light  soils,  much 
deeper  tests  must  be  made. 

Foundation  beds  may  be  classified  under 
four  heads:  ist,  those  mcompressible  under 
the  load;  2d,  those  more  or  less,  compressi- 
ble under  the  load,  but  not  requiring  an  arti- 
ficial treatment;  3d,  those  requiring  artifi- 
cial treatment  to  make  them  capable  of  sus- 
taining the  load;  4th,  those  partly  of  the 
nature  of  two  or  more  of  the  foregoing. 

Strictly  speaking,  rock  of  good  quality  and 
sufficient  thickness  forms  the  only  incom- 
pressible foundation  bed.  Soft  sandstone  and 
shale  should  be  submitted  to  a  test  before 
any  very  heavy  weight  is  imposed  upon  them. 
The  best  authorities  consider  that  one-sixth 
of  the  crushing  weight  on  average  samples 
is  the  outside  limit  of  the  safe  load  for  a  rock 
bed.  Sometimes  there  is  a  very  thin  strata 
of  sound  rock,  with  an  inefficient  foundation 
below  it.  If  the  building  be  heavy,  and  there 
is  any  cause  to  suspect  such  a  contingency, 
test  holes  should  be  bored.  If  the  rock  be 
uneven,  and  the  leveling  of^it  likely  to  incur 
much  expense,  a  level  bed  may  be  formed 
by  filling  up  the  depressions  with  cement 


concrete;  or  if  the  inequalities  be  large,  by 
building  coursed  rubble  with  full,  strong 
cement  joints.  Where  the  bed  of  rock  is  on 
a  considerable  incline,  steps  should  always 
be  cut  to  form  a  horizontal  bearing.  If  the 
rock  be  subject  to  the  action  of  running 
water,  it  may  be  advisable  to  insert  anchor 
pins  of  iron  to  prevent  the  slipping  of  foot- 
ing stones.  Where,  owing  to  the  dip  of  the 
strata,  part  of  the  foundation  goes  lower 
than  the  rest,  this  portion  should  always  be 
built  up  to  the  level  of  bottom  of  rest  of 
work  with  cement,  so  as  to  prevent  settle- 
ment. 

Secondly — next  to  rock,  strong  gravel 
may  be  considered  as  an  excellent  founda- 
tion, it  being  almost  mcompressible  under 
ordinary  loads,  and  not  greatly  affected  by 
the  action  of  water.  The  safe  load  that  may 
be  placed  on  a  gravel  bed  has  been  various- 
ly estimated  at  from  one  to  two  tons  per  sq. 
foot.  The  latter  weight  should  not  be  ap- 
proximated unless  the  bed  of  gravel  is  very 
thick,  or  there  is  a  good  substratum  under 
it.  And  here  it  is  well  to  remember  that  the 
cohesive  power  of  gravel  being  so  slight,  a 
good  deal  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the 
subsoil.  A  strata  of  sand  or  clay  under- 
neath, subject  to  the  action  of  water,  might 
very  materially  destroy  the  sustaining 
strength  of  even  a  deep  bed  of  gravel.  More 
especially  should  this  matter  receive  con- 
sideration if  the  proposed  foundation  is  so 
elevated  as  to  be  drained  by  any  depression 
in  the  neighborhood. 

Sand,  when  not  exposed  to  the  action  of 
water,  forms  one  of  the  best  soil  foundations. 
It  is  almost  incompressible,  and  its  property 
of  diffusing  the  weight  laterally  as  well  as 
vertically,  is  a  great  point  in  its  favor.  For 
this  reason  it  may  under  favorable  circum- 
stances be  safely  loaded  with  two  tons  to  the 
sq.  foot.  But  owing  to  its  fluid  nature,  foun- 
dations built  upon  it  are  exposed  to  many 
dangers.  The  action  of  water  will  at  once 
destroy  its  stability,  and  all  sand  foundation 
beds  should  be  protected  from  its  ravages. 
Sometimes  in  this  very  attempt  at  protec- 
tion, a  new  element  of  danger  is  introduced. 
Drains  that  were  intended  to  protect  the 
foundations  from  saturation,  become  easy 
channels  for  the  escape  of  the  sand  by  the 
action  of  water.  The  depth  of  a  sand  bed 
and  the  character  of  the  underlying  strata 
largely  determines  the  safety  of  such  a  foun- 
dation. Frequently  an  underlying  bed  of 
rock  or  stiff  blue  clay  forms  a  table  over 
which  flows  the  surface  sinkings  of  a  large 
area,  rendering  the  bottom  portion  of  the 
sand  bed  a  moving  quick  sand.  If  this  is 
not  confined  by  artificial  means,  it  may  at 
some  time  move  out  in  the  direction  of  some 
new  outlet,  perhaps  far  removed  from  the 
sight  of  the  building.  Then,  of  course,  a 
sinkage  must  follow.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
sand  is  retained  in  its  position,  either  by 
natural  or  artificial  surroundings,  its  semi- 
fluid property  of  transmission  of  pressure,  is 
a  great  element  in  its  favor. 

Stiff  clay  and  marl,  or  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  "hard-pan,"  forms  an  excellent  foun- 


dation if  kept  dry  and  away  from  atmos- 
pheric influence.  It  is,  of  course,  slightly 
compressible,  but  if  the  weights  be  uniform- 
ly proportioned,  a  safe  load  of  from  two  to 
four  tons  per  sq.  foot  can  be  imposed.  The 
essential  element  in  all  clay  foundations  is 
thorough  drainage,  for  under  the  action  of 
water  it  is  soon  reduced  to  plastic  mud,  with 
little  or  no  stability.  This  drainage  should 
be  done  before  or  at  the  time  the  foundation 
walls  are  built,  and  the  trenches  always  kept 
dry.  Of  course  in  this  as  in  all  soil  founda- 
tions, it  is  essential  that  the  footings  be  be- 
low the  disintegrating  effects  of  frost,  and 
that  they  be  fully  protected  from  its  influence 
while  the  building  is  in  progress.  Owing  to 
its  retention  of  moisture,  clay  is  very  subject 
to  the  action  of  frost,  and  for  this  reason 
footings  placed  upon  it  require  to  be  deeper 
below  finished  ground  line  than  those  on 
sand  or  gravel.  All  clays,  especially  hard 
blue  clay,  are  ver\'  sensitive  to  the  condition 
of  the  atmosphere,  absorbing  moisture  in 
damp  weather,  and  cracking  and  spliting  in 
dry.  For  this  reason,  clay  foundations 
should  be  exposed  as  short  a  time  as  possi- 
ble to  the  action  of  the  air.  The  expansive 
force  of  clay  under  the  action  of  damp  is 
very  great,  so  that  the  necessity  of  protect- 
ing it  from  alternations  of  wet  and  dry  is 
very  apparent.  Foundations  on  wet  clay 
should  not  exceed  i  Yz  tons  to  the  sq.  foot 
unless  the  uniform  weight  and  isolated  pos- 
ition of  the  walls  will  admit  of  considerable 
sinkage. 

Thirdly — on  soft  homogeneous  soils,  or 
made  ground  of  uniform  compressibility, 
foundation  beds  may  be  rendered  sufficiently 
solid  for  buildings  of  certain  classes  by  the 
cheap  and  simple  method  of  planking. 
Thick  plank  or  squared  logs,  proportioned 
in  width  and  thickness  to  the  weight  to  be 
carried,  are  laid  down  in  at  least  two  thick- 
nesses. The  lower  layer  is  placed  longitud- 
inally with  the  wall  and  the  upper  one  trans- 
versely across  wall.  Three  conditions,  how- 
ever, must  be  present  in  order  to  make  such 
a  foundation  bed  a  success:  ist,  the  plank- 
ing must  not  be  subjected  to  alternations  of 
wet  or  dry  or  to  ordinary  atmospheric  influ- 
ence, otherwise  the  wood  will  soon  rot,  and 
a  settlement  occur;  2d,  the  weight  of  all 
walls,  and  the  widths  of  footings  under  them 
must  be  so  well  proportioned  that  there  will 
be  the  same  pressure  per  sq.  foot  under  the 
whole  of  planking;  3d,  the  building  must  be 
so  isolated,  and  of  such  a  character  that  it 
may  settle  uniformly  without  dislodgement 
of  any  part.  All  timber  used  in  such  founda- 
tions should  be  creosoted,  or  otherwise  pre- 
served by  some  application  before  being 
used. 

In  places  where  there  is  a  moderately  soft 
foundation,  not  subject  to  the  action  of  water, 
a  good  foundation  bed  may  be  formed  by 
the  use  of  sand  pits  or  sand  piling.  This 
method  of  forming  a  foundation  is  to  be  rec- 
ommended. There  is  no  chance  of  decay 
such  as  in  wood  piling  or  planking,  while  the 
distributing  property  of  sand  is  valuable.  In 
forming  the  holes  to  receive  sand  piles,  it  is 


March  1, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


519 


preferable  to  make  them  by  driving  and  then 
removing  the  wood  piles,  rather  than  by 
boring.  The  ground  around  them  is  much 
more  compacted  by  such  a  process,  and  the 
lateral  transmission  of  the  weight  furthered. 
When  the  holes  have  been  properly  fdlcd 
and  rammed  with  damp  sand,  it  is  necessary 
to  put  a  bed  of  concrete  or  planking  over 
them,  so  that  the  sand  may  not  be  forced  up 
by  the  pressure  of  the  surrounding  earth.  If 
sand  be  used  in  trenches,  it  is  usual  to  spread 
it  in  layers,  fully  ramming  it  as  the  work 
proceeds,  until  there  is  sufficient  depth  to 
distribute  the  weight  to  be  imposed  over  the 
whole  bottom  surface  of  trench. 

In  order  to  secure  a  good  foundation  bed 
that  will  uniformly  distribute  the  load  over 
a  wide  area,  the  most  common  method  is  by 
using  concrete  beds  or  footings.  The  great 
points  in  good  concrete  making  are,  clean 
and  pure  materials,  correct  proportions, 
itiorough  mixing,  and  quick  using.  Any 
concrete  which  contams  less  than  one-sixth 
of  cement  must  be  considered  a  poor  sub- 
stratum for  any  heavy  weight.  And  here  it 
is  well  to  remember,  that  concrete  is  really 
an  artificial  rock,  and  that  the  projection  of 
a  course  of  it  beyond  the  face  of  the  footing 
stones  above  it,  should  not  ordinarily  be 
more  than  half  the  thickness  of  the  concrete 
bed.  If  this  important  fact  be  overlooked, 
it  may  happen  that  the  projecting  edge  of 
the  heavily  loaded  concrete  bed  will  break 
off,  and  the  area  of  footing  be  so  reduced  as 
to  cause  a  sinkage. 

In  silty,  peaty  or  very  soft  ground,  the 
usual  recourse  is  to  timber  piling  to  secure 
a  proper  foundation.  If  there  be  solid 
ground  underneath  that  can  be  reached  by 
twenty  or  twenty-four  feet  pile,  it  is  gener- 
ally best  to  drive  them  home,  so  that  in 
reality  they  become  posts  resting  on  the  firm 
ground.  Usually  it  is  not  well  to  have  a  pile 
exceed  twenty  times  its  diameter;  for  if  the 
soil  be  somewhat  hard  it  is  difficult  to  prop- 
erly drive  a  longer  one,  while  if  the  ground 
be  very  soft,  it  affords  but  little  lateral  sup- 
port to  the  pile,  and  it  becomes  a  stilted 
pillar.  The  outside  limit  of  a  safe  load  on  a 
pile  resting  on  solid  ground  at  bottom,  is 
about  1000  lbs  per  square  inch  of  area  of 
mean  cross  section.  Where  there  is  no 
solid  substratum  to  support  the  piles,  they 
simply  depend  upon  the  friction  or  cohesive- 
ness  of  the  soil  to  hold  them.  Usually  a  pile 
of  this  description  is  considered  fully  driven 
when  it  does  not  sink  more  than  one-half 
inch  under  a  1200  lb.  weight  falling  twenty 
feet.  The  maximum  safe  bearing  load  of 
such  a  pile  should  not  ordinarily  be  taken 
as  more  than  200  lbs  per  square  inch  of  area 
of  head.  In  all  cases,  piles  should  be  cut 
off  below  damp  line  to  prevent  decay.  It  is 
also  very  desirable  to  cresote  or  otherwise 
apply  a  preservative  to  all  piles  before  they 
are  driven.  Where  the  piles  are  too  far 
apart  to  receive  directly  and  centrally  the 
stone  footings,  heavy  timbers  should  be  laid 
longitudinally  on  top  of  them, and  the  spaces 
filled  in  concrete.  Should  the  semi-fluid 
nature  of  the  ground  be  such  that  ordinary 


piling  will  not  suffice  for  a  foundation  bed, 
recourse  must  be  had  to  some  special  treat- 
ment, somewhat  in  the  line  of  one  or  more 
of  the  following  ways:  Along  both  sides  of 
where  the  wall  is  to  be  built,  sheet  piling  is 
driven  in  to  a  sufficient  depth  (usually  not 
more  than  from  six  to  ten  feet)  to  retain  the 
semi-fluid  soil.  If  the  ground  be  not  too 
fluid,  the  soil  between  the  piles  may  be  to 
some  extent  compacted  by  driving  in  com- 
pressing piles.  Considerable  judgment  will 
have  to  be  exercised  as  to  whether  such 
compacting  is  possible  or  not,  or  the  result 
may  be  an  aggravation  of  the  mucky  state 
of  the  soil  between  the  sheet  piling.  In  any 
case,  some  compact  footing  must  be  formed 
over  the  soil  between  the  sheet  piling,  usu- 
ally by  a  bed  of  concrete,  sometimes  by 
partial  excavation  and  refilling  with  layers 
of  sand.  Still  another  method,  when  the  soil 
is  very  fluid,  is  by  planking  and  then  fillmg 
in  with  concrete.  Sometimes  when  solid 
ground  may  be  reached  at  considerable 
depth,  hollow  iron  cylinders  are  sunk,  the 
soil  inside  removed,  and  the  whole  inside 
built  up  with  rubble  or  concrete,  thus 
forming  solid  piers  to  support  the  super- 
structure. 

In  the  case  of  foundation  under  water,  the 
usual  method  is  to  sink  caissons  or  construct 
coffer  dams,  and  then  remove  the  water 
from  inside  of  same  until  the  piers  or  walls 
are  built.  But  the  further  consideration  of 
subaqueous  foundations  is  rather  a  branch 
of  civil  engineering  than  a  simple  problem 
in  architectural  construction. 

Fourthly — the  most  difficult  problem  of 
ail  is,  when  the  different  portions  of  the  same 
foundation  bed  are  of  considerable  differ- 
ence of  density.  When  the  soft  places  are 
narrow,  they  may  be  overcome  by  arching 
or  lintels.  When  the  soft  strata  is  of  limited 
depth,  a  series  of  piers  may  be  sunk  to  the 
solid  bearing  underneath.  When  the  reach- 
ing of  a  solid  substratum  is  not  feasible,  the 
only  method  is,  to  so  proportion  the  width 
footings  in  the  various  places  in  relation  to 
the  compressibility  of  the  various  soils,  that 
settlement  may  be  uniform.  When,  how- 
ever, part  of  the  foundation  is  on  solid  rock 
and  the  other  part  on  compressible  soil,  the 
difficulty  is  very  hard  to  be  overcome. 
Under  such  circumstances,  if  the  character 
of  the  building  will  admit  of  it,  the  super- 
structure should  be  built  with  a  straight  in- 
dependent joint  over  the  point  of  junction 
between  the  rock  and  soft  soil,  so  that  any 
settlement  of  the  latter  may  occur  without 
disturbing  the  rest  of  the  building.  In  the 
case  of  continuous  cornices,  base  courses, 
etc.,  allowance  can  be  made  in  building  for 
the  probable  settlement.  Frequently,  how- 
ever, the  style  of  the  building  will  not  admit 
of  this  division  showing  above  ground;  then 
recourse  will  have  to  be  made  to  two  or 
three  expedients:  By  building  the  founda- 
tion walls  up  to  the  ground  line  with  ordi- 
nary mortar,  where  over  rock,  and  with 
cement,  where  over  soft  soil,  the  sinkage  of 
the  mortar  joints  may  in  some  measure 
counterbalance  the  sinking  of  the  other  part 


of  foundation  when  the  superstructure  is  im- 
posed. Advantage  to  a  limited  extent  only 
can  he  taken  of  the  flexibility  of  the  walls, 
by  adopting  something  like  the  following 
methods:  Form  a  continuous  and  solid  con- 
crete bed  over  the  soft  portion  and  allow  the 
end  of  it  to  rest  on  the  rock.  This  bed  may 
be  stiffened  by  the  use  of  iron  beams  bedded 
in  the  concrete.  The  end  furthest  from  the 
rock  must  extend  considerably  beyond  the 
end  of  the  wall  above,  and  the  foundation 
be  built  with  a  good  batter  or  wide  offset,  so 
as  to  give  an  extended  bearing  at  that  end. 
In  building  on  such  a  bed,  great  care  and 
judgment  must  be  used  in  raising  the  work 
slightly  higher  at  the  free  end  than  at  the 
solid  rock  end,  also  giving  the  vertical 
corner  a  slight  batter  inwards,  so  that  when 
all  has  settled  to  its  place,  the  horizontal 
courses  may  be  found  level,  and  the  end 
perfectly  plumb.  It  is,  however,  over  the 
point  of  junction  of  the  rock  and  concrete 
foundation,  that  a  crack  may  be  appre- 
hended, and  to  avoid  this,  strong  wrought 
iron  ties  should  be  built  in  at  short  intervals 
all  the  way  up  the  walls. 

Having  briefly  enumerated  the  principal 
kinds  and  characters  of  foundation  beds,  the 
next  point  that  claims  attention  is  to  prop- 
erly determine  their  size  and  relation  to  the 
weights  to  be  carried.  Here  one  point  needs 
special  emphasis,  viz.,  the  center  of  the  bear- 
ing of  the  foundation  bed  or  footing  should 
be  as  nearly  as  possible  perpendicular  to  the 
center  of  the  weight  carried.  If  to  any  ex- 
tent this  be  disregarded,  and  there  be  any 
compressibility  of  the  foundation  bed,  the 
footings  will  sink  most  at  the  side  heaviest 
loaded,  and  the  superstructure  be  thrown 
out  of  plumb.  With  buildings  in  which  the 
walls  are  of  uniform  height,  and  more  especi- 
ally without  large  openings  near  the  bottom, 
a  uniform  continuous  wall  is  evidently  the 
best  form  of  foundation.  It  distributes  the 
load  uniformly  over  a  large  area.  Where 
there  are  piers  or  large  openings  near  the 
lower  portion  of  building,  it  is  manifest  that 
a  continuous  foundation  wall  would  be  very 
unscientific;  for  where  the  piers  rest,  there 
would  be  a  heavy  load,  and  where  the  open- 
ings are  there  would  be  a  light  one.  In  such 
cases,  it  is  best  to  adopt  the  principle  com- 
monly known  as  the  insolated  pier  method 
of  foundations,  each  part  of  the  building 
being  considered  separately  and  the  weight 
of  each  section  or  pier  estimated  in  relation 
to  the  footings  to  support  it,  so  that  there 
may  be  a  uniform  pressure  over  the  whole  of 
the  foundation  beds. 

In  the  majority  of  buildings  there  are  also 
the  important  questions  of  the  different 
heights  of  walls,  the  fact  that  some  carry 
floors  and  others  do  not,  and  that  many  walls 
have  a  much  greater  weight  resting  on  some 
portions  than  on  others.  And  here  it  is  well 
to  advert  to  the  use  and  abuse  of  inverted 
arches  as  a  means  of  distributing  uniformly 
the  weight  of  foundations.  In  scientific 
hands,  and  after  full  and  accurate  calcula- 
tion of  the  thrusts,  they  are  a  very  service- 
able device,  but  with  unskillful  treatment 


520 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


^VoL.  XV.  No.  317 


and  without  consideration  of  all  the  facts, 
they  become  a  source  of  unexpected  trouble 
and  great  loss. 

An  important  part,  sometimes  overlooked, 
is  the  consideration  of  the  thrust  upon  the 
end  piers  or  abutments  and  the  making  of 
them  sufficiently  strong  to  resist  all  lateral 
movement.  2nd.  It  is  also  important  to 
determine  that  the  thrust  is  uniformly  dis- 
tributed from  the  piers  in  direct  ratio  to  the 
weight  which  each  pier  is  to  carry.  Other- 
wise one  pier  with  great  weight  will  out- 
thrust  one  with  less  weight,  the  inverted 
arch  be  disturbed,  and  a  settlement  inevit- 
ably occur.  3rd.  See  that  the  form  of  the 
inverted  arch  is  such  that  the  least  lateral 
thrust  is  entailed.  Usually  when  the  piers 
are  about  the  same  weight,  a  half  elliptic 
curve  with  diameters  of  two  to  three  is  best. 
4th.  See  that  the  arch  is  solidly  built,  with 
every  joint  fully  flushed  up  and  each  vous- 
soir  receiving  its  proper  share  of  pressure. 
A  good  method  is  to  form  a  cement  center- 
ing on  the  foundation  bed,  and  build  the  arch 
upon  it. 

While  my  purpose  is  not  to  treat  of  foun- 
dation stones  or  walls,  I  might  conclude  by 
referring  briefly  to  the  subject  of  footings. 
1st.  [As  to  form,  certainly  they  should 
always  have  flat  beds  and  tops,  and  the 
stones  laid  on  their  natural  beds.  It  is 
desirable  that  they  extend  clear  across  the 
wall  but  where  this  is  not  possible,  the  joint- 
ing should  approximate,  being  in  the  center. 
Under  no  circumstances  should  the  lateral 
joint  of  a  footing  course  be  near  the  edge  of 
the  wall.  The  proportion  of  projection  to 
the  height  of  a  footmg  will  vary  according 
to  the  transverse  strength  of  the  material 
used.  With  concrete  and  all  artificial  stones, 
the  projection  should  not  exceed  half  the 
height.  With  good  quality  dimension 
stones,  the  projection  may  equal  the  height. 
2nd.  As  to  material,  footings  should  be 
composed  of  some  material  that  can  stand 
great  pressure  and  is  not  adversely  affected 
by  alternations  of  wet  and  dry.  Granite, 
gneiss  and  slate  stand  in  the  front  rank; 
limestones  and  marbles  are  also  very  good; 
but  some  limestones  do  not  stand  a  great 
pressure,  and  their  transverse  strength  is 
sometimes  not  very  great.  Sandstones  are 
of  such  varying  strength,  that  each  sample 
must  be  considered  on  its  own  merits.  Fri- 
able sandstones  are  of  little  value  for  such 
constructional  work.  Extra  hard  burned 
brick  may  be  used  where  there  is  not  much 
exposure  to  alternations  of  wet  and  dry. 
Brick  footings  should  always  be  laid  in 
cement,  and  the  projection  of  each  course 
should  not  be  more  than  one  inch,  except 
under  light  walls. 

Finally,  to  sum  up  the  whole  matter,  in 
order  that  suitable  foMndations  may  be  pro- 
vided to  our  buildings,  it  is  necessary  that 
we  carefully  consider  the  weight  and  form 
of  the  superstructure;  the  character  and 
bearing  power  of  the  foundation  bed;  the 
form,  size  and  position  of  the  footings,  and 
the  character  of  the  materials  used. 

If  in  any  way  this  paper  shall  have  directed 


your  attention  to  a  further  and  deeper  study 
of  these  important  matters,  the  purpose  of 
its  presentation  will  have  been  accomplished. 


THE  DRAINAGE  QUESTION. 

The  following  letters  will  be  of  interest  in 
connection  with  the  Chicago  drainage  ques- 
tion. The  first  is  from  Royal  E.  Barber,  ex- 
mayor  of  Joliet,  to  William  Thomas,  of  Otta- 
wa, ex-superintendent  of  the  Illinois  and 
Mich.  Canal,  the  second  being  Mr.  Thomas' 
reply.  After  stating  that  he  was  not  a  dele- 
gate to  the  anti-sewage  convention  recently 
held  at  Joliet,  and  could  not  participate  in 
the  proceedings  Mr.  Barber  says: 

In  the  summer  of  1871,  when  the  deep  cut 
level  was  opened,  I  was  at  the  side  of  the 
river  above  the  Joliet  canal  basins  and  saw 
the  black,  turbid  flow  coming,  with  the  fish 
it  struck  since  entering  the  river  either  float- 
ing on  its  surface  or  holding  themselves 
erect  with  heads  out  of  the  water,  gasping 
for  life,  until  exhausted.  That  putrid  stream 
ran  thinner  and  purer  until  in  two  or  three 
weeks  it  ran  over  the  Joliet  dams  seemingly 
pure  lake  water.  A  chip  thrown  into  the 
Chicago  river  floated  away  toward  New  Or- 
leans. I  think  that  you  were  canal  superin- 
tendent during  all  the  years  of  that  lake 
level  flow,  and  must  be  advised  of  results 
and  causes.  What  caused  the  cessation  of 
the  lake  level  flow,  and  why  was  it  aban- 
doned and  the  summit  level  and  the  Bridge- 
port pumping  system  restored?  Was  there 
any  obstruction  to  navigation  on  the  lake 
level,  and  if  so  what  was  it? 

Results  besides  offensive  to  nostrils  and 
to  eyes  were  left  below  that  level.  The  Jol- 
iet Basins,  and  Lake  Joliet,  and  all  pools 
where  quiet  water  favors  settling  are  thickly 
bedded  with  that  sewage  sludge.  What 
effect  did  that  sludge  have  upon  navigation 
on  the  canal  levels  and  basins?  If  the  effect 
of  that  sludge  was  deleterious  upon  the 
canal  and  rivers  below  from  the  limited 
quantity  which  flowed  in  1871  and  since, 
what  can  be  expected  from  the  unlimited 
flow  of  sewage  from  millions  of  people  in  the 
future?  If  the  sludge  is  allowed  to  leave 
Chicago  in  the  drainage  it  must  settle  and 
contaminate  somewhere  below  in  the  river 
system.  Does  not  the  last  eighteen  years' 
experience  demonstrate  beyond  cavil  that 
the  sludge  must  not  be  allowed  to  enter  the 
outlet  of  Chicago  drainage,  but  that  Chicago, 
in  justice  to  itself  and  its  valley  neighbors, 
must  not  only  prohibit  the  offal  and  refuse 
of  its  stockyards,  slaughter  houses,  distill- 
eries, and  factories,  which  pollute  water- 
courses, from  entering  its  streams  or  drain- 
age, but  must  also  remove  the  solids  from 
its  sewage  proper  before  it  is  permitted  to 
flow  to  the  valleys?  Is  it  possible  for  any 
plan  of  dilution  and  flow  of  the  entire  sew- 
age contents  to  be  successful  without  unen- 
durable nuisance  and  great  damage  to  the 
people  of  the  valleys? 

Your  views  and  judgment  resulting  from 
years  of  experience  are  solicited  upon  this 
sludge  topic— and,  if  the  facts  are  as  1  sup- 
pose them  to  be,  then  all  the  people  of  the 


valleys  and  of  Chicago  ought  to  be  well  ad- 
vised in  the  matter — and,  with  your  consent, 
your  response  will  be  made  public. 

Ex-Canal  Superintendent  Thomas  sent 
Mayor  Barber  the  following  reply: 

The  year  that  the  deep  cut  was  finished 
and  the  lake  water  through  the  Chicago 
River  was  let  into  the  canal — July,  1871 — 
was  a  very  dry  one,  so  that  all  of  the  water 
that  was  discharged  out  of  the  canal  at 
Lockport  was  from  the  Chicago  River  and 
that  only.  The  South  Branch  and  the  lake 
being  high — ten  feet  on  the  floor  of  the  lock 
at  Bridgeport,  three  and  a  half  feet  above 
low  lake — there  were  no  glue  factories,  or 
rendering-houses,  or  stock-yards,  or  any 
thing  on  the  South  Branch  but  sewage  peo- 
ple to  befoul  its  waters,  so  that  the  results 
you  speak  of  at  Joliet  were  perfectly  natural. 
And  not  only  was  the  sources  of  pollution 
above  mentioned  absent,  but  there  were  no 
ditches  bringing  into  the  canal  large  quanti- 
ties of  clay  and  soil  along  its  banks  from 
Lemont  to  Bridgeport  as  there  are  now,  and 
have  been  since  1872.  Thus  you  will  see  the 
reason  why  as  soon  as  the  first  flush  of  water 
had  passed,  after  the  opening  in  July,  1871, 
the  water  cleared  up  and  looked  as  blue  as 
lake  water,  for  it  was  nothing  but  Lake 
Michigan  water — and  only  about  twelve 
hours  from  its  departure  from  the  lake.  No 
sludge,  so  called,  was  seen  or  heard  of  then. 
Still  you  had  in  the  canal  at  Joliet  all  the 
sewage  that  was  drained  into  the  South 
Branch.  The  North  Branch  had  not  yet 
been  disturbed.  The  Fullerton  avenue  con- 
duit was  then  being  constructed  and  was  to 
pump  it  out  into  the  lake.  But  when  done 
and  operated  for  three  weeks,  Chicago  found 
that  it  corrupted  the  drinking  water,  and  so 
they  turned  their  wheels  backward  and  have 
ever  since  run  the  contents  of  the  North 
Branch  into  the  South  Branch  and  down  the 
canal,  with  all  its  sludge,  tanneries,  distil- 
leries, and  filth  of  every  description,  a  thing 
not  thought — or,  at  least,  not  talked — of 
when  the  deep  cut  was  proposed  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  South  Branch.  Then  the  Stock- 
Yards  were  not  located  on  the  South-Fork, 
and  all  the  sludge-producing  works  that  are 
found  there  now. 

The  Ogden  and  Wentworth  ditch  was 
opened  in  1872,  made  about  20  feet  wide  and 
4  deep,  from  the  bend  in  the  Desplaines 
River,  opposite  Riverside,  to  a  cornection 
of  the  West  Fork  of  the  South  Branch  of 
the  Chicago  River  and  all  the  Mud  Lake 
country  with  the  upper  Desplaines  turned 
into  it,  and  to-day  it  is  10  or  12  feet  deep  and 
more  than  100  feet  wide.  All  that  material 
is  now  in  the  canal  and  Desplaines  River  be- 
low Lockport,  except  what  has  been  dredged 
out.  And  that  is  not  all.  The  natural  water- 
shed of  the  Town  of  Lake,  that  naturally 
centered  at  the  head  of  the  South  Fork  of 
the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  has 
been  entirely  shut  out  of  the  South  Fork  and 
turned  north,  and  now,  and  has  since  1873, 
empties  into  the  canal  between  Brighton 
Park  and  Summit  Station,  so  that  the  South 
Fork  has  not  been  washed  out  since  April 


March],  1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


521 


1872.  And  now  the  ditches  on  either  side  of 
the  Grand  Trunk  railroad,  and  the  Belt  Line 
railroad,  and  the  I*ittsbu^^^  Chicago  and  St. 
Louis  railroad,  and  Johnson  avenue,  and 
Wentworth  avenue,  have  been  washed  out 
from  year  to  year,  till  for  many  miles  south 
of  the  canal  they  have  grown  from  ditches 
2  or  3  feet  wide  and  perhaps  as  many  deep 
to  20  feet  or  more  wide  and  4  or  5  feet  deep. 
The  clay  and  earth  from  all  the  above 
ditches,  amounting  to  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  yards,  have  passed  down  through  the 
canal  and  river  and  been  dubbed  sludge. 
Thousands  of  yards  of  it  can  now  be  foimd 
on  the  banks  of  the  canal,  where  it  has  been 
dumped  from  the  dredge  crane,  that  would 
make  good  brick. 

If  the  city  of  Chicago  would  cause  all  of 
the  above  described  sludge-producing  insti- 
tutions to  be  removed  from  the  banks  of  her 
river  and  permit  nothing  but  what  passed 
through  her  sewers  to  pass  into  the  river, 
and  would  replace  the  Bridgeport  pumps 
with  such  pumps  as  would  and  could  com- 
ply with  the  Munn  resolution,  and  if  the 
Canal  Commissioners  would  cause  all  the 
deposits  that  are  now  in  the  canal  to  be 
dredged  out,  and  the  channel  made  what  it 
was  in  1871  Chicago  could  be  twenty  years 
in  opening  her  drainage  channel  for  300,000 
feet  of  water  per  minute,  and  still  not  be  in 
such  distress  as  she  is  to-day. 

By  closing  up  the  above  mentioned  ditches 
along  the  Chicago  and  Alton  railroad  west 
from  Brighton  Park  with  dams,  and  open- 
ing a  ditch  from  them  all  into  the  head  of  the 
South  Fork  near  the  Stock  Yards,  and  thus 
clean  out  the  South  Fork  by  the  next  spring 
flood  and  having  dried  up  or  removed  all 
the  sludge-producing  institutions  from  the 
banks  of  the  North  Branch  the  Fullerton 
avenue  wheels  could  be  turned  lakeward 
again  as  originally  designed.  The  Bridge- 
port pumps,  so  as  to  be  able  to  do  what  was 
expected  and  was  demanded  by  the  Munn 
resolution,  would  take  care  of  the  South 
Branch  and  South  Fork,  and  all  trouble 
would  be  ended  for  many  years  to  come. 
Respectfully,  Wm.  Thomas. 


Parties  have  been  experimenting  for  sev- 
eral months  at  the  Pendleton,  Ind.,  gas 
works,  in  order  to  perfect  a  method  of  con- 
structing glass  tiling  or  tubes  for  use  of  un- 
derground wires.  On  the  strength  of  results 
a  company  has  been  formed  representing  a 
capital  of  $500,000. 


This  country,  says  a  dispatch  from  Peoria, 
111.,  is  in  great  excitement  over  the  universal 
fuel  process  of  destroying  smoke  and  saving 
coal.  Out  of  90  tests,  an  average  of  40  per 
cent  of  the  coal  has  been  saved  and  all  the 
smoke  destroyed.  The  master  mechanic  of 
the  Rock  Island  Railroad  reports  after  a 
week's  trial  that  it  is  a  net  saving  every  day 
of  between  %\o  and  §12  for  each  and  every 
engine  on  the  road.  The  Illinois  Coal  and 
Coke  Company  has  secured  the  mine  right 
to  use  it  on  all  their  coal  for  a  term  of  years. 


BUILDING. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

Carrerc  &  1  lastmgs.  New  York  City,  have 
on  hand  plans  for  the  new  Mail  atid  Ex- 
press Building,  to  be  erected  at  203  Broad- 
way and  164  to  168  Pulton  street.  Col. 
Shcpard  proposes  to  have  a  handsome  lire- 
proof  office  building  cover  the  lots  which 
are  24.9x100  on  Broadway  and  62.6x60  on 
Fulton  street. 

R.  Berger,  New  York  City,  has  plans  for 
three  six-story  brick,  stone  and  iron  stores, 
to  be  built  for  L.  Sachs  &  Bro.,  at  Washing- 
ton place  and  Fourth  street,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $250,000. 

McKim,  Mead  &  White,  New  York  City, 
have  plans  for  a  seven-story  store  and  office 
building,  97.3x70,  to  be  built  for  George 
Henry  Warren,  at  the  northwest  corner  of 
Broadway  and  Twentieth  street. 

Alfred  Zucker,  New  York  City,  has  de- 
signed for  Mrs.  R.  Cohnfield  eight  five-story 
light  buff  brick,  stone  trimmed  flats,  25x85 
each,  to  be  built  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Fifty-ninth  street  and  Tenth  avenue,  at  a 
cost  of  Si6o,ooo. 

S.  D.  Button,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  the  hotel  to  be  erected  for 
Murrell  Dobbmsand  others,  at  Birmingham, 
N.  J.  It  will  be  of  frame  and  brick,  three 
stories  high. 

W.  W.  Myers,  Chicago,  has  planned  eight 
dwellings  for  R.  W.  Weld,  to  be  erected  at 
Lake  avenue  and  Forty-fourth  street.  The 
front  will  be  of  stone,  interior  in  hardwood, 
heated  by  furnaces;  cost,  $50,000. 

J.  J.  Egan,  Chicago,  has  designed  a  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  to  be  erected  at  Des 
Moines,  la.  It  will  be  constructed  of  stone, 
with  slate  roof,  and  will  cost  S40000. 

J.  A.  Miller,  Chicago,  has  completed  plans 
tor  thirty-one  dwellings,  to  be  erected  on 
West  Ohio  and  Mead  streets,  Kedzie  ave- 
nue and  Central  Park  boulevard,  by  D.  F. 
Anderson.  They  will  be  two  stories,  with 
pressed  brick  and  stone  fronts;  cost  Sioo,ooo. 

Perley  Hale,  Chicago,  has  planned  a  block 
of  flat  buildings,  189x45,  to  be  erected  at  852 
and  874  South  Western  avenue;  cost,  S40,- 
000.  Also  a  three-story  flat  building, 
25x75,  to  be  erected  on  Garfield  boulevard, 
near  Wallace  street,  by  Weill  &  Mahnke. 
Brownstone  exterior;  cost,  Si6,ooo. 

W.  L.  B.  Jenney,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  a  ten-story  building  to  be  erected  on 
South  Clark  street,  adjoining  the  Cosmopoli- 
tan Hotel,  by  Henning  &  Speed,  of  Louis- 
ville, Ky.  It  will  be  75x95,  of  pressed  brick 
and  stone.  It  is  possible  only  four  stories 
will  be  put  up  this  season,  the  rest  being 
completed  as  tenants  demand  it. 

Lamson  &  Newman,  Chicago,  have  plans 
under  way  for  a  four-story  store  and  apart- 
ment house,  looxi  17,  to  be  erected  at  Van 
Buren  and  Halsted  streets,  by  E.  T.  Mon- 
oghan.  It  will  be  constructed  of  pressed 
brick  and  stone,  and  will  cost  $80,000.  An- 


other flat  building,  four-stories,  48x48,  will 
be  erected  in  the  rear  by  the  same  owner. 
They  have  also  planned  a  three-story  store 
and  flat  building,  40x65,  to  be  erected  at 
Washtenaw  avenue  and  Twelfth  street  by 
D.  Coda,  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.  Also  for  the 
same  owner,  a  three-story  flat  building,  48X 
48,  to  be  erected  in  the  rear,  and  fronting  on 
Washtenaw  avenue;  cost,  $7,000.  Also  for 
the  Monitor  Building  and  Loan  Association, 
a  four-story  banking  and  flat  building  at  625 
West  Indiana  street;  cost,  $10,000.  Also  for 
A.  W.  Rainbow,  a  two-story  flat  building,  to 
be  erected  on  West  Adams  street,  near  West- 
ern avenue;  cost,  $8,000. 

O.  W.  Marble,  Chicago,  has  planned  a 
four-story  and  basement  apartment  house, 
75x85,  to  be  erected  on  University  place  near 
Cottage  Grove  avenue,  by  W.  H.  Thomas. 
The  front  will  be  constructed  of  cut  stone 
while  the  interior  will  be  nicely  finished  and 
heated  by  steam;  cost,  $60,000.  He  has  also 
planned  a  $5,000  residence  for  Mr.  .Mullen, 
at  Woodlawn. 

H.  B.  Wheelock,  Chicago,  is  designing  a 
seven-story  building,  25x100,  to  be  erected 
on  Dearborn  street,  south  of  \'an  Buren,  by 
the  Post  Graduate  Medical  -School.  Pressed 
brick  and  stone  exterior,  with  interior  sup- 
plied with  elevators  and  steam;  cost,  $25,- 
000.  He  has  also  planned  a  new  edifice  for 
the  Congregational  Church  at  Decatur. 
111.;  cost,  $25,000. 

L.  G.  Ouackenboss,  Chicago,  has  let  con- 
tracts for  a  handsome  residence  for  G.  W. 
Higgins,  to  be  erected  at  1237  Washington 
boulevard;  cost,  $20,000. 

Burnham  &  Root,  Chicago,  are  engaged 
on  plans  for  a  nine-story  store  and  office 
building,  25x162,  to  be  erected  at  Cleveland, 
O.,  by  Col.  John  Hay  and  others;  cost, 
$175,000. 

Adler  &  Sullivan,  Chicago,  are  receiving 
estimates  for  the  erection  of  a  manufactur- 
ing building  for  the  Crane  Company,  to  be 
erected  on  Judd  near  Canal  street.  It  will 
be  five  stories,  100x203,  brick,  stone  and 
iron;  cost,  $50,000.  The  same  architects  are 
designing  a  three-story  addition  to  the  M.  C. 
Bullock's  manufacturing  plant  on  Tolman 
avenue.  It  will  be  of  brick,  stone  and  iron, 
and  will  cost  $25,000.  They  are  also  en- 
gaged on  plans  for  a  synagogue  for  the 
Kihilath  Aushe  Maariv  Congregation,  to  be 
erected  on  Indiana  avenue,  near  Thirty- 
seventh  street.  It  will  be  of  stone,  with 
slate  roof,  with  rich  interior  decorations; 
cost,  $50,000. 

Isaac  Taylor,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  been 
selected  as  the  architect  for  the  Globe- 
Democrat  Building,  at  Sixth  and  Pine  streets, 
in  that  city.  This  structure  will  cost  about 
$750,000.  The  same  architect  will  prepare 
plans  for  the  Public  School  Library,  to  cost 
about  $500,000. 

James  McLaughlin,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has 
designed  for  the  Standard  Publishing  Com- 
pany a  six-story  iron  front  factory  building, 
to  be  built  on  the  the  north  side  of  Ninth 
street,  near  Main  street. 


522 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  317 


The  J.  B.  Legg  Architectural  Company 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  prepared  plans  for  six 
detached  dwellings,  of  brick,  to  cost  ^25,000; 
also  plans  for  a  dwelling  for  George  H. 
Loker,  to  cost  $10,000;  also  residence  for  C. 
A.  Wickham,  to  cost  $8,500,  hard-wood 
finish,  electrical  appliances,  etc. 

Baldwin  &  Pennington,  Baltimore,  Md., 
have  prepared  plans  for  the  enlargement  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral.  The  cost 
will  be  about  $50,000. 

Charles  Carson,  Baltimore,  Md.,  will  make 
plans  for  a  club-house  for  the  Phoenix  Club 
to  cost,  with  site,  $40,000. 

Crapsey  &  Brown,  Cincinnati,  O.,  have  de- 
signed for  W.  \V.  Smith  three  two  and  one- 
half  story  frame  dwellings,  to  be  built  on 
the  northeast  and  southwest  corners  of 
Francis,  Lane  and  Cypress  avenues,  Walnut 
Hills,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000. 

S.  Hannaford  &  Son,  Cincinnati,  O.,  will 
make  plans  for  the  new  Nevada  building,  of 
Glens,  to  be  erected  in  place  of  one  burned. 

Otto  C.  Wolf,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  designed 
for  Herman  Lockinan,  the  brewer,  a  two- 
story  brick,  stone  and  iron  storage  ware- 
house, 57x88,  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 

Adam  J.  Bast,  Cincinnati,  O.,  has  plans  for 
a  four-story  brick  stone-trimmed  store  and 
flat,  75x105,  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $28,000. 

Bickel  &  Brennan,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  have 
prepared  plans  for  Mr.  E.  Hoe\  eler  for  a 
block  of  four  houses  on  Frankstown  avenue, 
near  Station  street.  The  buildings  will  be 
three-stories;  cost,  $30,000.  They  are  also 
preparing  plans  for  a  Catholic  Church  at 
Altoona  to  be  built  of  brick,  which  will  cost 
about  $25,000. 

Chauncey  Hodgdon,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  has 
completed  plans  for  a  stable  for  Lee  & 
Hamilton,  to  be  built  on  Belmont  and  Re- 
becca streets,  Allegheny.  The  buildmg  will 
be  brick,  two-stories  high. 

M.  L.  Smith  &  Sons,  Detroit,  Mich.,  have 
finished  the  plans  for  a  new  $20,000  resi- 
dence for  Maxwell  M.  Fisher,  on  Woodward 
avenue.  They  are  also  working  on  plans 
for  a  new  $12,000  residence  for  Win.  L.  Bar- 
clay, to  be  erected  on  P'erry  street.  The 
same  architects  have  completed  the  plans 
and  let  contracts  for  J.  L.  Hudson's  new 
building,  the  prices  aggregating  $175,000. 

F.  S.  Newman,  Sjjringfield,  Conn.,  has 
been  employed  to  prepare  plans  for  a  four- 
story  business  block,  to  be  erected  at  Main 
street  and  Linden  place,  Hartford,  for 
Brown  &  Thompson.  It  will  be  of  brick 
and  stone,  124x185. 

H.  M.  Jones,  Meriden,  Conn.,  is  preparing 
l)lans  for  two  foundries  to  be  erected  by 
Foster,  Merriam  &  Co.,  at  their  factory  on 
Cross  street.  One  will  be  an  iron  foundry, 
100x50,  and  the  other  a  brass  foundry, 
40x80. 

A.  Van  Brunt,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has  de- 
signad  for  Elizabeth  .Spencer  a  two-story 
frame  residence,  to  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$4,200. 


PLUMBING. 


MEETING  OF  THE  MASTER  PLUMB- 
ERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The  Master  Plumbers  Association  held  a 
regular  semily-monthly  meeting  last  Thurs- 
day evening  at  their  hall  in  the  Honore 
building.  President  Watt  in  the  chair.  A. 
W.  Murray  resigned  the  chairmanship  of  the 
World's  Fair  Committee  in  favor  of  Mr. 
Watt  and  he  was  unanimously  chosen.  Mr. 
Wade  offered  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that 
the  thanks  of  the  Association  be  tendered  to 
the  men  who  worked  so  faithfully  to  secure 
the  location  of  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago. 
After  some  slight  discussion  as  to  the  prc- 
priery  of  passing  such  a  resolution,  it  was 
finally  adopted.  The  names  of  James  Barr, 
of  Michigan  avenue  and  Twenty-second 
street  and  Thomas  P.  CuUoton,  of  50  North 
Clark  street,  were  proposed  for  membership 
and  both  were  elected. 

Mr.  Griffith  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  some  Chicago  plumbers  are  using  light 
pipe  and  that  they  will  be  called  to  account 
for  so  doing  by  the  Warehouse  Committee. 

The  meeting  then  went  into  executive 
session  to  discuss  the  question  of  gas-fitters 
furnishing  their  own  tools.  After  the  ad- 
journment the  members  of  the  Ladies'  Aux- 
iliary Association  were  admitted  to  the 
room  and  dancing  was  in  order  until  a  late 
hour. 

Among  those  present  were:  President 
Hugh  Watt,  Alex.  F.  Irons.  M.  L.  Mandable, 
David  Whiteford,  A.  W.  Murray,  Jas.  De- 
Veney,  J.  H.  Kilian,  J.  J.  Wade,  Charles  Law- 
rence, John  Connell,  C.  C.  Breyer,  John 
Meany,  Frank  Falk,  P.  Sanders,  J.  J.  Shea, 
William  F.  Gay,  Daniel  J.  Rock,  M.  H. 
Klahre,  Charles  Redieske,  J.  H.  Roach,  Jos- 
eph R.Alcock,  J.J.  Clark,  J.  J.  Rourke,  John 
F.  Mathews,  William  Bowden,  David  L. 
Bain,  Charles  A.  Cavanah,  John  J.  Hamblin, 
Andrew  Young,  Harry  A.  Black,  Thomas 
Conlin,  George  J.  Stokes,  C.  M.  Foskett, 
Jacob  Weber,  C.  J.  Brooks,  Louis  Bain, 
Robert  Griffith,  T.  C.  Boyd. 


COMPLIMENTARY  TO  THE  ST. 
PAUL  PLUMBERS. 

In  the  report  of  Inspector  of  Buildings  of 
St.  Paul  for  1889,  which  is  a  credit  to  St. 
Paul  and  the  Inspector,  Mr.  Gates  A.  John- 
son, the  following  deserved  compliment  is 
paid  to  the  plumbers  of  that  city: 

I  note  with  great  pleasure  the  marked  in- 
crease in  the  amount  of  plumbing  work 
done  in  the  city  during  the  year  1889  over 
what  was  done  in  the  year  1888.  In  1888 
$296,593  was  expended  in  plumbing, 
and  in  1889  $420,658  worth  was  done, 
being  an  increase  of  $124,066.  This,  I 
think,  shows  conclusively  that  our  citizens 
are  fully  alive  to  the  great  advantage  to  be 
derived  by  the  use  of  the  most  modern  san- 
itary arrangements.  And  I  also  call  atten- 
tion to  the  improved  character  of  the  work 


done, as  shown  by  the  Inspector's  report,  and 
I  think  that  I  can  say  without  the  least  fear 
of  contradiction  that  we  have  a  set  of  mas- 
ter plumbers  in  this  city  that  will  compare 
favorably  with  the  plumbers  of  any  city  in 
the  Union,  and  I  cheerfully  give  place  in 
this  report  for  the  names  of  all  our  licensed 
master  plumbers.    *    *  * 

Under  and  by  authority  of  an  act  of  the 
legislature,  approved  Feb.  22,  A.  d.,  1887, 
authorizing  the  inspector  of  buildings  to 
make  rules  and  regulations  governing  mas- 
ter plumbers,  I  have  made  a  rule  and  regu- 
lation requiring  an  air  test  for  soil  pipes  for 
a  ten  pound  pressure  per  square  inch  on  all 
soil  and  vent  pipes.  This  rule  seems  to 
give  general  satisfaction,  and  is  a  better 
test  than  can  be  obtained  by  any  other  meth- 
od of  testing.  Also  under  said  authority  I 
did,  on  May  23,  1889,  appoint  a  board  of  ex- 
aminers to  examine  all  applicants  for 
plumber's  license.  Said  board  is  composed 
of  two  well  and  favorably  known  master 
plumbers,  W.  J.  Freaney  and  J.  T.  Holmes, 
with  the  plumbing  inspector,  Richard  Chen- 
ery.  Said  board  of  examiners  have  formu- 
lated some  sixty  questions  and  nineteen  dia- 
grams to  be  submitted  to  plumbers  seeking 
license,  each  question  requiring  a  written 
answer  and  each  diagram  to  be  passed  upon 
as  to  correctness.  This  arrangement  seems 
to  be  quite  acceptable  to  the  master 
plumbers,  and  will,  I  think,  prove  a  source 
of  great  benefit  to  all  plumbers,  in  that  it 
will  require  a  more  careful  study  of  the 
principles  that  should  govern  the  best  kind  of 
sanitary  plumbing.  The  first  annual  exam- 
ination took  place  at  the  inspector  of  build- 
ings' office  on  the  i6th  of  December,  when 
some  ten  plumbers  were  present.  The  sec- 
ond examination  was  had  on  the  19th  of 
Decembcr,when  about  twenty-five  plumbers 
were  present  and  answered  the  questions  in 
writing  and  corrected  the  diagrams.  A  few 
examinations  had  previously  been  made. 

Following  are  the  licensed  plumbers  of 
St.  Paul  for  1889: 

Name  Place  of  business 

J  P.  Adamson  38^  8t.  Peter  »tre«t 

.Ulen  niack  320  Robert  street 

Henry  Bonn  210  Cedar  street 

John  Butler  284  East  Seventh  street 

J.  J.  DanniRan  220  East  Seventh  street 

S.  A.  Dillon  18ti  Western  avenue 

(ieo.  Dempsey  :  449  Jackson  street 

Frank  DeviJle  S4  West  Tenth  street 

P.  V.  Dwyer. ,  '.Hi  East  Third  street 

W.  J.  Freaney  14  West  Third  street 

L.  E.  Fry  625  Ea.st  Seventh  strtet 

Phillip  Glcich  100  WestSixth  street 

Hobert  Haddow  2'.t4  Kice  street 

W.  J.  Hawkins  Merriam  Park 

Daniel  Hercher  ^'t\'t  Broadway  street 

P.  W.  Hndner  120  West  Third  street 

J.  P.  Johnston  80  East  Sixth  street 

T.  J.  Kenny  41S  Wacouta  street 

Geo.  Koes  460  Broadway  street 

J.  F.  McQuillan  187  West  Sixth  street 

Peter  McQuillan  179  Western  Avenue 

James  Mrl)onouBh  T'll  Wabasha  street 

.).  K.  McKee  S72  Summit  Place 

M.  J.  O'Neill  187  W  est  Third  street 

J.  J.  Prendorffast  1)2  East  Third  street 

J.  H.  Shea  424  Jackson  street 

Hobert  J.  Schnello  14:!  East  Fifth  street 

J.J.  Ward  24<.t  West  Third  street 

John  Wallace   204  West  Seventh  street 

J.T.  Holmes    S43  Minnesota  street 

J.  T.  Shervin  8.  W.  Cor.  Seventh  and  Minn.,  8t.8 

Wm.  Stewart  830  Jackson  street 


March  1,  1890| 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


523 


FOR  SANITARY  INSPECTION. 

James  Foley,  of  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  has 
addressed  the  following  communication  to 
the  Mayor  and  Council  of  that  city,  and  we 
hope  it  will  prove  successful  in  its  mission: 
To  the  }lonorablc  Mayor  aixd  Common  Council  of 
Leavenworth,  Kansas, 

(ienllemen— I  beg  loave  to  submit  to  your  honora- 
ble body  tho  necessity  of  a  sanitary  inspector  on 
plain ventilation  ami  s  iweraRo  anil  open  vaults 
which  are  dauKorous  to  tho  health  of  the  city  in  gen- 
eral and  especially  the  people  who  are  compelled  to 
live  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 

We  are  now  passing  through  a  very  unhealthy  win- 
ter, in  which  wo  liavo  lost  some  of  our  host  citizens, 
and  it  is  time  to  prepare  for  perhaps  a  more  un- 
healthy spring  and  summer  season  than  has  over 
visited  this  state. 

It  is  of  vital  importance  that  such  steps  betaken 
as  to  put  the  city  in  the  best  sanitary  condition  pos- 
sible. I  am  informed  that  other  cities,  through  this 
and  adjoining  states,  are  adopting  strict  sanitary 
measures,  tliorefore  it  is  hoped  that  our  beautiful 
city  will  not  be  behind  in  protecting  her  citizens 
from  disease-breeding  agents,  such  as  open  sewers 
along  tho  public  thoroughfares,  open  vaults  in  the 
alleys  and  cheap  class  of  plumbing  and  ventilation 
in  public  and  private  buildings.  What  good  does 
our  sewerage  system  do  it  people  are  allowed  to 
continue  in  the  old  way — using  the  alleys  and  out- 
houses for  all  manner  of  excrement  and  slop? 
Very  Respectfully  Yours, 

JAMES  FOLEY. 


SOME  RECOLLECTIONS  OF  PLUMB- 
ING AND  PLUMBLRS  IN  DE- 
TROIT. 

The  following  letter  was  received  by  John 
J.  Blackwood,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  from  Alex- 
ander Dunham,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  will 
be  of  interest  in  some  of  its  features: 

I  noticed  your  article  in  The  Sanitary 
News  of  Feb.  8,  in  regard  to  the  "What-Is- 
It"  and  was  greatly  amused  at  the  roasting 
you  gave  the  plumbing  trade  of  Detroit. 
Well,  I  know  from  personal  experince  you 
are  just  about  right,  because  I  put  in  the 
first  three  and  a  half  years  at  the  trade  with 
John  Cameron  on  Bates  street  along  about 
1875  or  '6  and  in  those  days  it  was  about 
g-io  cup  joints  and  i-io  wiped  joints,  and, 
judging  from  your  article,  things  have  not 
improved  much.  I  left  Detroit  in  1879  ^^'^ 
have  not  been  there  since.  When  I  left,  if 
I  remember  right,  there  were  not  more  than 
a  dozen  shops  in  the  city,  as  follows:  Black- 
wood &  Milian  and  another  shop  on  Wood- 
ward avenue,  the  ones  who  moved  under  the 
opera-house,  then  John  Cameron,  John  Riley, 
Homes  &  Webster,  Furgeson  &  McKay, 
Detroit  Metal  and  Plumbing  Company,  and 
a  few  other  small  ones.  I  remember  Ross, 
who  wore  his  hair  away  down  his  back  and 
would  not  have  it  cut  until  a  Democrat  was 
elected  president  of  the  United  States;  at 
least,  that  was  told  me.  Now  I  suppose 
there  are  shops  on  every  corner.  I  was  told 
that  Tom  Larkins  had  left  Cameron  and 
started  for  himself;  the  boys  of  the  shop 
used  to  think  those  two  were  married  for 
life. 

I  have  been  in  business  here  about  two 
and  one-half  years  and  am  just  beginning  to 
get  myself  established  and  hope  to  find  my- 
self on  a  good  standing  in  a  few  years  more. 

I  wish  you  would  let  me  know  about  the 


old  firms  I  used  to  know,  and  about  the  old 
boys  of  Cameron's  shop.  There  was  Con. 
Cronin,  Mike  Nobles,  Charley  Juck,  Billy 

Renolds,  Larkins  and  Johnnie  .  I  was 

told  that  Cameron  was  dead,  but  did  not  see 
any  account  of  it  in  the  plumbing  papers. 
I  will  mail  you  two  copies  of  our  Plumbmg 
Ordinance  so  you  can  see  what  is  required 
of  the  plumbers  here.  We  have  five  inspect- 
ors and  one  supervisor.  The  city  is  divided 
into  districts  and  each  inspector  has  his  dis- 
trict to  attend  to.  It  rubbed  the  boys  pretty 
hard  last  year  and  very  few  if  any  made 
money  on  new  work  because  they  did  not 
know  how  much  the  new  ordinance  would 
cost  them.  I  hope  they  will  try  and  get  bet- 
ter prices  for  their  work  this  year  for  last 
year  work  was  in  many  cases  taken  below 
cost.  I  drew  out  of  the  market  early  in  the 
summer  as  I  could  not  stand  any  losses  and 
thought  better  to  go  slow  than  to  lose  all  I 
had  trying  to  be  a  big  contractor.  Respect- 
fully yours,  Alex.  Dunham. 

PLUMBERS  IN  NEW  QUARTERS. 

The  St.  Paul  Master  Plumbers  had  a  for- 
mal opening  of  their  new  quarters  in  the 
McQuillan  block  on  the  night  of  Feb.  19, 
which  was  the  occasion  of  several  agreeable 
surprises.  In  the  first  place  the  fact  that 
quarters  were  being  fitted  up  was  kept  a 
secret  from  the  members  of  the  craft,  and 
when  invited  to  assemble  at  room  10,  on  the 
second  floor  of  the  building,  their  surprise 
upon  entering  may  be  more  easily  imagined 
than  described.  The  quarters  consist  of 
three  rooms  en  suite,  very  spacious  and  are 
tastefully  adorned,  everything  having  been 
provided  that  could  conduce  to  the  comfort 
or  convenience  of  the  association.  The 
furniture  is  both  bright  and  substantial, 
great  taste  having  been  employed  in  the 
selection  of  the  carpeting  and  draperies, 
with  the  result  that  perfect  harmony  pre- 
vails between  the  wall  tints,  carpets  and 
portieres  which  ornament  the  alcoves.  The 
rooms  were  crowded  with  members  on  the 
opening  night  and  unfeigned  admiration 
was  expressed  at  the  arrangements.  The 
idea  of  the  officers  of  the  association  in  fit- 
ting up  the  quarters  is  to  have  a  place  where 
the  rank  and  file  may  meet  and  exchange 
ideas,  and  the  scheme  is  only  one  of  the 
features  intended  to  co-operate  with  the 
plan  of  more  thorough  and  scientific  instruc- 
tion, in  which  St.  Paul  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  promulgator.  After  the  business 
session  had  been  concluded  Mr.  W.  L.  Klein, 
editor  of  the  lYort/tiuestcrn  Builder  and 
Decorator,  presented  the  association  with  an 
elegant  life-size  crayon  portrait  of  President 
W.  J.  Freaney,  which  now  adorns  the  wall 
over  the  desk  of  the  presiding  officer. 


Whipple's  electrical  report  for  January 
shows  that  the  total  number  of  central  elec- 
tric light  stations  in  the  United  States  is 
1,265.  The  total  number  of  gas  companies 
is  981,  and  of  these  237  operate  electric  light 
plants  in  conjunction  with  their  gas  business. 


KANSAS  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 
Our  state  association,  held  a  large  enthus- 
iastic meeting  at  this  place  and  hereby  ex- 
tend fraternal  greeting  to  all  our  brother 
and  sister  associations  and  the  advice  to 
those  who  have  no  association,  "Form  one 
at  once." 

At  2:30  p.  m.  the  gavel  of  President  Foley 
called  to  order  the  following  members:  H. 
N.  Zeigler,  Manhattan;  Geo.  W.  Kite,  Atchi- 
son; Coon  &  Co.,  Leavenworth;  Lawrence 
Heating  and  Plumbing  Co.,  J.  H.  Beasley, 
S.  E.  Johnson,  Lawrence;  Wm.  Rowan, 
Arkansas  City;  Cooper  &  Merrill,  Pittsburg; 
Thomas  Lloyd,  J.  A.  Williams,  Kansas  City, 
Kansas;  Hoffman  &  Bransfield,  Leaven- 
worth; Chr.  Stales,  Robt.  Mood,  Noonly  & 
Co.,  Prescott  &  Allen,  Topeka;  J.  Giles 
Smith,  of  Wichita,  representing  Crane  Bros. 
Manufacturing  Co.;  F.  D.  Holm,  represent- 
ing N.  O.  Nelson  Manufacturing  Co.,  and 
J.  J.  Collins,  of  Cahill,  Collins  &  Co. 

After  the  regular  routine  of  business  the 
following  press  report  on  the  Tracy  fire 
was  read: 

THE  TRACY  FIRE. 

Washington,  Feb.  8:— Fireman  Drew  and  Govern- 
ment Expert  Wierd,  made  an  examination  of  Secre- 
tary Tracy's  house  to-day,  and  found  the  felt  packing 
around  the  pipes  was  burned  nearly  off,  showing  con- 
clusively that  the  steam  in  the  pipes  was  super- 
heated and  passing  through  the  register,  no  doubt 
set  fire  to  something  near  it  and  started  a  general 
conflagration.  Mr.  Drew  thinks  this  is  the  best  solu- 
tion of  the  problem  of  the  fire  and  there  is  no  doubt 
that  the  superheated  steam-pipes  caused  the  fire. 

On  motion  the  following  reply  was  unani- 
mously adopted: 

The  report  of  government  experts  Drew  and  Wierd, 
in  which  they  place  the  responsibility  for  the  fire  in 
the  Tracy  mansion  to  the  credit  of  the  superheated 
steam-pipes,  should  be  carefully  considered  before 
allowing  it  to  make  the  impression  it  does.  Judging 
from  what  they  say  the  esaKination  made  was  after 
the  fire  which  would  hardly  leave  the  steam-pipe 
covering  in  good  condition  for  careful  and  convinc- 
ing inspection.  They  say  they  found  the  felt  cover 
"nearly  burnt  off."  They  fail  to  say  whetherfrom 
the  outside  or  inside.  Had  it  been  burnt  from  super 
heated  steam  it  would  have  been  burnt  from  the  in- 
side and  when  subjected  to  heat  from  the  outside 
such  as  it  would  have  had  in  burning  of  the  building, 
would  have  been  found  entirely  off  from  the  pipe  in- 
stead of  "burned  nearly  off,"  as  they  report. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  any  pipe-covers  to 
stand  without  damage  such  a  test  as  this  was  sub- 
jected to. 

Among  the  many  reports  circulated  this  seems  to 
us  the  most  misleading  and  absurd,  and  calculated 
to  do  much  injury  to  the  already  over  abused  steam 
pipe,  and  in  the  face  of  no  further  evidence  we  nnan- 
imonsly  condemn  the  report  as  utterly  without  foun- 
dation and  unworthy  of  any  real  expert. 

Kansas  Association  of  Master  Plumbers. 

In  Convention  assembled. 

After  spending  a  pleasant  social  evening 
the  association  adjourned  to  meet  in  Topeka 
the  second  Monday  in  May. 

C.  J.  Prescott, 
Secretary. 

A  Harvard  electrician  suggests  an  out- 
door protector  on  all  wire  entering  buildmgs 
to  prevent  lightning  or  high  tension  currents 
from  electric  light  wires  from  entering. 
Such  protectors  are  quite  commonly  em- 
ployed inside,  but  there  is  no  difficulty  about 
arranging  them  for  use  on  the  outside. 


524 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  317 


A  ONE-FARE  RATE  TO  DENVER. 
(Official.) 

Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  20,  1890.  Edi- 
tor Sanitary  News:  Application  has  been 
made  to  the  Trans-Missouri,  Trans-Conti- 
nental, Central  Traffic,  Trunk  Line,  and 
New  England  Passenger  Railroad  Associa- 
tions, for  a  one-fare  rate  to  the  convention 
to  be  held  at  Denver,  in  June  next.  So  far, 
only  one  reply  has  been  received — that  of 
the  Trans-Missouri  Association — a  copy  of 
which  I  enclose  herewith.  I  will  inform  the 
trade,  through  the  columns  of  your  valuable 
paper,  of  the  replies  from  the  other  associa- 
tions, as  soon  as  I  receive  them.  Yours 
respectfully,  George  A.  Green, 

Secretary,  N.  A.  M.  P. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  Feb.  17,  1890.  Ed.  J. 
Hannan,  Esq.,  President,  National  Associa- 
tion of  Master  Plumbers,  Washington,  D.  C: 
In  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  13th  instant  as 
to  reduction  in  fare  in  favor  of  persons  at- 
tending the  National  Association  Meeting  of 
Master  Plumbers  to  be  held  in  Denver,  Colo., 
on  June  17-19,  1890,  I  have  pleasure  in  ad- 
vising you  that  a  rate  of  one  fare  for  the 
round  trip  was  made  upon  the  certificate 
plan  from  the  Missouri  river,  by  all  lines, 
members  of  this  Association. 

The  minor  details  were  not  settled  but 
will  be  arranged  at  the  next  meeting  of  this 
Association  March  4th,  and  you  will  be 
advised  fully  of  the  result.    Yours  truly, 

W.  W.  FiNLEY, 

Chairman. 

MINNEAPOLIS  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  24,  1890.  Edi- 
tor Sanitary  News:  The  Master  Plumbers' 
Association  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  has  been 
reorganized  with  a  membership  of  twenty- 
four.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  officers: 
J.  S.  Kearney,  president;  J.  P.  Courtney, 
vice-president;  E.  C.  Cauvett,  treasurer; 
Jacob  Sitze,  secretary;  J.  O.  Sawkins,  ser- 
geant-at-arms.  Executive  committee:  J.  P. 
Courtney,  E.  C.  Cauvett,  H.  Kelly,E.  Bufton 
and  John  St.  Leger.  Yours  respectfully, 
George  A.  Green, 
Secretary,  N.  A.  ^L  P. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

T.  C.  Boyd,  Chicago,  reports  business  as 
being  quite  brisk  at  present  and  he  believes 
the  prospects  for  the  year  1890  are  excellent. 

R.  P.  Probasco,  Chicago,  is  finishing 
twenty  flats  at  Thirty-eighth  street  and  Indi- 
ana avenue,  eight  flats  at  Wabash  avenue 
and  Fourteenth  street,  two  houses  at  Grand 
boulevard  and  Thirty-seventh  street,  three 
on  Butterfield,  south  of  Twentieth  street, 
and  two  at  Vincennes  avenue  and  P'orty- 
first  street.  He  reports  job  work  as  being 
quite  brisk. 

David  Whiteford,  Chicago,  has  his  hands 
full  of  work.  He  is  finishing  up  several 
large  contracts  on  the  West  side  and  reports 
plenty  of  job  work  on  hand. 

Hugh  Watt,  Chicago,  has  several  import- 
ant contracts  on  the  West  and  South  sides 


which  he  is  finishing  up.  He  also  has  his 
full  share  of  job  word. 

A.  W.  Murray,  Chicago,  has  lots  of  job 
work  on  hand  and  has  been  successful  in 
capturing  a  share  of  the  new  contracts 
which  have  been  let  recently. 

A  new  firm  has  been  started  to  carry  on 
the  plumbing  business  at  Portland, Ore.  The 
members  are  P.  A.  Wagner,  T.  H.  Parrott 
and  W.  Beers. 

Charles  T.  Lewis,  of  Astoria,  L.  I.,  is  plac- 
ing the  hot  water  heating  apparatus  in  the 
new  Astoria  Ferry  Co.'s  depot. 

J.  L.  Welshans  &  Co.,  of  1420  Harvey 
street,  Omaha,  Neb.,  have  the  contract  for 
putting  the  plumbing,  steam  and  gas  fitting 
in  the  new  hotel  which  is  being  completed 
at  Plattsburgh,  Neb. 

John  C.  Fischer  of  Uniontown,  Pa.,  has  the 
contract  for  plumbing  the  new  county  jail  at 
that  place.  It  is  a  large  job,  requiring  good 
material  and  good  work. 

James  Anderson  of  Alleghany,  Pa.,  is 
plumbing  fifty  new  houses  in  his  city  requir- 
ing an  immense  amount  of  material,  all  the 
best  and  latest  designs. 

The  Myers  Sanitary  Depot,  80  Beekman 
street.  New  York,  has  gone  into  voluntary 
dissolution  and  A.  G.  Myers  has  been  ap- 
pointed receiver  to  wind  up  its  affairs.  It  is 
claimed  by  the  officers  of  the  company  that 
there  will  be  a  surplus  and  that  all  debts 
will  be  paid  in  full. 

J.  J.  Wade,  Chicago,  has  fitted  up  his  new 
show  rooms  at  1 12  Dearborn  street  and  has 
now  one  of  the  finest  establishments  of  the 
kind  in  the  city. 

The  Savannah  Plumbing  Company  is  a 
new  firm  at  Savannah,  Ga. 

Robert  D.  Duncan  has  resigned  the  office 
of  superintendent  of  plumbing  for  the  city 
of  Omaha,  Neb.,  and  will  open  an  establish- 
ment as  a  practical  plumber  at  2627  Daven- 
port street,  that  city. 

The  Fremont  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  and  the  Fremont  Gas,  Steam  and 
Plumbing  Company,  Fremont,  O.,  have  been 
consolidated,  with  W.  H.  Ford  as  secretary. 
Fred  Fabing,  formerly  superintendent  of  the 
Gas  Works,  will  conduct  the  plumbing  bus- 
iness in  Fremont. 

Whealen  Bros.,  West  Twenty-fourth  street 
New  York  City,  are  doing  the  plumbing  in 
the  big  bachelor  apartment  house  in  course 
of  erection  at  Thirtieth  street  and  Eighth 
avenue,  that  city.  It  will  include  forty  baths 
and  forty-five  closets,  with  lavatories  to  cor- 
respond, all  the  connections,  etc.,  being  of 
brass.  The  contract  amounts  to  about 
$21,000. 

R.  A.  Gibson,  Jackson,  Mich.,  will  proba- 
bly go  into  the  manufacture  of  plumbers' 
supplies  with  Chas.  S.  Safford,  late  of  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  under  the  title  of  the  Jackson 
Plumbing,  Heating  and  Lighting  Company. 

The  plumbing  arrangements  in  the  big 
hotel  that  is  being  erected  on  the  top  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  overlooking  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  are  to  be  looked  after  by  P. 
Fleming,  of  that  city. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 

Suffolk,  Va.,  has  been  authorized  by  the 
legislature  to  borrow  $30,000  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  a  town  hall  and  market-house. 

 Hazlehurst,  Miss.,  has  asked  permission 

of  the  State  legislature  to  issue  bonds  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  for  the  erection  of  a 

school  building.  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  will 

decide  by  popular  vote  on  the  proposition 
to  issue  $20,000  of  five  per  cent  bonds  for 
street  improvements.  Mayor  T.  J.  Smith 
can  give  information.— — Oakland,  Cal.:  An 
election  will  soon  be  held  to  settle  the  ques- 
tion of  expending  $70,000  for  streets  and 
bridges.— — Louisville,  Neb.:  The  people  of 
this  place  have  voted  to  establish  a  free 

bridge  over  the  Platte  river.-  Salem,  Ore.: 

The  bridge  across  the  Willamette  at  this 
place,  built  at  a  cost  of  $50,000,  has  been 
carried  away.  A  new  one  is  to  be  estab- 
lished. Fairhaven,  Wash.:  The  Fair- 
haven  Electric  Railroad  Company  has  been 
formed  at  this  place,  to  build  ar  electric 
railroad   through   Fairhaven,  Bellingham, 

Sehomet  and  Whatcom.  New  York  City.: 

A  new  theatre  is  to  be  built  for  Edward 
Harrigan  on  the  north  side  of  Thirty-fifth 
street,  east  of  Sixth  avenue,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $100,000.  Competitive  plans  are  being 
prepared  by  four  architects.  The  Racquet 
Club  is  to  have  a  new  club  house  built  on  a 
plot,  142x100,  at  19  to  29  West  Forty-third 

street.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  Washington 

hotel,  to  be  erected  by  Bamett  &  Haynes, 

will  cost  $450,000.-  Baltimore,  Md.:  John 

W.  Albaugh  will  make  improvements  to  the 
Lyceum  Theatre.  A  site  has  been  pur- 
chased for  the  new  college  building  to  be 
erected  by  the  Calvert  Hall,  R.C.  Academy. 
 Providence,  R.  I.:  The  state  has  appro- 
priated $25,000  for  and  appointed  a  commit- 
tee to  obtain  plans,  etc.,  for  a  new  State 

House.  New  Britain,  Conn.:  John  Pinches 

is  to  rebuild  his  shop  on  Chestnut  street, 
recently  burned.  The  consolidated  road  is 
to  build  a  new  freight  house  on  Chestnut 

street,  to  be  one  and  two  stories,  29x160.^  

Anniston,  Ala.:  A  $50,000  Duilding  will  be 
erected.    Address  the  L'nited  States  Rolling 

Stock  Company.  Barnesville,  O.:  Plans 

have  been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a 
Masonic  Temple  at  this  place.  Address 

H.  C.  Lindsay,  Zanesville,  O.  Buffalo,  N. 

Y.:  Philip  Becker  will  build  a  fine  business 

block.  Cincinnati,  O.:   Four  brick  and 

stone  residences  are  to  be  erected  on  Mt. 
Auburn  at  a  cost  of  $8,500  each.  Address 

Charles  L.  Mills,  architect.  Evansville, 

Ind.:  A  sheriff's  residence  and  jail  will  be 
built  on  Fourth  street,  between  Vine  and 

Division  at  a  cost  of  $65,000.  Gloucester, 

Mass.:  A  frame  building  will  be  built  by 

the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  

Lexington,  Neb.:  A  hotel  will  be  erected  at 
a  cost  of  $30,000.   Address  E.  N.  Gamble. 

 Lowell,  Mass.:  A  five-story  brick  and 

stone  building  for  lodge  rooms  and  stores 
will  be  erected  on   Middlesex  street  for 


March  1,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


525 


Thomas  H.  Elliott,  at  a  cost  of  ^50,000.  

New  Philadelphia,  O.:  A  $10,000  school 
building  vvjll  be  erected.    Address  Kramer 

&  ZoU,  Findlay,  O.  Owosso,  Mich.;  The 

Estey  Manufacturing  Company  will  erect  a 
five  story  brick  factory,  to  cost  $25,000.  A. 
E.  Hartshorn  &  Son  will  erect  a  three-story 

business  block  to  cost  $15,000.  Windsor 

Locks,  Conn.:  A  granite  memorial  building 
will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  Alle- 
gheny, Pa.:  Mrs.  Sterret  will  erect  a  four- 
story  brick  building,  to  be  used  for  stores, 

offices  and  lodge  rooms.  Breckenridge, 

Minn.:  A  town  hall  will  be  erected.  Ad- 
dress town   clerk.  Canton,  O.:    W.  L. 

Alexander  will  erect  a.  five-story  business 
block  at  Eighth  and  Market  streets,  to  cost 

$60,000.  Cosmopolis,  Wash.:  A  hotel  will 

be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.    Address  the 

Hotel  Company.  Danville,  Va.:  The 

Methodist  Church  will  be  remodelled  at  a 

cost  of  $15,000.    Address  H.  M.  Hope.  

Galveston,  Tex.:  George  Sealy  will  erect  a 

stone  and  brick  stable  to  cost  $15,000.  

Grand  Haven,  Mich.:  A  brick  church  will 

be  erected.    Address  the  Rev.  De  Jong.  

Huntington,  Ind.:  A  school  and  library 
building  will  be  erected.    Address  J.  R. 

Slack.  Johnstown,  Pa.:    John  Hormick 

will  build  a  four-story  brick  hotel  to  cost 

about  $16,000.  Jonesborough,  N.  C:  A 

mill  will  be  erected  at  this  place.  Address 

Watson  &  Gunter.  La  Grande,  Ore.:  A 

$50,000  hotel  is  to  be  erected.    Address  the 

city  clerk.  Little  Falls,  Minn.:  A  $40,000 

court  house  is  to  be  erected.  Address 

County    Commissioners.  Marshallville, 

Ga.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  an 
academy  to  be  erected  at  this  place.  Ad- 
dress Bruce  &  Morgan,  Atlanta,  Ga.  

Milford,  Mass.:  A.  C.  Withington  will  erect 
a  $15,000  frame  dwelling.  S.  Clarke  will 
erect  a  brick  block  to  cost  $25,000.  The 
Walker  heirs  will  build  a  $50,000  brick 
block. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Proviso,  111.:   The  Proviso  Light  and  Wa- 
ter Company  has  been  incorporated  with 
$15,000  capital  by  H.  E.  Broughton,  Henry 

Struble  and  G.  L.  Thatcher.  Pueblo,  Cal.: 

The  Bessemer  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  mcorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $100,000.  J.  A.  Dempsey  can  give 
information.  Montezuma,  Ga.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  will  probably  be  erected.  

Chicago:  The  Bear  Electric  Company  has 
been  incorporated  by  S.  J.  M.  Bear,  N.  H. 
Hanchett  and  A.  P.  Willcughby  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $3,000,000.  Heath,  Schwartz 

&  Co.,  limited.  New  Orleans,  La.,  will  proba- 
bly want  an  electric  light  plant.  The 

Louisville  Electric  Light  Company,  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  expects  to  make  large  additions 

to  its  plant  in  the  spring.  Mayor  J.  F. 

Hart,  Yorkville,  S.  C,  can  be  communicated 
with  in  regard  to  the  erection  of  an  electric 
light  plant.  The  Macon  Brewing  Com- 
pany of  Macon,  Ga.,  contemplates  putting 

an  electcic  Hght  plant  in  its  brewery.  

The  Louisville,  Ky.,  Electric  Light  Com- 


pany, mentioned  as  putting  in  another  dyna- 
mo,  expects  to  make   large   additions  in 

the    spring.  The    Woodberry  Electric 

Light  and  Power  Company  of  Baltimore, 
Md.,  will  commence  the  erection  of  a  plant 
as  soon  as  the  charter  is  granted  by  the  legis- 
lature. An   electric   light   plant  will  be 

erected  at  Decatur,  Tex.  The  city  of 

Charlottesville,  Va.,  will  purchase  a  gas- 
holder. S.  B.  Woods,  Mayor,  can  give  in- 
formation. Napa,  Cal.:    The  question  of 

electric  lights  is  being  agitated.  Address 
Col.  Taylor.  Independence,  O.:  The  In- 
dependence Water  and  Electric  Light 
Company  has  been  incorporated.  Capital 
stock,  $40,000,    Incorporators,  H.  Hershner, 

A.  J.  Goodman,  and  others.  Selma,  Ala.: 

The  Selma  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company 
has  been  incorporated  at  this  place.  Cap- 
ital, $50,000.  J.  A.  Stroud  can  furnish  de- 
tails. Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.:  A  $50,000  elec- 
tric light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this 
place.  Crystal  Springs,  Mich.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this 

place.  Oakland,  Cal.:  A  proposition  is  on 

foot  toward  establishing  an  electric  lighting 

plant,  to  cost  $35,000.  Newport,  Ky.:  T. 

P.  Carruthers  and  others  have  incorporated 
the  Edison  Electric   Light  and  Heating 

Company,  at  this  place.  Fort  Worth 

Tex.:  An  electric  light  plant,  to  cost  $27,000, 
is  to  be  established  at  this  place.  Wood- 
bury, Md.:  The  Woodbury  and  Belt  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000. 
Incorporators,  James  E.  Hooper,  F.  E.  Wal- 
ters and  others.  Riverton,  N.  J.:  The 

Peoples'  Gas  and  Electric  Company  has 
been  incorporated  at  this  place,  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $50,000.    Israel  Roberts  can 

furnish    details.  Trenton,    N.  J.:  The 

Eureka  Gas  Light  and  Fuel  Company  has 
been  incorporated  at  this  place,  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  $200,000.  Galesburg,  111.:  Ex- 
tensive improvements  will  soon  be  made  to 
the  plant  of  the  Galesburg  Gas  Light  and 

Coke    Company.  Portland,   Me.:  The 

Germania  Electric  Manufacturing  Company 
has  been  incorporated  at  this  place,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $150,000.  The  object  is  to 
manufacture   electric    supplies.  Address 

Leopold  Schlegelmich,  Boston,  Mass.  

Portland,  Me.:  The  Safety  Electric  Light 
Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this 
place.  Capital  stock,  $300,000.  Address 
the  president,  C.  L.  Cotton,  Dedham,  Mass. 

 Palmyra,  N.  J.:    The  People's  Gas  and 

Electric  Company,  to  opeJate  in  the  villages 
of  Palmyra  and  Riverton,  N.  J.,  has  been  in- 
corporated by  Charles  H.  Edgerton,  W.  H. 
Miller  and  Israel  Roberts.    Capital,  $50,000. 

 Chicago:    The  Cross  Primary  Battery 

Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$1,000,000.    E.  D.  Cross,  W.  V.  Grippis,  and 

F.  C.  Rutan,  incorporators.  Pomeroy,  O.: 

The  Pomeroy  and  Middleport  Electric  Com- 
pany contemplates  adding  an  alternating 
incandescent  plant.    E.  S.  Trussel,  General 

Manager,  can  give  details.  Easton,  Pa.: 

An  ordinance  has  been  introduced  in  the 


council  appropriating  $16,000  for  enlarging 

the  electric  light  plant  at  this  place.  

Crawfordsville,  Ind.:  The  Crawfordsvilie 
Water  and  Light  Company  has  been  granted 
the  privilege  of  maintaining  an  electric  light 

plant.  Port  Townsend,  Wash.:  The  City 

Council  has  granted  a  franchise  to  T.  J.  Nol- 
ton  and  John  Lyle  for  the  construction  of 
gas  works,  to  begin  within  four  months  and 

to  be  completed  in  one  year,  at  $50,000.  

Elizabeth,  Pa.:  The  Elizabeth  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 

stock  of  $20,000.  Akron,  O.:   An  electric 

light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this  place. 
For  information  address  J.  Robinson,  Presi- 
dent of  Council. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
The  Ohio  legislature  has  passed  a  bill 
authorizing  Canton  to  borrow  money  for 

constructing  a  storm  water  sewer  system.  

A  bill  has  also  been  passed  allowing  West 
Cleveland,  O.,  to  spend  $40,000  in  improving 
Detroit  street. — —  Estimates  are  being  made 
by  contractors  for  building  three  miles  of 

sewers  at  South  Bend,  Ind.  Brockton, 

Mass.,  is  working  for  the  right  to]establish  a 
system  of  sewage  disposal  entirely  within 
the  city  limits.  The  cost  will  be  about  $1 50,- 
000.    Mayor  Douglas  can  give  particulars' 

 The  plans  of  Ernest  W.  Bowditch,  of_ 

Boston,  have  been  submitted  for  the  pro- 
posed sewerage  system  for  Gloucester,  Mass 

 Natick,  Mass.,  is  considering  plans  for 

improving  its  sewerage  system.  Grand 

Forks,  N.  D.,  intends  building  a  sewerage 
system.  Messrs.  Rucker  Clifford,  M.  F. 
Murphy,  Elton  and  Whithead  are  the  com- 
mittee   appointed    to  investigate.  The 

Sewer  Commissioners  of  Bath  Beach,  New 
Utrecht,  Long  Island,  have  made  the  follow- 
ing estimates  for  the  year  i8qo:  Forthe  con- 
struction of  the  main  sewer,  five-sixths  of 
entire  cost,  $106,285.65,  the  other  sixth  being 
assessed  upon  the  abutting  property;  for  re- 
pairs of  mains,  $500.  Fremont,  Neb.,  will 

spend  $100,000  on  a  sewerage  system.  City 

Engineer  Andrews  has  prepared  plans.  

New    Bedford,   Mass.,   has  appropriated 

$1,000  for  sewers.  The  city  attorney  of 

Hastings,  Neb.,  has  prepared  an  ordinance, 
upon  which  a  vote  will  be  taken,  for  the 

construction  of  sewers,  to  cost  $60,000.  

There  is  talk  of  a  sewerage  sybtem  being 
constructed  at  Rome.  Ga.  A  second  ex- 
pert engineer  has  been  engaged  by  the  in- 
vestigating committee  at  White  Plains,  N. 
Y.,  to  inspect  the  construction  of  sewers  at 

that  place.  The  Mayor  of  Woonsocket, 

R.  L,  in  his  annual  message  calls  attention 
to  the  need  of  an  improved  sewerage  sys- 
tem, and  recommends  that  the  subject  be 

referred  to  a  special  committee.  The  cost 

of  the  proposed  sewerage  system  at  Easton, 
Pa.,  for  which  City  Engineer  Cooper  has 
prepared  plans,  is  estimated  at  $120,800. 
There  is  no  expressed  opposition  to  the 
scheme,  and  it  is  suppos  d  that  the  system 
will  be  built.  The  Montreal,  Que.,  coun- 
cil is  discussing  the  question  of  making  ex- 
tensive improvements  in  sewerage  and  street 


526 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XV  No.  317 


paving.  The  expenditure  contemplated  is 
about  $2,500,000,  the  work  to  be  spread  over 

three  or  four  years.  Worcester,  Mass., 

has  appropriated  $75,000  for  sewer  construc- 
tion. Pittsficld,  Mass.,  proposes  to  petition 

the  legislature  for  authority  to  raise  money 

for  building  trunk  sewers  this  summer.  

Professor  Greene  has  submitted  a  plan  for 

sewers  for  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  Cordele.Ga., 

will  construct  a  sewerage  sy  stem.Address  the 

mayor.  The  town  council  of  Oak  Harbor, 

O.,  proposes  spending  $20,000  for  sewer  con- 
struction. The  Portsmouth,  Va.,  Sewer- 
age Company  will  construct  a  system  of 

sewerage,  to  cost  about  $100,000.  The 

Waring  system  of  sewerage  has  been  adopted 
for  Passaic,  N.  J.,  and  work  has  been  com- 
menced. Florence.  Ala.,  offers  for  sale 

$100,000  of  sewer  and  street  improvement 
coupon  bonds. — The  Giaham  Land  and  Im- 
provement Co.,  Graham,  Va.,  will  want  35,- 

000  feet  of  sewer  pipe.  East  Portland, 

Ore.:  Rudolph  Hering,  C.  E.,  of  New  York, 
has  been  employed  to  prepare  plans  for^'  a 

sewer  system  for  this   place.  Beatrice, 

Neb.:  Bonds  in  the  sum  of  $20,000  have  been 
placed  here  for  the  purpose  of  doing  ex- 
tensive sewer  work.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.: 

Additional  sewers  are  to  be  established  at 
St.  Johnland,  from  plans  prepared  by  James 

F.  Carey,  of  this  city.  Newburg,  O.:  The 

citizens  of  this  place  have  declared  them- 
selves in  favor  of  a  system  of  sewers  and  steps 
will  soon  be  taken  toward  establishing  a 
suitable  plant.    The  Town  Clerk  can  furnish 

information.  Rochester,  N.  Y.:  There  is 

a  project  favoring  establishing  a  trunk  sewer 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Genesee  river,  in  this 
city,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $1,000,000.  It  is 
proposed  to  issue  bonds  in  the  sum  named 
as  soon  as  proper  authority  can  be  obtained. 

 Walla  Walla,  Wash.:  Bonds  have  been 

issued  in  the  sum  of  $200,000  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  system  of  sewers.  Oak- 
land, Cal.:  The  people  of  this  city  are  soon 
to  vote  on  the  question  of  issuing  bonds  in 
the  sum  of  $80,000  for  a  system  of  sewers. 

 Orange,  N.  J.:  The  sewerage  system 

contemplated  for  this  place  is  that  of  carry- 
ing the  sewerage  direct  to  tidewater  either 
by  way  of  the  Second  river  to  the  Passaic  at 
Belleville,  or  by  a  trunk  gravity  sewer 
through  Irvington,  Lyon's  Farms,  and  the 
Newark  Meadows  to  Newark  Bay.  Both 
plans  necessitate  a  pumping  station  for  a 
portioh  of  the  sewerage.  No  approximate 
estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  system  has  yet 
been  arrived  at,  but  it  will  probably  exceed 
$500,000.  Engineer  C.  P.  Bassett,  of  New- 
ark, is  preparing  the  plans. 

WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Great  Falls,  N.  H.:  The  Berwick  Water 
Company  has  been  organized  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $100,000.  H.  B.  Tibbetts  is  secre- 
tary and  John  H.  Stillings,  treasurer.  The 
Rollinsford  Water  Company  has  also  been 
incorporated  with  $100,000  capital.    J.  A- 

Stickneyis  clerk.  Marshalltown,  la.:  The 

city  council  has  adopted  an  ordinance  for 
changes  in  the  water-works.   A  Gordon 


pumping  engine  of  2,000,000  gallons  daily 

capacity,    will    be    added.  Milwaukee, 

Wis.:  The  Rice  Lake  Water  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  $30,000  capital.  The 
incorporators  are  W.  K.  Coffin,  M.  W,  Har- 
ris and  W.  H.  Willard.  The  Oakdale, 

Cal.,  water-works  have  been  purchased  by 

San  Francisco   capitalists  for  $12,000.  

Wheaton,  111.:  An  artesian  well  is  to  be 
drilled.  Address  E.  B.  Holt,  town  clerk. — 
Anamosa,  la.:  An  artesian  well  will  be  sunk 

to  provide   a  water-supply.  Brunswick, 

Ga.:  The  Brunswick  Company  will  sink  an 
artesian  will  in  Windsor  Park  and  also  con- 
struct an  artificial  lake.  Berkeley,  Colo.: 

Work  will  soon  be  begun  on  the  artesian  well 
for  the  water-works.  The  cost  will  probably 

reach  $80,000.  Avoca,  la.,  will  put  in  a 

system  of  water-wbrks.    Address  John  T. 

Hazen.  Wheaton,  111.:    The  question  of 

water-works  will  be  voted  on  this  spring. 

E.  B.  Holt  is  town  clerk.  Franklin,  Ind.: 

Water-works  will  probably  be  built  this 
summer.  Address  Jacob  Hazelett.  Guth- 
rie Center,  la.:  Water-works  will  be  put  in 
this  summer.  Address  the  mayor.-  Tur- 
ner, 111.,  will  probably  put  in  a  system  of 
water-works  this  year.  D.  C.  Ahearn  is  vil- 
lage clerk.  Marseilles,  111.:  The  water- 
mains  and  hydrant  service  will  be  extended- 
Address    L.    Haynes.  Shelburne,  Ont.: 

About  4,000  feet  of  six-inch  water  mains  will 

be  laid.    Address  William  Jelly  Reeve.  

Angola,  Ind.:  Water- works  will  probably  be 

constructed.  Akron,  Colo.,  will  put  in  a 

$25,000  system  of  water-works  this  spring. 

 Lansing,  Kans.:  A  pumping  engine  will 

be  purchased  for  the  water-works  at  this 
place.  R.  Fleming  is  town  clerk.  Tren- 
ton, 111.:  A  water-works  system  will  proba- 
bly be  put  in  this  year.    Address  L.  M. 

Kcentz.  A  company  has  been  organized 

to  supply  the  town  of  Newcastle,  Wyo.,  with 

water.    The  capital  stock  is  $100,000.  

Sparta,  Wis.,  will  vote  on  issuing  bonds  for 
a  water-works  system  to  cost  $50,000,  the 
city  to  pay  $3,000  hydrant  rental  per  year. 
 Goshen,  Ind.,  will  spend  $10,000  in  wa- 
ter-works   improvements.  Schenectady, 

N.Y.,  has  asked  the  legislature  for  authority 
to  bond  the  city  for  $40,000  for  water-works 
extension.  Cameron,  Tex.,  proposes  put- 
ting in  a  water-works  system.    The  mayor 

can  give  particulars.  The  franchise  of 

the  Lincoln,  111..  Water-works  Conyjany  has 
been  revoked  by  the  city  and  a  new  com- 
pany will  be  organized.-  The  Board  of 

Water  Commissioners  of  Hartford,  Conn., 
has  voted  to  lay  ten  miles  of  cast-iron  pipe 
in  place  of  cement  and  iron  pipe,  at  a  cost 
of  about  $63,000,  as  follows:  Four-inch, 
1,712  feet,  $1,500;  six-inch;  43-985  feet, 
$44,000;  eight-inch,  2,822  feet,  $3,500;  twen- 
ty-inch, 4,500  feet,  $13,500.  The  stock 

company  reported  as  organized  t.at  Bel 
Air,  Md.,  to  construct  water-works  has  been 
incorporated  as  the  Bel  Air  Water  and  Light 
Company,  with  O.  S.  Lee,  president;  G.  R. 
Cairnes,  secretary,  and  Richard  Dallam, 
treasurer,  to  furnish  water  and  gas  and  elec- 
tric lights.    It  has  purchased  the  Gough 


water-power.    The  capital  stock  is  $50,000. 

 The  Claredon  Water-works  Company 

at  Wilmington.  N.  C,  will  probably  put  in  a 

filtering  apparatus  at  its  water-w"Drks.  

The  Emile  Woltman  Water  Company,  late- 
ly mentioned  as  to  build  water-works  at 
West  Nashville,  Tenn.,  will  probably  receive 
contract  to  furnish  sixty  hydrants  for  a  term 

of  years  to  North  Knoxville,  that  state.  

The  Graham  Land  and  Improvement  Com- 
pany, Graham,  Va.,  will  want  pumping  en- 
gines for  water-works  to  have  a  capacity  of 

10,000  gallons  per  hour.  Carrollton,  O.,  is 

negotiating  for  water-works.  Address  the 
mayor.  The  Deptford  Land  and  Im- 
provement Company  contemplates  con- 
structing a  system  of  water-works  at  South 

Pittsburgh,  Tenn.  Water-works  will  be 

built  in  the  Rose  Hill  annex  of  Columbus, 
Ga.,  by   a  company  which  is  now  being 

formed.  The  construction  of  a  system  of 

water-works  is  being  considered  at  Yorkville, 
S.  C.  Mayor  J.  F.  Hart  can  give  informa- 
tion. Sioux  Rapids,  la.:  A  large  water- 
tank  for  fire  protection  will  be  built.  Ful- 
ton, Ky.,  w-ill  soon  want  water-works. — — 
Muscatine,  la.:  A  Muscatine,  la.,  party  has 
offered  to  organize  a  company  to  build 
water-works  at  Fayetteville,  Ark.  The  mayor 
can  give  information. — Sidney,  O.,  proposes 
voting  $20,000  for  water-works  extension. 
The  Graham  Land  and  Improvement  Com- 
pany, Graham,  Va.,  will  want  25,000  feet  of 
six-inch  iron  water  main.  The  water  com- 
missioners of  Brockton,  Mass.,  will  recom- 
mend the  issue  of  $10,000  bonds  for  extend- 
ing the  water  mains.  Osage  City,  Kans.: 

A  water  franchise  has  been  granted  to  the 
Montauk  Construction  Company,  of  11  Wall 

street.  New  York  City.  Princeton,  Ky.: 

A  company  is  being  organized  to  put  in 

water  works.  Cisco,  Tex.:  J.  H.  Beal  will 

build  a  large  dam  accross  a  canyon,  which 
will  make  an  artificial  lake  covering  about 

600  acres.    Water-works  will  be  put  in.  

Post  Falls,  I.  T.:  A.  M.  Cannon,  of  Spokane 
Falls,  Paul  F.  Mohr  and  others  have  incor- 
porated a  company  to  build  water-works  at 

this  place.     The    capital    is  $50,000.  

Romeo,  Mich.,  will  vote  on  the  water-works 

question  March  10.  Olympia,  Wash.:  E. 

W.  Andrews,  of  Cincinnati,  and  others,  have 
purchased  the  plant  of  the  Olympia  Water 
Company  and  will,  at  once,  begin  making 
extensive  improvements  at  an  outlay  of 

$50,000.  Redding,  Cal.:  A  citizens  water 

company  is  being  formed  at  this  place  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Senator  John  P. 
Jones  can  furnish  information. — Camden, N. 
J.:  The  Department  of  Public  Works  has 
ordered  a  test  well  to  be  drilled  by  the  Na- 
tional Water  Supply  Company,  of  Cincin- 
nati, in  order  to  find  whether  or  not  sufficient 

water  can  be  found  to  supply  the  city.  

Albina,  Ore.:  The  Albina  Light  and  Water 
Company  will  put  in  two  steam  pumps,  with 
capacity  of  15,000,000  gallons  perday.  Water 
mains  will  also  be  extended  and  other  im- 
provements made.  Oakland,  Cal.:  The 

question  of  expending  $70,000  for  water- 
works for  street  sprinkling  is  to  be  settled 
at  a  public  election. 


Makoh  1,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


627 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
L.  R.  T.  Dixon,  Princess  Anne,  Md.,  wants 
prices  on  an  incandescent  electric  light 

plant,  with  capacity  for  i,ooo  lights.  F 

H.  Woodworth,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  wants 

prices  on  electric  plants,  etc.,  for  hotels.  

Bids  for  repairing  pier  foot  of  West  Fifty- 
fifth  street,  New  York,  are  open  until  March 

5.    Address  Department  of  Docks.  Bids 

for  flagging  sidewalks  and  fencing  lots  are 
open  until  March  5.    Address  Commissioner 

of  Public  Works,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  M. 

Mahoney,  commissioner  of  public  works, 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  is  receiving  bids  for  furnishing 
10,000  barrels  of  cement  and  30,000  feet  of 

vitrified  pipe.  J.  E.  Scruggs,  Goodletts- 

ville,  Tenn.,  wants  prices  on  systems  to  sup- 
ply hotels  with  water  by  hydraulic  pressure. 

 The  borough  of  Madison,  N.  J.,  solicits 

proposals  for  lighting  the  streets  by  electric- 
ity or  naphtha.  Address  I.  H.  Reed,  Madi- 
son, N.  J.  Waycross,  Ga.:  Bids  are  now 

being  received  for  wells,  also  for  stand-pipe 

for  the  water-works  at  this  place.  La 

Rue,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  March 
18,  for  the  erection  of  a  school  house  at  this 
place.  Address  J.  A.  Monser,  Clerk  Board 
of  Education.  Sutter  County,  Cal.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  May  6,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  Hall  of  Records  at  this  county. 
Address  Curlett  &  Cuthbertson,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.  San  Bernardino,  Cal.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  April  8,  for  building 
a  Hall  of  Records  at  this  place,  Address 

the  Board  of  Supervisors.  Auglaize,  O 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  March  8,  for  the 
erection  of  a  brick  school  building  at  this 
place.  Address  W.J.  Earl,  town  clerk. 
Pittsburg,  Pa.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
March  10,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials 
required  to  put  in  place  all  the  brick  and 
terra  cotta  floor  arches  and  covering  for  iron 
columns,  cement  floors,  wood  floor  strips 
concrete  filling,  etc.,  for  the  United  States 
court  house  at  this  place.  Address  James 
H.  Windrim,  Supervising  Architect,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Abingdon,  Va.:  Bids  will  be 

received  until  March  11,  for  the  low  pres- 
sure, return  circulation,  steam  heating  and 
ventilating  apparatus  for  the  United  States 
court  house  and  post  office  building  at  this 
place.  Address  James  H.  Windrim,  Super- 
vising Architect,  Washington,  D.  C.  Hot 

Springs,  Ark.:  Bids  will  be  received  until 
March  20,  for  the  construction  of  a  brick 
and  a  frame  bath  house  on  the  Hot  Springs 
Reservation.  Address  John  W.  Noble,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C.  

Winona,  Minn.:  Bids  will  be  received  until 
March  15  for  the  construction  of  the  United 
States  court  house  and  post  office  building 
at  this  place.  Address  James  H.  Windrim, 
Supervising  Architect,  Washington,  D.  C. — 
Sealed  proposals  in  triplicate  for  repairing 
dikes  in  the  Thames  river.  Conn.,  will  be 
received  until  March  31.  Address  Col.  D. 
C.  Houston,  Room  74,  Army  building,  39 
Whitehall  street.  New  York  City.  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.:  Bids  will  be  received  until  March 
10,  for  brick  and  iron  work  in  the  United 
States  court  house  and  post  office  building  |  York  i>un. 


at  this  place.  Address  James  H.  Windrim, 
Supervising  Architect,  Washington,  D.  C. 
— —Norwood,  O.:  E.  G.  Bailes,  city  clerk, 
opens  bids  March  10  for  the  improvement 
of  Forest  avenue,  from  Smith  road  to  south 
corporation  line  of  said  village,  according  to 
specifications  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  clerk 
of  the  village  of  Norwood,  and  under  the 

direction  of  the  village  engineer.  Folsom, 

Cal.:  The  board  of  directors,  California 
State  Prison,  opens  bids  March  18  for  lime, 
cement  and  pipe  to  be  used  in  construction 
of  power  house.  W.  W.  Cunningham  is  the 
clerk. 


TRADE  AND  BUSINESS. 
We  note  with  pleasure  the  new  catalogue 
of  J.  J.  Wade  &  Son,  of  112  Dearborn  street 
Chicago.    The  catalogue  contains  patents 
of  Mr.  Wade  which,  in  a  sanitary  sense,  are 
of  great  importance  and  value.  Thirty 
years  of  practical  experience  and  investiga 
tion  have  enabled  him,  by  incessant  toil,  to 
produce  a  system  of  plumbing  and  drainage 
fixtures  whose  symplicity  and  trustworthi 
ness  will  make  of  every  householder  his  or 
her  own  domestic  engineer.    To  this  end 
Mr.  Wade  has  conscientiously  and  tirelessly 
labored,  and  how  well  he  has  succeeded 
perusal  of  his  catalogue  will  answer.  The 
flushing  appliance  which  is  made  a  feature 
of  all  his  fixtures  is  simple,  convenient  and 
of  great  sanitary  importance.    His  wash 
basins,  closets,  sinks,  etc.,  are  of  fine  qual 
ity  and  his  fixtures  can  be  attached  to  any 
pattern  with  but  little  time  and  expense.  In 
these  inventions  Mr.  Wade  has  not  only  em 
ployed  the  principles  of  safe  domestic  engi 
neering  but  has  caught  the  spirit  of  sanita 
tion  and  cleanliness  and  made  it  minister 
to  the  better  condition  of  healthful  homes. 
His  inventive  genius  has  been  employed  in 
the  field  of  advanced  sanitary  science,  and 
the  success  attained  must  be  measured  by 
the  high  character  of  the  work  in  which  he 
is  engaged.    A  perusal  of  his  catalogue  will 
prove  not  only  useful  to  the  trade  but  in- 
structive to  the  reader. 

The  Wabash  railroad  will  sell  tickets  to 
Quincy  and  return,  for  the  G.  A.  R.  Encamp 
ment  to  be  held  there  March  12  and  13,  at 
$6.75,  one  fare  for  the  round  trip.  Accom- 
modations in  Wagner  sleeping  cars  at  the 
merely  noininal  rate  of  seventy-five  cents 
per  berth,  in  each  direction.  For  tickets, 
berths,  etc.,  apply  at  Wabash  Ticket  Office, 
109  Clark  street. 

Among  recent  notable  orders  for  the 
famous  "Gorton"  House  Heating  Boilers, 
recently  received  by  the  manufacturers, 
Messrs.  Gorton  &  Lidgerwood  Company,  of 
Chicago,  New  York  and  Boston,  is  one  No. 
5  boiler,  for  heating  the  new  City  Hall  Build- 
ing at  Brewer,  Me.,  and  one  No.  3  boiler, 
for  heating  the  Fifth  Judicial  Court  Build- 
ing, 154  Clinton  street.  New  York  City. 


Squeers — "How  long  does  it  take  to  ar- 
range a  duel?"  Nickleby— "It  takes  two 
seconds  to  get  everything  ready." — New 


UNTIDINESS  AND  RUIN. 
Whether  it  is  that  untidiness  leads  to  ruin, 
or  that  a  manufacturer  who  is  losing  money 
has  not  the  moral  stamina  to  keep  things  in 
trim,  thrifty  shape,  is  a  hard  matter  to  de- 
termine; but  true  it  is  that  untidiness  in  the 
shop  and  office,  and  ruin,  are  such  close 
friends  that  they  are  ordinarily  seen  to- 
gether, and  the  sight  of  one  suggests  the 
other.    We  have  often  seen  men  of  rare  in- 
dustry, judged   by  their  hustling  manner, 
who  would  spend  much  time  each  day  look- 
ing for  tools  they  had  forgotten  where  they 
left,  where  stumbling  over  piles  of  stray 
castings  left  under  the  lathe  or  piled  or  un- 
der the  bench,  or  pawing  those  castings  over  - 
for  a  piece  somewhere  in  this  pile  or  that' 
when  it  ought  to  be  in  a  place  by  itself,  go- 
ing from  tool  to  tool,  bench  to  bench  to  find 
or  borrow  a  drill,  or  wrench,  or  hammer,  or 
block,  when  there  should  be  just  one  place 
to  find  the  desired  article.    And  when  the 
articles  are  found  he  never  thinks  of  return- 
ing them  to  their  proper  place.    In  fact, 
there  will  be  no  "proper  place"  for  tools  in 
such  a  shop,  and  the  next  man  who  wants 
them  will  go  on  the  same  hunting  expedi- 
tion about  the  shop.    Such  a  shop  will  al- 
ways have  black  and  dirty  walls  and  ceiling, 
with  windows  spattered  with  dirt  and  deco- 
rated with  cobwebs,  notwithstanding  that 
the  light  is  so  bad  that  careful  work  is  ren- 
dered impossible  or  tedious  of  accomplish- 
ment, when  a  few  cents'  worth  of  lime  and  a 
brush  would  whiten  the  walls  and  the  ceiling, 
and  greatly  improve  the  light,  and  so  ex- 
pedite and  improve  the  work.    Money  and 
time  are  lost,  and  ruin  invited  by  a  neglect 
of  these  things. 

But  the  greatest  loss  experienced  by  this 
deplorable  and  needless  state  of  things  is  in 
the  morals  of  the  shop.  Workmen  com- 
pelled to  work  in  a  dingy,  ill-kept  and  ill- 
lighted  shop,  will  sufifer  loss  of  ingenuity, 
loss  of  ambition,  loss  of  self-respect  and  re- 
spect for  their  employer  and  his  interests. 
If  they  are  forced  to  work  at  disadvantage, 
the  stimulus  to  activity  and  ingenuity  suffers 
a  gradual  decay,  and  no  one  will  pretend  to 
deny  that  this  decadence  on  the  part  of  the 
workman  is  a  direct  money  loss  to  the  pro- 
prietor. 

Tidy  workshops  stimulate  manliness  and 
ingenuity  on  the  part  of  workmen,  and  right 
there  may  be  found  the  profit  on  the  year's 
business;  or,  if  neglected,  the  year's  losses. 
There  are  plenty  of  establishments,  East  as 
well  as  West,  which,  by  a  careful  attention 
to  these  matters — which  they  regard,  in  fact, 
as  non-essential — could  easily  increase  the 
efficiency  of  their  workmen  ten  per  cent  and 
that  per  cent  would  determine  the  differ- 
ence between  a  profit  and  a  loss. — Ex. 


There  is  one  point  in  favor  of  the  man 
that  laughs  at  his  own  jokes.    You  are  never 
doubt  as  to  whether  he  intended  to  be 
funny. —  Terre  Haute  Express. 


Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News, 


528 


I 


TTTB  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  317 


NATXJRB'S  RKMKDIES 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  eftective  groap  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.  Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect* 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarbh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  150  persons  have  been  treated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,. the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  The  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Lung  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  you  mav  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


iA£.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^F=G  CO.  limited 
184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMB!  NATION 

(Qas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  SITTINGS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Orders  Carefully  Filled 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  brmging  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  mstance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
mdigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined 
7nore  st09>iachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada, sole  proprietors. 


Sawdust  is  becoming  a  valuable  commod- 
ity in  the  East,  and  in  New  York  $5,000,000 
annually  represents  the  sale  of  that  article. 
It  is  used  for  packing  of  all  kinds,  by  plumb- 
ers for  covering  of  pipes,  for  stuffing  of  dolls 
and  deadening  of  floors,  and  for  covering 
the  same  in  hotels,  shops  and  saloons.  And 
last,  and  probably  the  greatest  factor  in  its 
consumption,  is  its  use  to  assist  in  the 
sweeping  of  floors. 


'  BUILDING  PERMITS. 


A.  Klimner,  2-st  and  eel  brk  fits,  21x60.  692 

Van  Horn  St   A500 

C.  Berghauee,  3-Btand  basem'tbrk  store  and 

fits,  22x64,  2964  Deering  st   5,000 

Ernest  Fecker  Brg  Co.  1  to  S-st  and  basement 

brk  brew'y,  124x60,  871-93  Dudley  st   20,000 

Jno.  A.  Wendt,  4-8t  and  eel  brk  fits,  36x92,  468- 

70  W.  Franklin  st   12,000 

H,  Miller,  2-8t  and  eel  brk  store  and  fits,  24x 

76,  793  W.  Chicago  av   8,500 

Mrs.  Kate  Zalfer,  2-8t  and  basem't  brk  fits, 

22x67,  3122  Wallace  st   4,000 

Fred  Langhoff,  3-st  and  eel  brk  fits,  24x72,  33 

Fry  st   7,000 

P.  Roth,  4-st  and  basem't  brk  fits,  26x59,  111- 

13  Hobbie  st   5,000 

Jno.  A.Stack,32-Bt  and  basem't  brk  dwls.SOx 

52,  38  Bellev ue  st   5,000 

Alex  Simons,  2-st  and  basem't  fits,  21x60,  332 

g.  Paolinast   6,000 

J,  Jenson,  4-st  and  basem't  brk  fcty,  86x36, 

niVedderst   4.000 

Mrs.  A.  C.  Lynch,  4-8t  brk  stores  and  halls,  44 

x70,  68C-8  W.  Taylor  st   20,000 

Mathias Schnlieu,  4-stand  basem't  brk  store 

and  fits,  24x96.  114  Center  st   10,000 

B.  Hoganson,  two  2-8t  and  eel  brk  fits,  42x.'>8 
498-500  W.  Hudson  st    7,500 

W.  F.  O'Brien,  S-st  brk  fits,  24x62,  1286  W. 

Van  Buren  st   6,000 

B.  J.  Bernsten,  3-st  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x64,  598 

W,  Hoynest   4.000 

Thos.  Meka.  3-Bt  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x50,  512 

Wood  st   5,000 

Theo.  Brouls,  2-st  and  basem't  brk  fits,  21x42 

350  W.  Thirteenth  st   4,000 


W  J.  Breytspraak.  3-st  and  basem't  brk  fits, 

22x70,  49  Flumond  st   5,000 

Jos.  Kowarzccki,  2-st  and  brk.  flats,  25x70, 

1025  W.  Hoyne  st   3,200 

Tony  Candrian,  2-st  and  basement  brk  flats, 

24x56.407  California  av   5,008 

Mrs.  M.  Moore,  S-st  and  base  brk,  dwell.,  22x 

64 ,  7 10  W  Adams  st   6,000 

P.  F.  W.  R.  R.  Co.,  1-st  and  base,  brk  office. 

38x121,  Twelfth  and  Holden  sfs   10.000 

F.  J.  Elarton  &  II.  8.  Henry,  2-st  and  cellar 

brk.  dwells,  44x42,  7225  Rhodes  av   4,900 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Wrightman,  2-st  and  base.  brk. 
and  frame  flats,   21x52,  Greenwood  and 

Sixty-fifth  streets   6,000 

Mrs.  S.'T.  Watkins,  2.8t  and  base.  brk.  dwell. 

22x36,  St.  Lawrence  and  Forty-third  sts  ..  5,000 


R.  W.  Weld,  six         and  base.  brk.  dwells, 

132x40,  Madison  and  Lake  av   27,000 

Chas.  Nylan,  S-st  and  cellar  brk.  flate,  23x54, 

494  Forty-fourth  pi   4,000 

Jno.  H.  Weiss,  2-st  brk.  barn  and  dwell.,  50 

x40  ft.  4419  Drexel  blv   4,000 

C.  E.  Brown,  l-st  brk.  add.,  100x60,  4100-8 

Cottage  Grove  av   11,000 

J.  P.  Verbanns,  2-8t.  and  base,  flats,  25x50, 

Clinton  and  Cottage  Grove  avs   5,000 

Wm.  S.  HpfTernan,  2-8t  and  oellar  brk.  flats, 

24x75,  4341  Langly  av   6.700 

C.  C.  Lamos,  3-st  and  base.  brk.  flats,  25x*>0, 

4233  Lake  av   5,300 

Yonng     Clarkson,  two  2-st  and  base.  brk. 

flate.  50x5ti,  4324-6  ('alnmot  av   7,000 

E.  O.  Excell.  2-st  and  base.  brk.  dwell,  and 
flate,  70x69  and  2-st  barn  18x36,  4355-9 

Ellie  av   S-l.OO 


March  8,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


629 


The  Sanitary  News 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

Mo.  90  l.a  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 

Thouab  Hudson,  -  ...  -  Pububber, 
A.  H.  Darktman,  .....  Editor. 
Henrt  R.  Au-en,       ...      London  Agent. 

Elntered  as  BecoDd.cla88  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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brary  on  sanitary  t-nbiectfe. 


CHICAGO,  MARCH  8,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics   529 

How  to  Purify  Drinking  Water       ...  531 

The  Sanitary  Convention  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va.  532 

Reviews  and  Notes     ------  533 

Bdeldino— 

Economy  in  the  Use  of  Steel  in  Building  Con. 

straction     ....        -     .  53i 

Notes  from  Architects       ....  535 

Plumbing — 

Brooklyn  Master  Plumbers      ...  536 

Tests  for  Plumbing     -      -      ...  536 

Certificated  Plumbers        ....  536 

Stringent  Rules  for  Master  Plumbers   .  587 

Among  the  Plumbers     ....     -  537 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  ...  537 

Heating  and  Lighting              ...  538 

Water.Works  Notes   538 

Bids  and  Contracts     .           -      -     -  539 

Sewerage  Notes                  ...  539 


ACCORDI.NG  to  Dr.  Monroe,  in  the  London 
Lancet,  in  the  httle  town  of  Jarrow,  England, 
the  system  of  compulsory  notification  of  in- 
fectious diseases  has  been  the  means  of 
saving,  during  the  past  ten  years,  an  aver- 
age of  eighty  lives  and  one  thousand  cases 
of  sickness  per  year. 

If  it  is  true  as  reported,  that,  during  last 
year,  of  ten  thousand  applicants  examined 
for  admission  into  the  United  States  Xavy, 
3,914  were  rejected  for  physical  disqualifica- 
tions, there  must  be  something  materially 
wrong  somewhere.  This  percentage  is  en- 
tirely too  great  and  is  a  sad  commentary  up- 
on the  lives  and  training  of  American  youths. 

The  great  consumption  of  flesh  food  in 
Australia  is  mentioned  as  a  cause  of  the  in- 
crease of  the  diseases  of  the  stomach,  liver 
and  the  nerves  in  that  country. 

A  number  of  European  manufacturers, 
who  have  placed  free  baths  at  the  disposal 
of  their  employes,  say  that  the  decreased 
sickness-rate,  and  the  more  efficient  services 
received  well  pay  them  for  all  expenses 
mcurred. 


According  to  Uffelman  typhoid  bacilli 
may  live  for  at  least  four  or  five  months 
when  thrown  upon  the  ground.  This  em- 
phasizes the  importance  of  speedily  conduct- 
ing all  manner  of  refuse  from  dvv'ellings  and 
business  apartments  to  some  place  where 
these  germs  will  become  inocuous. 


The  Herald  of  this  city  classes  The  San- 
itary News  with  some  other  papers  as 
arguing  for  the  unity  of  design  in  building. 
The  Herald  should  read  the  article  on 
"Uniformity  in  Building"  in  this  journal  with 
more  care.  In  the  article  referred  to  The 
Sanitary  News  says:  "It  is  not  desirable 
that  such  care  should  be  bestowed  on  build- 
ings in  beautifying  cities  or  in  obtaining  that 
strictness  and  severity  in  uniformity  that 
would  produce  monotony  or  weary  the  eye 
by  lack  of  variety."  Yet  that  there  is  a  fatal 
defect  in  the  recognition  of  the  fitness  of 
things  in  a  deal  of  our  building  cannot  be 
denied.  That  variety  of  which  the  Herald 
speaks  is  all  right  when  it  serves  to  heighten 
the  general  effect  and  excite  pleasurable 
emotions,  but  when  it  mars  the  beauty  and 
presents  an  inharmonious  and  unpleasing 
appearance  it  is  all  wrong.  There  is  a  happy 
mean  between  monotonous  uniformity  ard 
absurd  variety.  That  mean  is  harmony, 
and  harmony  to  the  eye  is  what  melody  is  to 
the  ear. 


The  power  of  water  to  dissolve  lead  in 
leaden  pipes  is  at  present  attracting  much 
attention.  In  Great  Britian  the  lead  pipes 
for  conveying  water  supplies  are  apparently 
becoming  a  serious  source  of  lead  poisoning. 
A  new  source  of  the  power  of  water  to  dis- 
solve lead  is  likely  to  be  ascertained.  The 
British  Medical  Journal  says:  "The  fact 
that  in  recent  years  the  water  supplied  to 
many  towns  has  for  some  reason  come  to 


possess  the  power  of  dissolving  lead  to  an 
extent  sufficient  to  produce  widespread  prev- 
alence of  lead-poisoning  among  consumers 
is  a  serious  matter.  Dr.  Kirker  found  that 
the  power  of  certain  samples  of  water  to 
dissolve  lead  was  directly  proportional  to 
the  number  of  micro-organisms  which  they 
respectively  contained.  Upon  this  hypothe- 
sis the  acid  reaction  which  renders  water 
cajiable  of  dissolving  lead  may  be  due,  not 
to  sulphuric  acid  derived  from  a  pyritous 
soil,  but  to  the  chemical  products  of  bac- 
teria." If  this,  as  well  as  other  theories  re- 
garding the  action  of  water  in  dissolving 
lead,  be  established  as  true,  some  substitute 
for  leaden  water-pipes  will  be  in  order. 

Fire  and  Water,  in  reply  to  the  ques- 
tion in  The  IVestern  Machinist,  "Does  the 
gradual  and  constant  heating  of  wood  by 
steam  pipes  result  at  last  in  charring  the 
wood?"  says:  "We  would  say  that  but  a 
short  time  since  one  of  the  staff  of  F'ire  and 
Water  secured,  as  it  was  cut  away  from  an 
underground  main  pipe  of  a  steam-heating 
company  in  New  York,  a  large  piece  of  the 
wooden  casing  in  which  the  pipe  was 
originally  laid,  the  casing  being  in  direct 
contact  with  the  iron.  It  was  thrown  up  by 
the  workmen,  from  the  trench  in  the  street, 
moist  from  leaking  steam,  but  had  been 
completely  charred  to  a  depth  of  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch.  It  was  examined  by  a 
number  of  persons  in  our  ofiice.  We  leave 
it  to  our  Cleveland  contemporary  to  judge 
what  would  have  happened  in  the  case  of 
woodwork  subjected  to  an  equal  degree  of 
heat  from  a  steam  pipe  and  exposed  to  a 
dry  atmosphere  and  draughts.  The  danger 
of  fire  from  this  cause  we  think  has  been 
very  fully  established— as  to  wood  charring 
under  the  conditions  named  we  can  vouch 
to  it  upon  the  testimony  of  our  own  eyes." 
The  origin  of  the  fire  in  the  Tracy  mansion 
at  Washington  has  given  rise  to  much  dis- 
cussion on  this  subject  and  will  probably 
develope  some  facts  heretofore  overlooked 
or  too  lightly  regarded  in  regard  to  the 
danger  of  fire  from  steam  pipes. 


VENTILATION. 

There  is  nothing  more  essential  to  health 
and  life  than  an  adequate  supply  of  pure  air. 
No  one  will  dispute  this,  yet  observation 
among  a  certain  "lass  of  dwellings  would 
indicate  that  the  builder  had  forgotten  all 
about  the  air,  and  there  then  was  such  a 
thing  as  ventilation.  There  are  doors  and 
windows  where  places  can  be  found  for  them 
and  that  is  the  extent  of  all  means  of  venti- 
lation. These  are  poor  ventilators  at  least, 
and  for  the  most  part  of  no  use  whatever. 
In  cities  an  open  door  or  window  suffices  to 
fill  the  room  full  of  smoke  and  dust,  and 
the  cleanly  housewife  generally  keep  them 
closed.  Besides,  in  flat  buildings  where  the 
floors  are  connected  in  the  rear  by  stair- 
ways, the  first  floors  of  other  buildings,  and 
in  general  the  doors  and  windows  are  kept 
securely  closed,  especially  at  night  on  ac- 
count of  night  prowlers  and  thieves.  Thus 
as  a  means  of  ventilation  the  doors  and 


530 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XV  No.  318 


windows  are  failures.  In  such  buildings  the 
occupants  breathe  the  air  over  and  over 
again  in  rooms  where  stoves  and  gas-jets  are 
constantly  consuming  the  oxygen.  True 
the  occupants  live,  but  they  could  live  much 
more  healthful  and  useful  had  they  the  ven- 
tilation that  would  secure  them  the  proper 
amount  of  pure  air. 

A  thing  is  generally  used  in  accordance 
with  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  intended. 
The  door  was  made  to  pass  through  in  going 
in  and  out  of  a  room.  The  window  was 
made  through  which  to  let  light  into  the 
room.  Generally  and  naturally  they  are 
used  for  these  purposes.  The  door  is 
opened,  the  room  entered,  the  door  closed, 
and  it  has  performed  its  natural  services. 
The  curtains  are  drawn,  the  light  floods 
through  the  window,  and  the  natural  duties 
of  the  window  have  been  discharged.  The 
room  has  been  entered,  the  light  falls  upon 
the  floor,  even  a  sunbeam  may  chance  to 
add  its  cheer,  yet  the  room  is  not  a  healthy 
dwelling  place.  The  chief  support  of  life 
has  been  shut  out,  or  admitted  so  slightly 
and  inhospitably  and  uncivilly  that  it  badly 
sustains  the  life  that  it  would  beautify  and 
glorify  in  the  full  bloom  of  health  and 
vigor. 

A  ventilating  apparatus  is  not  made  for 
any  of  the  uses  of  a  door  or  window.  It  has 
a  special  office  to  fill,  and  the  very  fact  that 
it  is  provided  for  a  special  purpose  will  tend 
largely  to  secure  its  use  for  that  purpose. 
The  ventilation  may  not  be  of  the  most  ap- 
proved character.  It  may  be  a  simple  shaft 
opening  into  the  room,  yet  it  is  made  for  the 
purpose  of  admitting  air  and  will  so  be  used. 
It  may  not  be  any  better  than  an  open  win- 
dow, yet  it  is  made  for  the  special  purpose 
of  ventilation  and  the  window  is  not.  The 
difference  in  the  objects  foi  which  they  were 
made  will  insure  a  difference  in  their  use. 
The  principal  virtue  of  a  tooth  powder  is 
perhaps  its  inducement  to  an  increased  use 
of  the  brush.  A  hair  dressing,  face  powder 
or  corn  salve  would  not  have  that  effect. 
So  with  the  window  and  ventilator.  The 
window  does  not  suggest  the  entrance  of 
fresh  air  into  a  room,  but  the  ventilator,  and 
in  that  suggestion  is  found  considerable  of 
its  virtue.  Some  means  of  ventilation  could 
be  supplied  to  all  rooms  of  dwellings  at  a 
triflmg  expense,  and  it  should  be  done.  The 
architect  and  building  owner  should  see 
that  some  kind  of  ventilating  apparatus  is  pro- 
vided for  every  dwelling,  for  its  presence  in 
most  all  cases  would  insure  its  use. 


A  "CLOSE  PROFESSION." 

There  are  objections  urged  against  the 
examination  and  licensing  or  registration  of 
plumbers  on  the  ground  that  such  a  pro- 
cedure would  tend  to  make  a  "close  pro- 
fession." We  do  not  know  just  what  is 
meant  in  this  connection  by  "close  profes- 
sion," and  have  failed  to  see  stated  what 
harm  would  result  from  such  even  if  it  were 
to  be  effected.  If  by  "close  profession"  is 
meant  one  whose  members  should  be  quali- 
fied in  every  particular  to  do  plumbing  in 


accordance  with  the  demands  of  sanitary 
science  and  good  workmanship,  to  the  end 
that  public  health  should  not  be  imperiled, 
then  the  demand  for  such  a  profession  is 
timely,  and  the  objections  offered  are  proofs 
of  its  necessity.  The  purpose  of  a  license 
system,  of  examination  and  registration,  is 
to  promote  public  health  by  securing  sani- 
tary plumbing,  and  by  preventing  possible 
dangers  teat  might  arise  through  incompe- 
tent plumbers  and  their  bad  work.  If  there 
be  objections  to  such  a  purpose  as  this  it 
must  come  from  those  who  are  too  selfish  or 
malicious  to  regard  the  pudlic  welfare,  and 
whose  opinion  or  objection  in  matters  of  this 
character  are  not  worth  considering. 

But  it  is  urged  further  that  the  license 
system  would  tend  to  discriminate  in  favor 
of  a  certain  class  and  operate  against  an- 
other portion  of  the  trade;  that  the  result 
would  be  a  monopoly  of  the  plumbing  busi- 
ness by  the  favored  few,  and  that  great  diffi- 
culty would  be  experienced  in  gaining  ac- 
cess to  a  trade  now  open  to  all.  About  the 
strongest  argument  that  can  be  made 
against  these  objections  is  that  they  are  not 
true.  Such  a  system  would  not  regard  a 
plumber  as  an  individual,  a  man,  but  as  a 
part  of  a  trade  affecting  public  health.  His 
personality  would  be  lost  in  his  standing 
and  ability  as  a  workman,  and  only  that 
would  be  considered.  There  can  be  no  dis- 
crimination regarding  proficiency,  as  a 
standard  is  established  with  which  is  com- 
pared the  efficiency  of  work  and  not  any 
personal  considerations  of  the  workman.  It 
is  the  qualification  of  the  man  to  do  the 
work  which  will  be  placed  on  trial,  not  the 
man  himself.  The  system  of  examination 
and  registration  of  plumbers  has  for  its  ob- 
ject the  placement  of  an  efficient  protection 
between  the  plumber  and  the  public  health 
in  so  far  as  the  plumber  is  related  thereto 
through  the  character  of  his  work.  If  there 
be  opportunity  for  any  discrimination  in  this 
particular,  it  will  be  a  discrimination  relative 
to  good  and  bad  work  and  not  to  men.  Such 
discrimination  must  ncccssari'y  be  in  favor 
of  good  work  out  of  which  would  flow  a 
benefit. 

Would  the  result  be  a  monopoly  of  the 
plumbing  business  by  the  favored  few?  This 
could  not  be  for  there  would  be  no  favored 
few.  Proper  qualifications  to  do  the  work 
are  all  that  could  be  favored,  and  they 
should  be.  If  a  monopoly  at  all  should  be 
established  what  character  of  monopoly 
would  it  be?  It  would  be  a  very  salutary 
and  just  one,  for  it  would  be  controlled  by 
the  highest  character  of  workmanship.  But 
ability  to  do  good  work  has  never  established 
a  monopoly  for  the  acquirement  of  that 
ability  is  open  to  all. 

Would  great  difficulty  be  experienced  in 
gaining  access  to  the  trade?  It  is  the  pur- 
pose of  the  system  to  make  the  difficulty  of 
entering  the  trade  great  enough  to  admit 
only  those  whose  qualifications  to  do  the 
work  will  not  imperil  good  health,  and  great 
enough  to  keep  out  of  the  trade  all  those 
who  have  not  the  qualifications  to  do  good 


work.  Is  there  any  injustice  in  that?  If 
few  bad  workmen  can  bring  the  entire  pro- 
fession into  disrepute.  The  object  is  to  re- 
lieve the  competent  workmen  from  this  bur- 
den and  allow  that  elevation  in  public  esteem 
to  which  their  merits  entitle  them.  There 
is  no  injustice  or  oppression  in  this.  No  ob- 
stacle is  thrown  in  the  way  of  any  one  who 
wishes  to  so  qualify  himself  that  he  may 
reach  the  standard  of  workmanship  deemed 
sufficient  to  secure  public  safety.  Every 
avenue  is  left  open  to  him  through  which 
the  well  qualified  pass  and  he  is  left  free  to 
follow  their  footsteps.  It  serves  to  do  him 
the  favor  of  pointing  out  his  shortcomings 
and  enable  him  to  overcome  them.  It  places 
before  him  his  deficiencies  and  discloses  to 
him  what  attainments  are  necessary  for  him 
to  enter  his  work  in  the  full  enjoyment  of 
public  confidence.  It  is  a  kindness  to  him 
for  it  will  remove  the  predjudice  now  exist- 
ing against  the  unqualified  plumber,  and 
serve  him  as  a  quarantee  to  the  public  that 
he  is  a  well  qualified  artisan. 

Let  us  look  at  the  matter  as  producing  a 
close  profession.  The  practice  of  medicine 
is  looked  upon  as  of  public  interest.  The 
health  and  lives  of  citizens  are  to  a  large  ex- 
tent in  the  hands  of  physicians.  It  was  a 
promising  field  to  the  quacks  who  multiplied 
until  public  health  was  endangered.  The 
law  stepped  in  to  the  rescue  of  the  people 
and  required  certain  qualifications  of  a  phy- 
sician before  he  could  practice  medicine. 
Has  there  been  any  injury  or  injustice  done 
in  this?  It  has  freed  the  people  from  a 
great  danger  to  their  health  and  lives  and 
restored  confidence  in  the  reputable  practi- 
tioner. The  dispensers  of  drugs  are  now  in 
most  states  registered  on  the  strength  of 
proof  of  proper  qualifications.  A  lawyer  not 
properly  qualified  to  practice  law  was 
deemed  capable  of  jeopardizing  the  property 
of  the  people,  and  laws  were  enacted  to  pro- 
tect the  people's  property  from  one  not 
capable  of  discerning  and  securing  legal 
rights.  These  are  "close  professions"  and 
both  they  and  the  people  have  been  greatly 
benefited  by  the  laws  that  have  made  them 
so. 

The  plumbers  can  endanger  more  than 
the  people's  property.  They  endanger 
health  when  not  qualified  to  do  good  work. 
Then  why  not  make  the  profession  of 
plumbing  as  a  close  as  that  of  the  lawyer? 
The  farmer  may  cultivate  the  soil  poorly  or 
well  and  he  does  no  harm  to  his  neighbor, 
but  the  plumber  who  plumbs  badly  may 
bring  aflliction  upon  a  whole  community.  It 
is  to  the  plumbers'  interest  to  have  some 
legal  recognition  of  his  qualifications. 
Should  he  pass  an  examination,  be  registered 
or  hold  a  license  from  the  proper  authorities, 
he  would  possess  a  certificate  of  i)ropcr 
qualifications  and  a  passport  to  the  confi- 
dence of  the  public.  The  plumber  is  not 
regarded  now  as  in  former  times.  The  ad- 
vancement in  science  and  medicine  has 
demonstrated  that  disease  may  find  its  way 
to  a  family  through  the  defective  plumbing 
of  a  resi.(J?nce,  and  a  reason  as  important  as 


March  8, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


531 


is  the  protection  of  health,  demands  that 
only  properly  qualified  plumbers  should  do 
plumbing,  and  the  public  have  a  right  to 
demand  some  properly  recognized  or  legal 
evidence  of  such  qualification,  and  the  pro- 
ficient plumber  would  be  glad  to  have  it 
made  possible  for  him  to  do  so. 


HOW  TO  PURIFY  DRINKING 
WATER. 

Prof.  Peter  T.  Austen,  P.  H.  D.  F.  C.  S.,  in 

the  Scientific  Avicrican. 

Next  to  air,  water  is  the  most  immediate 
necessity  of  human  life.  Without  air  one 
can  exist  but  a  few  moments;  without  water 
life  cannot  be  prolonged  more  than  a  few 
days.  The  human  body  is  largely  composed 
of  water,  being  about  seven-eights  by  weight 
of  this  substance.  Water  is  being  continu- 
ally eliminated  from  the  body  in  proportion 
to  the  amount  that  is  taken  in.  This  aver- 
ages, including  what  is  contained  in  our 
more  solid  food,  at  least  two  quarts  a  day. 
It  is  the  agent  by  which  the  functions  of  the 
body  are  carried  on,  supplying  many  of  its 
various  wastes,  and  giving  material  for  its 
processes.  Indeed,  a  human  being  may  be 
almost  described  as  an  animated  pipe. 
Water  is  drunk  primarily  because  it  is  water 
and  a  certain  amount  of  it  must  be  daily 
taken  into  the  system.  It  almost  always 
contains  extraneous  matter,  and  this  extran- 
eous matter  may  or  may  not  be  harmful.  The 
more  nearly  drinking  water  approaches  to 
perfect  purity,  aside  from  a  certain  amount 
of  dissolved  gases  which  impart  to  it  a  slight 
pungency  of  taste,  the  better  will  it  fulfill  the 
office  of  a  solvent  in  the  body;  the  more  easily 
will  it  be  assimilated,  the  more  easily  will  it 
pass  or  osmose  through  the  membranes,  and 
the  greater  will  be  the  amount  of  solid  sub- 
stances that  it  will  dissolve  and  eliminate. 

Aside  from  the  freedom  of  a  water  from 
dissolved  mineral  matters,  which  make  it 
"hard"or  impart  other  properties  to  it, water 
may  contain  certain  deleterious  matters, 
which  may  cause  it  to  become  the  means  of 
imparting  to  those  who  drink  it  serious  func- 
tional disorders,  and  often  fatal  diseases.  It 
might  be  thought,  in  view  of  the  care  that  is 
usually  exercised  in  peeling,  cleaning,  and 
otherwise  carefully  preparing  before  eating 
vegetables  dug  out  of  the  earth,  as  well  as 
those  that  are  not,  that  considerable  care 
would  be  exercised  in  purifying  the  water 
that  is  drunk.  But  this  is  not  generally  the 
case.  The  ordinary  surface  well  is  a-  hole 
dug  in  the  ground,  and  the  water  that  oozes 
into  it  usually  contains  the  dissolved  im- 
purities of  the  soil,  putrefying  vegetable  and 
animal  remains,  as  well  as  the  pollutions 
from  leaching  cesspools  and  other  similar 
abominations.  So  long  as  it  is  bright  and 
sparkling  it  is  considered  both  palatable  and 
safe.  But  scientific  investigation  has  shown 
that  the  sparkle  of  a  water  may  be  due  to 
an  excess  of  dissolved  carbonic  acid  gas, 
and  this  condition  may  be  the  result  of  the 
putrefaction  of  organic  matter;  and  even 
when  clear,  sparkling  and  palatable,  water 
may  still  be  superlatively  dirty  and  deadly. 


Biological  investigation  has  cstaljlished 
the  fact  that  many  diseases,  such  as  typhoid 
fever,  for  instance,  may  be  imparted  by 
minute  organisms  pojjularly  known  as 
"germs,"  or  more  scientifically  as  "microbes." 
These  minute  organisms  are  given  off  by 
the  patient  suffering  from  the  disease;  and 
when  they  arc  transmitted  to  others,  which 
hajjpens  in  many  ways,  and  very  frequently 
by  the  agency  of  water  as  a  conveying 
medium,  they  take  up  their  abode  in  various 
organs  of  the  human  system.  There,  when 
the  conditions  are  favorable,  they  develop, 
and  live  at  the  expense  of  their  host,  caus- 
ing the  functional  disorders  known  as 
disease.  Many  sad  instances  of  the  effects 
caused  by  drinking  polluted  waters  could 
easily  be  adduced.  Water  that  is  free  from 
such  pollution,  but  is  simply  turbid  from 
suspended  matter,  as  clay  and  the  like,  is 
unpalatable  from  its  repulsive  taste  and 
appearance. 

During  the  last  few  years  the  subject  of 
water  purification  has  received  much  atten- 
tion, and  successful  methods  have  been  in- 
troduced for  filtering  and  purifying  water  on 
a  large  scale.  Filtration  on  a  small  scale, 
while  successful  in  many  cases,  comes,  as  a 
rule,  under  what  is  at  present  alleged  to  be 
housekeeping,  and  the  success  or  failure  of 
the  method  will,  therefore,  often  depend 
entirely  on  the  operative  ability  of  some 
crude  specimen  of  domestic  home  rule,  a 
form  of  despotic  government  which  has 
attained  an  extremely  luxuriant  growth  in 
this  country. 

While  I  do  not  wish  to  undervalue  any  of 
the  excellent  small  filters  now  on  the  market, 
I  desire  to  explain  a  simple  method  by  which 
any  housekeeper  of  average  intelligence 
can  make  an  inexpensive  contrivance  which 
will  do  its  workm  a  way  not  easily  surpassed 
either  in  results,  efficacy,  rapidity  or  sim- 
plicity by  any  filter  that  can  be  bought. 
Such  a  filter  can  be  set  up  in  a  short  time 
at  any  place,  and  will  be  found  particularly 
useful  when  one  is  away  from  home;  for 
then  special  appliances  are  not  always  easy 
to  obtain. 

My  attention  was  directed  to  this  subject 
several  years  ago,  an4  after  some  experi- 
menting a  simple  apparatus  was  devised. 
Since  then  I  have  continued  to  experiment 
on  this  subject,  and  am  more  fully  convinced 
than  ever  of  the  practical  utility  and  effi- 
ciency of  the  method. 

It  has  been  known  tor  many  years  that 
the  addition  of  a  minute  amount  of  alum  to 
a  water  containing  bi-carbonate  of  lime  in 
solution  (and  most  natural  waters  contain 
more  or  less  of  this  substance)  will  cause 
the  formation  of  a  gelatinous  precipitate. 
This  precipitate  entangles  and  collects  the 
suspended  matters  and  germs,  forming 
coagulated  or  agglomerated  masses  which 
are  easily  removed  by  simple  filtration. 
Waters  containing  clay  or  mud  which  is  so 
fine  that  a  mechanical  filter  cannot  remove 
it,  when  treated  with  a  small  amount  of 
alum  can  be  filtered  perfectly  clear  through 
a  coarse  filter.    The  alum  thus  added  is  not 


left  in  the  water,  but  is  removed  by  the  fil- 
tration, for  its  active  constituent,  the  alum- 
inic  sulphate,  is  decomposed  and  precipi- 
tated by  the  action  of  the  dissolved  bi-car- 
bonate of  lime.  This  should  be  well  under- 
stood, although  if  a  minute  amount  of  alum 
were  left  in  the  water  its  effects  would  not 
be  noticeable,  and  even  if  present  in  larger 
amounts,  it  would  not  be  at  all  dangerous. 

The  method  of  filtration  is  simple  in  the 
extreme.  An  oil  bottle  or  any  long,  narrow- 
necked  bottle  serves  for  the  filter.  Tie 
around  it  a  string  soaked  in  kerosene,  about 
half  an  inch  from  the  bottom,  set  the  string 
on  fire,  and  hold  the  bottle  bottom  up. 
When  the  strmg  is  burnt  out,  the  bottom  of 
the  bottle  is  thrust  into  cold  water.  If  prop- 
erly done,  this  causes  the  bottom  of  the 
bottle  to  split  off  evenly.  The  rim  of  the 
glass  should  now  be  burred  off  a  little  with 
a  round  file  to  remove  any  sharp  edges  that 
may  be  left.  The  bottle  is  then  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  placed  neck  downward  in  a 
convenient  support,  as,  for  instance,  through 
a  hole  bored  in  a  shelf,  or  it  may  be  allowed 
to  stand  in  a  wide-mouthed  bottle,  resting 
by  its  shoulders  on  the  rim  of  the  mouth.  A 
small  handful  of  cotton  wool  is  now  thor- 
oughly wetted  by  squeezing  it  in  water,  and 
shreds  of  it  are  dropped  into  the  bottle  until 
a  layer  about  two  inches  deep  has  been 
made.  The  shreds  should  be  dropped  in 
carefully,  so  as  to  distribute  them  evenly, 
and  not  to  let  them  pile  up  in  the  middle  or 
at  the  sides.  When  enough  cotton  has  been 
dropped  in,  a  cup  or  two  of  water  is  poured 
in  and  the  bottle  gently  tapped.  This  con- 
solidates the  mass  and  finishes  the  making 
of  the  filter-bed. 

The  amount  of  alum  needed  to  coagulate 
the  water  sufficiently  for  filtering  need  not, 
as  a  rule,  exceed  two  grains  to  the  gallon, 
and  in  many  instances  may  be  less,  but  in 
certain  cases  of  very  dirty  waters,  such  as 
that  of  the  Mississippi  river,  the  amount  of 
alum  may  be  increased  to  four  or  even  six 
grains  per  gallon.  The  alum  is  best  kept  in 
a  solution  of  such  a  strength  that  a  teaspoon- 
ful  of  it  will  contain  a  grain.  To  save 
trouble,  the  following  prescription  will  en- 
able one  to  get  enough  of  the  solution  put 
up  at  any  apothecary's  to  last  for  a  consid- 
erable time: 

R.  Alnm   gr.  128 

Aquae  diet   oz.  xvi, 

M.  ft.  solutio. 

I  may  add  that  the  expense  of  this  pre- 
scription, including  the  bottle,  should  not 
exceed  fifteen  cents. 

The  treatment  and  filtration  of  the  water 
is  best  done  as  follows: 

A  gallon  of  water  is  placed  in  a  clean  tin 
pail  and  two  teaspoonfuls  of  the  alum  solu- 
tion are  added.  It  will  save  time  to  make, 
once  for  all,  scratches  on  the  inside  of  the 
pail,  showing  the  height  of  one,  two,  or  more 
gallons  of  water.  It  is  then  well  stirred  and 
mixed  with  a  clean  tin  dipper.  It  is  best  to 
keep  this  pail  and  dipper  for  this  use  alone. 
They  should  be  kept  scrupulously  clean, 
and  frequently  well  scoured  with  sapolio  or 
'  a  similar  kind  of  soap.   After  mixing,  the 


532 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  318 


water  is  allowed  to  stand  five  or  ten  minutes 
and  then  poured,  by  means  of  the  dipper, 
into  the  filter.  It  will  run  through  rapidly  if 
the  filter-bed  has  been  properly  made,  and 
will  be  as  clear  as  crystal,  and  not  seldom 
will  form  an  astonishing  contrast  with  the 
original  water.  The  first  half  pint  of  the 
water  passing  through  should  be  rejected 
The  filtered  water  may  be  caught  in  a  pitcher 
or  any  other  convenient  receptacle.  A 
filter-bed  will  last  a  day,  but  it  is  not  advis- 
able to  use  it  longer.  Each  day  the  used 
filter-bed  should  be  thrown  away  and  a 
fresh  one  prepared.  The  method  may,  of 
course,  be  applied  to  any  of  the  many  filters 
in  use,  by  simply  adding  to  the  water  to  be 
filtered  one  or  two  grains  of  alum  to  the 
gallon.  It  will  be  a  poor  filter,  indeed,  that 
will  not  filter  clear  after  this  addition. 

Of  late,  attention  has  been  directed  to  the 
latent  dangers  in  ice.  It  has  been  found 
that  this  apparently  harmless  and  attractive 
substance  may  fairly  reek  with  disease 
germs  and  filth  of  all  kinds.  Unless  it  is 
known  from  whence  the  ice  comes,  its  use 
may  be  more  dangerous  than  the  use  of 
water.  Ice  is  sometimes  derived  from  water 
which  no  one  would  think  of  drinking,  as, 
for  instance,  from  ponds  in  cemeteries  and 
from  rivers  in  the  neighborhood  of  sewer 
outlets,  and  as  a  result  may  be  indescribably 
foul.  Aside  from  the  danger  of  germs  lurk- 
ing in  ice,  there  is  risk  in  the  indiscreet  use 
of  water  cooled  to  an  abnormally  low  tem- 
perature, since  functional  disorders  are  often 
caused  by  the  drinking  of  very  cold  water. 
No  water  is  so  refreshing  as  that  of  a  moun- 
tain spring,  and  one  reason  of  this  is  that  its 
temperature  is  just  right.  It  is  well  to  take 
hints  that  are  given  by  nature,  and  the  hint 
that  the  best  temperature  of  drinking  water 
is  about  fifty  degrees  Fahrenheit  is  a  good 
one,  and  worth  following. 

I  would  suggest — and  I  am  sure  that  every 
one  who  tries  it  will  be  more  than  satisfied 
— that  the  filtered  water  be  caught  in  stop- 
pered carafes,  or,  what  is  just  as  good,  care- 
fully cleaned  sherry  bottles  stoppered  with 
new,  clean  corks,  and  that  these  bottles 
filled  with  water  and  carefully  stoppered  be 
placed  in  the  refrigerator  for  several  hours. 
By  putting  half  a  dozen  such  bottles  filled 
with  water  in  the  refrigerator  and  replacing 
them  with  others  as  they  are  taken  out,  a 
supply  of  clean,  filtered  water  of  a  satisfac- 
tory and  safe  degree  of  coolness  may  be 
kept  continually  on  hand. 

The  use  of  this  simple  method  of  purifica- 
tion of  water  will,  I  am  certain,  prevent 
many  a  case  of  sickness  and  not  a  few 
deaths,  and  it  is  so  simple,  cheap  and  effica- 
cious that  any  one  can  make  a  success  of  it. 

The  leaves  of  the  sycamore,  horse-chest- 
nut, and  plum  trees  are  used  as  adulterations 
to  increase  the  bulk  of  tea,  and  sulphate  of 
iron  imparts  flavor. 


When  the  Dlurabor's  tale  of  the  winter  is  told 
What  a  terrible  told  tale  it  will  be 

"A  well  told  tale  for  you,  dear  sir, 
Bat  a  tale  tolled  sady  for  me." 


SANITARY    CONVENTION  AT 
WHEELING,  W.  VA. 

The  annual  convention  of  the  Tri-State 
Sanitary  Association  began  its  session  in 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  Feb.  27. 

The  first  session  of  the  convention  was 
called  to  order  at  10:30  o'clock  with  Dr.  C. 
F.  Ulrich,  the  second  vice-president  of  the 
association,  in  the  chair.  There  was  read  a 
lelter  from  Mr.  A.  J.  Moxham,  of  Johnstown, 
who  was  the  chairman  of  the  local  Flood 
Relief  Commission  at  Johnstown,  an  organi- 
zation that  was  formed  just  after  the  awful 
flood  disaster,  in  which  he  regretted  his  ina- 
bility to  be  present  at  this  convention.  Mr. 
Moxham  accompanied  his  letter  with  a  very 
interesting  paper  on  "The  Co-operation  be- 
tween Boards  of  Health  and  the  Temporary 
Authorities  developed  by  sudden  local 
crisis,"  which  was  read  by  Dr.  Garrison,  the 
secretary  of  the  association.  Mr.  Moxham's 
paper  treated  largely  of  his  own  personal 
experiences  while  at  the  head  of  his  com- 
mission, and  of  the  valuable  lessons  to  be 
learned  therefrom. 

A  letter  from  Dr.  A.  J.  Graham,  of  Peoria, 
111.,  was  next  read,  in  which  he  stated  his  in- 
ability to  be  present  and  regretted  this  ina- 
bility in  a  very  sincere  terms.  Dr.  Graham 
sent  with  his  letter  a  paper  on  the  subject  of 
"Emergencies"  which  was  read  by  Dr.  W. 
B.  Shuttleworth,  of  Martin's  Ferry.  Dr. 
Graham  held  in  his  paper  that  an  emer- 
gency, if  it  has  no  other  mission,  may  be 
said  to  serve  as  a  test  scale  upon  which  a 
man  is  placed  and  weighed  for  what  he  is 
worth.  His  success,  however,  in  battling 
with  and  merging  through  emergencies  de- 
pends upon  his  experience,  knowledge,  his 
decision  of  purpose  and  in  the  exercise  of 
sound  judgment,  and  of  profound  coolness. 
In  studying  the  question  from  a  sanitary 
stand-point  special  stress  is  laid  upon  prac- 
tical work,  whereby  the  greatest  degree  of 
proficiency  may  be  realized,  in  the  least  pos- 
sible space  of  time.  Under  such  circum- 
stances but  little  time  or  opportunity  is  to 
be  allowed  for  speculating  or  theorizing. 
Systematizing  is  a  necessity,  but  undue  de- 
lays are  hazardous.  The  emergencies  liable 
to  confront  sanitarians  are  most  perplexing 
and  embrace  complications  that  often  tax 
the  mind  to  its  utmost  endurance. 

The  next  pajier  read  and  discussed  was 
one  contributed  by  Dr.  R.  Harvey  Reed,  of 
Mansfield,  O.,  the  president  of  the  associa- 
tion. The  subject  was  "Water,"  and  was 
discussed  by  Dr.  John  L.  Dickey,  Prof.  W. 
H.  Anderson,  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  this  city;  Dr.  Jepson,  Dr.  W.  D. 
Clinton,  of  Lancaster,  S.  C;  Prof.  Spencer 
M.  Free,  M.  D.,  and  Dr.  Lewis.  The  dis- 
cussion was  still  on  when  the  hour  of  ad- 
journment for  dinner  was  reached  and  the 
discussion  was  postponed  till  afternoon. 

The  afternoon  session  was  called  to  order 
by  Dr.  Ulrich,  but  almost  immediately  after 
he  was  called  out  on  some  professional  bus- 
iness and  turned  the  chair  over  to  Mr.  A.  J. 
Clarke.  The  first  matter  taken  up  was  a 
paper  by  G.  G.  Graff,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  presi- 


dent of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Board  of 
Health,  on  the  subject  of  "The  Organization 
of  the  Sanitary  Work  in  Great  Distress." 
The  suggestions  contained  in  this  paper 
were  derived  from  Mr.  Graff's  experience  at 
Johnstown,  where  a  large  portion  of  the  or- 
ganization of  the  sanitary  measures  fell  to 
Dr.  Graff.  The  paper  was  read  by  Dr.  Gar- 
rison and  discussed  by  Drs.  Free,  Shriver 
and  Garrison  and  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Kremer.  The 
discussion  was  followed  by  a  continuance  of 
the  morning's  discussion  on  "Water,"  in 
which  the  interest  shown  in  the  subject  in 
the  morning  was  well  maintained. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Kremer,  secretary  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Flood  Commission,  read  a  paper 
entitled  "Sanitary  Surprises  of  the  Flood  of 
i88q";  this  paper  was  a  splendid  one  in  every 
particular  and  the  discussion  that  followed 
was  interesting. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Free  a  committee  of 
three  was  ordered  appointed  to  frame  reso- 
lutions to  be  sent  to  all  sanitary  organiza- 
tions, state  boards  of  health,  etc.,  the  resolu- 
tions to  embrace  the  suggestions  contained 
in  Mr.  Kremer's  paper  for  the  use  of  disin- 
fectants. 

Dr.  W.  D.  Clinton,  who  is  a  young  colored 
member  of  the  profession,  read  a  paper  on 
the  subject  of  "Floods  as  they  Affect  the 
People,"  and  Dr.  Garrison  read  a  lengthy 
paper  from  Dr.  M.  H.  Fussell,  the  physician 
in  charge  of  the  Medical  Dispensary  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  "Imme- 
diate Disinfection  of  the  Debris  of  Floods." 

The  attendance  at  the  evening  session 
was  a  little  better  than  in  the  afternoon,  but 
was  still  small.  The  first  matter  considered 
was  a  resolution  formulated  by  a  special 
committee,  appointed  at  the  afternoon 
session,  which  was  adopted,  as  follows: 

In  view  of  the  want  of  information  on  the  part  of 
the  people  Renerally  as  to  the  proper  use  of  the  var- 
ious kinds  of  di^infectants  and  germicides,  (he  pro- 
Ijortion,  the  quantities  and  the  oirrumttnnces  noder 
which  tliey  shonld  l)e  applied;  and  particularly  as  to 
the  farming;  commtuiity  and  the  inhabitants  of  small 
villases  of  the  adviinta>;e  to  be  derived  from  the  nse 
of  the  materials  always  available  to  them,  as  lime 
aslies,  copperas,  etc.,  therefore 

Kesolfed,  That  the  several  state  boards  of  health  be 
requestwl  to  c<.nBider  the  propriety  of  preparing  and 
holding  in  quantitif  s  a  circular  or  paniphlf  t,  settinK 
forth  in  plain  lanKiiape  the  diseases  to  be  feared  as 
the  immediate  result  of  floods  and  inundation  of 
dwellings,  the  methods  that  can  be  ustd  for  their 
I)revent ion  and  such  other  information  as  would  be 
desirable  in  such  an  (meri--*  ncy.  That  in  the  event 
of  floods  the.«e  circulars  be  sent  in  large  quantities 
to  towns  and  villages  and  mailed  to  isolated  indi- 
viduals. 

Mr.  Charles  Burdett  Hart  then  delivered 
an  address  of  welcome,  in  which  he  depre- 
cated the  fact  that  the  number  of  citizens  of 
Wheeling  in  attendance  was  so  small  and 
thanked  the  gentlemen  of  the  convention 
for  coming  here  to  teach  the  people  some- 
thing about  the  measures  to  be  adopted  be- 
fore and  after  floods,  which  are,  as  Mr.  Hart 
expressed  it,  a  class  of  calamities  to  which 
the  Ohio  Valley  is  subjected  with  painful 
frequency. 

Hon.  J.  B.  Sommerville  read  a  paper  in 
which  he  dealt  with  the  sanitary  question 
from  a  legal  standpoint.    He  said  that  the 


Makch  8,  ]89()] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


leading  questions  to  be  considered  in  the 
premises  are  "How  far  shall  Sanitary  Legis- 
lation go?"  He  explained  that  legislation 
should  not  and  seldom  does  go  beyond  the 
point  reached  by  public  opinion,  and  can 
•only  go  as  far  as  the  State  and  National  con. 
stitutions  will  permit,  the  first  being  a  ques- 
tion of  policy  and  the  other  a  question  of 
law.  Mr.  Sommerville  then  told  in  rather 
an  amusing  way  of  the  troubles  which  the 
promoters  of  the  first  bill  to  establish  a 
board  of  health  in  West  \'irginia  met  with, 
and  the  means  by  which  a  similar  measure 
prevailed  at  a  later  date.  He  also  cited  a 
number  of  Supreme  Court  decisions  showing 
how  far  it  is  safe  for  legislation  to  be  carried 
and  what  the  courts  deem  proper  laws  for 
sanitary  safety. 

Prof.  John  A.  Myers,  of  the  Government 
Experimental  Station  at  Morgantown,  read 
a  very  interesting  and  entertaining  pap'^r  on 
^'Some  Things  We  Eat  and  Drink."  Mr. 
Myers  dwelt  upon  the  adulterations  and  im- 
purities which  enter  into  so  many  articles  of 
food  and  drink.  He  said  that  there  are  two 
causes  for  adulteration — avarice  and  care- 
lessness. To  safely  adulterate  foods  is  a 
matter  which  calls  into  play  the  highest  sci- 
■entific  skill, and  requires  the  closest  and  most 
■careful  attention.  The  adulteration  and 
ftlth  which  enter  into  food  products  are  none 
the  less  harmful  to  the  public  health  than 
the  scientifically  prepared  adulteration.  He 
mentioned  among  the  adulterated  articles  of 
food  and  drink,  beer,  milk,  tea,  coffee, 
spices,  bread,  butter,  and  almost  everything 
in  a  grocery. 

Dr.  C.  F.  Ulrich  read  a  carefully  pre- 
pared paper  on  the  relation  of  forests  to 
floods.  He  explained  how  the  leaves  of 
trees  hold  the  rain  and  allow  it  to  sepe  into 
the  ground  and  to  the  streams  slowly  and  in 
•quantities  which  cannot  produce  a  flood.  He 
advised  that  all  the  forests  on  untillable 
land  be  allowed  to  remain,  and  in  places 
where  the  trees  have  been  removed  trees  be 
planted  and  forests  nurtured. 

The  first  business  claiming  the  attention 
of  the  convention  on  the  second  day  of  the 
session  was  the  paper  prepared  by  Dr.  C.  F. 
Ulrich,  of  this  city,  entitled  "The  Destruc- 
tion of  Forests,  One  of  the  Chief  Causes  of 
Floods."  The  discussion  on  Dr.  Ulrich's 
paper  was  followed  by  one  on  the  paper 
prepared  by  Prof.  John  A.  Myers,  of  Mor- 
_gantown,  entitled  "Some  of  the  Things  We 
Eat  and  Drink,"  and  dealing  in  a  very  en- 
tertaining way  on  the  question  of  adultera- 
tions, which  had  also  been  read  at  Thurs- 
day night's  sessiou  and  the  discussion  of  it 
made  one  of  the  special  orders  for  the  morn- 
ing's session.  The  discussions  had  on  these 
two  papers  were  quite  entertaining. 

"Ultimate  Dangers  to  Health  from  Floods 
and  the  Measures  for  their  Prevention"  was 
the  title  of  a  timely  paper  contributed  by 
Dr.  E.  D.  Payne,  of  Towanda,  Pa.  It  and  a 
paper  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Lee  on  some  of  the 
lessons  learned  from  the  awful  flood  disaster 
in  the  Conemaugh  valley,  were  read  and 
partially  discussed  before  the  hour  for  ad- 


journing for  dinner.  On  reassembling  in  the 
afternoon  the  convention  continued  to  dis- 
cuss the  question. 

The  paper  prepared  by  Prof.  Spencer  M. 
Free,  M.  D.,  of  Beech  Tree,  Pa.,  on  "Dan- 
gerous Flood  Materials  and  How  to  Dispose 
of  Them"  was  again  taken  up  and  the  dis- 
cussion on  its  many  good  points  the  day  be- 
fore resumed  with  pleasure  and  benefit  to  all 
who  were  present.  In  connection  with  this 
discussion  the  question  of  pure  drinking 
water  was  brought  up  and  the  discussion 
was  at  once  confined  to  that  important 
matter. 

This  brought  Wheeling's  water  supply 
prominently  forward  and  it  was  discussed 
and  condemned  in  no  uncertain  manner.  On 
motion  of  Prof.  W.  H.  Anderson  a  commit- 
tee, consisting  of  Dr.  Lee,  Dr.  Ulrich  and 
Dr.  f>ee,  was  appointed  to  report  a  resolu- 
tion touching  on  Wheeling's  water  supply. 
They  reported  as  follows: 

The  undersigned  having  by  motion  been  selected 
as  a  committee  to  present  to  tlie  Tri-State  Sanitary 
Convention  some  suggestions  as  to  the  water  supply 
of  Wheeling,  beg  to  offer  the  following: 

First,  That  the  present  location  of  the  intake  fur- 
nishes water  containing  many  impurities  liable  to 
injure  the  health  of  the  citizens. 

Second,  That  by  removing  the  point  of  the  intake 
to  a  location  above  the  mouth  of  Ulenn's  run  a  purer 
supply  can  be  obtained  by  avoiding  the  filth  now  in- 
troduced by  this  city  and  Martin's  Ferry. 

Third,  But  in  view  of  the  fact  that  this  supply  will 
not  be  perfectly  pare  and  is  liable  to  become  worse 
by  the  increase  of  population  in  towns  above,  we  sug- 
gest that  the  authorities  of  Wheeling  investigate  the 
feasibility  of  boiling  and  filtering  the  water  before 
delivering  it  to  the  people. 

These  suggestions  were  adopted  by  the 
convention. 

The  following  offered  by  Dr.  Ulrich  was 
adopted: 

Fesoh-ed,  That  the  thanks  of  tlie  local  members  of 
this  convention  be  extended  to  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Board  of  Health  and  its  agents  for  their  untir- 
ing and  successful  efforts  to  prevent  disease  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  inundation  of  Johnstown,  thereby  pro- 
tecting Wheeling  and  other  places  along  the  Ohio 
river  from  the  epidemic  which  was  feared  by  the  in- 
habitants. 

The  following,  offered  by  Dr.  Free,  was 
also  adopted:  "In  view  of  the  facts  de- 
veloped by  Dr.  Benjamin  Lee  in  his  paper 
on  'Some  of  Johnstown's  Lessons,'  be  it 

Resolved,  That  this  Association  suggests  to  the 
militia  departments  of  each  state  the  importance  of 
having  on  hand  pontoon  bridges  and  a  corps  well 
drilled  in  their  manipulation,  to  be  used  in  the  emer- 
gency of  floods . 

After  resolutions  of  thanks  to  the  press,  to 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  to  the  city 
were  presented  and  adopted,  and  a  warm 
vote  of , thanks  extended  to  those  who  so 
very  materially  helped  make  the  convention 
an  interesting  one  by  preparing  papers,  the 
association  adjourned. 


Milk  exposed  for  a  time  to  the  fumes  of 
tobacco,  is  poisonous. 


The  Missouri  W.  C.  T.  U.  has  discovered 
that  women  in  the  State  Penitentiary,  at 
Jefferson  City,  receive  brutal  treatment, and 
saniiation  is  disregarded  in  the  wards. 


KK\  IKWS  AND  NOTES. 

Sk\vi:ka(;k  and  LANn-DRAiNAOii.  By 
George  E.  Waring,  jr.,  Honorary  member  of 
the  Royal  Institute  of  Engineers  (Holland); 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  C.  E.  {Kn- 
gland);  Fellow  of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of 
(Jreat  Britian;  Corresponding  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects  (New  York: 
D.  Van  Nostrand  Company;  Chicago:  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.)— We  have  before  us  one  of 
the  most  elaborate  and  important  additions 
to  the  literature  of  sanitary  engineering  pub- 
lished. The  advancement  of  sanitary 
science  has  come  to  embrace  the  labors,  in 
a  large  part  of  the  domestic  and  civil  engi- 
neer, and  as  information  on  this  vital  subject 
is  widely  demanded,  this  work  is  timely  and 
cannot  fail  to  have  a  large  clientage.  The 
reputation  of  Mr.  Waring  has  far  preceded 
this  work,  and  he  has  attained  eminence  in 
two  continents  through  his  efficient  labors 
and  former  publications.  There  is  no  sub- 
ject that  can  be  of  more  direct  value  to  the 
people  than  that  of  health.  That  they  have 
long  been  taught  to  confide  in  cures  and  to 
disregard  preventive  medicine  is  no  fault  of 
theirs;  but  the  time  has  come  when  the  laity 
can  prevent  many  diseases  which  the  pro- 
fessions cannot  always  cure.  The  cause  of 
disease,  or,  further,  the  origin  of  that  cause, 
has  been  ascertained  and  so  well  defined 
and  located,  that  the  individual  may  provide 
the  means  of  preventing  these  preventable 
diseases.  It  is  on  this  basis  that  the  greater 
portion  of  this  work  has  been  prepared,  and 
it  is  so  all-embracing  and  so  complete  in  de- 
tail that  it  presents  a  comprehensive  study 
of  the  entire  subject. 

The  one  feature  of  the  work  which  was 
looked  forward  to  with  considerable  interest 
is  Mr.  Waring's  system  of  sewerage.  No 
part  of  engineering  or  sanitation  has  re- 
ceived more  consideration  of  late  than  this 
question,  and  Mr.  Waring's  sewerage  of 
Memphis  attracted  the  attention  of  the  en- 
gineers of  the  two  hemispheres.  The  sys- 
tem has  its  supporters  and  its  opposition. 
Considerable  criticism  has  been  made  re- 
garding the  sewerage  of  Memphis,  but  it 
has  mostly  been  made  under  an  erroneous 
conception  of  the  facts.  As  we  remember 
it  the  work  at  Memphis  had  to  be  performed 
under  conditions  necessitated  by  financial 
stress,  a  demand  for  the  best  sewer  system 
possible  for  a  limited  amount  of  money;  and 
we  believe  every  criticism  offered  related  to 
that  condition  of  the  work  made  necessary 
by  the  limited  means  appropriated,  and  not 
to  any  defect  in  the  principles  of  the  system 
employed.  Even  with  these  serious  limita- 
tions Mr.  Waring's  sewerage  of  Memphis 
has  made  of  it  a  new  city  as  regards  the 
state  of  public  health.  Before  its  sewerage 
it  was  held  up  as  an  awful  example  of  bad 
sanitation;  now  it  is  pointed  to  as  a  model 
healthful  city.  Other  cases  of  like  interest 
could  be  cited. 

The  short  discussion  given  in  this  work  of 
the  systems  of  sewerage  removes  two  errors 
into  which  the  public  has  generally  fallen: 
Mr.  Waring  does  not  condenm  the  combined 


534 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  318 


system  or  insist  absolutely  on  the  use  of  the 
separate  system.  He  counsels  that  the  en- 
gineer shall  be  guided  by  all  the  conditions 
surrounding  each  separate  case  and  construct 
such  sewers  as  shall  meet  most  perfectly  the 
commandmg  interests  involved,  first  of 
which  is  health.  The  other  error  corrected 
is  that  the  separate  system  is  not  a  "double 
system"  consisting  of  two  co-extensive  lines 
of  sewers,  the  one  for  storm  water  and  the 
other  for  sewage  proper.  We  cannot  at  this 
time  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  two  sys- 
tems, but  are  free  to  state  that  the  separate 
system  has  much  to  commend  it  to  the  seri- 
ous consideration  of  both  the  profession  and 
the  public.  In  our  opmion  it  has  many  feat- 
ures which  are  calculated  to  serve  most 
closely  and  efficiently  the  great  interests  of 
public  health,  and  relieve  the  public  of 
many  of  the  evils  naturally  attending  the 
combined  svstem 

The  other  features  of  the  work  are  pre- 
sented in  a  scholarly  manner.  The  whole  sub- 
ject of  domestic  engineering  is  fully  treated 
and  will  prove  not  only  valuable  to  the  pro- 
fession, but  instructive  to  the  general  public. 
It  is  a  text  book  on  sanitary  engireering  to 
be  studied  and  kept  convenient  for  refer- 
ence. The  close  relation  of  the  subjects 
discussed  in  this  work  to  sanitation  is  such 
that  the  book  commends  itself  to  all  con- 
nected with  or  interested  in  the  advance- 
ment of  sanitary  science.  The  full  treat- 
ment of  the  subject  of  sewerage  and  drain- 
age, the  many  examples  given,  and  explan- 
atory charts  and  maps  make  it  a  most 
valuable  addition  to  the  literature  on  this 
subject. 

The  Art  Amateur  for  March  more  than 
fulfills  the  promise  of  its  past  both  in 
its  illustrations,  which  are  of  the  same 
high  degree  of  excellence  as  usual,  and  in 
its  reading  matter,  which  is  this  month  ex- 
ceptionally attractive  from  the  topics  of 
living  and  general  interest  with  which  much 
of  it  deals.  Indeed  this  magazine  seems  to 
have  the  gift  of  combining  the  specially  and 
the  generally  intesesting  in  such  a  way  as  to 
make  it  equally  satisfactory  to  the  amature 
and  to  the  general  reader.  While  it  is  in- 
valuable to  the  student  of  wood- carving, 
brass-hammering,  book  or  magazine  illus- 
trating, china-painting  and  painting  in  oils 
and  water-colors,  and  to  every  woman  who 
wishes  to  make  her  home  attractive,  it  con- 
tains much  that  will  afford  entertainment 
and  instruction  to  the  other  members  of  the 
family.  When  we  add  that  a  beautiful 
picture  of  Notre  Dame,  by  moonlight,  which 
framed  and  hung  up,  would  be  an  ornament 
to  any  room,  and  a  graceful  design  of 
Orchids,  for  china  decoration,  accompany, 
and  are  included  in  the  price  of  the  maga- 
zine, we  may  well  consider  it  the  cheapest 
periodical  published.  Price  #4-00  a  year. 
Single  copies,  35  cents.  Montague  Marks, 
Publisher,  23  Union  Square. 

For  packing  foods,  etc.,  the  French  pro- 
hibit the  use  of  tin  foil  which  contains  more 
than  five  per  cent  of  lead. 


BUILDING. 


ECONOMY  IN  THE  USE  OF  STEEL 
IN  BUILDING  CONSTRUCTION.  * 

[by  w.  l.  b.  jennev,  architect.! 
Fireproof  work  has  become  the  rule  rather 
than  the  exception  in  all  important  buildings. 
Our  cities  are  growing  rapidly,  land  in  busi- 
ness centers  becoming  more  and  more  valu- 
able, and  as  a  necessary  consequence  the 
buildings  are  built  higher  and  higher. 

Chicago  has  a  very  wise  law,  namely,  that 
all  buildings  over  100  feet  high  shall  be  fire- 
proof. 

No  hotel,  theater,  or  apartment  house  can 
be  popular  unless  fireproof.  Any  business 
man  would  think  himself  inexcusably  care- 
less if  he  left  a  thousand-dollar  bond  over 
night  in  other  than  a  fireproof  vault,  and  yet 
we  trust  our  greatest  treasures,  our  wives 
and  children,  in  very  combustible  buildings, 
and  ourselves  are  often  away  on  business 
for  weeks  at  a  time.  Too  many  sad  exam- 
ples are  recorded  of  the  folly  of  such  risks. 
It  is  pleasing  to  see  that  at  length  the  im- 
portance of  fireproof  dwellings  has  come 
well  to  the  front  and  is  meeting  with  uni- 
versal endorsement. 

This  extended  use  of  iron  in  building,  at  a 
time  when  other  demands  are  fully  equal  to 
the  average,  has  advanced  the  price  of  raw 
material  and  encouraged  the  "combination" 
to  advance  the  price  of  beams  three  tenths 
cents  per  pound. 

Evidently,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  ar- 
chitect to  study  how  he  may  economize  and 
produce  the  desired  results  at  least  expense. 
An  opportunity  is  offered  in  the  use  of  steel 
instead  of  iron. 

The  I-beam  is  the  important  factor  in  fire- 
proof construction.  When  we  consider  that 
the  ultimate  tensile  strength  of  iron  beams 
is  but  48,000  to  52,000  pounds  per  square  inch 
of  sectional  area,  while  that  of  steel  is  from 
63,000  to  70,000,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  if  the 
section  of  the  beam  is  such  as  to  give  the 
greatest  practical  value  to  the  metal  used, 
there  is  a  saving  in  the  weight  of  metal  by 
the  use  of  steel  instead  of  iron,  amounting 
to  one-quarter  or  even  one-third. 

As  a  price  per  pound  is  the  same  for  steel 
and  for  iron  beams  the  saving  in  money  is 
enormous.  For  example,  I  have  under  con- 
struction a  building  which  will  require 
$250,000  worth  of  steel  beams.  Should  iron 
beams  be  used,  it  would  add  at  least  $50,000 
to  the  cost,  with  no  advantage,  but  rather 
with  the  dispdvantage  of  the  additional  load 
on  the  columns  and  foundations.  To  effect 
this  saving,  the  architect  must  base  his  cal- 
culations on  a  tensile  strength  of  say,  60,000 
pounds  per  square  inch,  and  must  be  sure  he 
obtains  it  in  the  steel. 

To  be  certain  of  getting  this  result,  the 
specifications  must  not  only  demand  it,  but 

•  A  few  i)araKraphH  on  this  subject  having  ap- 
peaml  anonymonBly  in  the  Cliicago  Tribune^  and,  as 
micli  an  article,  to  be  of  vahie,  must  have  the  stamp 
of  authority,  Mr.  Jenney  has,  at  our  request,  reviewed 
and  enlarged  it.— Editors  InlontI  Architect. 


also  that  test  bars  be  taken  from  each 
"blow"  or  charge  of  the  converter  and  tested 
in  the  presence  of  an  agent  appointed  by  the 
architect;  and  that  no  beams  will  be  re- 
ceived unless  up  to  the  required  strength. 
That  it  is  not  difficult  to  obtain  this  strength 
is  seen  from  the  "test  sheets,"  showing  the 
testing  of  276  "blows"  of  the  converters  at 
the  mills,  made  by  an  engineer  from  my 
office.  Of  the  276  tests  only  thirty  are  be- 
low 64,000  pounds  and  the  lowest  is  61,500. 

As  the  quality  of  steel  improves  these  fig- 
ures enlarge.  I  think  that  even  now  we 
might  insist  upon  a  minimum  tensile  strength 
of  64,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  without 
any  increase  in  the  cost  to  the  consumer. 

There  are  other  tests  required,  for  exam- 
ple, to  insure  that  the  beams  shall  not  take 
a  permanent  set  if  moderately  overloaded ; 
that  the  beams  can  be  punched  without 
splintering  and  bent  without  breaking. 
After  all  the  physical  tests  are  satisfactory, 
the  beams  must  be  inspected  for  surface  de- 
fects, and  none  but  perfectly  rolled,  straight 
beams  must  be  received. 

It  is  true  that  such  careful,  thorough  in- 
spection is  expensive  to  the  architect,  but 
the  saving  is  so  great  that  there  is  no  other 
detail  in  an  architect's  practice  by  which  he 
can  save  so  much  money  for  his  client,  and 
it  should  never  be  neglected. 

There  has  been  so  much  discussion  of  late 
as  to  the  relative  value  of  rolled  steel  col- 
umns. In  bridges  the  cast-iron  has  entirely 
passed  out  of  use.  In  a  building  to  be  filled 
with  heavy  running  machinery,  the  architect 
should  insist  upon  rolled  steel  columns,  but 
for  an  office  building,  a  store,  or  a  ware- 
house, when  the  load  is  steady,  it  becomes  a 
question  of  CQSt. 

For  cast-iron  columns  the  architect  must 
insist  that  from  each  heat  of  the  cupola  twa 
test  bars  be  cast,  each  of  which  is  tested  by^ 
placing  it  on  supports  and  loading  in  the 
center  with  a  weight  proportionate  to  the 
size  of  the  bar  and  the  distance  between 
points  of  support.  Should  the  bars  break,, 
the  metal  is  inferior  and  not  acceptable. 
Each  column  should  be  drilled  in  two  direc- 
tions for  measuring  the  thickness  of  metal, 
and  then  careful  examination  made  for  sur- 
face defects.  Cast-iron  has  the  disadvan- 
tage of  being  liable  to  internal  defects  that 
the  most  rigid  insjiection  might  fail  to  de- 
tect, and  consequently  the  columns  are  made 
heavier  than  otherwise  would  be  necessary. 
Even  with  the  disadvantage  of  greater 
weight,  the  "proposals"  for  furnishing  cast- 
iron  columns  are  at  present  usually  less  than 
for  rolled  steel.  To  avoid  the  uncertainty 
which  forces  the  architect  to  specify  cast- 
iron  columns  one-quarter  heavier  than  he 
otherwise  would  do,  some  of  the  leading 
foundries  arc  now  considering  the  policy  of 
adding  to  their  plant  a  large  testing  ma- 
chine, in  which  each  column  may  be  tested 
up  to  double  the  load  which  it  is  calculated 
to  bear.  Any  foundry  that  has  such  a  ma- 
chine can  command  the  best  work  at  the 
highest  price,  for  it  will  save  to  the  owner 


March  8,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


585 


25  per  cent  at  least  in  weight  of  metal  now 
considered  necessary  for  safety. 

These  are  but  a  small  portion  of  the  engi- 
neering features  that  the  demand  for  tall, 
expensive,  fireproof  buildings  has  introduced 
into  a  Chicago  architect's  office.  Inland 
A  rchitect. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
Grable  &  Weber,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  have 
[)lans  for  five  fiats  for  W.  N.  Hopkins,  to  be 
located  at  Garrison  and  Laclede  avenues. 
Stone  foundations,  brick  walls  with  stone 
trimmings,  furnace  heat,  slate  and  composi- 
tion roofing,  hardwood  finish,  modern  elec- 
trical and  sanitary  appliances;  cost  $20,000. 

Albert  Knell,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  prepared 
plans  for  an  additional  foundry  building  for 
Christopher  &  Simpson,  to  be  located  at 
Ninth  street  and  Park  avenue.  It  will  cover 
an  area  of  85x157  feet,  have  stone  foundation, 
Ijrick  walls,  composition  roof,  be  three  stories 
high  and  cost  $25,000. 

Beinke  &  Wees,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  have  plans 
for  a  double  flat  for  Mr.  Calson,  to  be  located 
on  Jefferson  avenue  and  Shenandoah  street; 
area  40x65  feet,  three-story  with  two  four- 
room  flats  on  each  floor;  stone  foundation, 
brick  walls,  slate  and  composition  roofing, 
furnace  heat,  hardwood  finish;  cost  $7,000. 
Also  plans  for  a  flat,  to  be  built  by  Wm. 
Leroy,  Esq.,  on  Blair  avenue  and  Mullanphy 
street;  area  31x45  feet,  stone  foundation, 
three-story,  eight-room,  brick,  all  modern 
appliances;  cost  $7,000. 

A.  S.  Eichberg,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  the  city  hall  building;  to  be 
68x76,  two  stories  in  height  and  cost  $20,000. 

The  plans  of  Theo.  B.  Peck,  Waterbury, 
Conn.,  have  been  accepted  for  the  new  high 
school  building  at  Bristol,  for  which  $20,000 
was  recently  appropriated.  The  building 
will  be  of  brick  and  brownstone,  two-stories 
and  basement,  51x72. 

T.  C.  Beardsley,  Jr.,  Bridgsport,  Conn.,  is 
preparing  plans  for  a  block  of  four  nine- 
room  houses  to  be  built  on  East  Washington 
avenue,  between  Knowlton  and  William 
streets,  by  E.  J.  Nettleton.  They  will  have 
a  press  brick  front  with  brown  stone  trim- 
mings; to  be  73x50. 

H.  C.  Koch  &  Co.,  Milwaukee,  are  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  court-house  for  Montgomery 
County,  Iowa.  To  be  71x92,  three  stories, 
of  pressed,  ornamental  and  enameled  brick 
and  terra  cotta;  cost  $67,000. 

Frank  T.  Lent,  Westfield,  N.  J.,  is  com- 
pleting plans  and  specifications  for  a  country 
house  for  C.  F.  Oxley,  to  be  built  at  West- 
field  and  Park  avenues.  Estimated  cost, 
Sio,ooo.  Also  stable  for  same  owner,  to 
cost  $2,000. 

Joseph  A.  Jackson,  Waterbury,  Conn.,  is 
()reparing  plans  for  a  block  to  contain  a 
store,  tenements  and  lodge  rooms,  to  be 
built  in  Naugatuck  by  Thomas  Neary;  to  be 
three-stories,  33x72. 

George  Schmidt,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has 


designed  for  J.  .Spears  three  two-story  brick 
stone  and  terra  cotta  residences,  41x50  each, 
to  be  built  on  Olive  street,  near  St.  John 
avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $24,000. 

R.  W.  Hill,  Waterbury,  Conn.,  is  making 
plans  for  a  three-story  brick  and  stone  build- 
ing, to  be  erected  in  Shelton  by  C.  F.  Wil- 
liams and  Dr.  Ferguson,  of  Thomaston;  it 
will  be  55x66,  three  stories.  Mr.  Hill  has 
about  completed  plans  for  a  three-story 
brick  and  stone  block,  44x52,  to  be  erected 
at  Thomaston,  for  W.  H.  Griswold. 

H.  Mesmer,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  has  de- 
signed for  F.  Kaeppel  a  two-story  veneered 
brick  and  terra  cotta  residence,  21x51,  to  be 
built  on  Third  and  Walnut  streets,  at  a  cost 
of  $7,000. 

H.  P.  Schnetzky,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  has  de- 
signed for  W.  Kiekhefer  a  two-story  brick 
residence,  40x60,  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of 
$15,000. 

Merrill  &  Cutler,  are  making  plans  for  a 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  building,  at  Gloucester,  Mass.; 
cost,  $25,000. 

Walker  &  Best,  Omaha,  Neb.,  have  pre- 
pared plans  for  the  McCague  building,  to  be 
erected  on  Fifteenth  and  Dodge  streets,  for 
the  National  Bank  Building  Company  of 
America,  Boston,  Mass.  The  building  will 
be  66xi32,five  stories  high,  built  of  brick  and 
terra  cotta;  cost,  $200,000;  contractors,  Ar- 
thur &  Herd. 

Kramer  &  Zoll,  Findlay,  0.,have  designed 
for  Graham  &  Baker  a  four-story  business 
block,  brick  and  stone,  90x160,  to  be  built  on 
South  Main  street,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  Also 
for  Frank  Karst  a  three-story  brick  business 
building,  60x120,  to  be  built  at  the  corner  of 
Main  and  West  Main  Cross  street,  at  a  cost 
of  $20,000. 

F.  M.  Ellis  &  Co.,  of  Omaha,  Neb.,  have 
prepared  plans  for  bank  and  offices  lor  the 
Pierre  National  Bank,  Pierre,  .S.  D.  To  be 
25x70,  of  common  brick  and  stone,  polished 
granite  columns  and  stone  cornices;  cost, 
$15,000. 

The  successful  design  in  the  competition 
for  the  Prudential  Insurance  building  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  was  submitted  by  Mr.  George 
B.  Post,  New  York.  There  were  five  invited 
competitors. 

In  the  competition  for  the  new  Methodist 
Church  at  Reading,  Pa.,  Mr.  Thomas  P. 
Lonsdale,  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  success- 
ful competitor.  The  cost  of  the  church  was 
not  to  exceed  $50,000. 

Architect  J.  A.  Clough,  of  Holyoke,  Mass., 
has  admitted  to  partnership  William  B'  Reid, 
for  many  years  draughtsman  in  his  office. 
Clough  &  Reid  is  the  style  of  tha  firm. 

William  H.  Hume,  New  York  City,  has 
designed  for  George  Hillen  an  eight-story 
fire-proof  apartment  house,  with  stores  be- 
low, to  be  built  on  the  southeast  corner  of 
One  Hundred  and  Twenty-fifth  street  and 
Seventh  avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $350,000. 

C.  M.  Palmer,  Chicago,  111.,  has  designed 
nine  houses  to  be  erected  by  Potter  Palmer; 


five  on  I'.lni  and  four  on  Chestnut  street, 
near  the  Lake  Shore  drive.  The  outer  walls 
will  be  of  brown,  buff  and  blue  stone.  The 
interiors  will  be  finished  in  hardwood  and 
heated  by  furnaces;  cost,  $90,000. 

Charles  C.  Haight,  New  York  City,  will 
prepare  the  plans  for  the  new  buildings  to 
be  erected  for  Columbia  College. 

Julius  Speyer,  Chicago,  111.,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  church  to  be  erected  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Jackson  street  and  Albany  avenue  by 
the  Servite  Fathers,  to  cost  $500,000.  It  will 
be  272x145,  with  two  towers,  each  210  feet 
high,  and  a  massive  dome  260  feet  high  and 
75  feet  in  diameter.  The  outer  walls  will  be 
constructed  of  cut  stone,  pressed  brick  and 
terra  cotta. 

L.  B.  Dixon,  Chicago,  Ills.,  has  plans  on 
the  boards  for  a  three-story  and  basement 
residence,  29x73,  for  Frank  Alsip,  to  be 
erected  ou  Ashland  boulevard  near  Polk 
street.  It  will  have  a  stone  front,  with  s'ate 
roof,  and  heated  by  steam;  cost,  $15,000. 

R.  G.  Pentecost,  Chicago,  111.,  has  plans 
under  way  for  a  two-story  and  basement 
residence,  40x74,  for  C.  B.  Smith,  to  be 
erected  at  Drexel  boulevard  and  Forty-third 
street.  It  will  be  constructed  of  stone,  with 
hardwood  interior  and  heated  by  hot  water; 
cost,  $25,000. 

Julius  Speyer,  Chicago,  111.,  has  planned 
six  houses  to  be  erected  at  Rebecca  and 
Fourteenth  streets  by  Joseph  Desjordins; 
cost,  $25,000.  Also  a  four-story  hotel  at  Hal- 
sted  and  Forty-first  streets,  for  Patrick 
Lynch.  It  will  be  of  brick  and  will  cost 
$30,000. 

F.  B.  Townsend,  Chicago,  111.,  has  plans 
on  the  boards  for  a  two-story  factory,  75x100 
to  be  erected  at  Jackson  and  Jefferson 
streets  by  A.  Farrar.  It  will  be  constructed 
of  brick;  cost,  $15,000.  He  has  also  planned 
a  frame  house  for  W.  Wash,  to  be  erected 
at  Newport  and  Evanston  avenues;  cost, 
$8,000. 

Hodgdon  &  Thomas  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  have 
completed  plans  for  a  brick  apartment  house 
for  Mr.  Henry  Davis,  to  be  erected  on  the 
corner  of  Forbes  and  Marion  streets.  The 
building  will  be  four  stories  and  cost 
$18,000. 

Fisher  cS:  Metzgcr,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  have 
prepared  plans  for  a  brick  block  for  Mr. 
Louis  Bapst,  to  be  built  corner  Wain  and 
Glenvvood  avenue.  To  contain  four  stores 
and  twelve  apartments;  to  be  fitted  with 
natural  gas,  freight  elevators,  electric  bells, 
etc.,  estimated  cost,  $40,000. 

Architects  are  asked  to  compete  for  a 
design  for  a  new  City  Hall,  at  Quebec,  Can- 
ada. $1,500  will  be  paid  for  the  best  plan, 
$1,100  for  the  second  best,  and  $500  for  the 
third  best.  The  city  will  not  bind  itself  to 
the  acceptance  of  designs  submitted,  nor 
the  direction  of  the  work  to  the  architect 
whose  design  may  be  awarded  the  first 
prize.  Mr.  Baillarge,  Chief  Engineer  of 
Quebec,  will  give  full  particulars.  The  total 
cost  of  the  building  must  not  be  over  $200,- 
000.  The  designs  must  be  submitted  before 
May  1st  next. 


536 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  318 


PLUMBING. 


THE     BROOKLYN  MASTER 
PLUMBERS. 

The  Review  and  Record  contains  an  in- 
terview with  William  J.  Roche  regarding 
the  agreement  between  the  Master  Plumb- 
ers'Association  and  the  Journeymen  Plumb- 
ers' Association  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  sometime  ago  a  com- 
munication regarding  this  agreement  was 
sent  the  New  York  Master  Plumbers,  and 
by  resolution  the  New  York  association  cen- 
sured the  Brooklyn  plumbers  very  strongly 
for  entering  into  such  agreement.  The 
agreement  in  substance  was  that  the  mas- 
ter plumber  was  to  employ  none  but  a 
journeyman  plumber  who  was  a  member  of 
the  Journeymen's  Union  of  that  city,  and  no 
union  journeyman  was  to  work  for  any 
master  plumber  of  Brooklyn  unless  he  was 
a  member  in  good  standing  of  the  Master 
Plumbers'  Association  of  that  city.  In  the 
interview  Mr.  Roche  says: 

"For  a  long  time  we  had  here  in  Brooklyn 
a  Master  Plumbers'  Association  that  wasn't 
doing  any  of  its  members  any  good.  We 
attended  the  meetings  and  wasted  our  time 
on  measures  which  we  couldn't  carry  out 
because  we  were  not  completely  organized. 
About  a  year  and  a  half  ago  I  drew  up  this 
agreement  to  protect  ourselves  from  'shy- 
ster' builders,  and  with  a  number  of  other 
master  plumbers,  all  members  in  good 
standing  of  the  old  association,  formed  a 
new  association,  of  which  I  was  elected 
president.  This  new  association  the  plumb- 
ers found  did  them  some  good  and  our 
membership  kept  increasing  very  rapidly, 
but  the  trouble  was  there  were  two  Master 
Plumbers'  Associations  in  Brooklyn,  and  the 
old  one,  only,  was  represented  in  the  Na- 
tional Convention.  To  remedy  this  I  sug- 
gested that  the  two  associations  be  merged 
into  one,  the  methods  of  the  new  organiza- 
tion to  be  carried  out  under  the  charter  of 
the  old,  so  that  we  have  but  one  Master 
Plumbers'  Association  in  Brooklyn  at  the 
present  time. 

"The  'Conference  Committee,'  consisting 
of  three  master  plumbers  and  three  journey- 
men, was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
licenses  only  to  those  men  who  thoroughly 
knew  there  trade.  When  a  man  is  examined 
hy  this  committee  he  is  not  asked  whether 
he  is  a  'union  man'  or  not.  If  he  knows  the 
business  we  give  him  a  license,  and  are  glad 
to  have  him;  but  if  he  doesn't,  he  can't  get 
a  license  and  can't  impose  on  the  public. 
This  Conference  Committee  found,  after  a 
good  deal  of  consideration,  that  the  journey- 
men and  the  masters  couldn't  work  agamsi 
each  other  without  hurting  both. parties,  so 
we  drew  u|)  this  agreement  to  protect  our- 
selves against  builders  who  won't  ])ay  a  man 
for  his  honest  labor.  We  don't  boycott  any 
one  and  we  don't  intimidate  any  one.  For 
years  now  builders  have  been  defrauding 
plumbers  because  they  were  not  properly 


organized.  We  think  now  and  hope  that 
that  is  all  past,  because  as  soon  as  plumbers 
see  the  advantages  of  our  association  they 
will  join  it  without  any  intimidation  on  our 
part. 

"The  principal  benefit  to  be  derived  from 
the  agreement  is  the  prevention  of  bad 
debts.  Heretofore  a  plumber  contracted  to 
do  the  work  on  a  building,  and  in  the  con- 
tract it  was  stated  that  four  different  pay- 
ments were  to  be  made,  say  of  $300  each. 
Well,  when  the  first  payment  came  due,  and 
the  plumber  tried  to  collect,  the  dishonest 
builder  would  put  him  off  with  perhaps  S50, 
promising  to  pay  the  balance  when  the  next 
payment  came  due.  And  so  the  thing  would 
keep  on,  and  when  the  job  was  finished,  in- 
stead of  Si, 200,  the  plumber  would  have  re- 
ceived about  S200.  By  this  new  arrange- 
ment, when  the  plumber  does  not  get  paid 
the  first  amount  when  it  comes  due,  or  else 
get  good  security  from  the  builder,  he  quits 
work,  and  no  member  of  the  Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  or  the  Journeymen's  Union 
will  finish  the  job.  If  the  man  pays  up, 
however,  any  one  can  take  the  job  up.  Peo- 
ple seem  to  have  an  idea  that  we  boycott 
builders,  but  this  is  entirely  erroneous. 
Even  if  a  builder  cheats  one  of  our  men  out 
of  some  money  on  one  job,  the  members  of 
our  association  are  only  prohibited  from 
working  on  the  job  where  his  fellow-member 
was  defrauded,  and  if  there  is  any  man  fool- 
ish enough  to  work  for  a  'skin'  builder  after 
others  have  been  hurt,  why,  he  can  go  ahead 
and  do  it,  and  nobody  will  say  a  word  to 
him.    All  we  ask  is  fair  play." 

TESTS  FOR  PLUMBING. 

Editor,  The  Sanitary  News:  I  have 
read  with  interest  your  description  of  Mr. 
Burtis'  system  of  plumbing  inspection  and 
testing  with  pe[)permint.  While  it  may  be 
a  convenient  article  to  carry  around,  I  do 
not  think  a  peppermint  test,  however  ap- 
plied, is  a  satisfactory  one.  It  is  too  uncer- 
tain to  be  relied  on,  and  it  is  very  difficult  to 
locate  leaks  owing  to  the  odor  being  carried 
under  floors  and  up  partitions  in  various 
directions  by  air  currents,  and  without  ])res- 
sure  it  is  impossible  to  get  the  odor  to  tra- 
verse the  entire  system. 

The  tapping  process  and  plugging  is 
objectionable  owing  to  the  liability  of  the 
plug  to  project  into  the  pipe  far  enough  to 
form  a  peg  on  which  to  hang  descending 
pajjer,  lint,  hair  and  other  matter. 

My  experience  with  inspection  of  plumb- 
ing and  drains  is,  that  the  best  results  arc 
obtained  by  a  water  test  on  the  system  of 
l)i|)ing  before  fixtures  are  set,  and  when  the 
job  is  finished  and  ready  for  use,  the  smoke 
test  being  applied,  reveals  any  defect  which 
may  exist  so  conclusively  as  to  leave  any 
doubt  of  its  existence  or  location  out  of  the 
question.  The  sinoke  being  forced  into  the 
I)iping,  by  a  pressure  equivalent  to  the 
amount  of  resistance  that  a  trap-seal  of 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  will  give  permeates 
the  entire  drainage  and  ventilation  system. 
It  is  applied  by  an  apparatus  which  I  have 


seen  advertised  in  your  paper;  the  soil-pipe 
and  trap-vent  pipes  ou  the  roof  are  plugged 
leaving  a  very  small  exit  for  smoke,  and  the 
apparatus  connected  to  the  air  inlet  outside 
the  house  by  a  rubber  plug  and  hose  and 
having  charged  the  machine  with  some 
smoke  generating  material  (we  use  tobacco 
stems)  it  is  operated  by  a  double  acting 
bellows,  by  which  the  pressure  is  created, 
being  regulated  by  a  float,  much  the  same 
as  a  gasometer. 

Some  of  the  plumbers  here  have  been 
astonished  at  the  number  of  leaks  that  have 
been  discovered  after  they  have  left  things 
as  they  supposed  in  good  order.  To-day  I 
detected  a  defective  wiped  joint  by  this  test 
with  the  aid  of  a  dark  lantern,  although  it 
was  a  very  small  leak.  Respectfully  yours, 
Benjamin  Kirk, 
Inspector  of  Plumbing. 

Toronto,  Feb.  26,  1890. 


CERTIFICATED  PLUMBERS. 
At  every  meeting  held  in  England  for  the 
presentation  of  certificates  to  registered 
plumbers  new  evidences  are  observable  of 
the  salutary  effects  of  the  system  of  regis- 
tration. At  a  recent  meeting  held  at  the 
University  College.  Nottingham,  and  re- 
ported in  T/ie  Builder,  Sir  Philip  in  present- 
ing the  certificates,  said  that  the  Plumbers' 
Company  had  entered  upon  a  very  import- 
ant work  in  their  system  of  registration, 
which  had  taken  deep  root,  and  was  now 
flourishing  in  very  many  of  the  principal 
towns  of  England,  Wales,  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land. It  was  intended  to  place  on  a  register 
the  names  of  those  plumbers  who  were 
capable  of  conscientiously  and  intelligently 
performing  their  work.  He  thought  it  quite 
as  important  to  register  plumbers  as  to  reg- 
ister medical  men,  for  plumbing,  if  properly 
carried  out,  had  the  effect  of  preventing  dis- 
ease, which  was,  after  all,  better  than  curing 
it.  But  it  was  perfectly  useless  to  establish 
a  register  for  qualified  plumbers  unless  the 
plumbers  were  also  provided  with  facilities 
for  qualifying  themselves.  There  was 
scarcely  any  art  which  touched  so  many 
branches  of  science  as  the  plumber's  art  did. 
Prof.  Ciarnett  had  shown  its  dependence  up- 
on a  knowledge  of  geometry,  chemistry, 
physics,  and  mechanics;  and,  perhaps,  to 
some  extent,  a  knowledge  of  electricity.  It 
was  not  for  a  moment  expected  that  plumb- 
ers could  become  professors  of  all  these  dif- 
ferent branches  of  science,  but  what  was 
wanted  was  that  each  plumber  should  know 
so  much  of  them  as  to  enable  him  to  deal  in 
an  independent  and  intelligent  manner  with 
the  difficulties  of  his  craft.  At  the  present 
moment  they  were  seriously  engaged  in 
working  out  a  systematic  and  progressive 
course  of  instruction  for  apprentice  and 
other  plumbers.  He  was  sure  they  would 
succeed.  Nothing  could  be  more  successful 
than  the  organization  of  plumbing  classes 
had  been  throughout  the  country  during  the 
past  few  years.  In  the  session  1885-6  there 
were  342  plumbers  students  in  these  classes; 
in  the  following  year  the  number  increased 


MabchS,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


537 


10503;  in  the  year  after  to  695;  and  in  the 
year  1888-9  to  '.043i  while  durinj^  the  present 
session  no  less  than  1,217  student  pliiinbcrs 
were  receiving  efficient  instruction  in  the 
technical  and  theoretical  branches  of  their 
craft.  He  ascribed  this  success  mainly  to 
the  fact  that  the  workmen  had  taken  the 
greatest  possible  interest  in  the  movement, 
and  both  the  masters  and  the  operatives 
were  fully  alive  to  the  great  importance  of 
technical  education. 


STRINGENT  RULES  FOR  MASTER 
PLUMBESS. 

At  the  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Health  held  recently  in  Philadel- 
phia the  House  and  Drainage  Committee 
submitted  the  following  resolution,  which 
was  adopted: 

That  a  failure  on  the  part  of  a  master 
plumber  to  notify  the  House  Drainage  Com- 
mittee upon  the  completion  of  the  work  for 
which  said  master  plumber  had  submitted  a 
plan  and  had  the  same  approved,  or  if  any 
violation  of  the  rules  of  the  Board  occur  in 
the  construction  of  said  work  (after  having 
once  been  notified  to  correct  the  same),  will 
be  deemed  sufficient  cause  for  a  refusal  by 
the  said  Board  of  Health  to  approve  the 
plans  for  such  person  or  persons  until  he  or 
they  shall  have  complied  with  its  rules. 

Any  attempt  on  the  part  of  a  master 
plumber  to  construct  or  alter  a  system  of 
drainage  after  the  said  Board  of  Health  has 
refused  to  approve  a  plan  or  plans  sub- 
mitted by  him,  will  be  met  with  a  criminal 
prosecution  under  an  act  of  Assembly.  In 
order  that  no  delay  may  occur  to  architects, 
builders  and  others  by  reason  of  awarding 
contracts  to  delinquent  master  plumbers,  a 
list  of  said  delinquents  may  be  seen  upon 
application  at  the  office  of  the  house-drain- 
age division  of  the  Board  of  Health. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

In  accordance  with  the  suggestion  of  Mr. 
J.  J.  Wade,  of  112  Dearborn  street,  chair- 
man of  the  Sanitary  Committee  of  the  Chi- 
cago Master  Plumbers,  papers  by  experts 
will  be  read  at  each  meeting  of  the  associa- 
tion, thus  promoting  useful  discussion.  This 
is  fairly  expected  to  be  a  most  interesting 
feature  of  the  bi-monthly  proceedings.  Mr. 
P.  Nacey  will  at  the  next  regular  meeting 
read  a  paper  on  the  alternative  use  of  iron 
or  clay  sewer-pipes  within  the  dwelling. 

The  members  of  the  Sanitary  Committee, 
nominated  by  Mr.  Wade  in  virtue  of  his 
office  are  as  follows. 

WEST  DIVISION. 

Chas.  A.  Cavanah,  John  J.  Hamblin, 
Alex.  Murray,  David  Whiteford. 

NORTH  DIVISION. 

Robert  Griffith,  Peter  Williems, 

T.  P.  CuUoton,  Rupert  Coleman. 

SOUTH  DIVISION. 

Hugh  Watt,  P.  Nacy. 

M.  L.  Mandable,         Joseph  Alcock. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Webster  has  closed  his  con- 
nection wtth  the  L.  Wolff  Manufacturing 
Company  of  this  city,  as  manager. 


T.  C.  Boyd,  42  D.earborn  street,  will  be 
absent  from  the  city  until  Monday  on  mat- 
ters connected  with  his  business. 

We  had  the  jjlcasurc  of  seeing  Mr.  E. 
Baggot  in  his  new  and  commodious  quarters 
at  171  Adams  street  when,  in  reply  to  our 
inquiries,  as  to  the  state  of  business  in  the 
plumbing  supply  trade  as  compared  with 
other  seasons,  he  said  in  substance:  Though 
good  as  far  as  amount  of  work  goes,  for 
there  never  has  been   more  work  in  the 
plumbing  line  than  there  has  been  this  win- 
ter, that's  all  the  good  it  does  the  plumber. 
This  is  simply  because  the  jobbers  and  man- 
ufacturers have  induced  the  architects  to 
specify  in  each  contract  about  three  differ- 
ent kinds  of  closets,  basin-faucets  or  what- 
ever other  plumbing  attachments  may  be 
requisite  in  the  building.    This  system  is 
adopted  toward  every  department  of  plumb- 
ing supplies.    Now  the  plumber,  in  figuring 
on  the  contract,  naturally  takes  the  cheapest 
article  called  for  as  the  basis  of  the  tender 
which  he  puts  in  for  the  work,  and  when  the 
contract  is  let  the  manufacturer  goes  to  work 
on  the  owner  of  the  building,  and  shows 
him  the  good  points  of  the  higher  and  dear- 
er class  of  supplies  and  the  bad  ones  of 
those  specified,  and  easily  makes  him  im 
agine  that  he  is  being  cheated  by  the  de 
signing  contractor,  and  that  he  can  select 
any  of  the  three  patt  rns  specified.  The 
owner  thinks  he   knows    more  than  ever 
about  it,  and  naturally  selecting  the  more 
expensive  articles  can  force  the  contractor 
to  lose,  leaving  him  thus  on  the  horns  of  a 
dilemma,  viz:  either  to  tender  on  a  more  ex 
pensive  basis,  thus  risking  the  loss  of  his 
contract,  or  having  tendered  at  the  cheapest 
figure,  to  lose  money  by  having  to  put  in  a 
more  expensive  class  of  attachment.  An- 
other reason,  pursued  Mr.  Baggot,  which 
puts  plumbers  at  a  disadvantage,  is  that 
some  architects  disregard  the  capital  rules 
issued  by  the  board  of  health,  to  govern 
their  work,  so  essential  for  sanitation,  and 
do  not  specify  according  to  those  regula- 
tions. Although  aware  that  the  specification 
is  wrong  the  plumbers  must  figure  on  them, 
excusing  themselves  on  the  plea  that  owner 
and  architect  require  them  and  the  owner 
only  finds  out  the  mistake  when  called  on 
for  extras.    This   system   involves   an  in- 
justice to  the  architects  who  specify  only  the 
best  kind  of  material,  and  who,  in  conse- 
quence, get  the  reputation  of  being  too  ex- 
pensive, and  often  see  men  who  lend  them- 
selves to  "skin"  work  prefered  to  them.  In 
reply  to  the  question  as  to  the  remedy  for 
this  state  of  thmgs  Mr.  Baggot  was  mildly 
pessinustic.    He  says  that  as  long  as  the 
generation  trained  ir  those  practices  lives 
the  evil  will  go  on;  they  are  educated  to  act 
thus.    There  may  be  some  hope  for  the 
coming  plumber  the  man  of  the  future  by 
the  infusion  of  newer  and  more  business- 
like ideas. 

The  employing  plumbers  and  journeymen 
plumbers  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  have  agreed 
on  a  nme-hour  day  on  and  after  March  i. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 
Baltimore,  Md.:  About  ^50,000  will  be 
spent  on  the  proposed  enlargement  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Cathedral.  Baldwin  & 
I'ennington,  i   West  Lexington  street,  are 

the  architects.  Allegheny,  Pa.:  Among 

the  bills  taken  from  the  Senate  calendar  and 
passed  on  Feb.  21,  were  the  bills  appropriat- 
ing $250,000  for  the  erection  of  a  public  build- 
ing at  Allegheney,  Pa.,  and  $50,000  for  the 
erection  of  a  public  building  at  Beaver  Falls, 

Fa.  Washington,   D.    C:     Mr.    T.  F. 

Schneider  will  soon  begin  the  erection  of 
fifty-two  dwellings,  to  cost  about  $270,000. 
These  dwellings  will  be  erected  on  Ninth 

street,  between  S  and  T  street.  Baltimore, 

Md.:  Charles  L.  Carson  has  drawn  plans  for 
the  new  building  to  be  erected  by  the  Phoenix 

Club.    The  estimated  cost  is  $40,000.  

Chicago,  III:  A  lease  of  the  property  at  the 
intersection  of  Cottage  Grove  avenue  and 
Twenty-third  street,  has  been  made  to  par- 
ties who  will  erect  a  hotel  there.  The  prop- 
erty is  aboot  200  feet  deep  and  40  feet  wide 
at  one  end  and  140  at  the  other.  Another 
South  Side  hotel  scheme  will  result  in  the 
erection  of  an  eight-story  fireproof  hotel. 
123x100  feet,  containing  from  250  to  300 
rooms  and  to  cost  between  $200,000  and 

$300,000  Rogers  Park,  111.:    Plans  are 

accepted  and  work  will  soon  commence  on 
the  village  hall.  The  Congregational  So- 
ciety will  begin  work  immediately  on  their 

new    church.  Bownianville,   111.:  The 

Swedish  Society  is  about  to  erect  a  new  hos- 
pital costing  $15,000  on  Foster  street.  

Chicago,  111.:  Estimates  are  being  received 
for  the  new  Crane  Company  manufactory  on 
Judd  street;  by  Adler  &  Sullivan.    Also  for 

a  new  synagogue  on  Indiana  avenue.  

Kansas  City,  Mo.:  The  "Winner"  office 
building  to  be  erected  on  Delaware,  Wall 
and  Seventh  streets  will  cost  $800,000.  Bur- 
ling &  Whitehouse  receive  estimates.  

Chicago,  111.:  The  row  of  stores  and  flats  on 
Van  Buren  street,  near  Halsted,  will  cost 
$50,000  and  the  new  row  on  Boston  avenue 
near  \'an  Buren  a  like  amount.     O.  W. 

Marble  is  taking  estimates.  Quincy,  111.: 

Stores  are  to  be  built.    Mr.  Frank  Tubesing 

can  give  information.  Meriden,  Conn.: 

Two  foundries  are  to  be  erected  on  Cross 
street.  Apply  to  H.  M.  Jones.  Minneap- 
olis, Minn.:  A.  N.  Trussell  will  build  brick 
flats  to  cost  $15,000.  Mr.  Hill  brick  verandah 
house  and  barn,  $ii,coo;  F.  G.  James,  four- 
story  brick    residence,  $72,350.  Boston, 

Mass.:  The  hotel  to  be  erected  on  Washing- 
ton street  for  C.  B.  Whipple  will  be  eight 

stories  high  and  cost  $200,000  Milwaukee, 

Wis.:  The  plans  are  not  yet  complete  for 
the  new  hotel  on  Jefferson  street.    It  will 

cost  $60,000.  Talledega,  Ala.:   A  cotton 

mill  by  Farmer's  Alliance  will  be  built.  

Birmingham,  Ala.:  A  large  rolling  mill  is  to 
be  erected.  Madison,  Ga.:  A  stock  com- 
pany will  erect  a  cotton  factory.  Coming, 

Ark.:  The  Kline  and  Zollinger  Company 


538 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  318 


will  rebuild  its  mill.  Council  Bluffs,  la.: 

A  depot  will  be  built  to  cost  $2^0,000.  

Galveston,  Tex,:  A  Jewish  school  house  to 

cost  $8,000  will  be  built.  Macon,  Ga. :  The 

Amnions   Chopper  Cotton   Company  will 

erect  large  factories.  Sherman  Heights, 

Tenn.:    The   Chattanooga   Wooden  Tray 

Company  propose  to  build  two  factories.  

Des  Moines,  la.:  New  Catholic  Church  will 
be  built  at  a  cost  of  §40,000.    J.  J.  Egan, 

Chicago,    architect.  Rockville,  Conn.: 

Convent  building  is  to  be  built.  Joseph 
A.  Jackson,  of  Waterbury,  can  furnish  in- 
formation. Fall  River,  Mass.:  A  large 

thread  factory  will  be  built  to  cost  $100,000, 

by  Kerr  Thread  Company.  Wales,  Mich.; 

Charles  King  will  give  information  regard- 
ing a  large  school  to  be  erected  in  the  spring. 

 Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  Louis  Bapst  will  build  a 

block  of  stores  and  flats  to  cost  $40,000.  

Charlotte,  Mich.:  I.  L.  Dolson  can  give  par- 
ticulars of  brick  building  to  cost  $20,000.  

Whustown,  Pa.:  The  Cambria  Iron  Com- 
pany will  build  a  new  mill  1,500  feet  long 

and  400  feet  wide,  Oil  City.  Pa.:  The  first 

National  Bank  has  had  plans  from  Architect 
Curtis,  of  Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  for  a  bank  build- 
ing to  cost  $40,000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  A 

large  hotel  at  Piasa  Bluffs  will  be  built  to 
cost  $50,000.  J.  B.  Legg  Architectural  Com- 
pany, the  designers.  Bridgeport,  Conn.: 

New  club  house  on  State  and  Lafayette 
streets  is  to  be  built.  Wm.  H.  Kelsey,  sec- 
retary   building    committee.  Memphis, 

Tenn.:  Stove  factory  to  be  built.    W.  H. 

Woolridge  can  give  information.  Detroit, 

Mich.:  Wm.  L.  Barclay  will  build  a  resi- 
dence to  cost  $12,000.  Bradford,  Pa.:  A 

new  Catholic  Church  will  be  built.  City 
Engineer  can  give  information.  Cincin- 
nati, O.:  The  Erkenbrecker  Starch  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  thirteen-story  business 
block,  corner  of  Elm  and  Fourth  streets,  to 

cost  $150,000.  New  York:  A  theatre  and 

an  office  building  will  be  erected  on  Park 
avenue  at  a  total  cost  of  $230,000.  Alli- 
ance, Neb.:  This  place  has  voted  $15,000 for 

the  erection  of  a  court  house.  Galveston, 

Tex.:  N.  J.  Clayton  can  give  information  of 
a  building  to  cost  $30,000  on  Mechanic  street 

corner  of  Twenty-fourth.  Kenton,  O.:  A 

new  church  will  be  erected  to  cost  $18,000. 

Rev.  W.  J.  Hodges  can  give  particulars.  

Corydon,  la.:  A  $25,000  court  house  will  be 
erected.    Address  County  Commissioners. 

 Dallas,  Tex.:  Plans  have  been  jjrepared 

for  the  erection  of  a  $40,000  building.  Ad- 
dress J.  B.  Legg,  as  above.  Findlay,  O.: 

Plans  have  been  pre|)ared  for  the  erection 
of  a  $15,000  bank  building.    Address  Kramer 

&  Zoll,  as  above.  Windsor,  Ont.:  A  hotel 

will  be  built  to  cost  $15,000.    Address  Rill 

&   Oldfield  architects,  Detroit,  Mich.  

Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Reading  Railway  Com- 
pany will  build   a   huge  greenhouse.  

Savannah,  Ga.,  will  build  brick  engine  house. 
W.  P.  Baily,  Committee  on  P'ire  can  give  all 

information.  Worcester,  Mass.:  A  brick 

building  for  George  A.  Brown  will  be  built 

to  cost  $40,000.  Sheffield,  Ala,,  will  erect 

a  $30,000  building.    Address  City  Clerk.— 


Yonkers,  N.  Y.:  A  building  to  cost  $10,000 

will  be  erected.    Address  E.  A.  Quick.  

Bay  City,  Mich.:  A  business  block  to  cost 

$25,000  will  be  built.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  C. 

A.  Drebs  will  erect  a  brick  building  at 

Broadway  and  Ash  street.  Belle  Centre, 

O.:  A  school-house  will  be  built  to  cost  $16,- 
000.  Address  Board  of  Education.  Chi- 
cago, 111,:  Flats  to  cost  $16,000  will  be  built. 

E.  Gallanner  architect.  Charlotte,  Mich.: 

A  brick  building  will  be  erected  at  an  esti- 
mated cost  of  $20,000.   Address  J.  L.  Dolson. 

 Zanesville,  O.:  A  hospital  will  be  built 

to  cost  $10,000.    Address  H.  C.  Lindsay,  as 

above.  Cambridge,  O.:   Cambridge  Iron 

and  Steel  Company  want  twenty-five  six- 
room  houses  completed  by  May  i.  Pat- 
terson, N.  J.:  An  armory  will  be  built  to 
measure  250  by  150  feet.  John  B.  Snook 
and  son  of  New  York  can  give  information. 
Cincinnati,  O.:  Cold  storage  rooms  are  to  be 
erected  to  cost  $20,000,  for  Homan  Lackman. 

 May  wood,  N.  J.:  The  ElterichArt  Stove 

Works  will  build  a  factory  200  by  45  feet  at 
Maywood,  near  Hackensack  on  the  New 
York,  Susquehannah  and  Western  Railroad. 
Mackey  &  Newman  will  also  build  a  factory 
at  the  V'reeland  avenue  station  of  the  same 

railway,  224  by  75  feet.  Jersey  City,  N.  J.: 

N.  R.  Marvin,  owner,  77  Linden  avenue  will 
build  a  handsome  residence  on  Linden  ave- 
nue which  will  have  all  the  latest  improve- 
ments.    He  has  accepted  plans  and  will 

begin  work  at  once.  McKeesport,  Pa.: 

The  White  flats  will  be  extended  and  the 
improvements  will  cost  $40,000.  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.:  Plans  for  the  Nations'  Bank  for 
savings,  have  been  completed  by  Architects 
Alston  &  Heckert.  A  building  to  cost  $175,- 
000  will  be  erected  on  the  corner  ot  Eigth 
street  and  Penn  avenue,  of  which  W.  S. 
Frazer,  of  Eighth  street  is  architect.  Abra- 
ham Israel  will  erect  a  fine  building  at  164- 
166  Fourth  avenue.  Plans  are  almost  com- 
plete for  the  addition  of  three  stories  to  the 
Bakervell  law  building,  corner  of  Grant 

and  Diamond  streets.  Memphis,  Tenn.: 

A  stock  company  is  being  formed  to  erect 
a  building  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Main 
and  Madison  streets,  at  a  cost  of  $350,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Luling,  Tex.,  is  to  be  lighted  by  electricity. 

 Blackstone,   Mass.:  The  W^oonsocket 

Electric  Light  and  Machine  Company  is  to 

furnish    lighting.  Northampton,  Mass.: 

New  alternating  machines  ordered  to  re- 
place old  dynamos;  $25,000  in  bonds  will  be 
issued  for  the  purpose.— Boston,  Mass.: 
The  aldermen  have  refused  to  sanction  pole 
rights  in  the  city.  The  Edison  Illuniinat 
ing  Company  of  Boston  proposes  to  lay  all 
its  electric  wires  now  overhead  underground. 

 Allegheny,  Pa.:  An  enlarged  electric 

plant  is  to  be  introduced.  Butler,  Pa.:  A 

comiiany  has  been  formed  to  furnish  elec- 
tric light.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  newly  re- 
organized St.  Louis  Illuminatmg  Company 
will  be  merged  with  the  Missouri  Electric 
Lighting  and  Power  Company,  and  the  name 


changed   to   the   Consolidated  Municipal 

Electric   Light  Company.  Fostoria,  O.: 

Incandescent  electric  light  plant  is  to  be 
established.  Bradford,  Pa.:  Improve- 
ments are  to  be  made  in  electric  plant.  

Crisfield,  Md.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to 

be  established.    Address  L.  R.  T.  Dixon.  

Denver,  Colo.:  The  city  treasurer  is  directed 
to  advertise  for  tenders  to  furnish  the  city 
with  arc  lights.  Williamsport,  Pa.:  Light- 
ing is  contemplated.  Mansfield,  O.:  An 

electric  plant  is  to  be  established.  San 

Jose,  Cal.:  City  Clerk  is  to  advertise  for 
plans,  specifications  and  bids  for  lighting, 
plant  to  be  in  working  order  before  the 

first  of  September  next.  Abington,  Mass.: 

An  electric  plant  is  to  be  installed.-  Vine- 
land,  N.  J.:  An  electric  light  company  is  to 

be  organized.  Oswego,  N.  Y.;  Rules  have 

been  adopted  for  regulating  electric  wiring. 

 Troy,  N.  Y.:  The  directors  of  the  Gas 

Light  Company  have  determined  to  transfer 
the  base  of  their  operations  to  the  old  Suth- 
erland boiler  plant  on  Smith  avenue.  North 

Troy.  Portland,  Ore.:  The  Westinghouse 

Electric  Light  Company  will  provide  the 
Wallameter  Light  Company  with  a  plant 

which  will  cost  $200,000.  Chelsea,  Mass.: 

The  common  council  has  decided  to  light 
the  city  hall  with  incandescent  lights,  pro- 
viding a  satisfactory  contract  could  be 

made,  at  an  expense  not  exceeding  $300.  

Batesville,  .Ark.,  proposes  to  adopt  an  elec- 
tric light  system. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Lowell,  Mass.:  The  advisability  of  im- 
proving the  pumping  capacity  of  the  water- 
works, either  by  rebuilding  the  existing 
pumping  engines  or  replacing  them  by  new 
ones,  is  under  discussion  by  the  water  board. 

 Parkersburg,  la.:  The  town  council  has 

appointed  a  committee  to  examine  the  ques- 
tion of  water-works  for  that  place.  Syra- 
cuse, Neb.,  is  greatly  agitated  over  the 
water-works  question  since  the  last  fire,  and 
a  proposition  will  probably  be  submitted  to 
the  voters  in  the  spring.  The  chairman  of 
the  town  board  would  like  to  correspond 

with   contractors.  Sparta,   Wis.:  The 

water-works  question  is  being  agitatec^  A 
company  is  now  preparing  plans  and  esti- 
mates. Romeo,  Mich.,  will  vote  March  10 

upon  the  question  of  establishing  water- 
works. Harrold,  Tex.:  It  is  reported  that 

an  artesian  well  will  be  sunk.    W.  T.  Knox 

can  be  addressed.  Forth  Worth,  Tex.: 

The  city  will  receive  new  bids  for  sinking  an 
artesian  well.    The  Mayor  can  be  addressed. 

 Cumberland,  Md.:  It  is  probable  that  a 

filtering  apparatus  will  be  put  in  at  the 
water-works.  The  Mayor  can  give  informa- 
tion. Norfolk,  Va.:  The  city  council  has 

been  asked  to  appropriate  $65,000  to  pur- 
chase a  10,000,000  gallon  capacity  pump  for 
the  water-works.  R.  Y.  Zachery  is  superin- 
tendent of  works.  Luling,  Tex.:  The  con- 
struction of  water-works  is  probable.  The 

Mayor  can  give  information.  El  Paso, 

Tex.,  voted  Feb.  21,  to  issue  bonds  to  pur- 
chase water-works.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.: 


MARCH  8,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


539 


An  extension  of  the  water  service  is  one  of 
the  improvements  that  the  city  authorities 

must  provide  for.  Albina,  Ore.:  The  Al- 

bina  Light  and  Water  Company  has  been 
formed  to  furnish  water  to  the  city.    W.  H. 

Foster  is  one  of  the  directors.  Savannah, 

Ga.:  At  the  last  meeting  of  city  council  the 
committee  on  water  was  authorized  to  pur- 
chase an  outfit  suitable  for  deci)cning  the 
artesian  wells  now  located  on  the  water- 
works tract;  also  to  contract  for  deepening 
six  of  the  wells  to  a  depth  of  i.ooo  feet. 
Frank  E.  Rebarer  is  city  clerk.  Cam- 
eron, Tex.:  It  is  reported  that  water-works 

will  be  constructed.  Newark,  N.  J.:  The 

East  Jersey  Water  Company  is  purchasing 
the  property  for  the  right  of  way  of  its  pipe 
line  from  the  Pequannock  water  shed  to  this 

city.  Pottstown,  Pa.:  The  water  company 

basin  and  new  pump'ng  station,  which  will 
cost  together  over  $100,000,  will  be  com- 
menced within  a  month  or  two.  Bel  Air, 

Md.:  For  information  regarding  the  water- 
works project  at  this  place,  address  O.  S. 

Lee.  Waco,  Tex.:  Advices  state  that  the 

Bell  Water  Company  has  decided  to  bore 

another  well  at  Bell's   Hill.  Batesville, 

Ark,,  is  to  have  a  system  of  water-works.  

York,  Me.:  At  a  meeting  of  the  Berwick 
Water  Company,  the  capital  stock  was 
placed  at  §100,000,  at  $10  a  share,  and  a  com- 
mittee appointed  to  receive  subscriptions. 

 Rochester,  N.  H.,  will  vote  on  buying 

out  the   Rochester  Aqueduct  and  Water 

Company.  Columbia,  Ala.,   is   to  have 

water-works.  Princeton,  Ind.:  Water- 
works will  be  built  by  a  company.  Gold- 

thwaite,  Tex.:  An  artesian  well  is  to  be 

driven.  Oakland,  Cal.:  Private  residents 

propose  to  drive  an  artesian  well  for  their 
own  use  with  pumping  and  distributing  at- 
tachments.   W.  B.  Hardy  or  E.  W.  Marston 

may  be  applied  to.  Lansing,  Mich.,  will 

hold  a  special  election  on  the  proposition  to 
bond  the  city  for  825,000  for  new  water 

mains.  Sparta,  Wis.,  will  vote  upon  the 

question  of  accepting  the  offer  of  a  company 
to  put  in  a  §50,000  system  of  water-works 
for  a  yearly  hydrant  rental  of  $3,000. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Fort  Schuyler.N.Y.:  Proposals  are  required 
for   sinking    an   artesian  well.  Address 
Charles  Wheeler,  2nd  Lieutenant,  A.  A.  Q. 

M.  at  the  fort.  Sealed  proposals  will  be 

received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
Architect,  Treasury  Department,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.,  March  21, 
1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required 
in  the  erection  and  completion  of  the  exten- 
sion of  the  U.S.  post-office,  court-house,  etc., 

building  at  Detroit,  Mich.  The  Clarendon 

Water-works  Company,  Wilmington,  N.  C, 
will  probably  want  bids  for  making  an  arte- 
sian well.  E.  Berchardt,  Monticello,  Ark., 

wants  prices  on  second-Tiand  machinery  for 

sinking  an  artesian  well.  Proposals  will 

be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Light  House 
Board,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  12  o'clock 
noon  of  Tuesday,  July  i,  1890,  for  the  design, 
the  specifications,  the  complete  construction 


and  equipment,  and  the  temporary  mainte- 
nance of  a  light-tower  on  Diamond  Shoal, 
off  Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina.  By  an 
act  of  Congress  the  total  cost  of  the  light- 
station  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  ^500,000. 
David  B.  Harmony,  Rear-Admiral  U.  S.  N. 
Chairman. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Savannah,  Ga.:  Rudolph  Herring  has  re- 
ported on  the  question  of  sewerage,  recom- 
mending the  construction  of  an  outfall  sew- 
er to  empty  into  the  Savannah  river,  near 
the  border  of  Benton  Hill  plantation,  about 
one  and  three-fourth  miles  east  of  East 
Broad  street.    The  estimated  cost  of  the 

work  is  $122,705,  Fremont,  Neb.:  The 

city  council  has  decided  in  favor  of  a  $100,- 

000  system  of  sewerage.  Passaic,  N.  J., 

has  adopted  the  plans  of  Colonel  Waring 
for  a  new  sewerage  system,  and  preliminary 
steps  toward   its   construction   have  been 

taken.  Hastings,  Neb.,  is  preparing  to 

issue  bonds  for  putting  in  a  system  of  sew- 
erage. Laredo,  Tex.:  Plans  will  be  pre- 
pared soon  for  the  construction  of  a  sewer- 
age system.  Nebraska  city,  Neb  :  The 

city  attorney  has  been  directed  to  draw  up 
an  ordinance  calling  a  special  election  to 
vote  bonds  to  cover  cost  of  a  sewer  from  the 

packing  house  district.  Athens,  Ga.:  The 

construction  of  a  sewerage  system,  at  an  es 
timated  cost  of  $20,000,  is  being  considered. 

Mayor  Brown   can   give  information.  

VicksburF,  Miss.:  The  Mississippi  legisla 
ture  has  passed  the  bill  authorizing  the  issue 
of  $125,000  in  bonds  for  sewerage  purposes 

 Easton,  Pa.:  About  $120,800  are  to  be 

expended  on  a  new  sewerage  system,  from 

plans  of  City  Engineer  Cooper.  Niagara 

Falls,  N.  v.:  At  a  special  meeting  of  the 
board  of  trustees  the  plans  and  estimates 
for  a  complete  system  of  sewerage  as  pre 
pared  by  Civil  Engineers  Drake,  Whitney 

and  W.  C.  Johnson,  were  adopted.  Day 

ton,  O.:  The  report  of  Prof.  Cady  Staley  on 
a  sewerage  system  has  been  presented  to 
the  council.    He  recommends  the  adoption 

of    the    separate    system.   Bridgeport, 

Conn.:  The  construction  of  several  new  sew 
ers  in  this  city  has  been  authorized  by  the 
board  of  aldermen.    E.   Stewart  Sumner, 
assistant  city  clerk,  can  furnish  information. 

 Jersey  City,  N.  J.:  Among  the  sewer  ex 

tensions  authorized  by  the  commissioners  is 
the  building  of  a  54-inch  sewer  from  Warren 
ssreet  to  the  river.  Information  can  be  had 
by  addressing  Chief  Engineer  Ruggles,  as 
above.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  The  local  au- 
thorities have  prepared  for  presentation  to 
the  state  legislature  a  new  bill  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  Twenty-sixth  ward  for  the 
introduction  of  a  complete  system  of  sewer- 
ege.  Authority  was  secured  by  the  passage 
of  a  sewer  bill  last  year  to  raise  $1,000,000 
for  the  purpose,  but  the  new  bill  provides 
that  the  sum  raised  by  bonds  shall  be 
$1,500,000.  Little  Rock,  Ark.:  Sewer  Dis- 
trict No.  IQ  will  construct  about  one  mile  of 
8  feet  and  10  feet  sewers,  with  4  flush  tanks 
and  6  man  holes.  T.  J.  H.  Rukin  can  give 
information. 


E  PLURIBUS  UNUM. 

NORTH,  CENTRAL  and  SOUTH  AMERICA. 
IT  IS  TIME 

For  less  Political  and  Partisan  Strife  and 
a  Greater  Amount  of  Commercial  Sense, 

EXPORT  AND  FINANCE. 

s  a  WF.KKLV  NEWSPAI'KK  engaged  in  the 
mission  of  introducing  the  Manufacturers 
and  lousiness  men  of  the  United  States  to 
Merchant's,  Buyers,  Tradesmen  and  Busi- 
ness Men  of  Spanish  America.  The  entire 
trade  of  this  Continent  should  be  conducted 
and  controlled  by  Americans.  North,  Cen- 
tral, and  South  Americans  should  get  ac- 
quainted with  each  other,  interchange  their 
produces,  and  stop  the  unAmerican  policy 
of  sending  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars 
astray  from  this  Re[)ublican  Continent  annu- 
ally to  enrich  European  manufacturers. 
EXPORT  and  FIMANCE 

Circulates  among  the  principal  Manufactur- 
ers, Bankers  and  Exporters  of  the  United 
States.  It  also  enjoys  an  extensive  circula- 
tion among  the  best  class  of  Merchants,  Im- 
porters, Tradesmen  in  this  country,  and  the 
Principal  Business  and  Public  men  of  Mex- 
ico, Central  and  South  America. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
gives  more  reliable  and  a  greater  amount  of 
serviceable  and  original  news  matter  regard- 
ing South  American  trade  than  all  the  so- 
called  trade  papers  in  this  country. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
enjoys  a  larger  circulation,  and  is  read  by  a 
larger  number  of  prominent  manufacturers 
and  public  men  of  this  country  and  Mer- 
chants, Trademen  and  Business  Men  in 
Spanish  America  than  all  the  trade  newspa- 
papers  in  the  United  States  combined. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
has  a  circulation  list  which  includes  the 
names  of  the  President,  Vice-President, 
every  member  of  the  Cabinet  and  every 
United  States  Senator,  all  members  of  Con- 
gress and  the  Governor  of  every  State  in 
the  Union.  It  also  includes  all  the  Spanish 
American  Ministers  and  Consuls  accredited 
to  the  United  States  and  all  American  Min- 
isters and  Consuls  in  Spanish-America.  It 
is  also  mailed  regularly  to  the  Presidents, 
Members  of  Cabinet  and  principal  Govern- 
ment officials  in  all  the  Spanish-American 
Republics. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
is  the  best  authority  and  the  best  advertising 
medium  in  the  United  States  for  all  who  are 
interested  in  the  development  and  extension 
of  American  trade  with  Mexico,  Central 
and  South  America,  Brazil  and  the  West 
India  Islands.  Every  business  man  in  the 
United  States,  either  from  business  or  patri- 
otic motive  should  support  a  paper  engaged 
in  such  work.   

IV  YOU  WANT  TO  KNOW.  . 

all  about  the  Spanish-American  Trade, 

How  to  Secure  a  Share  of  it. 

How  to  manufacture,  pack  and  ship  goods 
for  the  South  American  Markets  read 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE. 

AND 

ADVERTISE    YOUR    BUSINESS  IN 
ITS  COLUMNS. 


SUBSCRIPTION  PRICE  $5  PER  ANNUM  PAYA- 
BLE IN  ADVANCE. 

Advertising  rates  given  on  application. 

ADDRESS 

Export  &  Finance  Pub.  Co., 

5  BOWLING  GREEN.  New  York,  U.  §,A 


540 


TTTE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  318 


L-e  L- L-H  N 

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NO  \'    ItEADY.  IHWI.  CatHlogne  of  Arcliiteclurat 
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InstrnnK  nts. 

WILLIAM  T.  COIWSTOCK,  Publisher. 
23  WARREN  ST..  NEW  YORK 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 

C.  Berghauser  3-st  and  base,  store  and  fits,  22 

xlU.        Deering  street,  a.  Han.sburg   #5,000 

John  A.,  Wendt,  4-et  and  eel  brk  fits.  3Hx92  at 
4(58-70  N.  Franklin  street,  a.  H.  Homau  b, 

Ebertliauser   12,000 

John  Viorke  S-st  and  base  fits,  25x78.  !)H3  N. 
Paulina  street,  a,  H.  Warthman.  b,  Frank 
D.i+)elsh   6,000 

D.  A.  Kohn.  2  l-2-8t  store  and  fits.  55xHl  1.500 

Wabash  av.  a,  Ij,  H,  Dixon,  b,  Jas. 
Phillips   10,000 

Mich  lel  Fitzgerald,  3-st  and  base,  brk  fits, 

2tx.50,   a,    as.  ohnson   4,.500 

C,  Epstein,  3-«t  and  base  fits,  25x75,  492  Win- 
chester streot.    a.  Hildeiior   6.(X>0 

H.  Howman,  3-st  and  base,  brk  fits,  24x72,  142 

Townsend  stroft,  a,  Howinan   6,000 

A.  W.  Uainb.iw,  2-st  and  base,  brk  tils,  24x47, 
li35  Adams  street,  a,  Lamson  and  New- 
man, b,  ('has.  Mackoy   4,000 

T.  Dowling,  3-st  and  base,  brk  fits,  22xr)0,  427 
N.  Paulina  street,  a,  N.  Thomas,  b,  F. 
Karback  I   5,000 

John  Sallit  3.stand  base,  dwell,  22x6'.l,  515  W. 

Jackson  street,  a.  Burling     Whitehoui>o.  8,000 

W.H.  ('lark  2  and  1-2  St  and  base,  fits,  4Sx5t), 
7.5:)-5  8.  Warrju  av.  a,  H.  Parki,  b.  E.  A. 
Slack   7,000 

A.  W.  Kuduick,  4-»t  store  and  fits.  25x88,  149 

Blackbawk  street   8,000 


H.  Loretta.  4-8t  and  base,  brk  store  and  tits, 
20x55,  331  Milwaukee  av,  a,  H.  Kley,  b,  P. 

Schroeder   7,000 

Ole  Williamson.  4-8tand  cel.  brick  fits,  21x70 

11)8  N.  Elizabeth  st   6,000 

Lambert  Tree,  2-8t  brk  office  bid.  80x40  S.  W. 
( Orner  La  Salle  streets,  a,  Bauer  &Hill,  b, 

(ieorge  Messor  Smith   30,000 

B.  Muriiug,  3-st  fits,  22x08,  112  Cornealia  st 

a,  Theo.  Lewandoski   6.000 


Persons  desiring  to  marry  in  Brazil,  must 
first  pass  a  medical  examination,  to  prove 
their  fitness. 


Harvard  medical 
coo[<:in£:  school. 


students  attend  the 


Good  health  is  said  to  be  induced  by  em- 
ployment around  natural  gas  and  petroleum 
wells. 

Eggs  kept  in  a  refrigerator  become  un- 
wholesome, owing  to  the  formation  in  them 
of  a  microscopic  fungus. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DtAFNESS  hay  fever 

A  NEW    HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
^hese  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  \\  est  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. — 
Christian  Advocate. 


Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


NATURE'S  REMKDIES 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  eftective  group  of  Remedies  extant.  Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

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March  15,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


541 


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CHICAGO,  MARCH  15,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics  541 

Oversight  in  Engineering  -----  5I2 

Health  in  Michigan  542 
Carelessness    -     -      -  -....543 

Light  and  Health  543 

Pure  Air  in  Churches   ------  543 

Chicago  New  Water-Works        ...      -  543 

Reviews  and  Notes  543 

BCILDING — 

Material  for  Exposition  Building     -     -  544 

Earthenware  Drains     -----  544 

Plumbing — 

The  Inspection  of  Plnmbe-work       -      .  545 

Indianapolis  Master  Plumbers    .      .      -  547 

National  Association,  M.  P.        .      .      -  547 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers    -      -      -      -  548 

Among  the  Plumbers     -----  537 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done          -      -  549 

Heating  and  Lighting    -----  549 

Water-Works  Notes   550 

Sewerage  Notes      ------  550 

Bids  and  Contracts        ....      -  5E0 

Business  Notes                  ....  551 


The  plumber  who  regards  his  work  in  its 
piopcr  relation  to  health  and  pursues  it  with 
that  in  view,  is  on  the  road  to  success. 

Pkoplk  may  not  know  what  they  owe  to 
the  honest,  capable  plumber  who  docs  his 
work  properly,  but  they  are  beginnmg  to 
learn.  If  prevention  is  better  than  cure, 
then  the  honest  plumber  should  stand  in 
high  esteem. 

The  day  is  fast  approaching  when  the 
plumber,  who  slights  his  work  and  does  de- 
fective plumbing,  will  be  without  an  occupa- 
tion. 

In  speaking  of  the  disposal  of  sewage  the 
London  Times  speaks  of  the  system  of  Mr. 
E.  Harris  Reeves  and  says  that  in  the  vari- 
ous systems  of  sewage  treatment  that  have 
been  introduced  from  time  the  principle  gen- 
erally adopted  has  been  to  treat  the  sewage 
at  the  point  where  it  is  collected  for  deodor- 
ization  and  disposal.  This  necessarily  in- 
volves the  unchecked  formation  of  gases 
in  the  sewers  through  which  the  sewage 
passes,  and  which  gases  have  to  be  dealt 
with  by  ventilation — which  means  their 
emission  into  the  atmosphere — or  by  other 
means.  After  devoting  several  years  to  the 
practical  Study  of  the  question,  E.  Harris 
Reeves  claims  that  he  has  perfected  a  sys- 
tem of  sewage  treatment  which  goes  to  the 
root  of  the  evil.  He  deodorizes  the  sewage 
as  it  is  run  into  the  sewers  from  the  houses, 
or  even  attacks  it  in  the  houses  themselves, 
and  thus  prevents  formation  of  sewer  gases; 
but  if  they  should  be  formed  they  are  at 
once  rendered  inodorous  and  innocuous. 
There  would  be  no  trouble  in  deodorizing 
sewage  and  rendering  it  inoffensive  so  far 
as  the  sense  of  smell  is  concerned;  but  this 
is  not  all.  Neither  is  it  sufficient  to  render 
sewer  gases  innocuous  so  far  as  the  gases 
are  concerned.  Independent  of  the  poison 
that  may  be  in  these  gases,  sewer-air  is 
known  to  bear  specific  disease  germs  which 
might  escape  the  means  that  would  render 
the  same  gas  inoffensive. 

James  Madden,  vice-president  from 
Indiana  and  the  jolly,  genial  master  plumber 
of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  will  go  to  the  Denver 
Convention  with  a  new  Master  Plumbers' 
Association  to  his  credit.  A  strong  and  en- 
thusiastic organization  has  been  perfected 
at  Indianapolis,  particulars  of  which  appear 
in  another  column. 

In  the  proceedings  of  the  Vicksburg 
Sauitary  Convention,  recently  published, 
Dr.  Henry  B.  Baker,  Secretary  of  the  Mich- 
igan State  Board  of  Health,  has  a  paper  read 
at  that  convention,  which  shows  the  practi- 
cal benefit  of  state  boards  of  health.  The 
following  is  a  summary  of  the  official  statis- 
tics given:  "The  record  of  the  great  saving 
of  human  life  and  health  in  Michigan  in  re- 
cent years  is  one  to  which,  it  seems  to  me, 
the  State  and  local  boards  of  health  in 
Michigan  can  justly  'point  with  pride.'  It 
is  a  record  of  the  saving  of  over  one  hun- 
dred lives  per  year  from  small-pox,  four 


hundred  lives  per  year  saved  from  death  by 
scarlet  fever,  and  nearly  six  hundred  lives 
per  year  saved  from  death  by  diphtheria— 
an  aggregate  of  eleven  hundred  lives  per 
year,  or  three  lives  per  day  saved  from  these 
three  diseases!  This  is  a  record  which  we 
ask  to  have  examined,  and  which  we  are 
willing  to  have  compared  with  that  of  the 
man  who  'made  two  blades  of  grass  grow 
where  only  one  grew  before.'  " 


THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

It  will  be  observed  from  the  following  ex- 
tracts that  the  trade  papers  of  New  York 
City  take  a  sensible  and  patriotic  view  of 
the  location  of  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago. 
The  Phanbers  Trade  Journal  speaks  as 
follows: 

"We  ought  now  to  fall  too  and  give  Chi- 
cago the  same  aid  and  assistance  that  would 
have  been  ours  had  we  the  Fair.  Help  our 
younger  sister  to  make  this  the  success  of 
her  life.  Our  Eastern  plumbers  can  amal- 
gamate with  the  Western  and  see  that  our 
trade  will  be  the  principal  one  represented 
at  the  exhibition.  Let  our  scientific  and 
practical  tradesmen  endeavor  to  outdo  each 
other  in  placing  the  motto  of  our  craft  at  the 
head." 

We  feel  warranted  in  assuring  our  con- 
temporary that  the  plumber  in  this  section 
of  the  country  will  freely  and  enthusiasti- 
cally contribute  to  the  success  of  the  trade 
in  its  representation  at  the  exhibition.  The 
committee  has  given  to  Chicago,  for  discus- 
sion at  the  Denver  Convention,  the  subject 
of  the  plumbers  and  their  representation  at 
the  fair,  and  we  are  very  sure  that  the 
plumbers  of  the  whole  country  will  join  in  a 
display  that  will  be  highly  creditable  to  the 
important  art  of  plumbing.  The  display  of 
plumbing  interests  of  the  country  can  be 
made  the  most  important  of  any  interest  we 
have  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  it  will  be 
done. 

The  Metal  Worker,  which  has  always 
given  Chicago,  as  well  as  other  cities,  a  just 
and  fair  consideration  of  her  claims,  says: 

"Overwhelmingly  the  great  good  done  by 
modern  exhibitions  is  that  they  act  as  edu- 
cators of  the  people,  and  particularly  of  the 
rural  population.  They  bring  before  the 
latter  the  latest  and  best  achievements  of 
modern  industry,  enlarge  their  views,  ele- 
vate their  tastes  and  stimulate  their  ambi- 
tion. They  create  new  desires,  and  by  fos- 
tering the  eagerness  to  purchase,  indirectly 
help  the  producing  power.  The  good  thus 
done  to  the  community  at  large  is  quite  ont 
of  proportion  to  the  benefits  which  accrue  to 
the  manufacturing  industries.  Since  the 
Government  represents  the  former,  it  is  only 
just  that  it  should  bear  a  much  larger  share 
of  the  cost  than  it  has  hitherto  done.  Man- 
ufacturers should  not,  in  our  opinion,  be 
burdened  with  an  undue  proportion  of  it.  It 
is  just  that  the  citizens  of  Chicago,  who  will 
be  directly  and  indirectly  large  gainers 
through  the  holding  of  the  World's  Fair, 
contribute  largely  to  its  cost,  as  they  have 
pledged  themselves  to  do.    But  it  becomes 


542 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


|ToL.  XV.  No.  319 


the  duty,  too,  of  all  citizens  to  aid  independ- 
ently in  the  good  work  by  liberal  contribu- 
tions. Acting  upon  the  conviction  that  all 
interests  should  join  in  a  hearty  support  of 
their  Chicago  fellow-citizens,  David  Wil- 
liams, publisher  and  proprietor  of  The  Metal 
Worker,  The  Iron  Age,  Carpentry  and 
Building,  has  subscribed  $i,ooo  to  the 
World's  Fair  fund. 

There  is  a  solid  talk.  There  is  no  room 
for  a  misunderstanding  here.  The  Si.ooo 
subscription  shows  where  the  liberal  and 
patriotic  Metal  Worker  stands  in  accepting 
the  situation,  and  we  will  assure  Mr.  Williams 
that,  on  his  visit  to  the  exposition,  he  will 
find  Chicago's  hospitality  not  amiss  in  the 
appreciation  of  his  liberahty. 

The  Sanitary  Plumber  expresses  itself  in 
the  following  straight-out,  patriotic,  Ameri- 
can manner: 

"And  so  Chicago  is  to  have  the  fair — at 
least  that  is  how  things  look  just  now.  Her 
representatives  at  Washington  carried  the 
day  in  a  fair  stand-up  fight,  and  it  is  the  first 
duty  of  every  American  to  recognize,  now 
and  at  once,  that  the  city  by  the  great  lake 
is  the  people's  choice  as  the  site  for  the 
celebration.  All  petty  spites  and  jealousies 
should  now  promptly  disappear,  and,  if  by 
reason  of  their  ripe  experience  in  such  mat- 
ters, some  of  the  Eastern  cities  are  in  a 
position  to  know  more  than  Chicago  about 
fairs  and  their  management,  let  them  put 
their  heads  together  with  their  big  younger 
sister  and  join  hands  with  her  in  making  the 
Columbus  Centennial  an  immense  success. 
We  may  be  New  Yorkers,  Philadelphians, 
St.  Louisians  or  Washingtonians,  but  we  are 
none  the  less  American  and  this  is  an 
American  celebration." 

Here  we  have  the  manner  of  men  in  the 
trades'  publication  in  New  York  City.  They 
represent  a  large  constituency  and  a  very 
important  one  in  the  industrial  progress  of 
this  country.  The  advice  given  is  proper 
and  wholesome  and  truly  American.  The 
fair  is  not  located  at  Chicago  for  Chicago 
more  than  for  New  York,  Washington,  St. 
Louis  or  any  other  city  or  portion  of  the 
country.  It  is  the  country's  celebration  of 
its  discovery  and  one  citizen  is  as  much  in- 
terested in  its  success  as  any  other  citizen. 
Chicago  will  bear  the  greater  burden  of  the 
exposition,  but  the  glory  of  its  success  will 
belong  to  the  whole  country. 

OVERSIGHT  IN  ENGINEERING. 
Serious  errors  involving  trouble  and  ex- 
pense, says  American  Engineering  occur 
more  frequently  than  is  generally  supposed 
through  the  want  of  foresight  or  inattention 
on  the  part  of  architects  to  make  proper  pro- 
visions for  the  location  and  erection  of  steam 
plants.  It  seems  to  be  very  often  the  case 
that  architects  design  and  erect  buildings 
for  manufacturing  and  business  purposes 
without  consultation  with  the  superintending 
engineer,  or  even  with  the  manufacturer  of 
machinery  who  is  to  construct  and  erect  the 
boilers,  engines,  elevators  and  shafting, 
with  all  other  details  of  pumps,  blowers,  and 


auxiliary  adjuncts  that   are  to  be  placed 
within  the  walls  of  those  buildings.  Many 
architects  are,  again,  not  sufficiently  careful 
in  considering  contingencies  that  may  be 
needed  in  case  of  repairs  or  removal  of  ma- 
chinery.    For  instance,  we  remember  a 
bakery  building  being  erected  where  it  was 
desirable  to  have  engine  and  boiler  as  far 
back  as  possible  from  the  observation  of  the 
timid  owners  of  some  fine  residences,  and  to 
have  as  little  room  as  possible  occupied  by 
the  same.    The  foundation  for  boiler  and 
engine,  the  wood  work  for  hangers,  etc., 
were  all  put  in  after  the  building  was  erected 
and  the  foundation  was  given  to  the  boiler 
in  the  basement,  and  the  engine  a  thirty 
horse-power  horizontal  one,  was  placed  im- 
mediately above  the  boiler.    A  little  fore- 
thought would  have  suggested  to  the  archi- 
tect that  the  engine  required  a  good  founda- 
tion as  well  as  the  boiler.    What  was  the 
result?    When  the  engine  was  belted  and 
started  it  was  found  that  the  main  driving 
belt  would  not  keep  squarely  on  the  driving 
pulley,  but  shifted  to  one  side.    The  pulley 
was  taken  out  and  returned  to  the  makers, 
who  put  it  in  the  lathe  and  refaced  it.  When 
put  again  on  the  engine  shaft,  the  same 
trouble  occurred,  when  the  fault  was  discov- 
ered to  be  in  the  settling  of  the  foundation. 
Thus,  a  great  amount  of  expense  and  trouble 
were  expended  through  lack  of  proper  pro- 
vision and  appropriation  for  a  special  and 
most  important  purpose.    It  was  not  many 
days  since  we  witnessed  the  struggles  of  a 
gang  of  men  in  getting  a  large  horizontal 
engine  into  a  basement  through  a  basement 
window.    It  was  not  many  days  ago  when  it 
was  noticed  that  an  architect  in  his  plans  had 
placed  the  end  of  the  engine  so  close  to  the 
wall,  that  getting  out  the  piston  would  have 
been  a  long  and  serious  trouble.  Engineers 
in  charge  of  steam  plants  will  constantly 
point  out  the  difificulties  they  encounter  and 
the  inconveniences  they  have  to  tolerate  all 
through  lack  of  foresight  in  the  planning 
and  locating  of  the  machinery. 

Basements  seem  to  be  considered  the 
proper  place  for  boilers  in  nine  cases  out  of 
ten,  because  there  coal  and  water  can  be 
brought  close  to  them,  and  they  are  more 
easily  put  in,  bricked  up,  and  taken  out 
again.  Here  good  foundations  and  plenty 
of  room  can  be  secured,  but  artificial  light 
has  to  be  depended  upon,  during  day  and 
night.  It  is  here,  however,  that  soot,  ashes 
and  dirt  will  accumulate,  and  be  both  an 
annoyance  and  a  source  of  danger  if  provi- 
sion has  not  been  made  for  their  regular  and 
entire  removal.  But  how  many  basements 
can  we  find  where  special  provision  has  been 
made  for  this  purpose?  How  many  archi- 
tects consult  with  a  superintending  mechan- 
ic in  regard  to  this  when  planning  a  building 
where  steam  power  is  to  be  used?  But  the 
basement  is  no  place  for  an  engine,  unless 
completely  separated  from  the  boiler  room 
by  a  well  sealed  partition. 

An  engine  room  requires  ample  space, 
plenty  of  light  and  good  ventilation — space 
for  repairs,  light  that  will  enable  the  engi- 


neer to  take  in  the  condition  and  situation 
at  a  glance,  and  ventilation  so  good  that  he 
will  not  hate  to  stay  in  his  engine  room  on 
account  of  heat  and  suffocating  smell. 

This  cramping,  crowding  steam  machinery 
into  dark,  ill-vented  cells  and  damp  base- 
ments is  all  wrong.  It  is  false,  mistaken 
economy;  it  is  inhuman  and  distressing  to 
engineer  and  fireman,  both  physically  and 
morally;  and  is  in  every  respect  wrong  and 
hurtful.  We  find  boilers  and  engines  hiss- 
ing and  pounding  under  sidewalks,  in  nar- 
row foul-smelling  corners  and  recesses;  in 
places  where  we  least  expect  to  find  them; 
and  what  is  as  bad,  if  not  worse,  men  in  at- 
tendance who  care  little  for  the  condition 
and  appearance  of  the  machinery,  so  long 
as  it  works  without  making  too  much  noise. 

A  very  great  deal  of  this  state  of  things  is 
owing  to  oversight  and  want  of  proper 
thought  in  planning  for  steam  machinery, 
which  under  all  circumstances  should  have 
ample  room,  plenty  of  light,  with  suitable 
ventilation,  and  also  have  competent,  intelli- 
gent engineers  to  take  charge  of  it.  We  do 
not  expect  professional  architects  to  be 
practical  engineers,  but  we  do  maintain  that 
in  planning  buildings  to  receive  steam  ma- 
chinery the  professional  architect  will  do 
well  to  consult  with  the  practical  construct- 
ing or  superintending  engineer,  as  to  how 
far  the  greatest  facilities  and  convenience 
can  be  provided  for. 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN. 

For  the  month  of  February,  i8go,  com- 
pared with  the  preceding  month  the  reports 
indicate  that  cerebro-spinal  meningitis, 
cholera  morbus,  inflammation  of  brain,  dys- 
entery, measles,  whooping-cough,  typho- 
malarial  fever  and  inflammation  of  kidney 
increased  and  that  typhoid  fever  and  chol- 
era-infantum  decreased  in  prevalence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the 
temperature  was  slightly  lower,  the  absolute 
humidity  was  less,  the  relative  humidity 
was  the  same,  the  day  ozone  was  less  and 
the  night  ozone  was  more. 

Compared  with  the  average  for  the  month 
of  February  in  the  four  years  1886-9,  influ- 
enza, measles,  cerebro-spinal  meninigitls, 
cholera  morbus  and  membranous  croup  were 
more  prevalent,  and  cholera  infantum,  ty- 
phoid fever,  typho-malarial  fever  and  scar- 
let fever  were  less  prevalent  in  Februar>', 
1890. 

For  the  month  of  February,  1890,  com- 
pared with  the  average  of  corresponding 
months  in  the  four  years,  i886-g,  the  temper- 
ature was  much  higher,  the  absolute  humid- 
ity was  less  and  the  day  and  night  ozone 
were  more. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observer  and 
others,  diphtheria  was  reported  present  in 
Michitran  in  the  month  of  February,  1890, 
at  fifty-eight  places,  scarlet  fever  at  seventy- 
seven  places,  typhoid  fever  at  thirty-four 
places,  measles  at  sixty-nine  places  and 
small-pox  at  two  places. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria 
reported  at  three  places  less,  scarlet  fever 


Mabch15.  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


453 


at  fifteen  places  more,  typhoid  fever  at  four- 
teen places  less,  measles  at  forty-two  places 
more  and  sinall-pox  at  two  places  more  in 
the  month  of  February,  i8qo,  than  in  the 
preceding  month. 

Henky  B.  Baker,  Sec'y. 
Lansing,  Mich.,  March  6,  i89o. 


CARELESSNESS. 
The  following   timely  hints,  found  in  an 
article  in  ihelndipoidint  will  be  found  of  in- 
terest to  builders: 

If  men  persist  in  running  the  ends  of  floor 
beams  into  the  flues  of  chimneys  and  leav- 
ing them  so,  out  of  sheer  laziness  or  besotted 
stupidity,  it  must  be  expected  that  houses 
so  built  will  take  fire.  If  apartment  houses 
are  built  with  a  wooden  box  from  cellar  to 
roof,  kiln-dried  in  course  of  time,  with  tempt- 
ations added  in  the  use  of  matches  and  hot 
coals,  the  house  will  be  on  fire  from  cellar  to 
roof  in  a  flash,  if  the  start  of  a  little  fire 
comes,  whether  the  first  week  or  the  thou- 
sandth. If  people  build,  and  other  people 
occupy,  such  a  dwelling  in  the  cellar  of 
which  a  baker  fries  crullers  in  hot  fat  before 
daybreak  in  the  mornmg,  just  as  soon  as  the 
slipping  of  the  baker's  foot  or  some  other 
litttle  slip  spills  the  fat  on  the  fire,  the  whole 
structure  will  be  in  a  roar  of  flame,  although 
there  may  be  a  hundred  little  children 
dreaming  in  their  cribs  on  every  floor.  If 
builders  run  up  a  church  wall  and  leave  it 
unsupported  by  floor  beams  or  shoring,  and 
a  heavy  gale  comes,  the  wall  will  crash  down 
on  a  dwelling  alongside.  The  intention,  the 
plan,  the  forethought,  or  lack  of  forethought, 
are  all  immaterial.  The  poison  does  not  ob- 
serve it  has  been  swallowed  by  mistake,  and 
therefore  omit  to  attack  the  stomach  in  the 
way  natural  to  it.  It  is  the  act,  and  not  the 
motive,  which  determines  results.  And  if  a 
tinder-box  shaft  is  put  intoja  building,  or  if 
there  is  a  furnace  flue  placed  too  near  the 
wood,  these  things  act  precisely  as  if  they 
had  been  planned  to  set  buildings  on  fire  as 
soon  as  they  are  brought  into  the  right  con- 
ditions, and  if  there  are  open  air  spaces,  and 
connecting  within  walls  and  under  floors 
and  roofs — as  there  are  in  all  buildings  ex- 
cept perhaps  one  in  ten  thousand — the  fire 
goes  through  those  spaces  to  the  top  as 
readily  and  certainly  as  if  they  had  been 
planned  to  be  the  flues  they  really  are. 

Then  when  the  train  which  bad  building 
and  bad  habits  have  laid  goes  off  and  the 
and  the  fire  breaks  out  we  run  and  bring  a 
fire  department,  maintained  at  a  heavy  cost, 
which  stops  the  burning  with  a  water  dam- 
age second  only  to  that  of  fire,  then  we  look 
to  the  insurance  companies  and  consider 
that  there  is  no  real  loss  if  only  we  have 
been  'covered.' 

Now  just  as  long  as  these  bad  habits  con- 
tinue, fires  and  all  the  list  of  preventible 
calamities  will  follow  them.  That  these 
reckless  ways  will  continue  indefinitely  is 
not  to  be  expected — they  are  too  costly, 
their  cost  will  compel  reform.  But  is  it  not 
time  to  seriously  undertake  the  reform 
and  stop  the  cost  from  running  up  further? 


LIGHT  AND  HEALTH. 
Most  persons  would  say  that  the  outside 
light  is  two  or  three  times  as  strong  as  that 
within  our  houses.  But  the  ratio  of  differ- 
ence is  vastly  greater.  Carefully  prepared 
tables  show  that  for  a  view  at  the  seashore, 
comprising  sea  and  sky  mainly  (with  a  lens 
and  plate  of  a  certain  speed),  an  exposure 
of  one-tenth  of  a  second  is  sufficient.  An 
open  landscape  away  from  the  sea  would, 
with  the  same  lens,  the  same  aperature,  and 
the  same  plate,  require  one-third  of  a  sec- 
ond. A  fairly  lighted  interior  would  require 
two  and  a  half  minutes,  while  a  badly  lighted 
interior,  such  as  rooms  which  most  ladies 
prefer  to  occupy,  would  require  half  an  hour 
to  obtain  an  equally  good  picture.  In  other 
words,  patients  strolling  on  the  seashore  in 
sunny  weather  are  in  a  light  not  two  or  three 
times,  but  eighteen  thousand  times  stronger 
than  that  in  the  ordinary  shaded  and  cur- 
tained rooms  of  a  city  house;  and  the  same 
patients  walking  along  the  sunny  side  of  a 
street  are  receiving  more  than  five  thousand 
times  as  much  of  the  health-giving  influence 
of  light  as  they  would  receive  indoors  in  the 
usually  heavy  curtained  rooms. — Health. 


PURE  AIR  IN  CHURCHES. 
Probably  all  church-goers  have  at  one 
time  or  another  experienced  the  irresistible 
tendency  to  drowsiness  or  somnolence  that 
begins  to  be  felt  about  the  beginning  of  the 
sermon,  and  is  only  finally  dissipated  on 
quitting  the  church  for  the  open  air.  Many 
people  are  inclined  to  assume  rather  hastily 
that  pulpit  oratory  is  to  be  held  accountable 
for  the  creation  of  the  soporific  influences  of 
the  hour;  but  medical  men  and  others  who 
have  considered  the  subject  must  be  aware 
that,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  it  is  the  close- 
ness and  heat  of  the  atmosphere,  and  not 
the  length  of  the  sermon,  that  is  at  fault. 
Because  churches  are,  as  a  rule,  large  and 
roomy  edifices,  architects  assume  that  ven- 
tilation is  unheeded,  and  vicars  and  rectors 
are  content  to  hold  the  same  belief,  although 
they  are  even  greater  sufferers  by  the  foul 
state  of  the  atmosphere  than  the  congrega- 
tion.   Clergyman's  sore  throat,  hoarseness 
and  voicelessness  are  directly  induced  by 
the  constant  and  continued  efforts  of  speech 
in  a  heated  and  relaxing  atmosphere,  and 
the  faculties  of  the  congregation  are  dulled 
and  blunted  by  the  same  cause.  Church 
windows  are  not  made  to  open;  and  even  if 
they  were,  unless  the  entering  air  is  directed 
upward  to   a  considerable  height,  it  falls 
upon  the  heads  of  the  congregation,  and 
complaints  of  draughts  are  made  to  the 
church-wardens,  which  promptly  secure  ihe 
closing  of  the  windows.    Most  churches  are 
heated  by  stoves  or  hot  water  coils,  but  in 
very  few  cases  is  there  any  arrangement  for 
admitting  fresh  air  to  come  into  contact  with 
the  heated  surfaces  of  pipes  or  stoves  before 
passing  into  the  church.    Exhaust  ventila- 
tors in  the  roof  are  practically  unknown  in 
churches;  consequently  the  foul  and  heated 
air  never  escapes,  and  after  service,  as  the 
heated  air  cools,  it  descends,  and  a  fresh 


congregation  rebreathes  the  used  air  of  its 
predecessors.  In  this  respect  churches  are 
even  worse  off  than  the  theatres,  where  the 
cubic  space  i)er  head  is  far  less,  for  all 
theatres  have  sunlight  burners  in  the  roof 
of  the  auditorium,  which  act  very  efficiently 
as  exits  for  foul  air.  Although  different 
systems  commend  themselves  to  different 
persons,  we  are  mclined  to  advocate  in  win- 
ter, the  admission  of  fresh  air  warmed  by 
contact  with  hot  water  coils  beneath  grat- 
ings in  the  floor,  and  numerous  exhaust 
ventilators  in  the  roof  provided  with  rings 
of  gas  jets  to  keep  up  the  temperature  of 
the  escaping  air.  In  summer  fresh  air 
Should  be  admitted  by  revolving  panes  in 
the  window,  so  as  to  secure  an  upward  direc- 
tion, the  exhaust  ventilators  being  also  kept 
in  action.  If  places  of  worship  were  ade- 
quately ventilated  "church  headache"  would 
soon  become  as  little  known  as  "theatre 
headache"  now  is,  thanks  to  the  regulations 
that  the  latter  places  of  amusement  are  now 
subjected  to. — British  Medical  Jotirnal. 


CHICAGO'S  NEW  WATER-WORKS. 

The  chairman  of  the  Council  Finance 
Committee  of  this  city.  Commissioner  Purdy, 
Engineer  North  way  and  other  employes^ 
under  the  guidance  of  Contractor  Onder- 
donk.paid  a  visit  on  Saturday  to  the  water- 
works tunnels.  Messrs.  Onderdonk  and 
North  way  convinced  them  that  work  was 
favorably  progressing  on  the  double  six-foot 
tunnels,  which  the  nature  of  the  cutting  de- 
manded in  place  of  the  eight-foot  tunnel  al- 
ready specified  Mr.  Onderdonk  said: 

"We  are  now  out  4,200  feet.  We  are  pro- 
gressing at  the  rate  of  fifteen  feet  per  day 
from  one  face.  The  intermediate  or  two- 
and-a-half  mile  crib  is  practically  finished. 
In  a  few  days  we  can  work  both  ways  from 
that  point,outvvard  and  inward.  In  fourteen 
months,  possibly  in  twelve  months,  we  shall 
have  made  our  connections  between  inter- 
mediate crib  and  the  city.  Chicago  will  have 
an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  thereafter. 

"The  four-and-a-half-mile  crib  will  soon  be 
in  place  also.  We  can  work  inward  from 
that.  I  think  I  can  promise  that  the  whole 
job  will  be  completed  half  a  year  inside  the 
contract  time." 


REVIEWS  AND  NOTES. 

David  Starr  Jordon,  President  of  the 
University  of  Indiana,  will  open  the  April 
Poptilar  itcienee  Monthly  with  a  vigorous 
and  lively  article  on  "Science  in  the  High 
School."  Its  object  is  to  show  up  the  make- 
believe  character  of  what  is  offered  in  many 
schools  to  satisfy  the  modern  demand  for 
science-teaching. 

We  have  received  the  initial  number  of 
Health,  a  monthly  journal  published  at 
Boston.  It  gives  promise  of  good  service  to 
the  cause  of  good  health,  and  we  bid  it 
welcome  and  success. 

The  Dixie  Doctor,  published  at  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  edited  by  T.  H  Huzza,  M.  D„  is  a 
new  sprightly  medical  journal,  bearing  on 


644 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  319 


its  pages  much  to  recommend  it  to  the  med- 
ical world.  Its  policy  seems  to  eschew  long, 
labored  dissertations  and  present  its  readers 
with  short,  pithy  articles  full  of  information, 
practical  and  readily  digestible.  It  is  espec- 
ially suited  to  the  busy  doctor  who  wishes  to 
find  ready  aid  and  keep  abreast  with  his 
profession  as  he  follows  his  daily  labors. 

Hygiene  of  Childhood.  By  Francis 
H.  Rankin,  M.  D.  (New  York:  D.  Appleton 
&  Company.) — This  book  treats  of  a  most 
important  subject.  The  death-rate  of  infants 
shows  an  unpardonable  negligence  and 
ignorance  in  regard  to  the  proper  care  for 
children,  and  The  Sanitary  News  has  fre- 
quently pointed  out  the  evils  tending  to  in- 
crease the  mortality  of  infants.  We  wel- 
come this  book  and,  after  a  perusal  of  its 
contents,  can  heartily  recommend  it  to  the 
study  of  mothers.  While  it  necessarily  dis- 
cusses subjects  that  are  not  new,  it  presents 
them  in  such  a  way  as  to  develop  their  im- 
portance and  point  out  the  remedies  for  the 
evils  existing.  The  subjects  of  "Dietary 
During  Childhood,"  "Protection  of  the 
Body,"  "Importance  of  Pure  Air,"  "Exercise 
a  Requirement  for  Health,"  "Sleep,"  "Edu- 
cation," "School  Hygiene,"  are  of  special 
importance  and  interest,  and  the  entire  work 
should  be  in  every  family. 


In  reference  to  the  Waring  system  of  sew- 
erage, a  letter  which  we  have  perused  from 
J.H.  Miller,city  engineer.  New  Castle,  Pa.  to 
Geo.  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  gives  this  evidence  of 
appreciation.  Mr.  Miller  says:  "1  was  over 
to  Buttler  on  Friday  last  and  learned  of  your 
having  been  there  a  short  time  before  to  pro- 
pose a  plan  of  sewerage  for  that  town.  I  re- 
gret very  much  that  I  did  not  know  of  your 
coming  in  time  to  urge  you  to  stop  with  us 
here  at  New  Castle  and  see  what  we  have 
done, and  permit  our  citizens  to  express  their 
gratitude  for  benefits  we  are  enjoying  from 
your  system  here.  We  have  something 
more  than  three  miles  in  operation,  and  al- 
though most  of  it  has  been  used  for  eighteen 
months,  not  a  single  obstruction  has  occurred 
and  no  failure  has  been  heard  of.  We  have 
let  contracts  for  a  mile  and  a  half  more  and 
petitions  are  coming  in  for  still  further  ex- 
tensions for  the  work.  A  committee  from 
Butler  is  to  be  over  to  examine  the  working 
of  our  sewers  and  I  shall  take  pleasure  in 
showing  them  a  good  thing. 

A  movement  for  the  establishment  of  free 
Turkish  baths  has  been  started  in  Brooklyn. 

An  Ansonia  (Conn.)  druggist  has  an  elec- 
tric bell  in  a  cabinet  containing  poisons. 
When  the  door  is  opened  the  bell  rings  re- 
minding the  compounder  that  he  is  handling 
poisons. 


Nine  cases  of  typus  fever  have  been  re- 
cently discovered  in  New  York,  all  traceable 
to  infection  from  Europe. 

Send  in  your  subscriptions  for  the  San- 
itary News. 


BUILDING. 


MATERIALS   FOR  EXPOSITION 
BUILDINGS. 

Mr.  Octave  Chanute,  who  visited  the  Paris 
Exposition  as  an  engineering  expert  for  the 
Chicago  W^orld's  Fair  committee,  recently 
read  a  paper  before  the  Western  Society  of 
Engineers  at  their  meeting  in  which  he  de- 
scribed some  of  the  engineering  features  of 
buildings  erected  for  the  Paris  Exposition. 
Referring  to  the  disposal  of  the  materials  at 
the  close  of  a  great  exhibition,  he  said: 

The  important  problem  is  going  to  be  how 
to  dispose  of  the  second-hand  material  after 
the  close  of  the  exposition.  Some  of  yon 
know  what  the  experience  was  at  the  cen- 
tennial at  Philadelphia.  The  French,  taught 
by  the  sore  experience  of  1878,  after  which 
the  old  materials  were  sacrificed,  have 
solved  the  difficulty  this  time  by  deciding 
to  retain  permanently  the  machinery  hall, 
the  main  transept  and  central  dome,  as  well 
as  the  fine  arts  and  liberal  arts  buildings, 
but  it  is  not  on  every  location  that  this 
course  can  be  resorted  to.  The  principal 
difficulty  arises  from  the  fact  that  when  the 
buildings  are  torn  down  the  market  is 
glutted  with  materials  for  which  there  is 
only  a  limited  demand.  Tiais  suggests  that 
instead  of  making  plans  to  employ  the  usu- 
al forms  of  iron  posts  and  trusses,  the  de- 
signs might  be  made  to  employ  forms  of 
the  material  in  common  use,  and  for  which 
there  is  a  constant  and  large  demand,  so  that 
they  may  be  obtained  quickly  and  be  readily 
resold.  Thus  the  posts  might  be  of  cast  iron 
water  pipes,  or  of  standard  forms  of  rails, 
clamped  instead  of  riveted  together.  Some 
of  the  shorter  trusses  may  similarly  be  com- 
posed in  part  of  gas  and  wrought  iron  pipes, 
the  whole  may  be  made  glorious  with  paint, 
and  when  the  exposition  is  over  the  various 
parts  may  be  unscrewed,  taken  apart  and 
thrown  into  the  market. 

If  some  such  method  be  adopted,  there  is 
time  enough  to  open  an  exposition  on  the 
1st  May,i8Q2.  There  is  none  to  waste,  but 
within  the  intervening  time  it  is  possible  to 
advertise  for  plans,  to  perfect  and  work  them 
out,  to  contract  for  and  obtain  the  materials 
to  erect  the  buildings  and  to  arrange  the  ex- 
hibits. 


EARTHENWARE  DRAINS. 

The  following  is  from  Benjamin  Kirk, 
Plumbing  Inspector,  Toronto,  in  the  Na. 
tioiial  Builder: 

To  the  average  builder  this  has  been  a 
matter  of  some  considerable  anxiety.  The 
departure  from  the  old  system  of  "go  as  you 
please"  to  the  present  system  of  close  in- 
spection by  city  inspectors,  has  made  the 
duties  of  the  drain-layer  more  difficult  to 
perform,  inasmuch  as  greater  skill  is  re- 
quired to  successfully  execute  the  work  in 
accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  by- 
law. One  of  these  requirements  is  that 
every  dram  for  carrying  sewage  within  the 


walls  of  a  house  or  other  building  must 
stand  a'test  (the  water  test  is  usually  called 
for). 

Pure  Portland  cement  properly  worked 
into  the  joints  with  a  small  trowel  should 
make  sure  work  of  the  joints.  If  the  joints 
were  first  packed  with  oakum,  the  same  as 
for  cast  iron,  the  joints  should  be  more  uni- 
formly filled  with  cement.  I  think  that 
much  of  the  difficulty  in  making  earthen- 
ware drains  water-tight  is  in  not  having 
sufficient  cement  in  the  bottom  of  the  joint. 
Cement  which  has  partly  set  should  not  be 
tempered  up  for  use  again,  as  it  loses  much 
of  its  adhesive  power  by  the  process. 

The  quality  of  the  pipe  is  another  item 
which  contributes  materially  to  the  success 
or  failure  of  the  testing  process.  It  should 
be  well  glazed,  free  from  flaws  and  fire 
cracks,  of  vitrified  fire-clay,  and  the  hubs 
large  enough  to  receive  a  proper  filling  of 
cement  in  the  joints.  With  fairly  good 
cement,  twenty-four  hours  ought  to  be  suffi- 
cient to  allow  the  cement  to  set  hard  enough 
to  stand  a  fair  water  test.  I  have  success- 
fully applied  it  after  five  hours  setting. 

Another  difficulty  to  be  encountered  is  the 
stopping  up  of  the  drain  to  retain  the  water 
in  the  pipes  long  enough  to  test  them. 
Various  are  the  methods  employed  to  this 
end.  Some  endeavor  to  stop  up  the  main 
trap  with  rags,  blue  clay  and  mud,  others 
will  leave  two  or  three  lengths  of  pipe  loose 
and  stop  up  the  end  with  cement  or  plaster 
of  paris  (the  latter  will  not  stand),  and  after 
the  test  break  out  the  cement,  replace  the 
loose  pipes  and  cement  up  the  joints. 

When  the  trap  can  be  filled  with  blue  clay 
it  is  the  best,  but  the  clay  must  be  well 
worked  and  rammed  into  the  trap;  then  it 
should  be  weighted  down  with  something, 
or  the  water  will  raise  it,  and  pass  under  it 
out  into  the  sewer.  An  expansion  plug  with 
a  rubber  ring,  such  as  is  used  for  testing 
soil-pipes,  might  be  so  made  that  it  could  be 
inserted  through  a  junction  and  expanded 
by  means  of  a  thumb-screw.  This  might 
afterward  be  used  for  the  air  inlet,  or  it 
could  be  cemented  over.  It  would  be  as 
well  to  have  inserted  near  the  front  wall 
what  is  known  as  a  "drain  sentinel,"  which 
consists  of  a  pipe  having  a  longitudinal 
opening  in  it  the  full  width  of  the  pipe,  with 
a  cover  secured  in  its  place  by  bolts  at  each 
end.  This  would  be  convenient  for  clean- 
ing or  inspecting  the  drain  at  any  time,  and 
with  a  plug  such  as  1  have  described,  a  test 
could  be  conveniently  applied  at  any  time.  I 
believe  that  one  of  the  manufacturers  of 
plumbing  supplies  in  this  city  is  making 
plugs  for  testing  soil-pipes,  and  if  he  could 
sell  them,  I  presume  that  he  would  make 
testing  plugs  for  drains  also. 

Great  care  is  necessary  to  prevent  the 
joints  being  broken  while  the  cement  is  set- 
ting. The  time  consumed  in  making  tests 
and  repairing  leaks  is  another  item  to  be 
considered  when  estimating  the  cost  of  a 
drain.  This  is  a  serious  item  in  earthen- 
ware drains,  for  it  is  difficult  to  find  the 
leaks,  and  when  found,  it  requires  so  much 


TVlAftcH  15, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


545 


time  to  repair  them  owing  to  the  setting  of 
the  cement.  With  cast  iron  pipe  the  leaks 
are  easily  found,  and  when  found  are  easily 
repaired,  unless  the  pipe  itself  is  dcfeetivc. 
Again,  when  drains  are  left  open  for  four  or 
five  days  while  testing,  as  is  sometimes  the 
case,  the  banks  become  loosened  and  cave 
in,  walls  and  piers  are  liable  to  settle.  Al- 
though the  first  cost  of  earthenware  pipe  is 
much  less  than  iron,  I  think  that  those  who 
have  undergone  the  experience  here  nar- 
rated will  agree  with  me  that  cast  iron  is 
the  cheapest  in  the  end. 

Another  trouble  with  drain-laying  is  the 
difficulty  of  getting  men  who  understand 
the  work.  The  public  is  not  in  a  position  to 
intelligently  discriminate  in  the  selection  of 
drain-layers.  This  might  be  remedied  by 
licensing  drain-layers  the  same  as  plumbers 
are  licensed.  One  is  just  as  important  as  the 
other.  A  defective  drain  is  just  as  efficient 
in  the  diffusion  of  sewer  gas  through  the 
house  as  a  defective  soil-pipe.  In  nearly 
all  cities  where  plumbing  regulations  are  in 
vogue  drain-layers  are  licensed  the  same  as 
plumbers,  but  we  are  only  commencing 
here,  and  cannot  expect  to  attain  perfection 
at  once. 


What  is  known  as  Pessimism,  or  asking 
"Is  life  worth  living?"  should  properly  be 
called  a  sort  of  liver  compaint. — Time. 


The  Sanitary  Inspectors  of  the  City  Health 
Department  celebrated  the  tenth  anniversa- 
ry of  the  establishment  of  the  system  by 
giving  a  ball  at  Apollo  Hall,  Blue  Island 
avenue  and  West  Twelfth  street.  About 
three  hundred  people  were  present.  Chief 
Inspector  A.  Young  made  a  brief  address 
welcome.  Joe  Gruenhut  followed  with  a 
paper  on  Chicago's  greatness.  A  dancing 
program  of  twenty-two  numbers  was  then 
entered  on. 


A  medical  man  wrote  recently  wrote  re- 
cently to  a  leading  paper  in  England  to  say 
that  bacteria  are  animals,  and  this  has  long 
been  the  popular  impression;  but,  according 
to  the  be.  James  Budget,  of  London,  the 
"  researches  of  Professor  Cohn,  of  Breslau 
— to  whom  more  than  to  any  one  else  we 
owe  the  study  of  these  organisms — estab- 
lished them  as  primitive  members  of  the 
vegetable  world.  They  are  exceedingly 
minute  elementary  plants,  consisting  of  lit- 
tle balls  or  rods  of  matter,  and  hardly  any- 
thing else;  though  they  have  the  power  of 
growth,  of  multiplication,  and  in  most  cases 
of  movement." 


A  German  proverb  says  that  "a  physic- 
ian is  an  angel  when  employed,  but  the 
devil  when  one  must  pay  him." 


Statisticians  are  alarmed  to  rind  the  mar- 
riage rate  of  England  diminished  largely 
during  the  past  few  years. 


Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News. 


PLUMBING. 


THE  INSPECTION  OF  PLUMHER- 
WORK.* 

Had  this  meeting  been  for  any  other  pur- 
pose than  discussion,  1  would  scarcely  have 
presumed  to  address  a  gathering  of  practical 
men  on  this  sul)ject;  but,  fortunately,  I  am 
in  the  position  not  of  a  teacher  giving  in- 
struction to  those  of  less  attainments  than 
himself,  but  simply  of  one  giving,  from  his 
own  point  of  view,  his  ideas  on  a  subject  of 
general  interest,  to  be  discussed  by  fellow- 
workers  in  the  same  field.  It  will  give  me 
as  much  pleasure  to  alter  my  opinions,  if  I 
am  convinced  they  are  wrong,  as  to  defend 
them  if  I  think  they  are  right. 

Although  the  subject  is  the  inspection  of 
plumber-work  in  general,  you  will,  I  hope, 
pardon  me  if  I  confine  what  I  have  to  say  to 
inside  work,  and  more  especially  to  sanitary 
work,  as  being  not  only  the  most  important, 
but  the  only  part  in  which  I  can  claim  to 
have  any  special  experience.  Looking  at 
the  subject  thus  restricted,  there  are  three 
points  which  I  would  like  to  take  up,  with 
the  proviso  that  each  of  them  can  only  get 
a  few  words  from  me,  and  that  I  bring  them 
forward  chiefly  as  pegs  on  which  to  hang 
the  subsequent  discussion. 

The  three  points  are:  (i)  the  objects  of  in- 
spection, (2)  the  methods  of  inspection,  and 
(3)  the  men  who  inspect. 

Running  through  these,  however,  there  is 
a  second  division,  for  while  the  work  of 
most  tradesmen  is  inspected  only  during  its 
progress,  plumber-work  is  frequently  in- 
spected— sometimes  regularly  inspected — 
long  after  it  is  completed.  We  must,  there- 
fore, consider  both  kinds  of  inspection  as 
we  go  on. 

First,  then,  as  regards  the  objects  of  in- 
spection in  new  work.  It  may  be  taken  for 
granted,  without  implying  the  slightest  slur 
upon  the  workmen,  that,  other  things  being 
equal,  work  which  is  well  inspected  will  be 
better  done  than  work  which  is  not.  Assum- 
ing, too,  that  the  inspector  is  thoroughly 
competent,  impartial  and  reliable,  a  good 
tradesman  will  prefer  to  work  under  inspec- 
tion. He  knows  that  his  work  will  stand 
looking  into,  and,  therefore,  has  no  fear. 
The  more  thorough  the  inspection,  the  more 
credit  he  will  get. 

Now,  however  important  it  may  be  that 
all  the  work  about  a  house  should  be  well 
executed,  it  is  doubly  so  in  regard  to  the 
plumber-work,  not  only  because  any  de- 
fects might  possibly  be  detected  only  by  the 
outbreak  of  disease,  but  also  because  while 
most  work  is  fixed  and  has  to  stand  only 
against  decay,  the  plumber-work  is  really  a 
piece  of  machinery  which  has  to  stand  wear 
and  tear  as  well.  Not  only  so,  but  while 
most  machines  are  under  the  care  of  people 
who  know  something,  at  least,  of  their  man- 

*Read  to  the  Scottish  Society  for  the  Kegistration 
of  Plumbers  at  their  third  annual  meeting  in  the 
Trades  Hall,  Glasgow,  on  .Jan.  20,  181)0,  by 'Gilbert 
Thomson,  M.  A.;  C.  E. 


agement,  the  complicated  arrangement  of 
fittings  in  a  house  is  under  the  care  of  people 
who  know  little  and  care  less  about  it,  and 
who,  when  anything  goes  wrong  from  any 
cause,  promptly  conclude  that  the  plumber 
who  put  in  the  fittings  was  an  unmitigated 
rascal.  Not  but  what  that  is  sometimes  too 
true,  and  it  is  chiefly  to  avoid  the  injury 
which  such  men  do  to  everybody,  including 
their  more  honest  brethren,  that  inspectioii 
is  necessary.  Th-i  inspector  may  either  be 
acting  on  behalf  of  the  proprietor,  under  the 
instructions  of  the  architect  or  engineer,  or 
he  may  be  a  public  official,  acting  in  the 
interest  of  public  health.  In  either  case  he 
has  a  standard  fixed  for  him,  in  the  one  case 
by  the  specification  under  which  the  work  is 
carried  out,  and  in  the  other  by  the  local 
authority  whose  bye-laws  are  to  be  obeyed. 
He  is  not  responsible  for  the  design  of  the 
work,  nor  for  the  specification,  but  he  is  re- 
sponsible for  all  the  work  being  carried  out 
in  accordance  with  these,  and  very  likely, 
in  the  case  of  the  architect's  inspector,  has 
to  take  the  responsibility  of  arranging  a  good 
deal  of  detail.  He  cannot,  however,  go 
above  his  standard,  and,  therefore,  if  inspec- 
tion is  to  be  of  any  real  use,  it  is  essential 
that  the  specification  should  be  drawn  up  by 
one  who  understands  thoroughly  what  he  is 
about.  A  careless  specification  is  sure  to 
produce  bad  work,  for  although  both  the 
plumber  and  inspector  know  perfectly  well 
that  a  certain  way  of  doing  is  bad,  still  the 
price  has  been  fixed  in  accordance  with  it. 
and  the  inspector  can  demand  nothing 
better,  unless  at  the  cost  of  alarming  "ex- 
tras." It  may  not  be  amiss  to  add  that  when 
the  price  paid  is  obviously  less  than  good 
work  can  be  done  for,  the  result  is  sure  to 
be  unsatisfactory,  one  way  or  another.  With 
regard  to  inspection  during  progress,  it  may 
be  said,  in  short,  that  its  object  is  simply  to 
ensure  that  the  character  of  the  work  will 
not  fall  below  the  specified  standard. 

The  object  of  any  future  inspection  is  dif- 
ferent. The  work  is  there,  be  it  good  or 
bad,  and  the  inspector,  who,  as  before,  is 
either  employed  by  those  interested  in  the 
property,  or  is  a  public  official,  has  to  answer 
the  question,  "Is  the  state  of  the  building 
prejudicial  or  dangerous  to  health?"  In  the 
case  of  a  public  official,  the  standard  by 
which  he  has  to  judge  it  is  the  lowest  one 
that  is  consistent  with  safety.  No  authority 
has  any  right  to  demand  more,  although  they 
are,  I  think,  quite  right  to  interpret  this  in  a 
broad  sense,  and  the  standard  is  fixed  on 
the  basis  of  safety  by  its  professional  ad- 
visers. In  many  cases  the  same  standard 
is  taken  in  an  inspection  for  a  private  party 
but  very  often  further  considerations,  such 
as  comfort,  convenience  and  appearance, 
have  to  be  taken  into  account.  In  any  case, 
the  chief  object  is  to  find  out  whether  or  not 
the  system  is  good  in  design,  whether  it  is 
working  well,  and  whether  anything,  either 
liquid  or  gas,  can  find  its  way  from  the  pipes 
into  the  house.  The  inspector,  obviously,  is 
concerned  with  many  questions  which  do 
not  concern  the  inspector  of  works  in  prog- 


546 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV  No.  31<> 


ress,  and  he  is  very  often  ex])ectcd  to  be 
able  to  design  any  alterations  that  may  be 
required. 

We  must  hasten  on,  however,  to  speak  of 
the  methods  of  inspection.    Assuming  that 
the  specification  is  a  stringent  one,  strin- 
gently carried  out,  each  piece  of  material 
will  be  examined  and  must  be  free  from 
flaws  before  it  is  placed  in  the  work.  The 
inspector  has  to  see  that  all  lead  is  of  the 
proper  weight,  that  light  or  medium  pipes 
are  not  smuggled  in  where  heavy  pipes  are 
specified,  and  that  all  the  fittings  are  of  the 
proper  make  and  proper  quality.    He  has 
to  see  that  all  the  pipes  have  the  connections 
that  are  mtended,  that  traps  are  properly 
shaped,  that  no  pipe  is  left  open  in  any  way 
to  the  inside  of  the  house,  and  generally, 
that  the  idea  of  the  design  is  intelligently 
carried  out.    But  even  supposing  that  all 
this  is  satisfactory,  this  sort  of  inspection  is 
not   sufficient  without  the  further  experi- 
mental proof  of  testing.    I  question  if  there 
is  a  plumber  here,  who,  after  finishing  to  the 
best  of  his  power  the  piping  of  a  large  build- 
ing, would  be  willing  to  vouch  for  the  per- 
fect tightness  of  every  part  until  he  had  got 
it  tested.    There  are  so  many  possibilities 
of  its  being  otherwise,  that  even  although  a 
man  might  be  willing  to  "stand  on  the  head" 
of  work  he  had  himself  done,  I  am  quite 
sure  that  no  one  would  vouch  for  work  which 
he  had  only  seen  done.    The  usual  smoke 
test  therefore,  properly  applied,  is  a  practi- 
cal necessity,  and  discovers  many  a  flaw 
even  in  good  work.    But  there  is  the  danger 
of  leaning  too  much  on  the  test.    It  is  not 
sufficient  for  the  inspector  merely  to  test  a 
piece  of  work  without  having  previously  in- 
spected it.    I  have  seen  many  a  job,  for 
example,  which  did  not  stand  the  smoke 
test,  and  which  was  yet  infinitely  better  than 
a  great  many  which  did.    In  the  one  case 
the  smoke  may  escape  from  some  slight 
flaw  or  overlooked  joint,  which  may  be,  and 
is,  immediately  put  right,  while  the  other 
job,  though  tight  in  the  meantime,  may  be 
bristling  with  putty  joints  and  light  material 
and  almost  ready  to  fall  to  pieces.  Never- 
theless, an  inspector  going  only  by  the  test, 
would  condemn  the  former  and  pass  the 
latter.    The  proper  security,  of  course,  is  to 
combine  careful  inspection  with  intelligent 
testing.    The  inspection  secures  that  sound 
material  is  used,  and  that  the  workmanship 
is  skilled,  while  the  testing  reveals  any  for- 
gotten joint  or  accidental  flaw.    Over  and 
above  this,  the  fittings  must  be  gone  over  to 
see  that  every  part  is  working  smoothly, 
that  closet  valves  fit  tightly,  that  no  traps 
are  syphoned,  and  none  of  them  have  been 
dragged  or  canted  in  the  fitting,  and  the 
numerous    little   details   which,   as  every 
plumber  knows,  do  much  to  make  or  mar 
the  job.    So  much,  then,  for  inspection  dur- 
ing construction. 

Next  there  is  the  question  of  the  examina- 
tion of  plumber-work,  which  in  this  case 
must  include  the  drains,  after — perhaps  long 
after — the  work  is  completed.  It  is  obvious 
that  there  can  be  no  such  thoroughness  and 


certainty  as  in  the  former  case.  Drains  are 
buried  underground,  their  very  directions 
being  often  a  matter  of  great  uncertainty, 
soil-pipes  are  concealed  behind  woodwork 
or,  still  worse,  behind  plaster,  and  all  over  it 
often  appears  as  if  the  chief  desire  had  been 
to  put  the  plumber-work  thoroughly  out  of 
reach.  It  is,  therefore,  impossible  to  see 
much  of  the  pipes.  An  odd  bit  here  and 
there  may  be  seen,  and  a  guess  may  thus  be 
made  of  the  general  style  of  the  work,  or 
one  may  happen  to  know  who  was  the 
builder  or  plumber  that  fitted  it  up,  and  so 
reason  that  it  is  probably  good  or  otherwise. 
The  great  sheet  anchor,  however,  is  the  test, 
though  it  does  not  do  to  depend  upon  that 
alone.  An  inspector  called  in  to  examine  a 
house  is  very  much  in  the  position  of  a 
doctor  called  in  to  see  a  patient.  In  either 
case  the  symptoms  may  be  so  decided  as  to 
show  at  once  what  is  wrong,  but  very  often 
one  symptom  has  to  be  compared  with  an- 
other to  get  a  correct  result,  and  it  is  in 
these  cases  that  the  difference  between  the 
rule  of  thumb  man  and  the  man  of  skill  be- 
comes evident.    The  inspector  has  to  find 


out  all  he  can  about  the  particular  case — if 
there  is  an  escape  of  smoke,  to  find  out 
where  it  comes  from,  and  whether  it  ind 
cates  a  general  rottenness  in  the  whole 
system,  or  if  it  only  means  an  access  cover 
unfastened,  or  an  air-pipe  improperly  con 
nected,  or  perhaps,  a  trap  dried   up  or 
syphoned.    On  the  other  hand,  if  there  is  no 
smoke,  he  has  to  find  out  why  there  is  none 
It  may  mean  that  the  work  is  perfect,  but 
it  may  also  mean  that  no  test  worthy  of  the 
name  is  being  applied;  it  may  be  that  the 
smoke  supposed  to  be  entering  the  drain  is 
for  the  most  part  going  down  the  common 
sewer  or  escaping  at  some  unnoticed  out 
let;  or  that  the  smoke  which  is  really  escap 
ing  from  the  pipes  is  getting  out  of  sight  (I 
have  known  it,  for  example,  finding  its  way 
into  a  neighboring  house,  and  making  no 
ajipearance  in  the  house  under  examination 
or  many  other  possibilities  well  known  to 
practical  men     I  have  frequently  felt  bound, 
from  other  indications,  to  condenm  a  system 
of  pipes  in  which  little  or  nothing  could  be 
found  by  testing,  although  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  in  these  cases  the  difficulty  of 
convincing  the  proprietor  is  apt  to  be  con- 
siderable.   I  need  not  say  that  the  appara- 
tus used  in  testing  has  a  considerable  infl- 
cnce  on  the  result.    The  smoke  machine  has 
been  gradually  developed,  and  the  severity 
of  a  test  may  now  be  made  much  greater 
than  it  was  in  the  earlier  days  of  sanitary 
work.    I  have  no  doubt  that  many  systems 
of  pipes  which  were  tested  without  effect  a 
few  years  ago  would  not  stand  the  tests  we 
have  now  at  command,  but,  of  course,  to  the 
general  public  a  smoke  test  is  a  smoke  test, 
in  whatever  way  it  may  be  applied. 

The  last  point  of  which  I  have  to  speak  is 
the  personal  one —  that  is,  of  the  men  who 
have  to  do  the  work  we  have  described.  To 
begin  with  the  inspector  of  work  in  progress, 
what  are  his  necessary  qualifications?  Asa 
matter  of  course,  he  ought  to  have  a  thor- 


ough knowledge  of  plumber-work.     I  do 
not  say  he  must  be  a  plumber,  for  that  would 
be  equivalent  to  saying  that  there  must  be 
as  many  inspectors  as  there  are  trades  on 
the  job;  but  although  he  need  not  be  able  to 
fit  up  a  pipe  or  solder  a  joint  himself,  it  is 
essential  that  he  should  know  how  it  ought 
to  be  done.    As  the  plumber-work  is  about 
the  most  intricate  in  a  building,  a  good 
plumber  would  be  at  least  as  suitable  mater- 
ial out  of  which  to  make  a  good  inspector  as 
any  other  tradesman.    Each  inspector  will 
probably  know  one  trade  better  than  the 
others,  but  whatever  he  knows  best,  he 
must  have  a  good  working  knowledge  of  alL 
Confining  ourselves,  however,  to  plumber- 
work,  the  inspector  must,  in  the  first  place,, 
know  his  materials.    He  must  have  a  good 
idea  of  quality  and  price,  and  be  able  to  de- 
tect at  once  if  an  inferior  article  is  substi- 
tuted for  one  specified.     He  must  know 
workmanship,  too,  so  as  to  be  able  to  tell 
readily  whether  a  so-called  plumber  is  the 
genuine  article  or  a  sham.    In  addition  to 
that,  he  must  have  a  thorough  understand- 
ing of  the  why  and  the  wherefore  of  the  de- 
sign, so  that  if  any  modification  is  necessary,, 
he  can  tell  at  once  whether  a  certain  change 
will  do  no  harm  or  work  complete  havoc 
with  the  design.    If  he  has  not  this  under- 
standing, he  must  either  hang  on  through 
thick  and  thin  to  the  original  design,  or  be 
entirely  dependent  on  the  plumber,  which 
does  not  tend  to  satisfactory  relations.  If 
an  inspector  of  this  sort  is  superintending 
an  ignorant  plumber,  the  result  of  their  joint 
wisdom  will  be  interesting,  if  not  very  desir- 
able; but,  even  if  the  plumber  knows  well 
what  to  do,  an  insufficiently  skilled  inspector 
is  a  serious  matter,  especially  when,  as  often 
enongh  happens,  want  of  knowledge  is  ac- 
companied by  a  firm  conviction  that  what 
he  does  not  know  is  not  worth  knowing. 
\\'e  are  all  aware  that  while  many  clerks  of 
works  are  thoroughly  skilled,  and  in  every 
way  competent,   there   are   others  whose 
knowledge  of  jil umber- work  is  hopelessly 
out  of  date,  and  any  man  who  is  engaged  in 
such  important  work  may  very  reasonably 
be  expected  to  keep  himself  abreast  of  the 
times. 

The  same  qualifications,  at  least,  are  nec- 
essary in  anyone  who  undertakes  to  insjject 
existing  plumber-work,  whether  he  is  work- 
ing for  individual  employers  or  as  a  public 
official.  If  he  has  to  work  entirely  on  his 
own  responsibility,  further  qualifications  are 
necessary,  for  then  he  must  be  able  not  only 
to  see  a  clear  specification  carried  out,  but 
to  make  a  design  and  draw  out  a  specifica- 
tion of  his  own.  He  must  have  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  effects  of  this  or  that  de- 
viation from  what  is  theoretically  perfect,  as 
houses,  though  very  similar  in  general  feat- 
ures, vary  almost  infinitely  in  their  details, 
and  a  man  whose  knowledge  was  mere  rule 
of  thumb  would  soon  be  hopelessly  bewild- 
ered. The  responsible  head,  whoever  he 
may  be,  must  have  this  additional  qualifica- 
tion; but  there  is  no  reason  whatever  why 
the  great  bulk  of  the  work  of  inspection 


Mabch  15,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


547 


should  not  be  done  by  men  wliose  ciuaHtlca- 
tions  rome  up  only  to  the  first  standard.  It 
would  be  absurd  to  expect  the  sanitary  staff 
of  a  large  town  to  lie  all  hij^hly-skilled  sani- 
tary experts,  and  in  small  towns  it  is  impos- 
sible to  have  the  exclusive  service  of  even 
one,  but  the  work  of  inspection  should  be 
done  by  men  who  have  the  qualifications  of 
a  good  clerk  of  works,  under  the  supervision 
of  a  skilled  sanitarian,  who  would  naturally 
be  a  permanent  official  in  a  large  town,  and 
a  consulting  siiecialist  in  a  small  one. 

An  ins[)ector,  however,  reciuires  other 
qualifications  besides  techinical  knowledge, 
his  mental  and  moral  qualities  being  not 
less  important.  He  must  be  thorough,  tak- 
ing nothing  for  granted,  and  with  decision 
to  make  up  his  mind  uromptly,  and  stick  to 
what  he  knows  to  be  right.  He  must  have 
sufficient  "cuteness"  to  detect  any  attempt 
at  roguery;  but  while  he  must  look  into 
every  detail  as  thoroughly  as  if  he  believed 
that  every  man  on  the  job  was  sworn  to 
cheat  him,  he  ought  at  the  same  time  to 
have  sufficient  courtesy  and  tact  to  keep  on 
good  terms  with  every  good  man  on  the  job. 
An  inspector  who  swears  his  way  along, 
finding  fault  all  round,  has  never  the  same 
influence  as  one  who  is  know-n  not  to  find 
fault  unless  it  is  well  deserved,  and  who  is 
as  willing  to  commend  good  work  as  to  con- 
demn bad  work.  There  is  one  point  which 
I  am  sorry  even  to  mention.  There  are 
among  inspectors  some,  I  sincerely  trust 
very  few,  of  the  inevitable  black  sheep  who 
disgrace  every  profession.  It  is  not,  I  be- 
lieve, a  penal  offence,  but  it  is  in  iny  opinion 
a  great  deal  worse  than  many  thmgs  which 
are  penal  offences,  for  a  man  to  accept  any 
consideration  from  one  whose  work  he  has 
to  inspect.  Want  of  "straightness"  in  this 
respect  is  more  fatal  to  an  inspector  than  the 
grossest  ignorance  or  stupidity. 

Men  who  are  appointed  by  architects  to 
supervise  work,  by  proprietors  to  inform 
them  of  the  state  of  their  houses,  or  by  local 
authorities  for  the  sake  of  public  health, 
must  be  men  who  will  command  the  respect 
of  their  employers  by  their  skill,  their  thor- 
oughness, and  their  integrity. 

I  have  thus  brought  before  you,  in  the 
barest  possible  way,  the  points  which  oc- 
curred to  me  as  being  the  most  important 
in  the  inspection  of  plumber-work,  and  I 
trust  that  though  we  may  look  at  the  sub- 
ject from  various  points  of  view,  we  w-ill  all 
have  the  same  object — that  of  producing 
work  of  which  everybody  concerned  may  be 
justly  proud. 


INDIANAPOLIS  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Editor  The  Sani- 
tary News:  A  long  felt  want  in  this  city 
has  at  last  been  filled  by  the  organization  of 
the  master  plumbers  into  an  association  for 
their  mutual  benefit  and  protection. 

In  consequence  of  the  entire  lack  of  or- 
ganization heretofore  in  this  city,  the  trade 
has  been  very  much  demoralized.  The 
situation  was  aggravated  by  an  unjust  and 


merciless  competition  with  the  manufactur- 
ing and  retail  trade  by  certain  greedy  job- 
bers. One  of  the  prime  objects  of  the  Mas- 
ter Plumbers'  Association  is  to  secure  a 
cessation  of  such  interference  with  their 
proper  interests.  This  object  has  already 
been  promised  fulfillment  by  the  expressed 
willingness  of  some  of  the  jobbers  to  enter 
into  an  agieement  satisfactory  to  the  master 
plumbers,  provided  all  jobbers  in  the  city 
consent  to  do  likewise.  Those  who  have 
been  approached  by  the  committee  for  that 
purpose  have  said  that  they  competed  with 
the  master  plumbers  in  self  defense  only, 
as  their  own  competitors  in  the  wholesale 
trade  were  also  retailers  and  manufacturers 
at  wholesale  prices.  There  is,  therefore,  an 
excellent  prospect  that  every  jobber  in  the 
city  will  soon  agree  to  these  just  demands 
of  the  master  plumbers. 

The  first  meeting  for  the  purjjose  of  effect- 
ing an  organization  was  held  at  Builders 
Exchange  when  the  following  gentlemen 
enrolled  their  names  as  charter  members: 
Freaney  Bros.,Healy  &  O'Brien, Aneshaensel 
&  Strong,  Dewald  &  Gall,  Geo.  W.  Keyser, 
John  C.  Dunn,  Chas.  W.  Meikles,  Kalb  «S: 
Ayres,  ^^oley  Bros.  &  Co.,  J.  S.  Farrell  & 
Co.,  Henry  T.  Hudson,  Smith  &  Haslinger. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected 
temporary  officers  to  serve  until  a  consti- 
tution should  be  adopted  and  a  permanent 
organization  should  be  secured:  President, 
J.  S.  Farrell;  secretary,  P.  J.  Gall;  treasurer, 
P.  J.  Freaney. 

The  meeting  was  a  profitable  one,  and 
was  highly  enjoyed  by  all  present.  Clreat 
earnestness  and  enthusiasm  characterized 
the  entire  proceedings.  National  organizer 
Heatherington,  of  New  York  City,  was  pres- 
ent, as  was  also  State  Vice-President, 
Madden,  of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  Both  gen- 
tlemen made  interesting  addresses,  for 
which  each  received  a  unanimous  vote  of 
thanks  from  the  association. 

A  committee  on  constitution,  consisting  of 
Mr.  James  M.  Healy,  as  chairman,  and 
Messrs.  Henry  T.  Hudson  and  P.  J.  Freaney, 
was  appointed  by  the  chairman.  These 
gentlemen,  at  a  subsequent  meeting,  held  at 
the  Grand  Hotel  reported  a  constitution, 
w-hich,  after  some  amendment  was  adopted. 

State  Vice-President  Madden  entered  into 
a  full  and  clear  explanation  of  the  Baltimore 
resolutions.  It  was  then  ordered  that  the 
chair  appomt  a  new  committee  to  inter\  iew 
the  other  jobbers  not  yet  spoken  to,  rela- 
tive to  their  signing  the  Baltimore  resolu- 
tions and  for  the  protection  of  the  trade  in 
the  future.  Messrs.  Meikles  and  Gunn, 
with  Mr.  Henry  Smith  as  chairman,  were 
appointed  as  such  committee.  They  are 
working  vigorously  to  fully  accomplish  this 
very  desirable  end,  and  we  are  happy  to 
say,  with  flattering  prospects  of  success. 
Full  and  free  discussions  were  had  and 
earnestness  and  harmony  prevailed  at  all 
the  meetings. 

The  craft  in  this  city  has  been  greatly 
strengthened  and  encouraged  by  the  spirit 


displayed  by  all  the  members  of  the  assr)ria- 
tion.  In  the  discussions  a  firm  determina- 
tion was  expressed  to  faithfully  work  for 
the  best  interests  of  the  trade.  It  was  much 
regretted  that  temporaray  president  John  S. 
Farrell  was  repeatedly  detained  at  home  by 
sickness.  In  his  absence  Messrs.  James  M. 
Healy  and  James  McGaulcy  in  turn  [(resided 
in  a  very  acceptable  manner.  At  a  meeting 
held  on  Monday  evening,  March  3,  Mr. 
James  M.  Healy  presiding  in  the  absence  of 
Mr.  John  S.  Farrell  who  was  again  detained 
at  home  by  sickness,  permanent  officers  was 
elected  as  follows:  President,  John  S.  Far- 
rell; vice-president,  James  McGauley;  sec- 
retary, Peter  J.  Gall;  treasurer,  P.J.  Freaney; 
sergeant-at-arms,  Chas.  W.  Meikles. 

The  board  of  governors  elected  by  the 
association  is  composed  of  the  following 
members:  Henry  Smith,  James  M.  Healy, 
Chas.  Toon,  John  C.  Dunn,  Thomas  Tiddy. 
A  special  duty  imposed  on  this  board  is  to 
endeavor  to  induce  the  gas  companies  to 
pattern  their  manner  of  doing  business  with 
the  master  plumbers  after  that  of  the  water- 
works company.  It  was  ordered  that  the 
next  meeting  be  held  March  18,  when,  it  is 
hoped  that  State  X'ice-President  Madden  will 
be  in  attendance.  After  the  payment  of  all 
dues  to  our  worthy  treasurer,  Mr.  P.  J. 
Freany,  the  association  adjourned.  Respect- 
fully yours,  Ja.mks  M.  Heai.y. 


NATIONAL  ASSICIATION  OF  MAS- 
TER PLUMBERS. 

To  the  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States, 
ill  affiliation  with  the  Xational  Asso- 
ciation : 

Greeting:  The  Committee  on  Essays 
having  selected  the  enclosed  subjects  for 
essays  to  be  prepared  for  our  coming  Con- 
vention which  will  be  held  in  Denver,  Colo- 
rado, June  17,  18,  and  ig  next,  and  believing 
that  it  is  better  that  each  subject  be  assigned 
to  a  Local  Association,  we  therefore  request 
the  co-operation  of  the  Presidents  by  the 
appointment  of  members  to  write  upon  the 
subject  assigned  to  their  Association,  select- 
ing the  best  and  having  the  same  printed 
and  retained  until  read  before  the  Conven- 
tion, and  afterwards  distributed.  We  wish 
it  understood,  however,  that  while  we  assign 
each  subject  to  a  particular  Association, 
members  of  other  Associations  are  not  de- 
barred from  writing  upon  the  same  subject, 
but  their  contributions  are  invited 

First.    To  Chicago  Association. 

Second.    To  New  York  Association. 

Third.    To  Buffalo  Association. 

Fourth.    To  Milwaukee  Association. 

Fifth.    To  St.  Paul  Association. 

Sixth.    To  .St.  Louis  Association. 

Seventh.    To  Omaha  Association. 

Eighth.    To  Baltimore  Association. 

Ninth.    To  Philadelphia  Association. 

Tenth.    To  Brooklyn  Association. 

Eleventh.    To  Boston  Association. 

Twelfth.    To  Kansas  City  Association. 

Thirteenth.    To  Kansas  State  Association. 


518 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  319 


F'ourtecntli.    To  C  incinnati  Association. 

Fifteentli.    To  Colorado  State  Association. 

\'ery  truly  yours, 
Ei).  J.  Hannan,  President, 
Gko.  A.  Green,  Secretary. 

SUBJECTS  FOR  ESSAYS. 

Chicago,  Ills.,  Feb.  25,  1890.  E.  J.  Han- 
nan, Esq.,  President  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Master  Plumbers,  Washinsfton, 
D.  C:  Your  Committee  on  Announcing 
Subjects  for  the  Denver  Convention,  beg 
leave  to  report  as  follows: 

1.  The  exhibition  of  plumbing  materials 
and  workmanship  at  the  World's  Fair  in 
i8g2.  What  method  can  be  adopted  to 
make  it  an  attractive  feature  and  of  general 
benefit  to  the  plumbing  interests. 

2.  Electricity  in  the  plumbing  trade,  a. 
Applications,  h.  Dangers  to  workmen  from 
electric  wires. 

3.  Automatic  flushing  apparatus,  and 
their  application  to  plumbing  fixtures. 

4.  Air  currents  in  the  interior  of  a  build- 
ing, a.  Motive  power  causing  them.  h.  In 
what  manner  contaminated,  c.  Their  influ- 
ence on  the  seals  of  traps. 

5.  The  proper  system  for  controlling  the 
water  supply  of  buildings  in  cold  climates. 

6.  The  best  system  of  preventing  back- 
water from  sewers  entering  buildings  dur- 
ing severe  rain  storms. 

7.  Management  of  a  Plumbing  Estab- 
lishment, a.  The  Office.  The  Sales- 
room, c.  The  Workshoj).  d.  Arrangement 
of  Stock. 

8.  Water-backs  for  heating  water,  a. 
What  metal  is  the  best  for  its  manufacture. 
h.  Care  necessary  to  prevent  explosion,  c. 
Cause  of  explosions. 

Q.  Inspection  of  plumbing  and  house 
drainage,  a.  Benefits  to  house-holder,  h. 
Benefits  to  plumbing  interests. 

10.  Water  Filters,  a.  What  is  the  best 
domestic  use.  Quality  and  kind  of  filter- 
ing material  generally  used. 

11.  Progress  of  Sanitary  Legislation,  a. 
Method  to  adopt  in  obtaining  favorable 
laws  from  Legislative  bodies,  b.  Example 
of  a  proper  law. 

12.  Traps  and  what  are  known  of  them, 
as  at  present  used  in  the  plumbing  trade. 

13.  How  to  promote  larger  attendance  at 
Local  Association  Meetings. 

14.  The  principles  of  natural  philoso- 
phy in  the  sanitary  appliances  of  a  building. 
a.  Is  there  any  other  business  where  the 
practical  use  of  these  princi[)les  is  in 
greater  demand  than  in  household  sani- 
tation. 

15.  Is  competition  in  [ihimbing  to  the 
best  interest  of  the  house-lioldcr? 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Alex.  W.  Murray. 
M.  L.  Mandabi.e. 
C.  J.  Brooks,  Jr. 
Frank  E.  Ruh. 
p.  j.  loughlin. 

A  report  of  a  late  German  State  Examin- 
ing Board,  says  that  only  26  per  cent  of  the 
candidates  passed  and  received  the  license 
to  practice  medicine. 


THE    MASTER   PLUMBERS'  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

The  Master  Plumbers  held  their  usual 
semi-monthly  meeting  on  Thursday  evening 
at  their  hall  in  the  Honore  block.  Those 
present  were:  Mr.  Watt,  president;  A,  Iron's, 
secretary  ;  Messrs.  J.  J.Rourke,HambIin,D.  L. 
O'Hara,  David  Whiteford,  M.  L.Mandable, 
I.  I.  Clarke,  J.  R.  Alcock,  Henry  Schmidtt, 
J.  J.  Wade,  H.  M.  Topping,  T.  P.  Culloton, 
Paul  Redieske,  R.  Griffith,  R.  P.  Probasco, 
Harry  Black,  T.  M.  Armbruster,  P.  Nacey, 
Richard  Ciraham,  C.  J.  Herbert,  J.  J.  Shay, 
George  Welber,  Martin  Moylan,  C.  J. 
Brooks,  C.  M.  Foskett,  J.  W.  Tumulty, 
Andrew  Young,  David  Bain. 

After  a  preliminary  meeting  of  commit- 
tee, Mr.  Watt  called  the  members  to  order 
and  the  minutes  of  last  meeting  were  read 
and  approved. 

Mr.  Wade  read  the  report  of  his  commit- 
tee requesting  P.  Nacey  to  prepare  a  paper 
on  sanitary  drainage,  and  as  no  others  of 
the  committee  had  reported, the  preside  nt 
gave  them  a  good  natured  rap  on  the 
knuckles  for  their  remissness,  which  he  in- 
sisted must  be  remedied  in  future. 

A  discussion  took  place  on  the  request  of 
the  National  Sanitary  Association  that  some 
members  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers 
Association  should  prepare  essays  on  a 
variety  of  topics  which  they  forwarded. 
Mr.  Moylan  suggested  that  a  fitting  reward 
should  be  offered  to  induce  some  of  their 
members  to  contribute.  Mr.  Hamblin  was 
of  opinion  that  a  committee  should  be  ap- 
|)ointed  to  discover  the  latent  talent  of  the 
members  of  the  association,  and  ultimately 
the  president,  being  called  on  to  name  one, 
requested  Messrs.  Murray,  Whiteford  and 
Roche,  in  addition  to  the  Sanitary  Commit- 
tee already  appointed,  to  take  action  in  the 
matter. 

Mr.  Wade  stated  that  he  had  lately  had  a 
conversation  with  Dr.  Wickersham  on  the 
subject  of  plumbers  licenses,  and  proposed 
a  series  of  resolutions  bearing  thereon.  Mr. 
Hambhn  agreed  that  the  project  was  most 
laudable,  but  saw  many  difficulties  in  the 
way,  and  suggested  that  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mittee should  confer  with  Dr.  Wickersham, 
the  Mayor  and  other  gentlemen  of  influence 
interested  in  the  question  of  sanitary  im- 
provement, with  a  view  of  preserving  the 
health  of  this  great  and  growing  community. 

A  communication  was  received  and  taken 
into  favorable  consideration  from  the  Ladies 
Auxilliary  Association,  which  also  com- 
prised the  commissariat  department  on  the 
somcwliat  dilatory  habits  of  the  members 
when  assembled  in  conclave  prior  to  the 
introduction  of  the  Auxilliaries. 

Mr.  Young  pointed  out  the  urgent  necess- 
ity of  "buttonholing"  certain  aldermen  to 
get  as  many  plumbers  as  possible  connected 
with  the  sanitary  committee  for  the  city,  a 
suggestion  highly  approved  of. 

Mr.  T.  Culloton,  a  new  member,  then  made 
his  maiden  speech,  in  graceful,  well-chosen 
sentences,  and  as  Mr.  Nacey  was  laboring 
under  a  bad  cold,  he  deputed  Mr.  Moylan, 


who  also  apologized  for  his  weak  voice,  to 
read  his  capital  essay. 

The  paper  was  an  exhaustive  one,  point- 
ing out  the  defective  character  of  so  many 
sewers,  and  the  unlucky  alliance  that  so  of- 
ten existed  between  the  sewer  builder  and 
the  house  owner  to  create  bad  and  cheap  sew- 
erage, risking  the  health  of  city  inhab- 
itants, by  inferior  work  of  improp- 
er dimensions  and  faulty  construction. 
He  spoke  of  the  catch-basin  barely  a 
foot  in  thickness  of  wall,  and  the  badly 
cemented  and  loosely-connected  clay  pipes, 
and  gave  his  verdict  in  favor  of  the  neat 
and  smoothly-fitting  iron  ones  laid  by 
skilled  workmen,  and  suggested  a  proper 
system  of  house-drainage,  with  traps  and 
man-holes  laid  under  regulations  similar  to 
the  plumbing  regulations  of  the  Board  of 
Health. 

Mr.  Alcock  proposed  that  the  paper  be 
printed  and  kept  in  the  archives  of  the  As- 
sociation, and  after  a  discussion  on  the  point 
of  printing  it  for  public  distribution, enlivened 
by  Messrs.  Wade,  Hamblin,  Moylan,  Boyd, 
Bain,  and  others,  the  matter  was  referred  to 
a  special  committee,  appointed  by  the  pres- 
ident, consisting  of  Messrs.  Boyd,  Bain,  and 
Irons. 

The  usual  interesting  reunion  brought  the 
meeting  to  a  pleasant  conclusion. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

The  firm  of  Parry  &  Benhoff,  Cleveland, 
O.,  has  dissolved  and  Mr.  J.  O.  Perry  will 
continue  the  business  at  52  Ohio  street. 

Mr.  James  Madden,  of  Fort  Wayne, 
State  Vice-President  for  Indiana,  gave 
The  Sanitary  News  office  a  call  last  Satur- 
day. He  reports  affairs  in  plumbing  matters 
in  his  state  in  a  promising  condition  since 
the  plumbers  have  succeeded  in  perfecting 
an  organization.  The  organization  lately 
effected  at  Indianapolis  has  in  it  good  ma- 
terial and  the  trade  will  undoubtedly  be 
greatly  benefitted  by  its  service. 

Mr.  Tom  Wade  has  been  appointed  judge 
of  election.  This  is  a  matter  for  congratu- 
lation, not  so  much  for  Tom's  sake  as  for  the 
gain  to  politics.  .An  infusion  of  plumbers 
might  result  in  its  sanitation. 

The  Chicago  branch  of  the  great  Newhav- 
en  business  of  Peck  and  Co.,  will  remove 
about  August  i,  to  251  Wabash  avenue. 
Their  new  catalogue  will  be  shortly  issued. 

Mr.  E.  Baggot  has  gone  east  on  business 
for  a  couple  of  weeks. 

Mr.  Mudd  manager  of  J.  S.  Mott  &  Co.. 
has  returned  to  the  city. 

The  death  of  Mr.  E.  J.  Trcnwith,  of  Den- 
ver, Col.,  from  inflammation  of  the  stomach 
has  caused  sorrow  among  members  of  the 
profession  in  which  he  was  so  [irominent,  as 
well  as  in  private  circles  where  his  worth  was 
recognized. 

Among  visitors  to  the  city  this  week  have 
been  Messrs.  P.  H.  Balfe,  of  Denver;  W.  W. 
Fungce.of  Ogden.and  Messrs.  D.  Fitzpatrick, 
John  Rowe  and  Y .  B.  Hussey, secretary  of  the 
Hussey   &  Day  company,  all  of  Onuiha. 


March  15,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


They  report  business  as  brisk  and  the  best 
of  prospects. 

The  J.  L.  Mott  Co.,  has  filled  orders  from 
Duluth  for  supplies  for  a  fine  class  of  houses. 
The  bathroom  fittings  costing  from  jjti.ooo  to 
$3,000  in  each  building.  Duluth  is  booming. 

Mr.  M.  J.  Corboy  has  fitted  the  Armour 
flats  with  one  hundred  and  five  Inodoro  wa- 
ter-closet, and  a  like  number  of  Mott's  De- 
fiance kitchen  ranges. 

Mr.  John  L.  Martin,  of  the  Huber  Manu- 
facturing company  is  still  away  from  the  city 
on  business. 

Mr.  Foster  Watling  is  in  Denver  and  Mr. 
S.  James  in  Spokane  Falls  on  business  for 
their  firm. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Wallace,  of  Omaha,  was  in  the 
city  during  the  week. 

Mr.  Russell,  of  Russell,  Pratt  &  Co.,  Mr. 
Fitzpatrick  and  Mr.Hussey  called  on  theVos- 
burgh  Manufactcring  company,  and  report 
trade  good.  They  are  going  east  before  re- 
turning to  Omaha. 

Mr.  John  Lmden  says  Aurora  is  booming. 

Mr.  E.  Baggot  has  furnished  the  new 
Rand-McNally  building  with  the  Roman 
water-closets,  and  the  same  kind  of  closet 
for  the  old  Board  of  Trade  building. 

Mr.  W.  S.  Milo  was  in  the  city  during  the 
week  on  his  return  to  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Mr.  Fred  Powers,  of  La  Crosse,  called  on 
the  L.  Wolff  Manufacturing  company  this 
week. 


LEAD  POISONING. 
A  good  authority  writes  us  as  follows: 
Your  article  in  relation  to  lead  poisoning 
from  the  use  of  lead  pipes  need  not  cause 
any  uneasiness  m  this  city,  as  there  is  not 
the  slightest  danger  from  the  action  of  Lake 
Michigan  water  upon  lead  pipes.  In  fact 
the  water  here  is  a  preservator,  the  lime 
forming  a  coat  or  lining  in  the  pipes  that  is 
beneficial.  I  can  readily  see  the  danger  in 
the  construction  of  plumbing  in  the  cities  of 
Great  Britain,  their  tenement  house  water 
supply  being  taken  from  large  lead-lined 
tanks  placed  upon  and  under  the  roofs  of 
these  buildings,  the  supply  from  the  main 
being  carried  direct  to  the  tank,  and  from 
there  to  the  different  apartments  in  the 
building;  nor  is  the  measure  of  their  supply 
unlimited  in  quantity,  but  in  many  cases  it 
is  stinted  and  irregular.  Uncovered  tanks 
in  the  attica  of  crowded  tenements  absorbing 
the  foul  air  from  ill-ventilated  apartments, 
is  not  the  best  exposition  of  sanitary  progress. 

If  my  recollection  serves  me  right  there 
are  no  public  water-works  in  London.  Pri- 
vate companies  do  this  important  work  and 
the  service  is  not  to  be  compared  with 
our  own. 


The  new  Italian  sanitary  law  provides  for 
the  disinfection  of  railway  carriages  which 
have  been  used  by  persons  with  contagious 
diseases.  The  government  is  also  proceed- 
ing against  persons  practising  without 
diplomas. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 
Chicago,  Ills.:  Schlesinger  &  Mayer  will 
immediately  commence  extensive  altera- 
tions at  the  corner  of  State  and  Madison 
streets.  Improvements  will  be  made  ex- 
ternally and  internally  costing  upwards  of 
$75,000.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Northeast  cor- 
ner of  Green  and  Clinton  avenues,  Brooklyn 
Tabernacle;  cost,  $150,000;  architects,  J.  B. 
Snook  &  Son.  Cincinnati,  O.:  Three- 
story  pork  house;  cost,  $10,000;  architect, 

Fred  Atlipp.  Charlotte,  Mich,:  A  $20,000 

factory  building.    Address  J.  L.  Dolson.  

Holyoke,  Mass.:  Brick  apartment  house; 
cost,  $25,000;  owner  L.  A.  O'Neil.  Hones- 
dale,  Pa.:  Library;  cost  $15,000;  architect, 

T.  J.  Lacey  &  Son,  Birmingham,  N.  Y.  

Hartford,  Conn.:  School  house;  cost,  $40,- 
000.    Address  B.  M.  Lincoln.  Cincinnati, 

0.  :  S.  Hannaford's  Sons  report  the  follow- 
ing plans  ready  for  bids:  Avondale,  two, 
two  and  one-half  story  brick  dwellings;  cost, 
$15,000;  owner,  W,  H.  Alms.  Madison  and 
Second,  Covington,  Ky.,  three-story  cotton 
mill,  200x60  feet;  cost,  $40,000;  owner,  J.  J. 
Hooker,  E.  P.  Harrison  and  Hiram  Peck. 
Fifth  and  Sycamore  streets,  seven-story 
brick  manufacturing  office  building,  75x100; 
cost,  $100,000;  owner,  Jas.  Glenn.  Hacberry 
street  and  Dexter  avenue,  two  and  one-half 
story  stone  and  brick  residence  ;cost,  $20,000; 

owner,  J.  Leveroux.  Hamilton,  O.,  Univer- 

salist  Church;  cost,  $25,000.  Brookville, 

Ind.,  Brookville  National  Bank,  three-story 

pressed  brick;    cost,  $30,000.  Fairport, 

N.  Y.:  G.  G.  Brown  can  give  information 

respectmg  a  $12,000  building.-  Medford, 

Mass.:   Post  office;   cost  $50,000.  Address 

Postmaster  Spinney.  N.  Billerica,  Mass.: 

Town  hall;   cost  $25,000;   architect,  F.  W. 

Stickney,  Lowell,  Mass.  Cincinnati,  O.: 

United  Temple  for  the  different  lodges  of 

1.  O.  O.  F.,  at  Seventh  and  Elm  streets;  cost 

$150,000.         Bradford,    Pa.:  Episcopal 

Church  to  cost  $15,000.  S.  D.  Day,  rector. 
New  York,:  192-200  Green  street,  a  store; 
cost,  $200,000;  architect,  R,  N.  Anderson. 

 Allegeheny,  Pa.:   Boquet  street,  row  of 

five  dwellings,  three-story,  pressed  brick 
front;  estimated  cost,  $35,000;  owner,  S.  A. 
Smith;  architects,  Alston  &  Heckert,  taking 

bids.-  Bradford,  Pa.:   New  residence  for 

R.  J.  Straight,director  of  National  Bank;  cost 
$14,000;  also  fine  residences  for  R.  Dresser 

and  Frank  Davis.  Cambridgeport,  Mass.: 

Club  building;  architect,  Wm.  Y.  Peters; 
also  two  dwelling  houses  for  F.  B.  Glazer. 

 Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  Car  coupler  factory  for 

C.  A.  Gould,  and  store  for  A.  E.  Cottier; 

cost,  $7,000.  Baltimore,  Md.:  Warehouse, 

four-story  brick  for  C.  G.  Carmine;  archi- 
tect, Ben.  B,  Carmine.  Washington,  D. 

C:  825-37  Southwest  Third  street,  seven 
two-story  brick  buildings;  cost,  $10,000; 
owner,  F.  F.  Leighton;  architect,  Geo.  A. 

Green.  Salem,  Mass.:  A  $20,000  building 

will  be  erected.  For  details  address  T,  A. 
Devine.  Dallas,  Tex.:  Brick  mercantile 


buildmg;  cost, $20,000;  architects,  Armstrong 

&  Messer.  Denver,  Colo.:  Colfax  avenue 

and  Marion  street,  a  three-story  brick  seven- 
house  terrace;  cost,  $43,000;  architect,  R. 

Roeshlaub.  Washington,  D.   C,:  Eight 

two-story  brick  buildings;  cost,  $20,000; 
architect,  H.  C.  Walters;  also  three-story 
brick;  cost,  $25,000;  architect,  N.  T.  Haller. 

 Roxbury,  Mass.:  A  $17,000  church  will 

be  erected.  Detroit,  Mich.:  Southwest 

corner  Woodward  and  Baltimore  avenues, 
three-story  brick  manufactory;  cost,  $35,000; 

architects,   Scott,   Kamper    &  -Scott.  

Athol,  Mass,:  An  $8,000  building  will  be 
erected.  Address  E.  E.  Kelton.  Read- 
ing, Pa.:  Penn  and  Seventh,  a  store;  cost, 
$12,000;  architects.  Smith  Bros.  Oley  street, 
two  dwellings;  cost,  $7,500;  owner  S.  Ang- 

stadt.  Fitchburg,   Mass.:  Ashburnham 

street,  brick   school   house;   cost,  $13,000; 

architect,  H.  M.  Francis.  Pittsburg,  Pa.: 

C.  L.  Magee,  will  erect  a  granite  bank  build- 
ing, the  upper  floors  to  be  used  as  offices. 

 Jersey  City,  N.  ].:   N.  R.  Marvin,  77 

Linden  avenue,  will  build  a  handsome  resi- 
dence. Johnstown,    Pa.:     Main  street, 

pressed  brick  building;  cost,  $60,000;  archi- 
tect, Stillberg,  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Newport, 

R.  I.:  T.  B.  Dowley  has  plans  prepared  for 

a  building  to  cost  $17,000,  Lewiston,  Me.: 

The  city  buildings  lately  burned  are  to  be 

rebuilt.  Greendale,  Mass.:  Public  hall  to 

cost  $15,000.    Address  Secretary  Dramatic 

Club.  Cincmnati,  O.:  Residence  at  York 

and  Ringold  streets;  cost,  $10,000,  for  L.  O. 
Shaughressy,  of  Newport,  Ky;  also  for  Mrs. 
J.  Kyle,  a  residence  at  Oak  street  and  Gil- 
bert avenue  to  cost  $9,000;  architect,  W.  W. 

Franklin.  New  York.:   Three  dwellings 

174  East  Fifth  avenue  to  cost  $25,000  each; 
architect,  J.  E.  Ware;  400  E.  Ninth  avenue, 
two  dwellings;  cost,  $22,000  each;  architect, 
G.  M.  Walgrove;  25  North  One  Hundred 
and  Forty-fifth  street,  two  flats  and  stores; 
cost  $24,000  each;  architect,  R.  B.  Davis; 
152  Norfolk  street,  flat;  cost,  $20,000;  archi- 
tect, C.  Rentz.  Louisville,  Ky.:  A  new 

central  fire  station  is  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000.  Newburyport,  Mass.:  A  memo- 
rial is  to  be  erected  by  the  family  of  the  late 
George  H.  Corliss,  in  the  shape  of  a  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  building  to  cost  $50,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Austin,  111.:  Four  companies  are  now  fig- 
uring on  the  gas  question  in  Cicero.  In- 
dependence, Ore.:  The  Independence  Water 
and  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated at  this  place  with  a  capital  of 
$40,000.  H.  Hershner  can  furnish  informa- 
tion. Butler,  Pa.:  An  extensive  electric 

lighting  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this 

place.  Lompoc,  Cal.:    The  question  of 

electric  lights  is  being  agitated  at  this  place. 

 Tuscumbia,  Ala.:    Improvements  will 

soon  be  made  to  the  plant  of  the  Tuscumbia 

Electric  Light  Company.  Charleroi,  Pa.: 

Reports  say  that  on  March  20  application 
will  be  made  to  Governor  Beaver  for  a 
charter  for  an  intended  incorporation  to  be 
called  the  Charleroi  Gas  Co.    The  stock- 


I 


550 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  319 


holders  are  W.  C.  Bullitt,  A.  F.  Chandler  and 
others.  Aspen,  Colo. :  The  Aspen  Econo- 
mic Gas  Co.,  has  been  incorporated  at  this 
place,  capital  stock.  For  information  address 

George  A.  Hill.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  is 

talking  of  introducing  a  system  of  electric 

lights.-  Shelby,  N.  C:  Electric  lights  are 

to  be  introduced  at  once.  Johnson  City, 

Tenn.:  The  Electric  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany meditate  improving  their  plant.  

Attala,  Ala.:  A  company  is  being  organized 
to  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  The  Iron 
City  Land  and  Improvement  Company  can 

give  information.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  It  is 

proposed  to  establish  an  electric  light  plant. 
Dallas,  Tex.:  At  the  Texas  State  Fair  to  be 
held  in  Dallas  next  October,  it  is  intended 
to  invite  an  exhibit  of  electric  light  machin- 
ery. Brookville,  Ind.:   This    place  will 

soon  take  steps  towards  establishing  an 

electric  light  plant.  Manchester,  Pa.:  The 

Mather  Electric  Company  will  make  exten- 
sive improvements  to  its  plant.  A  new  en- 
gine and   additional    machinery  will  be 

wanted.  Piedmont,  Ala.:     An  electric 

light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this  place. 

 Lexington,  Ky.:  This  place  is  to  have 

an  electric  lighting  plant.  Address  C.  H. 
Stoll.  Portland,  Ore.:  The  Russell  Elec- 
tric Lamp  Company  has  been  incorporated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  8300,000.  President, 

A.  W.  Rounds,  Boston.  Portland,  Ore.: 

Extensive  improvements  are  to  be  made  to 

the  electric  light  plant.  Seattle,  Wash.: 

A  syndicate  has  been  granted  a  franchise  to 
put  in  a  850,000  electric  light  plant,  with  a 
capacity  of  5,000  lights.     Dr.  E.  C.  Kil- 

bourne  can  furnish  information.  Rapid 

City,  S.  C:  A  gas  company  is  being  organ- 
ized, and  a  plant  will  be  established  at  once. 

 St.  Mary's,  Pa.:   The  Silver  Creek  Gas 

Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  cash 
captal  of  $25,000. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Oakland,  Cal.:  The  project  to  strengthen 
the  Main  Lake  sewer  between  Broadway 
and  the  inlet  at  the  lake  is  again  being  dis- 
cussed by  the  Board  of  Public  Works.  The 

Clerk  of  Board  can  furnish  information.  

Trenton,  N.  J.:  Several  new  sewers  and 
drains  are  to  be  laid.    For  details  address 

Engineer    Anderson.  Richmond,  Va.: 

Upon  the  sewerage  question  the  Mayor 
says:  "Nothing  adds  more  to  the  health  of 
a  city  than  a  good  sewerage  system.  The 
amount  set  apart  for  this  purpose  has  been 
entirely  inadequate  and  unless  more  liberal 
provision  is  made,  we  shall  be  unable  to  pro- 
vide for  the  requirements  of  health.  Fort 

Worth,  Tex.:  §125,000  is  to  be  expended  on 

sewerage    this    year.  Robertsville,  O.: 

There  is  some  talk  of  having  a  sewer  laid  in 
the  principal  streets  for  draining  the  cellars. 
 Massillon,  O.:  The  sewer  commission- 
ers recommend  the  construction  of  about  a 

mile  of  new  sewer.  Hastings,  Neb.:  The 

sewerage  question  is  to  be  voted  on  April  3. 

 Meridian,  Miss.:  The  city  engineer  has 

been  instructed  to  report  the  best  mode  of 
securing  drainage  for  the  city.  Oak  Har- 


bor, O.,  is  reported  as  agitating  for  a  sewer- 
age  system.  Ann  Harbor,  Mich.:  The 

common  council  has  plans  for  a  sewerage 
system,  which  will  likely  be  constructed  this 
summer.     Address  James   R.  Bach,  city 

clerk.  Marlboro,  Mass.,  has  voted  to  ask 

for  authority  to  borrow  $75,000  for  sewerage. 
 City  Island,  N.  Y.:  The  people  are  de- 
vising ways  and  means  for  sewering  the 

village.  Milwaukee,    Wis.:     The  city 

council  are  debating  the  amount  of  expen- 
diture and  quantity  of  new  sewerage  re- 
quired. Binghampton,  N.  Y.:  The  com- 
mon council  has  authorized  the  construction 
of  numerous  new  sewers  throughout  the 
city.  For  information  address  City  Engi- 
neer Merrick.  Orange,  N.  J.:  A  sewerage 

committee  has  been  appointed  and  an  engi- 
neer employed  to  suggest  plans.    Apply  to 

City  Clerk  Horace  Stetson.  Passaic,  N.  J.: 

Preliminary  steps  towards  the  construction 
of  the  new  sewerage  system. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Piedmont,  Ala.,  has  decided  in  favor  of 

water-works.  Ipswich,   Mass.:  Messrs. 

Farrington  and  Springfield,  of  Boston  have 
made  surveys  of  Dows  brook  and  declare  it 
sufficient  for  town  supply.  The  aggregate 
cost  of  the  new  works  is  estimated  at  $82,- 

176.82.  St.  Lambert,  Can.,  has  determined 

on  obtaining  a  proper  water  supply.  Infor- 
mation to  be  had  from  Charles  McGowan. 

 Bradford,  Pa.:  A  new  reservoir  is  to  be 

built.  A.  W.  Newel  is  president  of  the 
water  company.  Lexington,  Ky.:  Im- 
provements to  cost  $75,000  is  contemplated 
in  water-works.  S.  A.  Charles,  superintend- 
ent. Ashtabula,  O.:  New  reservoir  to  be 

built.  Manchester,  la.:  The  city  voted  in 

favor  of  water-works,  and  a  committee  of 
three  from  the  city  council  were  appointed 
to  investigate.  Address  J.  F.  Merry,  Chair- 
man Water- Works  Committee,  for  further 

information.  Muskegon,  Mich.:  Chester 

B.  Davis,  of  Chicago,  has  been  employed  to 
make  plans  for  new  water-works  to  obtain 
water  either  from  Lake  Michigan  or  the 
river.  W m.  Dixon,  superintendent  of  water- 
works can    give    information.  Horton, 

Kan.:  Loud  demands  are  made  for  a  good 

system  of  water- works.  Reading,  Mass.: 

The  water  commissioners  have  prepared  a 
report  on  the  contemplated  water-works. — 
San  Bernardino,  Cal:  A  complete  system  of 
water-works  are  to  be  established,  estimated 
cost  $160,000.  F.  C.  Fenker,  superintendent 
of  works.  Seattle,  Wash.:  A  report  esti- 
mating cost  of  water-works  at  $,200,000  has 
been  presented  to  the  city  by  Benezette 

Williams.  Baxter  Springs,  Kan.,  requires 

a  water  system.  Humboldt,  Neb.,  is  de- 
bating a  water  supply.  Canton,  O.:  A 

p  tition  has  been  presented  to  the  council 
to  call  on  the  citizens  for  approval  of  an 
outlay  of  $351,000  in  bonds  for  improvement 

of  the  water  supply.  Cincinnati,  O.,  pro- 

[joses  to  raise  money  by  taxation  for  addi- 
tional  water-works.  Van  Wert,  O.:  A 

new  system  is  proposed  to  be  constructed. 
 Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.:  Considerable  im- 


provements are  to  be  made  this  season  to 

the  water-works  system.  Pottstown,  Pa.: 

A  new  reservoir  is  to  be  built  on  a  site  cov- 
ering about  fourteen  acres.  Hooper  Neb.: 

Plans  have  been  prepared  by  Andrews  & 

Burrell  for  new  water-works.  Willmette, 

111.:  The  establishment  of  water-works  is 
being  canvassed.  Redding,  Cal.:  A  com- 
pany is  trying  to  obtain  a  franchise  for 
water  supply.  Boston,  Mass.:  The  com- 
mon council  have  ordered  the  extension  of 
the  Cochituate  high  pressure  water-works  at 

a  cost  of  $100,000.  Little   Rock,  Ark.: 

The  citizens  are  demanding  a  water  service. 

 -Tarboro,  N.  C:  A  fight  will  be  made  in 

favor  of  new  water  mains.  La  Grand, Ore., 

has  voted  $2,000  to  sink  an  artesian  well.  

Harold,  Tex.:  W.  T.  Knox  can  be  consulted 
on  the  subject  of  a  contract  to  sink  an  arte- 
sian well.  Bronwood,  Ga.:  An  artesian 

well  is  to  be  sunk.  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Ont.; 

Thomas  A.  Elliott  can  give  information  of 

intended  water-works.  Attala,  Ala.:  New 

water-works  are  to  be  constructed.  Daw- 

sor,  Ga.,  proposes  to  erect  a  new  system  of 
water  supply.  Boulder,  Colo.:  A  commit- 
tee of  the  common  council  recommends  the 
expenditure  of  $150,000  for  an  entirely  new 

system   of  water-works.  Hinsdale,  111., 

has  voted  in  favor  of  establishing  water- 
works. Henderson,  N.  C,  has  decided  to 

put  in  a  water- works  system.  Trenton, 

Tenn.:  The  Tennessee  Senate  has  passed 
the  bill  authorizing  Trenton  to  issue  water- 
works bonds.  East  Liverpool,  O.:  A  bill 

has  been  passed  by  the  Ohio  Senate  author- 
izing East  Liverpool  to  borrow  $20,000  to 

erect  water-works.  Camden,  N.  J.:  The 

New  Jersey  legislature  has  authorized  Cam- 
den to  issue  $1,000,000  bonds  for  water- 
works improvements.  The  matter  will  be 
submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  citizens  at.  the 

coming  election.  Huntingdon,  Ind.:  A 

franchise  for  water-works  has  been  granted 
to  a  company  of  local  capitalists,  and  con- 
structionsbegins  early  in  spring.    The  works 

will  cost  from  $130,000  td  $150,000.  Ot- 

tumwa,  la.:  $50,000  is  to  be  expended  in  im- 
proving the  water-works  plant.  North 

Danville,  Va.:  Water- works  are  to  be  estab- 
lished. Kansas  City,  Mo.:  Messrs.  Don- 
nelly &  Pearson,  the  engineers  employed  by 
the  committee  of  citizens  appointed  to  se- 
cure plans  and  estimates  for  new  water- 
works, have  made  a  report  based  on  figures 
and  estimates  for  a  water-works  plant  in 
Clay  county,  just  above  and  opposite  Kan- 
sas City,  Kan.  The  report  estimates  that 
water-works  thus  located  with  a  capacity 
one-third  larger  than  the  present  works 
would  cost  $2,500,000. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  up  to 
the  hour,  3  p.  ni.,  Monday,  March  31,  1890, 
City  Water- Works  Office,  Fort  Worth  Tex., 
by  the  superintendent,  A.  W.  Scoble,  for 
furnishing  all  material  and  appurtenances 
necessary  for  constructing  five  and  one-half 

miles  of  water-mains.  The  city  of  Ashe- 

ville,  N.  C,  invites  proposals  for  lighting  by 


March  15, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


551 


electricity  the  city  for  a  period  of  two  years  I 
from  October  i,  1890.    Bids  received  to  May 

I,  F.  N.  Miller,  City  Clerk.  Proposals  are 

wanted  until  March  31.  for  repairing  dikes 
in  Thames  river,  Conn.  Address  D.  C. 
Houston,  Col.  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  New 

York.  Fort  Schuyler,  N.  Y.:  Proposals 

are  wanted  until  March  27,  for  constructing 
an  artesian  well  at  this  place.  Address 
Charles  Wheeler,  Second  Lieutenant,  Fifth 

Artillery,  A.  A.  Q.  M.,  as  above.  Detroit, 

Mich.:  The  Board  of  Water  Commissioners 
directed  the  secretary  to  invite  proposals  for 
new  inlet  pipe  connecting  with  the  pump 

wells;  estimated  cost  §48,681.  Franklin, 

Tenn.:  P.  E.  Cox  will  receive  proposals  for 

water-works.    Franchise  plan  preferred.  

Dallas,  Tex.:  Plans  are  wanted  until  May  i, 
for  the  erection  of  a  $200,000  fire-proof  court 
house.  Address  County  Judge,  E.  G.  Bowen. 

 Proposals  are  wanted  until  March  21;, 

for  the  construction  of  the  main  building  of 
the  Minnesota  State  Reform  School,  at  Red 
Wing.  Address  W.  B.  Dunnell,  Architect, 
Minneapolis,  Minn.  Cleveland,  O.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  April  3,  for  paving 
certain  streets.    Address  Walter  P.  Rice, 

City  Civil  Engineer.  The   Mayor  and 

City  Council  of  Collinsville,  111.,  will  receive 
proposals  to  April  18,  for  the  erection  and 
maintenance  of  a  system  of  water-works  and 
an  electric  lighting  plant, under  franchises  to 
be  granted  by  the  city.  James  W.  Peers  is 
City  Clerk.  Sealed  proposals  for  the  con- 
struction of  an  additional  reservoir,  etc., 
Norwich  Water-works,  will  be  received  by 
W.  S.  Franklin,  Engineer,  at  his  office,  in 
the  Village  of  Norwich,  N.  Y.,  up  to  8  o'clock 

p.  m.,  of  Monday,  March  31,  1890.  The 

City  of  Quebec  having  decided  on  erecting 
a  city  hall  on  the  Jesuit  Barracks  Square, 
opposite  the  Basilica,  now  invites  competi- 
tive designs  for  such  a  building.  A  prize  of 
$1,500  will  be  paid  for  the  best  plan,  j»i,ioo 
for  the  second  best,  and  $500  for  the  third 
in  value.  Charles  Baillarge,  City  Engineer, 
Quebec,  will  give  necessary  information. 


BUSINESS  NOTES. 

The  warmmg  of  residences  and  public 
buildings  by  hot  water  circulation  is  becom- 
ing more  common,  and  exciting  more  inter- 
est every  year;  and  there  are  many  reasons 
why  it  is  so,as  its  advantages  over  any  other 
systems  of  heating  are  many. 

Its  economy,  durability,  simplicity,  health- 
fulness,  safety,  and  being  noisless  in  opera- 
tion.can  not  help  but  recommend  it  to  all  who 
are  in  want  of  a  perfect  heating  apparatus 
for  dwelhngs,  offices,  stores  and  other  build- 
ings. In  placing  the  Mouat  Boiler  upon  the 
market  no  time  or  expense  has  been  spared 
in  making  it  simple  and  efficient. 

While  this  system  of  heating  is  compara- 
tively new  to  this  part  of  the  country,  it  has 
been  in  general  use  in  Canada  for  years,  and 
many  plants  have  been  in  use  ten  or  twelve 
years  without  a  dollar  being  paid  out  for  re- 
pairs. The  strain  on  boiler  and  pipes  caused 
by  pressure,  expansion  and  contraction,  in 


the  use  of  steam  and  causing  expense  for  re- 
pairs, is  not  experienced  in  this  system.  In 
fact,  there  is  no  reason  why,  with  fair  use,  a 
hot  water  plant  properly  put  in  should  not 
last  for  years  without  need  of  repairs. 


The  cuts  represent  the  Mouat  Boiler  be- 
fore and  after  being  set  in  brick,  and  are 
made  in  six  sizes.  The  circulation  of  the 
water  as  it  enters  the  Heater  from  the  return 
pipes,  is  direct  in  its  movement,  passing 
from  base  through  headers  and  pipes  direct- 
ly over  the  fire  to  the  distributing  box  at  top. 


The  construction  is  such  that  by  opening 
the  draw-off  cock  at  base  all  water  can  be 
drawn  from  heater  and  pipes,  thus  avoiding 
danger  from  freezing  in  case  the  building  is 
vacated  during  cold  weather.  The  facilities 
for  cleaning  are  ample  and  convenient.  We 
have  a  number  of  these  heaters  in  use  and 
giving  excellent  satisfaction,  and  we  shall 
be  pleased  to  furnish  estimates  and  give  any 
information  to  those  who  comtemplate 
warming  their  buildings. 

KITCHEN  SINK. 

The  sketch  here  presented  shows  a  kitch- 
en sink  set  up  on  galvanized  iron  legs  with 
a  heavy  ash  top  made  by  the  Stewart  Cera- 
mic Company,  312  Pearl  street.  New  York, 

The  material  is  solid  white  crockery,  and 
consequently,  these  sinks  are  free  from  the 
objections  which  are  found  to  exist  in  those 


made  of  materials  that  arc  liable  to  crack  or 
to  absorb  objectionable  matter.  Each 
sink  being  made  in  one  piece,  all  seams 


are  avoided  thus  insuring  absolute  clean- 
liness. Butler's  pantry,  slop  and  kitch- 
en sinks  of  various  sizes  are  kept  constantly 
on  hand.  A  catalogue  containing  price  list 
will  be  sent  to  anyone  on  application  to  the 
above  address. 

Clayton,  Lambert  &  Co.,  Yypsilanti,  Mich 
have  made  an  improvement  in  their  No.  i 
burners  which  will  be  appreciated  by  all  ac- 
quainted with  gasoline  heaters.  There  is 
not  a  gasoline  burner  on  the  market  which 
will  not  become  clogged  in  time  through  use 
of  poor  oil  or  even  with  the  sediment  to  be 
found  in  the  best  quality.  They  now  con- 
struct a  burner  with  a  larger  generator  and 
a  simple  device  which  renders  it  easily  clean- 
able.  Anyone  can  take  it  apart  and  clean  it 
in  ten  minutes,  when  it  will  be  again  as  good 
as  new.  The  increased  size  of  the  improved 
burner  adds  much  to  the  heat  force,  and 
and  while  it  possesses  all  the  merits  of  the 
old  stjde,  together  with  a  number  more,  it 
has  none  of  the  faults.  It  is  perfectly 
safe,  and  will  last  twice  as  long  as  any  other 
burner  made. 

The  improved  burners  will  fit  any  of  their 
make  of  fire  pots  or  paint  burners,  and  those 
having  old,  worn  out  burners  can  have  them 
replaced  with  new  ones  at  a  small  expense, 
and  thus  get  all  the  benefits  of  the  improved 
style. 

A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  brmging  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  mstance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  b(?ttle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined 
more  stomdchs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 


552 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  319 


on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada, sole  proprietors. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Central  Union  Building,  6-st  and  office,  200x 
185,  Madison  and  Market  sts.  b.  Carlson 
&  Berg  $200,000 

Simon  Sokl,  3  1-2-st  and  base,  brk  str  and  fits 
25x82  at  548  W.  18tU  St.  a,  Anton  Chervat. 

b,  Jas.  Komorons   10,000 

John  Gobel,  3-st  and  base,  brk  str  and  fits,  24x 

70,  814  N.  Halsted  st.  a,  Herman  Miller . . .  6,000 

David  K.  Dyche,  2-8t  brk  addition,  44x55,  N.W. 
cor.  State  and  Randolph  sts.  a,  J.  M.  Van 

OsdeU.  b,  A.  Languist   15,000 

I.  Johnson,  3-st  brk,  21x76  at  740  N.  14th  st.  b. 

Nelson  &  Son   5,000 

J.  Kilburg,  4  1-2-st  and  eel  brk  str  and  flte,  24 

x80  at  921-23  W.  12th  st   12,000 

John  McDonnell,  1-st  addition,  48x54,  at  2356 

Dearborn  st   4.000 

8,  P.  Sorrenson,  2-st  and  eel,  25x79  at  726  N. 

Lsavitt  St.  a,  C.  Geyer.  b,  Jaus  Olson —  6,000 

Mary  P.  Witherwax,  2  1-2-St  fits,  44x48  at  40th 

St.  and  Park  av   4,000 

Jas.  Gaynor,  2  1-2-st  fits,  ax48  at  40th  st.  and 

Parkav   4,000 

George  A.  Siverns,  5  l-st  cottages,  each  20x34 

at  14.57  34th  st   4,000 

John  C.  Volgar,  2-st  and  cel.  brk  fits,  20x50  at 

240  Ham  Win  st   5,000 

Maypole  Bros.  4-st  and  base,  brk  warehouse, 
37x135  at  8  S.  Canal  st.   a,  Wm.  Thomas, 

b,  N.  Cameron  &  Son   14,000 

J.  B.  Galbraith,  l-st  brk  addition,  82x96,  at 

56-62  Wabash  av.   a.  Treat  &  Foitz   45,000 

Webster  Comstock  Manufacturing  Co.,  ma- 
chine shops  and  foundry.  97x90  on  15th 

near  Western  av.  a,  Moss  &  Arnold   30,000 

M.  D.  Kerwin,  3-st  and  cel.  brk  fits  at  3736 

Stanton  St.  a,A. Smith,  b,  Kerwin  Bro..  4.000 

Rudolph  Webber,  additional  st,  24x89  at  31 

Washington  st   6,000 

Ranson  Parker,  change  front  of  bid  at  Madi- 
son and  Halsted  sts   4,500 

F.  Ganter,  4-st  and  base  brk  fits,  22x66  at  88 

Segilst.  a,  J.  Baur.  b,  F.  Mehls   6,800 

Fred  Moberg,  3-st  and  base  brk  flats,  22x66 
at  3024  Dearborn  st.  a,  J.  Pierson.  b,  O.  E. 

Anderson   8,000 

C.  Anderson.  2-st  and  base  brk  fits,  21x71  at 

3625  La  Salle  st.  a,  J.  Pierson.  b,  O.  K, 

Anderson   4,000 

Furst  &  Rudolph,  additional  st,  150x184  at 

221  Adams  st   8,0C0 

Frank  W.  ("amphell.  to  erect  2  3-8t  and  eel 
brk  dwls.  22x36  each,  near  3.540  Calumet 
av     a,  F.  U.  Towusend.  b,  Ed.  Ltbmau 

&Co   10,000 

MINNEAPOLIS  BUILDING  PERMITS 

D.  A.  Pulver,  woo<l  dwl,  3245  2av  s   $3,500 

D.  A.  Pulve;,  wood  dwl  3249  2  av  b   3,500 

E.  O.  Tronernd,  wood  dwl  2449-51  10th  av  s . . .  4,000 

F.  G.  James.  4-8t  brk  warehouse,  735-37  Wash 

g   23,500 

C.  K.  Kennedy,  wood  dwl  430  University  av..  6.000 
Nelson.  Tenney  &  (^o.,  dry  house,  12th  av  n  e, 

and  Van  Buren  st   4,000 

Segelbaum  Bros-  alt'n  in  str  3d  st  and  Nic.  av  3,000 

J.  R.  Purchase,  alteration  318  2d  av  8   4,000 

Robt.  Perry,  wood  dwl,  3437  Stevens  av   3,500 

Bobt.  Perry,  wood  dwl  3433 Steven sav   8.500 

T.  A.  Fetterly.  wood  dwl  2107  James  av  n   8,.500 

H.  A.  Paus.  brk  str  and  fits  3006  Lyndale  av  n.  3,000 

J.  C.  K.  Johnson  wood  dwl  1.500  Jarr-es  av  n..  8,700 

T.  P.  Healy,  wood  dwl  3131  2d  av  s   5,000 

J.  A.  Honse,  5  wood  dwl  516-524  12th  av.  s.  e. .  18,000 

J.  H.  Edmonds,  wood  dwl  74  15th  st  n   1,500 

The  practice  of  hypnotism  has  been  for- 
bidden in  the  French  army. 


C.  ^OSBVRGH  7V^I=G  CO.  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


[IFactorjr,  Broolcljraa.,  3;T.  "2".] 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 

BRASS  KI'TXINQS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Ordebs  Cabefully  Filled 


NATURE'S    REIVLKDIBS . 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  eftective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formnlas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genias.  Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effects 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  l.'iO  persons  have  been  treated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Liife  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liter  Ren- 
ovator is  a  snre  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleflnsor  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lungand  throat  affections.  The  P.UN  Reliever  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear-ache,  Bniises,  Chilblains,  etc.        „    T,  , 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  danoebocs  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  though  yon  mav  have  tried  many  preparati<ms,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CAT.4RRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Send  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


NEVER  BREAK 

tNEVER  #BREAK"inPlPE 


WROUGHT  STEEL 

^*HOOK         Combined  Pipe  Hooks, 


7 


FOR   SALE    BY    ALL   SUPPLY  HOUSES. 


Expansion  Plates, 

And  Ring-  Plates. 
THE  BRONSON  SUPPLY  CO. 

Cleveland  and  New  York, 

SOLE  MANUFACTUBKRS. 

HALL  &  NEAR,  Agents, 

New  York  Office:  51  Cliff  Stree 


The  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health 
considers  membranous  croup  a  disease  dan- 
gerous to  public  health,  according  to  the 
State  law,  and  it  must  be  reported  the  same 
as  small-pox,  etc. 

Belgium  admits  women  to  practice  medi- 
cine and  pharmacy,  but  not  law. 


March  22,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


553 


The  Sanitary  News 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

No.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  Ctilcagro. 


Tbouas  Hudson,  -----  Publisher, 
A.  H.  Harrtman,  .  .  .  -  -  Editor. 
Henry  R.  Allen,       ...     London  Agent. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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tered letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
office  of  its  London  agent,  Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50 
Finabnry  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 

A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitai^y  News,  from 
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a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  |3.00. 
The  entire  thirteep  volun  »8  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  eibjects.. 


CHICAGO,  MARCH  22^  1890. 
Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics     -------  .5.53 

Germs      -  -  .')51 

Ventilation  and  O- ganifms  in  the  Atmosphere  551 
Liability  for  Injurious  Patent  Medicines        -  555 
The  Psychology  of  Epidemics     -      -      -      -  555 

A  New  Illuminating  Gas      -----  555 

Local  Boards  of  Health       -      -      .      .      -  555 
The  Sewerage  of  Kalamazoo       -      -      -      -  556 

The  Tracy  Fire      -------  556 

Report  on  Sanitary  Regulations  I'f  the  Pan- 
American  Congress        -----  556 

Building— 

Architecture  and  Popular  Demand      -     -  557 

Mineral  Wool  as  a  Filling    -      -      -      -  557 

Architects  to  Specify  the  Size  of  Window 

Panes      -------  x-tWi 

Notes  from  Architects  -----  557 

Plumbing— 

House  Drainage      ------  558 

Colonel  Auchmnty's  Address       -      -      -  559 

Plumbers  and  Technical  Knowledge         -  559 

Amended  Plumbing  Bill       -      -      .      -  500 

Milwaukee  Master  Plumbers       -      _      _  500 

Among  the  Plumbers     -----  5(30 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -      -  561 

Heating  and  Lighting    -----  562 

Sewerage  Notes      ------  562 

Water-Works  Notes      -----  562 

Bids  and  Contracts       .     -     -      -     -  562 


It  should  be  understood  that  the  plumlier 
follows  his  trade  to  make  money.  Very  few 
of  them  are  able  to  give  their  time  and  the 
expense  of  their  business  to  charity.  It  is 
also  true  that  very  few  of  those  demanding 
the  services  of  a  plumber  are  objects  of 
charity.  As  a  rule  they  possess  more  of 
this  world's  goods  than  the  plumber  whom 
they  employ  ;  yet  they  do  ask  charity  from 
the  plumber  in  so  far  as  they  seek  to  secure 
his  labor  below  a  reasonable  and  just  com- 
pensation. He  does  more  than  this.  He 
goes  so  far  as  to  secure  such  a  low  price  on 
the  work  that  he  will  obtain  a  cheap  class  of 
work  that  is  dear  at  any  price.  He  looks  at 
first  cost,  and  not  at  health  and  the  expense 
of  repairs,  or,  probably,  the  necessity  of  an 
entire  new  system  of  plumbing  and  new 
material  We  do  not  mean  to  say  that  the 
highest  prices  possible  should  be  paid,  but 
we  do  say  that  it  is  not  profitable  to  seek 
the  lowest  possible,  and  besides  it  is  dan- 
gerous. Treat  the  plumber  fairly.  Tell 
him  that  you  want  good  material  and  good 
workmanship  and  you  will  get  it  at  a  fair 
consideration. 

Is  it  not  about  time  for  New  York  and  St. 
Louis  to  crawl  into  their  holes  and  stay 
there.  They  are  making  a  weary  spectacle 
of  themselves  before  fair-minded  and  sen- 
sible people,  and  for  their  own  good  they 
should  call  themselves  off.  We  cannot 
imagine  for  what  special  purpose  their  rep- 
resentatives are  posing,  but  we  do  know 
that  they  are  exactly  filling  the  role  of  petty 
jealousy  and  narrow-mindedness.  They 
were  honored  in  all  fair  attempts  to  get  the 
World's  Fair  for  their  respective  cities,  but 
in  their  attempts  to  embarrass,  hamper,  and 
injuriously  dela}'  the  city  which  was  the 
choice  of  the  people  they  are  making  spec- 
tacles of  themselves  not  complimentary  to 
their  patriotism,  fair-mindedness,  and  sense 
of  right  and  honesty.  The  combination  has 
again  failed  to  defeat  the  bill  or  delay  it 
longer  in  the  special  committee,  and  we 
hope  these  men  will  now  feel  some  im- 
pression of  the  peoples'  demands  and  ac- 
knowledge some  slight  obligation  to  them. 

The  eighth  report  of  the  Detroit  Board  of 
Health  does  not  go  into  ecstacies  over  the 
condition  of  plumbing  in  that  city.  It 
states  that  in  the  contract  plumbing  there 
"the  most  successful  methods  are  often  de- 
vised of  insidiously  introducing  into  the 
house  that  dreaded  enemy — sewer  gas." 
The  health  officer  after  describing  the  sim- 
plest requirements  of  modern  plumbing 
as  to  ventilation  of  soil-pipes,  traps,  etc., 
says;  "I  am  aware  that  for  establishing  one 
water-closet,  sink  or  wash-basin,  such  elab- 
orate work  as  described  is  never  executed, 
and  many  times  the  plumber's  word  is  taken, 
'that  it  don't  amount  to  anything,'  and  the 
traps  are  not  ventilated.  The  result  is  that 
the  trap  syphons  and  gas  from  the  privy- 
vault  or  sewer  enters  the  house."  Detroit 
plumbers  have  had  some  very  severe  criti- 
cisms made  against  them,  and  would  it  not 
be  well  for  them  to  begin  to  think  of  em- 


ploying some  means  to  prevent  this  bad 
plumbing  as  a  protection  to  the  good  name 
of  those  who  do  honest  work?  Detroit  need 
not  be  behind  other  cities  in  this  regard 
unless  it  so  chooses,  and  such  a  choice 
would  be  a  bad  one. 

THE  WAGES  OF  LABOR. 

The  Hon.  Charles  F.  Peck  is  labor  com- 
missioner of  New  York.  This  labor  com- 
missioner is  supposed,  by  working  some 
subtle  spell,  to  better  the  condition  of  labor  ; 
that  is,  increase  the  price  of  its  service.  The 
Hon.  C.  F.  P.  receives  $3,000  per  annum  for 
his  -labor,  and  seems  to  be  trying  hard  to 
earn  his  salary.  About  a  year  ago  a  law 
was  passed  fixing  $2  a  day  as  the  lowest 
wages  that  should  be  paid  to  those  who 
were  employed  by  the  state.  The  short  of 
a  long  story  is  that  there  was  not  money 
enough  to  go  round,  and  public  interests 
suffered  because  there  were  not  funds  suffi- 
cient to  pay  for  work  actually  needed  to  be 
done.  But  the  text  for  a  sermon  lies  in  Mr. 
Peck's  annual  report  in  which  he  strongly 
defends  the  law,  and  the  point  in  it  is  the 
reason  he  gives.  He  states  that  the  law 
should  be  continued  in  force,  because  the 
state,  by  paying  this  increase  of  wages,  will 
incite  all  laborers  of  whatever  character  to 
demand  of  their  employers  like  wages. 

Let  us  look  briefly  at  the  logic  of  such 
argument.  Whatever  is  paid  out  by  the 
state  for  any  purpose  must  come  back  in 
the  form  of  taxes  from  the  profits  on  labor, 
and  this  profit  is  the  fund  out  of  whi':h  labor 
is  paid.  If  the  object  of  the  commissioner 
is  to  raise  the  wages  of  labor,  and  this 
scheme  will  do  it  profitably  to  the  laborers, 
why  not  establish  $3  or  $5  as  the  price  of  a 
day's  work?  Why  stop  at  $2  when  the 
profits  of  labor  could  be  made  to  pay  a 
higher  tax  ?  Of  course  the  products  of  labor 
would  have  to  be  sold  for  a  higher  price  to 
obtain  that  profit,  but  a  commissioner  who 
starts  out  to  earn  a  salary  of  $3,000  a  year 
should  not  feel  embarrassed  at  a  little  thmg 
like  that. 

The  trouble  with  Mr.  Peck  and  the  law  he 
favors  is  the  evil  always  attending  any  at- 
tempt to  interfere  with  the  market  value  of 
anything.  Whenever  a  law  says  that  a 
day's  wages  shall  be  so  much,  it  steps  in 
between  the  laborer  and  the  employer  and 
destroys  the  equilibrium  of  the  labor  market 
by  disturbing  the  natural  laws  that  govern 
it.  Moreover  labor  is  itself  injured.  It  is 
manacled  and  robbed  of  its  independence, 
dignity  and  free  choice  in  the  disposal  of 
its  services.  It,  being  regulated  by  law  as 
to  wages,  has  but  one  price.  The  employer 
gives  but  one  price,  and  all  incentive,  all 
impetus  and  all  inspiration  to  faithful  and 
efficient  labor  are  gone.  How  can  the 
laborer  better  his  condition  when  the  law 
says  this  or  that  shall  be  the  wages  for  a 
day's  service?  The  law  cannot  say  that  this 
man  or  that  one  does  twice  the  work  his 
fellow-laborer  performs,  but  blindly  pays 
them  both  the  same  wages.  What  induce- 
ment is  there  for  the  proficient  laborer  to  do 
more  work  and  better  work  than  the  poorest 


554 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  320 


laborer  employed?  Not  the  employer,  but 
a  law  shut,  up  in  the  statutes,  regulates  the 
price  to  be  paid.  The  laborer  who  thinks 
his  services  are  worth  more  than  the  law 
prescribes  cannot  go  to  his  employer  and 
between  themselves  adjust  the  matter.  The 
appeal  of  the  laborer  would  have  to  be  made 
from  the  law  and  not  from  his  employer. 
The  employer,  regardless  of  what  a  service 
might  be  worth  to  him,  could  step  behind 
the  law  which  fixes  the  wages  of  the  em- 
ploye, and  greater  skill  would  go  unre- 
warded. 

Labor  stands  in  its  own  way  whenever  it 
resorts  to  artificial  means  for  fixing  the  price 
of  its  services  or  the  hours  of  its  toil.  When- 
ever an  arbitrary  standard  is  set  up,  natural 
progress  ends.  If  a  certain  price  for  a  day's 
labor  is  fixed,  how  is  the  laborer  to  receive 
more?  The  solution  of  the  whole  problem 
lies  in  individual  effort  to  earn  the  very 
highest.  Advancement  in  knowledge  and 
improvement  in  skill  will  bring  the  laborer 
more  than  any  law  saying  that  his  services 
shall  be  worth  only  so  much.  Any  arbitrary 
interference  makes  of  the  laborer  part  of  a 
machine  and  destroys  his  independence  and 
progressive  spirit.  It  is  unfair  to  attempt  to 
shackle  labor  in  any  such  way.  It  should 
be  free  to  make  its  own  contracts  and  terms 
of  service.  So  far  as  it  lacks  in  this,  so  far 
is  it  made  a  slave. 

VENTILATION  AND  ORGANISMS  IN 
THE  ATMOSPHERE 
Experiments  were  made  by  Dr.  Stern  in 
the  Hygenic  Institute  of  the  University  at 
Breslau  regarding  the  influence  of  ventila- 
tion upon  the  number  of  organisms  present 
in  the  air  of  rooms,  from  which  the  follow- 
ing conditions  are  summarized: 

1.  Except  by  very  strong  winds  bacteria 
are  never  driven  off  from  moist  surfaces. 

2.  For  this  reason,  only  the  organisms 
which  are  not  killed  by  being  dried  are 
found  in  a  living  condition  suspended  in 
the  air. 

3.  In  general,  it  is  uncommon  to  find  iso- 
lated or  single  organisms  in  the  air.  They 
are  usually  present  in  numbers  or  colonies 
clustered  together  upon  coarser  dust 
particles. 

4.  In  still  air,  because  of  their  higher 
specific  gravity,  they  quickly  gravitate  to 
the  surface. 

5.  A  multiplication  of  bacteria  does  not 
occur  in  the  atmosphere  because  of  the 
absence  of  the  necessary  amount  of  moisture. 

6.  In  harmony  with  the  last  two  facts  are 
the  observations  of  Hesse,  Frankland,  and 
Petri,  namely — that  in  general,  the  number 
of  organisms  present  in  the  air  is  small. 
This  is  especially  the  case  over  moist  sur- 
faces and  in  sheltered  spaces  where  the  air 
has  been  but  little  agitated. 

Bearing  in  mind  these  facts,  Stern  en- 
deavored to  arrange  his  experiments  so  as 
to  have  as  nearly  normal  conditions  as  pos- 
sible, but  for  purposes  of  accuracy  he  in- 
creased the  number  of  organisms  upon  which 
to  work  to  a  degree  rarely  or  never  found 
in  the  air. 


A  room  with  four  ventilators  was  selected' 
two  of  which  brought  air  to  the  room  and 
two  carried  it  away.  In  each  case  one  ven- 
tilator for  incoming  and  one  for  outgoing 
air  were  under  the  ceiling,  on  opposite  walls 
the  remaining  two  being  just  above  the 
floor.  By  this  arrangement  diagonal  cur- 
rents from  floor  to  ceiling  (summer  ventila- 
tion) or  from  ceiling  to  floor  (winter  ventila- 
tion) could  be  produced  at  will. 

He  then  closed  all  registers,  cracks  and 
openings  by  which  air  could  enter;  thor- 
oughly disinfected  walls,  floor  and  ceiling 
with  sublimate  solution  and  analyzed  the  air 
for  bacteria.    None  were  found. 

His  next  step  was,  by  aid  of  an  atomizer, 
to  completely  fill  tRe  air  with  a  mixture  of 
dust  and  bacteria  and  determine  what  effect 
would  be  produced  upon  the  number  of 
organisms  present  in  the  air  by — 

1.  Allowing  the  air  to  be  perfectly  quiet 
for  a  given  period  of  time. 

2.  Moderate  ventilation  (renewal  of  the 
whole  volume  of  air  one  to  three  times  an 
hour). 

3.  High  degree  of  ventilation  (renewal  of 
air  six  or  seven  times  an  hour). 

4.  Saturation  of  the  air  in  the  room  with 
aqueous  vapor. 

His  conclusions  were  as  follows: 

a.  When  the  air  of  the  room  was  perfectly 
still  the  dust  and  bacteria  sank  quickly  to 
the  floor. 

Where  ordinary  dust  (as  from  library  or 
school  shelves)  was  employed  the  air  was 
almost  entirely  free  from  bacteria  after  an 
interval  of  one  and  a  half  hours. 

b.  With  ordinary  ventilation,  that  is,  a  re- 
newal of  the  air  one  to  three  times  an  hour, 
the  disappearance  of  organisms  from  the 
atmosphere  took  place  hardly  more  quickly 
than  when  the  air  was  allowed  to  remain 
still.  When  "winter  ventilation"  was  em- 
ployed, the  diminution  in  the  number  of 
organisms  was  slightly  hastened. 

c.  An  increase  in  the  degree  of  ventila- 
tion increased  gradually  the  rate  of  dis- 
appearance. 

The  lowest  limit  of  ventilation  which 
caused  an  appreciable  acceleration  in  the 
rate  of  disappearance  of  the  germs  from  the 
air  was  an  exchange  of  from  six  to  seven 
times  an  hour  of  the  whole  volume  of  air  in 
the  room. 

d.  The  rapid  and  complete  removal  of  the 
germs  from  the  air  of  a  room  can  be  accom- 
plished only  by  the  employment  of  very 
strong  draughts. 

e.  No  degree  of  ventilation,  however  high, 
was  sufficient  to  cause  germs  to  rise  from 
carpets,  furniture,  clothing,  etc.,  into  the  air. 

/  Saturation  of  the  air  with  aqueous  vapor 
is  not  to  be  relied  upon  as  a  means  of  de- 
priving the  atmosphere  of  the  germs  sus- 
pended in  it.  It  does,  however,  to  a  limited 
extent,  accelerate  their  disappearance. 

In  consideration  of  these  conclusions  Stern 
feels  justified  in  recommending  as  a  means 
of  disinfecting  rooms  which  have  been  oc- 
cupied by  persons  suffering  from  infectious 
diseases,  that  as  soon  as  the  patient  has 


been  removed,  the  room  be  closed  and  al- 
lowed to  remain  so  for  at  least  twenty-four 
hours,  after  which  it  is  to  be  quietly  entered 
and  floors,  wall  surfaces  and  furniture 
mopped  with  cloths  saturated  in  corrosive 
sublimate  1 : 1000.  Under  no  consideration 
is  dusting  to  be  countenanced. 

GERMS. 

The  following  are  abstracts  from  a  paper 
by  A,  Arnold  Clark,  Lansing,  Mich: 

"The  germs  of  cholera  and  typhoid  fever 
enter  the  body  through  the  water  we  drink 
and  seek  the  intestinal  tract.  It  is  probable 
that  typhoid  fever  cannot  be  communicated 
through  the  air  which  we  breathe  unless  the 
germs  in  some  way  find  their  way  into  the 
stomach. 

Typhoid  fever  is  not  always  spread  by 
the  drinking  water.  There  was  a  severe 
outbreak  of  the  disease  at  the  state  prison 
in  1888.  The  state  board  of  health  went  to 
investigate.  A  bottle  was  exposed  over  the 
entrance  to  the  sewer  and  Dr.  Vaughn  after- 
wards found  the  germs  of  typhoid  fever  in 
the  sewer  air  collected  in  this  bottle.  Dr. 
Baker  also  carried  away  some  germs,  but 
his  were  collected  in  his  mouth  and  as  a 
result  he  had  typhoid  fever,  though  he  did 
not  eat  or  drink  at  the  prison.  It  is  proba- 
ble, however,  that  the  germs  in  some  way 
found  their  way  into  his  stomach.  The 
germs  of  diphtheria,  scarlet  fever  and  con- 
sumption, on  the  other  hand,  enter  the  body 
through  the  air  which  we  breathe,  the  germs 
of  diphtheria  finding  a  favorite  soil  in  the 
membrane  of  the  throat,  the  germs  of  con- 
sumption in  the  lungs. 

These  little  rod-shaped  germs  which  cause 
typhoid  fever  have  been  found  in  the  water 
by  typhoid  patients.  These  germs  have 
been  made  to  grow  in  beef  broth,  and  inocu- 
lated in  dogs,  a  regular  run  of  typhoid  fever 
has  been  produced  the  same  as  in  man.  The 
other  little  rod-shaped  germs  which  cause 
consumption  have  been  found  in  the  sputa 
from  consumptive  patients— yes,  on  the 
walls  of  rooms  inhabited  by  consumptive 
patients;  these  germs  have  been  sprayed 
into  the  air,  dogs  have  been  placed  in  the 
inhaling  room  and  compelled  to  breathe 
these  germs  and  they  have  afterwards  died 
of  consumption. 

In  other  diseases  animals  have  not  been 
inoculated  with  the  germ,  indeed  the  germ 
has  not  been  isolated  with  certainty,  and 
yet  we  know  that  these  diseases  are  caused 
by  a  living  germ  which  multiplies  and  re- 
produces after  its  own  kind. 

Two  or  three  years  ago  a  Pullman  car 
conductor  can^e  in  contact  with  the  germs 
of  small-pox  in  his  car  near  Chicago — passed 
through  your  village  on  the  Grand  Trunk  to 
Montreal,  and  was  taken  sick  with  the 
disease.  No  pains  were  taken  to  kill  the 
germs,  the  ignorant  inhabitants  refused  to 
vaccinate,  declaring  it  a  'wicked  attempt  to 
thwart  the  will  of  the  Almighty,'  and  in  a 
few  months  over  3,000  people  in  Montreal 
died  of  small-pox  as  a  result  of  the  one 
case. 


March  22,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


555 


It  was  carried  to  different  parts  of  the 
United  States;  Michigan,  the  most  exposed 
of  any  State,  escaped,  because  Michigan 
had  at  her  great  ports  inspectors  of  travel 
who  vaccinated  all  who  came  through,  and 
disinfected  all  clothing,  thus  killing  the 
germs. 

Every  day  in  the  week  there  are  cases  of 
diphtheria  and  scarlet  fever  in  this  State 
where  the  germs  have  been  carried  in  the 
hair  or  clothing,  where  they  have  been  car- 
ried long  distances  by  letter,  where  they 
have  lingered  in  the  bedding  or  carpet,  or 
have  been  hiding  for  years  in  the  rubbish  of 
the  garret,  as  vigorous  and  vicious  to-day 
as  when  they  first  emanated  from  the  body 
of  the  infected  person." 

LIABILITIES  FOR  INJURIOUS  PAT- 
ENT MEDICINES. 
The  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia  has  just 
rendered  a  decision,  says  the  New  York 
Herald,  which  is  likely  to  attract  widespread 
attention  and  have  a  salutary  effect  on  the 
preparation  of  patent  medicines.  It  holds 
that  the  proprietor  of  such  a  preparation  is 
liable  to  damages  for  injury  done  to  any 
person  who  takes  the  medicine  according  to 
directions. 

This  liability  does  not  fall  upon  the  drug- 
gist who  sells  the  medicine,  but  it  attaches 
to  the  proprietor,  even  when  the  consumer 
buys  not  from  him  directly  but  from  the 
druggist.  Here  is  the  veiw  the  court  takes 
of  the  matter: 

"These  proprietary  or  patent  medicines 
are  secret  or  intended  by  the  proprietors  to 
be  secret  as  to  their  contents.  They  expect 
to  derive  a  profit  from  such  secrecy.  They 
are,  therefore,  liable  for  all  injuries  sus- 
tained by  any  one  who  takes  their  medicine 
in  such  quantities  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
them. 

"There  is  no  way  for  a  person  who  uses 
the  medicine  to  ascertain  what  its  contents 
are  ordinarily,  and  in  this  case  the  contents 
were  only  .ascertained  after  an  analysis 
made  by  a  chemist,  .which  would  be  very  in- 
convenient and  expensive  to  the  public. 

"Nor  would  it  be  the  duty  of  a  person  us- 
ing the  medicine  to  ascertain  what  poisonous 
drugs  it  may  contain.  He  has  a  right  to 
rely  upon  the  statement  of  the  proprietor, 
printed  and  published  to  the  world;  and,  if 
thus  relying  he  takes  the  medicine,  and  is 
injured  on  account  of  some  concealed  drug 
of  which  he  is  unaware,  the  proprietor  is  not 
free  from  fault,  and  is  liable  for  the  injury 
thereby  sustained." 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  EPIDEMICS. 

In  regard  to  the  too  frequent  practices  of 
the  laity  in  reference  to  the  attempted  re- 
striction of  epidemics  without  skilled  advice 
and  aid.  The  Lancet  makes  some  wise  and 
timely  suggestions: 

"Every  epidemic  carries  in  its  train  curi- 
ous exaggerations  of  many  well-recognized 
characteristics,  and  these  frequently  call  for 
appreciation  and  for  treatment  almost  as 
much  as  the  disease  in  which  they  originate. 


Perhaps  one  of  the  most  striking  of  these 
mental  perversities  is  to  be  found  in  the 
idea  that  the  epidemic  is  to  be  treated  by 
'common  sense,'  or  by  nostra  which  have 
been  largely  advertised,  or  by  specifics  which 
arc  known  to  the  laity  mainly  through  their 
frequent  mention  in  the  daily  press.  Those 
suffering  under  this  delusion  feel  that  it  is 
wholly  unnecessary  to  seek  skilled  assis- 
tance, and  they  boldly  dose  themselves  with 
remedies  of  whose  power  and  properties 
they  are  absolutely  ignorant.  In  Vienna 
it  has  already  been  found  necessary  to  for- 
bid the  sale  of  antipyrin  except  under  doc- 
tors' prescriptions,  as  no  less  than  seventeen 
deaths  were  attributed  to  stoppage  of  the 
heart's  action  owing  to  overdoses.  The 
freedom  with  which  the  prescription  of  this 
remedy  has  been  assumed  by  the  public  has 
long  since  been  viewed  with  anxiety  by  the 
medical  profession,  and  frequent  warnings 
have  already  fallen  upon  deaf  ears;  and  yet 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  if  the  epidemic  of  in- 
fluenza should  spread,  many  more  examples 
of  recklessness  will  have  to  be  recorded. 
Mr.  Labouchere,  claiming  to  act  'by  the 
light  of  common  sense,'  upon  having  'a 
cough,  a  headache,  and  an  all-overish  ache,' 
accompanied  by  sneezing,  diagnosed  the 
prevailing  epidemic  and  at  once  adminis- 
tered to  himself  'thirty  grains  of  quinine,' 
and  to  meet  the  cough  he  took  'unlimited 
squill  pills.'  He  writes  that  the  one  'settled 
the  fever'  and  the  other  'settled  the  cough," 
and  that  in  four  days  he  was  quite  well. 
Upon  this  last  fact  he  is  certainly  to  be  con- 
gratulated, though  we  trust  that  others  may 
not  be  impelled,  'by  the  light  of  common 
sense,'  to  follow  him  in  such  heroic  meas- 
ures, or  to  emulate  his  example  by  trying 
the  effect  of  antipyrin  in  similar  unlimited 
doses.  It  is  serious  enough  to  cope  with  an 
epidemic  and  its  sequlae,  without  having 
matters  complicated  by  ignorant  and  reck- 
less experimental  therapeutics. 


A  NEW  ILLUMINATING  GAS. 

Among  the  subjects  of  interest  in  domestic 
economy,  that  of  lightine  stands  well 
toward  the  front.  As  this  is  of  great  public 
interest  we  take  the  liberty  of  reproducing 
an  article  in  the  Denver  Architect  and  Con- 
tj-actor  on  this  subject.  This  journal,  being 
published  in  the  city  where  the  experiments 
have  been  made  and  thi.=  light  produced, 
ought  to  know  what  it  is  talking  about: 

"For  several  years  past  the  Economic 
Light  Company,  of  Denver,  have  been  labor- 
ing to  perfect  an  apparatus  for  the  manu- 
facture of  what  is  now  known  as  the  'Econ- 
omic Light.'  After  an  expenditure  of  many 
thousand  dollars  their  unceasing  efforts 
have  at  last  culminated  into  what  bids  fair 
to  be  a  grand  success.  The  apparatus  is 
very  simple  and  easily  applied  to  any  build- 
ing. The  light  produced  is  a  good  one  for 
all  purposes  of  interior  illumination,  and  the 
burner  is  so  adjusted  that  it  may  be  regulated 
at  will  so  as  to  give  an  illumination  of  any 
degree  from  that  of  a  slight  flame  to  a  thirty 
candle  power  light.    It  gives  a  light  as  bril- 


liant, soft  and  steady  as  that  of  the  ordinary 
coal  gas.  It  does  not  flare  or  smoke,  the  gas 
does  not  leak,  freeze  or  explode,  and  its  cost 
is  but  one-half  of  the  coal  gas.  The  new 
burner,  just  completed,  is  so  constructed  as 
to  be  always  ready  for  use,  and  requires  only 
the  turning  of  the  key  to  any  power  of  light 
needed  up  to  thirty  candle  power.  This  is 
absolutely  all  that  is  necessary  in  its  use,  the 
turning  of  the  key  up  or  down,  and  the 
whole  fixture  requires  no  change,  cleaning 
or  repairs  for  years.  The  gas  is  manufac- 
tured in  the  burner  from  oleofine,  and  the 
tank  containing  the  supply  of  liquid  is  in- 
tended to  be  placed  in  an  elevated  position 
at  some  distance  from  the  building  in  which 
the  gas  is  to  be  used.  The  pipe  which  con- 
veys the  oleofine  from  the  tank  to  the  burners 
is  of  lead,  and  in  circumference  about  the 
size  of  an  ordinary  lead  pencil.  A  pipe  of 
this  size 's  sufficient  to  supply  four  hundred 
and  fi{  jurners.  One-half  gallon  of  the 
oleofine  will  feed  a  seventeen  candle  power 
burner  one  hundred  and  fifty  hours.  The 
cost  of  gas  is  S' -00  per  thousand  feet,  and 
the  amount  consumed  is  registered  by  a 
meter.  In  small  towns  especially  this  gas  is 
destined  to  be  largely  used.  The  demand 
already  far  exceeds  the  supply.  The  right 
in  Pitkin  county,  Colo.,  has  been  sold  for 
$10,000,  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time  when 
this  gas  will  be  known  in  every  town  through- 
out the  West  and  East. 


LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH. 

The  fourth  annual  report  of  the  Ohio 
State  Board  of  Health,  in  discussing  the 
subject  of  local  boards  says: 

Constant  endeavor  has  been  made  to 
secure  the  establishment  of  a  board  of  health 
in  each  city  and  village  of  over  five  hundred 
inhabitants,  in  accordance  with  the  provis- 
ions of  an  act  of  i888,  and  to  foster  and  per- 
fect such  organizations  when  established. 

Every  city  in  the  State  now  has  a  board 
of  health,  and  all  villages  of  over  500  in- 
habitants have  boards,  with  the  exception 
of  forty-two. 

It  was  with  great  difficulty  that  this  num- 
ber of  boards  were  established. 

The  law  calling  for  the  creation  of  such 
boards,  while  mandatory,  contains  no  pro- 
visions for  its  enforcement,  and  where 
members  of  council,  through  ignorance  or 
prejudice,  persistently  refuse  to  establish  a 
board  of  health,  the  matter  cannot  be  pushed 
by  the  State  Board.  The  outbreak  of  some 
epidemic  disease  and  the  consequent  public 
demand  that  something  be  done  at  once, 
has,  in  several  instances,  led  to  the  formation 
of  boards  of  health  in  places  where  before 
it  had  been  impossible  to  secure  such  an 
organization. 

The  experience  of  other  States  has  estab- 
lished beyond  question,  that  effective  sani- 
tary work  for  an  entire  State  can  best  be 
accomplished  by  having  a  local  board  of 
health  in  each  city,  village  and  township,  all 
working  harmoniously  together  under  the 
general  direction  of  the  State  Board.  As 
remarked  by  the  New  York  Board  of  Health, 


556 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV  No.  320 


"A  central  head  at  the  capital,  with  all  these 
organizations  in  connection  with  it,  is  so  in 
keeping  with  the  genius  of  our  goverment, 
and  so  far-reaching  in  its  sphere  of  activity 
as  to  be  hardly  susceptible  of  structural 
improvement." 

A  perfect  organization  of  this  kind  will 
always  be  prepared,  not  only  to  act  promptly 
and  concertedly  in  suppressing  exotic  epi- 
demic diseases  which  may  gain  entrance  to 
our  State,  but  to  regulate  and  control  the 
many  conditions  adverse  to  health,  which 
are  constant  factors  of  advancing  civilzation. 

The  State  Board,  by  being  in  constant 
communication  with  local  boards,  will  be 
able  to  learn  promptly  of  outbreaks  of  dan- 
gerons  contagious  diseases  in  any  part  of 
the  State,  and  to  notify  adjacent  communi- 
ties of  their  danger  therefrom.  Through 
such  organizations  it  can  also  make  collec- 
tions of  facts  regarding  preventable 
diseases,  which  can  be  returned  to  these 
boards  in  shape  to  be  used  in  their  better 
prevention. 

The  present  law  limiting  such  boards  to 
cities  of  five  hundred  inhabitants  and  over, 
gives  but  306  boards  for  the  entire  State. 

Numerous  letters  have  been  received 
from  residents  of  villages  of  less  than  the 
requisite  number  of  inhabitants,  complain- 
ing of  being  debarred  from  the  benefits  of  a 
board  of  health,  and  justly  claiming  that  it 
is  clearly  ae  necessary  to  have  a  legalized 
authority  to  look  after  the  health  of  a  village 
as  of  a  city. 

We  would  respectfully  suggest  to  the 
next  General  Assembly  that  no  more  im- 
portant step  in  the  interest  of  public  health 
could  be  taken  than  the  establishment  of  a 
board  of  health  in  each  city,  village  and 
township  of  the  State. 

This  would  give  over  eighteen  hundred 
local  health  organizations,  which,  properly 
co-ordinated,  would  represent  a  force  some- 
what commensurate  with  the  interests  they 
would  be  called  upon  to  serve. 


THE  SEWERAGE  OF  KALAMAZOO. 

Mr.  Geo.  S.  Pierson,  City  Engineer,  in  his 
recent  report,  says: 

"The  entire  system  has  continued  to 
operate  satisfactorily  throughout  the  year. 
There  has  been  no  stoppages  in  any  of  the 
mains  or  laterals  which  has  made  it  neces- 
sary to  excavate.  A  few  partial  stoppages 
have  been  removed  without  difficulty  by  a 
hose  or  by  cleaning  rods  in  manholes  or 
lamp  holes.  The  entire  cost  of  maintenance 
of  the  system  for  the  year  is  $146.68  and  the 
entire  cost  of  repairs,  $41.65.  The  sewerage 
system,  as  inaugurated  in  1880,  has  now  a 
total  extent  of  12.77  miles,  exclusive  of  con- 
necting sewers.  This  system  was  built  at  a 
total  cost  of  construction,  proper,  of  $69,595,- 
41,  an  average  cost  per  foot  of  $1,032." 

The  whole  of  the  sewerage  of  Paris  will 
soon  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  market  gar- 
dening. Gennevillicr  absorbs  and  purifies  a 
third  of  it  and  Achires  and  Mery  will  soon 
utilize  the  rest. 


THE  TRACY  FIRE. 

Washington,  D.C,  March  15,  1890.  The 
Sanitary  News:  In  your  publication  of  the 
ist  inst.,  you  quote  me  as  having  in  connec- 
tion with  Mr.  Norman  Wiard,  reported  the 
cause  of  fire  at  the  house  of  Secretary  Tracy 
to  have  been  caused  by  super-heated  steam 
pipes.  I  want  to  say  that  I  did  not  make 
any  such  report,  what  I  did  say  in  regard  to 
that  fire  is  as  follows: 

Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  8,  1890.  Jos. 
Parris,  Esq.,  Chief  Engineer,  D.  C,  Fire 
Dept.,  Dear  Sir:  In  compliance  with  your 
request  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  I 
made  a  thorough  examination  of  the  burned 
building,  1634  I  street  northwest,  owned  and 
occupied  by  the  Hon.  B.  F.  Tracy,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy,  and  from  all  evidence  to 
be  gleaned  from  the  hired  help  in  the  house 
and  from  the  surroundings  in  the  library  or 
main  room  on  the  first  floor,  I  am  of  the 
opinion,  while  of  course  there  is  no  direct 
proof,  that  this  fire  originated  from  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  coal  oil  lamp,  a  large  double 
burner  duplex  lamp  being  kept  on  a  table 
within  the  circle  formed  by  the  large  bay 
window,  which  lamp  was  lighted  evei-y 
night. 

It  is  very  likely  that  when  the  family  re- 
tired the  night  before  the  fire,  instead  of  ex- 
tinguishing the  light,  the  blaze  was  turned 
down  low  and  left  burning,  which  is  a  very 
dangerous  practice,  as  from  this  cause  the 
wick  is  apt  to  become  crusted,  preventing  a 
free  flow  of  flame,  and  keeping  the  heat  be- 
low the  crust,  thereby  causing  the  brass 
work  of  which  the  burner  is  composed  to 
become  so  hot  as  to  generate  gas  within  the 
bowl  of  the  lamp,  causing  the  same  to 
explode. 

If  this  was  the  case,  as  I  have  every  reason 
to  believe,  pieces  of  the  lamp  being  found 
scattered  in  different  directions  over  the 
floor  within  the  lines  of  the  bay  window,  and 
taking  the  surroundings  into  consideration, 
the  bay  window  being  heavily  curtained  with 
silk  and  lace  draperies  and  in  close  proxim- 
ity to  the  lamp,  the  three  doors  leading  from 
this  room  being  also  heavily  draped  with 
silk  portieres,  the  room  itself  being  cased  in 
panelwork  of  wood,  both  wall  and  ceiling, 
and  this  being  heavily  coated  with  hard  oil 
and  varnish,  it  would  take  but  a  very  short 
time  to  envelop  the  entire  room  in  flames, 
and  it  was  from  the  conditions  mentioned  a 
veritable  fire  trap. 

When  the  fire  was  first  discovered,  the 
door  opening  from  the  burning  room  into 
the  main  hall  was  closed,  as  stated  by  the 
butler,  James  Walsh,  who  passed  said  door 
to  answer  the  ringing  of  the  front  door  bell, 
at  which  he  found  a  man  who  told  him  the 
room  was  on  fire.  He  (the  butler)  ran  to 
those  doors,  and  slid  them  open,  and  was 
satisfied  that  he  afterward  closed  them. 
This  cannot  be  so  as  one  of  the  doors  was 
found  pushed  back  into  the  partition,  and  is 
hardly  smoked,  while  the  other  one  has  the 
face  nearly  burned  off.  In  his  excitement 
he  failed  to  close  them;  the  door  in  question 
opened  almost  opposite  the  foot  of  the  main 


stairway,  up  which  the  fire  and  dense  smoke 
from  the  burning  varnish  rushed,  making  it 
impossible  for  anything  living  to  have  de- 
scended that  stairway.  So  all  means  of 
escape  were  cut  off  from  above  so  far  as  the 
front  was  concerned,  and  this  column  of 
smoke  took  but  a  few  moments  to  fill  every 
room  in  the  house  from  the  first  floor  to  the 
roof,  and,  no  doubt,  bewildering  every  one 
whom  it  came  in  contact  with.  Most  re- 
spectfully your  obedient  servant, 

Wm.  O.  Drew,  Fire  Marshal,  D.  C. 
[The  report  referred  to  by  Mr.  Drew  was 
published  in  a  reply  of  the  Kansas  Master 
Plumbers  to  Mr.  Drew's  report  as  published 
previously  in  many  papers,  and  we  take 
pleasure  in  thus  correcting  a  widely  pub- 
lished error  in  the  report  of  the  Tracy 
fire. — Ed.] 


REPORT    ON    SANITARY  REGULA- 
TIONS OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN 

CONGRESS. 
The  Committee  on  Sanitary  Regulations 
of  the  Pan-American  Congress  has  made  a 
unanimous  report  in  which  it  condemns 
absolute  isolation  in  preventing  the  spread 
of  epidemics,  and  recommends  in  its  stead 
the  disinfection  of  all  articles  from  infected 
localities  before  they  are  permitted  to  be 
imported  into  healthy  places.  The  follow- 
ing propositions  have  been  adopted  by  the 
Congress  on  recommendation  of  the  com- 
mittee: 

"That,  taking  the  exisiting  state  of  the  re- 
lations between  the  nations  of  America,  it  is 
as  practicable  as  it  is  advisable  for  the  pro- 
motion of  these  relations  to  establish  per- 
fect accord  with  respect  to  sanitary  regu- 
lations. 

"That  the  greater  part  of  the  ports  of 
South  America  on  the  Atlantic  are  guided 
and  governed  by  the  decisions  of  the  Inter- 
national Sanitary  Convention  of  Rio  Janeiro 
of  1887. 

"That  although  it  does  not  appear  that 
the  plans  of  the  Sanitary  Congress  of  Lima, 
of  1889,  have  passed  into  the  category  of  in- 
ternational compacts,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
they  will  be  accepted  by  the  Governments 
that  participated  in  the  said  Congress,  be- 
cause those  plans  were  discussed  and  ap- 
proved by  medical  men  of  acknowledged 
ability. 

"That  the  Sanitary  Convention  of  Rio 
Janeiro,  of  1887,  ^1"^  the  draft  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Lima  of  1889  agree  in  their  essential 
provisions  to  such  an  extent  that  it  may  be 
said  they  constitute  one  set  of  rules  and 
regulations. 

"That  if  these  were  duly  observed  in  all 
America  they  would  prevent  under  any  cir- 
cumstances the  conflict  which  usually  arises 
between  the  obligation  to  care  for  the  jjublic 
health  and  the  principle  of  freedom  of  com- 
munication between  countries. 

"That  the  nations  of  Central  and  North 
America  were  not  represented  either  in  the 
Sanitary  Convention  of  Rio  Janeiro  or  the 
Compress  of  Lima,  but  that  they  might  easily 


March  20, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


557 


^iccept  and  apply  to  their  respective  ports  on 
l)()th  oceans  the  sanitary  rejjulations  l)c- 
fore  cited." 

BUILDING. 


ARCHITECTURE  AND  POPULAR 

DEMAND. 

There  are  horrible  casualities  which  are 
utterly  beyond  human  prevention  or  con- 
trol, says  an  exchange,  but  a  large  number 
of  the  most  appalling  cases  do  not  come 
under  this  heading.  In  the  matter  of  fires 
it  would  seem  that  architects  were  paid 
specially  to  provide  for  their  employers' 
suitable  cremation.  A  private  residence 
may  be  grand,  magnificent,  palatial  and  all 
other  high-sounding  adjectives,  but  if  it  does 
not  provide  proper  means  of  escape  for 
sleepers  on  the  upper  floors,  and  the  servant 
j^irls  in  the  attic,  in  case  of  fires,  it  deserves 
the  special  anathematization  of  the  com- 
munity among  whom  it  is  located.  Through- 
out the  country  our  hotels,  with  few  excep- 
tions, are  mere  fire-traps,  the  traditional 
"fire-escape  at  the  end  of  the  hall"  having 
been  proved  over  and  over  again  to  be  of 
little  practicle  value  in  time  of  panic.  What 
is  needed  is  a  trustworthy  fire-escape  from 
€very  room  on  the  upper  fioors,  and  the  ex- 
tra expense  might  very  profitably  be  de- 
ducted from  the  cost  of  superfluous  orna- 
mentation. In  boarding  houses,  shops  and 
manufactories  the  same  criticism  holds 
good,  while  the  visitor  at  any  place  of  public 
amusement  understands  perfectly,  if  he 
thinks  at  all,  that  in  case  of  fire  his  chances 
of  successful  exit  are  at  a  minimum. 

It  costs  to  be  clean;  it  costs  to  live  de- 
cently; to  have  pure  air  and  water;  to  guard 
against  infection,  disease  and  accident;  yet 
in  the  long  run  filth  is  more  expensive  than 
cleanliness,  foul  vapors,  and  the  impurity  of 
thought  and  action  they  breed  dearer  than 
proper  ventilation;  typhus,  scarlet  fever  and 
diphtheria;  greater  expense  than  perfect 
water  mains;  and  a  city  reduced  to  ashes 
through  fires  originating  in  some  defective 
building  is  a  strong  argument  in  favor  of 
the  economy  of  better  architectural  plans. 
The  architect  is  guided  by  the  wishes  of  his 
patrons;  when  prospective  builders  ask  of 
his  plan,  not  only  "is  it  beautiful?"  "is  it  im- 
posing?" "is  it  showy?" 


MINERAL  WOOL  AS  A  FILLING. 

The  use  of  mineral  or  slag  wool  is  becom- 
ing very  general  as  a  filling  for  floors.  It  is 
also  a  protection  against  the  spread  of  fire 
The  experiments  conducted  by  H.  H.  Stan- 
ger,  C.  E.,  London,  England,  prove  that  a 
body  of  the  slag  or  wool,  say  one  inch  thick, 
does  not  become  incandescent  when  sub- 
jected to  intense  heat,  only  the  parts  in  im- 
mediate contact  with  the  flame  being  fused, 
leaving  the  rest  intact,  and  even  when  heated 
through  by  long  subjection  to  heat  there 
was  no  radiation,  a  thermometer  held  within 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  not  varying  in  the 
least.    The   Liverpool   theatres   have  the 


drop  curtains  lined  with  this  material,  and 

recently  a  patent  has  been  oljtained  for 
weaving  the  slag  wool  into  curtains  both  for 
theatres  and  other  buildings.  Scientific 
Aincrican. 


ARCHITECT.S  TO  SPECIFY  THE  SIZE 
OF  WINDOW  PANES. 
The  following  resolution  was  unanimously 
adopted  at  the  convention  of  the  Master 
Painters'  and  Decorators'  Association  of  the 
United  States,  recently  held  at  Detroit, 
Michigan: 

Whi:kf..a.s,  The  fact  that  architects  do 
not  usually  specify  the  sizes  of  glass,  is  a 
source  of  much  inconvenience  and  loss  to 
master  paiters. 

Resolved,  That  the  Master  House  Paint- 
ers' and  Decorators'  Association  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  in  convention  as- 
sembled, do  earnestly  and  respectfully  re- 
quest architects  in  future  to  specify  the  sizes 
of  glass,  and  that  the  secretary  be  requested 
to  forward  a  copy  of  this  resolution  under 
the  seal  of  the  association  to  the  American 
Institute  of  Architects. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

Architect  Sauer,  of  Pittsburg,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  large  stone  dwelling,  with 
all  conveniences,  to  be  erected  at  McKees- 
port,  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Hitzrot. 

Architect  Eraser,  of  Pittsburg,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  an  eight-story  building  for 
Arbuthnot,  Stephenson  &  Co.,  to  be  erected 
at  the  corner  of  Eighth  street  and  Penn 
avenue.  The  material  will  be  brick  with 
stone  trimmings.  The  estimated  cost  is 
8175,000. 

Architects  Alston  &  Heckert,  \erner 
building,  Pittsburg,  have  completed  the 
plans  for  the  Nations  Bank  for  Savings  to 
be  erected  at  No.  iio  Federal  street,  Alle- 
gheny. The  material  will  be  press  brick 
three  stories  high. 

Architect  H.  Moser,  Pittsburg,  is  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  building  for  the  Bindley 
Hardware  Company.  It  will  be  six  stories 
high  and  situated  between  new  Grant  street 
and  Cherry  alley  on  Seventh  avenue.  The 
building  will  be  of  brick  and  stone,  yt^xSo 
feet.  Iron  columns  will  be  used,  also  one 
passenger  and  two  freight  elevators.  Cost 
§75,000. 

E.  F.  Baldwin,  Boston,  has  prepared  plans 
for  the  re-construction  of  Mr.  A.  E.  Abell's 
building  on  Lexington  street,  near  HoUiday. 
The  improvements  will  consist  of  Seneca 
stone  embellishments  and  a  copper  oriel  pro- 
jection, passenger  elevator  and  steam  heat; 
cost  $20,000. 

Jackson  C.  Gott,  Boston,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  hotel  structure  to  be  known  as 
the  "Avon,"  at  Easton,  Md.,  frame,  three 
stories,  brick  basement,  slate  roof,  steam 
heat;  cost  S6o,ooo. 

Benj.  B.  Owens,  Boston,  has  plans  for  a 
28x60  warehouse,  for  Chas.  G.  Carmine,  to 
be  on  Clay  street,  near  Howard;  five  stories. 


stone  trimmings,  plate  glass  show  windows, 
freight  elevators,  etc.;  cost  $20,000. 

Baldwin  &  Pennington,  Boston,  have  the 
plans  for  a  church  to  be  built  on  Fifth  street, 
Washington,  I).  C!.,  to  be  60x120,  exterior 
and  foundations  of  stone,  slate  roof,  iron  in- 
terior construction;  cost  $60,000. 

J.  A.  &  W.  T.  Wilson,  Boston,  have  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  row  of  six  brick  dwellings, 
to  be  erected  on  Calvert  street,  near  Biddle; 
16x65  each,  four  stories,  stone  embellish- 
ments, steps  and  ashlars,  plate  glass,  oak, 
cherry  and  white  pine  finish;  cost  $50,000. 

John  E.  Baker,  Orange,  N.  J.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  chapel  to  be  erected  at  Howard 
University,  to  cost  $25,000.  The  material 
will  be  rock  face  white  marble,  slate  roof. 
Architect  R.  J.  Flemming,  1416  F  street,  N. 
W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  will  supervise  the 
work. 

Angus  Wade,  27  South  Broad  street,  Phil- 
adeli)hia,  has  completed  plans  for  a  resi- 
dence for  Mr.  James  Caven,  on  Broad  street 
between  Master  and  Jefferson  streets,  to  be 
brown-stone  front,  four  stories  high,  tile 
roof,  steam  heat,  electric  work  and  all 
modern  conveniences  to  be  introduced.  It 
will  be  finished  throughout  in  hard  wood. 
The  total  cost  will  be  about  $20,000. 

W.  Frisby  Smith,  northeast  corner  Broad 
and  Arch  streets,  Philadelphia,  is  engaged 
on  plans  for  building  three  stores.  Front 
and  Pine  streets.  They  will  be  three  stories 
high,  of  brick,  and  fitted  with  elevators  for 
freight. 

Wm.  H.  Decker,  1407  1-2  Chestnut  street, 
Philadelphia,  has  completed  plans  for  four 
fine  houses,  for  Louis  Bergdoll,  the  brewer, 
at  Twenty-second  and  Church  streets,  to  be 
of  brick,  three  stories  high,  trimmed  with 
stone,  and  fitted  with  all  modern  con- 
veniences. 

Plans  for  the  new  w  arehouse  of  the  Amer- 
ican Express  Company,  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  Hudson  and  Jay  streets.  New  York 
City,  have  been  prepared  by  Edward  H. 
Kendall;  estimated  cost,  $275,000. 

Thomas  Overington,  New  York  City,  is 
preparing  plans  for  four  four-story  flats  on 
the  south  side  of  One  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
ninth  street,  seventy-five  feet  west  of  Alex- 
ander avenue. 

R.  R.  Davis,  New  York  City,  has  a  set  of 
$200,000  plans  for  seven  five-story  flats  on 
the  east  side  of  Manhattan  avenue,  between 
One  Hundred  and  Thirteenth  and  One  Hun- 
dred and  Fourteenth  streets. 

Dickson  &  Withers,  New  York  City,  have 
drawn  plans  for  an  additional  building,  to  be 
erected  by  the  Commissioners  of  Public 
Charities  and  Correction  at  Bellevue 
Hospital. 

W.  W.  Boyington,  Chicago,  has  designed 
a  five-story  factory,  243x130,  to  be  erected 
on  Randolph  street  and  Bryan  place  by  W. 
A.  Wells.  It  will  Oe  of  brick,  with  interior 
of  mill  construction,  supplied  with  elevators, 
steam  heat  and  power  plant;  cost  $125,000. 


558 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  320 


The  same  architect  has  plans  on  the  boards 
for  two  additional  stories  to  the  Cirand 
Pacific  Hotel. 

H.  B.  Wheelock,  Chicago,  has  jilans  under 
way  for  a  six-story  apartment  house,  25x150, 
to  be  erected  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
("■rand  boulevard  and  Fortieth  street  by 
William  A.  McLean.  It  will  be  constructed 
of  pressed  brick  and  stone,  with  hardwood 
interior;  heated  by  steam  and  supplied  with 
elevators;  cost,  §45,000.  He  has  also  planned 
a  three-story  flat  building  50x75,  to  be 
erected  at  7049  and  7051  Peoria  street,  by 
George  Jackson;  cost  $15,000. 

J.  S.  Wollacott,  Chicago,  has  designed  a 
Masonic  Temple,  to  be  erected  at  Joliet,  111. 
It  will  be  four-stories,  85x110,  with  stone  ex- 
teriors; cost  $40,000. 

Homer  H.  Boyington,  Chicago,  has  de- 
signed a  three-story  apartment  house,  78x48, 
to  be  erected  at  Forty-fifth  street  and  Evans 
avenue,  by  James  Hood.  It  will  be  con- 
structed of  pressed  brick  and  stone,  and  the 
interior  will  be  finished  in  hardwood;  cost 
$17,000.  He  has  also  designed  a  three-story 
flat  building,  25x62,  to  be  erected  on  Vincen- 
nes  avenue,  near  Fortieth  street,  by  S.  A. 
(lordner;  stone  constrction;  costS6,5oo.  Also 
a  three-story  flat  building,  40x62,  for  W.  J. 
Jefferson,  to  be  erected  on  Ellis  avenue, 
south  of  Thirty-eighth  street;  stone  and  brick 
construction;  cost  $10,000. 

Flanders  &  Zimmerman,  Chicago,  have 
plans  under  way  for  a  two-story  club  house 
for  the  Wausaukee  Club,  to  be  erected  at 
W'ausaukee,  Wis.  It  will  be  constructed  of 
logs  and  shingles,  with  numerous  small 
buildings  adjoining;  cost  $10,000. 

J.  M.  Van  Osdel  &  Co,  Chicago, have  pre- 
j)ared  plans  for  rebuilding  the  portion  of  the 
Farwell  block  which  was  destroyed  by  fire 
recently,  at  a  cost  of  about  $50,000.  They 
have  also  planned  a  Home  for  Young  Wo- 
men, to  be  built  at  288  Michigan  avenue.  It 
will  be  five  stories  high,  of  brick,  stone  and 
iron  construction,  supplied  with  steam  heat 
and  elevators;  cost  $20,000.  The  same 
architects  have  planned  two  additional  stor- 
ies, 44x52,  to  be  put  on  Dr.  Dyche's  building, 
at  the  northeast  corner  of  State  and  Ran- 
dolph streets;  cost  $15,000. 

Bauer  &  Hill,  Chicago,  have  designed  two 
additional  stories,  40x80,  to  be  put  on  Lam- 
bert Tree's  building,  at  the  southwest  corner 
of  La  Salle  and  Randolph  streets;  cost 
$40,000. 

A.  ("i.  Bcaudry,  Chicago,  has  designed  two 
two-story  and  basement  dwellings,  to  be 
erected  at  4318  and  4320  Indiana  avenue,  by 
Young  &  Clarkson.  They  will  be  con- 
structed of  pressed  brick  and  stone,  and  will 
cost  $7,000.  Also  a  two-story  and  basement 
dwelling  to  be  erected  on  Indiana  avenue, 
south  of  Forty-fitfh  street,  by  William  Con- 
roy;  cost  $5,000.  Also  an  edifice  for  the 
French  Catholic  congregation  at  Kensing- 
ton; cost  $7,000. 

Burling  &  Whitehouse,  Chicago,  have  let 
contracts  for  a  three-story  dwelling,  22x6<;, 


for  Mrs.  John  .Sallitt,  to  be  erected  at  515 
West  Jackson  street.  It  will  be  constructed 
of  pressed  brick,  stone  and  terra  cotta,  and 
will  cost  $10,000. 

W^  W.  Franklin,  Cincinnati,  has  plans  for 
J.  C.  Butler,  for  six  two  and  a  half  story  brick 
and  stone  dwellings,  to  be  built  on  McMillan 
and  Auburn  avenue  at  a  cost  of  $26,000. 

Charles  Kirchoff,  Jr.,  Milwaukee,  has  plans 
for  a  hall  and  store,  to  be  erected  on  the 
corner  of  Winnebago  and  Eighth  streets,  for 
P.  J.  Somers;  to  be  84x70,  four  stories  high, 
of  brick,  terra  cotta  and  stone;  cost  $30,000. 

John  A.  Hasecoster,  Richmond,  Ind.,  has 
designed  for  McNeil  &  Reynolds  a  three- 
story  brick  and  stone  flat,  115x50,  to  built  on 
Main  street,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

PLUMBING. 

HOUSE  DRAINAGE.  * 
The  first  discussion  to  be  brought  by  the 
Sanitary  Committee  before  this  most  able 
association  is  on  the  subject  of  "House 
Drainage,"  a  topic  worthy  of  deep  reflection 
from  all  intelligent  sanitarians.  In  this 
present  instance,  w  e  hope  to  be  able  to  bring 
to  your  notice  house  drainage  in  its  various 
phases,  such  as  it  is;  and  such  as  it  is  our 
ambition  to  make  it  in  the  future. 

The  ordinary  house  drain  as  adopted  in 
Chicago  and  other  cities,  may  be  described 
as  a  series  of  clay  pipes  joined  together 
with  cement  and  carried  from  a  junction  in 
the  street  through  the  dwelling  to  a  catch 
basin.  At  various  points  along  the  line  of 
this  system  apertures  are  provided  for  the 
reception  of  tributary  branches,  which  serve 
for  soil  and  waste  pipes  throughout  the 
building. 

The  receptacle  known  as  a  catch-basin  is 
placed  in  the  yard  in  the  rear  of  a  structure. 
It  is  built  cylindrical  in  form,  three  feet  in 
diameter  to  a  depth  of  about  two  feet  six 
in~hes  below  the  outlet,  surrounded  by  a 
wall,  whose  thickness  is  composed  of  a 
single  brick  laid  in  common  cement  mortar. 
In  the  interior  of  this  cesspool  a  similar  wall 
is  constructed,  being  carried  down  below 
the  mouth  of  the  outlet  to  prevent  grease 
from  entering  the  house  drain;  it  also  serves 
as  a  trap-  for,  although  in  these  basins  the 
drains  find  an  outlet,  they  are,  however, 
made  for  the  express  purpose  of  receiving 
the  refuse  of  sinks,  laundry  tubs,  and  down 
spouts. 

The  pipes  carrying  these  substances  are 
almost  always  laid  at  the  same  grade  as 
house  drains,  which  is  one-fourth  inch  per 
lineal  foot.  In  short,  the  drainage  system 
may  be  merely  defined  to  be  a  number  of 
ordinary  clay  pipes,  two  feet  in  length  with 
a  hub  of  about  the  depth  of  one  and  one- 
half  inch  on  one  end,  laid  piece  by  piece, 
one  being  slipped  into  the  hub  of  another 
until  the  terminal  point  is  reached. 

What  a  simple  task  this  system  jjroscnJs 
and  yet  it  is  one  in  which  the  greatest  i)re- 

•Dolivered  before  the  ChicnKo  Mnetor  Plumbers 
Mnrch  1:1, 1S!K),  by  Mr.  1'  Niici  y. 


cautions  must  be  exercised  as  to  pro|)er  con- 
struction, though  at  present  no  safeguards 
are  employed  to  promote  perfection.  Any 
individual  on  receiving  a  drain  layer's  card 
from  the  authorities  is  at  liberty  to  lay  these 
pipes  and  contract  for  this  branch  of  indus- 
try. The  lowest  bidder  is  usually  author- 
ized to  perform  the  work  in  his  own  way  as 
quickly  and  cheaply  as  possible,  and  in- 
spection will  prove  that  he  does  this  part  of 
the  agreemert  perfectly,  but  inspection  will 
also  show  a  ridge  of  cement  lying  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  joint  which  clogs  the  progress 
of  drainage  matter,  the  result  is  inevitable. 
The  matter  of  laying  pipe  is  regarded  by 
these  artisans  from  a  commercial,  rather 
than  from  a  sanitary  standpoint,  in  which 
view  they  have  the  concurrence  of  the 
house-owner,  whose  only  desire  is  that  the 
work  may  be  inexijensively  performed  and 
with  all  haste.  To  the  enlightened  and 
competent  sanitarian  this  manner  of  con- 
tract is  viewed  with  an  air  of  discourage- 
ment and  impatience,  for  he  witnesses  the 
sad  havoc  created  on  these  drains  by  peri- 
odical rain  storms,  whereby  cellars  are 
flooded,  and  life  and  property  destroyed. 
For  months  after  these  floods,  the  air  is 
filled  with  damp  and  sick  ning  odor,  earth, 
wood,  cement  and  tile  are  impregnated  with 
the  filth  which  remained  after  the  water  had 
subsided.  The  air  contains  the  germs  of 
disease  which  yearly  adds  thousands  to  the 
number  of  victims  who  have  perished  from 
this  cause.  Catch-basins  as  they  are  now 
built  are  certainly  and  undeniably  faulty, 
for  what  right  minded  individual  would 
think  of  constructing  even  an  ordinary  rain 
water  cistern  of  a  four-inch  brick  wall? 
Would  he  not  be  morally  certain  that  the 
water  would  ooze  through  the  pores  of  the 
bricks  and  burst  the  cemented  joints?  Hence 
the  folly  of  it,  and  yet  for  these  basins,  the 
receptacles  of  filth,  the  breeders  of  disease, 
the  protection  a  "single  brick"  wall  affords 
is  considered  sufficient.  Common  sense 
will  convince  you  of  the  result.  The  sur- 
rounding earth  must  be  in  a  state  of  pollu- 
tion which  makes  its  way  through  the  soil  to 
the  green  sward  above,  where  little  innocent 
children  play  with  the  enthusiam  of  youth 
and  imbibe  the  venomous  poison  of  death. 

Oftentimes  the  pipes  leading  to  this  basin 
become  clogged  and  emit  the  most  unwhole- 
some gases,  at  which  discovery  floors  must 
be  torn  up,  fixtures  removed  and  a  state  of 
general  disorder  ensues  in  the  effort  to  locate 
the  place  where  such  concretions  exist. 
After  the  cause  has  been  discovered  and  the 
abuse  abolished,  the  pipes  are  relaid-  for 
what  purpose?  I  may  say  to  repeat  the 
disaster. 

If  iron  sewerage  were  substituted  to  take 
the  place  of  the  clay-pipe  system,  broken 
house  drains  would  never  disturb  the  equa- 
nimity of  the  occupant  or  sanitarian.  Iron 
pi|)cs  to  be  thusly  used  should  be  as  hcav\ 
as  that  employed  in  our  water  su|)ply.  The 
lengths  being  joined  together  with  molten 
lead  and  rcgularlv  caulked  by  skilled  arti- 
sans.   When  comijleted  the  system  should 


MAi!CH-2'i,  1890J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


559 


1)0  tested  by  atiiiosphcreic  or  water  prcsMire 
aiul  a  rertilicate  given  by  the  Hoard  of 
Health  Inspectors  as  to  its  correct  construc- 
tion. I  ron  man-holes  having  Hushing  devices 
should  be  placed  at  intervals  in  the  drains  , 
and  brought  to  surface;  thus  the  occupant  ' 
of  the  building,  knowing  the  exact  location 
of  the  sewer,  could  at  will  flush  and  clean 
the  interior  of  the  drain  pipes,  which  could 
be  always  kept  in  a  state  of  scrupulous 
cleanliness.  It  would  then  be  unnecessary 
to  tear  up  the  floors,  concrete  or  flagging  to 
cleanse  these  pi|)es;  to  be  obliged  to  dig 
down  in  order  to  remove  sediments  from 
traps  situated  at  curb  wall  would  be  a  duty 
known  only  in  the  past,  lawns  could  revel  in 
their  brightest  robes  without  fear  of  having 
their  beauty  destroyed,  and  instead  of  re- 
ceiving the  curses,  the  sanitarian  would 
obtam  the  benedictions  of  the  house-ow  ner. 

In  order  to  protect  against  flooded  cellars, 
we  suggest  that  a  catch-basin  be  located  at 
the  base  of  the  down  spout  having  an  outlet 
in  the  manhole  which  shall  be  placed  out- 
side the  front  wall  of  the  structure,  and  the 
house  drain  provided  with  a  "back  water 
gate,"  which  will  pre\  ent  the  sewage  waste 
and  rain  water  from  gaining  entrance  to  the 
cellar.  All  catch-basins  used  in  connection 
with  this  drainage  system  must  be  made  of 
iron,  or  of  an  eight  or  ten  inch  brick  wall, 
furnished  with  a  suitable  cover  which  must 
be  tightly  bolted.  The  basin  to  receive 
surface  tiling  should  be  constructed  outside 
front  wall  of  building,  having  also  a  back 
water  gate  to  protect  the  drain  from  being 
[mlluted  by  stoppages  of  any  kind  in  the 
house  sewer. 

These  basins  and  manholes  must  receive 
ventilation  on  the  same  principle,  as  is  now- 
established  by  the  Board  of  Health  with 
regard  to  traps,  soil  and  waste  pipes  of  a 
structure. 

This,  gentlemen,  is  the  outline  of  the  plan 
the  Sanitary  Committee  expect  to  adopt  in 
respect  to  house  drainage.  We  trust  the 
ideas  here  expressed  are  simple  enough  to 
be  grasped  by  all,  and  may  meet  w  ith  ap- 
probation, and  we  now  beg  your  co-operation 
in  the  fulfillment  of  our  ambitions  as  hereby 
promoted.  Our  aim  is  to  supply  a  perfect 
system  of  drainage  for  the  World's  Fair 
city,  in  order  that  when  a  family  moves  into 
an  abode,  it  may  feel  secure  that  no  deadly 
agent  in  the  form  of  sewer  gas  is  holding 
sway  therein,  but  that  the  sanitary  condition 
of  the  habitation  needs  no  questioning. 
Without  assistance  from  the  architects  and 
Board  of  Health  authorities,  we  can  promise 
nothing.  We  rely  on  their  aid,  and  subject 
our  ideas  to  their  approval,  with  the  hope 
that  attention  to  this  most  important  branch 
may  provide  health  in  homes  and  families. 


COLONEL   AUCHMUTV'.S  ADDRKSS. 

The  following  address  was  delivered  be- 
fore the  day  plumbing  class  of  1889-90,  at 
the  New  ^'ork  trade  school: 

"The  three  months  for  which  you  came 
here  are  past.  You  have  come  to  these 
schools  not  only  from  New  York,  but  from 


far-off  I  tab,  Colorado  and  Dakota,  from 
Kansas,  Ohio  and  Michigan,  from  New 
Jersey,  Tennsylvania  and  \'irginia,  from 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Vermont  and 
New  Hampshire.  You  came  to  these 
schools  not  to  amuse  yourselves,  but  to  learn 
how  to  work.  How  much  amusement  you 
have  had  out  of  your  stay  here  1  do  not 
know,  but  1  think  any  one  looking  around 
this  hall  could  hardly  fail  to  be  impressed 
with  the  amount  of  work  we  got  out  of  you. 
It  is  no  easy  task  to  train  sixty  pair  of  un- 
skilled hands  to  do  such  neat,  such  beautiful 
work  as  is  shown  here.  Captain  Uewar  and 
Messrs,  Newman,  Forestal  and  Brown  cer- 
tainlv  did  their  best  to  teach  you. 

\\'hen  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association 
met  here  last  week,  and  the  Master  Paint- 
ers' and  Decorators  Association  met  here 
last  Tuesday  night,  1  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  here,  for  the  first  time  in  trade  his- 
tory, meetings  had  been  held  in  a  hall  built 
and  decorated  by  young  men  who  a  few 
months  before  they  did  their  work  did  not 
know  how  to  handle  the  trowel  or  plane  or 
brush.  Never  before  in  trade  history  has 
there  been  such  a  display  of  plumbing  work 
made  by  young  men  who  three  months  ago 
could  not  make  a  joint  as  is  shown  here  to- 
night. Said  a  master  plumber  at  the  meet- 
ing last  week,  'if  each  shop  in  New  York 
sent  a  journeyman  to  do  the  work  these 
young  men  have  done,  I  do  not  believe  it 
would  be  as  well  done.'  While  your  hands 
were  being  trained,  your  heads,  as  you  well 
know,  were  not  allowed  to  remain  empty.  I 
congratulate  you,  youiig  gentlemen,  orp  your 
skill,  I  congratulate  those  who  instructed 
you,  and  I  feel  proud  that  it  was  in  the  New 
\'ork  Trade  Schools  that  this  work  was 
done. 

Some  of  you  heard  the  story  told  here  by 
Mr.  Walter  Reid  at  the  meeting  of  the  Mas- 
ter Painters'  and  Decorators'  Association,  of 
the  degredation  to  which  he  was  required 
to  submit  as  an  indentured  apprentice  in 
order  to  learn  his  trade.  Many  journeymen 
and  not  a  few  master  mechanics,  for  widely 
different  reasons,  work  together  to  make 
labor  contemptible  by  recjuiring  humiliating 
and  unnecessary  service  from  the  would-be 
mechanic.  The  journeyman  wishes  to  dis- 
courage young  men  from  learning  trades; 
there  are  master  mechanics  who  are  willing 
to  purchase  the  good  will  of  their  workmen 
by  sacrificing  the  prospects  of  the  youth  of 
this  country,  or  who,  under  cover  of  the  old 
apprentice  laws,  seek  to  find  little  slaves. 

There  are  other  master  mechanics  who 
will  not  sell  the  birthright  of  the  rising  gen- 
eration, and,  what  is  more,  who  give  their 
time  to  aid  and  instruct  young  men.  Here 
yesterday,  the  Trade  School  Comm'ttee  of 
the  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  Messrs. 
Murphy,  Reynolds,  Tuomey,  Bracken  and 
Colonel  Scott,  and  with  them  Messrs.  Mac- 
(lonald,  Mead,  Muir  and  Dunn,  spent  over 
six  hours  in  reading  your  examination  papers 
and  examining  your  work.  .Ml  honor  to 
such  men,  not  only  as  master  mechanics 
w^ho  respect  their  calling,  luit  as  good  citi- 


zens w  illing  to  protect  the  rights  of  tho.sc 
too  young  to  [noted  themselves. 

You  young  men  have  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  your  trade  thoroughly  and  expedi- 
tiously. That  there  is  \  astly  more  to  learn 
1  need  not  tell  you.  ^'ou  work  well;  you 
must  work  fast  and  under  difficult  circum- 
stances. To  those  of  you  who  have  not  ob- 
tained one  of  these  hard-earned  certificates 
from  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  I 
would  say  do  not  be  discouraged.  Most  of 
you  can  do  good  work;  your  failure  was  in 
answering  the  questions  in  your  examination 
papers.  Take  your  evenings  and  your  idle 
hours,  study  your  manuals,  come  here  for 
information  if  you  desire  to  do  so  and  the 
disappointments  of  to-night  w  ill  be  a  bless- 
ing in  the  future. 

\'our  chosen  work,  young  gentlemen,  is 
now  about  to  begin.  Bear  in  mind  the  golden 
rule,  'Do  to  others  as  you  would  have  them 
do  to  you.'  You  want  full  measure  when 
you  buy,  give  a  full  day's  work  when  you 
sell  your  time.  Don't  always  drop  your  tools 
as  the  clock  strikes;  five  minutes  delay  w^ill 
sometimes  save  the  employer  a  night  of 
worry.  Last  week  I  happened  into  a  store 
in  Beekman  street,  where  one  of  my  young 
painters  was  at  work.  I  asked  the  proprietor 
how  he  liked  him.  'I  never  had  better  work 
dore,'  said  he,  'or  such  a  satisfactory  work- 
man to  deal  with.'  These  were  ])leasant 
words  to  hear,  and  it  was  not  the  first  time 
1  have  heard  similar  ones.  You  and  the 
members  of  the  other  classes  go  from  these 
schools  this  spring  520  strong.  A  gallant 
company  to  fight  the  battle  of  life.  Fight  it 
bravely  and  fight  to  win.  Keep  up  the  rep- 
utation of  the  New  York  Trade  Schools. 

One  word  more  and  I  am  done.  Three 
thousand  years  ago,  my  friends,  the  Hebrew- 
king  asked  who  it  was  who  should  see  the 
glory  of  the  Lord.  From  generation  to  gen- 
eration the  short,  simple  answer  has  been 
handed  down:  'Even  he  that  hath  clean 
hands  and  a  pure  heart.'  Take  these  words 
to  your  hearts.  They  will  aid  you  to  make 
your  lives  a  success.  They  offer  happiness 
on  earth  as  well  as  rew  ard  in  Heaven.  There 
is  a  soil  that  comes  of  honest  toil  which 
water  washes  away,  and  there  are  stains 
which  remain  forever. 


PLUMBERS    AND  TECHNICAL 
KNOWLEDGE. 

.Among  the  many  objections  wliich  are 
continually  being  raised  by  plumbers  against 
the  acquirement  of  technical  knowledge, 
says  the  Deiorators  Gazctlf,  Pliiuthrr  and 
Ga<: fitters'  ReviaVy  one  of  the  mo=t  absurd, 
while  at  the  same  time  it  involved  much 
which  w  as  very  significant  as  regards  the 
arrangement  of  plumber's  work,  w-as  heard 
a  few  days  ago  during  a  conversation  be- 
tween two  plumbers  on  the  subject  of  tech- 
nical education. 

The  one  who  was  strongly  but  blindly 
opposed  to  the  movement  contended  that  it 
was  useless  to  teach  young  plumbers  the 
importance  of  trapping  and  ventilating,  for 
instance,  long  lengths  of  waste-pipe,  be- 


560 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  320 


cause  when  they  are  under  the  super\  ision 
of  builders'  foremen  they  are  not  allowed 
to  carry  out  the  work  in  the  way  they  have 
been  instructed,  but  have  to  do  just  as  the 
foreman  directs.  As  an  instance,  he  stated 
that  on  the  job  where  he  was  at  present  em- 
ployed he  was  not  allowed  to  arrange  the 
waste-pipes  according  to  modern  sanitary 
methods,  but  was  compelled  to  carry  out 
the  work  in  what  may  be  described  as  a 
scamping  style,  as  ordered  by  the  foreman 
of  the  job.  Unfortunately,  this  is  only  too 
true  in  numerous  instances,  and  the  trade 
generally  gets  the  discredit  or  it.  But  for  a 
plumber  to  use  this  as  an  argument  against 
the  spread  of  knowledge,  which  is  calcu- 
lated, and  which  has  without  a  doubt  been 
the  means  of  improving  the  style  of  plumb- 
er's work  to  a  very  large  extent  is,  to  say 
the  least,  perfectly  ridiculous.  It  would  be 
just  as  reasonable  to  say  that  it  is  useless  to 
learn  how  to  wipe  a  joint,  because  one  might 
be  employed  at  some  shops  where  all  joints 
are  made  with  a  copper-bit  or  blow-pipe. 

This  is,  however,  only  a  specimen  of  the 
numerous  sentiments,  prompted  by  preju- 
dice, which  one  can  hear  expressed  by  a 
great  number  of  men  who  appear  to  think 
themselves  the  bulwarks  ot  the  trade,  and 
oppose  everything  which  seems  to  them  an 
innovation.  But  the  strangest  part  of  the 
matter  is  that  they  are  content  to  follow  out 
the  instructions  of  the  job  foreman,  and  are 
even  satisfied  in  accepting  his  knowledge  of 
sanitary  plumbing  as  a  standard  for  the 
trade,  and  limit  the  extent  of  their  knowl- 
edge accordingly.  Fortunately,  there  is  a 
section  of  the  trade  who  have  not  been  con- 
tented to  move  in  the  old  ruts,  they  have 
therefore  struck  out  into  new  paths  which 
the  progress  of  the  times  have  opened  up 
to  them,  and  which  lead  undoubtedly  to  a 
better  state  of  things. 

Whatever  may  be  the  custom  in  other 
trades,  the  new  school  consider  that  a 
plumber  should  direct  plumbers  and  plan 
their  work,  and  however  high  the  standard 
of  knowledge  can  be  fixed  in  connection 
with  i)lumber's  work,  every  plumber  should 
be  helped  and  encouraged  to  attain  to  it. 


AMKXDKD  FLUMBIN(;  BILL. 

The  amended  plumbmg  bill  to  regulate 
plumbing  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  which 
was  presented  to  the  Senate  District  Com- 
mittee by  the  Commissioners,  was  reported 
to  the  Senate  last  week.  The  only  change 
in  the  original  is  in  relation  to  fixing  the 
time  for  making  repairs  to  defective  jilumb- 
ing,  and  reads  as  follows: 

"And  any  person  who  shall  neglect  or  re- 
fuse to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  the 
provisions  of  said  regulations  after  ten  days' 
notice  of  the  specific  thing  or  things  re- 
([uired  to  be  done  thereunder,  within  the 
time  limited  by  the  Commissioners  for  do- 
ing such  work,  or,  as  the  said  time  may  be 
extended  by  said  Commissioners,  shall  be 
punishable  by  a  fine  of  from  twenty-five  to 
two  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  such 


offense,  or  in  default  of  payment  of  fine  to 
imprisonment  for  thirty  days." 

The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  and 
the  Master  Plumbers'  Protective  .Association 
say  the  bill  is  not  specific  enough  in  that 
part  which  applies  to  the  inspector  and 
assistant  inspectors.  The  latter  association 
has  adopted  a  series  of  amendments  which 
they  hope  to  have  added  to  the  bill.  These 
amendments  are  "that  the  Commissioners 
be  authorized  to  appoint  an  Examination 
Board  of  Plumbers,  composed  of  three 
practical  and  skilled  master  plumbers  and 
the  Health  Officer  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, who  shall  constitute  a  Board  of  Exam- 
ation  to  examine  all  persons  about  to  engage 
in  the  plumbing  business,  and  who  shall 
hold  their  office  for  two  years  without  com- 
pensation." "That  the  inspector  shall  be  a 
practical  and  skilled  master  plumber,  and 
have  carried  on  the  plumbing  business  as  a 
master  plumber  ten  years  previous  to  his 
appointment,  and  shall  not  be  interested, 
directly  or  indirectly,  in  the  business  of 
plumbing  during  the  time  he  holds  said 
office,  imder  the  penalty  of  instant  dis- 
missal." "That  the  assistant  inspectors 
shall  be  practical  and  skilled  plumbers, 
each  and  e\  ery  one  of  such  assistants  to 
give  a  bond  m  the  sum  of  two  thousand 
dollars."  "That  the  inspection  of  houses 
shall  be  made  with  the  consent  of  the  owner 
or  occupant  thereof." 


MILWAUKEE  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 

Editor  The  S.\nit.\rv  News:  I  inclose 
you  a  list  of  officers  of  our  association.  We 
are  getting  down  to  another  season's  busi- 
ness which  promises  well.  We  have  noth- 
ing to  complain  of  except  low  prices.  Our 
city  will  see  several  sky  scrapers  in  course 
of  erection  this  season  and  much  building 
on  the  outskirts:  President,  Charles  Pola- 
chek;  vice-president,  Edward  Grassier; 
treasurer,  Wm.  E.  Goodman;  recording  sec- 
retary, Adolf  .Shiomot;  correspondmg  secre- 
tary, Fernando  W.  Pripps;  sergeantat- 
arms,  Chas.  Fox.    \  ours,  etc., 

Feknando  W.  Pkiim's. 

AMONG  TllK  PLUMBERS. 
.\n  exchange  tells  how  Mr.  liradway,  a 
plumber  of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  indulged  in  a 
good  hard  sneeze  which  fractured  one  of  his 
ribs.  This  is  quite  different  from  the  usual 
newspa|)er  accident,  when  some  one  dis- 
locates a  jawbone  by  giving  too  big  a  yawn. 
It  is  gratifying  that  in  the  case  now  reported 
the  sufferer's  cheek  a])pears  to  be  unim- 
paired. 

Mr.  M.  J.  Corboy,  who  by  the  way  has 
secured  the  plumbing  contract  for  the  Cax- 
ton  building,  meditates  removing  during 
next  month  to  78  Dearborn  street. 

Mr.  Oliver  D.  Peck  has  returned  to  the 
city,  and  is  quite  ljusy  making  arrangements 
for  their  change  of  location. 

Messrs.  Mandable  &  Deveny  have  con- 
tracts for  Mr.  Holin's  apartment  building  on 
Wabash  avenue,  and  also  for  Mr.  Seigel's 
residence  on  Michigan  boulevard. 


The  demands,  understood  to  be  made  by 
the  journeymen  plumbers,  have  been  formu- 
lated and  laid  before  the  master  plumbers 
committee.  The  latter  are  very  reticent 
but  it  is  likely  that  matters  will  be  peacea- 
bly arranged.  The  men  require  an  increase 
of  about  fifteen  cents  a  day  and  the  abolition 
of  the  distinction  hitherto  made  between 
first  and  second  class  men.  This  latter 
clause  is  more  likely  to  cause  dissension  than 
the  question  of  wages.  A  uniform  rate  of 
^■3-75  pei'  day  is  asked  for  although  a  higher 
rate  still  has  been  mentioned.  The  boys  and 
apprentices,  it  is  said  require  a  correspond- 
ing increase,  they  have  been  getting  from 
Si. 50  to  S2.50  up  to  this  time. 

Mr.  T.  Conlin  has  two  contracts  for  fine 
residence  houses  on  Oakwood  boulevard  and 
a  good  deal  of  other  work  on  hand. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Murphy  intends  to  change  to 
more  extensive  quarters  at  158  Fifth  avenue. 
There  has  been  hardly  enough  room  at  his 
Dearborn  place  for  his  fine  display  of  so 
many  different  specialities. 

Among  the  building  permits  will  be  found 
the  announcement  of  a  new  building  for  the 
Crane  Manufacturing  Company  which  will 
enable  them  to  enlarge  their  exhibit  of  radi- 
ators and  other  appliances.  They  are  spec- 
ially handling  the  radiators  of  the  Pierce 
Steam  Heating  Company,  of  Buffalo,  and 
are  placing  in  the  market  a  new  ornamental 
one  of  their  own  design. 

Among  the  visitors  to  the  city  during  the 
week  were  Messrs.  Hart,  Drake  and  J.  Marks 
of  Holly,  Mason,  Marks  &  Co.,  Spokane 
Falls. 

Another  permit  granted  within  the  last 
few  days  was  to  Mr.  Culloton,  of  Gay  & 
Culloton,  for  a  fine  building  on  Sheffield 
avenue.  There  will  be  first  class  plumbing 
in  that  house  anyhow. 

At  the  next  regular  meeting  of  the  Mas- 
ter Plumbers'  Association,  Mr.  Peter  Wil- 
lems  will  read  his  paper  on  the  subject  al- 
loted  to  him,  vi/.:  "Should  drain  and  soil 
pipes  be  tested  by  air  or  water  pressure,  and 
at  what  pressure  i)er  square  inch,  to  insure 
safety  against  sewer  gas. " 

Leonard  D.  Hosford,  43  Beekman  street, 
New  York,  has  issued  a  pamjihlet  of  thirty- 
three  pages  devoted  to  the  latest  improve- 
ments in  plumbing  work  and  plumbing 
material.  He  states  in  his  preface  that  he 
has  no  patent  fixture  or  plumbing  device  to 
advertise,  and  a  perusal  of  his  pam[)hlet 
shows  this  to  be  the  fact.  He  mentions  ap- 
proved materials  to  be  used  regardless  of 
the  manufacturer,  his  object  being  to  [jlace 
before  the  people  the  correct  method  of 
plumbing  and  the  most  approved  fixtures 
to  be  employed.  The  pamphlet  is  neatly 
printed  and  illustrated  with  samples  of 
plumbing  work.  Those  contcm|)lating  hav- 
ing plumbing  done  will  find  an  intelligent 
treatment  of  the  subject  in  this  pamphlet, 
by  which  they  might  be  enabled  to  avoid 
the  defects  characteristic  of  a  certain  class 
of  plumbing. 


Maboh  22,  1890.1 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


561 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Sterling,  Ills.;  An  appropriation  granting 
$50,000  for  a  public  building  has  been  made 

by  Congress.  Oakland,  Cal.  has  obtained 

a  congressional  grant  of  §300,000  for  public 

works.  Cheyenne,    Wyo.:    A    grant  of 

$150,000  has  been  obtained  for  building  pur- 
poses. Chester,  Pa.:  $100,000  has  been 

given  for  improvements.  Helena,  Mont.: 

$400,000  has  been  voted  by  congress  for 

public  works.  Washmgton,  I).  C:  A  post 

office  to  cost  $800,000,  is  to  be  built.  The 
extras  for  heating,  ventilating,  lire-proof 
vault,  etc.,  will  amount  to  $275,000  in  addi- 
tion.—Baltimore,  Md.:  J.  A.  &  W.  T.  Wil- 
son, architects.  No.  i  East  Lexington  street, 
have  prepared  plans  for  six  four  story  brick 
dwellings,  to  be  erected  on  Culvert  street, 

cost  $50,000.  Buffalo,   N.    Y.:  Messrs. 

Green  &  Wicks,  91  and  93  Genesee  street, 
have  prepared  plans  for  a  block  of  business 
buildings,  at  Main  and  Huron  streets,  for 
John  D.  Rockefeller,  of  N.  Y.,  and  Daniel 
O'Day,  of  Buffalo.  The  material  will  be 
brick  and  stone,  eight  stories  high,  steam 
heat,  electric-lights,  ventilators,  elevators, 

etc.  The  cost  is  estimated  at  $150,000.  St. 

Louis,  Missouri:  The  plans  of  Eckel  & 
Mann,  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  have  been  accepted 
from  among  a  number  of  competitors  for 
the  new  City  Hall.    The  cost  is  estimated  at 

$1,100,000.  Salem,  Va.:  Mr.  I.  W.  F.  Alle- 

mong  will  build  a  handsome  residence  to 
cost  $8,000,  material,  brick  and  terra  cotta. 

 St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Eames  &  Young.  304  N. 

Eighth  street,  have  prepared  plans  for  two 
large  warehouses,  one  90  by  125  feet,  and 
seven  stories  high,  the  other  264  by  175  feet, 

seven  stories  high.  Mantua,   Pa.:  The 

Presbyterians  are  about  to  build  a  church. 
Rev.  W.  H.  McCaughey,  Pastor.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.:  Frank  R.  Watson,  518  Walnut 
street,  has  plans  for  buildings  to  be  erected 

for   Protestant  Episcopal  Mission,  Car- 

bondale,  Pa.:  E.  F.  Durang,  1200  Chestnut 
street,  Phila.,  is  engaged  on  plans  for  a  new 

Roman  Catholic  Church.  Easton,  Md.: 

A  hotel  will  be  erected,  cost  about  $30,000, 
Jackson  C.  Gott,  architect,  corner  Charles 

and   Fayette    streets,   Baltimore.  Long 

Branch,  N.  J.:  The  Monmouth  Memorial 
Hospital  will  erect  a  new  building;  to  cost 

$15,000.  Meridian,  Miss.:  I.  C.  Loyd  can 

give  information  about    a  hotel   to  cost 

$100,000.  Denver,  Col.:  C.   V.  Kitridge 

will  erect  stores  to  cost  $250,000.  A.  M. 
Stuckert,  architect.  Baltimore,  Md.:  C. 

G.  Carmine  will  erect  a  four  story  ware- 
house. Catharine  Secumbe  will  erect  a 
three  story  dwelling.  James  F.  Morgan 
will  erect  six  two  story  dwellings.  Joseph 

H.  Rieman,  one  at  212  Lexington  street. 
R.  Rock,  one  at  No.  1017  Forrest  place. 
Peter  Gill,  one  at  No.  21  Washington  street. 

 Newfield,  N.  J:  A  new  shoe  factory  is 

being  planned.  Philadelphia,   Pa.:  The 

Philadelphia  Abattoir  Company  intend  to  en- 
large their  present  capacity  by  an  addition 


building,  52x177  feet.  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

A  new  Catholic  rectory  and  additions  to 
church  edifice  are  to  be  built  on  Mountairy 
avenue.  Information  can  be  had  at  the 
Archliishop's  office,  i8th  and  Vace  streets. 
 Washington,  D.  C:  James  G.  Hill,  Cor- 
coran Building,  has  prepared  plans  for  a 
aix-story  storage  warehouse,  to  be  erected 
on  Fifteenth  street,  stone  and  brick,  fire- 
proof throughout,  cost  $60,000.  Colonel 
C.  E.  Blunt  will  erect  a  residence  from  plans 
prepared  by  H.  T.  Page,  515  H.  street,  N. 
W.,  pressed  brick,  hard  and  soft  wood  in- 
terior finish,  wood  mantels,  etc.,  cost  $25,000. 
M.  Leroy  Tuttle  will  erect  a  residence  on 
Leroy  place,  to  cost  $23,000.  A  church  will 
be  erected  on  Fifth  street,  from  plans  pre- 
pared by  Baldwin  &  Pennington,  Lexington 
street,  Baltimore,  Md.,  the  cost  will  be  about 
$60,000,  stone  and  iron  slate  roof.  The 
same  architects  have  prepared  the  plans 
for  the  parsonage  to  be  erected  by  Saint 
Augustine's  Church,  on  Fifteenth  street,  N 
W.,  brick  and  stone,  slate  roof,  hard  wood 
finish,  steam  heat,  cost  $9,000.  Wilming- 
ton, Del.:  The  Gatling  Gun  Co.  are  about  to 

establish  immense  works.  McKeesport, 

Pa.:  A  building  for  police  and  fire  head- 
quarters is  to  be  erected.  West  Newton, 

Pa.:  A  large  rolling  mill  will  be  erected  by 

John  B.  Larkin,  of  Pittsburgh.  Trenton, 

N.  J.:  The  Maddock  Pottery  recently  burned 

down  will  be   rebuilt.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.: 

The  Times  Publishing  Co.  will  erect  a  two 
story  office  building  on  Fourth  avenue. 
 Wheeling,  Va.:  The  board  of  commis- 
sioners have  decided  to  erect  a  new  jail. 
The  cost  is  limited  to  $100,000.  The  Wheel- 
ing Title  and  Trust  Company  purchased  a 
lot  sixty-foot  front  on  Market  street,  on 
which  they  will  erect  a  building  to  cost  over 

$100,000.  Rockville,  Md.:  A  new  court 

house  will  be  soon  commenced,  bonds  will 

be  issued  for  the  purpose.  New  York:  2 

brick  and  stone  flats  to  cost  $25,000  each, 
will  be  built  at  34  Morton  street.  Herter 
Brothers,  architects,  at  74  to  79  Oliver  street. 
W.  G.  F.  Pelham  has  planned  brick  and 
stone  flats  to  cost  $20,000  each.  At  133  Madi- 
son street  and  157  2nd  street,  same  archi- 
tect has  plans  for  flats  at  same  cost.  At  31  E. 
17th  street,  W.  H.  Birkmire,  architect  has 
a  brick  building  to  cost  $100,000.  At  358  W. 
36th  street,  two  flats  will  cost  S20.000  each, 
for  W.  Drought.  At  43rd  street  and  West 
Fifth  avenue,  a  brick  hotel  for  D.  H.  King, 
will  cost  $200,000.  At  334  W.  42nd  street, 
two  stone  flats  will  cost  $20,000  each;  V.  B. 
Ferdon,  architect.  At  100  W.  9th  avenue,  3 
brick  and  stone  flats  will  cost  $20,000  each; 
A.  Huttira,  architect.  At  1804  E.  10  avenue, 
a  brick  church  will  cost  $18,000;  Edward 
Dressier,  trustee.  Nassau  street,  alterations 
in  the  Ben  Nelt  building  will  cost  $60,000; 
J.  M.  Farnsworth,  architect.  At  6  Lafayette 
place,  alterations  costing  $40,000  will  be 

made;  B.  E.  Lowe,  architect.  Brooklyn, 

N.  Y.:  Four  brick  dwellings,  at  50  E.  Rogers 
avenue,  will  cost  $40,000;  W.  O.  Thomson 
owner.  At  corner  of  Grove  street  and  Bush- 
wick  avenue,  brick  residence  will  cost  $20,- 


000;  G.  Dorschuck,  owner.  At  corner  Hush- 
wick  and  Willougliby  avenues,  Four  brick 
dwellings  will  cost  $72,000;  Thomas  Esel- 
hart,  architect.  At  70  Fulton  street,  R. 
Dixon,  architect,  has  a  brick  theatre  to  cost 
$50,000.  At.  80  E.  Smith  street.  Two  brick 
dwellings  to  cost  $24,000  are  planned  by  T. 

Pearson,    owner.  Allegheny  City,  Pa.: 

Joseph  Auglin,  architect,  for  the  new  city 

hall.  Canton,  O.:  A  brick  building  will  be 

built  at  70  S.  Walnut  street  to  cost  $25,000; 
Guy  Tilden  is  architect,  he  has  also  brick 
building,  corner  of  Walnut  and  7th  street  to 
cost  $12,000.— Elgin,  111.:  Plans  by  W.  W. 
Abele  are  ready  for  watch  case  factory  to 

cost  $25,000.  Haverhill,   Mass.:  A  new 

armory  is  to  be  built.  St.  Paul,  Minn.: 

Michel  Bros,  are  about  to  build  a  3  story 

brick  block,  to  cost  $20,000.  Salt  Lake 

City,  Utah:  E.  E.  Myers,  of  Detroit,  is  the 
architect  of  the  capitol.  to  cost  $100,000,000. 

 Uniontown,  Pa.  will  have  a  $225,000 

court  house  and  a  $100,000  jail.  Ware- 
ham,  Me.:  The  Board  of  Education  propose 

to  build  school  to  cost  $15,000.  Rockford, 

111.:  G.  Bradley  &  Son  can  give  details  of 

building,  to  cost  $40,000.  Johnstown,  Pa.: 

A  large  number  of  buildings  will  be  erected 
here  the  coming  season.  Among  them  are 

the  following:  Episcopal  church  to  cost, 

$40,000:  T.  T.  Morrell,  of  the  Cambria  Iron 
Works,  is  interested.  St.  John's  Catholic 
church  will  cost,  $35,000;  Father  James  P. 
Tehenay.  German  Catholic;  cost  $20,000; 
Father  E.  W.Trautwein.  Conemaugh  Val- 
ley Hospital  will  cost,  $40,000;  Dr.  W.  B. 
Lowman  can  give  information.  German 
Beformed  church;  cost,  $18,000;  Pastor,  W. 
H.  Bates.  German  Lutheran  church,  Welsh 
congregation;  Thos.  Davis,  Park  Buildings, 
can  give  information.  German  Turn  Verein 
Hall  to  cost,  $10,000;  Fred  Frank  in  charge. 
A  $30,000  Welsh  Baptist  Church  will  be 

erected.  Lincoln,  Neb.:  A  school  house 

is  to  be  built,  at  a  cost  of  $75,000;  address 

Board  of  Education.  Woonsocket,  R.  I.: 

A  Si6,ooo  church  will  be  erected;  address, 
W.  M.  Butterfield,  architect,  Manchester, 
N.  H,  Windsor,  Ont.:  Board  of  Educa- 
tion win  erect  school  house,  at  cost  of 

$18,000.  Edge  wood.  Pa.:  A  school  house 

to  cost  $20,000,  will  be  erected.  Bowling 

Green,  O.:  A  factory  building  will  be  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $10,000;  address  the  Couastola 

Glass   Co.  Oil   City,   Pa.:   A  Catholic 

Church  to  cost  $30,000  will  be  built  by  Rev. 
Thos.  Carroll.  Oxford,  Me.:  The  Secre- 
tary Hebron  Academy,  can  give  informa- 
tion of  new  school  to  cost  $45,000.  Find- 
lay,  0.:Kramer  and  Zoll  can  give  informa- 
tion of  a  $40,000  hotel,  and  W.  T.  Plall, 
county  auditor  of  a  $40,000  public  building. 
Hirsch,  Ely  &  Co.  also  have  details  ready 

of  a  factory  to  cost  $12,000.  Corneaut, 

O.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  $2,6000  building.    Address  W.  T. 

Slanley.  Altoona,  Pa.:  The  city  will  build 

a  school  to  cost  $24,000.  Alton,  111.:  W. 

H.  Rippe  can  give  information  about  office 

building  to  cost  $30,000.  Americus,  Ga.: 

A  factory  building  will  be  erected;  cost 


562 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  320 


$25,000.  Address  C.  C.Hawkins.  Beaver, 

Pa.:  A  $50,000  Presbyterian  Church  will  be 
erected.  The  City  Engineer  can  give  in- 
formation. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Fairfield,  la.:  A  gas  and  electric  light 

company  has  been  formed.  Bridgeport, 

O.:  An  electric  light  company  has  been 
formed  and  will  put  in  a  plant  to  cost  $10,000- 

Ross  J.  Alexander  can  give  information.  

Decatur,  111.:  Has  an  electric  light  company 

duly  incorported.  Kimball,   Tenn.:  An 

electric  light  plant  is  contemplated.  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.:  A  Boston  syndicate  proposes 

to  erect  an  extensive  electric  light  plant.  

Montgomery,  Ala.:   The  citizens  are  getting 

up  an  electric  light  company.  Frederick, 

Md.:  The  mayor,  L.  H.  Doyle,  can  give  in- 
formation as  to  putting  in  a  new  incandes- 
cent electric  light  plant.  Irvine,  Ky.:  An 

electric  light  plant  is  to  be  introduced  by 
Coleman,  Brush  &  Co.,  of  Louisville,  Ky., 
who  lately  purchased  the  Estill  Spring  prop- 
erty. Butler,  Pa.:  The  people  want  elec- 
tric lights.  Chatcaugay,  N.  Y.:  The  con- 
tract for  establishing  an  electric  light  plant 
has  been  awarded  to  the  Schuyler  Electric 

Light  Company.  Bucksport,   Pa.:  The 

Bucksport  Electric  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated.   John  Post,  Jr.,  the  president, 

can  furnish  information.  Allegheny,  Pa.: 

A  new  plant  will  be  put  in;  the  new  dyna- 
mos will  furnish  one  thousand  16  candle 

lights  each.  Springfield,  Mass.:  It  is  said 

that  extensive  improvements  will  be  made 
to  the  plant  of  the  United  Electric  Light 

Company.  Fairfield,  la.:  The  Fairfield 

Gas  and  Electric  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated. Athens,  Pa.:   Efforts  are  being 

made  to  secure  an  electric  light  plant.  

Fort  Ark,  Tex.:  This  place  has  issued  bonds 

for  electric  lighting.  Waverly,  Md.:  An 

electric  light  company  has  been  inaugurated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000.    John  W. 

Clarke  can  furnish  details.  Galena,  Kan.: 

An  electric  power  company  has  been  formed 

to  establish  an  arc  system.  Racine,  Wis.: 

The  contracts  for  electric  lighting  have  not 

yet  been  awarded.  Belair,  Md.:  G.  R. 

Cairns   is  secretary  of  the  newly  formed 

Water  and  Light  Company.  Los  Gatos, 

Cal.:  W.  D.  Tisdale  can  give  information 
about  proposed  electric  lighting  plant. ' 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Henrietta,  Tex.:  Bids  are  wanted  to  build 

a  jail  to  cost  $25,000.  The  city  of  Ashe- 

ville,  N.  C,  invites  j)roposals  up  to  ist  of 
May  for  lighting  by  electricity  the  city  for  a 

period  of  two  years  from  October  i,  1890.  

Proposals  will  be  received  by  the  City  Coun- 
cil of  Bristol,  Tenn.,  for  the  construction  of 
of  about  3,200  square  feet  of  artificial  stone 
or  concrete  sidewalk,  curbing  and  gutter. 
Bids  will  be  received  until  April  i,  i8(/). 
Address  A.  P.  Moore,  Bristol,  Tenn.,  mem- 
ber of  Street  Committee.  Cleveland,  O.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  April  3,  for  pav- 
ing certain  streets.  Address  Walter  P. 
Rice,  City  Civil  Engineer.  Madison,  N. 


J.:  Proposals  arc  wanted,  no  date  specified, 
for  lighting  the  public  streets.    Address  S. 

H.  Reed.  Proposals  for  building  about 

one  mile  of  small  pipe  sewers  will  be  re- 
ceived by  the  Board  of  Sewer  Commissioners 

of  New  London,  Conn.,  on  April  3,  1890.  

The  Dexter  avenue  Methodist  congrega- 
tion, Montgomery,  Ala.,  desires  to  communi- 
cate with  architects.  The  congregation 
proposes  to  erect  shortly  a  church  to  cost 
about  $40,000,  to  include  Sunday-school  and 
lecture-rooms.    Address  James  F.  Turren- 

tine.  Chairman  of  Board  of  Trustees.  

Competition  drawings  for  a  new  jail  build- 
ing for  Ohio  county.  West  Virginia,  will  be 
received  until  April  7,  1890.  For  particulars 
apply  to  Charles  C.  Woods,  Clerk  of  the 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Ohio  county. 

Wheeling,   West   Virginia.  The  Mayor 

and  City  Council  of  Collinsville,  III.,  will  re- 
ceive proposals  for  the  erection  and  main- 
tenance of  a  system  of  waterworks  and  an 
electric  lighting  plant,  under  franchises  to 
be  granted  by  the  city.  Bids  may  be  sub. 
mitted  for  the  plans  separately  or  together, 
and  directed  to  the  city  clerk  under  seal, 
and  will  be  opened  on  Friday,  the  i8th  day 
of  April,  1890,  at  7:30  p.  m.,  at  the  council 
chamber  in  the  presence  of  such  bidders  as 
may  choose  to  be  present.  The  council 
reserves  the  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids- 
Information  and  specifications  may  be  ob- 
tained on  application  to  James  M.  Peers, 

City  Clerk.  Proposals  will  be  received  at 

the  office  of  the  Light  House  Board,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  until  12  o'clock  noon  of  Tues- 
day, the  1st  day  of  July,  1890,  for  the  design, 
the  specifications,  the  complete  construction 
and  equipment,  and  the  temporary  main- 
tenance of  a  light-tower  on  Diamond  Shoal, 
off  Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina.  By  an 
act  of  Congress  the  total  cost  of  the  light- 
station  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $500,000. 
Specifications  embodying  the  requirements 
of  the  structure,  forms  of  |)roposals,  and 
other  information  may  be  obtained  on  ap- 
plication to  above  office.  The  right  is  re- 
served to  reject  any  or  all  bids  and  to  waive 
any  defects.  David  B.  Harmony,  Rear- 
Admiral,  U.  S.  N.,  Chairman. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Tarrytown,  N.  Y.:   Edward  D.  Bolton,  C. 
E.,  of  44  Broadway,  New  York,  has  been 
appointed  Consulting  Engineer  on  the  con- 
struction of  the  new  sewerage  s)stem.  

Milford.-.Mass.:  There  are  many  complaints 
that  no  system  of  sewerage  has  been  adopted 

as  yet.  Troy,  N.  Y.:   Mr.  Thomson  and 

Mr.  Daly,  of  the  sewer  committee,  can  give 
details  of  the  large  sewerage  works  con- 
templated. Reading,  Pa.:  The  additional 

sewerage  will  cost  $88,000.    The  chairman 

of    committee    can   give  details.  Fort 

Worth,  Tex.:  $125,000  will  be  expended  in 

sewarage.  Hamilton,  Ont.:  $50,000  will 

be  expended  in  sewerage  improvements. 

Apply  to  Alderman  Dixon.  Providence, 

R.  I.:  Alderman  Root  or  the  city  engineer 
can  give  information  of  the  improved  sewer- 
age system.  Easton,  Pa.:  The  construc- 
tion of  sewers  will  proceed  at  once. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Pottstown,  Pa.:  It  is  stated  that  a  large 
reservoir  is  to  be  constructed;  the  site 
selected  embraces  about  fourteen  acres. 

 Harriman,  Tenn.:  The  East  Tennessee 

Land  Company  of  96  Broadway,  New  York 

city,  is  to  construct  water-works.  Lake 

Charles,  La.:  The  effort  to  obtain  water- 
works has  been  defeated  owing  to  the  un- 
satisfactory nature  of  the  proposals  made. 

 Savannah,  Ga.:  The  city  council  is  still 

working  on  the  problem  of  an  improved 

water  supply.  Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  will 

vote  in  April  to  bond  the  town  for  $12,000 

for  water-works.  Milton,  Mass.,  will  be 

supplied  with   a   system    of  water-works 

during  the  spring  and  summer.  Mitchell, 

S.  D.:  Water-works  are  required,  but  the 
citizens  object  to  granting  a  fifty  years  ex- 
clusive franchise,  as  demanded  by  the  pro- 
moters. Gouverneur,  N.  Y.:  Hinds  and 

bond  of  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  are  looking  over 
the  ground  at  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  with  a 
view  to  putting  in  a  water-works  system. 

 Rochester,  N.  H.,  proposes  to  buy  the 

Rochester  Aqueduct  and  Water  Company's 

water-works.  Brusle  Creek,  Pa.:  There  is 

a  movement  on  foot  to  build  a  system  of 
water-works  during    the  coming  season. 

 Franklin,    Tenn.:    At    latest  reports 

nothing  definite  had  been  done  regarding 

the  building  of  water-works.  Pittsburgh, 

Pa.:  Charters  were  filed  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
last  week  for  the  Chartiers,  Crafton  and 
Mainfield  water  companies.  The  directors 
are  Arthur  Kennedy,  A.  J.  McQuilty  and 

W.  R.  Sewell.  Beebe,  Ark.,  is  agitating 

the  question  of  sinking  an  artesian  well. 

 Indianola,  Neb.:  An  effort  is  to  be  made 

to  secure  water- works.  Boulder,  Col.: 

The  city  council  has  adopted  the  report  of 
its  committee  on  water  supply.  It  contem- 
plates bringing  water  from  a  point  near 
Camp  Albion.  The  report  says  that  twelve 
miles  of  eight-inch  pipe  will  be  required,  a 
new  reservoir  near  the  site  of  the  present 
one,  and  provides  for  saving  most  of  the 
present  system  of  mains  and  levels,  though 
giving  added  pressure  and  3,000,000  gallons 
of  water  every  twenty-four  hours.  This  is 
estimated  to  be  six  times  the  amount  now 
required.  It  was  decided  to  submit  the 
question  of  issuing  $150,000  in  bonds  for  the 
construction  of  the  works  to  a  popular  vote 

 Bridgeport,    O.:    A    committee  from 

Bridgeport,  consisting  of  Dr.  Dent,  Dr. 
Fisher,  N.  Cuhn,  R.  Howell,  and  City  Solici- 
tor McKee,  met  a  committee  from  .Martins 
Ferry  to  confer  upon  the  subject  of  obtain- 
ing a  supply  of  water  for  Bridgeport  from 

that  city.  Madison,  Neb.:  Among  the 

improvements  contemplated  this  season,  is 

a  system  of  water- works.  Kansas  City 

has  discovered  that  its  charter  does  not 
authorize  the  issuing  of  bonds  for  the  erec- 
tion of  new  water- works  Albany,  N.  Y.: 

It  is  reported  that  the  water  commissioners 
have  under  consideration  the  question  of 
bringing  suit  against  the  driven  well  con- 
tractors for  non-fulfillment  of  contract.  

Vernon,  Tex.:  A  company  was  organized 


March  22,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


563 


last  week,  for  the  purpose  of  buildinj,'  water- 
works. Parkcrsburjjh,  la.,  is  looking,'  for- 
ward to  a  speedy  arranj^ements  for  a  water 

supply.  Norwalk,    O.:    If    the  citizens 

should  vote  affirmatively  upon  the  jjroposi- 
tion  to  issue  !S75,ooo  in  bonds  for  public 
imi)rovenients,  it  is  proposed  to  use  the 
money  to  acquire  lands  along  Norwalk 
creek,  adjoining  the  city  on  the  east,  for  con- 
structing thereon  a  storage  reservoir  to  be 
used  as  a  source  of  supplying  water  for  the 
city  water-works,  for  erecting  a  stand-pipe, 
laying  water  mains  to  the  city,  erecting  and 
maintaining  a  pum[)ing  station  near  the 
reservoir,  and  extending  the  water  pipes. 

 Trenton,    Tenn.:    $25,000  water-work 

bonds  are  to  be  issued.  Coshocton,  O.: 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  council,  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  investigate  the  various 
systems  of  water-works,  reported  in  favor  of 

the  adoption   of  a  reservoir  system.  

Laconia,  N.  H.:  The  Meredith  Water  Power 
Company  has  been  formed.  East  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  is  working  vigorously  for  water. 

 Goldthwaite,  Tex.:  An  artesian  well  is 

to  be   sunk.  Massillon,  O.:  Two  more 

wells  will  be  sunk    at  the  water-works. 

 Mandan,  S.  D.:  An  artesian  well  will 

shortly  supply  the  town.  Covington,  Ky 

The  water-works  trustees  have  asked  for  an 
additional  appropriation  of  §120,000  to  com 
plete  the  water-works.  The  Mayor  can  give 

information.  Norwalk,  O.:  The  question 

of  issuing  bonds  for  water-works  purposes 

will  be  voted  on  April  7.  Boulder,  Col.: 

The  citizens  will  decide  by  vote  at  the  April 
election  whether,  or  no  to  issue  bonds  for 

$150,000  for  water-works.  Lexington,  Ky.: 

It  is  reported  that  improvements  to  cost 

$75,000  w  ill  be  made  to  the  water-works.  

Bradford,  Pa.:  A  new  reservoir  will  be  built 
by    the   water  company  Fort  Worth, 


Tex.:  $100,000  has  been  voted  by  the  city  to 

improve   its  waterworks.  Phillipsburgh, 

Kan.,  is  agitating  the  water-works  question. 

 Hudson,  Mass.,  has  been  given  leave  to 

make  an  additional  loan  of  $25,000  for  the 

extension  of  her  water-works.  Piedmont, 

Ala.:  Water-works  are  to  be  constructed 

shortly.  Wheeling,    \'a.:    The  Water 

Board  recommends  an  appropriation  to 
comptete  the  new  reservoir  on  a  larger 
scale,  increasing  its  capacity  to  4,000,000 
gallons;  also  to  buy  additional  mains.  J. 

H.  Riddle  is  superintendent.  El  Paso, 

Tex.:  The  city  has  decided  by  a  popular 
vote  to  issue  the  $75,000  of  bonds  lately 
mentioned  tor  the  construction  of  water- 
works. Richard  Caples,  mayor,  can  give 
particulars.  Tarboro,  S.  C:  The  water- 
works will  be  extended  soon.  W.  E.  Foun- 
tain,  mayor,    can    give  information.  

City  Hill,  Tenn.:  Hon.  J.  B.  Gordon  of 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  others  contemplate 
it  is  stated,  building  water-works. 
McMinnville,  Tenn.:  J.  M.  Burger  wants 

bids  for  the  construction  of  water-works.  

Columbia,  Ala.:  M.  S.  Smith,  mayor,  desires 
to   correspond   with    parties  constructing 

water-works  on  the  rental  system.  Hub 

bard  City,  Tex.:   The  Hubbard  City  Water 


Works  Company  desires  to  purchhse  a 
stand-[)ipc,  street  mains  and  hydrants  for 

water-works.  Bridgeport,  Ala.:  Plans  are 

being  drawn  for  water-works  and  |)roposals 

will  be  received.  Columbus,  Ga.:   F.  1). 

Peabody  is  interested  in  getting  in  water- 
works at  Rose  Hill  and  will  require  ma- 
chinery.— — Avilla,  Ind.:  Bonds  for  water- 
works have  been  issued,  but  no  definite  plan 
adopted.    T.  A.  Schmelders,  Town  Clerk 

 Chalfield,  Minn.:   Is  waiting  for  spring 

and  some  money  to  complete  its  system 

C.    L.  Thurber,    City    Recorder.  East 

Portland,  Ore.:  Reports  say  that  the  city 
will  soon  establish  a  system  of  water-works, 

to  cost  from  $150,000  to  $200,000.  Canton, 

O.:  The  issue  of  bonds  in  the  sum  of  $35 
000  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  mains 
and  improving  the  water-supply  will  be  sub 
mitted  to  the  vote  of  the  qualified  electors 
at  the  general  election  on  April  7.  Address 
Secretary  Field,  of  the  Water-Works  Board 

for  details.  Seattle,  Wash.:  The  engineer 

of  the  new  water-works  in  his  report  esti- 
mates the  minimum  cost  of  the  projected 
improvements  at  $1,200,000,  and  the  maxi 

mum  cost  at  $1,900,000.  Dalles,  Ore. 

Preliminary  surveys  for  water-works  have 
been  made  and  bonds  offered  to  the  amoun 

of  $100,000.    Apply  to  Geo.  H.  Knapps.  

Guthrie  Centre,  la.:  This  town  has  voted  in 
favor  of  issuing  bonds  to  build  water-works 
and  the  Council  is  now  making  arrange 
ments  to  issue  same.    No  contract  has  ye 

been  let.  Clifton  Heights,  Pa.:  Survey 

have  been  made  for  water  supply,  but  noth 

ing  as  yet  completed.  Atkinson,  Neb 

A  system  of  water  supply  will  be  put  in  at 
cost  of  $10,000;  apply  to  A.  L.  Morse. — 
Ellicottville,  N.  Y.:  There  has  been  nearly 
stock  enough  taken  to  put  in  the  water 
works  system,  which  will  be  done  in  the 
spring.    Write  C.  A.  Case,  Ellicottville,  N 

for   particulars.  Martinsville,  Ind 

The   city  contemplates  putting  in  wate 
works  this  season.    Joseph  K.  Mcllhenny 

city   clerk  Wellston,    O.:   An   act  ha 

been  passed  by  the  Ohio  Legislature  au 
thorizing  the  city  to  issue  water-works  bond 
not  to  exceed  $50,000.    The  question  as  to 
whether  we  shall  or  shall  not  issue  said 
bonds  will  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the 
people,  April  7,  1890. 


the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
mpie  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  H.  — This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
1  ointment;    both    have   been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamijhlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent    free  on  receipt    of   stamp  to  paj; 
-iK^.  '      '  " 
West 

"Christian  Advocate. 

troubles  should 


(Kjstage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  ar 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada. 


Sufferers  from  Catarrhal 
carefully  read  the  above. 


$5,00    KANSAS  CITY  $8,00 

The  W abash  railroad  is  now  selling  tickets 
from  Chicago  to  Kansas  City  at  $8,00  first 
class,  $5,00  second  class.  Free  reclining 
chair  cars  on  all  trains.  Tickets  can  be 
purchased  at  City  Ticket  Office,  109  Clark 
street,  or  at  Dearborn  Station,  corner  Dear- 
born and  Polk  streets. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DbAFNESS -hay  fever. 

A   NEW    HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
dfiese  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 


Nellie  Ely's  trip.an  exchange  thinks,  has 
a  sanitary  aspect,  circling  the  globe  in 
about  60  traveling  days  brings  forcibly  be- 
fore us  the  fact  that  the  world  is  not  such  a 
very  big  place  after  all,  and  makes  us  real- 
ze  how  really  close  together  all  nations  of 
the  world  are.  Hence  the  necessity  for  inter- 
national sanitation.  For  no  matter  how  good 
may  be  the  sanitary  condition  of  one  coun- 
try, formerly  practically  remote,  may  now 
prove  a  deadly  menace. 

E.  PLURIBUS  UNUM 

NORTH,  CENTRAL  and  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


IT  IS  TIME 
For  less  Political  and  Partisan  Strife  and 
a  Greater  Amount  of  Commercial  Sense. 

EXPORT  AND  FINANCE. 

is  a  WEEKLY  NEWSPAPER  engaged  in  the 
mission  of  introducing  the  Manufacturers 
and  Business  men  of  the  United  States  to 
Merchant's,  Buyers,  Tradesmen  and  Busi- 
ness Men  of  Spanish  America.  The  entire 
trade  of  this  Continent  should  be  conducted 
and  controlled  by  Americans.  North,  Cen- 
tral, and  South  Americans  should  get  ac- 
quainted with  each  other,  interchange  their 
produces,  and  stop  the  unAmerican  policy 
of  sending  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars 
astray  from  this  Republican  Continent  annu- 
ally to  enrich  European  manufacturers. 

EXPORT  and  FIMANCE 
Circulates  among  the  principal  Manufactur- 
ers, Bankers  and  Exporters  of  the  United 
States.  It  also  enjoys  an  extensive  circula- 
tion among  the  best  class  of  Merchants,  Im- 
porters, Tradesmen  in  this  country,  and  the 
Principal  Business  and  Public  men  of  Mex- 
ico, Central  and  South  America. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
gives  more  reliable  and  a  greater  amount  of 
serviceable  and  original  news  matter  regard- 
ing South  American  trade  than  all  the  so- 
called  trade  papers  in  this  country. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
enjoys  a  larger  circulation,  and  is  read  by  a 
larger  number  of  prominent  manufacturers 
and  public  men  of  this  country  and  Mer- 
chants, Trademen  and  Business  Men  in 
Spanish  America  than  all  the  trade  newspa- 
papers  in  the  United  States  combined. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
has  a  circulation  list  which  includes  the 
names  of  the  President,  \'ice-President, 
every  member  of  the  Cabinet  and  every 
United  States  Senator,  all  members  of  Con- 
gress and  the  Governor  of  every  State  in 
the  Union.  It  also  includes  all  the  Spanish 
American  Ministers  and  Consuls  accredited 
to  the  United  States  and  all  American  Min- 
isters and  Consuls  in  Spanish-America.  It 
is  also  mailed  regularly  to  the  Presidents, 
Members  of  Cabinet  and  principal  Govern- 
ment officials  in  all  the  Spanish-American 
Republics. 


5CA 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  320 


W.  C.  ^OSBURGH  7VYI=G  CO.  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 

ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINGS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 


Orders  Cabefullt  Filled 


NATURE'S    REMEDIES  . 


413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  lierbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Rflmedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  cnrative  effect- 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  suvereicn  cure.  Over  IM  persons  have  been  treated  at  onr  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomacli  tonic,  ami  blood  purifier.  Tub  Liver  Rek. 
OVATOR  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remetly  in  all  luUKand  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  a;  plica- 
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Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


EXPORT  and  FINANCE 

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THE  POPULAR  ROUTC  rOB 


ST.  LOUIS, 

KANSAS  CITY, 

DECATUR, 

SPRINGFIELD, 

JACKSONVILLE, 

PEORIA, 

HANNIBAL, 

QUINCY, 

and  all  Points  West  and  Southwest. 

SOLID  VESTIBULE  TRAINS 

Composed  of  Elegant  Buffet  Compart 
ment  Sleeping  Cars  and  Luxurious 

Free  RecliningChair  Cars 

Meala  in  Famous  Wabash  Dining  Cars 

Depot:  Dearborn  Station,  corner 
Dearborn  and  Polk  Sta. 

Tickef  Office^  109  Clark  Sireet 

tHAS.  H.  HAYS,  F.  CHANDLER, 

General  Manager,         Gen'l  Pass.  &  T  k't  Ag; 
C  S.  CRANE,  As8  »  Oen  l  Pass  i .  T'k't  Aff  t, 
ST.  LOUIS. 

F.  A.  PALMER, 

Aselstant  General  Passenger  Agent, 

CHICAGO. 


The  Illinois  Woman's  Alliance,  we  may  here 
note,  "  is  incorporated  under  the  State  laws 
with  charter  to  investigate  all  public  and 
charitable  institutions  and  factories  where 
women  and  children  are  employed  or  con- 
fined, with  a  view  to  alleviating  their  discom- 
forts and  righting  injustice  done  them;  to 
secure  the  enactment  of  such  laws  as  they 
deem  will  benefit  women  and  children,  and 
to  see  that  these  laws  are  enforced."  The 
Alliance  will  undertake  to  see  that  there  is 
sufficient  school  accommodation  and  that 
childern  attend  the  schools,  and  to  look  after 
their  clothing,  etc.  It  has  obtained  a  system 
of  factory  iuspcctionby  competent  women — 
factories  where  women  are  em])loyed  ;  it  is 
urging  for  Industrial  Schools,  for  dependent 
children,  on  the  "  Cottage  Home  "  plan, 
where  they  can  learn  how  to  earn  an  honest 
livelihood;  for  the  better  accommodation  of 


women  and  children  when  have  benn  ar 
rested;  for  public  baths  for  women  and  laun- 
dry accommodation  for  the  poor  ;  and  for 
other  essentials  of  good  and  happy  livmg  for 
the  people.  Are  there  not  women  m  Canada 
who  could  bestir  themselves  and  form  like 
alliances  for  like  nob'c  purposes? 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


John  CuUoton.  to  eroct  a  S-st  and  eel  brkflts 

22xr><l  nt  SliSl  SheffioUI  st  to  cost   /4.5O0 

Orani>  Hros.,  to  erect  n  Ti-st  and  cpl  hrk  fcty 
20.5x<l.").  at  .Tudd  St.  a,  AdlerA  Sullivan, 
b.  Annus  A  (lindlp  to  cost  .    T.'i.OOO 

Frank  W.  Campbell,  to  erect  22  3-«f  and  eel 
lirk  dwl,  22xltt),  near  H.iU  C^ilumet  av.  a, 
F.  H.  Fowler,  b,  FA.  Leh  I'an  lo  cost   100,000 

Jolin  Sweeney,  to  erect  a  S-st  brk  str  and  flis 
.12x112.  at  tU)  :!l8t  St.  a,  Messrs.  Doer,  b, 
M.  McCarthy  to  cost   ."i.OOO 

A.  M.  RinK,  to  erect  a  3-st  and  Imse.  brk  fits 
22x72  at  S44  Beldon  St.  a.  W.  L,  Carroll, 
to  cost    7,000 

M.  Hardin  to  erect  S-st  brk  str  and  flt»at  967 

W.  121  h  St  to  cost   8,000 

Anderson  Hros.  to  erect  ."i  2-st  brk  tits  each  20 
xS2,  at  »■)  Dickey  sf .  a,  W.  T.  Lasher,  b,  E. 
A.  Slack  to  cost   10,000 


Mabch29,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


565 


The  Sanitary  News 

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No.  90  I,n  Salle  iitreet,  Chicago. 

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brary on  sanitary  e-jbject*. 


CHICAGO,  MARCH  29,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics  565 

Sanitation  versus  Contngion      -      _      -      .  566 

Technical  Education     ------  507 

How  We  Were  Ventilated     -----  567 

BOILDING— 

To  License  Architects    -----  568 

Notes  from  Architects  -----  569 

Plumbing— 

Modern  Sanitation         ,      -      .      -      -  570 
Sewerage  -      --      --      --  .572 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers     .     -     -     .  572 

Among  the  Plumbers     -      -      -      .      .  57g 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done          -      -  57i 

Heating  and  Lighting    -----  571 

Sewerage  Notes      ------  575 

Water-Works  Notos      -----  575 

Bids  and  Contracts       -     t      -     »     -  576 


The  relation  plumbers  at  present  sustain 
to  the  boards  of  health  especially  in  cities, 
marks  to  a  considerable  dejjree  the  advance 
in  plumbing.  A  few  years  ago  boards  of 
health  scarcely  mentioned  plumbing,  and 
the  plumber  was  considered  as  a  mere 
craftsman.  Now  addresses  arc  delivered, 
articles  written,  rules  and  regulations  formu- 
lated, and  in  every  way  is  the  plumber 
brought  to  the  front  by  our  health  officers  in 
considering  the  healthfulness  of  our  cities. 
This  does  not  only  evidence  the  advance- 
ment of  the  plumber  in  the  perfection  of  his 
work,  but  it  shows  that  our  highest  sanitary 
officials  recognize  m  the  plumber  an  import- 
ant agent  in  sanitation  and  desire  his  ser- 
vices to  be  made  useful  to  the  public. 


The  clamor  of  the  disappointed  against 
the  World's  Eair  location  at  Chicago  will 
now  cease  and  we  can  have  quiet  once  more. 
The  Senate  will  not  disturb  the  the  action  of 
the  House  m  any  material  way  and  Chicago 
will  have  the  exhibition.  The  buildings 
will  be  dedicated  Oct.  12,  1892,  and  the  ex- 
position opened  the  following  May.  It  is 
now  time  to  talk  of  doing  the  work  necessary 
for  the  greatest  exposition  of  the  world's 
history.  The  Senate  should  not  employ  too 
much  leisure  in  passing  the  bill  for  time  now 
means  a  good  deal.  The  work  is  a  big  one 
and  it  will  take  great  efforts  to  make  it  a 
success,  and  it  must  be  that  or  nothing. 


The  endorsement  of  the  location  of  the 
World's  Fair  at  Chicago,  is  so  scarce 
in  any  St.  Louis  publication  that  it  is 
truly  refreshing  to  find  one  vi'ith  enough 
patriotism,  Tberality  and  fairness  to  look  on 
the  question  in  a  common  sense  way.  We 
believe  such  endorsement  coming  from  St. 
Louis  is  such  a  scarce  article  that  the  fol- 
lowing from  The  Age  of  Steel  will  be  of  in- 
terest. It  is  at  least  good  enough  reading 
to  reproduce,  and  we  must  congratulate  St. 
Louis  on  being  the  publication  place  of  The 
Age  of  Steel.  It  says:  "While  we  are  as 
strongly  of  the  opinion  as  ever  that  St.  Louis 
should  have  been  selected  as  the  site  for  the 
World's  Fair,  we  have  little  patience  and 
still  less  respect  for  those  whose  disappoint- 
ment cannot  now  yield  itself  gracefully  to 
Chicago's  victory.  By  common  consent  the 
choice  of  a  city  for  the  fair  was  left  to  the 
popular  branch  of  Congress,  and  in  the  con- 
test in  that  body  Chicago  won.  Fairness 
and  a  decent  regard  for  the  appearance  of 
things  demand  that  the  decision  thus  given 
shall  not  only  stand,  but  that  it  shall  be 
binding  on  everybody  who  has  urged  the 
holding  of  a  fair  anywhere  in  the  United 
States.  For  our  part,  we  are  glad  that  the 
great  show  is  to  be  held  in  the  West— even 
in  Chicago.  We  realize  that  it  cannot  be 
held  in  that  city  without  being  held  in  the 
West;  and  we  are  Western  first,  last  and  all 
the  time  in  our  sympathies  and  feelings.  So 
ought  every  one  to  be  who  lives  in  the  West 
and  so  are  the  people  of  St.  Louis,  with  pos- 
sibly very  few  exceptions.  But,  it  is  com- 
plained, 'Chicago  wants  the  government  to 


contribute  liberally  to  the  enterprise."  Cer- 
tainly; why  not?  The  fair  is  in  every  sense 
a  national  affair,  intended  to  rival,  and  if 
possible  surpass,  the  attractions  of  the  mag- 
nificent Paris  and  other  expositions  which 
have  been  held  in  recent  years.  The  Amer- 
ican pco[)le  could  not  think  of  accepting 
anything  less  in  an  exhibition  sanctioned  by 
Congress  in  the  choosing  of  the  site,  and  it 
is  nothing  more  than  reasonable  to  expect 
that  government  assistance  should  follow 
government  endorsement  in  this  case  as  well 
as  in  others.  It  is  certainly  asking  too  much 
to  demand  of  Chicago  alone  the  full  expense 
of  preparing  and  holding  an  exposition  de- 
signed to  reflect  credit  upon  the  people  of 
the  whole  United  States.  Moreover,  the 
national  dignity  could  not  safely  risk  itself 
in  the  experiment,  regardless  of  the  city 
chosen  for  the  World's  Fair  honors." 


It  is  noticeable  that  the  trade  papers  of 
New  York  have  taken  a  broad  and  sensible 
view  of  the  World's  Fair  location,  while  the 
daily  press  as  a  rule  has  made  spectacle  of 
itself  in  its  mean  and  narrow  opposition. 
As  a  further  evidence  of  this  we  reproduce 
an  editorial  from  the  Engineering  and 
Building  Record  of  the  twenty-second  in- 
stant: "Since  Congress  decided  to  give  Chi- 
cago the  preference  over  New  York  as  the 
place  for  holding  the  Columbian  World's 
Fair,  the  New  York  press  have  seemed  to 
try  to  do  all  they  could  to  cripple  Chicago 
in  its  efforts  to  get  the  legisation  necessary 
to  the  holding  of  any  World's  Fair  at  all,  by 
ridiculing  the  matter  and  trying  to  give  the 
idea  that  the  money  cannot  be  raised,  etc. 
This  is  mean  business  and  discreditable  to 
those  engaged  in  it.  If  Chicago  wants  the 
time  for  holding  the  fair  postponed  till  1893, 
she  only  asks  what  New  York  would  have 
asked,  since  1892  is  too  soon  to  carry  out 
the  affair  in  anything  like  a  creditable  man- 
ner. We  wanted  the  fair  in  New  York,  but 
it  was  fairly  given  to  Chicago,  and  the  eri- 
terprising  people  of  that  city  should  be  en- 
couraged and  supported,  at  any  rate  treated 
fairly." 


THE  LABOR  SITUATION. 

There  are  indications  that  another  conflict 
and  perhaps  a  greater  than  any  we  have  had 
will  soon  be  inaugurated  between  the  em- 
ployed and  employers  in  certain  lines  of 
trade.  There  are  reasons  to  apprehend  a 
menace  to  the  industrial  prosperity  of  this 
country  resulting  from  the  attitude  of  labor 
on  certain  interests  that  touch  deeply  the  in- 
dustry of  the  country,  and  materially  affect 
the  business  enterprises  from  which  labor 
itself  receives  its  remuneration.  The  situa- 
tion in  Europe  may  not  be  considered  alarm- 
ing,yet  it]is  demoralizing  and_weakening  both 
to  the  cause  of  labor  and  the  industries  that 
gives  it  employment.  The  great  strike  of 
tfie  dock  laborers  in  England  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  others  of  not  less  proportions,  and 
the  end  has  not  yet  come.  It  is  reported 
that  the  Tyneside  engineers,  20,000  strong, 
have  joined  the  striking  forces,  and  the  re- 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  321 


fusal  of  new  demands  adds  a  new  force  to 
this  idle  army.  Coal  in  some  places  has  be- 
come so  scarce  on  account  of  the  striking 
engineers,  carters  and  miners  that  many 
mills  have  been  forced  to  shut  down.  The 
strike  continues  through  North  Wales,  Lei- 
cestershire, Derbyshire,  Staffordshire,  York- 
shire, Lancashire,  and  other  places  where 
the  advance  in  wages  that  the  strikers  de- 
manded could  not  be  paid.  The  strike 
among  the  dock  laborers  at  Liverpool  have 
practically  shut  off  the  supply  oi  soda-ash, 
and  it  is  probable  that  a  number  of  glass 
manufactories  in  this  country  will  have  to 
close  in  consequence  of  the  failure  of  the 
soda-ash  supply. 

The  situation  in  this  country  is  not  assur- 
ing. The  demand  for  the  eight-hour  day, 
while  it  threatens  mostly  the  building  trades, 
will  have  a  tendency  to  demoralize  wider  in- 
terests. The  American  Federation  of  Labor 
is  committed  to  the  inauguration  of  this 
movement  on  the  first  of  next  May.  This 
organization  numbers  about  600,000,  and  it 
will  have  the  sympathy  and  encouragement 
of  the  Knights  of  Labor,  and  other  like  or- 
ganizations containing  about  the  same  num- 
ber. The  serious  aspect  of  the  matter  is  the 
ijieans  to  be  employed  in  securing  this  eight- 
hour  day.  Were  it  based  on  the  equity  of 
service  and  wages,  and  a  new  adjustment  of 
employment  to  a  new  basis  of  payment,  no 
great  evil  would  be  contemplated.  But  this 
is  not  the  means  to  be  employed.  When 
President  Gompers  was  asked,  "If  employ- 
ers, as  a  rule,  refuse  to  adopt  the  few  num- 
ber of  hours  daily,  what  will  you  do?"  re- 
plied, ".Strike,  of  course."  It  is  almost  safe 
to  presume  that  the  employers  will  not  ac- 
cept the  eight-hour  day  without  a  readjust- 
ment of  wages,  and  this  will  bring  on  the 
rupture  that  will  end  in  a  strike. 

It  would  be  a  rich  blessing  to  labor  and 
the  industrial  interests  of  the  country  if 
other  means  than  the  strike  could  be  em- 
ployed when  labor  has  a  new  demand  to 
make.  The  strike  is  destructive,  demoraliz- 
ing, debilitating  and  vicious.  It  demoralizes 
and  oppresses  labor,  and,  through  its  de- 
pressing effect  on  the  business  interests  of 
the  country,  public  sympathy  is  turned 
against  the  strike,  and,  consequently,  against 
those  engaged  in  it.  Public  opinion  is  ready 
to  grant  any  individual  the  right  to  ask  for 
fewer  hours  for  labor,  and  to  cjuit  work  if  his 
request  is  not  granted;  but  that  same  opinion, 
which  is  a  judgment  from  which  there  is  no 
appeal,  will  not  concede  the  right  to  any 
person  or  collection  of  persons  to  compel 
another  to  quit  work  for  any  cause.  The 
strike  is  unnatural,  illogical  and  irrational. 
It  is  abusive  and  destructive  of  the  inherent 
rights  of  the  individual  and  rejiugnant  to  the 
highest  interests  of  the  country.  It  has  cost 
labor  dollars  where  it  has  made  labor  cents, 
and  the  time  never  will  come  when  it  will  be 
otherwise.  The  plain  truth  of  the  matter  is 
labor  is  cursed  by  the  leaders  of  its  organi- 
zations who  draw  salaries  they  could  not 
otherwise  receive,  and  who  order  strikes, 
boycotts,  etc.,  regardless  of  the  best  interests 


of  the  members.  The  individual  should  be 
his  own  master  and  never  yield  his  right  to 
make  his  own  terms  of  employment  regard- 
ing service  and  wages  in  accordance  with 
his  own  best  interests.  When  he  surrenders 
this  right  to  "labor  leaders"  he  becomes  a 
chattle  and  slave  in  the  hands  of  these 
bosses  who  control  his  services,  his  hours, 
and  his  wages.  They  order  him  into  idle- 
ness and  drive  him  to  want.  Labor  should 
rise  above  this.  It  is  worthy  of  better  treat- 
ment and  should  maintain  the  independence 
and  rights  which  constitutionally  belong  to 
every  individual. 


SANITATION  VS.  CONTAGION. 
E.  B.  Righter,  M.  D.,  of  Athens,  III.,  has 
the  following  in  the  St.  Louis  Weekly  Medi- 
cal Review  in  which  he  gives  some  olain 
simple  suggestions  on  sanitation  that  should 
receive  consideration  in  every  city  and 
village. 

Some  two  or  three  weeks  ago  I  wrote  a 
short  article  for  the  Free  Press  in  which  I 
spoke  of  the  necessity  of  taking  immediate 
steps  toward  securing  better  sanitation  in 
Athens  and  [its  vicinity  than  now  obtains, 
with  the  sincere  hope  that  a  general  state- 
ment of  the  facts  in  the  case  would  be  suffi- 
cient to  awaken  that  interest  necessary  to  a 
thorough  cleaning  up  in  details. 

It  was  not  my  intention  then,  neither  is  it 
now,  to  make  personal  mention  of  the  many 
disease-producing  causes  that  exist  in  the 
community  at  the  present  time,  for  they 
have  already  assumed  the  prominence  due 
them  through  their  local  historic  claims  and 
staying  qualities. 

Now,  in  all  seriousness  of  purpose,  I  wish 
to  treat  of  this  question  of  sanitation,  by  a 
plain  statement  of  such  views  and  facts  as 
are  held  tenable  by  the  most  enlightened  au- 
thority of  the  present  day,  to  the  end  that 
not  only  our  village  board  and  board  of 
health,  but  our  citizens  generally,  may  realize 
the  grave  responsibility  resting  upon  them 
as  the  result  of  their  negligence.  Also  to 
show  the  necessity  of  an  intelligent  and 
hearty  co-operative  action  against  this  pesti 
lential  combine.  We  see  harmony  of  action 
in  questions  where  our  religious,  political 
and  social  interests  arc  involved.  We  take 
great  interest  in  all  general  public  enter- 
prises, such  as  civil  service  reforms,  build 
ing  of  interoceanic  canals,  better  coast  de 
fcnses,  etc.,  all  of  which  is  perfectly  right 
but  over  which  we  have  little  or  no  control 
And  yet  how  much  more  necessary  is  it  for 
us  to  take  a  proper  interest  in  those  things 
which  we  can  control,  and  which  so  directly 
concern  our  life  and  health.  I  do  not  believe 
this  disregard  of  the  known  laws  of  health 
arises  so  much  from  o[)position,  or  antagon- 
istic views,  in  lelation  to  proper  sanitation 
as  from  our  truly  American  tendency  to 
undervalue  the  great  importance  of  the 
homely  little  facts  of  every  day  life  that  we 
may  reach  out  and  grapple  with  great  ques- 
tions in  broad  fields  of  speculation.  And  as 
an  intelligent  understanding  of  a  subject 
requisite  to  its  proper  appreciation,  we  will 


enumerate  some  of  the  many  causes  of 
diseases  together  with  the  necessary  means 
to  be  taken  to  counteract  their  influence. 

In  the  first  place  it  is  a  known  fact  that  a 
susceptibility  to  disease  exists  as  a  rule  both 
in  frequency  and  severity  in  proportion  to 
the  general  tone  or  vitality  of  the  system. 
Also  that  the  tone  or  vitality  of  an  individ- 
ual depends  on  his  habits  of  life,  and  his  hy- 
gienic surroundings,  i.  e.  fresh  water,  pure 
air,  wholesome  food. 

It  is  also  a  fact  that  the  most  frequent  and 
formidable  diseases,  such  as  typhoid,  diph- 
theritic and  scarlet  fevers,  do  not  depend  so 
much  upon  climate  and  atmospheric  condi- 
tions as  they  do  upon  the  presence  of 
disease  germs  and  contagious  poisons,  and 
that  these  disease  germs  and  poisons  are 
contained  in  the  discharges  of  fever  patients, 
and  find  their  way  to  water  closets  and  privy 
vaults,  there  to  await  those  favorable  condi- 
tions afforded  by  warm  and  wet  weather, 
under  which  circumstances  it  is  possible  for 
them  to  find  entrance  to  the  system  through 
the  medium  of  the  air  and  well  water. 

It  is  a  mistaken  idea  that  either  time  or 
extreme  cold  will  sufifice  to  destroy  these 
microscopic  messengers  of  disease  and 
death,  with  which  old  water  closets,  cess- 
pools and  privy  vaults  are  reeking  to-day, 
for  want  of  effectual  disinfection  of  dis- 
charges of  fever  patients  in  years  gone  by. 

Another  important  fact  is  that,  owing  to 
the  infected  condition  of  the  air  and  water, 
there  is  and  has  been  for  the  past  few  years, 
to  my  knowledge,  an  unusual  amount  of 
sickness  and  a  continual  tendency, to  diseases 
of  a  zymotic  character. 

Sore  throats  and  catarrhal  ailments  of  all 
varieties  have  been  prevalent,  both  in  and 
out  of  our  public  schools  the  greater  part  of 
the  time. 

And  while  the  disease  germs  and  conta- 
gious poisons  are  not  always  sufficiently 
active  to  produce  an  epidemic  or  even  a 
single  case  of  disease,  they  not  only  render 
the  patient  doubly  and  trebly  susceptible  to 
epidemic  disease,  but  com[)licatc  and  some- 
times render  fatal  many  other  ailments  of  an 
otherwise  mild  nature. 

This  is  in  nowise  a  fanciful  or  overdrawn 
picture,  but  a  simple  statement  of  only  a  few 
of  the  principal  facts  in  the  case,  and,  facts 
too,  that  should  be  deeply  impressed  on  the 
mind  of  every  one.  It  is  a  duty  we  owe  our- 
selves and  fellow  man,  to  take  such  measures 
as  will  afford  the  most  effective  protection 
against  the  ravages  of  our  common  enemy, 
sickness  and  death. 

In  regard  to  the  necessary  measures  to  be 
taken,  they  are  few  and  simple  and  quite 
within  the  means  of  the  poorest.  They  con- 
sist, in  the  first  place,  in  having  all  water 
closets,  cess[)ools,  sinks,  drains,  jirivy  vaults, 
etc.,  so  situated  that  they  will  not  naturally 
drain  towards  the  wells. 

In  the  the  second  i)lacc,  to  have  atl  the 
above  mentioned  places  thoroughly  disin- 
fected with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate 
one  ounce,  and  sulphate  of  copper  one-fourth 
pound,  to  the  gallon  of  water,  taking  about 


March  29,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


567 


one  part  of  tliis  solution  to  four  of  the  con- 
tents of  a  privy  vault,  care  being  taken  to 
wet  all  sides  and  exposed  portions  of  wood- 
work of  the  vault,  after  which  the  contents 
may  or  should  be  removed  and  buried. 

Yox,  although  it  is  the  popular  belief  that 
burying  the  infected  contents  of  a  vault  in- 
sures thorough  disinfection,  such  is  not  the 
case.  The  germs  of  contagious  and  infec- 
tious diseases  may  he  buried  in  the  ground 
for  years  until  such  time  as  the  surface  soil 
may  be  saturated  with  water,  to  then  be 
disseminated  through  the  surrounding  media 
according  to  the  laws  regulating  the  density 
of  fluids,  until  they  find  their  way  to  the 
well  water. 

In  times  of  health  the  occasional  use  of 
this  or  some  other  effective  disinfectant, 
such  as  chloride  of  lime,  permanganate  of 
potash,  or  sulphate  of  iron,  and  during  the 
process  of  a  contagious  or  infectious  disease, 
the  daily  treatment  of  all  the  excreta  of  the 
patient  to  the  sublimate  solution  above 
mentioned,  before  being  buried  or  thrown 
into  the  vault,  will,  if  thoroughly  done,  render 
them  harmless. 

And  I  will  again  urge  the  necessity  of 
thoroughness  and  concert  of  action  in  all 
sanitary  measures  mentioned.  For  if  out  of 
a  thousand  death-dealing  vaults  and  cess- 
pools only  one  should  remain  unsterilized, 
that  one  would  be  sufficient  to  inaugurate 
an  epidemic  at  such  time  as  all  other  con- 
ditions were  favorable  to  it. 

All  water  closets,  sinks,  etc.,  if  there  are 
such  that  are  connected  with  dry  drains  or 
sewers  that  are  not  provided  with  efficient 
traps,  together  with  a  sufficient  water  force 
to  keep  them  properly  flushed  out,  should 
be  abandoned  at  once  as  they  are  especially 
the  most  dangerous. 

All  wells  where  water  is  used  for  culinary 
or  drinking  purposes  should  be  thoroughly 
cleaned  out,  at  least,  every  spring  and  fall. 
Cellars  and  caves  also  should  be  kept  dry 
and  free  from  all  decaying  vegetable  matter 
and  receive  an  occasional  coat  of  white- 
wash. For  although  damp  rooms  and  cel- 
lars, while  they  may  not  produce  the  specific 
germs  of  contagious  disease,  ihey  are  the 
most  fruitful  and  pernicious  agencies  in  the 
production  of  at  least  the  susceptibility 
to  such  diseases  as  scarlet  fever  and 
diphtheria. 

Cleanliness  is  godliness.  Let  us  then 
have  a  thorough  cleaning  up  before  the 
Christian  spirit  of  meekness  and  resignation 
to  the  will  of  God  is  painfully  brought  home 
to  us  in  having  to  ascribe  the  leign  of  some 
dreadful  epidemic  to  the  visitation  of  Divine 
Providence,  and  to  seek  consolation  in  the 
comforting  assurance  that  God  chasteneth 
whom  He  loveth. 

One  word  more  and  I  am  done  for  this 
time. 

It  is  not  efficient  sanitation  for  the  Board 
of  Health  to  enforce  the  nuisance  act  against 
a  few  pig  pens  or  cow  sheds,  for  although 
they  may  be  objectionable  from  an  olfactory 
point  of  view,  it  is  on  the  wrong  scent  to  bag 


the  big  game.  Nothing  less  than  the  effec- 
tive measures  I  have  mentioned  will  suffice 
to  place  us  on  a  good  sanitary  basis  and 
afford  the  best  protection  to  life  and  health. 

TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 
Our  French  neighbors,  says  Ironmo7igery, 
believe  in  the  efficacy  of  art  as  a  handmaid 
to  labor.  In  Paris  there  are  two  classes  of 
art  schools:  Those,  on  the  one  hand, intended 
for  the  education  of  painters,  sculptors,  and 
architects,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  those 
maintained  for  the  purpose  of  giving  ade- 
quate training  to  the  artisans  employed  in 
the  decorative  art,  iron  and  bronze  workers, 
masons,  potters,  cabinet-makers,  house 
painters,  paper  stainers.  weavers  and  others. 
These  latter  institutions,  where  the  artisan 
obtains  instruction,  are  supported,  some  by 
government  and  the  rest  by  the  municipality 
of  Paris;  but  all  are  free.  Paris  spent  up- 
wards of  ^^40,000  in  1885  tor  instruction  in 
drawing  and  modelling  alone,  and  has  five 
evening  schools  for  artisans,  with  450  students 
on  the  roll.  Besides  this,  the  municipality 
has  drawing  taught  in  all  the  primary 
schools.  In  addition,  the  City  Council  has 
endowed  a  preparatory  school  of  practical 
drawing  and  a  school  for  the  application  of 
art  to  industrial  purposes.  Thus  is  incul- 
cated an  appreciation  of  the  general  princi- 
ples underlying  all  the  arts,  a  thorough  con- 
trol of  the  tools,  and  a  knowledge  of  the 
materials  and  their  special  adaptability  to 
various  purposes.  Last  but  not  least,  there 
is  encouragement  to  original  design  and 
composition,  by  which  is  avoided  the  dull 
and  monotonous  sameness  so  often  seen  in 
British  schools  of  art.  Monthly  competi- 
tions are  held,  so  that  as  soon  as  a  pupil  is 
proficient  in  one  branch  of  instruction  no 
vexatious  delay  ensues  before  his  advance- 
ment to  the  next  division.  They  also  keep 
up  a  constant  and  living  interest  in  the 
progress  of  education,  and,  as  a  certain  fixed 
period  is  given  for  each  course,  the  student's 
attention  and  energy  are  still  further  con- 
centrated. The  Parisian  municipality  de- 
vote a  large  annual  expenditure  to  the  dec- 
oration of  their  public  buildings  by  historical 
and  national  pictures.  To  sum  up,  such 
methods  of  art  instruction  appear  admirably 
calculated  to  form  and  develop  an  intelli- 
gent class  of  artisans,  and  the  sooner  similar 
means  of  artistic  tuition  are  placed  within 
reach  of  the  English  workman  the  more 
stable  and  secure  will  be  the  commercial 
position  of  this  country  as  compared  with 
that  of  our  rivals  for  supremacy  in  the  mer- 
cantile world. 


HOW  WE  WERE  VENTILATED. 

The  following  description  of  a  ventilating 
apparatus  is  given  by  "a  sufferer"  in  The 
Plumber  and  Decorator.  It  does  not  miss 
the  general  experience  very  far,  and,  if  the 
experiences  in  ventilation  of  many  offices 
and  rooms  were  written  up,  several  similar 
tales  could  be  told: 

It  was  stuffy,  our  first  floor  back  office; 
Blazer,  our  boss,  said  so.    He  had  a  nice  seat 


on  my  right,  opposite  the  fire.  Boswell,  who 
occupied  a  cosy  corner  over  against  me, 
agreed  with  Blazer;  so  1  coincided  with  the 
two.  We  must  be  ventilated  or  our  health 
would  decline.  We  had  suffered  from  pre- 
vious efforts  to  remedy  the  pervading  stuffi- 
ness. A  former  occupant  of  a  stool  in  our 
office,  one  Penspinning,  had  converted  the 
room  into  a  temple  of  winds  in  his  vain 
struggle  for  ventilation.  P.  had  the  consti- 
tution— and  the  temper— of  a  Salamander. 
He  was  always  more  or  less  in  a  perspiration, 
and,  on  a  bitter  day  would  start  suddenly, 
pull  down  the  window  a  quarter  of  a  yard 
from  the  top,  and  begin  swaying  the  door 
violently  backward  and  forward  like  a  pun- 
kah. People  going  up  and  down  stairs  must 
have  thought  we  kept  a  private  lunatic  asy. 
lum.  P.'s  idea  was  that  draught  and  venti- 
lation were  synonymous  terms.  He  nearly 
blew  us  all  out  of  our  chairs  during  his  brief 
term  of  office.  Blazer  has  a  whistling  cough 
still,  though  it  is  more  than  a  year  since  P. 
left  us.  Blazer  remonstrated  against  the 
punkah  business  and  P.  flew  at  him  savagely, 
abused  him  to  his  face,  and  wrote  a  letter 
about  him  to  our  principals.  The  result  was 
that  P.  went,  and  Blazer  whistles  still  in  his 
accustomed  place.  The  room  was  stuffy, 
not  a  doubt  of  it.  The  firm  thought  the 
difficulty  might  be  got  over  by  one  of  those 
twiddling  Catherine  wheel  kind  of  affairs  in 
the  top  window  pane.  Blazer  thought  so 
too,  and  I  agreed  with  Blazer,  for  I  am  get- 
ting bald  and  object  to  anything  violent  in 
the  way  of  punkahs  or  down-draughts.  I 
used  to  close  the  window  furtively  whenever 
I  could  during  the  glacial  P.  period;  while 
P.  always  opened  it  again.  He  was  the 
junior  of  the  room;  but  then  he  was  a  Sala- 
mander, and  Salamanders  are  not  to  be 
trifled  with.  Boswell  did  not  approve  of  the 
Catherine  wheel  arrangement;  it  was  loo 
simple.  He  was  of  a  mechanical  turn  and 
had  heard  of  a  complicated  system  of  ven- 
tilation which  he  described,  and  which  made 
us  shiver  to  hear  mentioned.  However, 
Boswell  got  the  ear  of  the  firm  on  this 
matter,  and  was  requested  to  look  into  it. 
He  did;  and  the  result  was  that  the  venti- 
lating engineers  got  the  order  to  venti- 
late us. 

They  took  us  in  hand,  in  a  very  literal 
sense  of  the  word.  A  few  mornings  after, 
when  I  opened  the  front  door,  I  found  the 
passage  blocked  with  a  number  of  metal 
pipes  about  the  size  of  an  average  drain-pipe 
for  a  main  sewer,  and  suggestive  of  a  mina- 
ture  Menai-bridge.  These  were  to  be  fixed 
in  the  top  window  pane,  which  had  been  re- 
moved, and  they  were  to  carry  off  the  foul 
air.  Two  men  were  engaged  in  cutting 
large  holes  through  the  brick-work  beside 
my  chair  and  Boswell's.  This,  I  was  in- 
formed, was  for  the  in-draught;  and  I  found 
the  information  so  far  correct.  If  they  had 
added  that  the  missing  top  pane  was  for  the 
same  purpose  the  assurance  would  have 
been  completely  accurate.  The  tempera- 
ture, of  course,  was  arctic,  and  a  playful 
Nor'easter  was  coursing  round  every  nook 


568 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XV  No.  321 


and  corner  of  our  once  warm  and  comfort- 
able room.  Boswell  began  to  swear.  Foi 
several  days  the  normal  position  of  those 
honest  artisans  was  standing  on  my  table, 
with  their  feet  leavmg  imprints  on  my 
papers,  and  their  chief  pursuit  seemed  to 
be  dropping  putty  into  my  ink  and  mortar 
into  my  gum  bottle.  Into  the  holes  in  the 
wall  were  fixed  two  shafts  like  those  one 
sees  on  the  underground  railway  to  carry  off 
the  smoke.  Theoretically,  these  were  to 
bring  the  fresh  air  from  outside,  to  supply 
the  place  of  the  vitiated  air  which  ought  to 
have  escaped  by  means  of  the  tubular 
Menai-bridge  tunnel  in  the  window-pane, 
but  which  did  not  do  so.  There  must  have 
been  something  peculiar  in  our  air  which 
differentiated  it  from  all  other  species.  It 
descended  like  the  tobacco  smoke  in  "Box 
and  Cox,"  instead  of  carrying  out  the  venti- 
lating engineer's  theory  and  ascending  in 
order  to  escape  by  the  outlet.  It  had  no 
ambition  to  escape.  It  was  not  aspiring.  We 
tried  it  with  our  pipes,  both  at  the  top  of  the 
shafts,  and  at  the  outlet  in  the  window  pane, 
and  in  both  cases  the  direction  of  the 
vapor  was  earthwards.  The  honest  artisans 
smiled,  and  were  clearly  of  opinion  that  our 
smoke  was  wrong  and  their  theory  right. 
They  even  suggested  inconsistently  enough 
that  things  would  right  themselves  in  a  day 
or  two;  though  if  things  were  as  right  as 
they  said  it  was  difficult  to  see  where  was 
the  room  for  improvement. 

At  last  the  honest  artisans  went,  leaving 
us  alone  in  our  ventilator.  That  was  just  it. 
We  seemed  to  be  in  the  very  center  and 
focus  of  each  wind  that  ever  turned  the  head 
of  an  anemometer.  Blazer  was  observed  to 
rise  quietly  and  put  on  his  greatcoat.  Bos- 
well and  myself  surreptitiously  turned  off 
the  valves  in  our  shafts  so  as  to  prevent  the 
ingress  of  that  particularly  fresh  air.  We 
also  put  on  our  topcoats  and  turned  up  the 
collars.  Boswell  cast  sly  glances  at  his 
umbrella  in  the  corner  as  though  he  would 
like  to  unfurl  that  also.  At  last  he  uttered 
in  a  plaintive  tone,  "Who  says  Scotch  whis- 
key?" We  did  not  say  it,  myself  or  Blazer; 
our  teeth  were  chattering  too  much  to  allow 
our  tongues  to  do  the  same;  but  we  arose 
silently  and  went  to  alcoholise.  It  was 
all  the  fault  of  the  ventilator. 

Somebody  must  have  gone  and  told  the 
office-boy  to  nail  up  the  Menia-bridge  tube 
with  brown  paper.  Rude  Boreas  was  blust- 
ering and  roaring,  and  blew  the  paper  down, 
instead  of  sucking  it  up  as  theoretically  it 
ought  to  have  done;  but  with  the  help  of 
drawing  pins,  paper  fasteners  and  very  strong 
gum  he  managed  at  last  to  get  the  tubular 
outlet  stopped  up;  and  so,  by  keeping  the 
valves  closed  and  the  outlet  stopped,  we  can 
manage  to  preserve  a  temperature  slightly 
above  zero  if  we  wear  our  hats  and  great 
coats  and  have  all  the  gaslights  burning. 
Such  is  the  status  quo  of  our  system  of  ven- 
tilation. We  are  about  as  well  off  as  Baron 
Huddlcston  in  the  Law  Courts.  Boswell 
still  pretends  to  believe  in  the  system. 
Blazer  and  myself  lean  to  the  Catherine 


wheel.  The  firm  will  have  the  casting  vote; 
and  they  have  not  yet  recorded  their  final 
decision. 

BUILDING. 

TO  LICENSE  ARCHITECTS. 

A  bill  to  create  a  licensing  board  of  archi- 
tects for  the  state  of  New  York  has  been  in- 
troduced into  the  legislature  of  that  state. 
The  bill  was  introduced  by  architects  J.  G. 
Cutler,  W.  W.  Carlin,  J.  H.  Pierce,  C.C.  Col- 
ton,  the  committee  of  the  Western  New 
York  State  Association  of  Architects,  upon 
bill  to  license  architects.  The  committee 
has  had  charge  of  the  bill  for  some  time, 
and  It  has  received  amendment  and  careful 
revision  until  in  its  present  form  it  is  thought 
to  be  what  the  interests  of  both  the  public 
and  architects  require.  It  is  entitled,  "An 
Act  to  Regulate  the  Practice  of  Architec- 
ture," and  is  as  follows: 

Section  i.  Within  sixty  days  after  the 
passage  of  this  act  the  Western  New  York 
State  Association  of  Architects  and  the  New 
York  Chapter  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects  may  each,  at  a  duly  called  meet- 
ing thereof,  nominate  four  of  its  members 
for  appointment  as  members  of  the  state 
board  of  archeitcts  and  may  transmit  such 
nominations,  duly  certified  by  its  president 
and  secretary,  to  the  governor  of  this  state. 
The  governor  shall  thereupon  appoint  seven 
persons  to  constitute  the  state  board  of  archi- 
tects, as  follows:  Two  shall  be  appointed 
from  the  members  so  nominated  by  the 
Western  New  York  State  Association  of 
Architects,  one  of  whom  shall  be  designated 
to  hold  office  for  one  year;  two  shall  be  ap- 
pointed from  the  persons  so  nominated  by 
the  New  York  Chapter  of  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Architects,  one  of  whom  shall  be 
designated  to  hold  office  for  one  year;  one 
shall  be  so  appointed  from  the  persons  con- 
stituting the  faculty  of  architecture  of  Co- 
lumbia College;  and  one  shall  be  so  ap- 
pointed from  the  persons  constituting  the 
faculty  of  architecture  of  the  Cornell  Uni- 
versity; one  of  the  persons  so  appointed  from 
one  of  the  said  faculties  shall  be  designated 
to  hold  office  for  one  year;  one  of  the  per- 
sons so  appointed  shall  be  a  lawyer  of  at 
least  five  years  standing.  Each  person  so 
appointed  shall  hold  office  for  two  years, 
unless  so  designated  to  hold  office  for  one 
year.  Annually  thereafter  the  Western  New 
York  State  Association  of  Architects  and 
the  New  York  Chapter  of  the  American  In-, 
stitute  of  Architects  shall  each  nominate  for 
appointment  by  the  governor  in  like  manner 
two  of  its  members,  from  whom,  in  each 
case,  the  governor  shall  appoint  one  member 
of  the  state  board  of  architects  for  the  term 
of  two  years.  Upon  the  expiration  of  the 
term  of  office  of  the  member  appointed  from 
either  of  said  faculties  of  architecture,  the 
governor  shall  appoint  from  said  faculty 
one  person  as  successor  to  such  outgoing 
member,  to  hold  office  for  two  years.  Upon 
the  expiration  of  the  term  of  office  of  the 
person  appointed  from  the  legal  profession  | 


as  a  member  of  said  board,  the  governor 
shall  appoint  a  person  qualified  in  like  man- 
ner as  his  successor  for  a  term  of  two  years. 
Each  member  shall  hold  over  after  ihe  ex- 
piration of  his  term  until  his  successor  shall 
have  been  duly  appointed  and  qualified. 
Any  vacancy  occurring  in  the  membership 
of  the  board  shall  be  filled  for  the  balance 
of  the  unexpired  term  in  like  manner.  The 
members  of  the  board -shall  serve  without 
compensation  or  reimbursement  for  their 
services  and  expenses  from  the  state. 

Sec.  2.  The  members  of  the  state  board 
of  architects  shall,  before  entering  upon  the 
discharge  of  their  duties,  take  and  file  with 
the  secretary  of  the  state  the  constitutional 
oath  of  office.  They  shall  annually  elect 
from  their  number  a  president  and  a  secre- 
tary, who  shall  also  be  treasurer,  to  hold 
office  for  one  year.  The  board  may  adopt 
rules  and  regulations  to  govern  their  pro- 
ceedings not  inconsistent  with  this  act.  The 
board  may  adopt  a  seal  and  the  secretary 
shall  have  the  care  and  custody  thereof,  and 
shall  keep  a  record  of  all  the  proceedings  of 
the  board,  which  shall  be  open  to  public 
examination.  Five  members  of  the  board 
shall  constitute  a  quorum;  but  the  board 
may  delegate  the  examination  of  applicants 
to  a  committee  of  less  number  to  report  the 
examination  to  the  board.  Special  meetings 
of  the  board  shall  be  called  by  the  secretary 
upon  the  request  of  any  two  members  by 
giving  at  least  five  days'  written  notice  of 
the  meeting  to  each  member.  The  board 
may  adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  the  ex- 
amination and  licensing  of  applicants  for 
licenses  to  practice  architecture  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  may 
amend,  modify  and  repeal  such  rules  and 
regulations  from  time  to  time.  The  board 
shall  immediately  upon  the  election  of  each 
officer  thereof,  and  upon  the  adoption,  repeal 
or  modification  of  the  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  licensing  of  applicants,  file  with  the 
secretary  of  the  state,  and  publish  in  at  least 
two  architectural  journals,  the  name  and 
postoffice  address  of  each  officer  and  a  copy 
of  such  rules  and  regulations,  or  the  amend- 
ment, repeal  or  modification  thereof. 

Sec.  3.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  the 
state  board  of  architects  for  holding  exam- 
inations of  applicants  for  license  to  practice 
architecture  at  1  ast  once  in  each  year,  if 
there  shall  be  any  application  therefor,  in 
each  of  the  judicial  departments  of  the  state, 
except  the  second  judicial  department,  and 
any  person  over  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
upon  the  payment  of  a  fee  of  S5  to  the  board 
shall  be  entitled  to  enter  any  examination 
appointed  for  determining  the  qualifications 
of  applicants  for  such  license.  If  the  ex- 
amination of  any  applicant  for  a  license 
shall  be  satisfactory  to  a  majority  of  the 
board,  a  license  shall  be  issued  to  the  appli- 
cant authorizing  him  to  practice  the  profes- 
sion of  architecture,  upon  the  payment  of 
an  additional  fee  of  $15.  A  person  who 
shall  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act 
be  engaged  in  the  practice  of  architecture 
in  this  state,  shall  be  entitled  to  such  a 


Maboh  29,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


569 


license  without  fee  or  examination  on  pre- 
senting to  the  state  board  of  architects  an 
affidavit  to  that  effect.  Each  person  so 
licensed  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  recorded 
in  the  clerk's  office  of  the  county  of  his  resi- 
dence, or,  if  a  non-resident  of  the  state,  in 
the  county  in  this  state  in  which  he  shall 
have  an  office,  and  the  clerk  shall  record 
the  same  upon  payment  to  him  of  his  fees 
at  the  same  rate  as  for  recording  a  deed. 
Upon  every  change  of  such  residence  or 
office  from  such  county  to  another  county  in 
this  state,  the  holder  of  such  a  license  shall 
cause  the  same  to  be  recorded  in  like  man- 
ner m  the  clerk's  office  of  the  county  to 
which  su-rh  residence  or  office  shall  be 
changed.  The  board  shall  keep  on  file  in 
the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  a  correct 
list  of  all  licensed  architects. 

Sec,  4.  Any  license  so  granted  may  be 
revoked  by  the  state  board  of  architects  for 
gross  negligence,  recklessness  or  dishonest 
practices  of  the  holder  thereof;  but  before 
any  license  shall  be  revoked,  such  holder 
shall  be  entitled  to  at  least  twenty  days' 
notice  of  the  charge  against  him,  and  of  the 
time  and  place  within  the  county  of  his  resi- 
dence of  the  meeting  of  the  board  for  hear- 
ing and  determining  of  such  charge.  For 
such  purpose  the  board  shall  have  the  pow- 
ers of  a  court  of  record  sitting  in  the  county 
in  which  their  meeting  shall  be  held,  and 
issue  subpoenas,  and  to  compel  the  attend- 
ance and  testimony  of  witnesses.  Witnesses 
shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  fees  as  wit- 
nesses in  a  court  of  record,  to  be  paid  in 
like  manner.  The  accused  shall  be  entitled 
to  the  subpoena  of  the  board  for  his  wit- 
nesses, and  a  reasonable  opportunity  to  pro- 
duce his  witnesses  before  them,  and  to  be 
heard  in  person  or  by  counsel  in  open  public 
trial;  and  no  license  shall  be  revoked  ex- 
cept by  the  unanimous  vote  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  board. 

Sec.  5.  If  a  person  shall  pursue  the  prac- 
tice of  architecture  in  this  state,  or  shall  en- 
gage in  this  state  in  the  business  of  prepar- 
ing plans,  specifications  and  preliminary 
data  for  the  erection  or  alteration  of  build- 
ings, or  shall  advertise  or  put  out  any  sign 
or  card  designating  himself  as  an  architect 
having  an  office  or  doing  business  within 
this  state,  without  a  license  therefor  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon 
conviction  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  S50, 
nor  more  than  S500.  But  nothing  herein 
contained  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  any 
person  in  this  state  from  acting  as  architect 
of  his  own  building,  or  as  architect  for  any 
person  employing  him  with  full  knowledge 
on  the  part  of  such  employer  that  the  persou 
so  employed  is  not  a  licensed  architect  in 
accordance  with  this  act;  nor  to  prohibit 
architects  residing  in  other  states  and  not 
having  an  office  or  carrying  on  a  general 
business  in  this  state,  from  competing  for  a 
special  building,  or  from  visiting  the  state 
for  such  purpose  in  person;  nor  to  prohibit 
students  or  employes  of  licensed  architects 


from  acting  for  or  upon  the  authority  of  such 
licensed  architects. 

Six.  6.  The  license  fees  received  by  the 
board  may  be  expended  for  the  payment  of 
the  traveling  and  other  expenses  of  the 
members  of  the  board.  An  itemized  account 
of  such  receipts  and  expenditures  shall  be 
kept  by  the  secretary  of  the  board,  and  a 
report  thereof  for  each  year  ending  with  the 
thirteenth  day  of  SeptemBer,  duly  verified 
by  the  affidavit  of  the  secretary  of  the  board, 
shall  be  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state 
within  sixty  days  thereafter.  Any  surplus 
of  such  fees  exceeding  S500  shall  be  paid 
annually  by  the  board  to  the  treasurer  of 
the  state. 

Sec.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  im- 
mediately. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

W.  Holman  Smith,  New  York,  has  de- 
signed for  Mr.  Lovell  six  five-story  brick  and 
stone  flats,  25x86,  to  be  built  on  the  south 
side  of  Fifty-third  street,  between  Tenth 
and  Eleventh  avenues,  at  a  cost  of  §102,000. 

R.  W.  Gibson,  New  York,  is  the  architect 
for  St.  Michael's  Episcopal  Church,  to  be 
built  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Tenth  ave- 
nue and  Ninety-nmth  street.  Its  size  will  be 
40x151,  and  will  cost  §120,000. 

George  Keister,  New  York,  has  designed 
for  Alex.  Moore  two  five-story  brick  and 
stone  flats,  20x89  each,  to  be  built  on  the 
north  side  of  Forty-third  street  between 
Seventh  and  Eighth  avenues,  at  a  cost  of 
S44.000. 

Charles  Rentz,  New  York,  has  plans  for 
three  five-story  and  basement  brick,  stone 
and  terra  cotta  flats,  one  25x96  and  two  25X 
89,  to  be  erected  on  Rivington  street,  north- 
west corner  of  Willett  street,  by  Fay  & 
Stacom;  cost  §70,000. 

James  N.  Stone,  New  York,  contemplates 
building  a  handsome  residence  at  Chestnut 
Hill,  for  which  M.  Fielding,  Jr.,  is  making 
plans. 

The  plans  designed  by  Architect  James 
H.  Windrim,  of  132  South  Third  street,  Phil- 
adelphia, for  the  proposed  building  for  the 
Southern  Home  for  Destitute  Children, 
which  will  be  erected  at  Broad  and  Morris 
streets,  have  been  accepted.  The  plans 
show  a  three-story  structure,  150x50;  cost 
S75.000. 

William  Eyre,  Philadelphia,  has  plans  for 
a  handsome  residence  which  J.  W.Williams 
will  erect  at  262  South  Fifteenth  street. 

Three  stores  will  be  built  at  Front  and 
Pine  streets,  Philadelphia,  during  the  next 
few  months,  the  plans  for  which  are  being 
drafted  by  W.  Frisby  Smith. 

Mr.  Wolf,  Philiadelphia,  has  been  work- 
ing on  the  plans  for  150  dwellings  which 
will  be  erected  at  Newport  News,  Va.,  by 
the  Chesapeake  Dry  Dock  and  Construction 
Company,  He  has  just  completed  the  de- 
signs for  ninety-two,  which  will  je  erected 
at  that  place  within  a  few  months. 


Architect  Dessez,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
just  finished  the  design  and  plans  for  a  four- 
story  worehouse,  which  John  A.  Baker  will 
have  built  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Twelfth 
and  C  streets  northwest.  The  fronts  will  be 
of  select  brick  with  stone  trimmings;  cost, 
about  §13,000. 

Richard  Rothwell,  Washington,  D.  C,  will 
build  two  handsome  brown-stone  front  dwell- 
ing on  Ninth  street  near  East  Capitol.  They 
will  be  three  stories  with  cellars;  will  have 
tower  top  bays,  mansard  roof,  latrobe  heat, 
etc.;  cost,  about  §10.000.  Plans  by  Archi- 
tect Atkinson. 

James  N.  Campbell,  814  Penn  Building, 
Pittsburg,  has  finished  the  drawings  for  a 
very  comfortable  residence  of  fourteen 
rooms  for  James  L.  Delong,  on  Shaw  avenue 
McKeesport.  The  house  will  be  of  brick, 
two  stories  and  finished  attic.  Also,  plans 
for  three  brick  houses,  three  stories  and 
basement,  for  Mrs.  Parker,  on  Center  and 
Mahon  avenues. 

T.  F.  Schneider,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
made  the  plans  for  five  three-story  and  cel- 
lar dwellings  to  be  erected  at  1009  Twentieth 
street  and  1925  to  1931  K  street  by  J.  W. 
Payne.  They  will  be  nineteen  feet  and  five 
inches  front  and  fifty-three  feet  deep.  The 
fronts  will  be  of  pressed  brick,  with  bay 
windows;  cost  §40,000, 

A.  P.  Clark,  Jr.,  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
making  plans  for  the  National  Capital  Bank 
building,  which  will  be  erected  on  Pennsyl- 
vania avenue  between  Third  and  Fourth 
streets  southeast.  It  will  be  35x70  feet  and 
three  stories  and  cellar.  The  first  story 
front  will  be  of  granite  and  will  have  a  colon- 
nade of  granite  columns.  The  upper  front 
will  be  of  pressed  brick  and  granite  trim- 
mings. The  building  will  be  heated  by  steam 
and  will  have  elevator  and  all  the  latest  im- 
provements; cost  §30,000. 

T.  Harding,  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  is  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  sixty-room  hotel  at  Arkansas 
City,  for  W.  Bonner.  It  will  be  100x150  in 
size,  and  cost  §30,000. 

St.  John's  Episcopal  Church  Society,  Stan- 
ford, Conn.,  has  accepted  the  plans  of  archi- 
tect William  A.  Potter,  of  New  York,  for  the 
new  church  to  replace  the  one  recently 
burned.    The  new  edifice  will  cost  §150,000. 

Henry  A.  Lambert,  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  has 
completed  plans  for  a  residence  on  Stratford 
avenue  for  H.  S.  Wilmot.    It  will  be  38x48. 

Chancey  W.  Hodgdon,  59  Ninth  street, 
Pittsburg,  has  completed  plans  for  a  resi- 
dence for  Dr.  E.  H.  Small,  to  be  erected  on 
Penn  and  Negley  avenues.  East  End.  It 
will  be  brick,  ten  rooms,  reception  hall, 
laundry,  speaking  tubes,  electric  appliances 
and  fine  finish  throughout. 

F.  J.  Osterling,  216  Market  street,  Pitts- 
burg, has  prepared  plans  for  the  new  build- 
ing the  Central  District  and  Printing  Tele- 
graph Company  will  erect  at  the  corner  of 
Seventh  avenue  and  Montour  Way.  It  will 
be  of  the  Byzantine  style  of  architecture, 
seven  stories  high.    The  first  story  will  be 


570 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


|ToL.  XV.  No.  321 


brown-stone  and  the  Bolance  pressed  brick 
with  brown-stone  trimmings.  The  building 
willbe66xioo  feet  and  will  cost  §165,000. 

Edbrooke  &  Burnham,  Chicago,  have 
completed  plans  for  a  two-story  and  attic 
residence,  31x75,  to  be  erected  on  Oakwood 
boulevard,  near  Grand.  The  front  will  be 
of  stone,  and  the  interior  will  be  finished  in 
hardwood,  and  warmed  by  steam;  cost 
$25,000. 

A.  L.  Schellenger,  Chicago,  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  six-story  and  basement  factory, 
100XI15,  to  be  erected  on  Forquer  street, 
near  Halsted,  by  Daegling  &  Yammler.  It 
will  construdted  of  common  brick  and  stone 
and  will  contain  elevators;  cost  §30,000. 

F.  Foehringer,  Chicago,  has  planned  a 
two-story  basement  and  attic  residence,  24X 
50,  to  be  erected  on  Washington  boulevard, 
near  Francisco  street,  by  William  Arm- 
bruster.  It  will  have  stone  exterior,  with 
hardwood  interior,  and  will  be  w^armed  by 
steam;  cost  S  15,000.  He  has  also  planned 
a  two-story  and  basement  residence,  23x50, 
for  P.  Hier,  to  be  erected  on  Perry  street. 
Lake  View;  cost  $10,000. 

H.  M.  Hansen,  Chicago,  has  completed 
for  a  four-story  stone  and  flat  buildmg,  125X 
75,  to  be  erected  at  the  corner  of  Wright- 
wood  avenue  and  North  Clark  street,  by  F. 
D.  Turner.  It  will  be  constructed  of  pressed 
brick  and  stone;  cost  §25,000. 

Orlopp  &  Kusener.Little  Rock,  Ark.,  have 
plans  for  a  three-story  pressed  brick  bank 
building  for  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce ; 
cost  $25,000. 

F.  W.  Perkins,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  a  four-story  and  attic  apartment 
house,  125x57,  to  be  erected  at  the  northwest 
corner  of  Calumet  avenue  and  Thirty-first 
street  by  Edward  Wells.  The  exterior  will 
be  of  stone,  pressed  brick  and  copper,  and 
the  apartments,  of  which  there  will  be  eigh- 
teen, of  four,  five  and  seven  rooms  each, 
will  be  finished  in  hardwood.  The  building 
will  be  heated  b)  steam;  cost  $50,000. 

W.  W.  Clay,  Chicago,  has  designed  a 
three-story  and  basement  apartment  house, 
60x85,  to  be  erected  at  Berkely  avenue  and 
Forty-third  st.-eet,  by  Col.  Koch.  Pressed 
brick  and  stone  construction;  cost  $30,000. 
He  has  also  planned  for  H.  H.  Beldine  a 
three-story  store  and  office  building,  40x75, 
to  be  erected  on  Cottage  Grove  avenue, 
south  of  Forty-third  street,  by  H.  H.  Beld- 
ing.  Brick  and  stone  construction;  cost 
$20,000. 

C.  M.  Palmer,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  four  two-story  dwellings,  80x60,  to 
be  erected  at  St.  Lawrence  avenue  and 
Forty-fourth  street, by  Landt  &  Moore;  cost 
$30,000. 

Montrose  W.  Morris,  Brooklyn,  is  engaged 
on  plans  for  a  fine  dwelling  to  be  erected 
on  the  north  side  of  Montgomery  place, 
just  west  of  Ninth  avenue,  for  Ralph  B. 
Cooley,  of  New  York.  It  will  be  a  three- 
story  and  basement  structure,  30x55,  the 


materials  of  the  front  being  Lake  Superior 
red  stone  and  Columbus  brick;  cost  $25,000. 

M.  W.  Morris,  Brooklyn,  is  architect  for 
five  three-story  and  basement  brick  dwell- 
ings the  total  cost  of  wnich  is  $40,000. 

Ernest  Dennis,  Brooklyn,  is  architect  for 
eight  three-story  brick  tenements  with  four 
stores;  total  cost  $50,000. 

Amzi  Hill  &  Son,  Brooklyn,  are  architects 
for  five  three-story  and  basement  brick  and 
brown-stone  dwellings;  cost  $10,000  each. 

W.  A.  Furber,  Chicago,  has  designed  two 
four-story  apartment  houses,  222x70,  for  E. 
F.  Pulsifer.  One  will  be  erected  on  Cottage 
Grove  avenue,  between  Twenty-second  and 
Twenty-third  streets,  and  the  other  will  be 
on  Prairie  avenue,  between  the  same  streets. 
The  exteriors  will  be  constructed  of  pressed 
brick  with  brown-stone  trimmings,  and  will 
be  supplied  with  steam  heat  and  all  con- 
veniences. Work  will  be  commenced 
shortly;  cost  $150,000. 

T.  Jasper  Collins,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  handsome  residence 
for  Dr.  E.  D.  Webb  on  Sixteenth  near  L.  It 
will  be  a  three- story  bay  windowed  brown- 
stone  and  brick  building,  with  a  double 
decked  mansard  roof.  A  handsome  feature 
of  this  house  will  be  the  stone  porch  and 
large  arched  entrance  leading  into  a  spacious 
stair-case  hall  with  open  fire-place,  finished 
in  cherry.  The  building  will  be  heated  by 
sream  and  will  cost  about  $12,000.  The 
same  arceitect  also  has  in  hand  plans  for  a 
large  and  commodious  country  residence 
near  Oak  View  for  Rev.  Dr.  S.  G.  Sterrett. 

Warren  H.  Hayes,  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
has  removed  his  office  to  rooms  704,  705  and 
706  Sykes  Block,  254-256  Hennepin  avenue, 
the  building  being  an  eight-story  fire  proof, 
modern  structure.  Bedford  and  stone  fronts 
constructed  from  Mr.  Hayes' own  plans. 

Edward  S.  Hammatt,  Davenport,  la.,  has 
prepared  plans  for  a  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building, 
to  be  erected  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  60x140, 
two  stories  high,  of  common  and  pressed 
brick;  cost  $25,000. 

PLUMBING. 

MODERN  SANITATION. 

The  followmg  is  an  abstract  of  the  third 
of  a  series  of  free  lectures  to  artisans  and 
others  on  matters  connected  with  building 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Worshipful  Com- 
pany of  Carpenters,  as  published  in  The 
Builder,  London.  The  lecture  was  delivered 
by  W.  H.  Corfield,  M.  A.,  M.  D.  before  a 
large  audience: 

Professor  Corfield  said  the  subject  of 
"Modern  Sanitation"  was  a  very  wide  one 
indeed,  and,  if  taken  in  its  widest  possible 
sense,  it  could  not  be  embraced  within  the 
limits  of  a  single  lecture.  He  would,  there- 
fore, limit  his  remarks  to  the  question  of  the 
removal  of  refuse  matters  from  our  houses; 
and,  in  the  first  place,  would  consider  the 
improvements  that  had  been  made  in  recent 
times  in  the  materials  used  in  the  sanitation 


of  houses;  in  the  second  place,  the  improve- 
ments made  in  the  arrangement,  trapping, 
and  ventilation  of  drains,  and  other  waste- 
pipes;  and,  in  the  third  place,  the  improve- 
ments made  in  appliances  and  apparatus. 
Until  comparatively  recent  times  all  drains 
were  made  of  stone,  brick  or  pervious  agri- 
cultural pipes.    The  first  and  greatest  im- 
provement that  was  made  in  the  construc- 
tion of  drain-pipes  for  houses  was  the  one 
which  consisted  of  making  them  of  water- 
tight material.    It  was  recognized  then  for 
the  first  time  that  pipes  which  had  to  carry 
away  foul  water  should  be,  in  themselves, 
impervious  to  water,  and  in  the  first  place 
they  had  pipes  made  of  a  material  known  as 
glazed  stoneware.    But  though  it  was  very 
well  to  have  a  pipe  which  was  impervious  to 
water,  these  pipes  could  not  be  made  of  in- 
definite length.    Their  ordinary  length  was 
two  feet;  hence  the  question  of  jointing 
them,  so  that  they  might  be  impervious  to 
water  throughout,  was  of  great  importance. 
The  first  method  adopted  was  that  of  mak- 
ing a  socket  at  one  end  of  the  pipe  and  put- 
ting the  other  end  into  it,  and  putting  in 
some  jointing  material.    Pipes  could  be  put 
together  in  that  way  without  any  jointing 
material  at  all,  and  so,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
they  very  frequently  were.    They  were,  as  it 
was  technically  called,  "laid  dry,"  without 
any  material  in  the  joints  at  all,  so  that  they 
might  as  well  have  had  the  ordinary  agri- 
cultural pipe-drains.    Sometimes  they  were 
jointed  with  clay,  and  no  doubt  a  fairly  good 
joint  from  one  point  of  view  might  be  made 
in  that  way;  but  clay  was  a  material  which 
easily  softened  when  wet,  and  so  the  usual 
method  was  to  joint  them  with  cement. 
Several  difficulties,  however,  arose  in  con- 
nection with  that  method,  the  first  being  that 
the  cement  projected  into  the  interior  of  the 
pipes,  set  there,  formed  bosses  in  the  drain 
against  which  foul  materials  collected,  caus- 
ing obstructions,  and  gradually  blocking-up 
the  drain.    Another  difficulty  was  that  the 
pipes  might  be  laid  and  cemented  round  the 
upper  part  of  the  joint  only.  Although, 
when  inspected,  the  drain  would  look  all 
right,  yet  there  might  be  no  cement  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  joint  at  all.    That  was  a 
very  serious  difficulty,  but  it  was  overcome, 
like  several  others  of  the  kind,  by  more  accu- 
rate methods  of  jointing.     Before  these 
methods  were  devised,  however,  the  method 
was  sometimes  resorted  to  of  putting  what 
was  called  a  "cradle"  underneath  the  joint 
and  filling  it  with  liquid  cement,  so  that 
then  the  under  part  of  the  joint  must  be 
filled  with  cement  as  well  as  the  upper  part. 
All  these  difficulties  of  jointing  pipes  with 
cement, — which  method,  however,  was  even 
now  one  of  the  very  best  if  properly  and 
honestly  carried  out, — had  led  to  other  de- 
vices.   One  of  these  was  that  adopted  by 
Mr.  Stanford,  who  first  conceived  the  idea 
of  making  a  ring  round  the  end  of  each  of 
the  pipes,  one  in  the  socket  and  one  in  the 
spigot.    These  rings,  made  of  a  preparation 
of  asphalte,  were  carefully  made  by  being 
cast  in  steel  moulds,  and  when  the  end  of 


March  29,  1890) 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


571 


one  pipe  was  put  into  the  socket  of  the 
Qther,  it  made  a  perfectly  water-tight  joint. 
That  joint  of  Stanford's  had  been  very  largely 
and  successfully  used,  and  it  had  been  im- 
proved upon  recently  by  Messrs.  Doulton, 
who  had  made  the  surface  of  the  ring  curved, 
to  fit  into  the  ring  in  the  socket  end  of  the 
pipe,  so  that  if  the  pipes  shifted  a  little  the 
contact  still  remained  complete.  This 
method  avoided  all  the  disadvantages  of 
cement.  Several  other  joints  had  been  de- 
vised for  stoneware  pipes,  but  he  did  not 
think  he  need  do  more  than  merely  mention 
them.  One  was  Messrs.  Hassall's  joint,  and 
another  the  "Archer"  joint.  These,  how- 
ever, were  somewhat  more  complicated. 
One  of  the  great  advantages  of  glazed  stone- 
ware pipes  was  that  they  were  made  of  a 
material  which  was  perfectly  unalterable. 
Another  kind  of  pipe  very  largely  used  for 
dram  purposes  was  the  cast-iron  pipe.  These 
had  several  great  advantages.  Of  course 
they  were  impervious  to  water,  and  they 
were  coated  with  a  material  which  prevented 
the  iron  rusting.  They  could  be  jointed 
with  perfectly  water-tight  joints  by  means 
of  molten  lead,  and  they  were  made  in 
lengths  of  six  feet,  thereby  lessening  the 
number  of  joints.  These  great  advantages 
were  put  forward  by  those  who  advocated 
the  use  of  cast-iron  drain-pipes,  but  against 
these  had  to  be  set  the  disadvantage  that 
iron  was  a  material  which  was  destructible 
by  water,  moist  air,  acids,  etc.  So  long  as 
the  coating  was  perfect  it  was  all  right;  but 
if  the  pipe  was  chipped  or  knocked,  or  the 
coating  became  removed  by  abrasion  or 
other  cause,  all  these  formed  weak  places, 
which  were  likely  to  lead  to  the  destruction 
of  the  pipe.  However,  after  all,  that  was  a 
matter  of  experience.  They  had  come  to 
understand  in  recent  times  that  :t  was  essen- 
tial that  drains  laid  under  houses  should 
have  a  firm  bedding,  and  now  this  was  recog- 
nized as  practically  essential  in  all  cases, 
although  it  was  more  or  less  of  an  innovation 
to  cover  them  with  concrete.  Whatever 
material  was  used  for  the  construction  of 
drain-pipes,  they  must  insist  that  they  should 
be  water-tight. 

The  lecturer  next  proceeded  to  consider 
the  materials  used  for,  and  the  improvements 
in,  the  construction  of  soil  and  other  waste- 
pipes.  Two  materials  had  been  used  for  a 
very  long  time, — namely,  iron  and  lead,  so 
that  one  could  not  say  that  there  was  much 
improvement  in  materials.  Lead,  generally 
speaking,  was  a  better  material  for  soil-pipes 
than  iron;  and  that  it  was  not  used  to  the 
exclusion  of  iron  was  due  to  the  fact  that  it 
was  much  more  expensive.  Not  so  long  ago, 
water  closets  were  almost  universally  con- 
nected with  the  rain-water  pipes  of  houses, 
but  such  a  monstrosity  was  not  allowed  in 
"modern  sanitation."  Leaden  soil-pipes 
were  better  than  iron  ones,  for  the  almost 
obvious  reason  that  they  could  be  jointed 
with  the  same  material,  so  that  the  joint  was 
at  least  as  good  a  part  as  the  other  portion 
of  the  pipe.  Iron  pipes  were  always  jointed 
with  a  different  material,  and,  as  a  general 


rule,  when  they  made  a  joint  with  a  different 
material  it  sooner  or  later  leaked.  Iron  pipes 
should  never  be  allowed  to  be  used  inside 
houses  for  soil-{)ipes.  He  had  spoken  of  the 
disadvantage  of  iron  pipes  as  drain-pipes 
owing  to  thair  liability  to  rust.  That  disad- 
vantage became  more  considerable  when 
they  were  used  for  waste  and  ventilation 
pipes,  and  if  there  was  one  thing  he  would 
warn  his  hearers  against  it  was  against  ever 
allowing  a  ventilation-pipe  to  be  made  of 
iron,  because  he  undertook  to  say  that  such 
a  pipe  after  being  in  use  for  five  years  got 
blocked  up  at  the  bottom  and  did  not  venti- 
late the  drain.  In  order  to  get  rid  of  these 
disadvantages  of  iron-pipes  various  means 
of  protecting  the  pipes  had  been  resorted 
to.  One  was  to  cover  the  pipe  with  a  material 
known  as  Dr.  Angus  Smith's  solution,  and 
another  plan  was  to  coat  the  pipes  with  an 
insoluble  oxide.  Pipes  coated  by  this  pro- 
cess were  not  universally  used  for  sanitary 
work,  because  in  the  vast  majority  of  cases 
the  pipes  protected  with  magnetic  oxide  of 
iron  had  defects  in  them.  He  had  even 
seen  pipes  used  for  supplying  houses  with 
pure  water  specially  prepared  by  this  pro- 
cess taken  out  some  two  years  afterwards 
because  they  leaked.  They  were  simply 
eaten  through  and  through  by  the  pure 
water,  and,  therefore,  they  must  always  be 
on  their  guard  against  reliance  upon  pro- 
cesses for  protecting  a  perishable  material 
like  iron.  Until  comparatively  recent  times 
lead  pipes  were  made  in  the  way  in  which 
the  Romans  made  them,  and  were  called 
"seamed"  pipe.  Now,  they  had  pipes  known 
as  "drawn"  lead-pipes,  and  these  were  a 
great  improvement  on  the  others,  the  sol- 
dered joint  throughout  the  whole  length  of 
the  pipe  having  been  a  source  of  weakness. 
Slip  joints  would  not  stand  any  test,  and  so 
the  only  proper  joints  for  lead-pipes  were 
wiped  soldered  joints. 

Passing  on  to  the  consideration  of  the  im- 
provements made  in  the  arrangement,  trap- 
ping, and  ventilation  of  drains  and  waste- 
pipes,  the  Professor  said  that  not  very  long 
ago  the  drains  of  houses  used  to  be  made  to 
end  in  receptacles  called  cesspools,  and  it 
was  found  necessary  to  prevent  in  some  way 
or  other  the  foul  air  getting  into  the  house; 
therefore,  the  contrivance  known  as  the  "dip- 
stone"  or  "mason's  trap"  was  devised.  That 
trap  sufficed,  no  doubt,  to  prevent  a  rush  of 
foul  air  from  the  cesspool  or  sewer  into  the 
house:  but  it  was  a  most  defective  contriv- 
ance, because,  even  if  it  did  that,  it  allowed 
an  enormous  accumulation  of  foul  matter  to 
take  place  in  the  trap  itself,  which  became  a 
sort  of  small  cesspool,  and  very  often  a  large 
one.  A  "dip-stone"  trap,  whether  large  or 
small,  was  really  a  cesspool,  and  Yorkshire- 
men,  with  their  characteristic  love  of  truth, 
always  called  them  cesspools.  Another 
reason  why  that  was  a  most  defective  con- 
trivance was  that  the  "dip-stone"  and  the 
stone  at  the  top  were  in  a  very  large  number 
of  instances  not  properly  fitted.  In  those 
days  too,  nobody  thought  of  ever  providing 
ventilation  for  the  house-drain;  if  any  was 


provided,  it  was  by  accident.  The  most 
essential  imi)rovement  which  had  been  made 
in  regard  to  the  trapping  of  drains  was  made 
after  the  ado|)tion  of  stoneware  drain-pipes 
by  the  construction  of  the  siphon-trap.  That 
was  a  very  unfortunate  name,  because  if  it 
acted  as  a  siphon  it  was  not  a  trap  at  all, 
and  he  preferred  to  call  it  the  "U"  trap,  from 
its  shape.  The  improvement  made  in  traps 
then  was  by  making  a  bent  pipe,  and  that 
improvement  was  due  to  the  fact  that  it  al- 
lowed less  sediment,  if  any,  to  collect.  They 
therefore,  came  to  recognize  that  the  first 
important  function  a  trap  should  possess 
was  that  it  should  not  allow  sediment  to 
collect  in  it,  and  they  laid  down  now  as  the 
one  important  characteristic  of  a  good  water 
trap  that  it  should  be  self-cleansing.  With 
regard  to  ventilation,  in  the  first  place,  it 
was  recognized  to  be  necessary  to  provide 
something  more  than  outlet  ventilation  for 
drains  and  soil-pipes.  If  they  had  merely 
outlet  ventilation  they  onlv  provided  that 
foul  air  should  not  accumulate  under  pres- 
sure; but  it  was  now  a  recognized  necessity 
to  provide  a  means  for  the  inlet  of  fresh  air 
into  the  drains  and  soil-pipes.  If  the  venti- 
lation-pipe at  the  top  of  the  soil-pipe  was 
carried  up  above  the  ridge  of  the  roof  into 
the  open  air,  every  wind  that  blew  across  i 
would  cause  an  up-draught.  The  air  inlets 
might  be  made,  and  were  frequently  made, 
by  an  open  grating  in  the  front  area  or  out- 
side the  house;  or  by  a  pipe  with  open  grat- 
ing, often  provided  with  a  talc  flap  to  pre- 
vent back-draught.  In  all  sanitary  appli- 
ances and  apparatus  an  arrangement  which 
did  the  work  without  any  moving  part  was 
always  better  than  one  that  did  the  work  with 
a  moving  part.  That  was  a  good  general 
law,  and  applied,  for  instance,  to  air-inlets 
and  cowls  which  had  no  moving  parts.  An- 
other important  improvement  was  the  pro- 
vision of  a  manhole  for  access  to  the  siphon- 
trap.  It  almost  went  without  saying  that 
drains  ought  not  to  be  laid  underneath  houses 
if  such  a  course  could  possibly  be  avoided. 
That  very  day  he  had  seen  a  large  house  in 
the  country  underneath  which  he  was  in- 
formed a  drain  seventy  feet  long  was  going 
to  be  laid.  It  was  quite  clear,  therefore,  that 
even  now  it  was  necessary  to  insist  that, 
where  practicable,  drains  should  be  laid  out- 
side of  houses,  and  that  soil-pipes  should  be 
placed  against  the  outside  walls,  and  not 
inside.  Another  matter  of  recent  improve- 
ment was  that  drains  and  sewers  should  be 
laid  as  straight  as  possible.  Until  compara- 
tively recent  times  the  drains  used  to  be  laid 
where  most  convenient,  without  any  idea  of 
inspecting  or  cleansing  them.  Now,  they 
insisted  on  having  them  laid  as  far  as  possi- 
ble in  straight  lines.  However,  that  could 
not  always  be  done,  and  so  it  became  the 
more  necessary  to  provide  means  for  inspect- 
ing the  drains  at  different  places.  There 
were  several  ways  of  doing  this,  but  the  best 
way  was  to  have  inspection-chambers 
in  the  areas.  Just  as  the  drains  required  to 
be  disconnected  from  the  cesspools  and 
sewers,  so  the  waste-pipes  of  all  the  sinks 


572 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  321 


and  baths  and  lavatories  required  to  be  dis- 
connected from  the  drains.  That  was  one  of 
the  greatest  improvements  that  had  been  in 
"modern  sanitation."  It  was  necessary  to 
have  subsidiary  ventilation-pipes,  or  anti- 
siphonage  pipes,  in  the  case  of  water  closets 
as  well  as  sinks.  In  large  houses,  a  great 
deal  of  greasy  water  and  sand  was  thrown 
down  the  scullery  sink,  which  solidified  in 
the  trap  and  drain,  and  blocked  them  up.  It 
was  necessary  to  provide  against  this,  and 
the  method  adopted  up  to  within  the  last 
two  or  three  years  was  to  construct  what 
■were  known  as  fat  or  grease  traps.  These 
grease-traps  were  an  abomination.  They 
had  to  be  cleaned  out  from  time  to  time,  and 
it  was  felt  that  if  they  could  be  done  away 
with  it  would  be  a  very  great  improvement. 
That  had  been  achieved  in  modern  times  by 
the  construction  of  a  gully  known  as  the 
grease-gully,  which  was  large  enough  to  hold 
sufficient  water  to  chill  any  hot  water  that 
came  into  it.  By  means  of  an  automatic 
flushing-tank,  the  grease  and  sand  were 
washed  away  every  day.  The  arrangement 
of  water  closets  against  outside  walls  wher- 
ever possible,  instead  of  in  the  middle  of 
houses,  might  be  regarded  as  a  modern  im- 
provement. The  improvements  made  in 
traps  had  been  of  the  very  greatest  import- 
ance. The  bell-trap  had  been  replaced  by 
the  stoneware  siphon-gully.  The  Q-trap 
was  at  one  time  almost  universally  used  for 
water  closets  and  sinks,  but  it  had  now  been 
largely  replaced  by  the  round-made  siphon 
or  S-trap,  which  again  had  been  improved 
by  Mr.  Hellyer,  who  had  constructed  what 
was  known  as  the  "anti-D-trap."  Referring 
to  the  improvements  made  in  water  closet 
apparatus,  he  remarked  that  the  "short 
hopper"  was  a  great  modern  improvement 
on  the  long  hopper.  The  trap  of  a  water 
closet  should  not  be  regarded  as  a  part  of 
the  apparatus,  but  as  part  of  the  soil-pipe  or 
drain,  and  they  might  unhesitatingly  con- 
demn all  water  closets  of  which  the  trap 
was  part  of  the  apparatus.  Other  improve- 
ments which  had  taken  place  consisted  in 
the  re-substitution  of  the  valve-closet  for  the 
pan-closet,  and  in  the  making  of  certain 
minor  improvements,  like  the  flushing -rim. 
Lastly,  Professor  Corfield  exhibited  an  im- 
proved siphon-trap  for  deep  disconnecting- 
chambers,  provided  with  a  valve  by  which 
the  sewage  could  be  easily  allowed  to  escape 
in  case  of  any  blockage  of  the  trap,  which 
had  been  made  at  his  suggestion. 

SEWERAGE.  * 
It  should  now  be  well  known  that  the 
preservation  of  life  and  health  is  in  a  great 
measure  dependent  on  the  faithful  prosecu- 
tion of  sanitary  works.  In  the  last  paper 
read  before  this  association  the  subject  of 
house  drainage  was  treated  at  length,  but, 
taken  as  a  whole,  it  constitutes  an  exhaust- 
less  subject  under  which  may  be  classed  the 
•entire  plumbing  system.  Taking  one  of  the 
com|)oncnt  parts  of  this  subject,  we  will  this 
*A  paper  read  by  Peter  Willems  before  tho  Chicago 
Master  Plumbers'  Association,  Marcli  27,  1889. 


evening  consider  the  sewerage  of  buildings 
as  to  requisite  materials  and  proper  con- 
struction. Poor  sewerage  has  led  to  such 
frightful  ravages  that  the  term  "sewer  gas" 
strikes  terror  into  the  heart  and  fills  the 
mind  with  a  dread  of  evil.  Sewer  gas  has 
established  its  reputation  for  fatality  in 
almost  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world.  It 
has  always  existed  more  less  and  owes  its 
origin  as  well  as  its  continued  prevalence  to 
the  ignorance  and  negligence  of  the  masses. 
Durmg  the  past  f°w  years,  however,  deadly 
diseases  have  been  traced  so  unmistakably 
to  this  source  that  the  bad  effects  have  been 
promulgated  extensively  for  there  is  no 
conditior  of  life  that  is  absolutely  free  from 
this  pest.  It  spreads  and  gains  entance  into 
the  homes  of  the  rich  as  well  as  of  the  poor, 
and  afflicts  the  lives  of  those  of  high  degree 
as  well  as  the  most  lowly.  The  same  species 
of  germ  that  caused  the  illness  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  at  Sandingham,  and  the  death  of 
Princess  Alice  and  her  child,  at  Darmstadt 
Palace  is  to-day.  devastating  the  homes  of 
many  in  our  own  grand  Republic.  The 
preservation  of  health,  therefore,  in  a  com- 
munity is  equally  important  to  the  rich  and 
poor.  It  is  important  to  the  wealthy,  that 
the  poor  should  be  kept  in  health,  for  in- 
fection once  introduced  in  the  dwellings  of 
the  poor,  often  spreads,  and  is  no  respector 
of  persons.  It  is  important  to  the  poor 
man,  as  his  health  is  his  wealth.  The  au- 
thories  should  be  compelled  to  establish 
safeguards  for  the  prevention  of  disease 
coming  from  defective  sewerage.  An  iron 
clad  code  of  laws  should  be  drawn  up  to 
regulate  the  use  of  proper  materials  in  a 
building.  There  arc  laws  and  the  most 
rigorous  safeguards  established  to  protect 
life  against  accidents  incidental  to  railways, 
bridges,  etc.,  and  yet  even  the  simplest  and 
least  inexpensive  ijrotcction  is  not  accorded 
for  the  preservation  of  tht  populace  against 
the  fatal  visitations  of  sewer  gas.  There  is 
perhaps  nothing  so  accurately  constructed 
as  a  locomotive.  The  minutest  details  are 
carefully  placed,  each  wheel  and  axle,  each 
lever  and  bolt  are  just  as  cautiously  gov- 
erned as  the  engine  that  propels  the  almost 
living  monster.  Elevators,  bridges  and 
other  mechanical  inventions  are  subjected 
to  the  most  trying  test  before  opened  for 
the  public  use,  and  why  should  not  sanitary 
fixtures  receive  the  same  protection,  since 
in  them  is  centered  individual  health  and 
welfare? 

The  pipes  used  in  the  construction  of  a 
sewer  are  oftentimes  most  unsatisfactory 
when  received  by  the  plumber.  What  we 
must  insist  on,  to  abolish  this  evil  is,  that  all 
pipes  be  submitted  to  a  severe  test  by  the 
manufacturers  before  shipment  thus  pro- 
tecting the  public  against  poor  materials. 
The  pipes  must  be  water  and  air-tight  and 
have  a  smooth,  regular,  inner  surface.  They 
must  be  capable  of  resisting  at  least  five 
hundred  pounds  pressure  to  the  square  inch. 
It  is  necessary  that  these  pipes  be  tested  by 
the  manufacturers, for  should  they  be  jilaced 
in  a  dwelling  andthen  submitted  to  the  water 


test,  there  is  danger  that  the  pipes  may  con- 
tain imperfections  and  the  water  would  in 
such  a  case  burst  through  these  apertures 
and  possibly  destroy  furniture,  ceilings,  and 
other  properties.  The  manufacturer  should 
be  responsible  for  this  state  of  affairs  and 
yet  in  all  cases  the  unsuspecting  plumber  is 
the  one  who  receives  the  censure  and  is  re- 
sponsible for  all  the  damage  done.  At  the 
plumber's  personal  expense  the  manu- 
facturer's errors  must  be  corrected,  and  the 
amount  thus  expended  often  swells  into 
large  figures  before  entire  satisfaction  is 
given.  However,  good  workmen  must  be 
employed  under  all  circumstances.  Only 
those  who  are  accustomed  to  master  the 
various  intricacies  that  present  themselves 
in  this  most  important  of  mechanical  sciences 
should  be  intrusted  with  the  sanitation  of 
an  abode. 

Let  us  hope  that  this  association  will  be 
the  nucleus  through  which  a  class  of  drain, 
soil  and  waste  pipe  will  be  circulated  that 
will  insure  safety  to  buildings  against  sewer- 
gas. 

THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

At  the  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Master 
Plumbers'  Association,  at  their  hall  in  the 
Honore  building,  on  the  twenty-seventh  in- 
stant, in  spite  of  the  inclement  weather  the 
following  were  present:  The  president,  Mr. 
Hugh  Watt,  A.  F.  Irons, secretary;  A.  Young 
of  the  Board  of  Health,  J.  J.  Wade,  J.  J. 
Hamblin,  T.  C.  Boyd,  P.  Laughlin,  I.  H. 
Kenyon,  I.  I.  Shea,  Wm.  Morris,  R.  Griffiths, 
A.  Murray,M.  L.  Mandable.James  De\'eney, 
Wm.  Wilson.  The  president  having  called 
the  meeting  to  order  the  minutes  of  the  last 
meeting  were  duly  read  and  approved  of. 
An  animated  discussion  followed  as  to  the 
course  to  be  pursued  for  bringing  before  the 
public,  the  papers  read  and  to  be  read  dur- 
ing the  season,  as  arranged  by  the  Sanitary 
Committee,  Mr.  Murray  very  steadfastly 
persisted,  that  each  member  of  the  associa- 
tion should  purchase  for  himself  the  number 
of  printed  copies  which  he  required,  and 
backed  up  his  opinion  by  declaring  that  he 
himself  would  take  three  thousand  copies. 
Mr.  Hamblin's  idea  was  that  the  publication 
might  be  deferred  until  all  the  essays  could 
be  issued  together  in  pamphlet  form,  and  he 
argued  that  for  reasons  of  economy,  that 
would  be  the  more  prudent  course.  To  this 
Mr.  Murray  replied  that  those  papers  con- 
tained great  principles  of  sanitation  and  the 
sooner  they  were  brought  before  the  unin- 
terested public  the  better,  that  they  might 
be  educated  into  doing  the  right  thing  in  the 
right  place.  Then  Mr.  Wade,  who  as  chair- 
man of  the  Sanitary  Committee  has  peculiar 
claims  to  attention,  expressed  a  fear  that  if 
the  master  plumber's  individually  sent  out 
those  papers  it  would  look  too  like  an  adver- 
vcrtising  scheme,  and  while  the  fact  of  their 
being  issued  by  the  association  would  give 
them  an  official  recognition.  He  also  cn 
/>iiss(ifi/ p:\\d  a  glowing  tribute  to  Mr.  Young's 
lecture  before  the  medical  graduates,  which 


March  29, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


573 


appeared  to  open  their  eyes  to  the  necessi- 
ties of  sanitary  methods. 

Then  Mr.  Mandablc  spoke  out  in  meeting 
and  favored  Mr.  Wade's  ideas,  while  Mr. 
Laiighlin  for  economical  reasons  did  not 
like  that  the  association  should  encage  in  the 
task.  Mr.  Whiteford's  opinion  was  that  they 
were  bound  as  an  association  to  spread  the 
light,  and  that  they  should  be  teachers  of 
the  people  in  that  science,  of  which  them- 
selves were  experts.  The  worthy  president 
suggested  that  the  different  essays  should 
be  sent  to  sanitary  associations,  but  Mr. 
Wade  showed  that  it  was  a  subject  to  be 
discussed  for  the  public  benefit;  he  told  how 
a  Chicago  editor,  in  an  editorial  in  a  leading 
newspaper,  had  testified  to  the  integrity  and 
skill  of  Chicago  plumbers,  and  he  expressed 
serious  doubts  whether  plumbers  ever  made 
money  out  of  their  fellow  plumbers,  or  even 
out  of  sanitary  newspapers,  and  was  inhos- 
pitable enough  to  say  that  balls  and  parties 
did  not  add  to  their  funds,  but  that  the  great 
outside  pnblic  whom  he  wished  to  benefit, 
were  the  people  who  supported  the  profes. 
sion.  As  the  debate  proceeded  Mr.  Boyd 
(for  financial  reasons  only)  demurred  to  the 
publication  and  thought  the  papers  were  a 
credit  to  them,  but  Mr.  Wilson  objected  on 
general  principles.  Mr.  Young  expressed 
his  opinion  that  the  essays  ought  to  have  an 
official  recognition  by  being  issued  from  the 
association  and  stamped  by  their  approval 
and  then  members  could  send  them  to  their 
friends  and  customers  without  any  fear  of 
being  accused  of  privately  advertising  their 
own  individual  superiority. 

It  was  then  proposed,  and  unanimously 
agreed  to,  that  five  thousand  copies  be 
printed  for  distribution.  Mr.  Wade  read 
the  paper  for  the  evening,  which  will  be 
found  elsewhere,  and  which  was  ordered  to 
be  filed  in  the  records  with  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  the  writer  and  the  reader.  A  communi- 
cation was  read  from  the  National  Sanitary 
Association,  requesting  the  co- operation  of 
the  Chicago  plumbers  in  obtaining  certain 
useful  legislation,  and  the  desired  aid  was 
forwarded  under  the  seal  of  the  Chicago 
branch. 

A  letter  from  the  Ladirs'  Auxilliary  Com- 
mittee met  with  due  recognition,  and  their 
wishes  were  ordered  to  be  carefully  carried 
out.  It  bore  on  the  entertainment  of  the 
National  Committee  on  their  way  to  Den- 
ver next  June. 

The  Executive  Committee  made  certain 
recommendations  with  regard  to  non-mem- 
bers being  admitted  to  the  hall  on  meeting 
nights  without  any  fee,  and  to  holding  out 
inducements  to  all  employers  to  join  the 
Association,  also  to  rent  the  hall  for  the 
next  year.  A  recess  followed,  and  then  the 
reunion  which  makes  ihe  meetings  of  the 
Master  Plumbers  so  enjoyable. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
Mr.  T.  F.  Rosegrant,  representing  Henry 
McShane  &   Co.,   50  &   52  Myrtle  Ave., 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  gave  this  office  a  pleasant 
call  this  week.    He  reports  business  improv- 


ing and  thinks  it  will  grow  better.  He  is 
making  a  specialty  of  the  introduction  of 
the  Aldrich  patent  faucets,  of  which  his  firm 
are  sole  agents.  The  faucet  is  made  of  one 
solid  piece  of  metal  from  joining  to  nozzle. 
The  shut-off  is  on  end  of  nozzle  which  pre- 
vents it  from  leaking  on  the  marble  slab,  as 
the  water  can  fall  only  in  the  basin.  The 
The  shut-off  is  packed  with  a  rubber  ball 
and  should  it  need  repair,  the  water  need 
not  be  turned  off  for  this  purpose.  Its  con- 
struction prevents  the  possibility  of  foreign 
substances  lodging  in  the  faucet  and  there- 
by destroying  the  valve.  The  faucet  seems 
complete  in  every  particular. 

W.  A.  Kelly,  6g  Prospect  street,  Cleve- 
land, O.,  recently  informed  a  representative 
of  The  Sanitary  News  of  the  conditions 
surrounding  the  plumbing  inspection  of  that 
city.  From  the  facts  in  the  case  it  seems 
that  this  part  of  the  health  department 
could  be  improved.  Mr.  Kelly  is  an  ex- 
inspector  and  surely  knows  what  he  is  talk- 
ing about.  In  the  first  place  the  inspectors 
are  not  practical  men,  and  in  the  next  the 
salary  paid  is  not  enough  to  secure  men 
who  are  capable  of  rendermg  good  service. 
It  is  a  great  mistake  to  economize  in  this 
matter  to  a  degree  that  is  dangerous  to  the 
public  health.  It  is  also  a  great  mistake  to 
select  for  plumbing  inspectors  men  who 
know  nothing  of  plumbing.  The  citizens 
should  not  stand  such  an  imposition,  even 
if  it  does  not  cost  much  at  first.  It  will 
prove  very  expensive  in  the  end. 

The  Toronto  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion at  their  last  meeting  appointed  Messrs. 
W.  J.  Burroughes,  J.  Ritchie  and  A.  Fiddes 
a  committee  to  wait  on  the  City  Engineer 
to  urge  some  changes  in  the  Plumbing  By- 
law. One  of  the  chief  amendments  asked 
for  will  be  the  location  of  the  fresh  air 
inlets.  It  is  understood  that  many  of  the 
plumbers  have  found  that  this  pipe,  as  it  is 
generally  located,  is  a  nuisance  and  an  eye- 
sore, that  it  should  be  located  not  less  than 
ten  feet  from  a  window  or  any  openmg  in  a 
building,  and  where  houses  or  other  build- 
ings are  so  located  that  this  cannot  be  ac- 
complished, the  pipe  should  be  carried  up 
above  the  roof  of  the  house  on  the  inside. 
It  is  claimed  this  can  be  easily  accomplished 
by  placing  the  pipe  inside  of  a  partition  in 
the  building  or  set  in  a  recess  in  the  wall 
left  in  the  brick  work  for  that  purpose. 

On  the  recommendation  of  the  local  asso- 
ciation of  master  plumbers,  the  board  of 
health  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  has  appointed  an 
assistant  inspector  of  plumbing. 

George  Elzenhofen,  592  Freeman  avenue, 
Cincinnati,  is  a  late  addition  to  the  Cmcin- 
nati  master  plumbers. 

The  Hartford,  Conn.,  master  plumbers 
and  journeymen  have  agreed  on  a  nine-hour 
day  to  remain  in  force  until  next  March. 

Mr.  James  Dwyer,  of  P.  V.  Dwyer  Bros., 
St.  Paul,  passed  through  Chicago  accom- 
panied by  his  wife,  returning  from  their 
wedding  tour. 

Mr.  J.  F.  Wulf,  of  the  Wolf  Manufactur- 


ing Company  returned  to  the  city  this  week 
from  a  most  successful  business  tour  in  the 
northwest.  He  rejjorts  trade  good  in  all  the 
districts  he  traveled  through. 

Among  other  business  visitors  this  week 
was  Mr.  Midgely,  the  V  ell-known  plumber 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  He  enjoys  the  dis- 
tinction of  being  the  contractor,  for  all  work 
in  his  line,  for  the  great  Mormon  temple 
which  has  taken  thirty  years,  up  to  the  pres- 
ent, to  build. 

Mr.  Hamblin  is  working  on  the  contract 
for  jjlumbing  twenty-tour  buildings  at 
Thirty-fifth  street  and  Calumet  avenue  for 
Mr.  Campbell. 

Mr.  John  L.  Martin,  the  courteous  man- 
ager of  the  H.  Huber  Company,  returned 
last  Friday  from  a  prolonged  business  tour, 
having  taken  in  among  other  places,  De- 
troit, Cleveland  and  Toledo.  He  reports 
the  outlook  as  very  encouraging. 

Mr.  Chas.  Doherty,  of  Kansas  City,  is  in 
the  city. 

Mr.  M.  J.  Duffy,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  ac- 
companied by  Mr.  D.  K.  Murphy,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  architects  of  that  pleas- 
ant city;  was  among  the  visitors  during  the 
past  week. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Belden,  resident  agent  for  the 
N.  O.  Nelson  Manufacturing  Company  of 
St.  Louis,  has  an  elegant  new  catalogue, 
whose  six  hundred  pages  testify  the  variety 
as  well  as  fine  quality  of  the  goods  he  han- 
dles. 

Mr.  P.  Sanders  contemplates  moving  his 
business,  in  the  near  future,  to  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  of  his  private  residence  on 
Wabash  avenue  and  Thirteenth  street. 

The  twelve-story  Haysyn  building  on 
Dearborn  street  has  been  furnished  by 
Thos.  Kelly  &  Bros.,  with  fifty-four  of  their 
nickle  and  brass  finished  No.  4  1-2  closets. 

Bowman  Bros.,  have  put  out  of  hand  the 
three  story  and  basement  building  on  the 
corner  of  Robey  and  Raymond  streets,  for 
B.  Mueller,  and  also  finished  store  and  flats 
for  F.  Miller  at  791  West  Chicago  avenue. 

Mr.  A.  M.  Cameron  has  just  completed 
the  furnishing  of  a  store  for  Mr.  George 
Hutchinson  on  Van  Buren  street,  and  the 
remodeling  of  the  plumbing  in  Mr.  O'Briens 
store  on  Madison  street,  and  have  entered 
into  a  contract  for  the  three-srory  flats  at  48 
Bradley  street  with  Mr.  Gorogkowski. 

Mr.  Irons,  Secretary  of  the  Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  has  issued  a  notice  calling 
the  members  to  meet  Friday,  the  28th  inst., 
to  take  action  on  the  Journeymen's  resolu- 
tions to  demand  a  new  scale  of  wages  and  a 
different  classification  of  work. 

Mr.  E.  Bagot  arrived  on  Tuesday  from 
his  Eastern  trip,  but  is  unfortunately  not  at 
all  well  since  his  return.  He  is  completing 
the  alterations  required  in  the  Matteson 
House,  which  the  new  proprietors,  Mr.  Gage 
and  others,  have  resolved  to  make  one  of 
the  most  elegant  hotels  in  the  city.  The 
kitchen  will  be  removed  to  the  basement 
and  a  new  system  of  heating  introdued  as 
well  as  all  the  modern  improvements. 


574 


THE  SAMITARY  NEWS. 


lVol.  XV.  No.  321 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Holyoke,  Mass.:  Plans  are  prepared  for 
a  $20,000  building.  Rev.  C.  H.  Laundry  can 
give  details.  Also  a  brick  building  of  which 
C.  Thiebault  can  give  information.  Jef- 
ferson Co.,  Wash.:  The  court  house  to  be 

built  here  will  cost  $100,000,  LaRue,  O.: 

The  school  building  to  be  erected  will 
cost  §20,000.    J.  W.  Yost  of  Columbus  is  the 

architect.  Pueblo,  Col.:   A  building  to 

cost  §65,000  will  be  erected.    The  architects 

are  Eckel  &  Mann,  St.  Joseph,  Mo.  

Marion,  O.:  E.  Huber  can  give  details  of 

building   to  cost  §30,000.  Millersburg, 

O.:  A  town  hall  will  be  built  to  cost  §10,000; 

address  L  P.  Larimer.  Little  Falls,  Minn.: 

The  court  house  to  be  built  this  summer 
will  cost  §37,000;  C.  A.  Dunham,  of  Burling- 
ton, la.,  is  the  architect.  Rockford,  111.: 

G.  Bradley  &  Son  are  the  architects  of  the 
new  hotel  to  be  built   here  at  a  cost  of 

§40,000.  Tacoma,  Wash.:  The  Northern 

Pacific  will  erect    depots    here   to  cost 

§835,000.  Dorchester,  Mass.:  C.  H.  Mc- 

Clare  is  architect  of  a  dwelling  to  cost 
§5,200.  Glenville,  O.:  The  board  of  edu- 
cation will  build  a  school  house  to  cost 

§18,000.  Cleveland,   O.:    The  board  of 

education  will  build  several  additions  to 
school  houses.  Also,  engine  house  to  cost 
§20,000;  at  Woodland  and  Portland  streets 
a  school  house  to  cost  §30,000,  J.  Snyder 
architect;  at  Prospect  and  Wilson  a  Meth' 
odist  church  to  cost  §60,000;  and  a  power 
house  for  the  Cleveland  City  Cable  Rail 
road  Company,  to  cost  about  §25,000,— 
Chelsea,  Mass.;  An  apartment  building 
will  be  erected  on  Fourth  street  to  cost 

§5,500,  C.  H.  McClare,  architect.  Archer, 

Tex.:  Report  says  a  §40,000  court  house  will 

be  put  up.    Address  county  clerk.  Al 

loona,  Pa.:  A  Catholic  church  will  be  built 

at  a  cost  of  §25,000.  Baltimore,  Md.:  Nine 

three-story  brick  buildings  will  be  erected 
on  Bolton  street,  Richard  White  is  owner 

 Denver,  Col.:  There  will  be  built  on 

Curtis  street  a  two-story  brick  block  to  cost 
§7,000,  ardiitect,  J.  B.  Phillips;  on  Clark 
son  street  a  brick  dwelling  to  cost  §8,000, 
Balcombe  &  Rice,  Architects;  a  residence 
on  Corona  street,  Lang  &  Pugh,  architects 
brick  stores  on  Alameda  and  Broadway  will 
cost  §18,000,  and  a  brick  block  on  S;ven 
teenth  and  Arapahoe  streets  will  cost  840, 

000.  Cambridge,  Mass.:  A  residence  for 

Chas.  F.  Woodman  on  Garfield  street, 
planned  by  C.  H.  McClare,  will  cost  §5,500 

 Binghampton,  N.  Y.:  A  brick  store  and 

apartment  building,  will  cost  §8,000,  archi 

tects,  T.  J.  Lacey  &  Son.  Big  Stone  Gap 

Va.:  The  Improvement  Company  are  about 

building  a  hotel  to  cost  §100,000.  Batav 

N.  Y-:  Dr.  W.  T.  Bolton  can  give  details  of 

a  §7,000  dwelling.  Ballinger,  Tex.:  A 

§10,000  jail  will  be  built;  address  T.  A.  Col- 
lier, county  clerk.  Norfolk,    Va.:  An 

armory  and  market  want  for  bids;  cost 
§50,000;  also  an  almshouse  to  cost  §20,000, 


Geo.  C.  Moser  is  the  architect,  and  he  has 

also  plans  for  a  hotel,  to  cost  §10,000.  

Minneapolis,  Minn.:  Architect  Jones  has 
plans  for  a  yacht  club  house,  to  cost  $10,000. 

-Cincinnati,  O.:  W.  W.  Franklin  has 
made  plans  for  a  brick  residence  to  cost 
Sq,ooo;  a  school  house  will  be  built,  to  cost 
§40,000;  the  clerk  of  the  Education  Board 
can  give  particulars.  Additions  are  to  be 
built  to  the  Conservatory  of  Music,  esti- 
mated to  cost  §30,000.  New  York  City: 

There  will  be  built  a  brick  factory  to  cost 
§50,000,  by  DeLemos  &  Cordes;  a  brick 
warehouse  to  cost  $85,000.  O.  Weiz,  archi- 
tect; M.  V.  B.  Ferdon  has  planned  brick 
flats,  to  cost  §19,000;  C.  Stegmayer  has  two 
brick  fists  to  cost  §60,000;  two  flats  by  A. 
Spence,  will  coct  §36,000;  a  stone  residence 
by  Architect  R.  N.  Anderson,  will  cost 
§50,000;  flats  by  E.  L.  Angell,  will  cost 
§100,000:  E.  Wenz  has  three  stone  and  brick 
flats,  to  cost  §20,000  each;  G.  A.  Schell- 
enger  is  architect  for  flats  to  cost  $125,000; 
I.  C.  Burne  has  a  residence  to  cost  §20,000; 


F.  Stanley  has  two  dwellings  to  cost  each 
$7,000;  Higgs  &  Rooke,  a  dwelling  to  cost 
§15,000;  W.  Grant  has  plans  for  five  brick 
and  stone  tenements,  to  cost  about  §40,000; 

Frank  has  a  brick  residence  to  cost 
$12,000;  H.  J.  Hardenburg  has  planned  a 
brick  flat  to  cost  $20,000;  Schneider  & 
Herter  have  brick  flats  estimated  to  cost  in 
the  aggregate  §90,000;  I.  Kiester  has  a  brick 
flat  to  cost  §16,000.  A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son  have 
planned  Ave  brick  flats  to  cost  §77,000,  and 
two  brick  factories  to  cost  §10,000  each;  A. 
Gareis  has  two  brick  residences  to  cost 
$14,500;  Cleverdon  &  Putzel  have  planned 
seven  brick  dwellings  to  cost  in  all  §70,000; 
I.  H.  Tafthas  six  dwellings  to  cost  §120,000, 
and  Architect  E.  Wenz,  a  brick  flat  to  cost 

§20,000.  Brooklyn:  Architect  S.  Hazzard 

has  a  building  to  cost  §9,000;  W.  W.  Morris 
has  planned  five  briek  dwellings  to  cost  in 
all §40,000;  E.  Dennis  has  eight  dwellings  to 
cost  $50,000;  A.  Hill  &  Son  have  five  brick 

residences  to  cost  §50,000.  Walla  Walla 

Wash.:  W.  W.  Baker  can  give  information 

of  a  bank  building  to  cost  §30,000.  St 

Paul,  Minn.:  C.  A.  Reed  is  the  supervising 
architect  of  the  new  Metropolitan  Opera 
House;  the  building  will  be  104x204  and 
seven  stories  high;  the  city  has  a  permit  for 
an  engine  house  to  cost  $21,000;  Wm 
Baer  will  build  stores  and  dwellings  at  a  cost 
of  §12,000,  and  C.  Plebuck  will  spend  §11, 

000  on  a  brick  building.  Detroit,  Mich 

Hess  &  Roseman  have  plans  for  a  brick 
printing  house  to  cost  §20,000;  Henry  Engle 
bert  has  stores  and  flats  to  cost  §12,000,  and 
the  same  architect,  stores  and  flats  to  cosf 

$10,000.  Grand  Junction,  Col,:  Chas.  H 

Burgraf  has  planned  an  §8,000  store  and 

office  building.  Cincinnati,  O.:  J  J.  Ruse 

kert  has  plans  for  several  buildings  in 
eluding  storage  and  engine  house  for  Nash- 
ville Brewing  Company,  to  cost  §55,000,  and 
other  works  amounting  to  §21,000;  S.  Han- 
naford  &  Son  are  making  plans  for  altera- 
tions to  be  made  for  P'rank  J.  Jones,  to  cost 
§25,000;  Rieg  &  Markey  have  dwellings  to 


cost  §12,000;  Frank  Parnell  has  planned  a 
residence  to  cost  $8,000;  E.  Baude,  a  fac- 
tory to  cost  §8,000,  and  Adam  Bast,  brick 

flats  at  §20,000,  Cleveland,  O.:  G.  F. 

Hammond  has  planned  a  building  for  the 

Bethel    Association    to  cost  $14,000.  

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  An  addition  is  con- 
templated to  the  St.  Demis  hotel  to  cost 
§20,000;  W.  G.  Robinson  has  plans  for  stores 
and  offices  to  cost  §30,000,  and  the  same 
architect  an  addition  to  the  High  school  to 

cost $12,000.  Stamford.  Conn.:    The  St. 

St.  Johns  Episcopal  Church  Society  can 
give  information  of  a  new  church  to  cost 
$150,000.  Rock  Island,  111.:  E.  S.  Ham- 
matt,  Davenport,  la.,  has  the  plans  for  a  Y. 

M.  C.  A.  building  to  cost  "§25,000.  San 

Antonio,  Tex.:  A  storehouse  to  cost  §12,000 

has  been  planned  for  W.  Stumberg.  

Palmer,  Mass.:  An  Odd  Fellows  building,  of 
which  I.  M.  Currier,  of  Springfield,  is  archi- 
tect, will  cost  §15,000.  Oil  City,  Pa.:  E. 

A.  Curtis  has  plans  nearly  complete  for  a 

National  Bank  building.  St.  Louis,  Mo.: 

Grenewald  &  Weld  have  plans  for  a  hotel 
to  cost  §38,000;  B.  W.  Rieve  &  Son,  a  brick 
residence  to  cost  §12,000;  Hansen  &  Weber 
ha^e  a  dwelling  and  store  to  cost  $7,000 


HEATING,  LIGHTING. 

Chicago,  111.:  The   electric  light  system 
hich  has  been  adopted  in  some  of  the 
leading    streets  having    proved  success- 
ful, an  appropriation  is  expected  for  ex- 
tending its  operation.  Omaha,  Neb.:  I'he 

office  of  city  electrician  has  been  established 
by  ordinance.  Bucksport,  Me.:  An  elec- 
tric light  company  has  been  formed;  F.  F. 

Palmer,  general  manager.  Goldsboro,  N. 

C:  Electric  lighting  has  been  contracted 

for.  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  is  putting  in  its 

electric    light  plant.  Macon,  Ga.:  The 

electric  light  towers  have  been  declared  dan- 
gerous and  are  ordered  to  be  pulled  down 
by  May  first.-  Union  City,  Tenn.:  A  fran- 
chise has  been  granted  tor  the  electric  light- 
ing of  the  town.  San  Jose,  Cal.:  A  con- 
tract for  electric  lighting  has  been  entered 
into.  Middleburg.  \'t.,  will  award  its  elec- 
tric light  contract  to  whoever  will  furnish 

most  lights  for  §1,300.  Brackellville,  Tex.: 

An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  put  in.  

Glasgow,  Ky.,  is    figuring  on  an  electric 

light  system.  Cambridge,  Md.:  A  bill  has 

been  introduced  to  enable  the  city  to  con- 
tract for  gas  works.  Dardanelle,  Ark,: 

An  electric  plant  will  be  put  in.  Atlanta, 

Ga.;  An  electric  light  company  has  been 
formed  with  capital  of  §5,500;  W.  C.  Har- 
ris, manager.  Stuttgart,  Ark.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  will  be  established.  Pine- 

villc,  Ky.:  A  company  has  been  formed  with 
capital  of  §25,000  to  light  the  city  by  elec- 
tricity. Dyerburg,   Tenn.:    An  electric 

light  plant  is  projected.  Baltimore,  Md.: 

The  Brush  electric  light  coniprny  of  the 
city  offer  bonds  to  the  extent  of  §200,000. 
Owenton,  Ky.:  The  electric  light  company 
has  been  organized.    E.  Orr  is  secretary 

 Dyersburg,   Ky.:  A  new  electric  light 

plant  is  projected.  Michigan  City,  Md.: 


Mauch  29,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


575 


Peter  English  can  give  details  of  a  new  gas 

company  being  formed.  Creston,  Iowa.: 

 An  electric  light  plant  to  cost  ^^25,000 

will  be  established.  Columbia,  Ala.:  An 

electric  lighting  project  is  on  foot.  Sioux 

Falls,   S.  I).:   The  intended  electric  light 

plant  will  costS5o,ooo.  Worcester,  Mass.; 

A  new  lighting  franchise  will  soon  be  in  the 

market.  Rome,   Ga.:    A   company  for 

lighting  the  streets  has  been  formed.  

Columbia,  S.  C:  Improvements  and  exten- 
sion of  the  lighting  area  are  to  be  made.  


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Lancaster,  O.:  A  sewerage  system  to  cost 

$30,000  will  be  commenced  this  season.  

Detroit,  Mich.:  An  appropriation  of  $85,000 
is  required  for  sewerage  purposes.  Al- 
bion, N.  Y.:  Estimates  are  being  made  for 

sewerage  improvements.  Akron,  O.:  The 

largest  sewer  pipe  factory  in  the  world  is  to 

be  erected.  Ogden,  Utah,  will  soon  go  to 

work  to  build  a  fine  system  of  sewers.  • 

Columbus,  Ga.:  A  complete  sanitary  system 
will  be  adopted;  estimates  are  being  made 
C.  G.  Barney  is  Superintendent  of  Public 
Works.  Waukesha,  Wis.:  Bonds  amount- 
ing to  $30,000  have  been  placed  in  ihe  mar- 
ket  for   the   construction   of  sewers.  

Indianapolis,  Ind.:   Sewers  to  cost  $33,000 

are  under  consideration.  Crawfordsville, 

Ind.,  recognizes  the  want  of  efficient  sewer- 
age facilities.  Pittsfield,  Mass.:  An  ap- 
propriation has  been  made  for  the  survey  of 
existing  sewerage,  and  making  additionaj 
ones.  Caro,  Mich.:  There  is  a  strong  sen- 
timent in  favor  of  constructing  a  sewerage 
system.  Fort  Payne,  Ala.:  Sewers  cost- 
ing $35,000  are  to  be  built.  Elmira,  N- 

Y.:  A.  P.  Bovier,  city  engineer,  will  give  in- 
formation about  the  carrying  out  of  new 
work  for  which  plans  are  made  and  bonds 

to  the  amount  of  $96,000  issued.  Buffalo, 

N.  Y.:  Additional  sewers  are  to  be  built;  the 

city  clerk  can  give  details.  Columbus, O.: 

Additional  sewers  are  to  be  constructed.  

New  Haven,  Conn.:  City  Engineer  Hill  will 
give  information  regarding  the  new  sewers 

to  be  built.  Lowell,  Mass.:  Many  sewers 

will  be  built;  apply  to  chairman  Sewer  Com- 
mittee. Danbury,  Conn.:  An  outfall  sew- 
er is  to  be  made;  address  Chairman  Walsh, 

sewer  committee.  Lawrence,  Kas.:  The 

citizens  will  vote  April  ist  on  the  question  of 

town  sewerage.  Jacksonville,  Fla.:  Sewer 

and  flush  tanks  are  to  be  built.  Marion, 

O.,    will  expend  $50,000  in  sewerage.  

Gardner,  Mass.:  The  citizens  will  vote  on 
the  sewerage  question  in  April.  Man- 
chester, Ct.:  W.  H.  Childs,  William  Foulds, 
and  I.  N.  Blinn  have  been  appointed  a  com- 
mittee by  the  Manchester  Business  Men's 
Association  to  devise  a  system  of  sewers  for 
the  north  end  of  the  town,  and  some  means 

for  introducing  the  same.  Torrington,Ct.: 

The  Torrington  borough  board  has  voted  to 
advertise  for  bids  for  building  a  sewer  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Naugatuck  river,  to  be 
14,446  feet  long,  with  fifty-two  manholes. 


Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News, 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Los  Angelos,  Gal.:  E.  L.  Stearn  has  the 
franchise  for  waterworks.  Work  will  com- 
mence atonce.  Atkinson, Neb.:  A  new  sys- 
tem is  to  be  constructed. —  Martinsville,  Ind.: 
The  citizens  contemplate  the  construction 

of  waterworks.  St  Joseph,  Mich.:  The 

lake  will  be  used  as  the  source  of  supply 

for  the   intended    waterworks.  Seneca, 

Kas.:  A  new  supply  of  water  is  called  for. 

 Hepner,  Ore.:  It  is  reported  that  new 

waterworks  is  decided  upon.  Prospect, 

N.  Y.:  The  new  corporation  will  promote  a 

more  extended  supply  of  water.  Beaver 

Falls,  Pa.:  The  Beaver  Valley  Water  Power 
company  will  commence  a  new  reservoir  at 
once.  They  propose  to  supply  all  the  val- 
ley towns  with  potable  water.  Barnes- 

ville.  O.:  The  citizens  are  talking  of  con- 
structing new  waterworks  soon.  Tilford, 

S.  D.:  A  complete  system  of  waterworks  will 
be  built  in  the  spring. — — Fort  Valley,  Ga.: 
Jennings  and  Bamberg,  of  Bamburg,  S.  C, 
have   contracted  to  supply  the  town  with 

water.  Carterville,  Mo.:  A  new  supply 

system  is  to  be  put  in.  Albany,  Ga.:  The 

January  election  has  been  declared  void, 
and  the  city  will  have  to  vote  again  to  issue 

bonds  for  waterworks.  Geneseo,  N.  Y.: 

Work  has  already  begun  with  new  water- 
works. Dallas,  Tex.:   The    new  water 

tower  is  to  be  built  sixty  feet  higher.  At- 
lanta, Ga.;  The  election  to  vote  on  bonds  for 

waterworks  has  been    postponed.  Wy- 

more,  Neb.:  The  $30,000  worth  of  bonds  for 
waterworks  have  been  sold  to  Spitzer  &  Co., 
of  Toledo,  O.  Union  City,  Tenn.:  A  fran- 
chise for  waterworks  has  been  granted  to 
Henry  Hungerford,  of  New  York,  to  form  a 

company  to  supply  the  town  with  water.  

Cape  Elizabeth,  Me.:  The  chances  are  the 
people  will  see  the  necessity  of  a  full  water 

supply.  Lake  Linden,  Mich.:  Works  to 

supply  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  will  shortly 

commence.  Mansfield,  O.:  A  petition  has 

been  forwarded  to  the  legislature  asking 
permission  to  issue  $50,000  bonds  for  the  ex- 
tension of  the  water  supply.  Henderson, 

N.  C:  A  complete  new  system  of  water- 
works will  be  commenced  under  contract 

lately  made.  Franklin,  Va.:   An  artesian 

well  is  to  be  sunk.  Lotte,  Tex.:  The  San 

Antonio  &  Arkansas  Pass  R.  R.  will  sink  an 

artesian   well.  Inland   City,    Mich.,  has 

voted  in  favor  of  waterworks.  Zearing, 

la.:  A  new  system  of  waterworks  is  to  be 
constructed.  Newton,  N.  J.:  A  new  sys- 
tem of  waterworks  will  be  put  in  this  sum- 
mer. Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.:  New  water- 
works are  to  be  constructed.  Address,  John 

Walker,  chief  of  the  fire  department.  

Booneton,  N.  J,:  There  is  strong  talk  of  put- 
ting in  new  supply  works;  address,  E.  G. 

Myers,  Mayor.  Monroe  City,  Mo.:  George 

W.  Tompkins,  city  clerk,  can  give  informa- 
tion of  proposed  works.  Lancaster,  N. 

H.:  A  gravity  system  of  waterworks  is  to  be 
adopted;  address,  T.  Kent,  chief  of  fire  de- 
partment. Salida,    Mo.:There    is  some 

talk  of  constructing  waterworks  this  sum- 
mer; address  city   marshall,  Stuttgart, 


Ark.,  will  establish  waterworks.  Welston, 

O.,  will  vote  April  1st  on  the  question  of 
issuing  $50,000  waterworks  bonds.  Stam- 
ford, Ky.:  A  vote  will  be  taken  April  5th  to 
issue  $20,000  bonds  for  waterworks;  address 
Mayor.  Mattapoiset,  Mass.:  A  new  res- 
ervoir is  to  be  built;  address,  Noah  Ham- 
mond. Oakland,  Md.,  will  issue  $10,000 

waterworks  bonds.  Brunswick,  Mo.:  L. 

Benecke  can  give  information  respecting 

new  waterworks.  Greenville,  S.  C:  The 

city  council  has  advertised  for  contracts  for 

waterworks;   E.  F.  S.  Rowley  is  mayor.  ■ 

Roanoake,  Va.:  A  bill  has  passed  the  sen- 
ate to  incorporate  a  waterworks  company. 

 Highland  Falls,  N.  Y..  Waterworks  are 

to  be  built;  address,  Joseph  F.  Stevens,  Fire 

department.  South    Amboy,    N.  J.:  A 

water  supply  is  projected;  address  Mayor 

F.  E.  Degraw.  Brackettville.  Tex,,  will 

have  waterworks  established  by  the  Haines, 
Brackett,  Fort  Clark,  &  Rio  Grande  R.  R. 
 Union  Bridge,  Md..  The  water  compa- 
ny has  petitioned  for  leave  to  issue  $1 5,000  in 

bonds.  Shelby,  Ala.:  It  is  reported  that 

new  waterworks  are  to  be  constructed.  

Fort  Payne.  Ala.:  Waterworks  are  to  be 

commenced   soon.  Bridgeport,  O.:  The 

people  are  deliberating  whether  to  take 
water  at  cost  from  Martins  Ferry 
waterworks,  or  put  in  a  supply  system  of 

their  own  to  cost  $100,000.  Wilkesbarre, 

Pa.:  A  committee  to  improve  the  water  sup- 
ply has  been  formed.  E.  C.  Paine  can  give 

details,  Trenton,  Tenn.:  The  Mayor  will 

receive  bids  for  plans  and  specifications  and 
construction  of  waterworks.  San  Bernar- 
dino, Cal.:  The  city  engineer  has  plans  pre- 
pared for  new  waterworks. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Bids  for  two  pumping  engines  each  of 
20,000,000  gallons   daily   capacity  will  be 
asked  for  by  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Public 

Works.  Bids  are  wanted  for  a  five  years 

lease  of  the  waterworks,  Belton,  Tex.,  up  to 
June  15.    The  present  contract  expires  July 

13.  Bids  for  constructing  a  pile  and  stone 

dyke  at  Kinkora  Bay  are  open  until  April 
17.  Address  Mayor  C.  W.  Raymond,  U.  S. 
A.,  1428  Arch  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.— — 
Bids  for  electric  lighting  will  be  received  at 
Ashville,  N.  C,  by  Chas.  D.  Blanton,  mayor, 
until  May  ist.  The  city  of  Luling,  Cald- 
well county.  Texas,  will  receive  bids  for  the 
construction  of  a  waterworks  system.  Pro- 
posals will  be  received  up  to  Monday.  April 

14,  1890.  Apply  to  F.  C.  Cross,  city  secre- 
tary. Bids  will  be  received  to  the  fifteenth 

of  April  for  the  construction  of  a  market  at 

Norfolk,  \'a.;  address,  C.  C.  Vaughn,  Jr.  

Bids  will  be  opened  May  5th  for  a  new  jail 
at  Decatur,  Ga.    Address.  T.  J.  Hightower. 

 C,  D.  Blanton,  mayor  of  Ashville,  N.  C. 

will  receive  bids  to  May  ist,  for  electric 

light  plant.  Proposals  addressed  to  the 

town  clerk  of  Coffeeville,  Miss.,  for  the 
building  of  a  court  house  will  be  received 

until  April  7th.  Proposals  are  wanted  at 

Madison,  N.  J.,  for  lighting  the  town.  Ad- 
dress, S.  H.  Reed,  Proposals  are  wanted 


576 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  321 


W:.  C.  :iZOSBURGH  7VYF=G  CO.  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COM  BI  NATION 

(Ga8  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITTINGS 


All  of  oiir  owD  superior 'make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 

 o  

Ordeks  Carefully  Filled 


NATURE'S  REMEDIES 


Globe    Compoiindling  Co*, 

413    MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  (ironp  of  Remedies  extant.   Componnded  of  roots  and  lierbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Homedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect . 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  CATARun  Kemf.dv  is  a  scvereign  core.  Over  l.'iO  persons  have  been  t'ented  at  our  office  during 
the  past  montli,  the  m;ijority  of  whom  feel  alre.ady  cured,  and  W  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  TuK  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  bh)od  purifier.  The  LiVEii  Ukn- 
OVATOK  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  llie  bowels  and  system.  TuE  IjUNO  Elixiu  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  lliroat  .-iffections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  a  plica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache, Ear-ache,  Hruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  ("omi)auy  was  organized  by  some  of  ti  e  best  business  men  of  8t  Paul  an.l  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  tliat  is  claimed  for  tliem.  The  most  danoebous  disease  of  the  pres-nt  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  tliougli  von  mav  have  tried  manv  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 

NEVER   BREAK  WROUGHT  STEEL 

Combined  Pipe  Hooks, 
Expansion  Plates, 

And  Ring  Plates, 
THE  BRONSON  SUPPLY  CO. 

Cleveland  and  New  York, 

S()I,E  MANnFACTUUEne. 

HALL  &,  NEAR,  Agents, 
FOR  SALE   BY  ALL   SUPPLY   HOUSES.  Ne»  York  Office :  61  Cli«  Stree 


7 


'NEVER 


Dowd's  Health  Exerciser. 

For  Hr.iin-WorkcrK  and  Sedentary 
l'eoi)le;fientl('inen.  Ladies, Youths; 
the  Athlete  or  luvalid.  A  com- 
plete gymnasium.  Takes  up  but 
li  in.  s(inare  fli  or-room;  new, 
scientific, durable,  comprehensive, 
cheap.  Indorsed  by  20.(XX)  pliy- 
sicians.  lawyers,  clergy  men, editors 
and  others  now  using  it.  Send 
for  illustrated  circnlir,  40  engravings;  no  charge. 
Prof.  D.  L.  Dowd,  Scientific,  Physical  Vocal  and  ' 
Culture.  9  East  Uth'Btreet,  New  York, 


Fl  R  E^anf  J  G  K 

/4S  ADAMS 
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i 


at  Albany,  N.  Y.  until  April  7  for  paving 
certain  streets.    Address,  Thomas  J.  Lana- 

han,  clerk  Board  of  Contract.  Proposals 

are  wanted  until  April  8  for  lighting  certain 
streets  at  Princeton,  N.  J.    Address,  G.  W. 

Briner,  Borough  Clerk.  Sheffield,  Ala.; 

Bids  are  wanted  for  a  first  class  waterworks 
system.    Address  C.  J.  Voorhees,  chairman 

Waterworks    Committee.  Pleasant  ville, 

N.  J.:  The  Pleasant  ville  Land  company 
want  proposals  for  an  electric  railway  from 
the  above  city  to  Atlantic  city.  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.:  Dell  and  Joseph  Noblitt,  1222 
Chestnut  street,  want  estimates  for  passen- 
ger elevators  with  electric  motor  for  power. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  Charles  C.  Wood,  Clerk 
of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Ohio  county 
will  receive  till  April  9,  competition  drawings 
for  a  new  jail  building. 

AN  ALL-YEAR-ROUND  RESORT. 

Spring  is  upon  us,  and,  as  usual  after  the 
close  confinement  of  winter  the  weary  brain 
worker  begins  to  feel  the  need  of  a  tonic. 
Take  our  advice:  "Throw  physic  to  the 
dogs"  and  take  a  trip  to  Hot  Springs,  Ark. 
The  Wabash  Railroad  is  the  direct  line  to 
this  fatuous  health  and  pleasure  resort  of 
the  West.  Only  one  change  of  cars  which 
occurs  in  Union  Depot,  St.  Louis.  Elegant 
compartment  sleepers  and  free  chair  cars  to 
that  point.  Berths  reserved  in  advance 
from  Chicago  to  Hot  Springs.  Write  for 
rates  and  descriptive  pamphlets.  Ticket 
Office,  109  Clark  street,  Chicago. 

SEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  UP 
to  7  p.  m.,  Friday.  April  IS,  luiW.  forboring  and 
drilling  an  artesian  well  at  El  Paso.  'Tex.  For  speci- 
fications and  other  information  address 

GEO.  E.  BOVEE,  City  Clerk. 


A  New  Method  of  Treatins^  Disease 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  wfiich,  as  statistics  prove, 
»io>r  s/cwiat/is  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can 
ada,  sole  proprietors. 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 

James  Otis.  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwl8,48x+4,  cor 

Ada  st  and  Indiana  av   $'.>,000 

('.  Sii'hanl.  a  4-sty  and  bst  brk  sfr  and  fits, 

22xt57.  at :«()«  Cottage  (irove  nv.  a,  P.  Hale  il.Ot'O 

Jiu».  W.  ]).  Kellv,:i.8t)  and  bst  brk  dwl.  21x47, 

,S2;12  Lake  I'ark  av.  P.W.Perkins   .I.OOO 

F.  E.  Rjmier.  2-sty  and  bst  brk,  24x42,  S«7  Tur- 
ner st   5,000 

Chris  Anderson.  .S  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  23xHy, 

ailT)  Shiehls  av.  a.  J.  Camphouse   !i,000 

('.  O.  Cordon,  2  2-str  and  eel  dwls,  4710  \mx\^- 

lev  av   10,000 

Mr,  Hen neberry,  2-sty  and  bst  fltB,  22x!>2,  at 

2.')4  Ixiomis  st   4,000 

Gotlieb  Ileffner,  3  S-sty  and  eel  strand  fits,  47 

x59,  at  we  Polk  st-  a,  Ruelh  A  Bommelich  8,000 


April  5,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


577 


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CHICAGO,  APRIL  5,  \\ 


Contents  This  Week. 

Current  Topics  577 
The  Disposal  of  Sewage  of  Isolated  Country 

Houses  578 

Movement  of  Liquids  Under  Pressure      -      -  579 
Some  Interesting  Statistics        -      -      -      -  580 
A  New  Method  of  Determining  Whether  Cess- 
pools, Stables,  etc..  Drain  into  Neighbor- 
ing Wells   -      -  ,580 


BniLDING— 

Architects  and  Builders 
Zinc  Ceilings 
One  Southern  Need 
Notes  from  Architects  • 

Pldmbino — 


581 
581 
581 
581 


J.  W.  Hazkn,  Building  Inspector,  of 
Minneapolis,  has  taken  steps  to  secure  a 
Builder  Inspectors'  Convention  some  time 
in  the  near  future.  Great  good  could  he  ac- 
complished by  such  a  meeting.  The  laws 
governing  this  matter  in  different  cities  are 
not  perfect  or  uniform,  and  a  proper  dis- 
cussion of  the  matter  by  practical  men 
would  undoubtedly  result  in  bettering  the 
status  of  building  inspection.  The  move- 
ment should  be  encouraged,  and  we  hope 
the  efforts  of  Mr.  Hazen  will  prove  suc- 
cessful. 


CoN.siDKKAKLE  discussion  is  engaged  in 
by  the  press  regarding  what  should  be 
taught  ])upils  at  the  trade  schools.  The 
principal  thing  to  be  taught  is  how  to  do 
properly  the  work  the  several  trades  de- 
mand. Too  much  knowledge  cannot  be 
given,  but  there  must  of  necessity  be  a  limit. 
That  course  should  be  accepted  which  will 
give  an  intelligent  understanding  of  the 
essentials  of  the  trade,  and  that  will  be 
available  in  practical  work. 


There  is  no  doubt  that  the  science  of 
sanitation,  as  applied  to  the  different  features 
of  building,  is  so  far  advanced  that  those 
professionally  interested  are  possessed  of 
sufficient  knowledge  to  render  building 
secure  from  unhealthfulness.  The  question 
now  is  how  shall  the  public  be  educated  up 
to  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  this  know- 
ledge so  that  they  may  understand  the 
importance  and  value  of  its  great  offices? 
There  arc  many  people  unable  to  appreciate 
sanitation  in  their  homes  simply  because 
they  have  not  been  made  acquainted  with  it. 
All  ventilation  or  no  ventilation,  and  all 
drainage  or  no  drainage  is  the  same  to  them, 
and  they  sit  in  rooms  filled  with  foul  air  or 
sewer  gas  with  indifference.  They  have 
not  been  taught  otherwise,  and  need  from 
some  source  the  knowledge  that  will  teach 
them  the  value  of  healthful  homes. 


How  Not  to  Do  It   582 

Valves  to  Fresh-Air  Inlets     -      -      -      -  583 

Journeyman  Strikers     -----  583 

Among  the  Plumbers     .....  581 

CONTBACTTNQ  NeWS— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  .      .  584 

Heating  and  Lighting    -      -      .      .      .  585 

Sewerage  Notes  586 

Water-Works  Notes   586 

Bids  and  Contracts        ...      -      -  586 


PLUMBERS  AND  HEALTH  DEPART- 
MENTS. 

Occasionally  is  seen  in  some  paper  a 
presentation  of  thanks  to  health  departments 
for  rules  governing  plumbing  work.  These 
rules  are  quite  enough  to  be  very  thankful 
for,  but  to  whom  are  these  thanks  due?  No 
doubt  there  are  many  who  do  not  consider 
any  force  beyond  health  departments,  and 
stop  there  with  their  praise.  But  that  is  not 
going  to  the  beginning.  It  is  a  truth  that 
should  not  be  overlooked  that  the  present 
status  of  plumbers  and  health  boards  re- 
garding plumbing  would  not  occupy  the 
advanced  position  it  now  does  had  it  not 
been  for  the  plumbers.  We  are  not  disposed 
to  disclaim  any  credit  that  belongs  to  health 
departments,  but  in  justice  to  plumbers  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  have 
united  in  an  association  to  advance  the  sani- 
tary interests  of  their  trade  in  relation  to  the 
public  health,  and  to  their  efforts  and  influ 
ence  are  largely  due  the  thanks  for  the  rules 
and  regulations  under  which  they  labor.  The 
recognition  of  the  importance  of  plumbing 


both  by  the  public  and  health  authorities  has 
been  brought  about  by  the  highly  commend- 
able and  successful  efforts  of  the  plumbers' 
associations.  There  is  no  credit  taken  from 
health  boards  in  giving  the  plumbers  their 
dues  in  this  regard,  for  it  was  their  special 
business,  and  the  health  officials  were  quick 
to  recognize  the  importance  of  the  aims  of 
the  plumbers,  and  lend  their  influence  and 
office  to  the  establishment  of  rules  that 
would  secure  uniformly  good  service. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  Master 
Plumbers*  National  Association,  the  advance- 
ment of  the  plumbing  fraternity  in  the 
higher  grade  and  efficiency  of  work,  has 
been  marked.  We  doubt  if  the  plumbers 
themselves  foresaw  the  rapid  progress  that 
would  be  made  in  the  attainment  of  a  higher 
class  of  work  and  the  better  qualifications  of 
workmen.  It  can  be  truly  said  that  they 
builded  better  than  they  knew.  They  have 
discharged  an  obligation  to  the  public,  the 
existence  of  which  the  public  was  not  fully 
aware,  and  have  recognized  it  only  through 
the  efforts  of  the  association.  For  this  the 
plumbeis  should  receive  the  full  credit. 
There  is  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  a  cer- 
tain portion  of  the  press  to  belittle  the  efforts 
of  the  plumber.  It  has  become  a  custom, 
and  the  alleged  funny  man  has  the  plumber 
down  on  his  memorandum  along  with  the 
mother-in-law  and  the  spring  bonnet.  The 
alleged  funny  man  has  not  kept  pace  with 
his  day  and  has  not  awakened  to  the  fact 
that  the  plumber  is  to-day  recognized  by 
our  boards  of  health  as  among  the  most 
important  of  the  sanitary  agencies  we  have. 
He  stands  more  directly  between  the  people 
and  disease  than  any  other  person.  The 
mother-in-law  and  the  spring  bonnet  can 
stand  alongside  in  the  racked  brain  of  the 
paragrapher,  but  the  plumbers'  bills  will  be 
placed  side  by  side  with  the  doctors. 

There  is  a  business  side  to  the  plumbing 
trade  as  well  as  to  all  other  vocations.  The 
plumber  is  a  man  of  business,  and  like  all 
others  pursues  his  trade  in  the  attainment  of 
the  necessities  and  comforts  of  life;  and  for 
this  to  him  should  be  the  greater  credit  of 
conforming  his  work  to  the  highest  protec- 
tion of  the  public  health.  He  works  in 
harmony  with  the  health  boards,  and  where 
a  few  years  ago  he  was  not  recognized  by 
health  officers,  he  has  now  become  a  part  of 
health  departments,  and  a  very  important 
part.  This  city,  as  well  as  others,  is  a  grati- 
fying illustration  of  the  benefits  resulting 
from  the  plumbing  inspection  department  as 
a  part  of  the  public  health  service.  The 
work  done  in  this  city  by  this  department  is 
not  only  enormous,  but  prompt  and  efficient^ 
We  do  not  believe  any  other  city  can  show 
such  a  record,  yet  all  evidence  the  fact  that 
this  service  is  of  great  importance  and  value 
to  the  public.  The  rules  governing  this 
departinent  and  regulating  plumbing  work 
should  go  farther.  It  is  clearly  reasonable  and 
sensible  that  every  inspector  of  plumbing 
work  should  himself  be  a  practical  plumber, 
and  the  salary  provided  should  be  sufficient 
to  procure  the  services  of  highly  efficient 


578 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  322 


men.  Money  could  not  be  more  profitably 
expended  than  in  securing  to  a  community 
the  highest  degree  of  health,  thus  multiply- 
ing and  strengthening  the  productive  forcesi 
the  return  from  which  will  greatly  over- 
balance the  outlay.  Recognizing  this,  many 
of  the  County  Councils  in  England  have 
demanded  the  appointment  of  plumbers  for 
plumbing  inspectors,  and  public  sentiment 
in  this  country  is  fast  approaching  similar 
demands.  To  say  that  all  this  has  been  the 
result  of  the  efforts  of  the  plumbers  is  but  a 
just  recognition  of  important  and  worthy 
services. 


THE  DISPOSAL  OF  SEWAGE  OF 
ISOLATED  COUNTRY  HOUSEb.* 
In  all  methods  of  application  of  sewage  to 
land,  it  is  advisable  to  intercept,  at  least, 
the  coarser  suspended  organic  matters  con- 
tained in  sewage,  which  should  be  dealt  with 
separately.  The  irrigation  field  must  in  all 
cases  be  properly  and  thoroughly  under- 
drained.  The  preparation  of  the  surface  of 
the  land  should  be  simple  and  inexpensive, 
and  must  depend  somewhat  on  the  general 
topography  of  the  field,  as  well  as  upon  the 
kind  of  vegetation  which  it  is  intended  to 
raise  from  sewage.  It  is  important  that  the 
sewage  be  distributed  evenly  and  in  as  fresh 
condition  as  possible.  Much  the  best  plan 
to  secure  an  intermittent  discharge  and  to 
avoid  an  irregular  and  trickling  flow,  is  to 
collect  the  sewage  from  the  house  in  a  self- 
acting  flush-tank.  Wherever  possible  the 
sewage  should  be  conveyed  to  the  latter  by 
gravitation,  and  the  location  of  the  irrigation 
field  should  be  selected  accordingly.  Occa- 
sionally, however,  pumping  becomes  a 
necessity,  and  this  may  be  accomplished 
either  by  a  steam  pump,  a  gas  or  hot-air  en- 
gine, or  a  windmill. 

I  shall,  hereafter,  dwell  more  at  length 
upon  the  sub  surface  irrigation  system,  and 
shall  explain  some  of  its  details,  because  I 
regard  it  as  the  best  available  system  for  the 
disposal  of  liquid  and  semi-liquid  wastes  of 
isolated  country  houses.  Before  doing  so,  it 
may  be  well  to  sum  up  what  I  have  said 
about  the  methods  available  for  disposing  of 
sewage  of  isolated  country  houses. 

Such  houses  as  are  not  in  reach  of  sewers 
can  dispose  of  their  liquid  sewage  in  some 
cases  by  a  direct  discharge  into  a  stream 
(taking  this  word  in  its  widest  significance) 
or  into  the  sea.  As  a  rule,  however,  it  is 
absolutely  necessary,  and  vastly  better  to 
adopt  some  system  of  purification  on  the 
premises.  Of  systems  of  sewage  purifica- 
tion, application  to  the  soil  is  preferable  to 
mechanical  filtration,  or  to  chemical  precip- 
itation. The  latter  methods  should  only  be 
resorted  to  where  no  land  suitable  for  dis- 
posal is  obtainable.  Of  the  methods  of  ap- 
plying sewage  to  land  broad  irrigation  is 
least  favorable,  as  it  req^uires  a  large  area  of 
land,  and  in  cases  where  the  field  is  located 
close  to  the  house,  it  becomes  objectionable. 
Intermittent  downward  filtration,  while  re- 

*  Uy  Wm.  Paul  Gerliard,  O.  E.,  Consulting  Engi- 
.  neer  for  ennitary  works. 


quiring  a  much  smaller  surface,  is  yet  open 
to  the  second  objection  made  to  surface 
irrigation.  Far  preferable,  for  single  houses 
and  isolated  institutions,  is  the  sub-surface 
irrigation  system.  Leaching  cess-pools  are 
absolutely  inadmissible,  and  the  same  is 
true  of  tight  cess-pools  with  overflows  into  a 
ditch  or  water  course.  In  a  few  cases  it 
may  be  necessary  to  adopt  a  perfectly  tight 
cess-pool  without  overflow,  and  to  pump  the 
liquid  out  at  frequent  intervals,  distributing 
it  on  the  land.  This  alternative  should  be 
resorted  to  only  where  all  other  methods 
prove  objectionable  or  impracticable. 

In  the  following  I  shall  dwell  more  at 
length  upon  the  disposal  of  sewage  by  sub- 
surface irrigation,  for,  in  my  judgment,  this 
is  the  most  available  system  for  the  disposal 
or  liquid  and  semi-liquid  waste  of  isolated 
country  houses.  The  system  has  long  ago 
attracted  public  attention,  and  has,  in  recent 
years,  been  taken  up  by  the  foremost  sani- 
tary engineers,  for  more  than  any  other 
method,  it  promises  the  entirely  successful 
solution  of  the  problem  of  sewage  disposal 
for  isolated  houses.  It  certainly  recom- 
mends itself,  owing  to  the  peculiar  facilities 
for  disposing  of  sewage  withoitt  creating  an 
offense  to  sight  or  smell,  for  it  is  only  too  well 
known  that  open  or  surface  irrigation  be- 
comes, in  many  cases,  exceedingly  objec- 
tionable in  close  contiguity  to  mansions  or 
dwellings. 

The  origin  of  the  sub-surface  irrigation 
system  is  usually  attributed  to  the  Rev. 
Henry  Moule,  Vicar  of  Fordington,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  earth-closet.  He  looked  upon 
it  as  the  best  solution  of  the  slop-water  dis- 
posal question  for  cottages  which  adopted 
the  earth-closet  system.  But  according  to 
Mr.  Edwin  Chadwick,  sub-surface  irrigation 
had  previously  been  tried  independently 
and  systematically  on  a  large  ^cale  by  M. 
Charpentier,  a  French  vine-grower,  near 
Bordeaux.  Mr.  Chadwick  states  that  the 
results  which  the  latter  obtained  with  vines 
and  fruits,  as  well  as  with  market-garden 
produce,  were  most  satisfactory.  The  sys- 
tem would  probably  never  have  grown  to 
its  present  popularity  had  it  "not  been  for 
Mr.  Rogers  Field,  Mem.  Inst.  C.  E.,  who, 
recognizing  the  desirability  of  intermittent 
action,  invented  his  automatic  flush-tank, 
which  he  applied  successfully  to  the  dis- 
posal of  liquid  household  wastes.  His  first 
experiments  were  made  at  some  laborers' 
cottages,  belonging  to  his  own  estate  at 
Sheffield,  in  Essex.  Since  then  the  system 
has  been  adapted  to  all  possible  conditions, 
and  has  given  such  satisfaction  that  it  is 
now  considered  admirably  suited  to  isolated 
houses  not  in  reach  of  a  sewer,  but  having 
sufficient  porous  or  well-drained  ground 
about  them,  with  favorable  lay  of  the  land. 
Col.  Geo.  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  was  the  first  to  try 
the  system  in  this  country,  about  fifteen 
years  ago.  Finding  that  it  worked  satisfac- 
torily in  the  case  of  his  own  residence  in 
Newport,  R.  I.,  then  not  in  reach  of  a  sewer, 
he  adopted  it  afterward  with  success  for  the 
disposal  of  sewage  of  cottages  and  suburban 


residences,  and  on  a  larger  scale  for  the 
purification  of  sewage  at  the  women's  re- 
formatory prison  at  Sherburne,  Mass.,  the 
Keystone  Hotel,  at  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa.,  and  at 
Lennox,  Mass.,  for  the  sewage  of  the  whole 
village.  Since  a  number  of  years  the  sys- 
tem has  been  extensively  applied  by  many 
sanitary  and  landscape  engineers,  and  by  a 
few  progressive  architects,  for  the  disposal 
of  sewage  of  isolated  country  houses  or  in- 
stitutions not  within  reach  of  sewers,  but 
liberally  supplied  with  water  and  plumbing 
appliances. 

The  system  is  based  upon  the  well-known 
fact  that  the  aerated  layers  of  soil  next  to 
the  surface,  the  sub-surface  as  it  were,  pos- 
sess in  a  high  degree  the  power  of  destroy- 
ing organic  substances  buried  in  them,  by 
nitrification  and  oxidation,  aided  during  a 
part  of  the  year  by  vegetation,  and  assisted 
at  all  times  by  minute  organisms  or  bac- 
teria. The  latter  play  an  important  part  in 
the  round  of  changes  in  Nature.  "They  are," 
says  Tyndall,  "by  no  means  purely  useless 
or  purely  mischievous  in  the  economy  of 
nature.  They  are  only  noxious  when  out  of 
their  proper  place.  They  exercise  a  useful 
and  valuable  function  as  the  burners  and 
consumers  of  dead  matter,  animal  and  veg- 
etable, reducing  such  matter  with  a  rapidity 
otherwise  unattainable  to  innocent  carbonic 
acid  and  water.  Furthermore,  they  are  not 
all  alike,  and  it  is  only  restricted  classes  of 
them  that  are  really  dangerous  to  man.  Air, 
or  rather  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  which  is 
absolutely  necessary  to  the  support  of  the 
bacteria  of  putrefaction,  is,  according  to 
Pasteur,  absolutely  deadly  to  the  vibrios 
which  provoke  butyric  acid  fermentation." 

I  lay  particular  stress  upon  the  importance 
of  distributing  the  sewage  close  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil,  at  a  depth  not  exceeding 
ten  or  twelve  inches.  Aeration  is  a  conditio 
sine  qua  non  of  the  whole  system.  At  greater 
depths  oxidation  and  purification  become 
very  much  slower,  until  they  finally  cease 
altogether.  The  sub-soil  is  not  able  to  effect 
a  complete  purification  of  sewage,  as  the  ox- 
idizing influence  of  the  atmosphere  does 
not  so  freely  reach  it.  It  is  the  layer  of 
earth  next  to  the  surface,  the  sub-surface, 
which  acts  on  the  sewage.  Hence  the  name 
of  the  system  is  derived,  and  it  is  an  error, 
committed,  quite  frequently,  and  to  which  I 
have  more  than  once  called  attention,  to  call 
the  system  "sub-soil"  irrigation. 

We  see  then,  that  only  where  sewage  is 
distributed  close  to  the  surface,  where  suffi- 
cient oxygen  attaches  to  the  particles  of  the 
soil,  are  the  organic  matters  in  it  taken  up 
as  nourishment  by  the  roots  of  i)lants,  and 
reduced  or  destroyed  by  the  bacteria  in  the 
soil.  The  liquid  sewage,  freed  of  its  coarser 
impurities,  soaks  away  into  the  porous 
ground,  and  thus  becomes  still  more  clari- 
fied by  filtration,  so  that  when  removed  by 
deep  under-drains,  it  is  generally  found  to 
be  quite  clear,  colorless,  free  of  taste  or 
smell.  By  arranging  an  intermittent  dis 
charge,  the  upper  layers  of  the  soil  arc  en. 
abled  to  take  up  oxygen  during  intervals 


April  5,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


579 


between  discharges,  and  to  prepare  for  the 
next  vohime  of  sewage,  while  the  ground  is 
prevented  from  becoming  saturated,  wet 
and  swampy. 

There  is  a  radical  difference  between  such 
a  system  and  a  loose  or  leaching  cesspool. 
With  the  latter  the  area  of  soil  used  for 
purification  is  quite  small  as  compared  with 
the  former,  where  the  surface  can  be  chosen 
in  i)roportion  to  the  amount  of  sewage  to  be 
disposed  of,  which  is  not  a  feasible  thing  to 
do  with  a  cesspool.  We  all  know  that  even 
in  the  case  of  a  leaching  cesspool,  newly 
built  and  first  put  to  use,  some  purification 
of  the  sewage  which  oozes  out  at  its  pores  is 
accomplished  by  mechanical  filtration.  After 
some  use,  however,  its  pores  clog  up,  and 
the  soil  around  the  cesspool  becomes  satu- 
rated with  sewage  matter,  undergoing,  in 
the  absence  of  oxygen,  a  very  slow  process 
of  decomposition.  The  sewage  soaks  away 
unpurified,  polluting  springs  and  wells,  and 
the  unwholesome  gases  generated  taint  the 
ground  air,  and,  being  given  off  at  the  sur- 
face, frequently  enter  our  houses.  It  is  for 
these  reasons  that  all  sanitarians  look  upon 
a  leaching  cesspool  as  a  nuisance  and  a 
standing  danger  to  health. 

Briefly  described,  the  sub-surface  irriga- 
tion system  consists  of  two  parts:  First — 
An  absolutely  tight  receptacle,  or  sewage 
tank  for  liquid  household  wastes,  including 
the  contents  of  water-closets.  Second — A 
network  of  common  distribution  drain  tiles, 
laid  a  few  inches  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  with  open  joints,  so  as  to  permit  the 
liquid  to  ooze  out  at  numerous  points.  This 
network'of  pipes,  buried  in  the  ground,  con- 
stitutes the  irrigation  field. 

As  stated  heretofore,  it  is  an  important 
condition  to  insure  the  successful  working 
of  the  system,  that  the  discharge  of  sewage 
from  the  sewage  tank  to  the  irrigation  field 
be  intermittent,  and  that,  instead  of  a  con- 
stant, dribbling  stream  from  the  tank,  there 
be  a  powerful  rush  of  sewage  in  a  large 
volume,  so  as  to  secure  an  even  distribution 
and  the  perfect  filling  up  of  all  pipes.  It  is 
to  say  the  least,  desirable  that  the  discharge 
should  not  occur  more  frequently  than  once 
a  day,  that  is,  every  twenty-four  hours,  and 
the  size  of  the  tank  should  be  governed 
hereby. 

The  soil  of  the  field  should,  preferably, 
be  gravelly  and  porous.    All  tight  clay  soils, 
and  ground  liable  to  dampness,  should  be 
properly  under-drained  by  deep  land  drains 
The  sub-irrigation  field  should  not  be  located 
too  near  a  house,  wherever  there  is  abund- 
ance of  land  favorably  located,  permittin 
the  sewage  to  flow  away  by  gravity.    As  a 
matter  of  precaution,  it  is  well  that  some  at 
tention  should  be  paid,  in  locating  the  irri 
gation  field,  to  the  direction  of  the  prevail 
ing  winds,  although  as  a  matter  of  fact,  a 
properly  working  irrigation  field  is  quite  in 
odorous.    So  much  is  this  the  case  that  the 
tiles  may  be,  and  in  practice  often  are,  laid 
under  the  well-kept  lawns  adjoining  summer 
residences,  without  ever  causing  an  offense 
Another  precaution  to  be  observed  where 


the  water  supply  of  a  country  house  is  de- 
rived from  wells  or  springs  is,  that  the  field 
should  not  be  located  near  them. 


MOVEMENT  OF  LIQUIDS  UNDER 
PRESSURE, 
Editor  of  The  Sanitary  News:  The 
theory  that  liquids  under  pressure  move  only 
by  the  most  direct  route,  in  their  attempts 
to  escape,  owing  to  an  equilibrium  of  pres- 
sure being  maintained  at  connecting  points 
of  indirect  courses,  has  been  generally 
accepted. 

Although  it  was  known  that  the  taking  of 
branches  from  main  pipes,  continuing  them 
on  parallel  streets,  and  then  connecting 
them,  thus  making  the  circuit  of  a  block 
always  furnished  a  supply  of  the  best  water, 
while  non-connected  parallel  pipes  soon  be- 
came receptacles  of  filth,  and  consequently 
suppliers  of  impure  water;  that  this  differ- 
ence was  due  to  any  other  cause  than  the 
increased  local  "drawing  off"  which  the 
connecting  pipe  would  imply  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  considered. 

Having  some  doubts  as  to  the  correctness 
of  the  accepted  theory, the  writer,  commenc- 
ing in  1885,  made  several  experiments  to  de- 
termine more  clearly  if  possible  the  position 
these  hidden  channels  take  in  hydraulics. 
Although  these  experiments,  necessarily  of 
a  primitive  character,  may  lie  in  a  well- 
beaten  path  yet  some  of  them  with  their 
resultant  facts  are  submitted  for  consid- 
eration. 


due  to  the  confounding  of  the  liquid  laws  of 
rest  and  motion,  for  the  water  upon  reach- 
ing the  lowest  level  must  have  been  at  rest, 
and  to  reach  a  higher  outlet  must  have  re- 
quired the  weight  of  the  descending  column 
acting  as  a  mechanical  force  similar  to  the 
piston  of  a  hydraulic  press,  which  machine 
in  fact  the  whole  system  resembles. 

The  force  thus  created  finding  relief  at 
the  outlet  causes  a  rapid  change  of  addi- 
tional pressures  from  particle  to  particle 
and  resulting  in  a  uniform  forward  move- 
ment, varied  only  by  the  increased  friction 
of  the  circuit. 

An  explanation  is  thus  offered  for  the  non- 
freezing  of  a  pipe,  when  two  connections 
from  a  main  are  united  by  it  in  a  house, 
there  being  sufficient  movement  to  prevent 
freezing  though  packed  in  ice. 

An  explanation  is  also  offered  for  the  fact 
that  a  five-eighths  inch  tap  from  main  con- 
nected inside  a  house  with  a  one-inch  tap 
from  main  reduces  the  pressure;  this  has 
been  proved  by  shutting  off  the  five-eighths 
inch  connection  when  an  increase  was 
noticeable  and  a  decrease  when  opened.  It 
is  evident  that  a  current  of  sufficient  force 
must  pass  through  one-inch  pipe,  into  five- 
eighths  inch  and  back  to  main  to  the  detri- 
ment of  house  supply  and  further  tends  to 
prove  that  the  motion  is  of  a  positive  and  no 
uncertain  character.  The  more  readily  can 
we  appreciate  this  liability  when  we  realize 
that  in  some  parts  of  the  city  of  Chicago, 
water  moves  in  the  mains  at  the  rate  of  from 


After  constructing  a  system  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  encircled  block  of  which  C  rep- 
resents the  main  pipe,  A  the  inlet  two  feet 
from  ground,  and  B  the  outlet  one  foot  from 
ground,  D  D  branches  taken  from  main  at 
F  and  G  and  which,  with  the  enlarged  pipe 
E,  complete  the  circuit.  The  pipes  were  all 
three-fourths  inch  iron  with  the  exception 
of  E  which  was  one  and  one-fourth  inch  and 
supplied  with  saw-dust  below  the  level  of 
three-fourths  inch  connections.  The  turns 
being  made  with  T's  and  L's.  The  whole 
was  carefully  filled  with  water  so  as  to  pre- 
vent disturbing  the  saw-dust  lying  in  E. 
Evidently  all  levels  below  the  outlet  must 
have  been  under  pressure  and  a  consequent 
equilibrium  at  F  and  G.  However,  when 
more  water  was  poured  in  at  A,  and  a  move- 
ment established  throughout  C,  positive 
changes  must  have  taken  place  in  the 
branches  as  evidenced,  by  the  saw-dust  be- 
ing swept  out  of  E,  into  the  main  and 
gathered  at  outlet,  and  a  current  must  have 
been  established  somewhat  similar  to  that 
marked  by  the  arrows. 

If  this  feature  had  escaped  attention,  it 
must  have  been  simply  an  oversight,  and 


five  to  seven  and  even  more  miles  per  hour. 
The  fluctuating  tides  of  this  underground 
reservoir  are  never  at  rest,  now  tending 
toward  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  now  to  the 
suburbs,  following  in  the  wake  of  the  largest 
human  demands  and  finding  in  friction 
their  main  obstacle  to  uniform  motion. 

In  another  experiment,  made  with  the 
view  of  testing  mechanical  possibilities,  a 
small  hand-made  hydraulic  ram,  composed 
of  two  vertical  check-valves  and  small  air- 
chamber  occupied  the  place  of  the  enlarged 
pipe  E,  and  connected  so  as  to  allow  the 
passing  current  to  act  on  the  working  valve 
and  then  return  to  the  main. 

The  lower  levels  were  subjected  to  a  pres- 
sure of  nine  pounds  and  a  motion  of  two 
miles  per  hour,  and  not  only  was  the  current 
sufficient  to  work  the  valves,  but  at  the  rate 
of  thirty  to  forty  times  per  minute,  raising 
water  in  small  quantities  to  the  height  of 
thirty  feet,  a  clear  gain  of  twelve  feet,  smaller 
returns  than  was  expected,  but  good  when 
the  quality  of  the  harness  was  considered. 

An  interesting  fact  was  noticed  during  the 
working  of  the  ram,  and  accounts  as  well 


580 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  322 


for  a  large  escape  of  powers.  By  holding 
the  hose  (which  was  attached  to  inlet  of 
system)  in  the  hand,  it  was  noticed  that  at 
every  stroke  of  the  valves,  and  as  soon  as 
the  extra  pressure  exerted  itself  on  the 
main,  it  did  so  in  the  shape  of  a  large  well- 
defined  knot  or  ball  of  water  passing  through. 
Perhaps  this  may  explain  the  manner  in 
which  the  expanded  joint-shaped  lead  is 
formed  by  water-hammers.  Other  experi- 
ments did  not  develop  this  freak,  possibly 
better  guarded  against,  possibly  less  pres- 
sure; in  either  case  it  disappeared. 

In  a  further  experiment  a  valve  consisting 
of  a  rubber  ball  arranged  so  as  to  rise  with 
the  water  to  a  seat  prepared  for  it,  was 
placed  over  the  eduction  end  of  the  working 
valve.  Here  it  was  noticed  that  the  current 
in  passing  through  created  a  vacuum  when 
the  working-valve  struck  its  seat.  The  ball 
could  be  seen  to  descend  with  the  outgoing 
and  rise  with  the  returning  water  as  the 
pressure  re-asserted  itself  over  the  motion 
furnishing  to  the  eye  ample  proof  that  the 
movement  was  a  positive  forward  one  and 
not  due  to  a  variation  of  pressures,  as  had 
been  suggested.  The  conflict  for  supremacy 
between  pressure  and  motion,  and  the  lack 
of  a  knowledge  of  their  relative  powers  pre- 
vented the  obtaining  of  satisfactory  results 
for  nearly  a  week,  but  the  accidental  drop- 
ping of  the  outlet  in  a  pail  of  water  and  the 
immediate  response  of  the  ram,  testified 
that,  while  no  matter  how  heavy  the  pres- 
sure, for  like  differences  between  outlet  and 
inlet,  like  speed  was  obtained,  yet  an  in- 
creasing pressure  will  reassert  itself  with  an 
increasing  powerover  any  given  speed  u[)on 
the  establishment  of  a  "dead  end"  as  repre- 
sented in  the  working-valve  at  its  seat,  fur- 
nishing in  this  case  the  momentary  equlib- 
rium  necessary.  In  this  experiment  better 
results  were  obtained.  With  a  pressure  of 
one  and  one-lialf  pounds  and  a  speed  of  one- 
half  a  mile  per  hour  water  was  raised  three 
and  one-third  times  the  height  of  supply, 
and  in  quantities  about  ecjual  to  an  ordinarily 
connected  hydraulic  ram  of  the  same  power 
speed  and  supply. 

That  a  better  knowledge  of  the  movement 
of  liquids  under  pressure  with  possible  prac- 
tical ap[)lications  awaits  the  student  in  this 
field  is  the  belief  of  the  writer. 

Edwin  S.  Makmi. 


SOME  INTERESTING  STATISTICS. 

Statistics  recently  tabulated  show  that 
there  was  consumed  during  the  past  year  of 
clay  products  in  building  in  twelve  of  the 
leading  cities,  the  following  number  of  brick: 
New  York  City,  1,000,000,000;  Chicago,  440,- 
000,000;  Philadeljjhia,  300,000,000;  Hoston, 
150,000.000;  St.  Louis,  200,000,000;  Washing- 
ton, 125,000,000;  Cincinnati,  100,000,000; 
Cleveland,  84,000,000;  Omaha,  80,000,000; 
Pittsburgh,  80,000,000;  New  Orleans,  36,- 
000,000;  Indianapolis,  35,000,000;  making  a 
total  for  these  cities  of  2,650,000,000,  which 
merely  hints  at  the  enormous  consumption 
in  the  country  at  large. 


THE  TANSA  WATER  SCHEME. 
That  this  is  the  greatest  scheme  of  a 
gravitating  water  supply  for  a  city  in  India 
is  well  known.  The  first  survey  was  made 
by  Major  Hector  Tulloch,  now  Senior  In- 
spector of  the  Local  Government  Board  in 
England,  in  1870.  It  was  first  brought  be- 
fore the  Corporation  as  a  project  to  be  exe- 
cuted on  July  27,  1883,  when  it  was  ably 
supported  by  Dr.  Weir,  and  was  accepted. 
The  area  of  the  water-spread,  when  the  dam 
is  completed  up  to  the  height  which  it  is  now 
intended  to  be  carried,  will  be  about  seven 
square  miles,  while  the  catchment  area  is 
fifty-two  square  miles.  The  water  from  the 
reservoir  will  be  led  into  Bombay  by  five 
miles  of  tunnels,  twenty-five  miles  of  ducts, 
and  nineteen  miles  of  forty-eight-inch  mains. 
These  will  carry  the  water  to  Ghat  Kooper. 
From  Ghat  Kooper  into  Bombay  there  will 
be  twelve  additional  miles  of  mains.  The 
final  surveys  and  necessary  modifications 
which  were  found  to  be  required  were  made 
by  Mr.  Gierke,  the  talented  engineer  of  the 
works,  under  whose  immediate  superintend- 
ence they  are  being  executed. — Indian  En- 
gineering. 

A  NEW  METHOD  OF  DETERMINING 

WHETHER  CESSPOOLS,  STABLES, 
ETC.,  DRAIN  INTO  NEIGHBOR- 
ING WELLS.* 

The  present  paper  has  been  prepared 
with  a  view  of  describing  a  simple  and  in- 
expensive method  of  determining  whether 
stables,  privies,  cesspools  or  any  other  de- 
posits of  filth,  which  may  lie  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  a  well,  drain  into  it. 
In  a  common  porous  soil  surface  filth  in 
solution  may  quite  readily  penetrate  to  un- 
derground water,  and  thus  in  the  course  of 
time  travel  a  considerable  distance  and 
reach  a  well  quite  remote.  This  fact  is  well 
known.  But  it  is  always  uncertain  how  far 
and  in  what  direction  such  travel  may  ex- 
tend. The  varying  circumstances  of  soil, 
slope  of  surface  and  of  rock,  depth  of  well, 
etc.,  preclude  any  general  rules. 

The  eye  and  the  sense  of  taste  form  no 
reliable  testing  instruments,  for  the  clearest, 
most  tasteless,  or  most  sparkling  well  waters 
may  yet  be  solutions  of  the  contents  of 
neighboring  cesspools  and  outhouses,  and 
thus  contain  the  germs  of  dreaded  diseases. 
Several  methods  have  been  tried  from  time 
to  time,  to  trace  sources  of  pollution  in  wells. 
A  solution  of  aniline  dyes  has  been  poured 
into  such  suspected  sources,  and  after  a  few 
days  the  well  water  has  been  examined  by 
the  eye  for  its  color.  But  the  eye  is  only 
slightly  sensitive  to  a  weak  solution. 

Again,  a  half  bushel  or  so  of  salt  has  been 
thrown  into  the  filthy  places,  and  the  sense 
of  taste  called  in  to  detect  its  presence  in 
the  well  water,  or  the  water  has  been 
analyzed  for  chlorine.  But  the  amount  of 
salt  required,  and  the  unreliability  of  the 
sense  of  taste,  and  the  expense  of  chemical 
analysis  render  the  method  unsatisfactory. 

*A  paper  read  by  Prot.  Lucien  I.  Blake.  University 
of  Kansas,  before  the  Kansas  Sanitary  AsBQciation. 


I  am  not  aware  of  any  process  which  seems 
simple,  inexpensive  and  reliable.  Chemical 
analysis  will  detect  the  presence  of  pollut- 
ing matter,  and  thus  indirectly  suggest  its 
source.  But  such  an  analysis  requires  an 
expert. 

It  occurred  to  the  writer  to  make  use  of 
the  spectroscope  in  testing,  and  the  follow- 
ing method  of  search  for  sources  of  pollu- 
tion in  various  wells  scattered  about  the  city 
of  Lawrence  was  developed. 

It  is  familiar  to  all  that  a  glass  prism  will 
separate  a  ray  of  sunlight  into  the  seven 
colors  of  the  spectrum.  If  the  ray  comes 
from  a  metal  which  is  vaporized  in  a  hot 
colorless  flame — as  in  a  Bunsen  gas  flame — 
the  spectrum  no  longer  consists  of  all  the 
colors,  but  of  one  or  more  bright  bands, 
characterized  by  their  color  and  position  in 
the  spectrum. 

Thus  sodium  gives  a  bright  yellow  band, 
which  is  in  the  position  of  the  yellow  of  the 
Swiss  spectrum,  while  calcium  gives  two,  a 
red  and  green  band,  in  their  proper  places. 
The  spectroscope,  which  is  essentially  a 
glass  prism  and  a  small  telescope  to  observe 
the  spectrum  with,  can  thus  detect  by  their 
characteristic  bands  the  presence  of  sub- 
stances which  can  be  volatilized  in  a  color- 
less flame. 

Further,  there  can  be  no  mistake,  for  no 
two  metals  give  the  same  bands.  The 
question  arises,  can  small  quantities  of  the 
substances  in  solutions  be  thus  detected? 
Prof.  Schellen  asserts  the  sure  and  easy  de- 
termination of  sodium,  when  less  than  the 
180,000,000  i)art  of  a  grain  is  present,  and  of 
lithium  when  less  than  the  40,000,000  part  of 
a  grain.  The  delicacy  of  the  spectroscopic 
tests  thus  exceeds  the  chemical.  Indeed, 
by  the  spectroscope  several  new  metals,  as 
thallium,  rubidium,  caseium  and  iridium, 
have  been  discovered.  For  the  purpose  on 
hand,  then,  the  spectroscope  provides  an 
exceedingly  simple  method. 

A  solution  of  carbonate  or  chloride  of 
lithium,  an  ounce  to  a  quart  of  water,  was 
poured  into  the  suspected  sources  of  pollu- 
tion in  the  neighborhood  of  a  well,  and  after 
a  week  or  so  some  of  the  well  water  was  ex- 
amined in  the  spectroscope.  Lithium  gives 
one  bright  red  band  toward  the  remote  red 
end  of  the  spectrum.  It  is  impossible  to 
mistake  it,  even  if  the  solution  holds  less 
than  one  part  in  one  million.  The  sensitive- 
ness of  the  test  is  greatly  increased  by  boil- 
ing down  the  water  to  be  examined,  say  a 
quart  to  half  an  ounce.  A  platinum  wire  is 
dipped  into  the  water  thus  prepared,  and 
then  held  in  the  flame  of  a  Bunsen  burner. 

Nine  wells  were  examined  situated  Ijack 
of  the  blocks  on  the  i)rinciplc  street  in  Law- 
rence. These  walls  are  located,  as  regards 
stables,  outhouses,  etc.,  about  as  is  custom- 
ary in  small  cities,  and  their  waters  are  used 
quite  generally  for  drinking  purposes  by 
the  families  in  the  blocks.  The  test  showed 
direct  communication  with  a  privy  thirty 
feet  distant  into  one  of  the  wells.  Other 
wells  are  now  being  tested  more  thoroughly 
as  the  method  was  devised  too  recently  to 


April  5,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


581 


allow  sufficient  time  in  a  four  months' 
absence  of  rain  for  the  lithiated  water  to 
permeate  through  the  dry  soil  to  the  wells. 
But  sufficient  has  been  done,  it  seems,  to 
show  the  reliability  of  the  method  and  the 
ease  of  making  it. 


BUILDING. 

ARCHITECTS  AND  BUILDERS. 
The  Philadelphia  Press,  taking  the  subject 
matter  of  a  controversy  between  architects 
and  builders  in  that  city  as  a  text,  discourses 
interestingly  upon  the  advance  made  by  the 
former  profession  in  recent  years.  "Thirty 
years  ago,"  says  the  Press,  "the  architects 
counted  for  very  little  on  the  ordinary  build- 
ings. Few  architects  had  had  a  careful 
training  or  education  at  home  or  abroad. 
Some  were  simply  builders  with  a  little  ad- 
ditional training  and  aptitude  for  design. 
There  were  many  honorable,  conspicuous 
and  brilliant  exceptions,  but  it  was  undoubt- 
edly true  in  many  cases  that  the  architects 
who  could  design  did  not  know  how  to  build 
and  those  who  knew  how  to  build  could  not 
design.  The  past  thirty  years  have  greatly 
altered  this.  American  architects  have  re- 
ceived an  artistic  and  technical  training 
equal  to  that  of  architects  anywhere.  Their 
share  in  the  work  of  a  building  has  greatly 
increased.  Design  has  become  more  impor- 
tant, and  each  year  sees  it  rated  at  a  higher 
value.  In  addition,  our  courts  have  held 
architects  to  a  responsibility  for  poor  con- 
struction for  which  the  builder  has  in  the 
past  been  held  accountable.  All  these 
changes  have  tended  to  alter  the  position  of 
the  architect.  It  has  given  him  increased 
importance,  greater  control,  and  a  more 
immediate  supervision.  Nothing  can  change 
the  necessity  for  the  contractors  or  for  some 
central  authority.  No  architect  can  afford 
to  give  an  edifice  the  supervision  needed 
while  under  construction,  to  add  to  his  labors 
the  control  and  management  of  the  capital 
needed  in  building.  At  the  same  time,  the 
tendency  is  certain  to  be  toward  the  direct 
contact  of  the  architect  with  the  group  of 
contractors  engaged  on  a  building.  This 
may  be  through  one  contractor  who  takes 
the  entire  edifice  and  sub-lets  it;  it  may  be 
through  a  clerk-of-works  or  superintendent 
paid  by  the  owner — a  frequent  English 
practice — or  it  may  be  by  some  one  repre- 
senting the  architect.  No  one  plan  will  suit 
all  cases;  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  all  plans 
in  practice  will  tend  to  give  increasing  scope 
and  importance  to  architects;  although  archi- 
tects as  a  class  will  find  it  is  to  their  profes- 
sional and  personal  advantage  that  there  are 
master-builders,  with  the  capital,  experience 
and  ability  needed  in  assuming  the  erection 
of  a  great  building.' 


ZINC  CEILINGS. 
The  large  use  of  zinc  and  sheet  metal  for 
architectural  ornamentation  in  America  and 
Australia,  says  an  English  exchange,  is  one 
of  the  notable  facts  which  the  records  of 


contemporary  building  in  those  countries 
brings  to  our  notice.     Cornices,  window 
dressings,  mansard  and  other  roofs,  dor- 
mers and  ornaments  are  largely  formed  of 
sheet  metal,  fixed  upon   brackets   to  the 
walls,  or  otherwise  secured  to  the  structure. 
Unfornately,  we  have  no  definite  informa- 
tion as  to  the  durability  of  this  sort  of  archi- 
tectural decoration,  though,  judging  from 
English  experience  of  metal  work  and  zinc 
applied  externally,  there  is  little  promise  of 
the  permanence  of  these  appliances.  In 
Sydney,  zinc  appears  to  be  used  for  orna- 
mental ceilings,  and  a  ceiling  of  this  kind 
on  a  rather  large  scale  has  been  recently 
fixed  in  an  hotel  dining-hall  at  Sydney, 
which  for  richness  of  ornamentation  and 
"beauty  of  design"  is  said  to  be  unrivaled. 
The  ceiling  is  divided  into  fifteen  deep  and 
rich  panels,  "handsomely  decorated  and 
gilded."    The  chief  advantages  of  a  zinc 
ceiling  are  that  it  can  be  soon  fixed  without 
dirt,  and  is  a  comparatively  light  material. 
Certainly,  its  internal  employment  is  more 
likely  to  be  a  success  than  its  external  ap- 
plication.   The  metal  can  be  molded  into 
panels  or  coffers,  and  fixed  up  in  large 
pieces,  and  the  material  can  be  decorated 
or  gilded.    Molded  zinc  cornices  can  be 
fixed  in  situ.    The  acoustic  properties  of 
the  material  is  a  point  that  has  to  be  tested. 
One  thing  in  its  favor  is  its  durability.  We 
are  not  aware  that  metal  ceilings  have  been 
employed  in  this  country  to  any  extent, 
though  there  are  many  substitutes  for  plaster. 
One  question  is  the  fixing  of  the  sheets,  and 
the  allowance  to  be  made  for  expansion  and 
contraction.    To  cover  old  ceilings,  or  to 
prevent  the  appearance  of  cracks,  the  metal 
ceiling  is  well  adapted,  as  the  sheets  can  be 
easily  fixed,  care  being  taken  to  prevent  the 
unpleasant  rattling  of  the  sheets  from  vibra- 
tion or  shaking  of  the  floor. 

ONE  SOUTHERN  NEED. 
One  of  the  difficulties  encountered  in 
Southern  cities  by  persons  and  companies 
desiring  to  erect  large,  costly  and  permanent 
buildings,  composed  as  to  the  main  parts  of 
stone,  brick  and  iron,  and  commonly  desig- 
nated as  "fire  proof,"  is  securing  intelligent 
bids  from  local  contractors.  There  are  few 
if  any  builders  in  this  section  who  have  had 
any  experience  with  this  class  of  construc- 
tion. This  state  of  facts  would  seem  to 
show  that  some  of  the  Eastern  contractors 
who  do  this  line  of  work  on  a  large  scale, 
might  do  well  to  put  branches  of  their  busi- 
ness in  the  most  advancrd  Southern  towns, 
that  are  now  ready  to,  and  would,  if  they 
could  without  paying  a  penalty  on  their 
enterprise,  put  up  many  of  the  best  build- 
ings that  modern  architecture  and  the  most 
approved  materials  will  produce.  In  the 
opinion  of  the  Tradesman  the  South  offers 
an  inviting  field  for  several  builders  or  con- 
struction companies  who  can  readily  carry 
out  the  advanced  ideas  developed  in  New 
York,  Boston  and  other  large  cities,  looking 
to  the  creation  of  houses  that  will  be  perma- 
nent, safer  from  fire  dangers,  and  that,  if 


their  contents  burn,  will  not  collapse  into  a 
heap  of  ruins,  to  the  danger  of  life  and  ad- 
joining property. 

NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

Beinke  &  Wees,  St.  Louis,  have  plans  for 
an  $8,000  residence,  to  be  built  by  W.  H. 
Coever  at  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.;  area  40x60 
feet,  stone  foundation,  brick  walls,  furnace, 
soft  wood,  composition  roofing;  also  plans 
for  an  g8,ooo  modern  frame  dwelling,  to  be 
built  at  Wellsville,  Mo.,  by  Capt.  Maddocks; 
area  30x45  feet,  two  story,  furnace,  hip 
slate  roof. 

Grable  &  Weber,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  have 
plans  for*a  $12,000  residence  for  F.  A.  Cline, 
to  be  located  on  the  north  side  of  Olive 
street,  between  Boyle  and  Newstead  ave- 
nues; area  46x50  feet,  stone  foundation, 
brick  walls,  furnace,  hardwoood  finish;  also 
plans  for  four  two-story  brick  houses,  to  be 
built  by  L.  Garvey,  on  the  corner  of  Eads 
and  Jefferson  avenues;  eight  rooms  to  each 
house,  furnace,  modern  improvements;  cost 
§14,000;  also  plans  for  a  residence  for  John 
N.  Booth  at  4014  Delmar  avenue;  stone 
trimmings,  hardwood  finish,  furnace;  cost 
Si  0,000. 

A.  M.  Baker,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  residence  for  Miss  M.  E.  Mc- 
Grath,  to  be  located  on  the  south  side  of 
Page  avenue,  between  Prairie  and  Vande- 
venter  avenues;  modern  appliances,  slate 
roof,  brick  walls,  soft  wood  finish,  stoves; 
cost  S4,ooo;  plans  for  a  row  of  six  flats,  con- 
taining three  rooms  each,  and  two  flats  to 
each  house,  located  at  Eleventh  and  Mul- 
lanphy  streets,  and  built  by  the  Mullanphy 
Emigrant  Relief  Fund;  stone  foundation, 
brick  walls,  stoves;  cost  $10,000. 

Robert  Rae,  Jr.,  Chicago,  has  completed 
designs  for  two  blocks  of  dwellings  to  be 
built  by  Henry  Gill  in  the  Town  of  Lake  at 
a  total  cost  of  $25,000. 

C.  A.  Weary,  Chicago  has  completed  plans 
for  the  F.  O.  Butler  residence,  to  be  erected 
on  Washington  boulevard,  near  Sacramento 
avenue,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  It  will  be  a  two 
story  structure,  stone  front,  mansard  roof, 
heated  by  steam  and  provided  with  all 
modern  convenience. 

W.  J.  Arnold,  Chicago,  is  formulating 
plans  for  a  residence  to  be  erected  on  Drexel 
boulevard  near  Forty-third  street  by  J.  M. 
Gartside.  It  will  be  26x80,  with  Bayfield 
brownstone  front,  red  granite  columns,  hard 
wood  interior  finishing,  hot  water  heat,  im- 
proved sanitary  arrangements,  etc.,  and  cost 
$15,000. 

Among  the  work  upon  which  Architect  S. 
W.  Linderoth,  Chicago,  is  at  present  en- 
gaged are  plans  for  a  row  of  stores  and  flats 
to  be  built  by  Charles  J.  Anderson  at  the 
corner  of  Chicago  avenue  and  Franklin 
street  at  a  cost  of  $15,000,  and  upon  plans 
for  the  Swedish  Baptist  Church  Edifice,  to 
be  built  at  McKeesport,  Pa.,  at  a  cost  of 
$12,000. 

Seventeenth  street,  near  Wright,  is  the 
location  selected  for  a  block  of  stores  and 


582 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


fVou  XV.  No.  322 


flats  to  be  erected  by  Mr.  Minick,  after  de- 
signs prepared  by  architect  Perley  Hale, 
Chicago.  They  will  be  69x50  feet  in  dimen- 
sions, having  stone  fronts  ornamented  with 
iron,  hardwood  and  ornamental  glass  finish- 
ings, and  cost  completed,  $10,000. 

J.  A.  Thain,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  an  ele- 
gant private  residence  for  H.  F.  Hahn,  to  go 
up  on  Grand  boulevard,  near  Thirty-seventh 
street.  The  premises  will  be  28x80  feet, 
three  stories  high,  the  front  of  brownstone, 
elaborately  carved  gable,  mansard  roof, 
hardwood  finishings,  hot  water  heat,  etc., 
and  cost  $20,000. 

Henry  Ives  Cobb,  Chicago,  has  completed 
designs  of  an  elegant  store  and  flat  building 
for  himself,  to  be  located  on  North  Clark 
street.  It  will  be  four  stories  and  basement 
in  height,  124x70  feet,  of  pressed  brick, 
stone  and  iron  construction,  hardwood  finish 
furnaces  and  all  of  the  modern  improve- 
ments. The  cost  will  be  about  gioo.ooo. 
Mr.  Cobb  has  also  planned  the  interior 
alterations  for  the  old  Matteson  house, 
Wabash  avenue  and  Jackson  streets,  which 
has  been  leased  by  Mrs.  Munn  to  Mr.  Gage, 
late  of  the  Hotel  Richelieu.  It  will  be  en- 
tirely remodeled,  supplied  with  new  heating 
apparatus,  elevators  and  elegantly  furnished 
and  decorated;  cost  about  $50,000. 

C.  M.  Palmer,  Chicago,  is  preparing  plans 
of  a  block  of  five  more  dwellings  for  Potter 
Palmer,  to  be  erected  on  North  State,  near 
Division  street;  they  will  be  in  the  Italian 
renaissance  style,  four  stories,  85x75  feet; 
the  front  will  be  of  different  varieties  of 
rock-faced  stone,  slate  mansards,  furnaces, 
hardwood  and  art  glass;  cost  $60,000.  Mr. 
Palmer  is  also  receiving  estimates  on  a  row 
of  four  residences  for  C.  C.  Landt  &  Co.,  to 
be  built  on  Forty-fourth  place,  between  Vin- 
cennesand  St.  Lawrence  avenues,  two  stories 
and  basement,  seventy-eight  feet  frontage, 
stone  front,  hardwood,  furnaces  and  man- 
tels; cost  $20,000. 

Alfred  Zucker,  New  York,  will  draw  plans 
for  a  ten-story  warehouse  and  store  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Bleecker  and  Mercer 
streets,  on  a  plot  72x129. 

James  M.  Farnsworth,  New  York,  has 
plans  for  John  Pettit's  twelve-story  fire- 
proof building  at  114  and  116  Nassau  street 
and  45  Ann  street,  40x80x28x170. 

Plans  are  being  prepared  by  Alfred  Wag- 
ner, New  York,  for  P.  Nathan  «&  Co.,  who 
will  erect  a  seven-story  brick  and  stone- 
front  warehouse  and  factory  on  Hester  and 
Mott  streets,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $100,000. 

M.  V.  R.  Ferdon,  New  York,  is  drawing 
plans  for  two  houses  on  the  north  side  of 
Sixty-third  street,  fifty-eight  feet  east  of  the 
boulevard,  for  William  R.  Powers  and  John 
Welcker. 

Fay  &  Stacom,  New  York,  have  plans 
from  Charles  Rentz  for  two  five-story  and 
basement  flats  at  117  and  1 19  Forsyth  street, 
to  cost  $40,000. 

John  J.  Kouhn,  Chicago,  has  planned  fif- 
teen three-story  dwellings,  300x125,  to  be 


erected  at  Sixty-third  and  Winter  street,  by 
M.  S.  Lamoreaux,  stone  and  brick  construc- 
tion; cost  $200,000.  He  has  also  planned  a 
four-story  stone  and  hall  building,  300x210, 
to  be  erected  on  Clark,  near  Wellington 
street,  by  the  Pythian  Building  Company, 
brick  and  stone  construction;  cost  $150,000. 

Shepley,  Rutan  &  Coolidge,  Boston,  have 
plans  for  a  new  building  to  be  erected  for 
theCorporation  of  the  Congregational  House. 

Peabody  &  Stearns,  Boston,  have  plans 
for  a  five-story  mercantile  and  office  build- 
ing of  sandstone,  to  be  erected  at  39-41 
Kingston  street,  for  Z.  A.  Willard. 

Charles  L.  Carson,  Baltimore,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  five-story  warehouse  26x87, 
to  be  built  of  brick;  cost  $20,000. 

Jackson  C.  Gott,  Baltimore,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  three-story  hotel,  100x100,  to  have 
steam  heat,  electric  bells,  etc.;  cost  $60,000. 

F.  J.  Osterling,  has  plans  for  the  new 
building  the  Central  District  and  Printing 
Telegraph  Company  will  erect  at  the  corner 
of  S'iventh  avenue  and  Montour  Way.  It 
will  be  seven  stories  high.  The  first  story 
will  be  brownstone,  and  the  balance  pressed 
brick  with  brownstone  trimmings.  The 
buildipg  will  be  66x100,  and  it  will  cost 
$165,000. 

A.  P.  Clark,  Washington,  D  C,  has  plans 
for  the  building  of  the  National  Capitol 
Bank. 

Longstaff  &  Hurd,  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  have 
made  plans  for  an  addition  to  the  almshouse 
show  a  building  18x31  and  a  wing  75x28,  one 
and  three  stories  high,  of  brick. 

L.  B.  Valk  &  Son,  of  New  York,  are  archi- 
tects of  the  new  West  End  Congregational 
Church,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Talcott  Barlow,  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  is 
planning  a  brick  block  to  be  built  at  the 
corner  of  Howard  avenue  and  State  street 
by  the  Lacey  Bros.,  of  278  Park  avenue. 


We  have  Vol.  i.  No.  i  of  The  Architect- 
ural Buildhii^  Monthly,  published  by  A.  J. 
Bicknell,  115  Broadway,  New  York  City,  at 
the  subscription  of  $5  per  year.  The  object 
of  the  journal  is  to  furnish  a  larger  number 
of  practical  designs  and  details  than  are 
usually  published  in  the  average  architect- 
ural journals,  and  judging  from  this  first 
number,  that  object  will  be  most  fully  ac- 
complished. The  journal  is  practicable  and 
brings  the  information  regarding  building 
construction,  illustrated  and  explained, 
home  to  its  readers.  The  journal  is  hand- 
somely printed  and  its  designs,  even  to  de- 
tails are  perfect,  not  suggestive,  but  explicit. 
The  Building  Monthly  is  the  result  of  Mr. 
Bicknell's  wide  knowledge  of  and  experience 
with  building  journals,  and  if  any  one  is 
qualified  to  fill  a  vacancy  or  need  in  this 
field  of  journalism,  that  one  is  Mr.  Bicknell. 
He  possesses  the  knowledge,  ability  and  ex- 
perience to  make  his  publication  succeed, 
and  give  its  patrons  more  than  full  value  for 
their  money. 


PLUMBING. 

HOW  NOT  TO  DO  IT. 
It  is  not  necessary  that  any  explanation 
should  accompany  the  following  illustrations 
as  they  are  commentaries  sufficient  on  this 
abortion  at  sanitary  plumbing.  We  publish 
them  as  a  horrible  example  that  the  author 
of  all  this  mischief  may  be  enabled  to  stand 
face  to  face  with  either  his  ignorance  or  cul- 
pability. These  illustrations  were  picked 
up  from  among  many  of  a  similar  character 
brought  to  light  by  the  vigilance  of  Chief 
Inspector  Young's  department,  and  they 
demonstrate  the  necessity  of  the  strictest 
plumbing  ordinance  and  inspection. 


The  first  is  an  attempt  at  venting  which 
shows  extra  labor  expended  in  an  effort  to 
avoid  the  proper  way  of  doing  the  work. 
Originality  is  to  be  commended  at  all  times 
when  it  is  turned  to  a  good  account,  but 
when  an  effort  to  be  original  and  inventive 
results  in  the  violation  of  the  simplest  and 
fundamental  principles  of  sanitary  plumb- 
ing, then  the  fame  of  the  artisan  will  soon  be 
enveloped  in  sewer  gas  and  his  honors  will 
be  as  empty  as  his  siphoned  traps. 

The  second  illustration  is  a  specimen  of 
the  plumbing  found  in  a  house  on  Michigan 
avenue  and  shows  about  all  the  disorders 
that  could  arise  from  bad  plumbing.  The 
soil-pipe  is  lead  up  to  the  first  hub,  and  there 
is  such  a  confusion  of  soil,  vent  and  drain- 
age pipes  that  we  are  sure  that  the  plumber 
was  in  a  state  of  delirium  for  weeks  after  he 
had  completed  this  picture  of  his  disordered 


April  5, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


583 


fancy.  The  pipe  near  the  folding  doors  on 
the  first  floor  is  a  dead  end  left  open  in  the 
partition  wall  evidently  with  the  intention  of 
destroying  rats  and  mice  with  a  volley  of 
deadly  sewer  gas,  while  the  basin  and  its  con- 
nections furnish  an  illustration  of  how  to 


siphon  traps.  It  was  a  happy  thought  of  the 
plumber  to  connect  the  bath-tub  with  the 
closet  so  that  a  discharge  of  hot  water  from 
the  bath  could  send  the  fumes  up  through 
the  closet  and  kill  spiders,  cockroaches  and 
the  little  insects  that  might  otherwise  be- 
come troublesome  about  the  house.  Al- 
though this  is  a  consummation  devoutly  to 
be  wished,  it  is  rather  an  expensive  way  to 
kill  bugs  and  it  would  have  a  tendency  to 
make  the  rate  of  life  insurance  on  the  occu- 
pants of  the  house  very  high.  It  is  a  good 
sign  to  attract  the  doctor  and  the  under- 
taker, and,  in  this  household  the  little  even- 
ing prayer  is  surely  not  forgotten.  The 
plumbing  in  this  house  reminds  one  of  the 
^  on  the  tombstone  with  the  extended  finger 
mutely  testifying  that  the  silent  sleeper  be- 
neath has  gone  to  his  long  home.  We 
would  like  for  every  householder  in  the 
country  to  look  upon  these  illustrations  and 


learn  this  important  lesson:  Employ  none 
hut  honest,  capable  plumbers. 

VALVES  TO  FRESH-AIR  INLETS. 

The  following  is  the  opinion  of  a  plumber 
regarding  valves  to  fresh-air  inlets,  which  is 
written  to  The  Builder,  London,  in  reply  to 
a  lecture  delivered  by  Dr.  Cortield  touch- 
ing on  the  subject  of  house  drainage: 

"I  noticed  in  the  course  of  his  interesting 
and  valuable  lecture  on  "Modern  Sanita- 
tion," at  Carpenters'  Hall,  Dr.  Corfield 
touched  on  the  question  of  "valve"  or  "no 
valve"  to  fresh-air  inlets  to  drains.  He  ap- 
pears most  decided  in  opinion  that  they 
are  useless  and  radically  wrong,  and  in  the 
course  of  his  remarks  said:  "When  you  find 
a  valve  on  a  fresh-air  inlet  you  may  depend 
that  the  man  who  carried  out  the  work  had 
not  sufficient  confidence  in  the  arrangements 
to  be  certain  that  what  he  intended  as  an 
jnlet  would  not  at  some  time  or  other  be- 
come an  outlet." 

With  all  due  deference  to  Dr.  Corfield's 
opinion,  I  think  he  is  putting  it  rather 
strongly  when  he  says  this,  and  I  would  ask 
him  whether  he  has  sufficient  confidence  in 
any  of  the  works  he  has  superintended  to 
enable  him  to  say,  "That  inlet  will  never 
become  an  outlet?" 

For  my  own  part,  I  do  not  consider  it  of 
vital  importance  whethera  valve  is  provided 
or  not;  but  the  fact  remains  that  every  time 
a  good  flush  is  sent  down  the  drain  it  acts  as 
a  piston  and  forces  the  gases  and  air  in  the 
drain  before  it,  and  if  there  is  no  valve  on 
the  inlet  that  is  where  they  they  will  make 
their  exit. 

But,  as  I  have  just  hinted,  the  quantity 
being  so  small,  and  in  a  properly  ventilated 
drain  the  gases  having  no  opportunity  of  be- 
coming dangerous,  I  do  not  consider  a  valve 
absolutely  necessary,  although  I  still  hold 
that  in  some  situations  it  may  be  desirable 
to  prevent  the  exit  of  anything  through  the 
inlet.  Therefore,  I  do  not  consider,  because 
a  man  takes  a  precaution  which  in  some 
cases  may  be  necessary,  that  it  shows  a 
want  of  confidence  in  his  work,  for  with  the 
best  design  and  workmanship,  natural  laws 
will  at  times  cause  the  gases  and  air  in  a 
drain  to  seek  to  escape  through  the  first  air- 
inlet,  and  I  challenge  Dr.  Corfield  or  any 
one  else  to  refute  this. 


JOURNEYMEN  STRIKERS. 

About  two  weeks  ago,  as  announced  by 
this  journal,  members  of  the  Journeymen 
Plumbers'  Union  informed  their  employers 
that  they  wanted  an  advance  in  wages  to  the 
uniform  rate  ofS3.75  per  day;  that  they  want 
ed  the  classification  by  which  workmen  were 
paid  S3. 1 5  to  S3.60,  according  to  their  skill 
abolished.  No  adjustment  in  accordance  to 
this  demand  was  made,  and  the  employes 
struck.  A  few  shops  are  reported  as  having 
complied  with  the  demands  of  the  journey- 
men, but  the  demands  can  be  said  to  have 
been  generally  refused. 

The  meeting  of  employers  called  for  two 
o'clock  on  Wednesday  at  the  Honore  block 


was  held  an  hour  later  at  the  Coal  Exchange 
in  Temple  court.  There  was  a  large  attend- 
ance of  the  trade,  j)robably  numbering  two 
hundred  and  fifty,  and  reporters  were  care- 
fully excluded.  It  is  learned,  however,  that 
the  master  plumbers  decline  to  accede  to 
any  of  the  demands  made,  and  have  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  act  in  their  behalf 
during  the  contest,  and  if  necessary  to  sum- 
mon general  meetings  of  the  trade.  This 
committee  consists  of  Messrs.  Hugh  Watts, 
President  of  the  Association,  E.  Bagot,  M. 
J.  Corboy,  J.  J.  Hamblin,  Martin|Moylan  and 
P.  Macey.  The  committee  of  arbitration 
appointed  to  meet  the  delegation  of  the 
journeymen  plumbers  at  the  commencement 
of  the  strike  will  be  a  standing  committee 
during  the  progress  of  the  strike  for  the 
same  purpose  in  case  any  opportunity  for  a 
settlement  should  arise. 

The  above-named  gentlemen  held  a  meet- 
ing after  the  general  one,  and  resolutions 
were  unanimously  adopted  to  employ  a  large 
force  of  private  policemen  to  protect  the 
men  willing  to  work,  who  it  is  claimed  are 
very  numerous,  and  also  to  employ  an 
attorney  to  prosecute  all  infractions  of  the 
law,  should  the  men  on  strike  attempt 
violence  or  intimidation.  Among  the  em- 
ployers who  attended  the  meeting  were 
those  who  had  acceded  at  first  to  the 
demands  made  on  them,  and  who  have  now 
ranged  themselves  in  line  with  the  others. 
A  strike  is  never  a  good  tning  to  those 
directly  interested  or  the  community,  and 
we  trust  the  matter  will  be  early  adjusted 
with  justice  to  all  parties. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
If  one  may  draw  conclusions  from  what 
was  said  at  the  last  meeting,  Mr.  J.  J.  Hamb- 
lin has  as  great  an  aversion  to  catch-basins 
as  any  one  could  desire.  His  ideas  on  the 
subject  will  be  fully,  and  we  may  be  sure, 
forcibly  put  forward  in  his  paper,  to  be  read 
at  the  next  regular  meeting  of  the  Master 
Plumbers'  Association,  Thursday,  the  tenth 
instant. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Wade  has  had  a  letter  from  his 
trusted  employe,  "Jimmy"  Doran,  whom  he 
lately  sent  to  a  distant  part  of  New  Mexico, 
to  carry  out  a  contract.  Young  Doran  tells 
how  he  traveled  for  a  full  week  toward  the 
setting  sun  before  reaching  his  destination 
and  now  he  is  at  least  a  hundred  miles  from 
everywhere,  the  mail  being  carried  by  pony 
express  and  the  faithful  red  man.  Jim 
won't  be  idle,  for  he  says,  "the  lead  is  come, 
about  twenty  tons,"  but  he  will  get  there, 
sure. 

In  the  present  state  of  things  contracts 
are  not  much  spoken  of,  but  certain  branches 
are  booming,  for  instance,  Mr.  C.  A.  Vos- 
burg  was  so  busy  filling  minor  orders  that 
he  has  had  absolutely  ro  time  to  enter 
them  up. 

Phillip  Gleich  and  H.  S.  Krause,  of  St. 
Paul,  formerly  partners,  are  now  conducting 
separate  shops,  but,  we  are  informed,  are 
united  and  enthusiastic  over  the  Gleich- 


584 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV  No.  322 


Krause  soil-pipe  which  will  soon  be  placed 
on  the  market  by  a  firm  with  money  plenty 
to  push  the  enterprise. 

Allen  Black,  of  St.  Paul,  found  that  his 
business  had  outgrown  the  facilities  and 
capacity  of  his  old  stand,  and  has  removed 
to  317  Minnesota  street  where  he  will  fit  up 
the  largest  store-rooms  of  any  plumber  and 
steam  heater  in  the  city. 

The  death  of  Mr.  Eugene  J.  O'Neil  of  the 
firm  of  L.  M.  Rumsey  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, St.  Louis,  is  announced,  occurring 
March  30.  In  his  death  the  firm  recognizes 
a  great  loss  and  a  business  associate  who 
was  always  faithful  and  true  to  the  business 
intrusted  to  him. 

Robert  Hadden,  of  St.  Paul,  will  soon 
move  to  Seattle,  Wash.,  where  he  will  en- 
gage in  the  plumbing  business.  The  gen- 
tleman was  recently  presented  by  his  asso- 
ciates of  the  St.  Paul  Association,  with  a 
gold  watch  chain  and  a  masonic  charm 
beautifully  engraved,  as  a  testimonial  of 
their  high  regard  for  their  worthy  brother. 

W.  J.  Freaney,  President  of  the  St.  Paul 
Master  Plumbers'  Association,  is  finishing 
two  large  jobs  of  state  work  and  filling  his 
duties  as  the  chairman  of  the  Republican 
Central  Committee.  He  is  also  mentioned 
as  the  choice  of  some  for  mayor,  and  at  this 
distance  we  cannot  see  anything  but  wisdom 
in  the  choice. 

P.  V.  Dwyer,  of  St.  Paul  is  making  a  trip 
to  Tacoma,  Portland  and  other  points  in  the 
West,  and  it  is  possible  that  he  will  estab- 
lish a  branch  business  somewhere  on  the 
coast  before  his  return. 

Rundle.Spence  &  Co.,  63-67  Second  street, 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  have  issued  an  illustrated 
catalogue  of  their  sanitary  specialties. 
Their  manufactures  are  of  the  latest  designs 
with  the  later  improvements  and  constructed 
from  good  material.  They  exhibit  a  fine 
collection  of  lavatories,  wash-tubs,  bath-tubs, 
closets  and  the  full  line  of  sanitary  fixtures 
belonging  to  the  plumbing  and  drainage  of 
a  house. 

The  Park  &  McKay  Company,  of  Detroit, 
Mich.,  have  issued  a  neat  little  catalogue  of 
their  sanitary  plumbing  fixtures.  Their 
sanitary  closet  valve  has  the  highest  recom- 
mendations, and  the  manufacturers  show 
their  faith  in  it  by  guaranteeing  it  fully. 
Should  their  "Detroit  Sanitary"  water  closet 
fail  in  any  respect,  with  fair  usage,  under 
the  lowest  to  two  hundred  pounds  pressure 
they  will  replace  it  or  refund  the  purchase 
money.  Their  goods  are  made  of  the  best 
material,  their  object  being  to  produce  a 
first-class  article,  not  only  from  a  sanitary 
point  of  view,  but  one  that  will  be  durable 
and  efficient  in  every  way.  With  this  object 
in  view  the  company  asks  the  consideration 
of  the  trade,  and  will  furnish  catalogues  and 
prices  on  request. 

A  notice  of  the  date  of  March  27,  issued 
by  the  Sanitas  Manufacturing  Company  an- 
nounces the  sale  of  that  company's  business 
to  the  Smith  &  Anthony  Stove  Company,  of 


Boston,  with  which  is  given  the  exclusive 
right  to  manufacture  and  sell  the  Sanitas 
specialties  in  the  United  States  with  the 
right  to  use  the  firm  name,  trade  marks,  etc., 
of  the  former  company.  The  Smith  & 
Anthony  Stove  Company  have  one  of  the 
finest  brass  and  iron  foundries  in  the  country 
have  ample  means  for  conducting  an  ex- 
tensive business,  and  the  high  standard  of 
the  Sanitas  specialties  will  be  fully  main- 
tained and  all  orders  filled  promptly.  Un- 
der this  consolidation  the  past  management 
of  the  Sanitas  Manufacturing  Company  will 
retain  an  active  connection  with  the  busi- 
ness. The  Sanitas  goods  are  well  known  to 
the  most  of  our  readers  and  they  will  be 
pleased  to  learn  that  the  reputation  of  the 
Smith  &  Anthony  Stove  Company  is  an 
ample  guarantee  of  the  excellence  of  their 
manufactures. 

The  Medical  Health  Officer  for  the  city  of 
Toronto  has  issued  instructions  to  all  master 
plumbers  that  every  charcoal  heater  in  use 
by  them  must  be  connected  with  a  chimney, 
as  the  gas  given  off  is  injurious  to  the  health 
of  the  workmen. 

We  understand  that  Mr.  Baldwin  Latham, 
who  left  England  early  in  November  to 
advise  the  Egyptian  Government  as  to  the 
drainage  of  Cairo,  has  recommended  a 
scheme  for  the  sewerage  of  the  city  on  the 
hydraulic  system,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
565,700/.  That  sanitation  is  receiving  very 
great  attention  at  the  present  time  in  the 
East,  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  Mr.  La- 
tham, whilst  at  Cairo,  was  requested  to  ex- 
tend his  journey  to  Bombay,  and  has  since 
been  asked  to  advise  as  to  the  sewerage  and 
water  supply  of  several  other  towns.  Mr. 
Latham  will  have  completed  his  investiga- 
tions at  Bombay  shortly,  and  is  expected  in 
England  about  the  middle  of  April. —  The 
Btdlder. 

The  Buckeye  Portland  Cement  Company, 
of  Bellfontain,  O.,  have  issued  a  neat  cata- 
logue setting  forth  the  excellencies  of  their 
cement.  The  works  of  the  company  have 
been  enlarged,  and  they  are  now  able  to 
manufacture  100,000  tons  per  annum. 

It  is  interesting  to  read  in  the  outside 
papers  about  the  great  things  that  are  to  be 
done  in  Philadelphia  toward  the  improve- 
ment of  our  drinking  water.  Hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars  for  a  filtering  plant, 
millions  of  gallons  of  limpid  water,  as  clear 
as  the  clearest  crystal,  and  all  for  the  ask- 
ing, according  to  those  who  do  not  live  here, 
and  who  know  nothing  about  it.  The  next 
thing  in  order  will  be  the  mint  julep  hy- 
drants, and  fountains  of  perfumed  waters  at 
every  street  corner;  and  the  average  Phila- 
delphian  knows  that  one  of  these  proposi- 
tions is  as  likely  to  become  a  reality  as  the 
oXher—  Real  Estate  Record. 

Vital  statistics  of  Norway,  recently  pub- 
lished, show  an  expectation  of  life  in  that 
country  that  can  hardly  be  paralleled  in 
any  other  country.  The  mean  duration  of 
life  is  48.33  years  for  males  and  51.30  years 
for  females. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Nashville,  Tenn.:  The  Cumberland  Pres- 
byterian Church  Printing  society  will  erect 
a  publishing  house  to  cost  $40,000.    W.  C. 

Smith  is  the  architect.  New  Orleans,  La.: 

A  large  office  building  will  be  erected  by 

Durand  LaPorte.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:    It  is 

proposed  to  erect  a  large  theatre  on  the  site 

of  the  burned  Talmage  Tabernacle.  

Lowell,  Mass.:  The  I.  O.  O.  are  about  to 
erect  a  handsome  central  lodge.    A  site  has 

been  procured  at  a  cost  of  §30,000.  Knox- 

ville,  Tenn.:  Rev.  John  H.  Frazee  can  give 
information  of  Congregational  Church.  The 
Southern  Building  and  Loan  company  will 

erect  a  large  building  to  cost  §40,000.  

South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.:  W.  D.  Kelly  can 
give  information  of  a  rolling  mill  to  be 

erected  to  cost  §500,000.  Stamford,  Conn.. 

A  new  Episcopal  church  will  be  erected  to 

cost  8150,000.  Hartford,  Conn.:    D.  R. 

Woodford  can  give  details  of  new  school- 
house  to  cost  §10,000.  Springfield,  Mass.: 

A  new  theatre  to  seat  2,000  people,  and  a 
gymnasium  to  cost  §7,000  will  be  built. 
Messrs.  1.  B.  McElfatrick  &  Son.  of  No.  23 
East  Fourteenth  street,  New  York,  are  the 
architects.  Norristown,  Pa.:  The  com- 
mittee of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  will  erect  a  hall. 

 Bellovernon,  Pa.:    A  new  iron  plant 

will  be  erected  to  employ  about  500  men. 

 McKeesport,  Pa.:     Mrs.  Yester  will 

erect  a  brick  house  to  cost  §10,000.  York- 

lyn,  Del.:    A  new  paper  mill  will  be  built 

this  spring.  Buids  Lake,  N.  Y.:    A  club 

house  will  be  built  at  a  cost  of  820,000.  

Gloucester.  N.  J.:  A  hotel  building  will  be 
erected.  Lakewood,  N.  j.:  A  magnifi- 
cent hotel  and  a  number  of  cottages  will  be 

built.  Uniontown,  Pa.:    A  new  Catholic 

church  will  be  commenced  soon.  Jean- 

nette.  Pa.:  The  William  G.  Price  Iron  and 
Pipe  Works  are  about  to  be  built  to  extend 

the  fifth  of  a  mile  along  the  P.  R.  R.  

Tacoma,  Wash.:  A  ship  yard  and  dry  dock 
are  contemplated  at  a  cost  of  §100,000. 
Capt.  J.  E.  Higgins  can  give  information. 
 Taunton,  Mass.:  The  Freemasons  pur- 
pose building  a  hall  to  cost  §100,000.  

West  Bethlehem,  Pa.:  A  brick  schoolhouse 
to  cost  §21,000  will  be  built.    A.  W.  Let  is 

architect.  Webb  City,  Mo.:    I.  W.  Ayler 

can  give  details  of  a  building  to  cost  §8,000. 

 Youngstown.  O.:    A  brick  and  stone 

building  to  cost  §25,000  will  be  erected  on 
Market  street.  William  B.  Ellis  is  the  arch- 
itect. York,  Pa.:  I.  A.  Dunpwolf  is  arch- 
itect for  a  §15,000  building  to  be  put  up  on 

Market  street.  Stonington,    111.:  The 

Rev.  J.  Higgins  has  had  plans  prepared  for 

a  church  to  cost  §8.000.  Westfield,  Mass.: 

A  brick  normal  school  is  to  be  erected  at  a 
cost  of  §93.000;  also  a  residence  at  a  cost  of 

§9.000  for  J.  A.  Lakin.  Pueblo.  Col.:  F. 

W.  Cooper  can  give  information  about  a 
residence  to  cost  §15,000.  Two  school  build- 
ings are  also  to  be  built  costing  respectively 
#75,000  and  §20.000.  Richmond,  Va.:  A 


April  5.  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


585 


L.  West  can  tell  about  a  new  buiklinj^  to 

cost  j5i2,ooo.  Sydney,  O.:     Rev.  Y.  M. 

Quatman  is  about  building  a  church  at  an 

estimated  cost  of  $25,000.  Philadcli)hia, 

Pa.:  The  Franklin  Institute  will  put  up  a 
new  building,  and  plans  are  prei)ared  for  an 
addition  to  the   Home  for  Consumptives. 

Frank  R.  Watson  is  the  architect.  Old 

Point  Comfort,  Va.:  Senator  Hearst  is  pres- 
ident of  the  hotel  company  which  means  to 

build  a  hotel  to  cost  g6oo,ooo.  Plainfield, 

N.  J.:    Plans  are  ready  by  I.  H.  Clum  for  a 

building  to  cost  $15,000.  Ogdensburg,  N. 

Y.:  J.  P.  Johnston,  architect,  can  give  de- 
tails of  a  business  block  to  be  erected.  

New  Haven,  Vt.:  A  $10,000  church  will  be 
built.  Address  H.  B.  Hague,  North  Granby, 
Conn.  A  brick  library  building  will  be  con- 
structed.   J.  B.  Sibley  &  Son  of  Middleton 

are  the  architects.  Marion,  O.:  E.  Ruber 

can  give  details  of  a  brick  and  stone  build- 
ing to  cost  about  $30,000.  New  Canaan, 

Conn.:    An  opera  house  is  to  be  built;  apply 

to  the  mayor.  Mt.  Pleasant,  Mich.:  E. 

R.  Pralls  can  give  particulars  of  a  hotel  to 

cost  S 1 0,000.  Colebrook,  N.  H.:    A  $25,- 

000  hotel  will  be  built.    Frank  Jones,  of 

Portsmouth,  N.   H..  will  give  details  

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  S.  J.  Osgood  is  the 
designer  of  an  ofSce  and  store  building  to 

cost  §35,000.  La  Crosse.  Wis,;    A  $12,000 

building  will  soon  be  put  in  hands.  Address 

Stoltze  &  Schick.  Holyoke,  Mass.:  Plans 

are  being  prepared  by  G.  P.  B.  Alderman 

for  a  building  to  cost  $12,000.  Oakland, 

Cal.:     The   Phoenix   Iron   Company  has 

plans  for  a  new  building  to  cost  $25,000.  

St.  Paul,  Minn.:  A  three-story  tenement 
building  to  cost  $18,000  is  to  be  put  up  by 
John  E.  Williams;  also  stores,  etc.,  to  cost 
$7,000  and  $g,ooo  by  Wdliam  F.  Brenner 
and  C.  G.  A.  Johnson  respectively.  Hart- 
ford, Conn.:  Plans  will  be  prepared  for  a 
new  library  building  to  cost  $4,000.  Dan- 
ville, Va.:  Plans  are  prepared  for  a  resi- 
dence to  cost  $40,000.  A.  M.  Stuckert,  Den- 
ver, Col.— — Chatauqua,  N.  Y.:  A.  0_ 
Granger,  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  will  give  details 

of  a  building  to  cost  $7,000.  Attica,  Ind.: 

Rev.  Father  Lamper  is  going  to  build  a 

church  to    cost    $20,000.  Beloit,  Wis.: 

Plans  are  ready  for  a  bank  building  to  cost 

$15,000;  F.  W.  Berry  can  give  details.  

Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  John  G.  Balsam,  architect, 
can  give  particulars  of  stores  and  flats  to 

cost    $25.000.  Cadillac,  Mich.:  Plans 

have  been  prepared  for  a  $20,000  school- 
house;  F.  H.  Hollister,  Saginaw,  Mich.,  can 

give  information.  Centreville,   Mo.:  C. 

W.  Kellogg  &  Son  have  plans  and  specifi- 
cations for  a  hotel  to  cost  $20,000,  and  a 

bank  to  cost  $15,000.  Bonham,  Tex.:  W. 

C.  Brigham  has  plans  for  a  church  to  cost 

$7,000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    A  round-house  is 

to  be  built  for  the  Wabash  Railroad  to  cost 
$7,000.  C.  F.  May  has  plans  for  a  brick 
warehouse.  Paulus  &  Weidemuller  have 
planned  a  brick  residence  for  Messrs.  Taafe 
and  Gay  to  cost  $24,000.  A  store  on  Third 
street,  of  which  Isaac  Taylor  is  architect, 
will  cost  $25,000.  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.: 


The  Moravians  are  making  additions  to  the 
superintendent's    house  at  the  parochial 

school  to  cost  $47,000.-  Pottsville,  Pa.:  A 

Catholic  church  will  be  erected  to  cost  $70,- 

000;  DeBarry  is  the  architect.  Sioux  City, 

la.:  I.  W.  Marten  is  architect  for  a  resi- 
dence to  cost  $30,000.  Jackson,  Miss.:  A 

schoolhouse  is  to  be  built  to  cost  $35,000;  E. 
E.  Myers,  Detroit,  Mich.,  is  the  acrhitect. 

 Mishawaka,  Ind.:    Donaldson  &  Meier 

of  Detroit,  are  the  architects  for  a  stone 

church   to  cost  $40,000.  Olathe,  Kan.: 

$12,000  is  to  be  expended  in  a  jail;  W.  M. 

Adams  is  County  Clerk.  Heppneo,  Ore.: 

George  Marshall,  of  Portland,  Ore.,  has 
made  plans  for  a  $40,000  hotel,  Gales- 
burg,  111.:  A  college  will  be  built  to  cost 
$70,000;  E.  E.  Myers,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  can 

give   details.  Colorado    Springs,  Col.: 

Donaldson  &  Meier  of  Detroit,  are  archi- 
tects for  a  residence  built  of  stone  to  cost 

$20,000.  New  York:    Flats  in  Ninty-third 

street  and  Fourth  avenue,  H.  J.  Hardenbcrg 
architect,  will  cost  $25,000;  and  a  store  on 
Canal  street  is  to  cost  $17,000;  Brenner  & 
Iryson  are  archrtects;  G.  F.  Pelham  is  arch- 
itect for  flats  on  West  Seventeenth  street  to 
cost  $57,000.  On  East  One  Hundred  and 
Twent) -sixth  street  flats  will  cost  $44,000; 
Andrew  Spencer,  architect.  Alf  Lucker  is 
architect  on  Broadway  for  a  store  to  cost 
$75,000.  The  same  architect  has  planned 
stores  and  flats  on  the  corner  of  Tenth  ave- 
nue and  Fifty-ninth  street  to  cost  $175,000. 
George  Keister  can  give  details  of  work  on 
brick  flats  on  West  Forty-third  street  to 
cost  $44,000.  I.  E.  Schaarschmidt  is  archi- 
tect for  three  five-story  brick  flats  on  West 
Twenty-seventh  street  to  cost  $675,000.  Five 
flats  on  One  Hundred  and  Fourteenth  street 
and  Eighth  avenue  will  cost  $100,000;  R.  R. 
Davis  is  architect.  I.  Kastner  is  architect 
for  factories  on  Fifty-second  street  and 
First  avenue  to  cost  $85,000;  a  factory  on 
First  avenue  of  which  A.  B.  Boyden  &  Son 
are  architects,  will  cost  $25,000;  a  three- 
story  brick  flat  on  Eighth  avenue  will  cost 
Charles  Ruff  $46,000;  on  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-ninth  street  W.  H.  Herman  is  arch- 
itect for  building  to  cost  $30,000;  Kurtzer  & 
Rohl  are  the  architects  for  flats,  etc.,  in  St. 
Marks  place  to  cost  $24,000;  Bruno  &  Ber- 
ger  have  plans  of  flats  and  stores  on  Huston 
street  to  cost  $55,000;  E.  H.  Kendal  has  a 
brick  warehouse  for  the  American  Express 
Company  on  Hudson  street  to  cost  $275,000; 
Babb,  Cooke  &  Villiard  have  a  factory  to 
cost  $50,000,  on  Fourth  street;  Ogden  &  Son 
have  plans  for  five  residences  to  cost  in  all 
$77,000;  Architect  H.  J.  Hardenbergh  has 
several  plans  of  houses  ranging  from  $20,- 

000  to  $30,000.  Topeka,  Kan,:  Charles 

Wolf  is  about  to  build  a  packing-house  to 

cost  $6,000.  Boston,   Mass.:     A  brick 

apartment  building  to  cost  $40,000  is  planned 
by  I.  K.  and  W.  P.  Richards,  and  a  brick 
office  building  to  cost  $55,000  has  been 

planned  by  Shepley,  Rutan  &  Coolidge.  

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  I.  A.  Reynolds  has  plans 
for  a  brick  residence  to  cost  $12,000,  and  a 
brick  grocery  warehouse  to  cost  $51,000; 


also  brick  residences  at  $g,ooo  and  $5,000, 
and  three  brick  flats  to  cost  in  all  $25,000. 
Three  business  houses  on  McDonough 
street  will  cost  John  Faser  $30,000;  F.  Stry- 
kcr  is  architect  for  a  brick  flat  to  cost  $8,000, 
and  architect  I.  C.  Burnehas  a  brick  flat  to 
cost  $8,850,  and  another  to  cost  $8,500.  L. 
Drcher  is  the  architect  for  a  stone  store  to 
cost  $10,000,  and  four  stone  residences  to 
cost $16,000;  W.  M.  Coots,  architect,  has 
twelve  brick  residences  to  cost  $48,000,  and 
two  brick  stores  and  flats  to  cost  $10,000. 
C.  H.  B.  Gilbert  has  a  sand-stone  residence 
planned  to  cost  $75,000.  F.  Holmberg  has 
a  brick  residence  to  cost  $21,000;  twelve 
brick  dwellings  to  cost  in  all  $30,000,  and 
five  buildings  to  cost  $25,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Washington,  Ga.:  An  electric  light  plant 

is  to  be  introduced.  Rusk,  Tex.:  $5,000 

bonds  have  been  issued  for  electric  lighting. 

 Brunswick,  Ga.,  will  double  the  capacity 

of  its  electric  light  plant.  Vernon,  Tex.  : 

A  company  has  been  formed  for  electric 

lighting.  Goldsboro,  N.  C:  A  gas  plant 

will  be  required  at  the  Insane  Asylum.  Dr. 

J.  Miller  can  give  information.  Rock  Hill, 

S.  C:  It  is  stated  that  an  electric  light  plant 
will  be  started.  Spring  City,  Tenn.:  It  is 
reported  that  an  electric  light  plant  will  be 

erected.  Atlanta,   Ga.:   The  Thompson 

Houston  Light  company  is  about  adding  a 
looo-incandescent  light  dynamo  to  >ts  plant. 

 Galveston,  Tex.:  The  Galveston  Land 

Improvement  company  will  put  in  an  elec- 
tric light   plant.  Covington,    Ky.:  The 

Homesdale  Lot  company  contemplate  put- 
ting in  an  electric  light  plant.  Newport, 

Ark.:  L.  Hirsch  intends  to  purcha;.e  a  650 
light  plant,  and  also  a  fifty  arc-light  dynamo. 

 Houston,  Tex.:  Thomas  &  Gorman  want 

an  electric  light  plant.  Grafton,  W.  Va.  : 

A  company,  with  $roo,ooo  capital,  has  been 

formed  to  light  the  town  by  electricity.  

Nanaimo,  B.  B.:  An  electric  light  is  being 
established.  Leavenworth,  Kan.:  An  elec- 
tric light  company  has  been  formed  with  a 

capital  of  $100,000.  Denver,  Col. :  The 

city  council  has  decided  against  the  advisa- 
bility of  the  city  building  an  electric  lighting 

plant  for  its   own  use.  West  Seattle, 

Wash.:  It  is  reported  that  an  electric  light 

plant  will  be  put  in.  Orono,  Me.:  Efforts 

are  being  made   to  establish   an  electric 

lighting  plant.  Millvale,  Pa.:  An  electric 

light  company  has  been  established  with  a 
capital  of  $10,000.  Spencer,  la.:  Arrange- 
ments are  being  made  to  supply  electric 

light  plant.  Milbury,  Mass.:  Portions  of 

the  town  are  to  be  lighted  by  electricity.  

Harrisburgh,  Pa.:  An  electric  light  company 

has  been  organized  with  $10,000  capital,  

Millvale,  Pa.:  A  company  has  been  formed 
for  electric  lighting,  with  a  capital  of  $10,000. 

 Seattle,  Wash.:  A  syndicate  has  been 

granted  a  franchise  to  put  in  a  $50,000  elec- 
tric light  plant,  with  a  capacity  of  5,000 
lights.  Dr.  E.  C.  Kilbourne  can  furnish  in- 
fromation. 


586 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol.  XV.,  No.  322 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo,:  Two  main  sewers  are  to 
be  built  in  South  St.  Joseph;  one  will  be  an 
eight-foot  sewer  and  the  other  a  six-foot 
one. — — Couneaut.  O.:  A  sum  of  §35,000  in 
bonds  has  been  voted  for  a  system  of  sew- 
erage. Berlin,  N.  H.,  will  have  a  sewer- 
age system  to  be  commenced  at  once.  

Williamsport,  Pa.:  The  ciy  engineer  calls 
attention  to  the  urgent  need  of  an  adequate 

sewerage  system.  Oak  Harbor,  O.:  The 

use  of  twenty-two  inch  glazed  tile  sewers 

has  been   adopted.  Atlanta,  Ga.:  The 

citizens  are  to  vote  for  a  sewerage  plan  on 

the  23d  inst.  Fairfield,  Me.:    The  Board 

of  Trade  is  discussing  the  question  of  sew- 
ers.- Paterson,  N.  J.:    It  is  proposed  to 

sewer  several  streets  with  twelve  and  four- 
teen-inch  pipe.  Erie,  Pa.:  The  city  en- 
gineer has  plans  for  carrying  the  city  sew- 
age into  the  lake.  Easton,  Pa.:  The  con- 
tract for  the  sewers  has  been  awarded  to 
Samuel  Mulchler,  of  Phillipsburgh  for  $108,- 
000.  Torrington,  Conn.:  Sewer  construc- 
tion will  be  commenced  at  once.  Flor- 
ence, Ala.:  Work  will  commence  in  the 
early  spring  on  the  new  sewerage  system, 
to  cost  S6o,ooo.  Columbus,  Ga.:  Will- 
iamson and  Earl  are  to  draw  plans  for  the 

twenty  miles  of  sewers.  St.  Paul,  Minn.; 

A  sewer  will  be  made  on  Cleveland  avenue- 

 Parkersburg,  W.  Va.:  §10,000  in  bonds 

have  been  voted  for  sewers.    G.  S.  A.  Far- 

ren  is  city  engineer.  Davenport,  la.:  The 

press  is  making  demands  on  the  health 
board  and  city  council  for  better  sewerage. 

■  Los  Angeles,  Cal.:    The  citizens  have 

voted  §374,000  in  bonds  to  provide  main  and 

intersecting  sewers.  Orange,  Mass.:  It 

is  proposed  to  spend  §60,000  for  sewers.  W. 
L.  Grant  is  chairman  of  committee.  Ham- 
ilton, Ont.:  The  city  engineer  will  proceed 
with  construction  of  sewers  at  the  estimated 
cost  of  §4,500.  Americus,  Ga.:  William- 
son &  Earl  of  Montgomery,  Ala.,  have  a 
party  making  surveys  for  a  sewerage  sys- 
tem. 


WATERWORKS  NOTES. 
Homestead,  Pa.:  The  people  have  voted 
to  increase  debt  of  the  borough,  §70,000  to 

build   waterworks.  Shelby,  Ala.:  Plans 

are  being  drawn  for  an  excluded  system  of 
waterworks.  Venice,  111.:  There  is  a  pro- 
ject on  hand  to  extend  the  waterworks.  

Bond  Hill,  O.,  wants  to  issue  §20,000  worth 
of  bonds  to  spend  for  water  supply.  The 
Legislature  has  been  asked  to  give  them  the 
privilege.  Parkersburg,  la.:  The  com- 
mittee have  as  yet  made  no  report  on  the 

projected  waterworks.  Seattle,  Wash.:  A 

contract  has  been  made  for  a  water  supply, 
to  cost  §50,000,  with  the  Puget  Sound  Water- 
works company.  Horton,  Kan.:  The  city 

does  not  propose  to  build  its  own  water- 
works, but  will  let  the  franchise  to  some 
responsible  i)arty  in  a  few  weeks.  Oak- 
land, Cal.:  There  is  talk  of  buying  the 
Alameda  waterworks,  and  enlarge  them  to 

meet  the  needs  of  the  city.  Cazenooia,  N. 

Y.:  Work  will  be  commenced  at  once  m  the 


waterworks    system.  Wayne,    Neb.:  A 

system  of  waterworks  is  to  be  established. 
 Rockford,  Wash.,  is  considering  a  pro- 
posal to  sink  an  artesian  well  for  assistance 

in  case  of  fire.  Lamar,  Mo.:  A  special 

election  to  ratify  a  contract  for  waterworks 

is  to  be  held.    I.  P.  Aller  is  city  clerk.  

Winsted,  Ct.:  A  movement  has  begun  to  in- 
crease the  water  power.  Barnesville,  O.: 

The  council  has  decided  against  waterworks. 
Red  Bank,  N.  J.:  The  water  mains  are  to  be 

extended  six  miles  this  spring.  West- 

mmster,  B.  C:  A.  C.  Hill,  C.  E.,  will  be  the 

engineer  of  the  new  waterworks.  Glen 

Falls,  N.  Y.,  will  have  to  get  a  new  bill  for 
waterworks,  as  the  former  one  was  inade- 
quate. Santa  Fe,  N.  M.:  The  Galistra 

Valley  Water  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated. Needham,  Mass.:  Preliminary 

plans  are  being  drawn  for  a  waterworks 
system  by  Louis  Hawes,  of  Boston.  Man- 
chester, la.:  I.  M.  Merry  is  chairman  of  the 

committee  for  establishing  waterworks.  

Westport,  Ct.:  A  gravity  system  of  water- 
works is  spoken  of.  W.  J.  Finch  is  town 
clerk. — —Newton,  N.  J.:  The  question  of 

waterworks   is    being    debated.  Misha 

Mokwa,  Wis.:  A  system  of  waterworks  is 

anxiously  looked  for.  New  Canaan,  Ct.: 

Surveys  for  a  waterworks  system  have  been 

made.    Lewis  B.  Sutton  is  town  clerk.  

Detroit.  Mich.:  §23,000  is  required  for  a  water 
supply  to  Island  park.  John  Sterling  is  secre- 
tary to  the  Board. — Winchester,  Ky.:  Water- 
works are  to  be  constructed  immediately. 

F.  D.  Pendleton  is  mayor.  Radford,  Va.: 

Bonds  will  be  issued  for  a  w-ater  supply. 

The  mayor  can  give  information.  Aiken, 

S.  C:  P.  A.  Emmanuel  is  interested  in  pro- 
curing a  water  supply.  Stanford,  Ky.: 

The  citizens  will  vote  for  a  waterworks  sys- 
tem April  5th.    W.  H.  Miller  is  city  clerk. 

 Brunswick,  Ga. :  The  capacity  of  the 

waterworks  is  to  be  doubled.  Richmond, 

Ga.:  The  construction  of  waterworks  is  con- 
templated. Sylacauga,  Ala.:  It  is  reported 

that  waterworks  will  be  established.  

Uniontown,  Ala.:  The  mayor  can  give  in- 
formation   of   intended  waterworks.  

Washington,  Ga.:  The  construction  of  water- 
works is  projected.  Cambridge,    Md.  : 

Waterworks  will  be  built  if  a  sufficient  su()- 

ply  of  water  can  be  found.  Rapid  City, 

la.:  Waterworks  will  be  put  in  by  a  company 

recently  organized.  Galveston,  Tex.:  The 

cotton  and  woollen  mill   wants  another 

artesian  well  sunk.  Boulder, Colo.: There 

is  no  doubt  now  that  the  vote  this  spring 
will  decide  in  favor  of  issuing§i5o,ooo bonds 

for  waterworks.  Colorado  Springs,  Colo.: 

The  finance  committee  have  submitted  reso- 
lutions to  the  effect  that  §60,000  worth  of 
improvement  bonds  be  voted  on  at  the 
coming  election  this  month,  as  follows: 
§25,000  for  waterworks  extension,  §25,000  for 

sewer  extension  and  §io,ooo  for  bridges.  

La  Grand,  Ore.:  §2,000  have  been  voted  for 

the  purpose  of  sinking  an  artesian  well.  

San  Bernardino,  Cal.:  A  complete  system  of 
vyatcrworks  will  be  established;  estimated 
cost,  §160,000.  Address,  F.  C.  Fenker,  super- 


intendent of  works.— Redding,  Cal.:  A 
company  is  trying  to  secure  a  franchise  for 

waterworks.  Harold,  Tex.:  Address,  W. 

T.  Knox  regarding  the  contract  for  sinking 

an  artesian  well.  Seattle,  Wash.:  A  report 

estimating  cost  of  waterworks  at  §200,000 

has  been  submitted.  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.:  A 

large  reservoir  is  to  be  constructed  by  the 
Beaver  V alley  Water  company,  the  water  to 

be  piped  to  neighboring  towns.  A 

mass  meeting  to    secure  a  water  supply 

has  been  held.  Sante  Fe,  N.  M.:  The 

Galisteo  Valley  water  company  has  been 
formed  w^ith  a  capital  of  §100,000.  Mans- 
field, O.:  §50,000  will  be  expended  in  water- 
works. Cuyahoga   Falls,  O.:  The  new 

works  here  will  cost  about  §15,000.-  Need- 
ham,  Mass.:  Plans  are  being  made  for  new 

waterworks,  Neosho,    Mo.:    The  city 

clerk,  N.  A.  Morford,  will  give  details  of 

waterworks  project.  Boulder,  Col.:  E.  J. 

Temple  can  give  details  of  the  waterworks 

estimated  to  cost  §150,000.  Sydney,  O., 

will  issue  §20,000  bonds  to  secure  a  water 

supply.  Wilmington,  Del.:  The  Board  of 

Commissioners  will  give  information  about 
the  contemplated  extension  of  waterworks. 
— — Sheffield,  Ala.:  The  city  of  about  3,000, 
growing  vigorously,  stands  in  need  of  a  new 
system  of  water-works,  consequently  bids 
are  wanted  for  a  first-class  system.  For 
particulars  address  C.  J.  Voorhees,  chairman 
waterworks  committee. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.:  The  common  council 
will  shortly  want  proposals  for  the  construc- 
tion ot  33,491  feet  of  new  sewers.  Address 
for  details  William  H.  Felton,  Clerk  of  Com- 
mittee on  Highways   and  Surveys.  St. 

Louis,  Mo.:  The  Board  of  Public  Works  will 
soon  advertise  for  bids  for  two  pumping  en- 
gines of  20,000,000  gallons  per  day  each. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  engines  will  cost 
§150,000  each,  exclusive  of  the  foundations. 

 South  Orange,  N.  J.,  through  its  water 

committee,  Messrs.  H.  H.  Hart,  J.  G.  Morri- 
son and  H.  B.  Halsey,  asks  for  proposals  for 

a  water  supply  Proposals  will  be  received 

until  April  15,  1890,  for  furnishing  for  the 
construction  of  the  Clifton  Heights  water- 
works cast-iron  pipe  and  for  laying  the 
same.  Also,  until  six  o'clock  p.  m.,  April 
2Q,  1890,  for  furnishing  steam  pumping 
machinery  for  building  engine  house  and 
for  constructing  a  reservoir.  Specifications 
can  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  or 
Isaac  S.  Cassin,  Engineer,  No.  1404  North 
Twelfth  street,  Philadelphia.  Pa.  Address 
S.  P.  Bartleson,  President  Clifton  Heigths 
Water  Company,  Clifton  Heights,  Delaware 

County,  Pa.  Fort  Reno,  I.  T.:  Proposals 

for  the  construction  of  public  buildings  will 
be  received  until  April  17th.    Address,  C. 

W.  Forster,  Quartermaster,  U.  S.  A.  

Canton,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  April 
1 5th,  for  contracting  sewers  in  certain  streets. 

Address,  H.  G.  Schaub,  county  clerk.  

Sandusky,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  for  the 
construction  of  additional  buildings  for  the 


April  5, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


587 


Ohio  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  until  April 
17th,  The  buildings  to  be  constructed  arc  : 
The  assembly  hall,  library,  bath  house,  ice 
and  cold  storage  house,  additional  cottages- 
new  designs,  quarters  for  officers,  plumbing' 
gas  fitting,  sewerage  and  extension  of  steam 
plant,  etc.   Address,  for  particulars,  I.  F. 

Mack,  President.  Proposals  for  a  water 

supply  for  the  village  of  South  Orange,  N. 
J.,  will  be  received  until  Wednesday,  April 
17th.  H.  H.  Hart,  chairman  water  com- 
mittee. Proposals  will  be  received  until 

12  o'clock  noon,  April  15th,  i8go,  for  con- 
structing brick  building  at  David's  island, 
N.  Y.  H.,  with  latrines  and  urinals.  Address, 
J.  McE.  Hyde,  Assistant  Quartermaster,  U. 
S.  Army,  Depot   Quartermaster,  David's 

island,  N.  Y.  H.  Proposals  are  wanted 

until  April  15th,  for  monitor  screw  machine 
for  the  New  York  navy  yard.  Address, 
James  Fulton,  Paymaster  General,  U.  S. 

Navy,  Washington,  D.  C.  Dallas,  Tex.: 

Plans  are  wanted  until  May  ist,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  $200,000  fire-proof  court  house. 

Address,  E.  G.  Bowen,  county  judge.  

Collinsville,  111.:  The  mayor  and  city  council 
will  receive  proposals  for  the  erection  and 
maintenance  of  a  system  of  waterworks  and 
an  electric  lighting  plant,  under  franchises 
to  be  granted  by  the  city.  Bids  may  be 
submitted  for  the  plans  separately  or  to- 
gether, and  directed  to  the  city  clerk  under 
seal,  and  will  be  opened  on  Friday,  the  i8th 
day  of  April,  i8qo,  at  7:30  p.  m.,  at  the  coun- 
cil chamber,  in  the  presence  of  such  bidders 
as  may  choose  to  be  present.  San  Ber- 
nardino, Cal.:  B.  B.  Harris,  clerk  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  wants  until  April  8th, 
proposals  for  627,035  tons  of  cast  iron  pipe, 
114,115  feet  Kalamen  converse  lock-joint 
pipe,  98,755  feet  lap-welded  wrought  iron 
screw  pipe,  15,400  feet  riveted  steel  pipe,  70 
double  nozzle  fire  hydrants,  90  gaies  and  163 

special    castings.  Washington,    D.  C: 

Supervising  architect,  J.  H.  Windrim, 
Treasury  Department,  wants  proposals  till 
April  22d,  for  the  labor  and  material 
required  in  the  erection  and  completion  of 
the  U.  S.  courthouse  and  post-office  building 

at  Asheville,    N.    C.  Richmond,  Ind.: 

Finley  S.  Newlin,  auditor,  opens  bids  May  2d, 
for  the  erection  of  a  new  court-house  at  Rich- 
mond. The  building  will  be  212x124  ft.,  to  be 
built  of  stone  and  iron  and  to  be  fire-proof. 
Lubing,  Caldwell  county,  Tex.,  F.  C.  Cross 
opens  bids  April  14  for  water  works  De- 
catur, Ga.:  T.  J.  Hightower,  chairman  of 
the  Board  of  County  Commissioners,  opens 
bids  May  5  for  the  erection  of  a  new  jail. 
 Norfolk,  Va.:  C.  O.  \'aughn,  Jr.,  secre- 
tary Franklin,  Va.,  Hotel  Company,  opens 
bids  April  15  for  the  construction  of  a  mar- 
ket in  Norfolk.  Asheville,  N.  C:  Hon. 

C.  Blanton,  mayor,  opens  bids  May  i  for 
electriclighting  and  plant.— Collinsville,  111.: 
James  N.  Pears,  city  clerk,  opens  bids  April 
18  for  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  a 
system  of  water  works  and  an  electric  light- 
ing plant,   under   the    franchises    to  be 

granted  by  the  city.  San  Francisco,  Cal.; 

Bids  will  be  received  up  to  April  18  by  the 


new  city  hall  commissioners,  for  building 
the  northeast  wing;  also  for  steel-built  gird- 
ers and  rolled  beams,  etc. 


MEDICATED  LIQUID  SOAPS. 
In  a  paper  read  before  the  recent  congress 
of  Russian  Pharmaceutical  Societies,  Herr 
Saidemann  called  attention  to  the  therapeu- 
tic value  of  liquid  soaps,  which  he  claimed 
to  present  the  advantages  of  being  more 
suitable  for  inunction,  favoring  admixture 
of  medicinal  substances,  and  being  always 
producible  from  vegetable  oils,  thus  avoid- 
ing the  use  of  animal  fats  [Phar.  Zcit.  Rttssl., 
Dec.  24,  p.  820).  The  formula  recommended 
by  him  for  a  liquid  soap  is  to  mix  one  part 
of  caustic  potash  dissolved  in  an  equal 
weight  of  water  with  four  parts  of  olive  oil 
and  one-fourth  part  of  alcohol,  and  shake  it 
vigorously  during  ten  minutes.  The  mix- 
ture is  repeatedly  stirred  during  the  next 
hour,  then  mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of 
water,  and  after  standing  several  days 
filtered. 

The  author  states  that  carbolic  acid  incor- 
porated with  a  potash  soap  has  its  causti': 
and  poisonous  properties  paralyzed,  while 
its  disinfectant  action  appears  to  be  in- 
creased. It  is  also  stated  that  the  Berlin 
District  Sanitary  Commission  has  found  a 
solution  of  potash  soap  in  10,000  of  water 
completely  to  prevent  the  development  of 
the  splenic  fever  bacillus,  and  has  recom- 
mended a  solution  of  fifteen  parts  in  10,000 
as  one  of  the  best  disinfectants. 


We  are  in  receipt  of  a  chart  by  Alex.  Y. 
Lee,  architect  and  civil  engineer,  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  giving  a  bird's  eye  view  of  the  Con- 
maugh  Valley,  from  Ninevah  to  the  lake. 
The  chart  is  prepared  from  personal 
sketches  and  surveys  of  the  Pennsylvania 
railway,  and  gives  a  fair  picture  of  this  ill- 
fated  valley.  We  have  also  a  map  designed 
and  copyrighted  by  the  same  author,  show- 
ing collieries  of  the  Pittsburg  steam,  and 
Youghiogheny  gas  coals  within  forty  miles 
of  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Palliser's  Court  Houses,  City  Halls,  Jails, 
etc.,  is  a  quarterly  published  by  Palliser, 
Palliser,  &  Co.,  architects,  in  New  York 
City  at  S3  per  year.  The  present  number  is 
a  handsome  one  full  of  detailed  information 
regarding  public  buildings  from  plans  and 
specifications  prepared  in  the  regular  routine 
of  office  work.  The  work  is  so  complete 
that  it  will  prove  a  valuable  aid  to  builders 
and  all  those  interested  in  buildings  of  this 
character. 

The  most  of  the  fuss  that  has  been  made 
about  the  Philadelphia  water  has  been  made 
by  the  Philadelphia  papers.  They  probably 
do  not  know  anything  about  it  but  they 
ought  to. 

M.  de  Freycinet,  the  French  Minister  of 
War,  has  published  a  decree  forbidding 
surgeons  in  the  French  army  to  make  use  of 
hypnotism  in  their  practice,  or  to  experi- 
ment with  it. 


E.   PLURIBUS  UNUM 

NORTH,  CENTRAL  and  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

IT  IS  TIME 
For  less  Political  and  Partisan  Strife  and 
a  Greater  Amount  of  Commercial  Sense. 

EXPORT  AND  FINANCE. 

is  a  wiiKKLY  NEWSPAI'KK  engaged  in  the 
mission  of  introducing  the  Manufacturers 
and  Business  men  of  the  United  .States  to 
Merchant's,  Buyers,  Tradesmen  and  Busi- 
ness Men  of  Spanish  America.  The  entire 
trade  of  this  Continent  should  be  conducted 
and  controlled  by  Americans.  North,  Cen- 
tral, and  South  Americans  should  get  ac- 
quainted with  each  other,  interchange  their 
produces,  and  stop  the  unAmerican  ijolicy 
of  sending  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars 
astray  from  this  Republican  Continent  annu- 
ally to  enrich  European  manufacturers. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
circulates  among  the  principal  Manufactur- 
ers, Bankers  and  Exporters  of  the  United 
States.  It  also  enjoys  an  extensive  circula- 
tion among  the  best  class  of  Merchants,  Im- 
porters, Tradesmen  in  this  country,  and  the 
Principal  Business  and  Public  men  of  Mex- 
ico, Central  and  South  America. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
gives  more  reliable  and  a  greater  amount  of 
serviceable  and  original  news  matter  regard- 
ing South  American  trade  than  all  the  so- 
called  trade  papers  in  this  country. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 

enjoys  a  larger  circulation,  and  is  read  by  a 
larger  number  of  prominent  manufacturers 
and  public  men  of  this  country  and  Mer- 
chants, Trademen  and  Business  Men  in 
Spanish  America  than  all  the  trade  newspa- 
papers  in  the  United  States  combined. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 

has  a  circulation  list  which  includes  the 
names  of  the  President,  Vice-President, 
every  member  of  the  Cabinet  and  every 
United  States  Senator,  all  members  of  Con- 
gress and  the  Governor  of  every  State  in 
the  Union.  It  also  includes  all  the  Spanish 
American  Ministers  and  Consuls  accredited 
to  the  United  States  and  all  American  Min- 
isters and  Consuls  in  Spanish-America.  It 
is  also  mailed  regularly  to  the  Presidents, 
Members  of  Cabinet  and  principal  Govern- 
ment officials  in  all  the  Spanisn-American 
Republics. 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE 
is  the  best  authority  and  the  best  advertising 
medium  in  the  United  States  for  all  who  are 
interested  in  the  development  and  extension 
of  American  trade  with  Mexico,  Central 
and  South  America,  Brazil  and  the  West 
India  Islands.  Every  business  man  in  the 
United  States,  either  from  business  or  patri- 
otic motive  should  support  a  paper  engaged 
in  such  work, 

IF  YOU  WANT  TO  KNOW. 

all  about  the  Spanish-American  Trade, 

How  to  Secure  a  Share  of  it, 

How  to  manufacture,  pack  and  ship  goods 
for  the  South  American  Markets  read 

EXPORT  and  FINANCE. 

AND 

ADVERTISE    YOUR    BUSINESS  IN 
ITS  COLUMNS. 

SUBSCRIPTION  PRICE  $5  PER  ANNUM  PAYA- 
BLE IN  ADVANCE. 

Advertising  rates  given  on  application. 

ADDRESS 

Export  &  Finance  Pub.  Co., 

5  BOWLING  GREEN.  New  York  .  U.  S.A 


S88 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No. 


3iA£.  C.  3^0SBURGH  TVCFG  CO.  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


[Factory,  BroofcljT-ja.,  IT.  "2".] 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMB  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KITTINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make. 


CHXO-A-G-O. 

We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES 

Ordeks  Carefully  Filled. 


NATURE'S    REMEDIKS  . 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  effective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulae 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  j)liysicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Keraedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect* 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remkdy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  150  persons  have  been  tieatefl  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  otliers  feel  confident  of  a 
cure,  Thk  Life  Tonio  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Livkb  Ken. 
OVATOH  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  TuE  Luno  Elixir  is  n 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  TuE  Pain  Uelibveb  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-aclie,Ear-ache,  IJruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  8t.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  tlie 
Remedies  will  bo  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  danoebous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  and  ttiougli  you  may  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATUUE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful 


Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cure<l. 


I  cures. 


A  NEW  PUBLICATION.   Commenced  April  1st,  1890 


ArcmitectukaLc:^^ 


iMACTldVLDESIG 


Of  special  interest  to  ArcIiltectH,  Contractors, CarpeiiterH  and  Buildern,  Sash 
and  Blind  Manufacturers,  Mason  Ruilders,  Plasterers,  and  all  others  con- 
nect«<l  with  the  Architectural  and  Building:  Xrades,  in  variims  localities,  as  well  as  to 
those  int-ending  to  Iniild. 

Each  number  will  contain  from  eight  to  twelve  9x12  plates  of  OrlKinal  Drawliijf**t  <o 
scale.  During  the  year  there  will  be  shown  a  large  variety  of  Besljjns  and  netalls,  xiiiii'd  to 
Cities,  To^-ns  and  Villages,  including  I'uhlic  and  Private  Buildinics,  nie.lium 
and  low  cost  Cottajfes,  suburbat.  or  Country  Mouses,  Htables  and  Out-KuildiUKS, 
Street  and  Store  Fronts,  with  exterior  and  interior  Details.  BesiRns  for  Kurniture, 
and  a  variety  ofMiscellaneouH  Betails  of  IVood,  Brick  Stone  and  Plaster  work. 

PRICE  $5.00  a  Year.   $2.75  for  Si. v  Months.   50  Cf.«.  a  Mijnhcr. 

A.  J.  BICKNELL, Publisher,  115  BROADWAY,  (P.O.  Box  560)  NEW  YORK. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DLAFNESS-hav  fcvcr- 

*   NEW    HOME  TREATMENT. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
rfiese  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Di.xon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Street,  Toronto,  Canada.— 
Christian  Aihwcatc. 


Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 


AN  ALL-YEAR-ROUND  RESORT. 

Spring  is  upon  us,  and,  as  usual  after  the 
close  confinement  of  winter  the  weary  brain 
worker  begins  to  feel  the  need  of  a  tonic. 
Take  our  advice:  "Throw  physic  to  the 
dogs"  and  take  a  trip  to  Hot  Springs,  Ark. 
The  Wabash  Railroad  is  the  direct  line  to 
this  famous  health  and  pleasure  resort  of 
the  West.  Only  one  change  of  cars  which 
occurs  in  Union  Depot,  St.  Louis.  Elegant 
compartment  sleepers  and  free  chair  cars  to 
that  point.  Berths  reserved  in  advance 
from  Chicago  to  Hot  Springs.  Write  for 
rates  and  descriptive  pamphlets.  Ticket 
Office,  ICQ  Clark  street,  Chicago. 

SEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  UP 
to  7  p.  m.,  Friday.  April  18,  1890.  for  boring  and 
drilling  an  artesian  well  at  El  Paso,  Tex.  For  speci- 
fications and  other  information  address 

GEO.  E.  BOVEE,  City  Clerk. 


The  E.  E.  Scott  Patent  Trap  seals  with  or 
without  water  seal  against  back  pressure.  It 
is  self-cleaning  and  scouring,  8(!ientific  in 
construction,  the  inlet  and  outlet  are  on  the 
same  angle,  and  the  bottom  is  the  same  size 
as  the  connecting  pipes.  The  ball  is  made  of 
non-corrosive  metal.  The  Trap  is  made  with 
or  witliout  reversible  couplings,  and  is  as 
cheap  as  any  Mall  Trap  on  the  market. 

E.  E.  SCOTT,  East  Saginaw,  Mich. 

BUILDING  PERMITS. 

li.  T.  M  illig.iii  to  erect  S-sty  ami  eel  fits  22x 

tl."i,  ll-l  C,)loru  lo  av.    a,  C.  U:iker;  cost, . .  #.5,003 

Tohn  K.  P.ttnrs  to  erect  3-«ty  col  and  Has,  24x 

li,  lU'.l  Loomisst.  a.  Schneider   4,000 

Krud  8p  »ar  to  ere<rt  3  sty  and  basm't  str  and 

flts,  arixT."),  210  Rumsey  st,  a.  Shiol  A  Long  fi,000 

Frank  .lana  to  erect  S-sty  and  bnstm't  str  and 

Ht«,  24x92,  498  2Htli  st.  a,  Harkerbush ... .3  10,000 

(ieorge  W.  Hoffm.'in  to  erect  8.»ty  and  addi'f 

tits,  143  Miulison  st   45,000 

1)  .  .).  .Muriihy  to  erect  2-sty  eel  and  fits,  22x.'>0 

1I9J  W.  Adams  St.  B,John  K.  Warner.  ..  .5,000 

1'".  (iuchnnnus  to  erect  al-aty  aud  eel  brk  Hr 
and  flts,  2r)x7(),  398  W.  Division  st.  a,  H. 
R  ihr,  Oldt  A  Co   10,000 

Jacob  Hmicha  to  erect  a  S-sty  fit,  2tlx(16  7.W 

Alport  av.  a,  Kewanek   0,50 


April  12,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


589 


The  Sanitary  News 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

No.  90  I^a  Salle  Street,  Chicateo. 

Thomas  Hudson,  -----  Publisher, 
A.  H.  Harktman,  -  -  .  .  .  Editor. 
Hbnbt  R.  Allen,       -     -     .      London  Aobnt. 

Entered  as  second-class  mat  ter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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address  should  accompany  the  new. 

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vertisements sent  to  this  office,  when  they  will  be 
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made  by  check,  express  order,  money  order,  or  regis- 
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LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
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a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  which  is  83.00. 
The  entire  thirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects 


CHICAGO,  APRIL  12,  1890. 


Contents  This  Wkek. 


Current  Topics  589 
Suggestions  for  Sewerage  Committees      -      -  590 

A  Sanitary  House  and  its  Furnisliings      -      -  .591 

Health  in  Michigan      ------  591 

Water  Purified  by  Metallic  Iron        -      -      -  591 

A  New  Ocean  Wave  Motor   -----  592 

Some  Statiscics  of  "The  Grip"   -      -      -      -  592 

Strange  Uses  of  Paper        -----  592 

Is  Insanity  Preventable?      ...      -      -  592 

Reviews  and  Notes  592 

A  Carbonic  Oxide  Imlicrtor       -      -      -      -  5(53 

Bdildino— 

Structural  Iron  and  Steel      -      -      -      -  593 

Notes  from  Architects   -----  593 

Plumbing— 

Sanitary  Plumbing        -----  594 

The  Master  Plumbers' Association      -      -  595 

The  Strike  Endad   .591! 

Among  the  Plumbers     -----  5'.I6 

Contracting  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -      -  596 

Heating  and  Ligliting    -----  597 

Water-Works  Notes  ,598 

Bids  and  Contracts       -----  598 

Sewerage  Notes  599 


At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
(lealth,  of  Memphis,  Tcnn.,  the  president, 
Dr.  W.  H.  Rogers,  called  attention  to  a 
niiml)cr  of  buildings  that  had  for  years  been 
in  an  unsanitary  condition,  and  recom- 
mended that  these  houses  be  condemned, 
the  tenants  forced  to  vacate  them,  and  the 
owners  compelled  to  ])ut  them  in  a  pro|)er 
sanitary  condition.  The  Board  jiasscd  a 
resolution  empowering  President  Rogers  to 
take  the  steps  he  recommended,  and  he 
straightway  instituted  a  close  investigation. 
As  the  result  of  this  work  ninety-five  resi- 
dences and  stores  were  condemned.  The 
amount  of  sickness  prevented  cannot  be 
estimated,  but  when  a  building  is  vacated 
under  the  condemnation  of  a  board  of  health 
a  dangerous  sanitary  condition  must  have 
existed.  We  presume  boards  of  health 
could  find  such  work  to  do  in  almost  any 
city  of  any  size,  and  a  general  spring  clean- 
ing would  be  beneficial  under  almost  any 
circumstances. 


Dr.  Malinconico,  an  Italian  physician, 
according  to  a  French  medical  journal  "has 
made  a  greater  discovery  than  the  famous 
elixir  of  youth  of  Brown-Sequard.  The 
journals  announce,  very  seriously,  that  Dr. 
Malinconico  is  about  to  discover  the  microbe 
of  old  age.  This  microbe  is  transmitted, 
according  to  the  Italian  savant,  by  inheri- 
tance, invades  with  age  the  entire  human 
organism,  ravages  and  destroys  it,  produc- 
ing old  age  and  finally  death.  Dr.  Malin- 
conico hopes  that  he  will  be  able  to  discover 
the  means  to  combat,  and  finally  to  destroy, 
this  terrible  microbe,  which  will  prevent 
men  growing  old."  This  microbe  has  char- 
acteristics peculiarly  its  own.  They  may  be 
communicable  but  they  seem  born  in  the 
system,  and,  while  a  person  may  escape  all 
other  kinds  of  germs,  all  become  infected 
with  the  new  one.  The  doctor  beneath  the 
blue  skies  may  be  convinced  that  he  has 
discovered  the  germ  that  brings  on  old  age 
and  decay,  but  we  apprehend  that  he,  like 
the  boy  with  the  b'rd.will  have  a  sorry  time 
getting  salt  on  its  tail. 

It  is  said  that  a  builder  in  the  city  council 
of  Allegheny,  Pa.,  defeated  an  ordinance 
providing  for  an  inspector  of  building.  It  is 
pretty  safe  to  conclude  that  where  a  builder 
opposes  a  building  inspection  ordinance,  the 
ordinance  should  be  passed  and  rigidly  en- 
forced. It  is  good  evidence  that  there  is  at 
least  one  builder  whose  work  should  be  in- 
spected at  every  step.  There  is  so  much 
speculative  building  going  on  in  most  of  our 
cities  of  any  size  that  it  is  highly  important 
that  a  close  inspection  should  be  maintained. 
Inspection  may  not  discover  all  the  fraud. 
Occasionally  a  building  may  fall  in  New 
York,  or  one  col'apse  in  another  city,  yet 
these  disasters  would  be  multiplied  many 
times  without  inspection.  If  with  inspection 
such  buildings  are  constructed,  without  it 
more  and  worse  construction  would  follow. 
That  bad  building  with  inspection  exists  is 
no  argument  against  inspection,  but  an  ex- 


ample of  its  necessity.  The  need  of  a  doctor 
is  shown  by  sickness,  so  the  need  of  build- 
ing inspection  is  shown  by  defective  con- 
struction. 

CiiiKK  Inspector  Young  is  in  demand 
wherever  sanitation  is  of  interest  and  re- 
ceives consideration.  Recently  he  was 
called  to  address  a  large  class  of  medical 
students  on  sanitary  science  with  the  result 
of  placing  many  of  the  young  ])hysicians  in 
the  way  of  pursuing  sanitary  studies  as 
modern  science  has  developed  them.  The 
physician  should  be  a  sanitarian,  for  the 
prevention  of  disease  is  receiving  about  as 
much  consideration  now  as  the  curing  of 
them. 


TiiEHF.is  nothing  of  more  practical  value, 
to  say  nothing  of  comfort,  than  a  healthful 
home.  Hence  it  is  important  that  every  de- 
partment of  building  construction  should  be 
conducted  with  the  strictest  regard  to  the 
correct  principles  of  sanitation. 


At  this  writing  the  quiet  that  reigns  about 
building  enterprises  in  this  city  is  not  in 
keeping  with  the  state  of  society  emerging 
from  a  Lenten  season. 


The  plumber  whose  skill  and  honesty 
prevent  disease  from  entering  the  house- 
hold does  better  than  he  who  makes  two 
blades  of  grass  grow  where  but  one  formerly 
grew. 

CLASS  PLUMBING. 

There  is  in  plumbing  work  a  feature  which 
might  be  called  "class  plumbing."  By  this 
is  meant  that  there  is  a  certain  kind  of  work 
which  by  general  consent  is  left,  or  rather 
given  up  to  a  certain  class  of  plumbers. 
We  have  given  examples  of  this  from  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  this,  and  other  cities, 
and  while  the  fact  has  not  been  recognized 
there  nevertheless  exists  a  class  of  plumb- 
ers who  seldom  attempt  but  one  kind  of 
work.  Cheap  tenement  and  speculative 
building  has  railed  for  cheap  work  in  all 
departments  of  construction.  Cheap  material 
and  cheap  work  are  demanded  by  this  class 
of  builders,  and,  as  in  other  departments, 
there  is  a  class  of  plumbers  who  supply  the 
demand.  Where  the  contract  is  taken  it  is 
not  understood  that  the  work  is  to  be  first- 
class,  and  the  builder  does  not  expect  to 
employ  the  higher  grade  of  plumbers.  The 
result  is  that  a  poor  job  is  done,  covered  up 
and  left  to  be  a  source  of  evil  ever  after. 

The  cause  of  this  is  not  found  in  the  pur- 
pose of  the  plumber  to  do  poor  work,  but  in 
the  limits  and  conditions  of  the  builder 
which  preclude  the  idea  of  good  workman- 
ship from  the  start.  The  builder's  sole  idea 
is  to  throw  up  a  pile  of  poor  material  in  the 
shape  of  a  house  in  order  that  he  may  real- 
ize the  greatest  possible  profit.  He  places 
a  limit  on  the  cost  of  all  work  and  material 
that  enter  the  building,  and  does  not  hope 
or  want  to  get  the  best  or  even  the  good  of 
either.  This  has  driven  the  best  class  of 
plumbers  from  such  work  who  seldom,  if 


590 


THE  SAmtARY 


[\^OL.  XV.  No. 


ever,  think  of  bidding  for,  soliciting,  or  tak- 
ing such  contracts.  Their  time  and  services 
arc  given  to  the  better  class  of  residence 
plumbing,  business  buildings,  etc.  It  is  un- 
derstood that  the  kind  of  material  and  labor 
they  employ  are  not  wanted  in  this  class  of 
buildings,  and  they  do  not  care  to  come  in 
competition  with  those  who  bid  for  such 
work.  It  would  be  something  like  a  regular 
physician  in  competition  with  an  "Indian 
doctor."  This  division  of  contract  work  lies 
not  in  the  demands  for  plumbing,  for  such 
buildings  should  have  as  good  work  as  any 
others;  but  the  trouble  is  found  in  the  mean- 
ness and  miserliness  of  the  builder  who  will 
not  pay  for  good  work,  and  very  little  for 
poor  work. 

Among  those  acquainted  with  the  ways  of 
these  builders  it  is  worth  a  respectable 
plumber's  reputation  to  be  found  working 
for  such  men.  The  very  mention  of  it  fills 
the  mind  with  skin  work  from  beginning  to 
end,  and  of  that  the  reputable  plumber 
will  have  none.  It  then  grows  to  be  a 
necessity  for  these  speculative  builders  to 
look  to  another  class  of  plumbers  for  their 
work  in  this  line.  That  such  workmen  can 
be  found  is  but  evidence  of  the  general  rule 
of  adjustmert  that  pervades  all  classes  and 
kinds  of  work.  There  is  always  found  some 
one  for  everything,  and  it  is  this  adjustment 
to  demands  and  necessities  that  classifies 
workmen  from  the  worst  up  to  the  best. 

As  a  class  of  workmen  and  quality  of 
work  considered  in  a  business  way,  this  is 
no  violation  of  the  general  rule  that  obtains 
in  all  matters;  but  when  the  question  of 
health  and  life  enters  into  the  subject  then 
it  is  quite  a  different  thing.  The  business 
contract  between  the  builder  and  plumber 
for  this  poor  quality  of  work,  becomes  a 
matter  of  public  interest  when  it  is  known 
that  public  health  is  endangered  thereby. 
The  fact  is  neither  has  any  right  to  perform 
any  labor  that  will  endanger  the  health  and 
life  of  another.  It  violates  not  only  the  laws 
of  sanitation,  but  the  rights  of  society.  It 
invades  a  higher  domain  than  any  business 
relations  and  menaces  the  highest  interests 
of  the  people.  It  is  an  evil  that  calls  loudly 
for  correction.  If  the  present  city  laws  are 
not  adequate  to  suppress  it  others  should  be 
enacted  at  once  and  enforced.  If  nothing 
else  will  remedy  this  evil,  health  authorities 
should  have  the  power  to  condemn  every 
building  found  with  defective  plumbing  and 
prohibit  its  use  until  all  the  requirements  of 
sanitary  plumbing  are  complied  with.  Such 
is  the  object  and  purpose  of  health  boards 
and  they  should  have  full  power  to  act 
promptly  under  each  case  and  as  circum- 
stances may  direct.  Some  method  should 
be  resorted  to  that  will  prove  effective  to 
stop  this  kind  of  building  construction  and 
to  protect  the  people  from  unscrupulous 
builders. 

An  electric  heater  in  the  form  of  a  floor 
mat  constitutes  one  of  the  latest  applications 
of  electricity  to  household  purposes.  An 
excellent  device  for  warming  the  toes,  says 
be  Electrical  Engineer. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  SEWERAGE 

COMMITTEES.* 
If  after  a  certain  amount  of  tentative  dis- 
cussion and  local  agitation  of  the  sewerage 
question  it  assumes  a  practical  form,  then,  if 
not  earlier,  the  local  authorities  necessarily 
take  charge  of  the  enterprise.  The  prepa- 
ration of  plans  and  the  arrangement  of  all 
idetails  are  entrusted  to  a  special  or  stand- 
ng  committee,  upon  whom  there  is  suddenly 
imposed  a  duty  for  which,  as  a  rule,  they 
have  had  no  previous  preparation,  and  in 
devising  means  for  the  performance  of 
which  they  are  apt  to  be  very  much  at  sea. 

The  sewerage  of  a  town  belongs  to  a 
special  branch  of  engineering  in  which  great 
progress  has  been  and  is  being  made.  The 
field  of  the  engineering  profession  now 
reaches  over  such  a  vast  extent  that  here,  as 
in  the  medical  profession,  the  work  is  be- 
coming more  and  more  divided  into  special- 
ties. All  engineers  of  even  ordinary  at- 
tainments have  certain  fundamental,  prac- 
tical, or  theoretical  knowledge  concerning 
all  branches  of  engineering.  No  engineer 
in  general  practice,  probably,  knows  so  much 
about  any  one  of  the  departments  of  his 
profession  as  do  those  whose  entire  effort 
and  training  are  confined  to  the  different 
specialties. 

While  the  building  of  a  railroad,  the  con- 
struction of  a  water-supply,  the  bridging  of 
a  great  river,  and  the  building  of  docks  are 
all  controlled  in  a  general  way  by  principles 
with  which  all  engineers  should  be  familiar, 
the  chances  are  that  a  railroad  engineer  will 
build  and  equip  the  best  road,  a  hydraulic 
engineer  the  best  water-supply,  a  bridge  en- 
gineer the  best  bridge,  and  an  engineer 
trained  in  riparian  work  the  best  dock.  The 
four  well-trained  experts  would  secure  a 
better  general  result  in  the  four  fields  than 
would  the  best  'all-around'  engineer  if  he 
were  charged  with  the  four  distinct  and 
widely  different  duties. 

The  same  applies  in  large  degree  to  sew- 
erage. Not  that  there  are  often  difficulties 
in  the  construction  of  these  works  at  all 
comparable  with  those  connected  with  the 
instances  above  referred  to,  but  because  a 
good  deal  else  than  engineering  knowledge 
and  experience  are  called  into  requisition. 

To  a  degree  that  is  not  often  realized, 
considerations  which  sometimes  have  noth- 
ing to  do  with  the  mere  construction  of  the 
sewers  are  of  paramount  importance  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  public  health  inter- 
ests. The  sewerage  engineer  should,  of 
course,  be  a  competent,  skillful  and  well- 
trained  engineer  of  construction,  but  he 
should  also  be  much  more  than  this.  He 
should  have  such  a  familiarity  with  the 
latest  researches  of  physician,  chemist, 
microscopist  and  biologist,  and  with  the  re- 
lation that  these  specialists  have  shown 
refuse  organic  matter  to  hold  to  the  health 
and  the  life  of  human  beings,  as  to  be  sure 
that  his  works,  however  skillfully  constructed 
and  however  completely  they  may  perform 

•  From  "BeweroRO  antl  liund  Drninago,"  bj  George 
G.  Waring,  Jr.,  by  coneent  of  the  auUior. 


the  mechanical  operation  for  which  they  are 
intended,  are  at  the  same  time  so  arranged 
regulated  and  controlled  as  to  bring  them 
into  the  closest  practical  conformity  with 
the  requirements  of  the  most  modern  phases 
of  sanitary  science. 

Ordinarily  it  seems  to  be  assumed  that  if 
an  engineer  in  good  standing  is  elected  by 
the  Council  to  the  office  of  City  Engineer, 
that  constitutes  him  an  expert  in  all  branches 
of  city  engineering.  Much  work  is  done  by 
city  engineers  who  are  without  special  qual- 
ification in  these  matters,  and  it  is  not  all  of 
it  well  done. 

A  recent  case  is  in  point:  I  was  called  in 
consultation  by  the  sewerage  committe  of  a 
small  town  which  had  recently  offered  a 
prize  of  S250  for  the  best  plan  of  sewerage 
adapted  to  the  local  conditions.  Three  plans 
had  been  submitted,  one  by  the  city  engi- 
neer, one  by  a  local  surveyor,  and  one  by  an 
ingenious  amateur.  The  council  found  it- 
self confronted  with  the  duty  of  determining 
whether  these  plans,  or  any  of  them,  were 
suited  for  the  work  to  be  done,  and  if  so, 
which  of  them  was  the  best.  They  then 
realized  their  incapacity  to  deal  with  the 
question.  They  knew  no  more  about  what 
was  necessary  for  the  sewerage  of  their 
town  than  they  would  have  known  about  the 
construction  of  a  dynamo  for  its  electric 
lighting;  their  own  engineer  was  a  com- 
petitor, and  they  therefore  had  no  one  to  aid 
them  in  making  a  decision  which  should  be 
at  once  fair  to  the  competitors  and  just  to  the 
city.  Had  the  city  engineer  not  been  an  in- 
terested party  the  committee  might  have 
been  relieved  of  responsibility;  but,  while 
his  plan  was  in  many  respects  a  good  one, 
it  did  not  indicate  complete  knowledge  on 
the  subject.  Without  such  knowledge  no 
one  should  undertake  to  tamper  with  so 
delicate  a  matter,  and  one  fraught  with  such 
possibilities  for  mischief,  as  the  establish- 
ment of  a  plan  of  sewerage. 

It  is  an  inevitable  deduction  from  the 
above  that  after  the  project  for  sewerage 
has  assumed  a  definite  form  the  committee 
should  seek  the  best  instruction  available  as 
to  the  details  of  the  scheme.  Their  local 
knowledge,  their  practical  skill  and  attain- 
ments, and  their  extensive  reading  on  sewer- 
age matters  will  all  be  a  great  aid  to  them 
and  will  greatly  increase  the  value  of  their 
services  to  their  community:  but,  however 
fficient  they  may  have  become  in  this  re- 
gard, it  would  certainly  be  wise,  and  a  wise 
economy,  to  consult  some  engineer  who  has 
made  the  sewerage  of  towi  s  a  subject  of 
special  study  and  practice. 

The  committee  may,  and  often  will,  con- 
trol the  ideas  of  the  expert  to  a  greater 
degree  than  the  expert  will  control  those  of 
the  committee,  but  he  has  the  advantage  of 
a  knowledge  of  certain  fixed  rules  and  prin- 
ciples, and  a  prevision  of  effects  certain  to 
follow  given  causes,  which  render  his  ser- 
vices ]5ractically  indis|)cnsable. 

The  Sewerage  Committee  is  sometimes 
reinforced  by  members  of  a  citizens'  organ- 
ization, and  tlicre  may  be  among  these  doc- 


Apkil  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


591 


tors,  contractors,  builders,  mechanics  and 
business  men  who  in  their  own  affairs  are 
expert,  practical  and  successful.  The  first 
impulse  of  the  majority  of  this  body  will  be 
to  determine  the  question  now  sumbittcd  on 
the  basis  of  "Common  Sense."  The  doctor 
would  laugh  at  the  suggestion  that  diseases 
should  be  treated  by  common  sense,  or  the 
builder  that  a  house  should  be  built  by 
common  sense,  or  the  merchant  that  his 
business  could  be  successfully  managed  by 
common  sense.  All  would  understand  at 
once  that,  in  their  own  callings,  special 
training  and  knowledge  are  required  for  the 
best  success.  They  will  at  once  accept  the 
suggestion  that  these  same  "onditions  exist  in 
connection  with  the  entirely  new  work  with 
which  they  now  have  their  first  practical 
connection,  and  that  there  are  some  things 
about  the  drainage  of  a  town  with  which 
unaided  common  sense  is  hardly  able  to 
cope. 

What  is  to  be  undertaken  is  not  simply 
the  digging  of  so  many  feet  of  ditches,  and 
the  laying  of  so  many  feet  of  brick  or  pipe 
sewers,  or  the  delivery  of  a  certain  amount 
of  dirty  water  at  a  given  point  of  outlet.  All 
that  is  simple  and  easy  enough;  that  is  the 
contractor's  part  of  the  work.  What  they 
have  to  do  now  is  to  gain  for  themselves 
such  information  on  the  general  subject  as 
they  can  secure.  Then,  controlled  largely 
by  the  knowledge  thus  gained,  they  should 
select  as  their  adviser  a  professional  engi- 
neer competent  to  tell  them  what  they  do 
not  already  know.  If  they  intend  to  do  their 
whole  duty,  they  will  not  be  satisfied  with 
the  usual  course,  which  is  to  get  together 
and  decide,  by  what  they  often  suppose  to 
be  a  sufficient  test,  on  the  selection  of  an 
engineer,  and  then  leave  the  whole  business 
in  his  hands  without  keeping  an  intelligent 
check  over  his  operations. 

The  questions  which  they  and  their  engi- 
neer together  have  to  decide  do  not  relate 
in  any  great  degree  to  the  mere  digging  of 
ditches  and  laying  sewers  and  carrying 
water,  but  to  the  multitudinious  prelimin- 
aries to  the  removing  of  each  difficulty  which 
makes  sewerage  necessary,  and  the  securing 
of  the  positive  advantages  of  a  complete 
system  of  drainage  as  an  amendment  to  the 
natural  and  artificial  conditions  of  the  town. 

The  engineer  should  be  selected  with 
caution,  and  preferably  at  first  for  a  prelim- 
inary inspection  only,  for  he  needs  to  be  not 
only  a  learned  man,  with  a  reputation  in  his 
profession,  but  also  a  practical  man,  who 
will  be  recognized  by  the  committee  itself, 
after  a  day's  interview,  as  qualified  by  char- 
acter and  attainments  to  meet  each  case 
and  all  its  conditions  as  they  arise,  and  to 
treat  them  rationally,  not  trying  to  bend 
the  conditions  of  all  cases  to  suit  special 
rules. 

Having  applied  the  test,  and  having  de- 
termined that  their  candidate  is  to  be 
elected,  they  should  accept  him  completely 
not,  however,  regarding  him  as  infallible 
and  not  allowing  him  to  decide  important 
questions  without  first  convincing  the  com- 


mittee that  he  understands  what  he  is  about 
by  making  them  understand  it  also,  and  un- 
derstand the  reasons  for  it. 

Under  the  guidance  of  such  an  adviser  an 
intelligent  committee,  with  a  practical  engi- 
neer for  their  executive  officer,  may  pro- 
ceed with  their  work,  confident  that  its  re- 
sult will  justify  their  efforts. 


A  SANITARY   HOUSE  AND  ITS 

FURNISHINGS. 
It  will  stand  facing  the  sun,  on  a  dry  soil, 
in  a  wide,  clean,  amply  sewered,  substan- 
tially paved  street,  over  a  deep,  thoroughly 
ventilated  and  lighted  cellar.  The  floor  of 
the  cellar  will  be  cemented,  the  walls  and 
ceiling  plastered  and  thickly  whitewashed 
with  lime  every  year,  that  the  house  may 
not  act  as  a  chimney,  to  draw  up  into  its 
chambers  micro-organisms  from  the  earth. 
Doors  and  windows,  some  of  which  extend 
from  floor  to  ceiling,  will  be  as  abundant 
as  circumstances  permit,  and  will  be  ad- 
justed to  secure  as  much  as  may  be  through 
currents  of  air.  The  outside  walls,  if  of 
wood  or  brick,  will  be  kept  thickly  painted, 
not  to  shut  out  penetrating  air,  but  for  the 
sake  of  dryness.  All  inside  walls  will  be 
plastered  smooth,  painted  and  however 
unaesthetic,  varnished.  Mantels  will  be  of 
marble,  slate,  iron,  or  if  of  wood,  plain,  and 
whether  natural,  painted  or  stained,  will  be 
varnished.  Interior  wood-work,  including 
floors,  will  all  show  plain  surfaces,  and  be 
likewise  treated. 

Moveable  rugs,  which  can  be  shaken 
daily  in  the  open  air, — not  at  doors  or  out  of 
windows,  where  dust  is  blown  back  into  the 
rooms, — will  cover  the  floors.  White  linen 
shades,  which  will  soon  show  the  necessity 
of  washing,  will  protect  the  windows.  All 
furniture  will  be  plain,  with  cane  seats, 
perhaps,  but  without  upholstery.  Mat- 
tresses will  be  covered  with  oiled  silk; 
blankets,  sheets  and  spreads,  no  comforts  or 
quilts,  will  constitute  the  bedding. 

Of  plumbing,  there  shall  be  as  little  as  is 
necessary,  and  all  there  is  shall  be  exposed 
as  is  the  practice  now.  The  inhabited 
rooms  shall  be  heated  only  with  open  fires, 
the  cellar  and  hall  by  radiated  heat,  or, 
better,  by  hot  air  furnace,  which  shall  take 
its  fresh  air  from  above  the  top  of  the  house, 
and  no*t  from  the  cellar  itself  or  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  where  micro-organisms  most 
abound.  There  will  be  "house  cleaning" 
twice  a  year. 

Put  into  this  house  industrious,  intelligent, 
and  informed  men  and  women, — absolutely 
essential  conditions, — and  as  much  will  be 
done  as  at  present  may  be  done  to  prevent 
the  dissemination  from  it  of  contagious 
disease,  when  an  inmate  brings  it  home  from 
a  septic  house,  hospital,  sleeping-car,  school- 
room, theatre,  church,  etc. — Iiidrpmdcnt. 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN. 

For  the  month  of  March,  i8go,  compared 
with  the  preceding  month,  the  reports  in- 
dicate that  cholera  infantum  increased,  and 


that  typho-malarial  fever,  cholera  morbus, 
inflammation  of  brain,  diphtheria  and 
puerperal  fever  decreased  in  prevalence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the 
temperature  was  lower,  the  absolute  humid- 
ity and  the  relative  humidity  were  less,  and 
the  day  and  the  night  ozone  were  more. 

Comi)ared  with  the  average  for  the  month 
of  March  in  the  four  years,  1886-1889,  in- 
flammation of  kidney,  influenzaand  cerebro- 
spinal menningitis  were  more  prevalent,  and 
typho-malarial  fever,  puerperal  fever,  diph- 
theria, cholera  morbus,  typhoid  fever,  in- 
flammation of  brain,  scarlet  fever,  dysentery 
and  intermittent  fever  were  less  prevalent 
m  March  1890. 

For  the  month  of  March  1890,  compared 
with  the  average  of  corresponding  months 
in  the  four  years,  1886-1889,  the  temperature 
was  lower,  the  absolute  humidity  and  the 
relative  humidity  were  less,  the  day  and  the 
night  ozone  were  more. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observers 
and  others,  diphtheria  was  reported  present 
in  Michigan  in  the  month  of  March  1890,  at 
sixty-one  places,  scarlet  fever  at  seventy 
places,  typhoid  fever  at  twenty-five  places, 
measles  at  one  hundred  and  eleven  places 
and  small  pox  at  one  place. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria 
reported  at  three  places  more,  scarlet  fever 
at  seven  places  less,  typhoid  fever  at  nine 
places  less,  measles  at  forty-two  places 
more  and  small-pox  at  one  place  less  in  the 
month  of  March  1890,  than  in  the  preceding 
month.  Henry  B.  Bakek, 

Secretary. 


WATER  PURIFIED  BY  METALLIC 
IRON. 

A  new  and  novel  project  for  the  puiifica- 
tion  of  the  city  water  supply  has  just  been 
brought  before  Councils.  The  system  in- 
volves the  use  of  metallic  iron  as  a  purify- 
ing agent,  upon  the  system  followed  in  Ant- 
werp, Paris,  Ostend,  Dordrecht  and  several 
other  European  cities.  The  proposition  was 
recently  the  subject  of  an  interesting  lecture 
delivered  at  the  Franklin  Institute  by  Pro- 
fessor Anderson. 

In  principle  this  method  of  filtration  is 
quite  simple.  For  a  capacity  of  about  700,- 
000  gallons  of  filtered  water  in  twenty-four 
hours,  the  apparatus  consists  of  an  iron 
cylinder  holding  about  1689  gallons,  mounted 
upon  trunnions  at  each  end  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  it  can  be  readily  revolved  by  power. 
Within  this  cylinder  is  a  series  of  curved 
shelves  arranged  along  the  side  of  the 
cylmder  and  reaching  from  end  to  end. 
About  2500  pounds  of  iron  in  the  form  of 
small  borings  and  chips  is  placed  within  the 
cylinder,  and  as  the  shell  is  filled  with  water 
and  slow  ly  revolved  the  iron  is  caught  by 
the  shelves  and  sifted  down  through  the 
water  from  the  upper  side  of  the  cylinder. 
A  continuous  stream  of  water  flows  slowly 
through  the  revolving  cylinder,  discharging 
into  a  shallow  trough,  through  which  it  is 
allowed  to  flow  for  a  sufficient  distance  to 
aerate  it  thoroughly.    From  this  trough  the 


592 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  328 


water  flows  upon  a  shallow  filtering  bed  of 
sand,  which  retains  the  insoluble  chemical 
compounds  that  are  formed  by  the  action  of 
the  metallic  iron  upon  the  impure  elements 
in  the  water.  After  passing  through  the 
sand  filter  the  purification  is  complete. 

The  consumption  of  iron  by  this  apparatus 
is  exceedingly  small,  being  about  one-fifth 
of  a  grain  per  gallon  of  water  filtered,  or 
twenty-six  pounds  per  1,000,000  gallons. 
The  sand  filter  bed  requires  occasional 
cleaning,  which  is  done  by  drawing  off  the 
water  and  scra[)ing  off  the  layer  of  the  de- 
posited iron  salt  on  the  top.  The  sand  re- 
moved in  this  way  is  washed  and  used  again 
and  again.  In  order  to  effect  this  cleansing 
without  interrupting  the  supply  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  several  filter  beds,  so  that  while 
one  is  idle  the  others  may  be  used.  In  the 
plant  of  the  Antwerp  Water  Works  Com- 
pany there  are  six  filtering  beds  of  sand  and 
five  revolving  cylinders,  and  during  the  past 
five  years  the  works  have  treated  3,500,000 
gallons  of  water  daily,  operating  continu- 
ously day  and  night. 

In  behalf  of  the  use  of  metallic  iron  as  a 
means  of  purifying  water  it  is  clauiied  that 
it  will  remove  all  color  from  the  water  and 
will  eliminate  from  forty-five  to  ninety  per 
cent  of  the  organic  matter  and  all  free  am- 
monia and  nitrous  acid. 

Tests  of  the  waters  of  the  river  Nethe  as 
filtered  at  Antwerp  showed  that  100,000 
microbe  colonies  contained  in  a  cubic  centi- 
metre of  water  were  reduced  to  an  average 
of  five  colonies. 


A  NEW  OCEAN  WAVE  MOTOR. 
A  caveat  for  improvement  in  ocean  wave 
motors  has  been  filed  by  S.  A.  Leffingwell, 
of  Coronda  Beach,  Cal.  The  object  of  the 
invention  is  to  convert  the  forces  of  the 
waves  of  the  ocean  into  a  motive  power  for 
driving  machinery  onshore  for  electric  light- 
ing, etc.  This  is  accomplished  by  means 
of  a  float  placed  in  tlie  open  sea.  In  the 
float  are  tubes  extending  to  the  depth  of 
thirty  or  forty  feet  below  sea  level,  open  at 
the  bottom  and  closed  at  the  toj)  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  retain  pressure  of  air.  At  the 
top  of  each  tube  is  a  valve  opening  to  admit 
air  in  the  tulie,  and  closing  against  an  out- 
ward current.  There  is  also  a  valve  open- 
ing into  a  pressure  reservoir,  through  which 
air  may  passout,corresi)onding  to  the  valve- 
gear  of  an  ordinary  pumj).  Hy  this  arrange- 
ment, air  is  pum[)ed  into  the  reservoir  with 
a  pressure  suitable  for  driving  an  engine 
located  on  the  float,  and  connected  with  the 
dynamo  converting  the  power  mto  electric- 
ity. The  electricity  is  transmitted  by  elec- 
tric cable,  and  used  as  a  driving  power,  or 
otherwise,  as  maybe  desired.  Exjieriments 
were  recently  made  on  the  bay  with  the 
most  satisfactory  results.  The  machine, 
however,  is  intended  for  use  in  deep  sea  a 
mile  from  shore.  Any  amount  of  power  can 
be  had,  according  to  the  size  of  the  plant 
used.  The  principle  of  the  motor,  the  in- 
ventor claims,  is  practicable  and  economi- 
cal.— The  Colliery  Engineer. 


SOME  STATISTICS  OF  "THE  GRIP."  | 
According  to  the  statistics  compiled  by 
the  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  the  grip 
from  its  appearance  on  December  21  to  its 
virtual  disappearance  as  an  epidemic  on 
February  8,  caused  the  largest  per  cent  of 
increase  in  the  death  rate  in  Boston,  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  any  other  city  in  the 
United  States.  This  was  2.1 1  per  cent  of  a 
population  of  420,000.  New  York  leads  in 
the  number  of  deaths,  2,503,  the  per  cent  of 
increase,  however,  being  only  i.gy.  Cleve- 
land was  next  with  a  per  cent  of  1.5 1,  al- 
though she  had  only  363  deaths.  Chicago 
showed  an  increased  death  rate  of  1500,  her 
per  cent  being  1.39.  Philadelphia  came 
next  with  an  increase  of  1344  and  a  per  cent 
of  i.2g.  Other  per  cents  of  increa  sewere: 
Washington,  .79;  Cincinnati,  .69;  St.  Louis, 
.43;  Baltimore,  .30. 

The  total  population  of  the  above  cities  is 
5,640,000.  The  total  increase  in  the  number 
of  deaths  among  this  population  because  of 
the  Russian  influenza  was  7,271.  There  are 
no  figures  from  the  far  Southern  and  trans- 
Mississippi  cities,  but  it  seems  certain  that 
the  epidemic  was  not  so  fatal  among  their 
people  as  among  the  residents  of  North- 
eastern town,  especially  those  on  the  Atlan- 
tic seaboard.  Places  with  a  high  elevation 
or  a  long  level  exposure  seemed  to  afford 
special  opportunities  for  the  disease  on  its 
westward  passage. 


STRANGE  USES  OF  PAPER. 
Paper  is  now  made  to  serve  for  steel  and 
iron.  When  a  strong  fiber  is  used,  it  can  be 
made  into  a  substance  so  hard  that  it  can 
scarcely  be  scratched.  Railroad  car  wheels 
are  made  of  it,  more  durable  than  iron.  A 
store  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  has  been  built  entirely 
of  paper.  The  rafters,  weather  boards,  roof 
and  flooring  are  all  made  of  thick  com- 
])ressed  paper  boards,  impervious  to  water, 
(^n  account  of  the  surface  of  the  paper  be- 
ing smooth  and  hard  it  cannot  catch  on  fire 
as  easily  as  a  wooden  building.  It  is  found 
warm  in  cold  and  cool  in  hot  weather.  The 
Breslau  fire  and  proof  chimney  has  demon- 
strated that  cooking  and  heating  stoves, 
bath  tubs  and  pots,  when  annealed  by  a 
process  that  renders  it  fire-proof,  becomes 
more  lasting  than  iron,  and  will  not  burn  out. 
Cracks  in  floors  around  the  skirting  boards, 
or  other  parts  of  a  room,  may  be  neatly 
filled  by  thoroughly  soaking  newspaper  in 
paste,  made  as  thick  as  initty,  and  forced 
into  the  cracks  with  a  paste-knife.  It  will 
soon  harden,  and  can  be  painted.  And  an 
Italian  monk  has  succeeded  in  constructing 
an  organ  where  the  pipes  are  made  of  [)apcr 
pulp.  It  has  1,400  pipes  of  various  sizes.  In 
addition  to  the  utilities  cited,  a  new  mill  for 
the  manufacture  of  paper  from  moss  has 
been  recently  established  in  Sweden.  Paper 
of  different  thickness  and  pasteboard  made 
of  it  have  already  been  shown,  the  latter 
even  in  sheets  three-c[uarters  of  an  inch 
thick.  It  is  as  hard  as  wood;  can  be  painted 
anti  |)olished,  and  has  all  the  good  qualities, 
but  none  of  the  defects  of  wood.    The  paste- 


board can  be  used  for  door  and  window 
frames,  architectural  ornaments,  and  all 
kinds  of  furniture.  The  ceiling  of  the  assem- 
bly-chamber, at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  is  made  of 
papier-mache.  It  is  a  model  of  its  kind, 
and  appears  so  like  marble  as  to  deceive 
the  most  expert  eyes.  The  latest  idea  is  to 
use  paper  instead  of  wood  for  lead  pencils, 
by  using  a  patent  preparation  by  which  it 
can  be  cut  as  easily  as  the  softest  wood.—  St. 
Louis  Stationer. 


IS  INSANITY  PREVENTABLE? 
In  an  address  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Burr,  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Eastern  Michigan  Insane 
Asylum,  read  at  a  recent  Sanitary  Conven- 
tion at  Pontiac,  several  very  interesting 
facts  were  stated  which  will  be  of  value 
to  the  general  reader.  The  speaker  holds 
that  insanity  being  merely  an  expression 
more  or  less  profound  of  perturbation  of  the 
brain,  has,  like  disease  in  general,  ultimate 
causes,  and  that  the  careful  study  of  these 
and  the  dispelling  of  the  mystery  surround- 
ing insanity  have  shown  the  latter  to  be 
largely  preventable.  An  exaggerated  idea 
exists  as  to  the  part  which  emotional  causes 
play  in  the  production  of  mental  diseases. 
Mental  disease  is  frequently  the  result 
directly  or  indirectly  of  the  conditions  which 
impair  the  general  nutrition.  Unsanitary 
surroundings,  exposure  to  the  contagion  of 
communicable  diseases,  labor  in  ill-venti- 
lated rooms,  intemperance  and  other  causes 
which  engender  bodily  illness  are  directly 
responsible  for  an  incredible  large  percent- 
age of  insanity.  Ill  health,  especially  tuber- 
culosis, caused  ten  per  cent  and  contagious 
diseases  caused  three  per  cent.  Much  clap 
trap  nonsense  has  been  talked  and  printed 
by  professional  reformers  about  the  effects 
of  intemi)erance,  some  asserting  that  nearly 
nine-tenths  of  the  cases  of  insanity  were 
caused  by  intcm|)erance.  Statistics  show 
that  from  eight  to  ten  jier  cent  doubtlessowe 
their  development  to  the  habitual  and  in- 
temperate use  of  alcohol,  opium  and  other 
narcotics.  On  the  other  hand  the  so-called 
emotional  causes  of  insanity,  as  business 
perplexities,  disappointed  affections, domes- 
tic trouble,  grief  and  anxiety,  homesickness, 
popular  errors  and  delusions  and  religious 
excitement,  together  comprise  a  total  of 
but  twelve  per  cent  of  admissions;  while  of 
these  about  one-third  of  all  patients  have 
their  mental  troubles  ascribed  to  causes 
which  lead  to  mental  disorder  through  de- 
privation of  sleep,  disorders  of  appetite  and 
digestion,  and  other  conditions  purely  phy- 
sical. The  manner  in  whicii  much  mental 
disorder  may  be  prevented  is  by  following 
sensible  rules  of  sanitation  and  habits  of 
life. 


REVIEWS  AND  NOTES. 
Till-:  Mkdk  ai,  Anni'ai.  and  Pkactition- 
kk's  Ini)i:x.  Edited  by  P.  W.Williams,  M. 
1).  Secretary  of  Staff.  (NewYorkiE.  B.  Treat 
&  Co.,  5  and  13  Cooper  L^nion.  Price,  $2.75.) 
This  is  the  eighth  annual  issue  of  this  cele- 
brated dictionary  of  new  remedies,  cmbrac- 


Apr[i.  12,  1W)0| 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


593 


in^S  also,  a  dictionary  of  new  licalnient.  it 
is  the  result  of  the  faithful  labors  of  thirty- 
seven  collaborators,  widely  known  in  this 
and  other  countries,  w  hose  combined  learn- 
inj^  and  efforts  liave  jjroduced  a  marvel  of 
useful  information  condensed  in  the  most 
available  and  satisfactory  form.  While  the 
work  possesses  the  features  of  a  medical 
encyclopaedia,  it  comprises  a  full  resume  of 
the  progress  of  medicine  of  the  year,  each 
subject  being  contributed  by  a  physician 
well  (lualitied  in  that  particular  branch.  The 
contents  are  arranged  alphabetically,  illus- 
trated and  make  a  valuable  and  ready  refer- 
ence to  the  practitioner. 

hs.sENTiAi.s  OK  F()ki:nsic  Medicine, 
Toxicology  and  Hv(;iene.  By  C.  K. 
Armand  Semple.  (Philadelphia:  W.  H. 
Saunders,  913  Walnut  street.)  The  extent 
to  which  medical  text-books  and  literature 
have  grown  will  render  a  work  giving 
essentials  in  a  condensed,  but  not  too  meager 
form,  most  welcome  to  the  profession.  The 
present  work  is  a  valuable  addition  to 
medico-legal  literature,  and  will  be  of  use  to 
the  expert  witness  and  to  the  student  who 
wishes  to  refresh  his  memory  on  the  eve  of 
an  examination.  While  it  is  not  intended  as 
a  complete  work  on  the  subject  of  medicine 
it  is  nevertheless,  a  basis  upon  which  a 
medical  examination  can  be  founded.  It  is 
up  with  the  times  in  its  treatment  of  pre- 
ventive medicine,  without  a  knowledge  of 
which  the  physician  is  poorly  equi[jped  for 
the  full  discharge  of  his  duties. 

Herbert  Spencer  has  decided  to  publish 
the  opening  chapters  of  one  of  the  uncom- 
pleted parts  of  his  system  of  philosophy, 
dealing  with  morality.  Three  of  these 
ci.apters,  treating  respectively  of  "Animal 
Ethics,"  '"Sub-human  Justice,"  and  "Human 
Justice,"  will  be  printed  in  the  May  Popular 
Science  Monthly  under  the  general  title 
"On  Justice." 


A  CARBONIC  OXIDE  INDICATOR. 

An  apparatus  for  indicating  the  presence 
of  carbonic  oxide  gas  in  the  atmosphere 
has  been  perfected  by  M.  Rasine.  Its  action 
depends  on  the  property  of  spongy  platinum 
to  absorb  carbonic  oxide  with  evolution  of 
sensible  heat.  Two  metallic  plates  are 
placed  vertically  over  each  other,  which 
when  touching  cause  an  electric  circuit. 
The  upper  plate  is  suspended  from  a  hook 
by  means  of  an  easily  combustible  thread. 
This  thread  is  wrapped  in  muslin,  contain- 
ing a  little  cotton  powder  dusted  over  with 
spongy  platinum.  If  this  arrangement  is 
exposed  in  an  atmosphere  contaming  car- 
bonic oxide,  the  spongy  platinum  will  absorb 
it,  and  set  tire  to  the  cotton,  which  will  burn 
the  thread,  and  so  cause  the  electrical  con- 
tacts to  complete  the  circuit  and  ring  a  bell. 
— Boston  Journal  of  Commerce. 


The  American  Neurological  Association 
will  hold  its  next  annual  meeting  in  Phila- 
delphia, on  June  4,  5  and  6,  1890. 


BUILDING. 


STRUCTURAL  IRON  AND  STEEL. 

Almost  every  reader  says  Arcilitecturc 
and  Buililer,  of  an  architectural  |)aper  is 
familiar  with  the  rapid  growth  of  huge  office 
buildings  in  all  of  our  large  cities,  particu- 
larly in  New  York.  It  is  the  era  of  gigantic 
structures.  In  this  case  we  have  nothing  to 
say  as  to  their  artistic  merit;  we  would  pre- 
fer to  call  the  reader's  attention  to  the  spe- 
cial features  of  construction  which  have 
been  adopted  to  meet  the  problem  presented. 
Briefly  resumed  it  is  this:  a  narrow  lot  with 
an  extraordinary  high  valuation,  to  be  im- 
proved by  the  erection  of  an  office  building 
that  shall  pay  upon  the  capital  outlay  a  net 
income  of  t?n  per  cent.  What  is  to  do  done? 
The  building  law  requires  such  and  such  a 
foundation  and  thickness  of  wall  for  every 
foot  of  height  intended.  The  regulation  is 
disastrous  to  commercial  success;  the  diffi- 
culty presented  is  to  be  met  with  in  a  new 
way.  The  footings  will  be  the  same,  or 
possibly  heavier;  the  underpinning,  how- 
ever, meets  with  a  radical  change,  it  is  no 
longer  of  stone  or  brick  or  earthy  substance, 
but  of  metal,  and  that  of  iron  or  steel;  in 
fact,  the  entire  skeleton  of  the  structure  is  of 
iron  or  steel,  and  all  other  materials  are 
merely  masks  with  which  to  clothe  the 
monster.  Floors  act  as  horizontal  trusses 
to  tie  the  vertical  ribs  together,  and  each 
building  is  constructed  on  the  principle,  or 
approximately  so,  of  a  latiiced  girder  or 
braced  tower.  The  brick  or  stone  work 
shown  is  a  mere  shell  or  architectural  veneer 
to  give  the  building  a  resemblance  to  its 
neighbors.  The  knowledge  which  has  en- 
abled men  to  design  and  execute  such  struc- 
tures has  been  built  upon  the  best  kind  of 
foundation,  namely,  that  of  experimental 
science  or  research. 

Every  discovery  in  such  a  field  of  work 
that  tends  to  show  how  iron  or  steel  may  be 
used  so  as  to  produce  a  more  rigid  frame,  a 
stronger  body  and  a  firmer  bond  is  a  clear 
gain  to  the  science  and  art  of  building. 
Those  who  have  had  the  most  experience 
in  iron  and  steel  construction  claim  that  we 
are  simply  on  the  threshold  of  a  new  art. 
Many  have  gone  so  far  as  to  say  that  the 
recent  discoveries  and  experiments  point  to 
the  application  of  the  alloys  of  steel  to 
building  purposes,  and  that  with  their  greater 
development  radical  changes  will  take  place 
in  our  theories  of  structural  materials  and 
their  application.  The  technical  schools  of 
the  land  are  now  recognizing  the  need  of 
the  most  thorough  and  minute  study  of  build- 
ing materials,  and  we  trust  they  will  continue 
to  do  their  share  in  the  good  work.  Electric 
welding  is  one  of  the  new  processes  which 
will  soon  be  invoked  in  the  field  of  stiuctural 
work.  Nickel  steel  is  being  tested  as  to  its 
suitability  for  posts  and  struts.  A  vast 
amount  of  energy,  thought  and  patient  skill 
are  being  brought  to  bear  upon  the  problem 
of  how  to  lessen  the  cost  of  producing  open- 
hearth  steel,  so  admirable  has  it  been  found 


for  l)uilding  purposes,  and  we  might  name 
many  more  such  instances.  The  question 
is,  how  arc  we  to  keep  i)ace  with  the  rapid 
advance  of  modern  science  in  this  wonder- 
ful field?  E<|ually  important  is  the  ques- 
tion, how  can  I,  as  architect,  builder,  con- 
tractor or  merchant,  do  my  part  to  advance 
the  progress  in  this  mighty  art?  The 
answer  to  both  those  questions  is,  first,  com- 
pile, collate,  compare  and  report  for  |)ubli- 
cation  all  that  you  can  or  may  learn. 
Secondly,  do  what  you  can  to  stimulate  and 
encourage  individual  and  original  research. 
Electricity  itself,  that  most  fascinating  of 
applied  sciences,  has  not  more  ardent  de- 
votees than  the  workers  in  the  field  of  the 
ljuilding  world  and  its  wonderful  appliances. 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

D.  &  J.  Jardine,  New  York  City,  have  de- 
signed for  Patrick  Kelly  a  five-story  brick 
and  stone  flat,  to  be  erected  at  No.  33  West 
Twenty-first  street. 

Richard  Berger,  New  York  City,  has  de- 
signed for  William  Menkoff  a  five-story  and 
basement  brick,  iron  and  stone  store,  25X 
100,  to  be  erected  at  No.  100  Wooster  street, 
at  a  cost  of  S2o,ooo. 

Thorn  &  Wilson,  New  York  City,  have 
designed  for  Robert  and  Ogden  Cloelet,  a 
four  story  brick  and  stone  flat,  20x50,  to  be 
erected  at  No.  178  East  Seventy-eighth 
street.  They  have  also  designed  for  Ter- 
rence  Farley's  Sons  four  residences,  to  be 
built  on  Seventy-first  street,  between  Ninth 
and  Tenth  avenues,  at  a  cost  of  $88,000. 

Adler  &  Sullivan,  Chicago,  have  plans 
under  way  for  a  mammoth  produce  market 
to  be  built  on  the  block  bounded  by  Lake, 
Canal,  Randolph  street  and  the  Chicago 
River,  by  the  Chicago  Cold  Storage  Ex- 
change. The  building  that  it  is  proposed  to 
erect  will  be  ten  stories  high,  and  vvill  be 
in  two  parts,  one  on  each  side  of  West  Water 
street.  It  will  be  of  stone,  brick,  iron  and 
terra  cotta,  and  strictly  fire-proof.  The 
company  has  a  capital  stock  of  §3,000,000, 
and  of  this  $1,120,000  will  be  used  in  the 
erection  of  a  building. 

Burnham  &  Root,  Chicago,  have  drawn 
plans  for  a  fourteen-story  hotel,  to  be  known 
as  the  Northern,  to  be  erected  on  Dearborn 
street,  between  Jackson  and  (juincy  streets, 
by  a  syndicate  of  capitalists  of  which  Eu- 
gene S.  Pike,  John  Davidson,  E.\'.  Johnson, 
Charles  Strobel  and  P.  S.  Hudson  are  the 
directors.  It  will  contain  400  sleeping  rooms 
for  guests,  over  200  bath  rooms,  about  fifty 
servants'  rooms  and  all  other  rooms  usually 
found  in  a  first-class  hotel.  The  exterior 
will  have  terra-cotta  columns  at  the  shop 
fronts  and  entrances,  and  the  remainder  of 
the  frontage  will  be  of  terra  cotta  and  brick. 
The  interior  finish  will  surpass  that  of  any 
hotel  in  the  world.  The  estimated  cost  is 
S I  ,ooo,goo. 

C.  J.  Warren,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  the  Hotel  ;MetropoIe  to  be  erected 
at  the  corner  of  Michigan  avenue  and 
Twenty-third  street,  by  F.  J.  Kennett,  J.  L. 


591 


THE  Sanitary  news. 


[Vol  XV.  No  323 


McBirnie,  Harry  Raymond  and  C.  L.  Millen. 
It  will  be  six  stories  high,  and  will  cover  a 
ground  space  of  100x180.  It  will  be  of  fire- 
proof construction  and  contain  all  the 
modern  improvements,  electric  lighting, 
steam  heat,  elevator  service  and  improved 
ventilation;  cost  $400,000. 

Treat  &  Foltz,  Chicago,  have  a  large 
number  of  extensive  improvements  on  hand. 
They  have  designed  a  handsome  three-story 
and  basement  residence,  110x75,  which  E. 
J.  Lehmann  will  erect  on  Michigan  avenue, 
between  Twenty-fifth  and  Twenty-si;cth 
streets.  It  will  be  constructed  of  granite, 
with  elaborate  interior  finish,  and  will  cost 
about  Si 75,000. 

Robert  Rae,  Jr.,  Chicago,  has  fin-shed  the 
design  for  a  store  and  flat  building,  to  be 
erected  by  D.  W.  Potter,  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  Forthieth  street  and  Berkley  ave- 
nue. It  will  be  four  stories  high,  123x75 
feet,  stone  front,  with  galvanized  iron  bays, 
and  cost  $35,000. 

Henry  A.  Lambert,  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  is 
making  plans  for  an  addition  to  the  factory 
of  Burns,  Silver  &  Co.,  on  Railroad  avenue. 
It  will  be  of  brick,  three  stories  high. 

Harvey  L.  Page,  Washington,  D.  C„  has 
designed  a  brick  and  stone  residence,  to  be 
built  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Massachu- 
setts avenue  and  Twentieth  street,  for  A.  C. 
Hunt,  of  New  York. 

Architect  Woltz,  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
making  plans  for  a  new  club  house  which 
lake  Frank  will  have  built  at  Thirteenth 
street  and  Whitney  avenue.  It  will  be  50X 
75,  two  stories  and  cellar.  The  first  story 
will  have  press  brick  and  brown  stone  front; 
the  upper  part  will  be  ol  frame;  cost  about 
$25,000. 

Glen  Brown,  Washington,  D.  C.,has  made 
the  design  for  a  frame  Methodist  Chapel, 
which  will  be  built  at  Fairfax  Court-house, 
Va.  The  same  architect  is  making  plans 
for  the  reconstruction  of  St.  Ceorge's  Hall 
at  the  Episcopal  Theological  .Seminary,  near 
Alexandria,  \'a. 

O.  W.  Marble,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  five  three-story  and  basement  dwel- 
lings, 100x70,  to  be  erected  at  Forty-fourth 
street  and  Ellis  avenue  by  William  and  M. 
B.  Clancey.  The  fronts  will  be  constructed 
of  stone,  and  the  interiors  will  be  finished  in 
hardwood;  cost  $45,000. 

S.  S.  Beman,  Chicago,  has  plans  under 
way  for  a  three-story  and  basement  apart- 
ment house,  40x100,  to  be  erected  at  358 
West  Jackson  street  by  Col.  Newton.  It 
will  be  constructed  of  pressed  brick  and 
stone,  and  will  cost  $40,000. 

A.  S.  Wagner,  of  Williamsport,  Pa.,  is  at 
work  on  plans  for  a  large  county  court 
house,  for  Emporium,  Pa.  The  contracts 
for  building  will  be  given  by  the  County 
Commissioners. 

Orrie  Waterbury,  Ionia,  Mich.,  plans  a 
furniture  factory  to  be  erected  for  Hall  Bros., 
64x150,  two  stories,  brick,  composition  roof, 
iron  cornice,  iron  columns.    They  will  need 


boilers,  engines,  shafting,  belting,  blowers, 
fire  extinguishers,  elevators,  gas  fixtures, 
office  fittings  and  furnishings. 

James  P.  Bailey,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  is  engaged 
on  plans  for  a  sixteen-roomed  brick  school 
house,  at  Wilkensburg,  Allegheny  County, 
Penn.,  contracts  not  let,  district  school-board 
will  have  charge  of  the  contracts. 

T.  I).  Evans,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  has  made 
plans  for  a  large  brick  school  house,  at 
Glenwood  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  some  of  the 
contracts  are  as  yet  open,  school  board  of  the 
county  have  charge  of  letting  contracts. 

Harold  Godwin,  Q05  Walnut  street,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  is  preparing  plans  for  quite  an 
operation  of  frame  two  and  three-story 
houses,  to  be  erected  in  the  suburbs  of  Bal- 
timore City.  They  will  be  fitted  with  all 
modern  conveniences,  heaters,  ranges,  etc 
Board  of  Education,  at  Lebanon,  Pa.,  have 
directed  Harry  T.  Haur,  architect  of  that 
city  to  prepare  plans  for  re-building  a  large 
school  house;  no  contracts  have  been  let  ex- 
cept for  heating. 

A.  W.  Leh,  Bethlehem,  Pa  ,  is  engaged  on 
plans  for  a  high  school  to  contain  eight 
rooms,  two-story  high,  brick,  and  will  be 
contracted  for  by  the  Board  of  School  Com- 
missioners. As  yet  no  contracts  let,  except 
for  heating. 

Willis  G.  Hale,  1524  Chestnut  street,  Phil- 
adelphia, has  made  plans  for  five  fine  stone 
houses,  three  stories  high,  and  will  be  located 
at  Thirty-seventh  and  Chestnut  streets,  they 
are  for  Mrs.  Wm.  W'cightman,  and  will  be 
fitted  with  all  modern  conveniences,  inclu- 
sive of  electric  work. 

G.  W.&  W.  D.Hewitt, 3ioChestnutstreet. 
Philadelphia,  have  plans  on  boards  for  ten 
fine  suburban  houses  to  be  of  stone  and  brick, 
shingle  work,  three  stories  high,  and  fitted 
with  all  conveniences,  electric  work,  etc. 
These  properties  are  only  part  of  what  will 
be  erected  by  H.  H.  Huston,  at  Chestnut  Hill 
and  vicinity. 

Isaac  Purcell,  119S.  Fourth  street,  I'hila- 
dcl|)hia,  has  prepared  |)lans  for  the  church, 
to  be  erected  at  East  Orange,  N.  J.,  by  the 
Bethel  Presbyterian  Church.  The  structure 
will  be  Gothic  in  style,  of  Glen  Ridge  brown 
stone,  72x100  feet,  and  will  contain  all 
modern  improvements. 

r.  Frank  Miller,  1221  Arch  street,  Phila- 
delphia, has  ])lans  on  boards  for  'i'wcnty- 
nine  two  and  three-story  houses,  to  be  erected 
in  Pittsburg,  Pa.  They  will  be  of  brick, 
comfortably  fitted  on  inside,  grates  and 
ranges,  plumbing,  etc. 

F.  J.  Ostcrling,  Husscy  building.  Fifth 
avenue,  Pittsburgh,  has  completed  plans  for 
four  two-story  brick  houses  to  be  erected  at 
East  Liverpool,  O.,  by  M.  E.  Golding.  Also 
plans  for  a  handsome  two-story  frame  resi- 
dence to  be  erected  by  J.  H.  Brooks  at  the 
same  place.  Also  plans  for  a  dwelling  for 
Nelson  X'ankirk,  and  [ilans  for  a  residence 
for  A.  J.  Hopper,  both  to  be  erected  at 
Washington,  Pa.  Also  plans  for  a  residence 
for  A.  M.  Jenkinson,  to  be  erected  on  Ells- 


worth avenue.  East  End.  All  these  resi- 
dences will  have  handsome  inside  finish  and 
modern  improvements. 

T.  C.  McKee,  Schwan  building,  East  End, 
Pittsburg,  has  completed  plans  for  a  nine- 
room  brick  residence  for  Adolph  Seidle,  to 
be  erected  on  Sheridan  avenue.  East  End. 
Also  plans  for  a  ten-room  residence  for 
George  McWilliams,  to  be  built  of  pressed 
brick,  with  stone  trimmings,  the  entire  in- 
terior being  handsomely  finished  in  hard 
wood,  to  be  erected  on  St.  Clair  street,  near 
Rippey.  Also  plans  for  a  two-story  double 
brick  and  mansard  dwelling  house  of  ten 
rooms,  for  Henry  Hartman,to  be  erected  on 
Luna  street.  East  End. 

J.  W.  Offerman,  \'erner  building.  Fifth 
avenue,  Pittsburg,  has  completed  plans  for 
a  new  Roman  Catholic  Church,  on  the  corner 
of  Thirty-second  street  and  Penn  avenue. 
The  material  will  be  stone.  The  dimensions 
will  be  65x120  feet.  The  style  of  architect- 
ure will  be  Romanescpie.  The  cost  will  ap- 
proximate $40,000. 

Spier  &  Rohns,  Detroit,  Mich.,  have  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  $35,000  store  and  dwelling 
for  L.  Kirchner,  to  be  built  on  Gratiot 
avenue. 

John  R.  Gentle,  Detroit,  Mich.,  is  prepar- 
ing plans  for  three  two-storv  brick  dwellings 
for  Andrew  Ross,  to  be  built  at  the  corner  of 
Third  and  Cherry  streets:  cost  $6,000. 

Gearing  &  Stratton,  Detroit,  Mich.,  have 
[)reparcd  plans  for  a  brick  residence  for  D. 
W.  Brooks,  to  be  erected  on  Woodward  ave- 
nue, near  Stimson  place;  cost  $13,900. 

Henry  l-".ngelbert,  Detroit,  Mich.,  is  pre- 
paring plans  for  three  two-story  brick  stores 
for  Mrs.  Laudsberg,  to  be  built  at  the  corner 
of  Milwaukee  avenue  and  Beaubian;  cost 
$10,000.  Also  three  three-story  brick  stores 
and  dwellings  for  Caj)t.  M.  Wilson,  to  be 
erected  at  the  corner  of  Baker  and  Nine- 
teenth streets;  cost  $12,000. 

Scott,  Kamper  &  Scott,  Detroit,  Mich., are 
preparing  plans  for  a  seven-story  brick  addi- 
tion to  the  Michigan  Stove  Company's  works 
to  be  60X  140;  cost  $35,000. 

"^PLUMBllNG. 

SANITARY  PLU.MBING. 
The  progress  of  sanitary  plumbing  is 
manifest  in  several  ways,  and  not  the  least 
is  the  attention  given  it  by  the  laity.  The 
daily  press  give  it  consideration,  and  the 
following  from  a  Davenport  plumber  in 
Tltf  7'iiiiis  of  that  city  is  a  good  illus- 
tration: 

"As  the  human  race  increases  its  knowl- 
edge and  advances  in  science,  the  questions 
affecting  the  physical  condition  of  man  arc 
receiving  more  and  more  careful  attention. 
The  governments  of  nations,  states,  cities 
and  towns  are  taking  hold  of  the  matters 
pertaining  to  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
territory  under  their  immediate  control,  and 
one  trade  or  profession  after  another  has 
been  taken  under  governmental  supervision 


April  12,  18!K)] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


595 


until  we  arc  now  beinj,'  largely  jjrotected  in 
our  lives  and  health.  It  is  not  so  lonj;  since 
but  that  many  can  remember  that  when  any 
person  so  minded  could  hang  out  a  sign, 
call  themselves  a  doctor,  and  practice  upon 
their  neighbors.  Only  a  few  years  since  any 
person  could  purchase  a  stock  of  drugs,  open 
a  store,  and  dispense  poison  to  all  who  might 
apjjly;  or  pur  up  the  prescriptions  written  by 
the  doctor.  Now  no  [jersoncan  practice  the 
healing  arts  without  first  showing  his  or  her 
competency,  either  by  graduating  at  some 
regular  institution  of  medicine,  or  by  pass- 
ing a  satisfactor)  examination  before  some 
duly  appointed  board  of  examiners.  No 
person  can  now  sell  drugs  or  fill  prescrip- 
tions without  first  procuring  a  certificate  of 
pharmacy;  and  so  on  through  various  trades 
the  long  arm  of  government  is  being 
stretched  out  for  the  protection  of  human 
life  and  health,  and  now  in  many  parts  of 
the  Old  World  as  w  ell  as  in  most  of  the  large 
cities  of  this  country  the  work  of  the  plumber 
is  being  brought  under  inspection,  and  cer- 
tainly no  branch  of  the  builders'  art  is  more 
worthy  of  attention. 

Look  at  that  palatial  residence,  within 
which  are  all  the  luxurious  adornments  that 
wealth  can  command,  all  the  modern  im- 
provements and  conveniences,  hot  and  cold 
water  throughout,  bath  rooms  and  closets, 
and  yet  for  some  reason  death  lurks  within 
its  walls,  and  no  one  can  tell  the  cause; 
finally,  after  the  children  have  been  carried 
off  by  diphtheria  and  scarlet  fever,  and  the 
mother  prostrated  by  malaria,  the  house  is 
shut  up,  a  change  of  air  is  prescribed,  and 
all  that  is  left  of  the  once  happy  family  that 
full  of  joy  and  pride,  moved  into  the  beau- 
tiful new  home  only  a  few  years  ago  now 
leave  it.  It  is  finally  sold;  the  purchaser 
has  it  thoroughly  overhauled,  a  competent 
plumber  is  employed  to  see  that  the  plumb- 
ing is  all  in  order,  and  upon  examination 
finds  the  waste  pipes  and  sewer-connections 
w'lthout  proper  traps  and  \  entilation,  loose 
Joints  between  plastered  partitions  and  the 
noxious  gases  having  free  access  to  the 
house.  New  plumbing  is  put  in,  the  princi- 
ples of  science  applied,  the  new  owner  with 
his  family  moves  in  and  enjoys  years  of 
health  and  happiness,  and  all  the  difference 
was  that  in  the  first  instance  ignorant  and 
iticompetent  men  were  employed  to  do  the 
part  of  the  work  which  was  most  important, 
whereas  in  the  latter  case  an  educated 
plumber  had  it  in  charge.  As  before  stated, 
most  of  the  large  cities  in  the  country  have 
taken  the  matter  in  hand  and  made  rules 
and  regulations  governmg  this  class  of 
work.  In  many  places  plumbers  have  to 
pass  an  examination  before  they  are  per- 
mitted to  take  work;  in  some  places  only 
the  master  plumbers  have  to  pass  the  exam- 
ination ;  in  other  places,  both  the  masters  and 
jurors'  are  required  to  pass  examinations. 

It  is  a  matter  of  the  most  vital  Interest,  as 
appears  from  the  following  figures  from 
Baltimore,  Md.:  January  i,  1884, the  plumb- 
ing ordinance  went  into  actual  operation, 
and  from  that  time  to  1888  the  percentage 


of  deaths  froni  zymotic  diseases  had  de- 
creased froni  a  prior  average  of  28.08  to  22, 
or,  to  more  fully  illustrate:  During  fifty-four 
years,  from  1830  to  1883,  inclusive,  the  yearly 
average  of  deaths  from  scarlet  fever  was  226, 
while  from  Dec.  31,  1884,  to  Dec.  1888,  four 
years,  the  average  was  only  57  and  a  much 
larger  population.  In  1830,  with  81,000  in- 
habitants, the  deaths  from  scarlet  fever  were 
I4Q.  In  1888,  with  a  population  of  500,000, 
only  fourteen  deaths  occurred  from  the 
same  disease. 

During  twenty-four  years  from  i860  to 
1883,  inclusive,  deaths  from  typhoid  fever 
averaged  igo  annually,  and  were  re- 
duced in  the  next  five  years  to  155.  During 
seven  years  previous  to  the  enforcement  of 
the  ordinance,  from  1887  to  '888,  inclusive, 
the  yearly  a\  erage  of  deaths  from  diphthe- 
ria was  469,  which,  for  the  five  vears  since 
that  time  to  Dec.  31,  1888,  has  been  reduced 
to  an  average  of  143  per  year. 

These  figures  speak  in  no  uncertain  way 
of  the  valMC  of  care  in  the  matter  of  proper 
plumbing,  and  the  ordinances  of  Baltimore, 
which,  by  their  enforcement,  brought  about 
these  results,  are  directly  due  to  the  associa- 
tion of  master  plumbers,  who  worked  for 
and  brought  about  the  passage  of  the 
ordinances. 

The  laws  under  which  this  change  has 
been  brought  about  require  that  no  person, 
persons,  firm  or  corporation  engaged  in  the 
plumbing  business  in  the  city  of  Baltimore 
can  lawfully  employ  as  workmen  in  said 
business,  any  person  except  those  qualified 
to  work  as  registered  plumbers.  In  order 
to  be  so  qualified  they  must  have  certificates 
from  the  state  board  of  commissioners; 
whose  duty  it  is  to  examine  all  applicants 
as  to  their  competency  and  qualifications. 
The  certificates  must  be  reviewed  each  year, 
and  the  expense  is  trifling,  being  S3  for  the 
first  examination  and  Si  for  each  renewal. 
This  law  has  been  tested  before  the  courts 
and  is  held  good.  A  somewhat  similar  law 
has  recently  gone  into  effect  in  St.  Paul  and 
the  first  examinations  were  had  last  January. 
They  consisted  of  seventy-three  questions, 
not  one  of  which  required  more  knowledge 
to  answer  than  shouid  be  had  by  every 
plumber.  In  addition  to  the  (luestions  were 
diagrams,^  plumbing  in  w  hich  a  person  not 
competent  to  do  good  work  might  make  a 
mistake  which  would  endanger  the  health 
of  the  people  occupying  a  building  so 
plumbed.  Our  own  state  is  looking  into 
the  matter  of  sewerage,  and  should  also  take 
up  this  question  of  plumbing. 

There  are  several  points  in  this  connec- 
tion which  will  be  made  subjects  of  future 
articles  upon  this  topic,  and  in  the  mean- 
time let  the  people  think  seriously  of  the 
great  importance  of  the  matter.  The  large 
number  of  buildings  contemplated  this  sea- 
son makes  it  very  desirable  that  the  business 
of  good  plumbing  be  closely  looked  to. 


The  Nebraska  State  Medica'  Society  meets 
at  Beatrice  on  May  13. 


Till-:    .MAS  I  KK    PI. I  MPKKS'  AS.SO- 
CIATION. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  enthusiastic 
meetings  in  the  history  of  the  Chicago  .Mas- 
ter Plumbers'  Association  was  held  on  April 
loth,  at  their  hall  in  the  Honore  building. 
Copies  of  the  essays  previously  read  Viefore 
the  association  were  distributed  before  the 
meeting  among  the  plumbers.  .Mr.  Hugh 
Watt,  president  of  the  association,  presided 
in  his  usual  happy  manner.  The  minutes 
of  the  last  regular  meeting  were  read  by 
the  secretary  and  after  a  few  comments 
were  approved. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Wade,  of  the  Sanitary  Committee 
reported  that  J.  J.  Hamblin  would  present 
the  paper  of  the  evening  on  the  subject, 
"Are  Catch-basins  Necessary  Sanitary  /\ppli- 
ances."  Mr.  Hamblin  first  dealt  with  the 
construction  of  catch-basins  in  general.  He 
did  not  think  the  old  brick  and  cement  affair 
sufficient  to  keep  the  deadly  gases  out  of 
our  cellars  and  basements.  He  argued  that 
in  porous  soil  the  dampness  and  foul  matter 
would  work  its  way  through  such  a  wall  and 
contaminate  the  whole  surface  around  a 
dwelling.  He  maintained,  if  it  is  necessary 
to  have  "this  filthy  burden  of  pestilence,  and 
it  is  necessary,"  because  the  city  ordinance 
compels  it;  we  had  better  build  our  catch- 
basins  so  they  will  hold  all  the  foul  water 
and  matter  poured  into  them.  The  com- 
mittee on  saniary  matter,  therefore,  would 
recommend  that  the  catch-basin  be  made 
of  cast-iron  and  perfectly  aii  and  water 
tight  with  an  opening  in  the  top  for  cleaning 
purposes.  He  said  the  object  of  the  catch- 
bas.n  is  to  intercept  all  adhesive  and  heavy 
substances  which  would  impede  the  sewer- 
age, of  the  buildings  and  streets.  The  com- 
mittee recommended  that  a  grease  trap 
similar  in  construction  and  material  to  the 
basin  he  placed  under  the  sinks  in  the 
kitchens  of  hotels  and  large  boarding  houses 
and  that  the  pipes  be  kept  cleaned  by  the 
flushing  method. 

In  the  general  dis-ussion  which  followed 
the  regular  paper,  several  members  attacked 
the  position  of  the  author  on  the  grounds  of 
the  impracticability  of  his  plan.  Mr.  Boyd, 
of  Hyde  Park,  thought  this  kind  of  basin 
would  in  a  short  time  become  clogged  with 
grease.  Mr.  Hamblin  replied  that  in  his 
thirty-five  years  of  experience  he  had  failed 
to  find  any  waste  pipe  stopped  with  grease. 
At  the  close  of  the  discussion  a  vote  of 
thanks  was  given  Mr.  Hamblin  for  his 
splendid  paper. 

Alderman  Ryan  of  the  Legislative  Com- 
mittee gave  in  his  report  and  recommended 
that  the  bill  on  sewerage  proposed  by  this 
association  to  the  legislature  two  vears  ago 
be  followed  up  next  winter,  and  suggested 
that  the  Legislative  Committee  of  the  asso- 
ciation should  go  to  Springfield  and  secure 
its  adoption. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  A.  W.  .Murray  .Mr. 
Whiteford  was  requested  to  present  a  paper 
at  the  next  meeting. 

The  visiting  committe  reported  all  mem- 
bers of  the  association  in  very  good  health 


590 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


lVol.  XV.  No.  3l'3 


at  present.  The  chairannounced  that  the 
arbitration  committee  had  had  no  meeting 
yet. 

Several  appHcations  for  membership  were 
received  by  the  association,  and  several  old 
members  who  had  allowed  their  dues  to  fall 
in  arrears  were  reinstated.  Mr.  A.  W.  Mur- 
ray made  a  special  report  in  regard  to  the 
subject,  for  an  essay,  assigned  by  President 
Hannon  of  the  National  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation, to  the  Chicago  Association,  and 
recommended  that  a  prize  of  S25  be  offered 
by  this  association  to  its  members  for  the 
best  essay  on  the  subject,  "The  Exhibition  of 
Plumbing  Materials  and  Workmanship  at 
the  World's  P'air  in  1892."  "What  Method 
Can  Be  Adopted  to  Make  It  an  Attractive 
Feature  and  of  General  Benefit  to  The 
Plumbing  Interest?"  The  same  to  be  read 
at  the  second  meeting  in  May.  The  associa- 
tion voted  to  make  the  amount  of  the  prize 
S511  instead  of  $25. 

The  financial  secretary  reported  that  on 
April  1st,  there  was  over  four  thousand 
dollars  in  the  treasury,  and  that  the  associa- 
tion was  prospering  financially  as  well  as  in 
other  directions.  A  communication  from 
the  Brooklyn  Plumbers'  Association  was 
read  to  the  effect  that  after  May  ist,  no 
master  plumber  in  that  city  would  employ 
any  journeymen  unless  they  were  members 
in  good  standing  of  the  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion. A  motion  was  made  and  carried  that 
this  communication  be  ])laced  on  file  and 
properly  acknowledged  by  the  secretary. 

THE  STRIKE  ENUEU. 

It  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  all  around 
that  the  plumbers'  strike  has  been  termin- 
ated satisfactorily  through  a  com()romise. 
The  classification  system  of  wages  was 
abandoned  by  the  employers,  while  the  men 
give  up  their  demand  for  a  uniform  rate  of 
wages  for  all  workmen.  The  middle  ground 
between  the  two  is  agreed  upon.  A  mini- 
mum rate  of  wages  is  fixed,  below  which  no 
employer  can  go  and  to  which  a  vast  major- 
ity of  the  men  will  be  raised  or  reduced,  but 
there  is  nothing  to  prevent  an  employer 
from  jjaying  more  to  such  men  as  he  thinks 
particularly  valuable.  Under  the  old  system 
one  class  of  workmen  got  $3.60  a  day  and 
another,  by  far  the  larger,  $3.15.  The  men 
demanded  an  advance  to  S3. 75,  which  was 
to  extend  to  all  workmen  alike.  The  bosses 
did  not  oppose  this  advance  so  much  as  the 
idea  that  all  men  should  be  paid  alike  w  ith- 
out regard  to  their  capacity. 

The  Committeeson  Arbitration,  which  had 
been  in  session  all  day  Monday,  met  again 
at  ten  o'clock  Tuesday  morning,  and  after  a 
discussion  of  two  hours,  which  turned  mainly 
upon  the  question  of  what  to  do  with  the 
juniors,  signed  an  agreement  embodying 
the  terms  of  settlement.  The  settlement  is 
that  the  minimum  rate  of  wages  shall  be 
S3. 50  a  day  for  all  journeymen  plumbers, 
above  which  no  em[)loyeris  bound  to  go;  all 
future  differences  are  to  be  settled  by  arbi- 
tration. The  juniors  receive  an  advance  of 
twenty-five  cents  a  day.  They  had  demanded 


fifty  cents.  This  advance  benefits  only  a 
minority  of  the  juniors,  as  most  of  them 
work  under  a  previous  agreement  that  their 
wages  shall  be  advanced  annually.  Those 
working  under  this  agreement  are  excepted 
from  the  advance  of  twenty-five  cents. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

John  E.  Wyhrant,  of  the  F.  'VVolf  Manu- 
facturing Company,  has  gone  south  on  a  two 
months'  business  trip. 

Mr.  Harris,  a  prominent  plumber,  of  -Sioux 
City,  la.,  was  in  the  citv  last  week. 

Mr.  Falney,  a  plumber  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
is  m  the  city  on  business. 

Mr.  Linden,  of  the  firm  of  McCartney  & 
Linden,  Denver,  Colo.,  is  in  the  city  on  a 
business  and  pleasure  trip. 

E.  C.  Colvet,  of  Minneapolis,  passed 
through  the  city  last  week  on  his  way  to  Hot 
Springs,  Ark.,  where  he  has  a  large  contract. 

The  firm  of  Hargreaves  &  Meyn,  have 
opened  up  at  55  Twelfth  street.  Wheeling, 
W.  \'a.,  a  new  plumbing  establishment  and 
will  make  fine  sanitary  plumbinga  specialty. 

An  attractive  circular  has  been  issued  by 
Dr.  E.  S.  McClellan  on  "The  Sewer-Gas 
Question,"  in  which  trap  vents  are  discussed 
at  length  and  in  a  scientific  and  practical 
way.  The  different  modes  of  trap  venting 
are  fully  set  forth,  and  the  advantages  and 
disadvantages  of  each  reviewed.  The  cir- 
cular discloses  an  intimate  knowledge,  on 
the  part  of  Dr.  McClellan,  regarding  house- 
drainage,  the  evils  liable  to  result  from  de- 
ficient [jlumbing,  and  the  use  and  abuse  of 
traj)  venting.  The  latter  has  been  made  a 
special  study  by  the  author,  and  any  opinion 
of  his  on  this  subject  is  worthy  serious  con- 
sideration. As  there  is  not  a  plumber  any- 
where who  is  not  initrested  in  this  matter, 
this  circular  will  prove  interesting  to  a  wide 
circle  as  it  is  lull  of  information.  The  doc- 
tor is  patentee  of  a  trap  vent  which  is  manu- 
factured by  the  Du  Bois  Manufacturing 
Company,  245  Ninth  avenue.  New  York,  and 
which  has  been  extensively  introduced  and 
authorized  by  health  departments  in  the 
plumbing  practice  under  their  supervision. 
The  vent  consists  of  a  short  i)ipe  with  a 
mercury  seal,  is  simple  in  construction,  with- 
out complications  to  get  out  of  order. 
Plumbers  can  procure  a  cojjyof  the  circular 
referred  to  by  addressing  the  manufactur- 
ers, from  which  the  working  of  the  traj)  can 
be  learned. 

I'.dward  J.  Nolan  and  John  .A.  Armledcr, 
formerly  with  Nolan  Bros.,  &  Co.,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, ().,  have  purchased  the  interest  in 
the  old  firm  of  Stephen  J.  Nolan,  deceased, 
and  will  make  a  speciality  of  sanitary  plumb- 
ing and  sewerage  vcaitilation.  No.  68  East 
Fourth  street,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Wm.  E.  Dee,  at  154  La  Salle  street,  is 
figurmg  with  a  number  of  the  leading 
plumbers  on  large  jobs  of  sewer  work. 

The  Medical  Soceity  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  convened  at  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  March 
20  and  21. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

\'ancou\  er,  Wash.;  A  new  courthouse  to 

cost  S40,ooo   will   be   erected.  Seattle, 

Wash.:  The  people  of  Seattle  will  soon  be 
called  on  to  vote  for  or  against  bonding 
their  property  for  $1,300,000.  Of  this  sum 
$250,000  will  be  for  street  improvements, 
$775,000  for  buying  ont  a  water  company, 
$150,000  for  fire  purposes  and  Si  10,000  for 

sewerage.  Columbus,  Ga.:    Col.  W.  T. 

Tillman  and  others  will  erect  a  corn  and 

flour  mill  to  cost  $100,000.  Huntsville, 

Ala.:  Jere  Murphy  can  give  information  as 
to  the  proposed  erection  of  a  large  cotton 

mill.  Huntington,  .Ark.:  The  Huntington 

Cotton  Manufacturing  company  will  erect  a 

$25,000  spindle  cotton  mill.  Bessemer, 

Ala.:  The  Land  Improvement  company  can 
give  information  as  to  the  erection  of  a 

phosphate  mill,  to  cost  $100,000.  Attalla, 

Ala.:  The  Iron  City  Land  and  Improvement 
conn)any  will  erect  a  sash,  door  and  blind 
factory,  two  iron  furnaces,  and  a  rolling 
mill.  Philadelphia,  Penn.:  Anew  hospi- 
tal will  be  erected  by  St.  Timothy's  Episco- 
pal church,  Roxboro.    Address  the  rector 

for  information  Washington,  I).  C:  St. 

Andrews  Episcopal  church  will  erect  a 
chapel  at  Eighteenth  and  Madison  Streets. 
Address  J.  A.  Aspenwall,  rector.  Wash- 
ington, I).  C:  J.  G.  Myers,  711  G  Street, 
has  made  plans  for  a  Masonic  Temple,  at 
Brightwood,   D.  C,  pressed  brick,  brown 

stone,  steam  heat,  etc.  Washington,  D. 

C:  Edward  Woltz  has  made  plans  for  a 
club  house,  to  be  erected  at  Thirteenth 
Street  and  Whitney  Avenue,  to  cost  $25,000. 
Wilmington,  Del.:  Geo.  W.  Bush,  Henry  C. 
Robinson  and  A.  D.  Warner,  can  give  inform- 
ation about  the  new  post  office  building,  to 

cost  $250,000.  Bay  \'iew,  Md.:  Additional 

buildings,  to  cost  $35,000  are  to  be  erected 

on  the  grounds  at  this  place.  ^Trenton,  N. 

J.:  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  is  to  build  a 
new  station,  two-story  brick,  terra  cotta 
trimmings,  inside  finish  of  chestnut  and  oak. 

 Newhold,  N.J.:  The  Baptist  church  will 

erect  a  new  church.  Patterson,  N.  J.:  A 

new  city  hall,  a  county  court  house,  and  a 
new  sixteen-room  school  house  are  to  be 
erected.  -Newark,  N.  J.;  Staehlm  &  Stei- 
ger  have  completed  plans  for  a  five-story 
brick  store  and  office  building;  also  plans 

for  a  four-story  brick  factory.  Ligonier, 

Penn.:  Frank  J.  Hargnett  will  erect  a  large 
summer  hotel.  Butler,  Penn.:  A  new  col- 
lege building,  to  cost  $30,000  is  to  be  erected. 

-    York,  Penn.:  A  $25,000  hotel  is  to  be 

built.  Slatington,  Penn.:  Hopkins  Son, 

of  Catasauqua,  will  erect  a  large  rolling 

mill   covering    four   acres.  Braddock, 

Penn.:  The  Catholic  Hungarians  will  erect 

a  new  churi:h  and  school  building.  Johns 

town,  Penn.:  A  hospital  costing  aliout  $40,- 
000,  will  be  erected.    Address  Francis  B. 

Beenes.  L^niontown  Penn.:  Judge  Nath- 
aniel Ewing  and  S.  K.  Ewing  will  erect  an 
office  building,  to  cost  $i8,ooo.  Morris- 


Ai'uiL  12, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


597 


town,  Pcnn.:  An  ice  and  storage  factory  will 
be  erected  at  a  cost  of  over  $6o,ooo.  Pitts- 
burg, I'enn.:  Rev.  Father  Suhr,  of  St.  Peter's 
and  St.  Paul's,  will  erect  a  new  church  of 
brick,  with  stone  trimmings,  to  cost  $50,000. 

 Pittsburg,  Penn.:  John  Dalzell  will  build 

an  eight-story  office  building  to  cost  $95,000- 
J.  T.  Steen,  Pennsylvania  Avenue  and  Sixth 

streets,  architect.  Pittsburg,  Penn.:  The 

Union  Storage  company  will  build  a  six- 
story  brick  building,  at  a  cost  of  $53,000.  F. 

Rodd,  is  the  architect.  Cireenville,  Ala.: 

Messrs.  Dunklin  and  Steiners  will  erect 
three  handsome  brick  structures  on  the  Hol- 

zer  hotel  lot.  City  of  Mexico:   A  new 

hotel  is  to  be  built,  costing  $2,500,000.  The 
building  will  be  200x420,  five  stories  high 

and  have  400  guest  rooms.  New  York: 

French,  Dixon  &  Saldorn  are  the  architects 
for  a  five-story  brick  flat  and  store,  to  be 
built  at  601-3  Tenth  Avenue;  F.  A.  Minuth, 
is  architect  for  five  three-story  brick  dwell- 
ings, to  be  built  at  Eighty-Seventh  Street 
north  of  West  End  Avenue;  cost,  $75,000; 
also  two  five-story  flats  at  Sixty-Seventh 
street,  east  of  West  End  Avenue;  cost,  $40,- 
000;  A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son  are  architects  for 
two  five-story  brick  flats  at  Eighty-Seventh 
street,  east  of  Madison  avenue;  cost,  $40,- 
000;  Frank  Winnemer  is  architect  for  three 
three-story  dwellings  at  Park  avenue,  north 
of  Ninety-Seventh  street;  cost,  §36,000;  An- 
drew Spence  is  architect  for  two  brick  flats, 
two  five-story  brick  tenements  at  142  Second 
street,  northwest  corner  Edscoup  avenue; 
cost,  $54,000;  H.  L.  Harris  has  plans  for  a 
five-story  brick  flat  on  I5oulevard,  south  of 
Eighty-first  street;  cost,  $20,000;  R.  H.  Rob- 
ertson has  plans  for  a  five-story  brick  building 
at  I.  E.,  Twenty-Seventh  street;  cost,  $45,- 
000;  J.  E.  liolken  &  Son  are  architects  for  a 
five-story  brick  flat  and  store  at  176  Essex 

Street;  cost,  $20,000.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.: 

Ballard  &  Cornell  have  plans  for  two  brick 
and  stone  stores  and  flats;  cost,  $20,000;  Mc- 
Kin,  Mead  &  White  have  plans  for  brick 
stable;  cost,  $48,000;  Mr.  Thomas  has 
plans  for  brick  factory;  cost,  $110,000;  J.  M_ 
Naughton  has  plans  for  one  brick  school 
building;  cost,  $69,000;  also  for  another 
building  of  same  kind;  cost,  $78,000;  W.  H. 
Morris  has  plans  for  five  stone  dwellings; 
cost,  $42,000;  Frank  Holmhey  has  plans  for 

a  brick  factory;  cost,  $21,000.  Lakewood, 

N.  J.:  A  large  hotel,  to  accommodate  400 
guests,  and  costing,  with  the  land,  $350,000, 
is  to  be  erected  in  the  "  North  Woods;"  the 
proprietors  of  the  Laurel  House  have  just 
decided  to  build  in  Pine  Park  a  large  addi- 
tional hotel,  to  accommodate  400  guests, 
the  building  to  be  of  brick  and  fire  proof 
construction,  with  every  modern  conven- 
ience. C.  H.  Kimball,  of  Kimball,  Howell 
&  Co.,  Bankers,  New  York,  has  the  matter 

in  charge.  Lincoln,  Neb.:  James  Tyler 

has  plans  for  a  store  and  office  building  for 
J.  &  D.  Newman,  to  cost  $30,000;  also  for  a 
store  and  office  building  for  Mayer  Bros.,  to 

cost  $22,000.  Louisville,  Ky.:  Charles  D. 

Meyer  has  jjrepared  plans  for  a  $25,000 
school  building.     Address  School  Board, 


Louisville,  Ky.  Wyoming,  la.:    N.  H. 

Fordham,  Recorder,  can  give  information  of 

a  town  hall,  to  cost  about  $30,000.  St. 

Paul,  Minn.:  The  i)lans  for  the  Manhattan 
office  building,  to  be  erected  on  the  corner 
of  Fifth  and  Robert  Streets,  at  a  cost  of  $300,- 
000,  have  been  filed  with  Building  Insjjcctor 
Johnson.  The  structure  will  be  of  red  stone 
and  brick,  eight  stories  high,  and  102  feet 
square.    It  will  be  the  property  of  William 

I'.dson,  Howard  &  Co.  Trenton,  N.  J.: 

The  Assembly  has  passed  a  bill  authorizing 
the  Hudson  County  Board  of  Freeholders 
to  issue  bonds  not  exceeding  $150,000  for  a 

county  insane  asylum.  Shreveport,  La.: 

Weathers  &  Weathers  have  completed  plans 

for  a  $60,000  court  house.  Sioux  City,  S. 

Dak.:  T.  G.  Brown,  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, can  give  information  of  a  proposed 
school  house,  to  cost  $23,000,  including  a 

ventilating  and  heating  plant.  New  York, 

N.  Y.:  The  Board  of  Education  has  author- 
ized a  committee  to  engage  a  good  architect 
to  prepare  plans  for  new  headquarters, 
and  the  Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportion- 
ment has  decided  to  appropriate  $130,000  for 

the  building   site.  Omaha,  Neb.:    It  is 

proposed  to  issue  $50,000  bonds  for  the  erec- 
tion of  four  engine  houses  Ballston  Spa. 

N.  Y.:  A  business  block,  to  be  heated  by 
steam,  will  be  erected,  at  an  estimated  cost 
of  $20,000.    For  particulars,  address  W.  J. 

Redmond.  Cincinnati,  O.:  The  Phcenix 

Club,  present  club  quarters.  Ninth  and  Cen- 
tral avenue,  have  ordered  sketches  for  a 
new  club  building,  to  cost  $100,000;  Crap- 
sey  &  Brown,  architects,  have  the  plans 
ready  for  a  new  Kentucky  College,  at  Win- 
chester, Ky.;  to  cost  $45,000;  W.  H.  Stew- 
art's Sons  have  completed  plans  for  the  en- 
largement and  remodeling  of  the  Cincinnati 
Conservatory  of  Music,  at  Fourth  and  Law- 
rence streets,  which  include  a  hall  to  accom- 
modate 500  persons,  and  a  large  dining  room ; 

estimated  cost  $75,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  It 

is  reported  that  a  new  theatre  is  to  be  erected 
by  David   Henderson,    Manager  Chicago 

Opera  House,  to  cost  about  $200,000.  

Pittston,  Pa.:  Isaac  Pursell,  architect,  of 
Philadelphia,  will  prepare  plans  for  a 
$30,000  church  for  the  First  Presbyterian 
congregation,  at  West  Pittston.  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.:  Architect  John  R.  Church 
has  prepared  plans  for  a  business  block  for 
the  Hiram  Sibley  estate,  to  be  100x120  feet, 
six  stories.     Heated  by  steam,  and  light 

speed  elevators,  etc.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.: 

An  $80,000  building  will  be  erected.  For 

details  address  E.  W.  Wells,  architect.  

Wilmington,  Del.:  The  Olivet  Presbyterian 
Church,  of  which  Rev.  George  E.  Thomson 
is  pastor,  is  preparing  to  build  an  edifice,  to 
cost  $20,000,  after  plans  by  Isaac  Pursell, 

architect,  of  Philadelphia.  East  Orange, 

N.  J.:  Isaac  Pursell,  of  Philadelphia,  will 
prepare  plans  for  the  Bethel  Presbyterian 

Church,  to  cost  §20,000.  Crystal  Falls, 

Mich.:  J.  E.  Clancy,  architect,  of  Antigo, 
Wis.,  has  plans  for  a  court  house  to  cost 

$38,000.  Duluth,  Minn.:    E.  S.  Radcliff 

has  prepared  plans  for  a  store  and  office 


building  to  cost  $30,000.  Owner,  W.  E. 
Woodbridge. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  The  Ridgcdale  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  company,  has  been  in- 
corporated to  erect  electric  light  jjlants.  J. 

S.  O'Neal  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  

River  Point,  R.  I.:  The  River  Point  Elec- 
tric Light  company  has  been  organized  with 

a  caj)ital  stock  of  $30,000.  Pal  mouth,  Ky.: 

The  Falmouth  Electric  Light  and  Motive- 
Power  company  has  been  incorporated  with 
a  capital  stock  of  §30,000.    J.  C.  Hamilton  is 

one  of  incorporators.  Independence,  Mo.: 

The  Citizens  Electric  Light  comiiany  has 
been  incorjjorated  with  capital  stock  of  $25,- 
000.  J.  N.  Rodgers  is  one  of  incorjiorators. 
 Laredo,  Tex.:  The  Laredo  Improve- 
ment company  are  to  put  in  a  large  electric 
plant,  which  will  furnish,  when  completed, 

2,000  incandescent  and  200  arc  lights.  

Ilion,  N.  Y.:  The  Home  Electric  Light  com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $1 5,000.  William  F.  Bossert  is  one  of 

incorporators.  Scottdale,    Penn.:  The 

Electric  Light  company  is  soon  to  begin  the 

erection  of  its  new  plant.  Brooklyn,  N. 

Y.:  The  Boltt  Manufacturing  company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of 

$300,000.  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Wenstrom 

Consolidated  Dynamo  and  Motor  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $1,000,000.  Enoch  Pratt  is  one  of  incor- 
porators. Brattleboro,  The  Brattle- 

boro  Gas  and  Electric  Light  company  will 
increase  the  capacity  of  its  plants  Ches- 
ter, Penn.:  John  J.  Ryan  will  establish  an 
electric  light  plant.  Spencer,  la.:  An  in- 
candescent electric  light  plant  will  be  estab- 
lished. Nashua,  N.  H.:  A  new  plant  to 

cost  §60,000  will  be  erected  soon.  \'ernon, 

Penn.:  The  Vernon  Ice,  Light  and  Water 
company  has  been  incorporated  with  capital 
stock  of  $60,000.  D.  A.  Turner  is  one  of  in- 
corporators. Rutland,  Vt.:  A  proposition 

to  purchase  a  plant    for    street  lighting 

IS  being  agitated.  Washington,  D.  C: 

A  bill  has  been  introduced  to  incorporate 
the  Columbia  Electric  Light  company  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $250,000.  Geo.  T.  Oliver, 
of  Pittsburgh,  and  E.  T.  Piatt,  of  New  York, 

are  interested  in  the  scheme.  Belton, 

Tex.:  The  Belton  Electric  Light  company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $200,000.  M.  V.  Smith  is  one  of  incorpo- 
rators. Bryan,  Tex.,  will  be  lighted  by 

electricity.  Rockville,  Conn.:  The  Rock- 

ville  Electric  Light  company  will  be  formed 
and  will  put  up  a  plant  with  a  capacity  of 

forty  arc  and  500  incandescent  lights.  

Leavenworth,  Kan.:  The  Leavenworth  Elec- 
tric Light  company  has  been  formed  in  this 

city  with  a  capital  stock  of  §100,000.  

Topeka,  Kan.:  The  Pacific  Coast  Electric 
Supply  and  Construction  company  has  been 
incorporated.  Address  F.  G.  Hentig  for  in- 
formation. New  York:  The  Interior  Con- 
duit and  Insulating  company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  of  §1,000,000.  


598 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  32  3 


Fairfield,  la.:  The  Fairfield  Gas  and  Elec- 
tric Light  company  has  been  incorporated 

with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  Russell- 

ville,  Ky.:  A  company  is  being  formed  here 
to  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  Annapo- 
lis, Md.:  The  bill  to  incorporate  the  Wood- 
berry  Belt  Electric  Light  and  Power  com- 
pany at  Annapolis,  Md.,  has  been  signed  by 
the  Governor  and  become  a  law.  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.:  H.  T.  Beggs  con  give  inform- 
ation about  the  new  electric  light  plant.  

Braunsfels,  Tex.:  Peter  Faust  &  Co.  want 
an  electric  plant  to  operate  electric  motors 
through  the  day,  and  arc  and  incandescent 

lamps  at  night.  Berkley,  Va.:  J.  E.  Hoz- 

ier  can  give  information  concerning  the  new 

electric  light  plant.  Bridgeport,  O.:  The 

Bridgeport  Electric  Light  and  Power  com- 
pany has  been  incorporated.    Capital,  $20,- 

000.  Akron,  O.:  The  Ohio  Gas  Appliance 

company  has  been  incorporated.  Capital, 

$25,000.  Rockville,  Md.:  An  electric  light 

company  is  being  organized.  Morrison, 

111.:  The  Morrison  Electric  Light  company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $25,000.  E.  A.  Smith  is  one  of  the  incor- 
porators. Highland  Park.  111.:  The  High- 
land Park  Electric  Light  company  has  been 
incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000. 

B.  E.  Sunny  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  

East  Providence  Center,  Conn.:  W.  R. 
Walker  &  Son  are  preparing  plans  for  alter- 
ations in  the  Congregational  church.  The 
building  will  be  raised,  steam  heat  put  in, 

etc.    Not  let.  Athol,  Mass.:  Bates  Bros., 

wallet  manufacturers,  will  add  a  wing  to 
their  factory,  35x50  feet.  Steam  heating 
will  be  put  in  and  a  new  engine  and  boiler. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 

Cohoes,  N.  Y.:  A  bill  authorizing  the  com- 
mon council  to  l;ond  the  city  in  the  sum  of 
$25,000  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the 
water  mains  through  several  of  the  streets, 
has  been  reported  favorably  by  the  Assembly 

Committee  on  cities.  Anniston,  Ala.:  The 

reservoir  for  the  new  water-works  will  be  of 

5,000,000    gallons   capacity.   Merrimac, 

Mass.:  There  is  a  movement  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  water-works  at  this  place.  

Homestead,  Pa.,  evidently  wants  water- 
works as  its  people  have  voted  $70,000  to 

build  them.  Vernon,  111.:  Extension  of 

the  water-works  is  contemplated.  White- 
field,  N.  H.,  has  ajjpropriated  $7,500  to  pro- 
cure a  supply  of  water  for  fire  protection. 
 Wolfborough,  N.  H.:  At  the  town  meet- 
ing it  was  voted  to  extend  the  water-works 
system  through  the  village  of  South  Wolf- 
borough.  Bond  Hill,  O.:  Authority  has 

been  asked  to  issue  $20,000  bonds  for  a 

water-works  system.  Shelby,  Ala.:  New 

water-works  are  to  be  constructed.- — —Bell- 
aire,  O.,  is  agitating  the  water-works  ques- 
tion. Trenton,  Tenn.,  is  soon  to  have 

water-works.  Provo  City,  Utah.:  There  is 

a  strong  movement  for  water-works  on  foot. 

 Pottstown.  Pa.:  New  water-works  are  to 

be  erected;  cost  $130,000.  Monroe  City, 

Mo.:  The  question  of  water-works  is  being 


considered;  address  G.  W.  Tompkins  for 

particulars.-  Pulaski,  Va.:  L.  S.  Calfuch 

can  give  information  about  the  proposed 
water- works.— Norwalk,  O.:  A  large  sys- 
tem of  water-works  is  to  be  erected.  

Duluth,  Minn.:  A  new  pump  house  and 

plant  is  to  be  erected  soon.  fronton,  O.: 

About  $10,000  will  be  spent  upon  water- 
works  improvements.  Wichita,  Falls, 

Tex.:  E.  W.  Ahendroth,  of  Kansas  City, 
Mo.,  has  received  the  franchise  for  water- 
works at  this  place.  Pittsfield,  Mass.: 

The  water  system  will  probably  be  extended 

outside  the  fire  district.  Somersworth,  N. 

H.:  It  is  reported  from  RoUinsford  and 
Somersworth,  N.  H.,  that  the  construction  of 
water-works  depends  upon  whether  the  town 
of  Somersworth  will  contract  with  a  com- 
pany or  not.  John  C.  Lothrop  is  president 
of  the  Somersworth  and  RoUinsford  Water 
Company.  James  A.  Edgerly  or  Dr.  O.  Q. 
Shapleigh,  of  Great  Falls,  N.  H.,  can  furnish 
further  information.  Water  would  proba- 
bly be  pumped  to  a  reservoir.  Estimated 

cost  $200,000.  New  Utrecht,  L.  I.:   It  is 

reported  that  a  bill  is  now  in  course  of 
preparation  that  will  provide  for  bounding 
the  town  of  New  Utrecht,  which  includes 
Bensonhurst-by-thc-Sea,  Blythebourne,West 
Brooklyn,  Bath  Junction,  Kensington,  Bath 
Beach,  Bay  Ridge,  Fort  Hamilton  and  New 
Utrecht  Village  proper,  all  on  Long  Island, 
for  the  sum  of  $150,000  to  establish  anew 
water  supply  system.    The  town  to  control 

and  own  the  works.  Imlay  City,  Mich.: 

The  people  have  voted  for  water-works. 
The  town  will  issue  $18,000  in  bonds.  Chas. 
Marshall,  president;  John  Robinson,  clerk. 

 Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  will  vote  during 

the  month  to  bond  the  town  for  $12,000  for 

water-works.  Lexington,  Va.:  Surveys 

are  being  made  to  supply  Glasgow  with 
water.    M.  M.  Martin  can  give  particulars. 

 Coldwatei,  Mich.:  If  present  agitation 

is  successful,  the  city  will  be  bonded  for 

$70,000  to  build  water-works.  -Madison, 

Neb.:  Among  the  improvements  contem- 
plated this  season,  is  a  system  of  water- 
works. Atkinson,   Neb.:    A  system  of 

water  supply  will  be  ])ut  in  at  a  cost  of  $10,- 

000.  Fort,  Worth,  Tex.,  has  authorized 

the  issuance  ot  $275,000  of  bonds— $1 50,000 
for  water-works  and  $125,000  for  sewerage 

system.  Manchester,   la.:    The  people 

have  voted  in  favor  of  water-works,  and  a 
committee  of  three  from  the  city  council  has 
been  appointed  to  investigate.  Address  J. 
F.  Merry,  Chairman  Water-works  Com- 
mittee. Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has  decided  to 

submit  the  question  of  issuing  Ijonds  to  the 
amount  of  $2,500,000  for  the  construction  of 
a  new  water-works  system,  or  the  purchase 
of  the  present  system,  to  a  vote  of  the  peo|)le. 

 Brockton,  Mass.:  Superintendent  W.  F. 

Cleavcland,  of  the  water-works,  reports  that 
about  10,000  feet  of  six-inch,  1,500  feet  of 
eight-inch  and  3,000  feet  of  ten-inch  i)ipe 
will  be  laid,  and  that  eighteen  new  hydrants 
and  ten  or  twelve  valves  will  be  set  this 
year.  Also  that  about  150  meters  will  be 
placed. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Philadelphia,  Penn.:  Bids  are  being  re- 
ceived by  Baker  and  Dallet,  architects.  Fifth 
and  Walnut  streets,  Philadelphia,  for  the 
erection  of  the  bank  building  of  the  Ameri- 
can Trust,  Guarantee,  Loan  and  Investment 

Company.  Dallas,  Tex.:     E.  G.  Bowen 

will  receive  plans  until  May  ist,  for  a  $200,- 

000   court   house.  Washington,    D.  C: 

George  Dewey  acting  Chief  of  Bureau  of 
Provisions  and  Clothing,  Navy  Department 
will  receive  sealed  proposals  until  April  2gth, 
1890,  for  roofing  slate  for  the  U.  S.  Navy 

Yard  at  League  Island.  Cedar  Rapids 

la.:  Plans  are  wanted  until  April  24,  for 
the  erection  of  a  high  school  to  cost  $40,000. 
For  details  address  M.  A.  Higley,  Chairman 

of  building  committee.  Quebec:  Plans 

are  wanted  for  city  hall,  $3,100  in  prizes 

offered.  Madison,  N.  J.:     Proposals  are 

wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  lighting  the 

public  streets,  etc.   Address  S.  H.  Reed.  

Clifton  Heights,  Pa.:  Sealed  proposals  will 
be  received  until  6  p.  m.,  April  2g,  i8go,  for 
furnishing  steam  pumping  machinery;  for 
building  engine   house    and  constructing 

a  reservoir.    Address  Isaac  S.  Cassin.  

New  London,  Conn.:  Proposals  are  wanted 
for  building  a  school  house.    Address  S.  T. 

Adams,  Secretary  Board  of  Education.  

Austin,  Tex.:  Larmour  &  Watson  architects, 
will  receive  proposals  until  April  22,  for 
building  the  Southwest  Texas  Insane  Asy- 
lum, near  San  Antonia.  Washington,  D. 

C:  Sealed  proposals  in  duplicate  will  be 
received  at  the  Bureau  of  Yard  and  Docks, 
Navy  Department,  until  11  o'clock,  April 
25,  for  electric  lighting  plant  for  Norfolk 

Navy  Yard.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed 

proposals  for  erecting  an  engine  house  and 
inqjounding  reservoir,  furnishing  pumping 
engines  and  boilers,  cast  and  wrought  kron 
piping,  special  castings,  fittings  valves,  lead^ 
jute,  and  for  excavation  and  performing  the 
work  necessary  to  complete  the  pumping 
station  on  the  Hot  Springs  Reservation,  at 
Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  will  be  received  at  the 
Department  of  the  Interior  until  12  o'clock 

m.,  Wednesday,  April  30,  iScp.  Trenton, 

Tenn.:  T.  J.  Hoppcll  will  receive  proposals 
for  constructing  waterworks  at  a  cost  of  not 
more  than  $20,000.    The  population  is  2,000. 

 Henrietta,  Tex.:    Bids  are  wanted  to 

build  a  jail  to  cost  $25,000.  Hubbard  City, 

Tex.:  The  Hubbard  City  Waterworks  Com- 
pany desires  to  purchase  a  stand-pipe,  street 

mains  and   hydrants   for  waterworks.  

Ashvillc,  N.  C:  The  city  invites  proposals 
for  lighting  by  electricity  the  said  city  for  a 
period  of  two  years  from  Oct.  i,  i8<p.  Pro- 
posals to  contemplate  an  option  giving  the 
city  the  right  to  purchase  the  plant  at  ex- 
I)iration  of  the  period  mentioned.  Time  for 
receiving  bids  is  limited  to  May  i,  iSgo. — — 
Washington,  D.  C:  Proposals  will  be  re- 
ceived at  the  office  of  the  Light  House 
Board  until  12  o'clock  noon  of  Tuesday,  the 
1st,  day  of  July,  i8<)0,  for  the  design,  the 
specifications,  the  complete  construction  and 
equipment,  and  the  temporary  maintenance 
of  a  light-tower  on  Diamond  Shoal,  off  Cape 


April  1%  18901 


mB  sAmTARv  mm. 


599 


[factory,  Eroo3rly-n.,  3^.  "S".] 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^I=G  CO.  limited 
184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 

 o  

BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
_  LOWEST  PRICES. 

All  of  our  own  superior  make       ^         ^5     ^  Orders  Carefully  Filled. 


COMB  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINQS 


NATURK'S  REMEDIKS 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  eftective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Mature  s  own  Kemedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  thoir  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect  i 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  LTO  persons  have  been  t'  eated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  IHK  Life  Ionic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Lung  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  a  plica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains  etc 

This  Company  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Kemedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  dangerous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
f  H^'pVf-SiJ.o  ??A*>S7SoS^J,i?7^TV;',''4  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 

o    J  t      •  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


Hatteras,  North  Carolina.  By  an  act  of 
Congress  the  total  cost  of  the  light-station 
shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  ^500,000. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Athens,  Ga.:    A  sewerage  system  and  ten 
hydrants  will   be  constructed  this  spring. 

 Cleveland,  Tenn.:    The  construction  of 

water-works  and  sewerage  system  is  being 

agitated.  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.:  $10,000 

will  be  expended  for  sewerage.  Orange, 

Mass.:  The  city  has  voted  to  build  sewers. 

Address  W.  L.  Grout.  Los  Argelos,  Cal.: 

The  city  has  voted  to  issue  $374,000  in  bonds 
for  building  and  intercepting  main  swers. 

 Gloucester,  Mass.:  The  city  is  to  issue 

$400,000  in  bonds  to  construct  and  maintain 
a  system  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal. 

 Canastota,  N.  Y.:  E.  Delevan  Smalley 

is  preparing  plans  for  a  sewerage  system 
for  the  town  of  Watkins,  N.  Y.    Contract  is 

to  be  let  April  22.  Holyoke,  Conn.:  The 

city  government  has  authorized  the  exten- 
sion of  the  West  Hampden  street  sewer  to 
Northampton  street  from  Nonotuck  street, 
and  200  feet  each  way  on  Northampton 

street.  Wallingford,  Conn.,  has  voted  to 

appropriate  $2,500  for  a  sewer  in  Fair  street. 

 Savannah,  Ga.:  It  is  proposed  to  change 

Bilho  canal  to  a  storm-water  sewer.  Pre- 
liminary estimate  $35,000.  St.  Paul,  Minn.: 

The  Phalen  creek  sewer  is  to  be  constructed 
this  season.  Engineer  Rundlett  is  now  en- 
gaged in  drawing  a  profile  of  the  works. 

A  New  Method  of  Treating  Disease 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  bnnging  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  mstance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
mdigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined 
7nore  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can 
ada,  sole  proprietors. 


AN  ALL-YEAR-ROUND  RESORT. 
Spring  is  upon  us,  and,  as  usual  after  the 
close  confinement  of  winter  the  weary  brain 
worker  begins  to  feel  the  need  of  a  tonic. 
Take  our  advice:  "Throw  physic  to  the 
dogs"  and  take  a  trip  to  Hot  Springs,  Ark. 
The  Wabash  Railroad  is  the  direct  line  to 
this  fatuous  health  and  pleasure  resort  of 
the  West.  Only  one  change  of  cars  which 
occurs  in  Union  Depot,  St.  Louis.  Elegant 
compartment  sleepers  and  free  chair  cars  to 
that  point.  Berths  reserved  in  advance 
from  Chicago  to  Hot  Springs.  Write  for 
rates  and  descriptive  pamphlets.  Ticket 
Office,  log  Clark  street,  Chicago. 


Home  Seeker's  Excursion  Xlckets. 

Via  the  Wisconsin  Central  to  all  principal 
points  in  the  northwest,  including  St.  Paul, 
Minneapolis,  Ashland  and  Duluthwill  be  on 
sale  April  22,  May  20,  September  9  and  23 
and  October  14,  at  the  rate  of  one  fare  for 
the  round  trip,  at  the  City  Ticket  Office  of 
the  Wisconsin  Central  205  Clark  street,  and 
at  the  Grand  Central  Passenger  Station, 
Harrison  street  and  Fifth  avenue,  also  at  all 
the  leading  hotels. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


John  Carr  3-s(y  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  24x 

67,  873  W.  North  av.  a,  Henry  Kley   ^6,000 

The  Metzger  Elevator  Company,  3-sty  and  bst 
brk  Feed  str  and  warehouse,  102x90,  1195 

W.  18th  St.  a,  Burnham  &  Root   28,000 

Frank  Alsip,  4-sty  and  bst  brk  dwl,  29x73,  445 

Ashland  av.  a,  L.  B.  Dixon   25,000 

Julius  Pettkoski,  4-8ty  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x97, 

683  W.  17th  St.  a,  Herman  Olszervski ....  10,000. 

F.  Magnuson,  S-sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x78,  195 

2ith  St     5,500 

Ole  Johnson,  3-sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  22x74,386 

Ohio  St.  a,  Luken  &  Thesslen   7,000 

A.  Sahms,  3-sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x52, 388 

Ohio  St,  a.  Luken  &  Thesslen   6.000 

M.  C.  Metzner,  2-s(y  brk  ware  room,  50x7.5,  329 

N.  Lincoln  8t   6,000 


H.  Duple,  3-Fty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits,  25x91, 

241  Monroe  St.  a,  H.  Olsjesvski   8,000 

Lehigh  Valley  Transfer  Co..  1-sty  brk  freight 

l.se,  325x135,  W.  Water  !ind  River  st   25,COO 

J.  8.  Thomas,  3-sty  and  bst  brk  str.  fits  and 

hall,  25x90,  686  31st  st.  a,  L.  W.  Heing. . . .  11,000 

Frank  A,  Hoyer,  2  3-sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  50x 

72,  422-424  Belden  av.  a,  John  Schoi  y   20,000 

P.  Sanders,  4.sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  20x 

116,  1314  Wabash  av.  a,  Ed.  Stutdo    10,000 

P.  P.  Keary,  2-sty  eel  and  attic  brk  dwl.  25x64, 

42«41stst   7,.500 

Henry  Saffron,  2-sty  frm  fits,  20x46,  cor  Hous- 
ton and  87th  sts   7,800 

Geo.  Straight,  3-8ty  and  bst  brk  dwl,  25x55 

4564  Oakenwaldst.  a,  C.  Palmer   5,000 

A.  S.  Berkowsky,  4  2-sty  and  eel  brk  str  and 
fits,  100x40,  1,  2,  3  and  4  Frontst.  a,  A.  J. 
Johnson   18,000 

M.  M.  Brown,  2  2-sty  eel  and  brk  fits,  40x75, 

4510-4512  Lake  st   14,000 

A.  Mcintosh,  3  2-8ty  and  bst  brk  dwls,  56x67, 

124-128  47th  st.  a,  W.  W.  Mayer   16,000 


The  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  will 
meet  in  Chicago,  beginning  May  6,  i8oo. 


The  Iowa  State  Medical  Society  will  meet 
at  Des  Moines,  April  i6,  17  and  18. 


GOO 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XV  No.  323 


Anti-Siphra  TRAP  VENT. 

SAFEST 

and  most 

Economical 

Device  for  :• 
•:  Venting 

Sewer-Gas  Traps. 

Can  be  attached  to  any  Trap  at  less 
than  Half  the  Cost  of  back-air  pipes. 

Approved  by 

ARCHITECTS,  MASTER  PLUMBERS  AND 
HEALTH  AUTHORITIES. 

Manufactured  by  the 

DU  BOIS  MAN'F'G  CO,, 

245  Ninth  Ave.,  New  York. 

ManufactnrerB  of 
The  Celebrated  Du  Bois  Lead  Trap. 

For  Sale  by  all  Jobbers  in  Plumbers'Supplies.  Send 
for  Circulars 


BUNDY  RADIATORS 


12,500,000. 

Sqnare  feet 


ARCHITECTS  find  their  clients  better  satisfied  when  the  Bundy  Radiator  is  specified  and  used  in 
their  buildings.  STEAW-FITTERS  prefer  the  Bundy,  as  they  are  bo  much  easier  to  connect,  and  do  not  leak 
and  get  oat  o£  order.  CONSUiVltftS  prefer  the  Bandy,  as  they  circulate  much  easier  than  other  radiators, 
and  this  lesseus  their  coal  consumption.  We  have  the  greatest  variety,  consisting  of  Bundy  Direct  and 
Indirect  Steam  and  Hot-Water  Kadiators;  Bundy  Triumph  and  Bundy  Elite  Steam  and  Hot^ Water  Ra- 
diators; Bundy  Climax  Steam  and  Hot  Water  Uadiators,  eic  ,  etc.   Send  for  Catalogue  just  out. 

A.  A.  GRIFFING  IRON  CO., 

Principal  Office  and  Works:    773  Communipaw  Avenue,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey. 
Western  Branch  Office :    99  IViadison  Street,  Chicago  III. 


Ifhij  Js  Jhe  "Barry  Jrap  Perfect? 

Repeated  tests  show  it  to  be  the  proper  shape.  When  old  it  is  as  efficient  as 
new.  The  Vent  Connection  being  made  on  Trap,  there  is  no  roughness  at  Crown 
of  Trap,  Easiest  cleaned.  Least  fouling  surfaces.  Less  liable  to  clog.  No 
large  chambers  to  retain  accumulations,  snd  always  stands  the  tests. 


BARRY  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

MANUFACTURERS, 


STANDARD  MANUFACTURING  CO., 

RITTSBURGH,  RK. 

PORCELAm-LINED  IRON  BATH-TUBS. 

The  "ROYALi  ALBION." 

POLISHED  BRASS  EXTERIOR. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LISTS  FURNISHED  ON  APPLICATION. 


April  19,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


601 


The  Sanitary  News 

 18  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

ISO.  90  I.a  Salle  Street,  Clilcai;;o. 

Thouas  Hudson,  -----  Publibbeb, 
A.  H.  IIarrtman,  .....  Editor. 
Henrt  R.  Aixen,       -     -     .      LoNnoN  Aqknt. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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CHICAGO,  APRIL  19,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics  601 

Money  Value  of  a  Low  Death-rate  -  -  -  602 
The  Impoitance  of  Educating  our  Youth  in  the 

Principles  of  Hygiene    -----  603 

Water-works  for  Small  Towns   -      -      -      -  604 

The  Association  of  Public  Sanitary  Inspectors  605 

The  Electric  Railway  as  a  Sanitary  Measure    -  605 

Statistics  of  Breathing        -----  Oil 

Bdildino — 

For  the  World's  Fair     -----  005 

Notes  from  Architects   -----  606 

PLTJMBINa— 

The  Care  of  House  Plumbing      -      -      -  607 

Plumbers  and  Sanitation      .      -      -      -  60,s 

Among  the  Plumbers     ....      -  608 

Contractinq  News— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done          -     -  608 

Heating  and  Lighting    -----  609 

Water-Works  Notes   610 

Sewerage  Notes      ------  610 

Bids  and  Contracts       -----  610 


Can  any  one  say  why  the  work  of  the 
plumber  in  its  relation  to  public  interests 
should  not  be  as  important  in  the  eyes  of 
the  law  as  that  of  the  lawyer,  physician, 
ph.irmachist,  or  educator? 

Those  who  look  upon  sanitarians  as  alarm- 
ists and  sanitation  as  a  humbug  arc  gener- 
ally the  ones  who  cry  loudest  for  protection 
when  an  epidemic  is  threateded  and  the 
most  loudly  abuse  health  officers  when  sick- 
ness prevails  through  the  carelessness  of 
themselves  and  their  kind.  Some  people 
fancy  it  is  brave  to  defy  even  fate,  but  do 
not  consider  it  unfortunate  to  be  a  fool. 


On  the  loth  inst.  occurred  the  thirty-fourth 
annual  commencement  of  the  Ohio  Mechan- 
ics'Institute.  Of  the  S47  pupils  in  attendance 
the  past  year,  125  were  graduated,  the  grad- 
uating class  including  ten  ladies.  The  year 
just  closed  has  been  the  most  successful  one 
of  the  institution.  Besides  its  large  attend- 
ance and  the  number  of  the  graduating  class, 
its  financial  condition  is  good.  It  does  not 
owe  a  dollar,  has  $3,000  in^  ested  in  Cincin- 
nati bonds,  a  cash  balance  of  over  $2,000, 
and  the  Day  Will  Trust  Fund  of  $g,ooo. 

When  it  becomes  a  question  of  politics 
versus  the  right  of  citizens  to  enjoy  a  reason- 
able and  just  protection  from  disease,  the 
citizens  should  not  be  long  in  letting  politics 
go.  It  is  no  disguised  fact  that  iu  many  of 
our  cities  the  peoples'  right  to  economical 
government,  health,  morality,  and  honesty 
in  government  are  sacrificed  for  party  suc- 
cess. What  is  there  in  political  ascendency 
except  to  the  few  who  receive  official  re- 
ward? Natural  business  sense  should  teach 
the  citizen  the  folly  of  making  any  sacrifices 
for  party  successes  that  are  destructive  of 
his  own  interests. 


The  necessities  of  man's  life  produce 
about  him  the  elements  of  his  death.  Left 
without  the  kindly  services  of  nature,  his 
destruction  would  be  immediate.  Every 
few  moments  the  processes  that  sustain  life 
emit  enough  poison  to  kill  man  instantly. 
Nature  has  provided  air,  water,  frost,  fire, 
soil  to  absorb  and  remove  those  poisons  and 
leave  man  continually  supplied  with  pure 
and  fresh  elements  of  life.  This  is  true  of 
all  animals,  yet  man  is  the  only  one  who, 
with  a  finer  sense  of  the  higher  comforts, 
violates  nature's  laws  and  endangers  his 
health.  His  higher  intelligence,  however, 
has  led  him,  in  so  far  as  he  disturbs  the 
offices  of  nature,  to  employ  his  engeunity  in 
supplying  artificial  means  in  strengthening 
the  forces  of  nature  which  he  has  weakened 
and  in  providing  for  the  waste  he  has  cre- 
ated. He  shuts  himself  in  a  room  and  must 
provide  ventilation  or  suffer.  He  rears 
crowded  cities  and  must  provide  for  pure 
water,  air,  and  food  and  remove  the  wastes 
of  the  body,  house,  and  traffic  or  suffer  the 
evils  of  their  poisonous  presence.  This  has 
made  sanitary  science  a  necessity  which 
seeks,  as  one  of  its  important  services,  to 
relieve  man  of  his  own  filth,  and  provide, 


by  artificial  means,  the  natural  elements  of 
health  he  has  destroyed.  The  penalty  of 
nature  for  the  violation  of  her  laws  is  swift, 
merciless',  and  prompt.  Fire  is  no  surer  to 
burn  than  polluted  water,  air,  or  food  is  to 
poison.  It  is  an  astonishing  fact  that  man 
is  intelligent  and  careful  in  keeping  out  of 
fire,  but  ignorant  and  indifferent  regarding 
the  impurity  of  the  elements  about  him. 
The  whole  structure  of  sanitary  science  is 
based  upon  as  simple  a  proposition  as  that 
fire  will  burn,  yet  man  will  keep  the  tip  of 
h'S  little  finger  out  of  the  fire  and,  regard- 
less of  the  plain,  simple  laws  of  sanitation, 
throw  his  whole  body  amid  filth  and  pollu- 
tions that  destroy  life.  Simple  as  are  the 
principles  of  sanitation,  man,  generally 
speaking,  is  a  long  way  from  fully  recog- 
nizing and  appreciating  them.  Herein  lies 
the  need  of  the  greatest  efforts  of  sanitari- 
ans. Man  has  now  to  be  taught  what  science 
has  discovered.  Man  must  learn  the  sim- 
ple lesson  that  whatever  he  destroys  in  the 
purifying  elements  of  nature,  he  must  sup- 
ply unto  himself. 

ARE  SANITARIANS  ALARMISTS? 

It  is  no  doubt  true  that  a  large  number  of 
people  look  upon  sanitarians  as  a  set  of 
cranks,  more  zealous  than  sensible  in  their 
labors,  and  calculated  to  spread  alarm  where 
no  danger  exists.  Those  not  acquainted 
with  sanitary  science  as  at  present  devel- 
oped do  not  know  anything  about  its  dis- 
coveries and  established  truths  and  prin- 
ciples, and  scoff  at  what  they,  in  their 
ignorance,  do  not  understand.  It  is  no  un- 
common occurence  to  pick  up  a  paper  and 
find  an  article  written  by  a  man  who  turns 
the  crank  of  some  "organ,"  denying,  contra- 
dicting and  practicing  his  fine  and  fervid 
scorn  on  the  results  of  the  labors  of  some 
scientists  whose  patient  investigations  in  the 
laboratory  have  demonstrated  the  cause  of 
disease  and  discovered  the  means  of  its 
prevention.  We  might  believe  this  know- 
all  editor  if  he  confined  himself  to  his  special 
line  of  work,  but  when  he  enters  a  field  ol 
which  he  is  entirely  ignorant,  we  will  accept 
the  statement  of  one  whose  education,  ex- 
perience, investigations  and  practical  expe- 
riments qualify  him  as  an  authority. 

The  scientist,  in  his  laboratory  with  his 
microscope  and  cultures,  discovers  a  germ 
which  he  has  taken  from  a  typhoid-fever 
patient.  He  takes  from  these  cultures  a 
portion  with  which  he  inoculates  a  rabbit 
and  soon  finds  in  it  the  same  disease  that 
inflicts  his  patient.  This  would  seem  proof 
enough  that  he  has  now  discovered  the 
germ  that  produced  the  fever;  but,  to  leave 
no  room  for  doubt,  he  takes  from  the  intes- 
tines of  the  rabbit  a  portion  and  in  a  short 
time  he  has  a  new  culture  in  which  he  finds 
the  same  germ  found  in  his  patient,  and 
there  can  be  no  further  doubt  about  typhoid 
bacillus.  But  the  physicians  goes  further. 
He  finds  a  case  of  typhoid  fever  in  a  house 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood.  There  are 
the  privy  and  cesspool,  and  at  the  patient's 
home  he  finds  the  well  located  dangerously 


602 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XV  No.  324 


near  them.  He  takes  water  from  the  well 
to  his  laboratory  and  there  finds  the  same 
germ  he  found  in  his  patient,  with  the  cul- 
tures of  which  he  inoculated  the  rabbit. 

Many  similar  cases  are  reported  and  the 
phisician  announces  that  the  germs  of 
typhoid  fever  are  carried  in  drinking  water 
which  is  often  the  source  of  that  disease. 
Then  the  aforesaid  editor  smiles — a  kind 
of  self-important  smile.  He  has  never  been 
in  a  laboratory,  has  never  seen  a  micro- 
scope, gelatine  or  cultures,  yet  he  knows 
more  than  the  doctor.  He  announces  that 
he,  his  parents  and  his  grand-parents  drank 
water  all  their  lives  and  never  had  the 
typhoid  fever,  and  thinks  that  with  one 
swoop  he  has  annihilated  the  doctor.  What 
has  he  done?  He  has  simply  made  a  dis- 
play of  his  ignorance.  He,  his  parents,  and 
grandparents  may  have  drank  water  all 
their  lives  and  never  had  the  typhoid  fever. 
Thousands  of  others  may  have  done  the 
same,  but  the  physician  is  correct.  They 
may  have  drunk  water  that  contained  no 
bacilli,  or  they  may  have  drunk  water  that 
did.  More  probably  the  latter.  We  have 
no  doubt  that  editor  has  swallowed  thou- 
sands of  those  germs.  If  he  had  been  cor- 
rectly informed  he  would  know  that  many 
persons  escape  serious  results  even  when 
they  drink  down  or  breathe  in  disease  germs. 
Some  systems  are  so  vigorous  that  the 
germs  are  destroyed  and  no  sickness  ensues. 
The  germicidal  action  of  the  blood,  the 
juices  of  the  stomach,  and  the  liquids  of  the 
body  begin  to  wage  war  on  these  micro- 
organisms as  soon  as  they  enter  the  body 
and  the  conflict  is  determined  in  favor  of 
the  stronger.  Two  men  may  drink  the  same 
polluted  water.  The  one  may  escape  sick- 
ness and  the  other  die  from  the  disease  that 
killed  the  rabbit,  and  in  which  the  physician 
found  the  same  germ  that  he  took  from  his 
patient  and  the  well.  The  editor  does  not 
understand  this,  and  he  cries  out  "alarm- 
ists !  "  So  it  is  w"th  scarlet  fever,  diphthe- 
ria, consumption,  and  other  preventable 
diseases.  So  it  is  with  the  pollution  of  water 
and  air,  sewerage,  domestic  drainage  and 
everything  that  pertains  to  life  and  its  en- 
vironment. It  is  not  man's  violation  of 
sanitary  laws,  but  the  dispensation  of  Provi- 
dence that  smites  man  with  disease  and 
decrees  his  taking  off.  Science  can  offer 
no  greater  praise  to  the  Diety  than  in  pro- 
claimmg  that  man,  by  his  violation  of  hy- 
gienic laws,  brings  upon  himself  disease 
and  death.  It  relieves  the  Lord  of  the  re- 
sponsibility of  piling  about,  under, upon  and 
in  man  that  uncleanliness  and  hlth  which 
man  himself  will  in  time  learn  to  become 
ashamed  of. 

When  the  scientist  announces  that  the 
disease  germs  which  have  been  discovered 
possess  remarkable  longevity  and  virulence, 
he  is  not  an  alarmist.  When  he  announces 
that  the  typhoid  bacillus  will  remain  frozen 
in  snow  and  ice  all  winter  and  produce  its 
specific  disease  the  next  spring  or  summer, 
he  is  not  an  alarmist.  When  he  says  that 
the  tuberculosis  bacillus,  suspended  in  the 


dust  of  rooms,  sleeping  cars,  and  steam  ships 
will  produce  consumption  in  the  occupants, 
he  is  not  an  alarmist.  When  he  informs  the 
public  that  the  germ  of  scarlet  fever  may 
lie  for  years  in  a  trunk,  in  books,  toys  or 
clothing  and  then  spread  its  contagion,  he  is 
not  an  alarmist.  In  making  public  all  these 
discoveries  in  the  provence  of  preventive 
medicine,  the  sanitarian  is  not  only  not  an 
alarmist,  but  a  benefactor.  The  time  has 
come  when  this  idle  scoffing,  and  ignorant 
opposition  to  the  principles  and  progress  of 
sanitary  science  should  cease,  and  the  in- 
culcation of  its  great  truths  be  the  ruling 
purpose  of  the  press  and  people.  It  is  an 
established  science,  as  correct  and  demon- 
strable as  mathematics,  and  he  who  is  in- 
credulous is  ignorant.  The  sanitarians  are 
not  alarmists.  They  cannot  be  for  a  warn- 
ing that  is  truthful  is  no  alarm;  it  frightens 
not  but  reasons  into  belief  and  teaches  the 
ways  of  safety. 

MONEY  VALUE  OF  A  LOW  DEATH- 
RATE.* 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: — 
My  topic  to-night  is  the  money  value  of  a 
low  death-rate. 

I  shall  consider  human  life  and  health 
only  as  they  have  a  money  value.  Into  my 
subject  does  not  enter  that  large  and  in- 
estimable factor,  human  love^ — the  priceless 
loss  when  children  are  untimely  bereft  of 
parental  care,  or  the  bitter  woe,  the  never- 
ending  grief  of  parents  deprived  of  children 
who,  in  the  natural  order  of  events,  should 
have  lived  to  be  their  support;  their  sus- 
taining staff  and  comfort  in  their  declining 
years.  None  of  the  more  critical  portion  of 
my  audience  will,  I  hope,  charge  me  with 
plagiarism,  should  I  fail  to  give  credit  to  the 
sources  from  which  I  have  gathered  the 
statistics  used  this  evening.  They  have 
been  picked  up  from  any  available  source, 
foreign  or  domestic.  They  may  be  received 
as  reliable  and  unquestionable. 

"We  live  under  a  reign  of  law." 

When  Argyle  wrote  these  words  he  formu- 
lated a  truth  that  is  well  worthy  the  careful 
consideration  of  every  intelligent  thinker. 
This  law — these  laws — are  from  the  Infinite. 
They  are  from  Everlasting  to  Everlasting. 
They  arc  inexorable.  Obedience  lo  them, 
willing  or  unwilling,  by  purpose  or  by  acci- 
dent, ever  has  been  and  ever  will  be  followed 
by  proper  reward.  Disobedience,  whether 
by  ignorance  or  by  intent,  will  be  followed 
by  punishment.  For  violation  of  her  laws, 
nature  shows  no  mercy.  Man  does  not 
make  them— he  discovers  them.  They  ex- 
isted before  time  was — unchanged  and  un- 
changing, they  will  continue  in  their  full 
operation  until  ti.c  end  of  all  things. 

They  control  the  earthquake  that  rends  a 
continent,  and  the  form  of  the  dew  that 
tumbles  on  the  leaf  before  the  summer  sun 
dissipates  it. 

Obedient  to  them  is  the  pestilence  that 

♦Paper  by  H.  H.  8eys,  M.  D.,  Springfield,  O..  in  the 
fourth  annual  report  of  the  Ohio  State  Board  of 
Health. 


walks  at  noon-day,  and  causes  a  nation  to 
mourn,  and  they  determine  the  form  and 
colors  of  the  rainbow. 

Through  all  things  material  these  laws 
pervade,  and  to  them  is  yielded  absolute 
obedienee. 

Jevons  writes  of  these  laws  as  "imposed 
on  matter  at  the  time  of  its  creation." 

Man  having  discovered  these  laws  uses 
them  to  his  benefit. 

The  laws  that  govern  electricity  have  for- 
ever existed,  yet  it  was  but  yesterday  that 
these  laws  became  known,  and  man  was 
able  to  compel  this  wonderful  agent  to  do 
his  bidding. 

Force,  energy,  has  been  forever  stored  in 
the  vapor  of  boiling  water,  yet  ages  passed 
before  man  made  it  his  servant. 

Life  and  health  are  as  certainly  under  the 
dominion  of  law  as  are  these  more  material 
elements. 

No  longer  do  intelligent,  thinking  men 
look  on  disease  as  resulting  from  the  anger 
of  an  offended  Deity,  to  be  stayed  by  prayer 
and  sacrifice.  They  know  that  it  is  due  to 
the  operation  of  fixed  laws;  perchance,  to 
causes  beyond  man's  control,  or  that  relief 
must  come,  the  pestilence  stayed,  by  the  re- 
moval of  the  causes  that  called  the  morbific 
germs  into  active  life,  or  the  abatement  of 
the  conditions  that  give  these  germs  the 
opportunity  for  rapid  increase.  It  is,  I  take 
it,  proved  beyond  a  doubt  that  a  very  large 
per  cent  of  disease  is  the  result  of  germ-life. 
Pre-eminently  is  this  true  of  all  forms  of 
disease  known  to  be  contagious  and  infec- 
tious. These  germs  are  capable  of  propa- 
gation and  of  destruction — increasing  with 
marvelous  rapidity  when  the  proper  soil, 
moisture  and  temperature  are  furnished 
them. 

We  know  that  these  germs  are  capable, 
under  certain  conditions,  of  retaining  their 
vitality  almost  indefinitely,  lying  dormant 
like  a  seed  in  dry  ground  unchanged  for 
long  periods  of  time,  to  be  called  into  activ- 
ity and  development  when  aroused  by  heat 
and  moisture,  or  when  a  soil  suitable  to  their 
growth  is  furnished  them.  We  have  no 
reason  to  believe  that  these  germs,  that  pro- 
duce certain  forms  of  disease,  are  ever  in 
these  days  produced  dc  novo.  No  one  ex- 
pects the  oak  to  grow  from  the  soil  without 
the  acorn,  or  the  bird  to  come  into  being 
without  an  egg.  That  there  was  a  time 
when  there  was  no  oak  and  no  acorn,  no 
bird  and  no  egg,  until  called  into  existence 
by  creative  power,  is  true.  So  there  was  a 
time  when  there  was  no  small-pox,  no  diph- 
theria, no  typhoid,  scarlet  or  yellow  fever 
The  oak  and  the  bird  once  in  existence  beat 
seed  and  propagate  each  after  its  kind.  So 
do  the  micro  organisms,  producing  what  are 
known  as  zymotic  diseases,  capable  of  in- 
definite multiplication,  when  the  proper 
food  and  conditions  are  furnished  for  their 
growth.  If  every  acorn  5' all  the  world  could 
be  destroyed,  and  every  oak  cut  down  and 
rooted  out,  oak  trees  would  soon  become 
only  a  tradition. 

If,  we  believe,  every  disease  producing 


April  19, 1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


603 


germ,  could  likewise  be  destroyed,  there 
would  be  no  more  small-pox  or  diphtheria, 
no  typhoid,  yellow  or  scarlet  fever,  no 
measles,  none  of  those  diseases  which  de- 
pend on  living  germs  and  spores  for  their 
propagation. 

It  is  my  aim  to-night  to  show  how  expen- 
sive the  existence  and  action  of  these  germs 
are  to  a  community,  the  loss  entailed  upon 
the  body  politic  when  they  are  allowed  by 
neglect,  and  false  ideas  of  economy  to 
spread  and  multiply  at  their  own  sweet  will, 
selecting  their  victims  from  palace  and 
hovel  alike.  Before  attempting  to  show 
what  the  loss  is,  from  these  death  producing 
microbes,  it  will  be  proper  to  show  and  I 
think  pertinent  to  my  subject,  to  say  a  few 
words  as  to  how  much  their  ravages  have 
been  stayed  by  proper  sanitary  measures. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  the  death  rate 
is,  all  things  considered,  higher  in  cities 
than  in  the  country.  It  is  known  that,  as 
the  number  of  people  living  on  a  given  area 
increases,  the  proportional  number  of 
deaths  is  higher.  Cities,  as  a  rule,  constantly 
tend  toward  an  increase  of  inhabitants,  and 
it  is  no  small  triumph  of  sanitation  if  the 
death  rate  can  be  kept  down.  Permit  me 
to  say  that  by  death  rate  is  meant  the  num- 
ber dying  of  all  ages,  from  all  causes  annu- 
ally per  one  thousand  of  population. 

If,  therefore,  it  be  found  that  in  spite  of 
growth  in  any  city  or  cities,  sanitary  meas- 
ures having  been  enforced,  the  death  rate 
declines,  it  certainly  is  fair  to  infer  that  the 
result  is  due  to  the  measures  used,  when  it 
is  beyond  doubt,  that  those  measures  are 
competent  to  destroy  and  prevent  the  mul- 
tiplication of  disease  producing  germs. 
And  most  certainly  is  it  fair  thus  to  reason 
when  the  decline  in  the  deaths  is  found  in 
those  diseases  which  are  believed  to  pro- 
ceed from  these  germs. 

Now  in  twelve  cities  in  Great  Britain  hav- 
ing an  aggregate  population  of  nearly  400,- 
000 — after  they  were  properly  drained,  sur- 
face sub-soil  and  houses,  pure  water  sup- 
plied, measure  used  for  the  removal  of 
decomposing  organic  matter,  preventing 
thereby  contamination  of  air  and  watec,  im- 
proved paving,  scavenging  and  public  clean- 
liness, etc.,  it  was  found  that  the  death  rate 
was  decreased  from  25.6  to  21.7;  in  other 
words,  the  lives  of  3.9  persons  were  saved 
every  year  in  every  thousand  of  podulation. 

The  decrease  in  typhoid-fever  was  44.66 
per  cent,  and  in  consumption  29.93.  That 
is,  where  before  100  persons  died  of  typhoid- 
fever,  now  only  55.34,  and  from  consump- 
tion, instead  of  100,  70.07.  By  the  methods 
used,  not  less  than  1,440  lives  were  saved 
annually  in  these  cities.  At  the  risk  of 
wearying  you,  let  me  give  you  a  few  more 
statistics. 

In  Munich  the  death-rate  from  typhoid- 
fever  for  eight  years,  from  1851  to  1859, 
before  the  introduction  of  a  sewerage  sys- 
tem and  pure  water,  was  21  to  each  10,000 
of  population,  while  after  during  the  ten 
years  from  1874  to  1884,  it  was  6.3;  and  dur- 
ing five  years,  1880-1884,  it  was  only  2.7. 


In  Berlin,  before,  7.2;  after,  2.9.  In  Vienna, 
before,  12;  after,  2.5.  In  London,  before, 
10.2;  after,  4.5.  In  New  York,  before,  4.9; 
after,  2.9.  Boston,  before,  17.4;  after,  5.6. 
Brooklyn,  before,  3.2;  after,  1.5.  Let  us 
compare  cities  having  good  sewerage  and 
those  having  none,  or,  if  any,  imperfect. 

The  figures  are  for  five  years,  from  1880 
to  1884.  Munich,  1.7;  Frankfort,  1. 4;  Ham- 
burg, 2.6;  Berlin,  2.9;  London,  2.3;  New 
York,  3;  Brooklyn,  1.5.  While  Paris  had 
9.9;  Palermo,  13. 1 ;  Catania,  19;  St.  Peters- 
burg, 9.9;  Baltimore,  4.8;  and  Cincinnati,  7.3. 
I  will  not  tire  you  with  further  proof  as  to 
the  effect  of  sanitary  measures  in  lessening 
the  number  of  deaths  from  certain  forms  of 
disease.  We  will  assume  that  that  is 
proved. 

Now  for  the  money  value  of  such  results. 
No  writer  on  vital  statistics  puts  the  cash 
value  of  the  average  of  human  life  at  less 
than  $1,000;  thatis,  if  ahundred  men,  women 
and  children  taken  at  random  from  the 
streets  of  a  town-were  for  sale,  as  so  many 
chattels,  it  would  be  a  good  investment  to 
buy  them,  work  them,  feed,  clothe  and  care 
for  them,  if  they  could  be  purchased  at 
$1,000  apiece.  This  is  the  estimate  made 
the  world  over,  among  civilized  people. 
The  death-rate  of  the  United  States  at  large 
is  put  by  Dr.  Billings  at  18  per  1,000  of  in- 
habitants annnally.  That  of  cities,  as  said 
before,  is  larger  than  the  country.  Now  we 
will  presume  that  the  death-rate  in  our  own 
city  is  no  larger  than  the  average  18.  Let 
us  suppose  that  with  good  sanitary  meas- 
ures we  could  reduce  it  to  16.  Our  popula- 
tion is  about  40,000;  a  reduction  of  from  18 
to  16  would  mean  the  saving  of  80  lives  a 
year;  80  lives  at  $1,000  equals  $80,000.  Now 
it  is  known  that  for  every  death  there  is  700 
days  of  serious  sickness;  then  80  deaths 
represent  56,000  days  of  sickness.  We  will 
suppose  that  each  day's  sickness  represents 
fifty  cents  loss  of  wages  by  bread-winners 
— a  low  estimate  surely — and  it  foots  up 
$28,000.  Now  $80,000  plus  $28,000  equals 
$108,000  that  could  be  saved  if  we  could  re- 
duce our  death-rate  from  18  to  16.  If  we 
were  to  take  into  consideration  the  expense 
of  sickness  other  than  lost  time,  at  $1.00  per 
day,  you  can  add  to  our  $108,000  that  is  lost 
wholly  and  irretrievably  lost,  $56,000  more. 
I  do  not  count  this,  however,  for  it  is  simply 
money  passed  from  one  hand  to  another; 
while  a  life  lost — is  lost — time  lost,  is  gone 
not  to  be  regained.  Value  in  the  grave 
comes  not  forth  again.  A  death-rate  of  18 
instead  of  16,  in  the  city  of  Springfield,  with 
a  population  of  40,000,  means  a  dead  loss  of 
at  the  very  least  $108,000  every  year  from 
preventable  causes. 

In  the  city  of  Cleveland,  during  eight 
weeks  of  this  summer,  during  a  portion  of 
the  months  of  May,  June  and  part  of  July, 
in  a  population  given  as  227,861,  I  find  re- 
ported by  their  board  of  health  184  deaths 
from  preventable  diseases. 

Now  let  us  assume  that  it  were  possible  to 
have  saved  one-half  of  those  184  lives — 92. 
On  the  same  basis  of  calculation  as  above, 


Cleveland  lost  of  absolute  value — gone  be- 
yond repemption — $138,000  that  could  have 
been  saved  in  eight  weeks  of  the  summer  of 
1889.  Lest  any  of  my  hearers  think  I  am 
overstating  facts  and  figures,  let  me  give 
but  a  few  results  obtained  by  others. 

It  is  estimated  that  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances if  the  death-rate  of  a  commun- 
ity reaches  18,  each  citizen,  man,  woman  and 
child,  is  paying  annually  a  poll-tax  of  not 
less  than  $10  because  of  preventable 
disease.  If  this  be  true,  then  Springfield  is 
losing — admitting  our  death-rate  to  be  the 

erage  of  the  country,  18 — $400,000  a  year 
from  preventable  sickness. 

Dr.  Arthur  Ransome,  in  footing  up  the 
value  of  sanitary  work  in  the  city  of  Man- 
chester, England,  claims  that  the  profit 
from  lives  saved,  sickness  prevented,  and 
thereby  wages  earned,  and  other  items,  was 
$1,065,000  in  one  year,  ending  March 
31,  1885. 

Were  I  not  assured  that  I  had  used  all 
my  share  of  time,  I  should  like  to  give  you 
example  after  example  of  the  loss  in  money 
entailed  the  world  over  from  preventive 
sickness  and  death,  and  the  profit  to  a  com- 
munity from  well  expended  money  in  sani- 
tary work. 

In  ending,  let  me  say  that  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent we  are  all  our  brothers'  keeper.  Let 
each  one  remember  that  his  fault — the  un- 
sanitary condition  of  his  premises — may 
cause  the  death  of  his  neighbor.  Let  our 
citizens  cheerfully  bear  the  nominal  tax  re- 
quired to  place  our  city,  as  far  as  may  be, 
without  proper  sewers,  in  as  good  condition 
as  possible,  believing  that  every  dollar 
wisely  expended  will  be  returned  ahundred 
fold  in  saving  of  lives  valuable  to  the  com- 
munity, valuable  to  their  families;  lives  for 
which  each,  in  his  measure,  is  accountable. 


THE  IMPORTANCE  OF  EDUCATING 
OUR  YOUTH  IN  THE  PRINCI- 
PLES OF  HYGIENE.* 

One  of  the  greatest  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  the  successful  working  of  our  State  Boards 
of  Health,  is  the  want  of  confidence  of  the 
people  in  the  statements  which  we  bring  be- 
fore them  of  the.  importance  of  hygienic 
subjects.  It  is  so  difficult  for  the  people  at 
large  to  appreciate  the  truth  that  danger  to 
health  and  life  are  strewn  thickly  around 
them;  that  the  air  they  breathe,  and  the 
water  they  drink,  which  was  inhaled  and 
drank  by  their  ancestors,  who  they  believed 
'■died  when  their  time  came,"  and  not  be- 
fore, may  be  deleterious  to  them;  and  that 
many  of  the  diseases  which  afflict  them, 
and  the  deaths  which  remove  from  them  the 
dearest  objects  on  earth,  are  not  a  visitation 
of  Providence,  which  they  could  not  obviate 
by  any  means  in  their  power. 

When  a  tree  falls  upon  one  of  the  family, 
or  a  neighbor,  or  the  mangled  body  of  a 
friend  or  relative  is  carried  home  from  be- 
neath the  wheels  of  a  railroad  car,  it  is  easy 

*  Read  in  the  Section  of  State  Medicine  at  the  For- 
tieth Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Jnne,  1889,  by  Lewis  P.  Bush,  M.D.,  of  Wil- 
mington, Del. 


604 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No,  3  2 


for  them  to  appreciate  both  cause  and  effect. 
But  when  they  are  told  that  the  clear  and 
sweet  water  which  they  draw  from  their  well, 
or  the  effluvium  from  a  mass  of  decaying 
vegetable  matter,  or  from  an  old  stagnant 
pond,  is  gradually  introducing  into  their  sys- 
tems a  malign  agent  which  will  sooner  or 
late  induce  disease,  and  will  surely  reduce 
the  term  of  their  life,  they  retreat  within  their 
old  covert,  declaring  that  they  can  neither 
see  nor  feel  the  force  of  our  protestations; 
and  cast  aside  the  pamphlet  as  containing 
the  lucubrations  of  one  who  has  made  a 
hobby  of  the  subject,  and  declare  or  resolve 
that  they  are  not  to  be  scared  or  humbugged 
by  such  fanciful  ideas.  Is  not  this  true  as  a 
rule?  I  am  sure  it  is  true;  and  that  it  is 
occurring  every  day  in  every  part  of  our 
country.  People  have  been  so  long  im- 
pressed with  the  notion  that  death  is  a  visi- 
tation from  God,  and  that  He  sends  their 
diseases  among  them,  instead  of  referring 
them  to  their  own  ignorance  or  carelessness, 
that  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  convince  them 
that  they  are  in  error,  that  these  new  notions 
are  worthy  of  their  most  serious  considera- 
tion, and  that  they  are  second  only  to  the 
care  of  the  health  and  life  of  their  soul. 
Every  one  who  has  given  thought  to  the 
subject  knows  how  difficult  it  is  to  root  out 
old  prejudices  existing  among  the  people, 
and  to  implant  new  and  opposite  views;  and 
that  this  is  the  reason  why  we  are  so  subject 
to  be  disregarded  in  our  efforts  to  do  them 
good. 

What  then  shall  we  do?  for  it  must  be  ap- 
parent to  all  interested  in  our  State  Boards 
of  Health  that  we  progress  slowly  in  our 
efforts  to  indoctrinate  the  people  with 
hygienic  truths.  Even  a  large  part  of  our 
physicians  believe  that  it  is  not mission 
to  prevent,  but  cure,  disease;  and  they  give 
hygiene  only  a  passing  look,  and  the  iieo- 
ple  think  none  the  worse  of  them  for  it.  It 
seems  to  me  that  we  must  begin  at  the  be- 
ginning; we  must  give  the  subject  of  health 
a  much  more  important  place  in  our  public 
and  private  schools;  early  implanting  in  the 
minds  of  the  children  the  knowledge  of  the 
value  of  health,  and  of  the  means  of  jire- 
serving  it,  by  putting  into  their  hands  such 
books  as  will  bring  before  them  not  merely 
the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  human 
system,  but  still  more,  the  principles  which 
are  requisite  to  preserve  the  vigor  of  mind 
and  body,  and  which  will  warn  them  against 
the  deleterious  agencies  which  lie  concealed 
both  in  air  and  water,  and  which  are  the 
cause  of  more  deaths  than  all  other  occult 
agencies  together. 

As  far  as  I  know,  this  subject  has  not  at- 
tracted as  much  attention  in  our  health  as- 
sociations as  it  deserves;  and,  from  various 
instances  which  have  come  under  my  obser- 
vation, I  have  been  led  to  present  these 
thoughts  for  the  consideration  of  this  Sec- 
tion. 

There  must  be  a  widely  disseminated  con- 
viction of  the  truths  upon  which  our  Boards 
of  health  are  founded  before  we  can  hope 
to  elevate  the  status  of  the  health  of  our 


communities  to  the  point  which  we  desire. 
It  must  be  strong  enough  to  supplant  the 
prejudices  above  alluded  to,  which  have  an 
abiding  presence  in  the  minds  of  the  people; 
and  this  can  only  be  effectually  done  by  the 
means  here  suggested.  I  do  not  say  that 
our  Boards  of  Health  have  been  failures;  on 
the  contrary,  they  have  been  of  great  and 
inestimable  value  in  educating  the  better 
part  of  our  communities,  and  are  gradually 
taking  a  deeper  hold  on  their  conscientious- 
ness. So  we  must  labor  on,  not  relaxing 
anything  already  gained,  as  in  all  our  efforts 
to  bring  up  the  people  to  a  higher  plane  in 
any  improvement  of  their  condition,  we  con- 
stantly find  great  cause  for  discouragement 
where  we  expected  sympathy  and  assistance. 
We  need  only  to  refer  to  the  retrograde 
movement  in  Boston,  when  the  efficient 
State  Board  of  Health  was  disbanded,  and 
the  venerable  Dr.  Bowditch,  with  all  his 
valuable  experience  in  hygienic  matters,  was 
supplanted,  and  the  efficiency  of  the  system 
embarrassed  by  that  which  was  substituted. 

The  wisdom  of  our  legislators  does  not 
always  extend  into  the  invisible;  they  can 
forecast  a  loss  of  poitical  influence  and 
power — or  they  think  they  can;  though  even 
here  in  their  favorite  haunts  their  wisdom 
sometimes  proves  to  be  folly — so  when 
everything  around  seems  quiet,  and  no  pes- 
tilence threatens  immediately,  and  death 
seems  to  have  fled  to  some  other  sphere, 
they  demur  when  you  ask  them  to  assist  in 
executing  plans  for  the  prevention  of  dis- 
ease, because  they  can't  see  the  immediate 
propriety  of  such  action.  The  enactment  of 
a  law  on  this  subject  brings  no  votes,  and 
the  rejection  of  it  loses  none;  and  hence  they 
easily  postpone  the  matter  indefinitely. 
Why?  Because  constituents  care  about  as 
little  for  the  law  as  do  their  represen- 
tatives. If  the  people  were  as  well 
educated  and  impressed  with  the  in- 
estimable value  of  our  subject  as  they 
should  be,  or  as  they  are  in  regard  to 
the  value  of  their  business  affairs,  there 
would  be  a  different  set  of  men,  and  a 
different  course  of  legislation;  and  this  sub- 
ject, instead  of  being  the  last  to  be  thought 
of,  would  take  its  proi)cr  place  on  the  list 
of  the  legislative  bills. 

It  is  not  my  wish  to  advance  any  opinion 
upon  the  merits  or  demerits  of  the  various 
books  which  have  been  produced  as  proper 
for  tlie  instruction  in  hygiene  in  our  schools, 
except  in  a  general  way. 

When  the  subject  of  physiology  was  first 
introduced  into  our  higher  schools,  it  was 
mainly  confined  to  the  scientific  exposition 
of  the  structure  and  functions  of  the  human 
body;  leaving  the  applcation  of  the  princi- 
liles  there  set  forth  to  the  discrimination  of 
the  pupil,  as  circumstances  might  arise  in 
the  future.  This  was  well  as  far  as  it  went, 
and  it  was  all  that  the  times  demanded;  but 
in  the  present  progressive  stage  of  hygienic 
knowledge,  it  has  become  evident  that  this 
kind  of  exposition  is  insufficient.  That  class 
of  books  ought,  therefore,  to  be  discarded, 
and  others  possessing  the  proper  require- 


ments be  substituted.  There  are  such  to  be 
obtainee,  which  set  forth  the  laws  of  health, 
and  which  should  be  commended  to  school 
boards,  should  be  heartily  appreciated  by 
the  teacher,  and  should  have  no  secondary 
place  in  the  curriculm  of  studies.  When 
this  takes  place,  we  may  expect  the  next 
generation  to  be  ready  to  uphold  the  hands 
of  those  who  are  endeavoring  to  forward 
this  beneficient  movement. 

In  advancing  this  cause  there  is  no  class 
of  men  who  have  more  influence  than  phy- 
sicians, and  hence  whenever  that  influence 
can  be  brought  to  bear  upon  our  school 
directors,  it  is  plainly  our  duty  to  exert  it  in 
whatever  way  seems  most  practicable  for 
accomplishing  the  desired  purpose. 


WATER-WORKS  FOR  SMALL 
TOWNS.* 

It  is  remarkable  how  yiany  of  the  smaller 
communities  are  now  enjoying  pure  and 
abundant  water.  From  published  statistics 
we  find  that  over  one-half  of  the  water-works 
of  the  New  England  States  have  been  con- 
structed within  the  past  seven  and  one-half 
years.  Seventy-six  works,  or  twenty-seven 
per  cent  have  been  constructed  within  two 
and  one-half  years.  These  newer  works 
supply  a  much  smaller  average  population 
than  the  earlier  ones,  which  were  designed 
for  large  cities  only.  Statistics  also  show 
that  a  very  large  part  of  the  population  has 
..likewise  only  been  supplied  within  the  last 
few  years.  In  the  Western  States  it  seems 
as  if  everything  almost  in  the  way  of  water- 
works had  been  done  since  i88o. 

The  quantity  to  be  supplied  varies  per 
capita  from  twenty  to  forty  gallons  for  towns 
or  from  i,ooo  to  5,000 inhabitants,  for  domes- 
tic use.  For  fire  purposes  an  additional 
capacity  of  pumping  or  storage  of  from  175,- 
000  to  350,000  gallons  daily  should  be  se- 
cured. Domestic  supply  may  be  from  a 
limited  source,  while  for  fire  purposes  con- 
nection can  be  made  from  a  less  pure 
source,  such  as  a  stream  or  river  adjoining. 

Proceeding  to  the  subject  of  pumping: 
The  power  used  is  generally  steam,  air  and 
wat«r  not  being  reliable  where  an  increased 
power  may  be  suddenly  required.  The 
capacity  of  pumping  engines  should  not  be 
less  as  a  rule  than  500,000  gallons  daily. 
The  boiler  and  engine  capacity  should  be 
greater  than  actually  needed  for  present 
and  immediate  future — it  is  economy  in  wear 
and  fuel.  The  mains  should  also  be  larger 
than  may  seem  needful  at  the  moment,  for 
experience  has  shown  great  loss  in  cases  of 
fire,  due  to  the  small  mains  being  insuffi- 
cient to  furnish  an  adequate  quantity  of 
water. 

The  cost  of  water-works  for  small  towns 
and  cities  in  Iowa  ranges  from  $9,750  to  $32,- 
500.  With  the  growth  of  these  towns  the 
revenue  can  be  made  to  pay  a  fair  dividend 
on  the  investment. 

The  town  of  Humboldt,  Iowa,  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  about  1,000,  and  is  located  on  roll- 

*A  pnppr  by  M.  Tschirgi,  Jr.,  City  EDginoor  of 
Dubuque,  lowii. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


A  PBiL  19,  1890.] 

ing  ground  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Des 
Moines  River,  with  bluffs  on  the  west.  The 
committee  on  water  supply  had  determined, 
if  practicable,  to  secure  the  supply  from  one 
or  more  of  the  springs  in  and  along  the 
banks  of  the  river.  The  analysis  showed 
the  water  to  be  comparatively  pure,  and  it 
only  remained  to  determine  by  surveys  the 
most  practical  method  of  utilizing  them. 

The  Avery  and  Rickard  springs  were 
selected,  the  former  discharging  iio  gallons 
and  the  latter  approximating  forty  gallons 
per  minute.  It  is  proposed  to  wall  up  and 
cover  these  springs  and  convey  the  flow 
from  the  Avery  to  the  Ricard  spring,  and 
thence  the  combined  flow  to  the  pump  well. 
This  well  is  sunk  to  a  depth  of  two  feet  be- 
low low  water  in  the  river,  with  which  it  is 
connected  for  use  if  ever  found  necessary 
for  direct  pumping  in  case  of  fire  The 
quantity  which  it  is  estimated  would  be  re- 
quired for  domestic  use  was  fixed  at  30,000 
gallons  per  day,  with  an  additional  allow- 
ance of  25,000  gallons  daily,  probably  to  be 
used  by  the  railroad  company.  To  afford 
pressure,  and  for  the  present  a  sufficient 
storage,  so  as  not  to  require  constant  pump- 
ing, and  to  avoid  possible  failure  of  supply 
in  case  of  machinery  breakage,  the  construc- 
tion of  a  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of  350,000 
gallons  was  thought  advisable,  as  it  could 
be  readily  constructed  and  without  great  ex- 
pense. This  reservoir  when  full  will  afford 
storage  for  five  days'  supply,  for  some  years. 
The  pumping  engine  is  to  have  a  capacity 
of  500,000  gallons  daily. 

In  case  the  ordinary  pressure  of  twenty- 
six  to  thirty  pounds  is  insufficient  for  fire 
purposes,  direct  pumping  into  the  mains  can 
be  resorted  to.  This,  however,  at  present, 
is  not  anticipated  as  being  necessary.  The 
pumping  station  and  mains  are  to  be  de- 
signed for  the  future  growth  of  the  city,  and 
no  changes  in  the  proposed  plans  are  antici- 
pated as  necessary,  except  the  addition  of 
an  elevated  tank  or  stand  pipe  to  insure 
a  greater  pressure. 

Following  is  the  estimated  cost  of  the  pro- 
posed works: 

Engine  and  boiler  house  $  1,000.00 

Pumping  plant   2,150.00 

Mains  and  valves   2,250.00 

Hydrants   350.00 

Trenching  and  laying  pipe   2,250.00 

Reservoir   1,025.00 

Conduit,  pump  well  and  spring  protection.  8.50.00 
Engineering  and  contingencies,  ten  per  cent  1,097.22 

Total  $10,972.22 


THE  ASSOCIATION  OF  PUBLIC  SANI- 
TARY INSPECTOR. 
At  a  general  meeting  of  this  Association 
held  recently  at  Carpenters'  Hall,  London, 
a  report  was  presented  by  the  Council  em- 
bodying its  recommendations  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  the  status  of  the  Sanitary  Inspector, 
which  it  had  been  instructed  to  consider. 
The  Council  came  to  the  conclusion  that  in 
the  various  Acts  of  Parliament  referring  to 
the  position  and  work  of  the  Sanitary  In- 
spector, there  were  five  defects  which  it  was 
desirable  to  remove  in  future  legislation, and 


the  report  therefore  recommended  the  Asso- 
ciation to  endeavor  to  secure  the  following 
amendments  in  sanitary  law: 

1.  That  every  candidate  for  the  position 
of  Sanitary  Inspector  shall  have  a  general 
knowledge  of  the  building  trades,  and,  in 
addition,  shall  possess  a  certificate  in  Sani- 
tary Science. 

2.  That  Sanitary  Inspectors  shall  have  a 
permanent  tenure  of  office,  and  shall  only 
be  dismissable  for  misconduct,  or  proved 
incompetence,  with  right  of  appeal  to  the 
Local  Government  Board. 

3.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  Sanitary  In- 
spectors to  periodically  inspect  the  dwellings 
in  the  district  to  which  they  are  appointed; 
and  to  receive  complaints  of  nuisances  and 
serve  notices  forthwith,  requiring  all  neces- 
sary works  to  be  done  for  the  abatement  of 
the  nuisances.  Such  notices  to  be  as  valid, 
if  confirmed  by  the  Local  Authority,  as  if 
served  by  the  Authority's  order. 

4.  That  in  all  appointments  requiring  the 
officer's  whole  time  to  be  given  to  the  duties 
of  his  office,  an  adequate  minimum  salary 
shall  be  prescribed. 

5.  That  the  ofhcers  now  variously  named 
"Sanitary  Inspectors"  and  "Inspectors  of 
Nuisances"  be  designated  "Sanitary  In- 
spectors," 


THE  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  AS  A  SAN- 
ITARY MEASURE. 
The  rapid  extension  of  the  electric  street 
car  system  which  has  taken  place  (especially 
in  this  country),  naturally  leads  to  the  ques- 
tion of  the  cause  thereof.  To  have  gained 
such  pre-eminence  it  must  be  able  to  do  not 
only  what  other  systems  can  do,  but,  still 
more,  it  must  be  able  to  do  it  at  a  decreased 
cost.  Again,  removal  of  thousands  of 
horses  from  the  streets  of  a  city,  involving, 
as  it  does,  the  doing  away  with  the  noise 
and  dirt,  is  another  distinct  gain  to  its  resi- 
dents. But  if  one  goes  still  further,  and 
contemplates  the  difference  between  a  stable 
housing  thousands  of  horses.and  an  electric- 
car  station  of  sufficient  size  to  operate  a  road 
with  the  same  effciency,  one  is  at  once 
struck  with  the  advantages  on  the  side  of 
the  electric  system,  which,  indeed,  are  incon- 
trovertible. Instead  of  a  large,  ill-smelling 
building  whose  odors  are  wafted  for  many 
blocks  (making  the  tenancy  of  houses  within 
half  a  mile  almost  unbearable,  and  involv- 
ing a  large  depreciation  of  property  in  the 
neighborhood),  there  is  a  neat  substantial 
building  equipped  with  a  steam  plant  and 
dynamos,  and  occupying  hardly  one-tenth 
the  space  required  for  an  equivalent  number 
of  horses.  Therefore,  not  only  is  there 
effected  a  removal  of  the  nuisances  attached 
to  a  stable,  but  a  large  saving  in  the  cost  of 
real  estate,  and  the  far  greater  amount  in- 
volved in  the  known  depreciation  of  the  sur- 
rounding property.  Besides  this,  the  stables 
are  of  necessity  required  to  be  in  close 
proximity  to  the  track,  whereas  the  electric 
power  station,  which  furnishes  current  to  the 
car,  may  be  situated  a  mile  from  the  track 
in  some  suitable  place,  as  for  instance, 


605 


beside  a  river,  where,  with  condensing  en- 
gines, power  may  be  generated  at  a  mini- 
mum of  cost.— From  "The  Electric  Railway 
of  To-day,"  by  Joseph  Wetzler,  in  April 
Scribner.   

BUILDING. 

FOR  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  an  article 
by  "Chicagoan"  in  The  Economist,  and  con- 
tains some  practical  ideas  worth  consider- 
ing. The  briefness  of  the  article  makes  it 
suggestive  rather  than  a  complete  plan,  but 
the  suggestions  can  be  elaborated  and 
shaped  into  a  scheme  that  might  well  be 
given  attention: 

"Fears  are  already  arising  in  the  minds  of 
many  of  our  thoughttul  citizens  that,  while 
this  great  attraction  will  bring  millions  of 
people  and  hundreds  of  millions  of  money 
from  all  parts  of  the  earth  to  our  already 
great  city,  yet  the  effect  of  this  fame  and 
wealth  may  be  temporary — in  other  words, 
that  it  will  be  in  the  nature  of  what  is  nowa- 
days called  a  "boom,"  and  like  all  other 
booms  be  followed  by  a  reaction  and  a 
period  of  depression  almost  amounting  to  a 
collapse,  that  may  work  us  great  ultimate 
loss  and  injury.  If  any  plan  can  be  devised 
therefore  for  giving  permanency,  or  the  idea 
and  feeling  of  a  permanent  character  to  the 
principal  buildings  and  their  surroundings, 
and,  also,  a  permanent  use  for  them,  it  would 
be  of  incalculable  value  to  our  city.  Such  a 
feeling  of  a  permanent  use  for  the  fair  im- 
provements and  for  properties  would  give 
great  and  lasting  value  to  the  stock  of  the 
fair  company,  so  that  men  who  have  already 
subscribed  §10,000  to  help  the  fair,  would 
willingly  invest  two  or  three  times  as  much 
more  for  their  own  benefit,  and  thus  make  it 
easier  to  secure  twenty-five  millions  (if  so 
much  should  be  needed)  than  it  will  be,  for 
merely  temporary  purposes,  to  get  fifteen 
millions.  Some  such  idea  as  this  was  some 
time  ago  suggested  to  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  fair,  but  as  then  proposed  was 
not  of  sufficient  scope  to  meet  the  views  and 
prospects  of  to-day. 

The  general  plan  might  be  outhned  as 
follows:  Taking  the  corner  of  Madison  and 
Halsted  streets  as  the  center  of  that  part  of 
our  population  that  would  go  to  the  fair  (this 
calculation,  of  course,  taking  into  account 
the  enormous  daily  arrivals  at  our  railroads, 
depots,  etc.),  let  the  managers  advertise 
for  the  best  offer  of  say  600  acres  within  five 
miles  of  such  central  point.  Such  land  is 
worth  to-day  perhaps  $1,000  to  $2,000  per 
acre,  but  it  is  reasonable  to  supppse  that  in 
more  than  one  neighborhood  the  owners  of 
from  2,500  to  3,500  acres  of  land  would  come 
together,  "pool"  their  property  and  agree 
to  re-subdivide  it,  and  give  to  the  fair  author- 
ities the  600  acres  they  require  in  fee  free  of 
cost,  in  consideration  of  the  enormous  bene- 
fits to  their  remaining  lands. 

The  land  itself  thus  secured,  let  it  be  at 
once  laid  out  as  a  superb  park,  with  trees, 
lakes,  drives  and  attractions  of  all  kinds 


606 


-777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  324 


Next  have  all  the  great  buildings  to  be 
erected  by  the  fair  authorities  planned  for 
special,  but  permanent  uses.  One  could  be 
arranged  so  as  to  be  the  finest  art  gallery  in 
the  world;  another  for  cattle,  horse,  poultry 
and  bench  shows;  still  another  not  so  enor- 
mous, but  after  the  fashion  of  Architect  Jen- 
nison's  wonderful  tent,  a  grand  "circus  max- 
imus"  where  the  Barnums  and  Forepaughs 
of  future  years  could  display  their  wonders 
to  the  delight  of  our  babies'  grandchildren, 
or  where  the  central  acres  could,  like  the  old 
colosseum,  be  flooded  when  desired  for  boat 
races  in  summer,  or  for  a  perfect  skating 
park  when  winter  should  come  with  its 
special  sports  and  enjoyments.  All  the  fair 
company's  buildings  could  thus  be  made 
permanently  useful  and  profitable.  The 
other  buildings — those,  I  mean,  put  up  by 
visiting  states  and  nations — would,  when 
removed,  leave  hundreds  of  acres  or  thou- 
sands of  lots  of  most  desirable  residence 
property,  worth  in  all  probability  as  much  as 
choice  Kenwood  or  Hyde  Park  property  is 
worth  to-day,  enough  in  fact  to  repay  to 
stockholders  the  entire  amount  of  their  sub- 
scriptions, scattered,  as  these  lots  would  be 
in  the  greatest  and  most  beautiful  amuse- 
ment park  in  the  world. 
To  summarize  the  advantages  of  this  plan: 
It  would  give  abundant  space  upon  which 
work  could  be  begun  at  at  once. 

It  would  lead  to  the  construction  of  every 
sort  of  convenient  approach — horse  railways, 
cable  roads,  elevated  roads,  undergound 
roads,  twice  as  numerous  and  infinitely  bet- 
ter constructed  and  more  comfortable  than 
could  be  hoped  for  if  built  for  merely  tem- 
porary use,  and  which  would  convey  people 
to  the  giounds  from  the  city's  center  in  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  minutes,  or  half  the  time 
that  was  required  to  take  visitors  to  the 
Philadelphia  Centennial  grounds  from  its 
central  points. 

It  would  lead  to  the  construction  of  superb 
hotels  near  the  grounds  (or  in  them,  if  the 
managers  saw  proper),  instead  of  such 
wooden  shanties  as  disgraced  the  Centen- 
nial's neighborhood  and  made  its  visitors 
uncomfortable.  These  hotels  with  such  sur- 
roundings would  afterward  become  perma- 
nent summer  resorts. 

This  list  of  benefits  might  be  continued 
almost  indefinitely. 

As  regards  its  financial  results,  the  stock- 
holders would  probably  get  all  their  money 
back  from  the  gate  receipts.  They  would 
get  it  back  a  second  time  from  the  sale  of 
lots,  and  they  would  remain  the  owners  of  a 
valuable  and  profitable  property  for  all 
time,  or,  if  they  preferred  to  remove  all  the 
buildings  ten  or  twenty  years  later,  they 
could  then  sell  the  ground  for  probably  five 
or  ten  times  the  amount  of  their  entire  sub- 
scriptions. 

Lastly,  the  benefits  of  the  fair  would  re- 
main with  us  right  along  and  always.  No 
revulsion,  no  sudden  drop  off  in  the  prices 
of  property,  but  the  city  enriched  by  the 
possession  of  a  grand  additional  suburb,  of 
a  character  such  as  no  other  city  upon  earth 


could  boast  of,  and  which  would  prove  itself 
a  necessity  to  the  two  million  inhabitants  of 
Chicago  in  1900,  and  still  more  to  the  three 
millions  and  over  of  1910. 

NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 
A.  L.  Tuckerman,  New  York,  has  been 
chosen  architect  for  the  new  wing  to  be 
added  to  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art 
in  Central  Park.  It  is  to  be  ninety  feet  long 
four  stories  high,  of  brick  and  granite,  and 
will  cost  $3i;o,ooo. 

Cyrus  L.  W.  Eidlitz,  New  York,  has  had 
his  plans  chosen  tor  the  new  club  house  to 
be  erected  on  Forty-third  street,  100  feet 
.west  of  Fifth  avenue,  for  the  Racquet  Club. 
The  building  will  be  142x100.5;  and  will 
cost  §275,000. 

Vaux  &  Radford,  New  York,  have  de- 
signed a  recption  hall  for  the  N.  Y.  Juvenile 
Asylum,  to  be  built  on  West  Twenty-seventh 
street. 

R.  Napier  Anderson,  New  York,  has  de- 
signed a  large  store  about  100x150,  to  be 
erected  at  igg  to  202  Greene  street,  ata  cost 
not  yet  estimated. 

□  D.  &  J.  Jardine,  New  York,  have  designed 
for  I.  &  S.  Wormser,  three  two-story  and 
basement  brick  and  stone  residences,  i6.8x 
70,  with  extensions  to  be  built  at  Nos,  32  to 
36  West  Eighty-fourth  street,  at  a  cost  of 
about  S45,ooo. 

Lamb  &  Rich,  New  York,  have  plans  for 
the  school  building,  50x100,  and  armory, 
100x85,  four  stories  high,  of  brick  and  stone, 
to  be  built  in  connection  with  the  Berkley 
School,  No.  18  to  24  West  Forty-fourth 
street. 

W.  W.  Boyington  &  Co.,  Chicago,  have 
designed  an  elegant  two-story  and  attic  resi- 
dence, 35x76,  for  F.  D.  Stout,  to  be  erected 
at  Dubuque,  la.  It  will  be  constructed  of 
brownstone,  with  hardwood  interior;  cost, 
S45,ooo.  Also  an  addition  to  the  Antlers' 
Hotel  at  Colorado  Springs,  Colo.;  to  cost 
850,000.  The  same  architects  have  designed 
a  three-story  basement  and  attic  club-house, 
33x85,  to  be  erected  by  the  Woman's  Club 
at  Decatur,  111.;  cost  §20,000. 

Charles  S.  Frost,  Chicago,  has  designed 
two  three-story  residences,  30x70,  to  be 
erected  on  Calumet  avenue,  between  Thirty- 
first  and  Thirty-second  streets,  by  B.  Steele 
and  Isaac  Wedeles.  They  will  be  con- 
structed of  stone,  will  have  hardwood  inter- 
iors, and  will  be  warmed  by  hot  water;  cost 
§30,000.  Also  for  S.  M.  Moore,  a  two-story 
and  attic  residence,  35x70,  to  be  erected  at 
Woodlawn  avenue  and  Forty-eighth  street; 
cost  $13,000. 

Oscar  Cobb,  Chicago,  is  engaged  on  plans 
for  an  opera  house  to  be  erected  at  Paris, 
Ky.  It  will  be  three-stories,  65x120,  and 
will  be  constructed  of  pressed  brick  and 
stone;  cost  §35,000. 

Alfred  Smith,  Chicago,  has  designed  a 
three-story  and  basement  residence,  49x70, 
for  John  M.  Dovvling,  to  be  erected  at  the 
corner  of  Diversey  street  and  North  Park 


avenue.  It  will  be  of  blue  stone  and  pressed 
brick,  with  hardwood  interior  and  heated  by 
hot  water;  cost  §25,000. 

Howe  &  Shelton,  Chicago,  have  designed 
a  three-story  club  house  for  the  Illinois 
Cycling  Club,  to  be  built  at  1068  Washington 
boulevard.  They  are  also  planning  two 
two-story  residences  for  L.  A.  Ender;  cost 
§30,000. 

Henry  Ives  Cobb,  Chicago,  will  let  con- 
tracts shortly  for  the  erection  of  the  Durand 
Art  Building  at  Lake  Forest,  to  be  erected 
by  Henry  C.  Durand;  it  will  be  two-stories, 
70x150,  of  stone;  cost  §50,000. 

Louis  Mortens.Chicago,  has  designed  three 
three-story  and  basement  dwellings,  48x62, 
to  be  erected  on  Ashland  boulevard,  near 
Polk  street,  by  Mrs.  C.  H.  Mortens;  cost 
§18,000. 

Frank  E.  Davis,  Baltimore,  has  plans  for 
a  jail  at  Lebanon,  Pa.,  to  be  50x164,  two- 
story,  iron  interior  construction.  It  will  cost 
§100,000.  Also  plans  for  a  courthouse  to  be 
built  at  Rockville,  Md.,  to  be  64x118,  two- 
story,  exterior  of  brick  with  stone  trimmings; 
cost  §50,000. 

Jackson  C.  Gott,  Baltimore,  has  made  plans 
for  a  five-story  brick  and  stone  Masonic  hall 
building,  at  Richmond,  \'a.  The  dimen- 
sions are  104x130;  cost  §150,000. 

Henry  Brauns,  Baltimore,  has  the  plans 
for  a  brick  and  granite  power  house  for  the 
Baltimore  Traction  Company,  to  be  erected 
at  Druid  Hill  avenue  and  Retreat  street, 
210x260,  one-story  high;  cost  about  §25,000. 

George  F.  Neibert,  Cincinnati,  has  plans 
for  a  four-story  factory,  to  be  built  on  north- 
east corner  of  Richmond  and  Harriet  streets, 
for  Cincinnati  Coffin  Company. 

W.  S.  Robinson,  Cincinnati,  is  making 
plans  for  a  large  auditorium  room  for  a 
spectacular  show  for  Imre  Kiralfy,  of  New 
York  City.  Raised  seats  for  15,000  people, 
built  of  frame,  braced  with  iron  work,  iron 
roofing,  to  be  125x500;  cost  about  §15,000. 

James  McLaughlin,  Cincinnati,  has  com- 
pleted designs  for  the  eight-story  stone  front 
office  building  to  be  erected  at  the  corner  of 
Vine  and  Fifth  streets,  for  Joseph  T. 
Carew. 

S.  S.  Godley,  Cincinnati,  has  designed  for 
Charles  Fleischman,  President  of  the  Market 
National  Bank,  a  seven-story  store  and 
apartment  house,  to  be  erected  on  West 
Fourth  street,  near  Central  avenue,  at  a 
cost  of  §50,000. 

Crapsey  &  Brown,  Cincinnati,  have  de- 
signed for  ex-Governor  J.  B.  Foraker,  a  two 
and  one-half  story  frame  residence  to  be 
built  on  Cemetery  street,  near  Park  avenue, 
at  a  cost  of  §9,000. 

T.  C.  McKee,  Pittsburg,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  nine-room  brick  residence  for 
Adolph  Siedle,  to  be  erected  on  Sheridan 
avenue,  East  End. 

J.  W.  Offerman,  Pittsburg,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  new  Roman  Catholic  Church,  on 
the  corner  of  Thirty-second  street  and  Penn 


April  19, 18901 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


607 


avenue.  The  material  will  be  stone.  The 
dimensions  will  be  65x120.  The  cost  will 
approximate  $40,000. 

G.  E.  Cooper.  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  a  dwelling  for  Mr.  B.  F.  Fuller  on 
Rhode  Island  avenue,  between  Thirteenth 
and  Fourteenth  streets,  northwest,  front 
rock-faced  brownstone  and  pressed  brick; 
cost  about  Sio,ooo;  also  for  two  four-story 
brick  and  stone  dwellings  for  Mr.  T.  A. 
Harding,  to  be  built  on  P  street  just  west  of 
Seventeenth  street,  northwest. 

A  bachelor  apartment  house  is  to  be 
located  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Seven- 
teenth and  H  streets,  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  will  be  known  as  the  Albany.  It  will 
cost  the  owner,  E.  Francis  Riggs,  $70,000. 
The  plans  have  beer  made  by  Architect  A. 
P.  Clark,  Jr. 

Wm.  Bruce  Gray,  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
prepaiing  plans  for  an  eight-story  brick 
warehouse,  to  be  located  at  Twelfth  and  F 
streets,  northwest,  58>^x6o;  estimated  cost 
$70,000. 

R.  H.  Robertson,  New  York,  is  architect 
for  the  building  to  be  erected  for  the  Re- 
form Club,  at  I  East  Twenty-seventh  street. 
It  will  be  25x90,  five-stories  high,  brick, 
stone  and  terra  cotta  front,  and  will  cost 
$45,000. 

Mortimer  C.  Merritt,  New  York,  has  plans 
for  an  addition  to  H.  O'Neill  &  Co.'s  store 
on  the  north  side  of  Twentieth  street,  160 
feet  west  of  Sixth  avenue,  to  be  117x90,  four 
stories  high,  cost  about  $100,000. 

J.  J.  Egan,  Chicago,  has  plans  under  way 
for  a  number  of  handsome  churches. 

Sibell  &  Miller,  Brooklyn,  have  drawn 
the  plans  for  a  four-story  addition,  19.7x90, 
to  be  built  for  the  Elephant  Club  in  con- 
nection with  their  club  house.  Ten  thou- 
sand dollars  will  be  spent  upon  the  im- 
provement. 

A.  W.  Blazo,  Brooklyn,  will  build  for 
Charles  Cooper,  ten  three-story  and  base- 
ment brownstone  dwellings  on  the  west  side 
of  Lewis  avenue,  between  Putnam  and  Jef- 
ferson avenues. 

A.  F.  Norris,  Brooklyn,  is  the  architect  for 
extensive  alterations  and  improvements  to 
be  made  in  the  four-story  basement  house, 
at  No.  29  Third  avenue,  for  the  Brooklyn 
Dispensary.  The  changes  called  for  include 
an  elaborate  new  front  of  galvanized  iron,  a 
rear  extension,  20x53,  new  sanitary  plumb- 
ing, lowering  of  floois  and  other  internal  al- 
terations.   Cost  not  estimated. 

A.  J.  Warren,  is  preparing  plans  for  one 
three-story  brick  hotel, 30x100,  to  be  erected 
on  the  southeast  corner  of  Fulton  and  Ala- 
bama avenues,  for  C.  Muller  to  cost  $20,000. 

Wm.  S.  Ray,  Brooklvn,  has  orderdered  a 
$20,000  dwelling,  for  which  J.  C.  Cady  &  Co., 
are  the  architects.  The  house  will  be 
erected  on  Pacific  street,  near  New  York 
avenue. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  R.  C.  Chambers  has 
plans  for  the  new  hotel  Ontario.    The  gen- 


eral view  shows  a  double  building,  six  stones 
high,  stretchmg  330  feet  along  Pierrepont 
street,  with  a  frontage  o£  182  on  West 
Temple  street. 

Walter  F.  Ware,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah, 
is  preparing  plans  for  a  block  of  P'rench 
flats  with  230  feet  of  frontage,  three  stories 
high  and  to  cost  $50,000.  He  is  also  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  three-story  block  of  brick 
and  stone,  ninety-seven  feet  front,  four  stories 
high,  containing  three  stores  and  fiftv-four 
offices.  The  new  building  will  be  located 
on  State  Road  between  First  and  Second 
South.  Its  style  will  be  of  the  Romanesque 
with  a  pressed  brick  front,  and  its  walls  will 
be  of  sufficient  strength  to  support  two  or 
three  more  stories.  Mr.  Ware  is  also  pre- 
paring plans  for  the  St.  George  Terrace 
which  will  have  a  frontage  of  221  feet,  two 
stories  high  and  built  of  stone. 

Carroll  &  Kearn,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  are 
preparing  plans  for  the  Union  warehouse 
and  Cold  Storage  Company,  for  a  buildmg. 
100x300  feet,  to  cost  about  §40,000.  An  ice 
house  30x100  feet  will  be  constructed  with 
this  mammoth  building. 

S.  T.  McClarren,  of  Pittsburg,  has  plans 
for  a  very  large  residence  at  Connellsville, 
for  Dr.  White,  which  will  have  twelve 
rooms,  two  offices,  reception  hall  and  all 
modern  appointments  throughout,  dimen- 
sions, 37x60  feet. 

PLUMBING. 

THE  CARE  OF  HOUSE  PLUMBING. 

It  is  not  all  of  life  to  live,  nor  all  of  plumb- 
ing to  plumb.  Simply  to  live  is  to  fail  in  all 
the  purposes  of  life.  So  the  simple  fact 
that  a  residence  has  been  plumbed  does  not 
eternally  secure  the  sanitary  drainage  of  a 
house.  This  work,  however  perfect  when 
placed  may  in  time  get  out  of  order  and 
need  repair.  The  settling  of  a  building- 
may  break  a  joint  or  otherwise  cause  defects 
in  the  drainage  which  no  foresight  of  the 
best  plumber  in  the  country  could  prevent. 
Decay  is  written  on  the  face  of  everything 
and  plumbing  work  forms  no  exception  and 
should  receive  the  best  of  care  for  its  per- 
fection is  of  the  highest  importance  to 
health.  In  regard  to  its  care  a  writer  in  the 
:^anitary  Era  points  out  the  importance  of 
efficient  care  of  plumbing  and  suggest  two 
annual  tests  of  the  safety  of  the  drainage. 
The  water  test,  as  suggested,  would  proba- 
bly be  disastrous  to  carpets,  etc.,  in  some 
instances  and  could  be  replaced  by  other 
tests.  We  agree  with  tne  writer  on  the  im- 
portance of  inspection,  but  would  suggest 
that  it  would  be  to  the  interest  of  the  house- 
holder to  have  a  qualified  plumber  to  do 
the  work.  Nooks  and  corners,  fixtures  and 
exposed  pipes  can  be  kept  clean  by  any 
one,  but  a  proper  inspection  of  the  plumb- 
ing work  can  best  be  made  by  a  plumber. 
The  writer  referred  to  says: 

"The  d  isease-breeding  dangers  of  house 
drainage  require  of  the  occupant  accommo- 
dated with  water  carriage  of  waste  a  well  in- 


structed and  perpetual  vigilance.  The  best 
plumbing  is  liable  to  deterioration  from  a 
variety  of  causes,  like  everything  else,  and 
the  worst  needs  no  comment,  except  that 
there  is  enough  of  it  to  make  expert  exam- 
ination of  the  system  from  top  to  bottom  be- 
fore buying,  accepting  or  hiring  a  house,  the 
plainest  dictate  of  prudence.  Not  only  at 
the  beginning,  but  at  least  once  a  year  ever 
after,  all  the  pipes  and  joints  should  be  tested 
for  leaks  by  plugging  up  the  mouth  of  the 
house  sewer  or  drain,  and  filling  the  whole 
system  with  water  by  the  ventilating  pipe  at 
the  roof.  Leaks  if  any  exist  will  then  mani- 
fest themselves  by  the  gradual  lowering  of 
the  water  at  the  top  of  the  filled  ventilator 
pipe,  and  will  locate  themselves  by  wetting 
the  premises— which  should  be  at  all  points 
open  to  inspection  for  this  purpose.  If  in 
that  case  no  leak  should  appear  within  the 
house,  and  yet  the  test  water  should  lower, 
the  defect  is  in  the  drain,  which  will  rapidly 
create  a  pestilent  condition  in  the  soil  near 
the  house  if  not  remedied.  Obstructions, 
however,  may  possibly  frustrate  the  water 
test,  or  the  peppermint  test,  and  this  should 
be  guarded  against  by  particular  tests  from 
floor  to  floor.  If  the  pipes  are  free  the  pour- 
ing of  a  little  oil  of  pepperment  into  the 
ventilating  pipe  gives  a  very  delicate  test  of 
leaks  by  its  strong  escaping  odor.  But  as 
this  may  not  be  definite  enough  as  to  the 
locality,  the  house  cat  may  be  employed  as 
a  detective,  by  using  instead,  the  oil  of  vale- 
rian or  'catnip,'  which  the  creature's  nose 
will  locate  infallibly  if  the  least  aroma  of 
her  favorite  perfume  transpires  through  the 
joints. 

Constant  attention  to  the  nooks  and  cor- 
ners about  and  within  the  pipes  and  fixtures 
is  even  more  necessary  to  cleanliness  and 
health  than  in  all  other  parts  of  the  house, 
and  nothing  of  that  sort  should  be  boxed  up 
out  of  sight.  The  traps  should  be  occasion- 
ally examined,  especially  after  continued 
disuse,  to  see  that  they  are  full  of  water  at 
all  times,  and  free  irom  other  deposits.  The 
safes,  or  drip  pans  under  basins  and  water 
closets,  as  well  as  the  interior  of  the  latter, 
should  be  regularly  cleaned,  and  the  waste 
or  soil  pipes  should  be  dosed  with  strong  lye 
to  clear  out  the  tenacious  slime  that  adheres 
to  their  sides. 

But  in  the  proper  sanitary  care  of  the 
house  drainage,  there  is  great  help  to  be  had 
from  the  most  improved  fixtures.  This  is  a 
subject  well  worth  thorough  study  by  every 
house-holder. 


PLUMBERS  AND  SANITATION. 
The  Sanitary  News  has  maintained  that 
the  plumbers'  association  has  been  the 
means  of  securing  the  high  grade  of  sani- 
tary plumbing  now  attained,  and  that  this 
has  been  accomplished  through  high  and 
public-spirited  motives.  The  criticisms  of 
some  people  and  that  of  skin  plumbers,  and 
contractors  generally,  that  plumbing  regu- 
lations and  ordinances  were  solely  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  "  high-toned "  plumber,  is 
scarcely  worth  noticing  as  it  is  so  foreign  to 


608 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  324 


truth.  Yet  we  take  pleasure  in  reproducing 
the  opinion  of  "A  Plumber"  as  set  forth  in 
the  St.  Louis  Building  Trades  Jotirnal  on 
this  subject: 

The  efforts  of  the  plumbers  during  past 
years,  to  elevate  the  trade  from  a  mere 
mechanical  occupation  to  the  dignity  of  a 
true  science,  has  not  met  with  that  success 
in  every  quarter  which  is  warranted  by  the 
merits  of  our  claims.  However,  much 
progress  has  been  made.  Thanks  to  the 
substantial  aid  of  the  press,  and  particularly 
of  the  class  press. 

It  has  been  claimed  that  the  plumber  has 
been  most  benefited  by  advancement  in  san- 
itary knowledge,  inasmuch  as  he  has  taken 
advantage  of  the  situation  by  making  him- 
self, through  organization,  practically  the 
king  of  all  he  surveys. 

While  the  plumbers  are  bound  together 
by  one  of  the  strongest  organizations  to  be 
found  in  this  country,  it  was  this  very  com- 
bination that  made  plain  the  necessity  for  a 
closer    study  of    the   conditions  govern- 
ing the  great  subject  of  modern  sanitation. 
Through  its  influence  inspection  laws  have 
been  passed  in  many  of  the  larger  cities, 
and  the  good  work  is  still  going  on.  Read 
the  long  list  of  subjects  upon  which  essays 
have  been  prepared  and  widely  distributed 
through  the  encouragement  of  the  National 
Association  of  Master  Plumbers — not  alone 
in  the  interest  of  the  plumbing  trade,  but  to 
the  end  that  the  general  public  may  become 
better  educated  through  those  best  qualified 
to  give  advice.     The  competent  and  honest 
plumber  has,  of  course,  been  benefited  me- 
chanically by  this  thorough  system  of  dis- 
cussion and  research.    He  is  benefited  both 
financially  and  in  reputation  by  the  failure 
of  the  cheap  skin  plumber  to  receive  legal 
permission,  in  many  cities,  to  compete  with 
those  willing  to  do  fair  work  at  a  fair  price. 
He  is  benefited  morally  by  reason  of  a 
knowledge  that  conscientious  work  is  appre- 
ciated and  that  he  will  not  be  expected  to 
wink  at  gross  infringements  of  the  simplest 
principles   of  his  art  because  the  owner 
wishes  only  cheap  work,  without  regard  to 
consequences  to  his  tenants.     To  illustrate: 
in  my  own  experience  as  an  employe  of  the 
rapacious  owner,  I  have  been  forced  to  do 
work  against  my  will  which  makes  me  blush 
to  think  of.     Does  such  a  state  of  affairs 
foster  self-respect  when  it  is  considered  that 
poor  plumbing  causes  hundreds  of  deaths 
yearly  in  every  large  city?    With  us  the  old 
conditions  have  been  changed;  let  us  hope 
for  good. 

With  all  these  benefits  to  the  plumber, 
accruing  from  his  own  assiduous  labors  to 
educate  himself  and  others,  who  will  deny 
(excepting  those  who  have  a  mercenary  in. 
terest  in  maintaining  poor  work  because 
they  can  not  do  better)  that  the  public  has 
reaped  the  major  portion  of  the  advantages 
resulting  from  a  close  union  of  the  master 
plumbers,  by  being  furnished  with  a  legal 
weapon  against  the  expected  class  which 
criminally  seeks  to  destroy  what  it  did  not 
aid  in  building  up — an  honest  system  of  san- 
tary  plum  b  ing,  the  result  of  years  of  study 


and  effort  on  the  part  of  the  poor  but  con- 
scientious mechanic. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
Mr.  Geo.  Harrington  has  resigned  his  posi- 
tion as  Plumbmg  Inspector  of  Cincinnati, 
and  is  now  connected  with  the  firm  of  Miller 
&  Coates,  in  New  York  City.  Mr.  W.  M. 
Roberts  has  been  appointed  to  the  position 
made  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Harrington. 

J.  L.  Pattison  has  just  returned  from  an 
extended  trip  through  the  east. 

Mr.  Gould,  of  Gould  Bros.,  at  Butte  City, 
Mont.,  is  in  the  city  for  a  few  days  visiting 
the  plumbers. 

Mr.  Webster,  for  several  years  the  well- 
known  manager  for  the  L.  Wolf  Manufactur- 
ing Company  is  at  present  managing  the 
plumbing  department  for  the  J.  L.  Mott 
Iron  Works. 

Bock,  of  the  firm  of  Bock  &  Adams,  at 
Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  is  in  the  city  on  business. 

Nick  Spangler,  of  the  firm  of  L.  Wolf 
Manufacturing  Company  has  returned  from 
a  very  prosperous  three  months'  trip. 

D.  B.  Strickland,  formerly  with  Weiner  & 
Craig,  is  now  associated  with  the  L.  Wolf 
Manufacturing  Company. 

Chief  Inspector  Young,  has  just  sent  a 
copy  of  the  rules  and  regulations,  governing 
the  Chicago  plumbers,  to  the  city  authorities 
at  Cincinnati. 

The  L.  Wolf  Manufacturing  Company 
report  things  booming  in  the  plumbing  busi- 
ness and  expect  an  unprecedented  year  in 
their  line  of  business. 

The  firm  business  of  J.  L.  Pattison  &  Co., 
at  2g7  Wabash  avenue  is  bemg  finished  by 
J.  W.  Thomas,  the  assignee. 

James  E.  McCabe  &  Co.,  of  New  York 
City,  since  removing  to  their  large  and  spa- 
cious quarters  at  121  and  123  West  Tenth 
street,  have  been  doing  a  rushing  business. 

The  firm  of  Wallace  &  McNamara,  of 
Des  Moines,  la.,  but  formerly  of  Hutchinson, 
Kan.,  are  doing  a  thriving  businesss  at  their 
new  quarters. 

Dennis  McGrath,  of  New  York  City,  is 
running  the  business  formerly  owned  by 
George  Hill,  at  70  Greenwich  street. 

Louis  Roller  has  opened  new  and  com- 
modious quarters  on  the  corner  of  St.  Nicho- 
las and  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-first 
streets,  New  York  City. 

Washington,  D.  C,  April  10,  1890.— Edi- 
tor, The  Sanitary  News:  The  Master 
Plumbers  of  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  have  orga- 
nized an  association,  with  a  membership  of 
eight,  and  have  affiliated  with  the  National 
Association.  The  following  are  members 
of  said  association:  D.  A.  Wait,  L.  A.  How- 
ard, Harbottle  &  Sons,  Beffrey  &  Mowe,  F. 
B.  Devendorf,  Howard  &  Arthur,  Bragger 
&  Son,  and  Wicks,  Hughes  &  Griffith 
Yours  respectfully, 
Geo.  a.  Green,  Secretary,  N.  A.  M.  P. 


J.  A.  Denniston,  the  practical  plumber 
and  gas  fitter,  at  148  North  Clark  street  is 
building  for  himself  a  fine  three-story  flat 
building  at  168  Osgood  street. 

Crawford,  of  the  firm  of  Crawford  &  Don- 
ovan, at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  is  running  the  busi- 
ness of  the  old  firm  by  himself  and  reports  a 
big  trade  this  spring. 

A  poem  on  the  "Jerry  Builder,"  by  Alex. 
W.  Murray,  which  was  recited  ai  the  Chicago 
Masons*  and  Builders'  banquet  at  Kinsley's 
on  the  evening  of  March  5,  was  printed  in 
the  April  number  of  the  Plumber  s  Trade 
Journal.  The  poem  shows  great  thought 
and  labor  and  pictures  the  "Jerry  Builder" 
in  his  truest  light. 

E.  C.  Colvet,  of  Minneapolis,  has  finished 
his  contract  at  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  and  has 
returned  home. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 

WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE 
New  York:  C.  C.  Haight  is  architect  for 
two  brick  stores.  Cost,  g8o,ooo.  Thomas 
Wilson  is  architect  for  a  brick  flat  and  store; 
cost,  S45,ooo,  and  two  brick  flats;  cost  S6o,- 
000.  McKim,  Mead  and  White  are  archi- 
tects for  a  brick  store  and  office  building; 
cost,  $250,000.  Edward  Wenz  is  architect 
for  one  brick  flat  and  three  tenement  build- 
ings; cost,  562,000;  also  for  two  brick  flats 
and  one  tenement;  cost,  §48,000.  A.  B.  Og- 
den  and  Sorach  are  architects  for  two  brick 
flats;  cost  $40,000.  M.  B.  Ferdon  has  jilans 
for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $40,000.  W.  Grant 
has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $34,000. 
D.  and  J.  Jardine  have  plans  for  a  brick  flat; 
cost,  $30,000.  Charles  Rentzach  is  architect 
for  a  brick  store  and  flat;  cost,  $30,000.  C. 
Rentzach  has  plans  for  two  brick  flats  and 
stores;  cost,  $40,000.  Chas.  Rentz  has  plans 
for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $42,000.  Thomas 
L.  Goodman  is  the  architect  for  a  brick 
hotel;  cost,  $tio,ooo.  Edvv.  Wenz  has  plans 
for  six  brick  tenements  and  stores;  cost,  $84,- 
000.  Engineer  Higgins  and  A.  R.  Duryee 
&  Company  will  erect  a  brick  warehouse; 
cost,  $40,000.  Adolh  Boschel  will  erect  two 
brick  flats  and  tenements;  cost,  $39,000.  J- 
B.  Snooks  &  Sons  are  the  architects  for  a 
brick  factory;  cost,  $23,000.  J.  H.  Taft  has 
plans  for  two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $40,000 
James  W.  Cole  has  plans  for  four  brick  flats; 
cost,  $79,000.  John  G.  Prague  has  plans  for 
two  brick  flats;  cost,  §200,000;  also  for  seven 
brick  dwellings;  cost,  §161,000.  C.  Andrews 
&  Sons  have  plans  for  a  brick  store;  cost, 
$75,000.  G.  W.  Debenoise  has  plans  for  a 
brick  school  building;  cost,  §150,000.  E.  H. 
Kendall  is  the  architect  for  a  brick  stable; 
cost,  $45,000.  C.  Benzacht  has  plans  for  two 
brick  flats;  cost,  $40,000.  D.  &  J.  Jardine 
are  the  architects  for  alterations  in  a  brick 
store  and  stable;  cost,  $75,000.  J.  R.  Thomas 
is  the  architect  for  alterations  in  a  brick  fac- 
tory; cost,  §50,000.  Buchman  &  Deister  are 
the  architects  for  alterations  in  a  brick  store; 
cost,  $54,000.  G.  W.  Debenoise  is  the  archi- 


April  19,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


tect  for  alterations  in  a  brick  school  build- 
ing; cost,  $25,000.  M.  C.  Merritt  is  the  archi- 
tect for  alterations  in  an  iron  and  brick  store; 

cost,  $95,000.  Jirooklyn,   N.   Y.:    J.  H. 

Langston  is  architect  for  a  brick  dwelling; 
cost  $25,000.  A.  H.  Loeffer,  Jr.,  has  plans 
for  a  frame  dwelling;  cost,  $20,000.  J.  Welch 
has  plans  for  a  stone  church;  cost,  $40,000. 

 Detroit  Mich.:    The  Church    of  the 

Epiphany  will  erect  a  new  stone  church, 
chapel  and  rectory;  cost,  $50,000.  E.  A 
Walshe  &  Son  have  plans  for  a  block  of 
brick  and  stone  residences;  cost,  $50,000. 
- — San  Francisco,  Cal,:  A.  J.  Weir  is  archi- 
tect for  two  frame  dwellings;  cost,  $90,000. 
 Akron,  O.:  Neary  &  Kramer  are  archi- 
tects for  a  brick  and  stone  store;  cost,  $65,- 
000.  The  Akron  Saving  Bank  will  erect  a 
brick  and  stone  bank;  cost,  $50,000.  Jacob 
Snyder  is  architect  for  a  brick  factory;  cost, 
$20,000.  The  Akron  Medicine  Company 
will  erect  a  brick  factory;  cost,  $20,000.  U. 
L.  King  will  erect  a  stone  dwelling;  cost, 
$30,000.  The  Akron  Silver  Plating  Com- 
pany will  build  a  brick  and  stone  factory; 
cost,  $20,000.  The  Goodrich  Rubber  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  brick  and  stone  office  build- 
ing; cost,  $20,000.     The  School  Board  will 

erect  a  new  school  building.  Atlanta,  Ga.: 

Address  W.  W.  Goodrich  for  information 
concerning  the  erection  of  a  §25,000  build- 
ing. Batavia,  N.  Y.:  The  Baptist  Church 

will  erect  a  $25,000  edifice.  Boston,  Mass.: 

Wm.  Holmes  has  plans  for  seven  brick 

dwellings;  cost,  $40,000.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.: 

John  G.  Balsam  has  plans  for  a  two  story 

frame  residence;  cost, $25,000.  Coldvvater, 

Mich.:  E.  O.  Fallis  &  Co.,  of  Toledo,  Ohio, 
can  give  information  concerning  the  $30,- 

000  school  building.  Colorado  Springs, 

Col.:  A  $60,000  school  building  will  be 
erected.  Address  P.  K.  Pattison,  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools.— — Detroit,  Mich.: 
Gordon  W.  Lloyd  is  architect  for  the  addi- 
tion to  St.  Mary's  Hospital;  cost,  $50,000.  

Dubuque,  la.:  The  masons  have  decided  to 
incorporate  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000 

and  will  erect  a  new  masonic  temple.  

Greenville,  N.  C:  Bruce  &  Morgan,  of  At- 
lanta, are  the  architects  for  several  large 

buildings;    cost,  $100,000.  Ionia,  Mich.: 

Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  erection 
of  a  $20,000  building.  Address  Claire  Allen, 

Jackson,  Michigan.  Lake  Forest,  III.:  H. 

J.  Cobb  is  architect  for  the   Durand  Art 

Building;    cost,  $50,000,  Laredo,  Tex.: 

Three  school  buildings  are  to  be  erected; 

cost,  $45,000.-  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  W.  H. 

Dennis  is  architect  for  a  five  story  office 
building;  cost,  $75,000.  C.  H.  Sedgwick 
is  architect  for  a  three  story  brick  store  ard 
flat;  cost,  $20,000.  F.  B.  Hart  is  architect 
for  a  brick  building;  cost,  $110,000.  Orff 
Brothers  are  architects  for  a  three  story 
brick  tenement;  cost,  $50,000.  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.:  The  Gatling  Ordinance  Company 

will  erect  a  large  gun  factory.  Portland, 

Ore.:  A  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building 
will  be  erected  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $500,- 

000.  Rockford,  111.:  J.  G.  Chandler,  of 

Racine,  Wis.,  is  architect  for  a  $24,000  build- 


ing. Shohomish,  Wis.:  A  court  house  will 

be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $22,000.     For  details 

address   F.   H.  Lyons.  Spokane  Falls, 

Wash.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the 
erection  of  five  school  buildings,  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000.  Address  Guenther  &  Weeks,  archi- 
tects. Toronto,  Ont.:  E.  J.  Lenox  has 

prepared  plans  for  an  athletic  club,  to  cost 
complete  $125,000.  The  matter  is  not  yet 
settled,  T.  C.  Patterson,  and  John  I.  David- 
son may  be  addressed.  Vienna,  Ga.:  A 

$25,000  court  house  will  be  erected.  For 
particulars,  address  W.  H.  Parkins,  archi- 
tect, Atlanta,  Ga.  Warren,  O.:   A  $20,000 

store  and  office  building  will  be  erected 
here.    For  particulars,  address  T.  O.  Weary^ 

Akron,   O.  Washington,  D.  C:    T.  f! 

Schneider  is  architect  for  five,  three  story 
brick  buildings;  cost,  $40,000.  Washing- 
ton Heights,  D.  C:  Simpson  &  Barry  are 
architects  for  a  three  story  brick  building; 
cost,  $23,000. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Tacoma,  Wash.:  Mr.  Charles  B.  Hurley, 
General  Superintendent  of  the  Tacoma 
Light  and  Water  Company,  can  give  infor- 
mation concerning  new  extensions  to  the 
gas  plant  and  the  laying  of  several  miles  of 

mains  this  summer.  Leavenworth,  Kan.: 

The  Leavenworth  Electric  Light  Company 
has  recently  been  organized,  and  has  pur- 
chased the  plant  of  the  old  electric  light 
company.  The  new  company  is  consider- 
ing a  new  steam  plant,  new  engines,  boilers, 
etc.  Write  Mr.  John  Gimper  for  informa- 
tion. Bucyrus,  O.:  The  Bucyrus  Gas  Light 

and  Fuel  Company  will  put  down  about 
three  miles  of  new  mains  and  will  construct 
a  new  cupola  this  season.    J.  W.  Gwynn, 

Superintendent.  Hot  Springs,  Ark.:  A 

water  and  gas  plant  will  be  constructed.  

San  Francisco,  Cal.:  The  American  Gas 
Governor  Company  has  been  incorporated, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Archibald 
Ford  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Marl- 
boro, Mass.:  A  new  gas  company  has  been 
organized  and  has  applied  for  permission  to 
lay  mains  in  the  streets.  The  company 
agrees  to  furnish  gas  for  light  at  $1.25  per 
1,000  and  for  domestic  and  manufacturing 
purposes  at  fifty  cents  per  1,000.  Hous- 
ton, Tex.:  The  Houston  Gas  Light  Company 

will  improve  its  plant.  San  Francisco, 

Cal.:  The  Pacific  Gas  Light  and  Fuel  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $1,000,000.    Thomas  Flint  is  one  of 

the   incorporators.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.: 

A  new  six  inch  diameter  main  gas  pipe,  will 
be  laid  in  South  Chattanooga  this  season. 

 Omaha,  Neb.:  One  mile  of  gas  pipe  will 

be  laid  this  spring.  Indianapolis,  Ind.: 

The  Indianapolis  Gas  Company  has  been 
incorporated.    C.  E.  Benedict  is  one  of  the 

incorporators.  Saginaw,  Mich.:  The  Bar- 

lett  Illuminating  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated, with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.  

Troy,  N.  Y.:  The  Troy  Gas  Company  has 
appointed  a  committee  to  purchase  materials 
for  a  new  electric  plant.  Write  Hon.  Ed- 
ward Murphy,  Jr.,  for  information.  Ocala, 


Fla.:  The  Ocala  Light  and  Power  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 

of  $25,000.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  The 

Grand  Rapids  Gas  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  stock  of  $400,000. 

 Dalton,  Ga.:  The  Dalton  Gas  Company 

has  increased  its  capital  stock  to  $21,000. 

 Goldsboro,  N.  C:  Dr.  J.  F.  Miller  can 

give  information  concerning  a  new  gas 
plant.  Chicago,  111.:  The  American  Elec- 
tric Supply  Company  has  been  incorporated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $250,000,  to  manufact- 
ure all  kinds  of  electric  apparatus.  F.  E. 
Shaw,  William  Martin,  and  W.  O.  Johnson 
are  incorporators. — Findlay,  O.:  The  Marion 
Oil  and  Gas  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000  West 

Newton,  Penn.:  The  West  Newton  Gas 
Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $10,000.    Nelson  Weddel  is 

one  of  the   directors.  Logan,  O.:  The 

Logan  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 
incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $15,000. 

 Pottsdam,  N.Y.:  The  Norwood  Electric 

Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a 
capital  of  $10,000.    Geo.  W.  Richards  is  one 

of  the  incorporators.  Peabody,  Mass.,  is 

to  have  a  new  electric  light  plant.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.:  The  Quaker  City  Electric  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 

stock  of  $25,000.  Newark,  N.   J.:  The 

Westinghouse   Electric  Company  will  be 

moved  to  this  place.  East  St.  Louis,  111.: 

The  Agnas-Calientes  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $150,000  to  carry  on  an  electric  light 
and  power  works  at  Agnas-Calientes,  Mex. 
Write  Theodore  Platte,  one  of  the  incorpor- 
ators. Warrensburg,  Mo.:  The  Warrens- 
burg  Electric  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000. 
James  H.  Christopher,  is  one  of  the  incor- 
porators. Durango,  Tex.:   The  Durango 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  stock  of  $150,000. 

Address  Albert  Schenk  for  information.  

Woonsocket,  R.  I.:  The  River  Point  Elec- 
tric Light  Company  has  been  organized. 

Capital  stock  $30,000.  Middletown,  Del., 

will  establish  a  new  electric  light  plant.  

St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  St.  Louis  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  has  increased  its  capital 
stock  to  $30,000.- — Arkansas  City,  Kan.: 
The  National  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  has  been  incorporated  w'ith  a 
capital  stock  of  $50,000.    W.  A.  Thomas  is 

one  of  the  incorporators.  Van  Buren, 

Ark.:  The  Van  Buren  Investment  Company 
has  been  incorporated.  Capital  stock  $50,- 
000.  Will  operate  electric  light,  gas  and 
water- works.    W.  H.  Shibley  is  one  of  the 

incorporators.  Middletown,  Del.:  A  new 

electric  light  plant  will  be  established.  

Cherokee,  la.:  A  new  electric  light  plant 

will  be  constructed.  Portland,  Me.:  The 

Merchant's  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  organized.  Capital  stock  $25,000.  Geo. 

F.   Talcott,   president.-  Louisville,  Ky.: 

The  Terry  Bros.,  will  put  an  electric  light 

plant  in  their  new  building.  Baltimore, 

Md.:  The  Wenstrom  Southern  Manufactur- 


610 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  324 


ing  Company  will  be  succeeded  by  the 
Wenstrom  Consolidated  Dynamo  and  Motor 

Company.  Capital  $1,000,000.  Rockville, 

Md.:    A  company  has  been  organized  to 

erect  an  electric  light  plant.  Madison- 

N.  J.:  Bonds  for  $15,000  will  be  issued  for  an 

electric  street  lighting  plant.  Detroit, 

Mich.:  Electrical  Manufacturing  Company 

will  erect  works.  Capital  stock  $350,000.  

Newington,  Conn.:  The  River  and  Rail 
Electric  Company  will  establish  a  plant  with 

a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000.  Fort  Collins, 

Cel.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected. 

•  Chicago,  111.:  The  Caloric  Light  and 

Fuel  Company,  capital  stock  $150,000,  has 
been  formed  to  do  a  general  lighting  and 
heating  business.  Omaha,  Neb.:  The  in- 
corporation is  announced  of  the  New  Omaha 
Electric   Light   Company.    Capital  stock 

$600,000.  Greenwood,  Miss.:  An  electric 

light  plant  will  be  erected.  Greenville, 

Ala.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  erected. 

Address  Mayor.  Ennis,  Tex.:  A  system 

of  waterworks  and  an  electric  light  plant 

will  be  constructed.  Gainesville,  Tex.: 

The  Gainesville  Street  Railway  Company 

intend  to  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  

Tampasas,  Tex.:  An  electric  light  plant  will 
be  erected. 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
Altoona,  Pa.:  $18,000  will  be  expended  in 

laying  water  mains.  Sylacauga,  Ala.:  The 

Marble  City  Land  and  Furnace  Company 
can  give  information  concerning  the  new 

system  of  water-works.  Reading,  Mass.: 

$50,000  will  be  expended  for  the  water- 
works this  spring.    M.  M.  Tidd,  of  Boston, 

is  the  engineer.  Albany,  Ga.:  The  Albany 

Improvement  Company  will  construct  new 
water-works,  build  a  hotel  and  make  other 

improvements.          Gouverneur,     N.  Y.: 

Water-works  and  sewers  will  be  constructed 

at  an  expenditure  of  $90,000.  Cleveland, 

Tenn.:  A  system  of  water- works  will  be 
established.  Martinsville,  Ind.:  A  water- 
works   system    will    be  established.  

Brighton,  Cal.:  D.  J.  McCann  can  give  in- 
formation about  a  system  of  water-works  to 

be  constructed.  Newville,  Pa.:  The  New- 

ville  Water  Company  has  been  incorporated. 

 Los  Angelos,  Cal.:  The  Sicrre  Madre 

Water  Company  has  filed  articles  of  incor- 
poration.  Amount  of  capital  stock  $5,000,- 

000.  Springfield,  Mass.:  Plans  have  been 

completed  for  improving  the  water  supply. 

 Hiawatha,  Kan.:  A  water-works  system 

will  be  constructed.  Camden,  N.  J.:  The 

Cummings  Filter  Company  has  been  char- 
tered.  Capital  stock  $500,000.  Redding, 

Cal.:  Citizens'  Water  Company  has  filed 
articlesof  incorporation;  cai)ital  $200,000. — 
Madison,  N.  J.:  Bonds  for  a  $60,000  water 

supply  will  be  issued.  Benwood,  W.  T.: 

The  water-works  agitation  has  begun  again. 

 Graham,  Va.,  will  have  water-works 

with  daily  capacity  of  800,000  gallons.  

Pittsfield,  Mass.:  A  water-works  system  will 

be  constructed.  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.:  S.  E. 

Babcock  can  give  information  about  a 
water-works  system  to  cost  $90,000.  Sid- 


ney, O.:  The  water-works  system  will  be  ex- 
tended. Cheyenne,  Wyo.:  The  water- 
works system  will  be  improved.  Pitts- 
burg, Kan.:  About  fourteen  miles  of  water 
mains  will  be  laid. — ^Lexington,  Ky.:  An 
addition  to  the  reservoir  and  an  extension 
to  the  mains  will  be  constructed.    T.  A. 

Charles,  Superintendent.  Muscatine,  la.: 

New  pumping  machinery  and  settlings 
basins  wiil  be  constructed.  Mount  Ster- 
ling, Ky.:  A  system  of  water-works  will  be 

constructed.    Geo.  A.  Whitney,  mayor.  

Brookline,  Mass.:  About  one  mile  of  twenty- 
four  inch  pipe  will  be  laid  and  seven  wells 

driven.  Santa  Rosa,  Cal. :  A  reservoir  will 

be  erected.  Marshalltown,  la.:  A  new 

pump  of  2,000,000  gallons  daily  capacity  will 
be  constructed  and  two  miles  of  pipe  laid. 

J.  G.  Trotlet,  manager.  Bradford,  Mass.: 

A  reservoir,  a  forty  foot  well  and  7,000  feet 
of  water  pipe  are  to  be  among  the  improve- 
ments here.  Jasper,  Fla.:  Write  C.  A. 

Tompkins  for  information  concerning  the 

new  water-works.  Bellevue,  Ky.:  Ten 

miles  of  water  mains  are  needed.  Address 

G.  R.  Harms,  Superintendent.  Vinton, 

la.:  One  mile  of  mains  wille  be  laid.  

Barnesville,  O.:  Water-works  are  to  be  con- 
structed. Geo.  Colpitts,  town  clerk.  San 

Luis  Obispo,  Cal.:  A  new  reservoir  and  new 
mains  are  to  be  constructed.    J.  A.  Nack, 

Superintendent.  Nantucket,  Mass.: 

Larger  mains  will  be  laid  this  spring.  Wil- 
liam F.  Codd,  Superintendent.  Marlboro, 

Mass.:  Two  miles  of  mains  will  be  laid  this 

season.  Geo.  A.  Stacey,  Superintendent.  

Newton,  Mass.,  will  make  improvements  in 
her  water-works  system.   H.  N.  Hyde,  Jr., 

Su|5erintendent.  Milton,  Mass.:  Twelve 

miles  of  new  pipe  will  be  laid  with  eight 
hydrants  to  the  mile.  M.  T.  Lennon,  Super- 
intendent. Cambridge, Md.:  Water-works 

will  be  constructed.    J.  Warren  Munday 

can  give  information.  Ottumwa,  la.:  Six 

miles  of  new  pipe  and  fifty  hydrants  are 
contemplated.  Frank  Fiedler,  Superintend- 
ent. Jacksonville,   111.,  will  have  5,700 

feet  of  sixinch  pipe  laid.  D.  C.  Fry. — Santa 
Anna,  Cal.,  will  construct  a  system  of  water- 
works. John  Avas,  Mayor. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Duluth,  Minn.:  Messrs.  Rudolph  Hering 
and  Andrew  Rosewatcr,  civil  engineers,  have 
reported  upon  the  question  involved  in  the 
sewage  problem,  surface  drainage,  water 
supply,  etc.    City  Engineer  Fuller  can  give 

information.  Columbus,  Ga.;  Williamson 

&  Earl,  civil  engineers,  of  Montgomery, 
Ala.,  have  been  employed  to  prepare  plans 
for  a  sewerage  system  for  this  place,  and 
have  a  party  in  the  field  making  surveys. 

 Laredo,  Tex.:  A  Board  of  Aldermen 

has  been  elected,  pledged  to  construct  a 
complete  system  of  sewerage.  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.:  The  city's  committee  of  the  State 
Senate  has  reported  favorably  a  bill  author- 
izing the  city  of  Rochester  to  issue  $1,000,- 
000  of  bonds  for  the  construction  of  a  trunk 
sewer  on  the  cast  side  of  the  Gcncseo  river. 
 Canton,  O.:  The  council  has  instructed 


the  Engineer  to  employ  Samuel  W.  Gray,  of 
Providence,  to  prepare  plans  for  the  disposal 
of  sewage  at  the  sewer  farm,  and  to  consult 

with  the  Engineer.  Orange,  Mass.:  Work 

on  a  system  of  sewerage  will  commence  this 
spring.  Address  W.  L.  Grout  for  informa- 
tion. Alberquerque,  N.  M.:   $50,000  in 

bonds  will  be  issued  to  put  in  a  sewerage 

system.  Du  Bois,  Pa.:  The  question  of 

sewerage  and  drainage  is  being  agitated. 

 Canastota,  N.  Y.:   E.  Delevan  Smalley 

is  the  engineer  for  the  sewer  system  to  be 
constructed  at  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.;  and  is 
also  engineer  for  the  system  to  be  con- 
structed  here.  Woonsocket,  R.    I.:  A 

sewerage  system  will  be  constructed.  

Chateauqua,  N.  Y.,  will  construct  a  system 

of  sewers.  Brunswick,  Ga.:     A  sewer 

system  is  soon  to  be  constructed.  White 

Plains,  N.  Y.:  The  sewer  system  will  be  en- 
larged and  changed  this  season.  Waco, 

Tex.,  will  extend  its  sewerage  system  ten 

miles.    Address  Mayor  for  information.  

Fairfield,  Village,  Me.,  will  soon  have  a  new 

sewerage  system.  North  Adams,  Mass., 

has  voted  to  construct  a  new  trunk  sewer 

on  State  street.  Exeter,   N.    H.:  5,500 

feet  of  sewers  are  to  be  constructed.  

Mount  Vernon,  111.:  $15,000  will  be  expended 

for  a  sewerage  system.  Baltimore,  Md.: 

An  ordinance  has  been  introduced  into  the 
city  council  to  appropriate  $112,000  tor  the 
construction   of    the    sewers     on  Light 

street.  Address  Mayor  for  information.  

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Application  will  be 
made  to  the  mayor  for  authority  to  build  a 
relief  sewer,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $8,500. 

 Lakewood,  N.  J.:     A  system  of  sewers 

and  drains  are  to  be  constructed  here.  Con- 
tracts will  be  let  soon,  address  C.  H.  Kim- 
ball for  particulars.  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  has 

applied  for  privilege  to  issue  $96,000  bonds 
for  a  sewerage  system.  Thos.  S.  Smith  is 
City  Clerk. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Waukesha,  Wis.:  Sealed  proposals  for 
the  building  of  sewers  and  appurtenances 
will  be  received  until  8  o'clock  p.  m.,  April 
29,  1890,  at  the  office  of  the  Village  Clerk, 
J.  J.  Hughes.  Advertisement  in  another 
column.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  pro- 
posals will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the 
Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  2d  day  of 
May,  1890,  for  furnishing  and  fixing  in  place 
complete,  the  cast  and  wrought  iron  cover 
for  northeast  main  vent  shaft,  the  hot  water 
heater,  with  all  hot  water  supply,  circulating 
and  cold  water  supply  pipe  connections,  the 
exhaust  piping  from  all  e'evator  pumps,  live 
and  exhaust  steam  coils  from  the  different 
vent  shafts,  the  lowering  of  roof  of  large 
Emerson  ventilators,  the  wrought  iron  doors 
for  main  vent  shaft,  tank  alarms,  traps,  pip- 
ing, equalizing  pipes  for  boilers,  etc.,  for  the 
U.  S.  post  office  and  court  house  building 
at  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Address  Jas.  H. 
Windrim,  architect.  Cincinnati,  O.:  Pro- 
posals will  be  received  until  April  30,  for 
furnishing  materials  for  water-works  dc- 


April  19,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


611 


partment.  Address  Louis  Reemelin,  Presi- 
dent Board  of  Public  Improvements,  as 

above.  Washinfjton,  D.  C:  Proposals 

will  be  received  ifntil  April  30  for  erecting 
engine  house  and  impounding  reservoir, 
furnishing  pumping  engines,  boilers,  fittings, 
etc.,  to  complete  the  pumping  station  at 
Hot  Springs,  Ark.  Address  for  particulars 
John  W.  Noble,  Secretary,  Department  of 

the  Interior.  Ashville,  N.  C:  Proposals 

will  be  received  until  May  i,  1890,  for  elec- 
tric lighting  and  plant.    Address  Charles  D. 

Blanton,  Mayor.  Boston,  Mass.:  Sealed 

bids  for  building  sections  3,  4,  5  and  6,  of 
the  Metropolitan  Sewerage  System,  on  Deer 
Island  and  in  the  town  of  Winthrop,  Mass., 
in  accordance  with  the  form  of  contract  and 
specifications  to  be  furnished  by  the  Board 
of  Metropolitan  Sewerage  Coumiissioners, 
will  be  received  by  said  board  at  its  office, 
93  Lincoln  street,  until  12  o'clock  m.  of  Sat- 
urday, April  26,  1890.  Waltham,  Mass.: 

Bids  are  wanted  for  the  new  South  side  fire 

station.  Newton,  Mass.:  Sealed  proposals 

will  be  received  by  the  Water  Board  at  their 
office,  City  Hall,  until  12  o'clock  noon,  Fri- 
day, April,  25,  1890,  for  furnishing  and  set- 
ting up  complete  a  pumping  plant,  consist- 
ing of  pumping  engine  and  boilers,  if  neces- 
sary, to  operate  the  same,  which  shall  be 
capable  of  pumping  respectively  5,000,000 
and  3,000,000  U.  S.  gallons  of  water  in 
twenty-four  hours  from  the  Newton  Pump- 
ing Station  to  its  proposed  new  reservoir. 

Address  Albert  F.  Noyes.  Washington, 

D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at 
the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect, 
Treasury  Department,  untill  2  o'clock  p.  m., 
on  the  25th  day  of  April,  1890,  for  all  the 
labor  and  materials  required  for  certain 
miscellaneous  repairs,  and  to  erect  and 
complete  an  Observatory  on  roof  of  the  U. 
S.  Custom  House  building  at  New  Orleans, 
La.,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and 
specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had 
on  application  at  this  office  or  the  office  of 
the  Superintendent.  Lynchburg,  Va.:  Es- 
timates wanted  for  repairing  or  remodeling 
one  Simpson  Pump  erected  by  R.  C.  Wood 
&  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  city  of  Lynch- 
burg, Va.,  in  1880,  made  to  work  with  either 
steam  or  water  power.  Estimated  capacity, 
lyi  million  gallons.    Address  1.  B.  Page, 

Superintendent.  West    Point,    N.  Y.; 

Sealed  proposals,  in  triplicate,  will  be  re- 
ceived until  noon,  Saturday,  April  26,  1890, 
for  the  construction  of  a  gymnasium  build- 
ing. Plans  can  be  seen  and  forms  and 
specifications  obtained  at  the  office  of  Mr. 
R.  M.  Hunt  architect.  Tribune  Building, 
New  York  City.  Address  Chas.  W.  Will- 
iams, Captain,    U.    S.    Army.  Clifton 

Heights,  Pa.:  Proposals  will  be  received 
until  April  30,  for  furnishing  steam  pumping 
machinery  for  building  engine  house  and 
for  constructing  a  reservoir.  Isaac  S.  Cas- 
sin,  engineer  Washington,  D.  C:  Pro- 
posals will  be  received  until  12  o'clock  noon 
of  Tuesday,  the  ist  day  of  July,  1890,  for 
the  design,  the  specifications,  the  complete 
construction  and  equipment,  and  the  tem- 


porary maintenance  of  a  light  tower  on 
Diamond  Shoal,  off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C.  By 
an  act  of  Congress  the  total  cost  of  the 
light  station  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of 

S5oo,ooo.  Quebec,  Can.:     The   city  of 

Quebec  having  decided  on  erecting  a  city 
hall  on  the  Jesuit  Barracks  Square,  oppo- 
site the  Basilica,  now  invites  competitive  de- 
signs for  such  a  building.  A  prize  of  Si 500 
will  be  paid  for  the  best  plan,  $1 100  for  the 
second  best,  and  $500  for  the  third  in  value. 
 Brandon,  Manitoba:  Plans  will  be  re- 
ceived until  May  15,  1890,  for  a  system  of 
water-works  for  the  city  of  Brandon,  in- 
cluding sources  of  supply,  plans  of  works, 
estimates  of  costs,  and  running  expenses; 
and  the  recei[)ts  and  the  question  of  private 
vs.  municipal  control;  also  plans  for  a  sys- 
tem of  sewerage  for  the  said  city  of  Brandon 
in  connection  with  such  water-works;  esti- 
mates of  cost,  etc.  The  population  of  the 
city  is  about  four  thousartd.  A  premium  of 
S500  will  be  paid  by  the  Council  ot  the  City 
of  Brandon  for  the  plans  and  estimates  ac- 
cepted by  the  Council. 


STATISTICS  OF  BREATHING. 
In  each  respiration  an  adult  inhales  one 
pint  of  air. 

A  man  respires  sixteen  to  twenty  times  a 
minute,  or  twenty  thousand  times  a  day;  a 
child  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  times  a 
minute. 

While  standing  the  adult  respiration  is 
twenty-two;  while  lying,  thirteen. 

The  superficial  surface  of  the  lungs,  i.  c, 
of  their  alveolar  space,  is  two  hundred 
square  yards. 

The  amount  of  air  inspired  in  twenty-four 
bourse  is  ten  thousand  litres  (about  ten 
thousand  quarts.) 

The  amount  of  oxygen  absorbed  in  twenty- 
four  hours  is  five  hundred  litres  (744  grams); 
and  the  amount  of  carbonic  acid  gas  ex- 
pired in  the  same  time,  four  hundred  litres 
(91 1.5  grams). 

Two-thirds  of  the  oxygen  absorbed  in 
twenty-four  hours  is  absorbed  during  the 
night  hours  from  six  p.  m.  to  six  a.  m. 

Three-fifths  of  the  total  carbonic  acid  is 
thrown  off  in  the  day  time. 

The  pulmonary  surface  gives  off  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  grams  of  water  daily  in  the 
state  of  vapor. 

An  adult  must  have  at  least  three  handred 
and  sixty  litres  of  air  an  hour. 

The  heart  sends  through  the  lungs  eight 
hundred  litres  of  blood  hourly,  and  twenty 
thousand  litres,  or  five  thousand  gallons 
daily.  The  duration  of  inspiration  is  five- 
twelfths,  of  expiration  seven-twelfths,  of  the 
whole  respiratory  act;  but  during  sleep  in- 
spiration occupies  ten-twelfths  of  the  respir- 
atory period. — A7inals  of  Hygiene. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Rogers  has  been  appointed 
President  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  Mem- 
phis, Tenn. 

The  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania will  meet  in  Pittsburg  June  loth. 


CATARRH. 
CATARRHAL  DhAFNESS  hay  fever 

A  NEW   HOME  TREATMENT 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that 
rfiese  diseases  are  contagious,  or  that  they 
are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  .parasites 
in  the  lining  membrance  of  the  nose  and 
eustachian  tubes.  Microscopic  research, 
however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and 
the  result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple 
remedy  has  been  formulated  whereby 
catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever 
are  permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three 
simple  applications  made  at  home  by  the 
patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.  —  This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or 
an  ointment;  both  have  been  discarded 
by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A 
pamphlet  explaining  this  new  treatment  is 
sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay 
postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and 
339  West  King  Stieet,  Toronto,  Canada. — 
Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  Catarrhal  troubles  should 
carefully  read  the  above. 

Home  Seeker's  Excursion  TlcUets. 

\'ia  the  Wisconsin  Central  to  all  principal 
points  in  the  northwest,  including  St.  Paul, 
Minneapolis,  Ashland  and  Duluthwill  be  on 
sale  April  22,  May  20,  September  g  and  23 
and  October  14,  at  the  rate  of  one  fare  for 
the  round  trip,  at  the  City  Ticket  Office  of 
the  Wisconsin  Central  205  Clark  street,  and 
at  the  Grand  Central  Passenger  Station, 
Harrison  street  and  Fifth  avenue,  also  at  all 
the  leading  hotels. 


AN  ALL-YEAR-ROUND  RESORT. 
Spring  is  upon  us,  and,  as  usual  after  the 
close  confinement  of  winter  the  weary  brain 
worker  begins  to  feel  the  need  of  a  tonic. 
Take  our  advice:  "Throw  physic  to  the 
dogs"  and  take  a  trip  to  Hot  Springs,  Ark. 
The  Wabash  Railroad  is  the  direct  line  to 
this  famous  health  and  pleasure  resort  of 
the  West.  Only  one  change  of  cars  which 
occurs  in  Union  Depot,  .St.  Louis.  Elegant 
compartment  sleepers  and  free  chair  cars  to 
that  point.  Berths  reserved  in  advance 
from  Chicago  to  Hot  Springs.  Write  for 
rates  and  descriptive  pamphlets.  Ticket 
Office,  109  Clark  street,  Chicago. 


Removal  of  the  Wabash  Ticket  Office. 

The  Wabash  people  are  fitting  up  elegant 
new  offices  at  201  Clark  street,  between 
Monroe  and  Adams,  where  their  friends  w'ill 
find  them  from  and  after  May  ist.  As  at 
present,  the  Niagara  Falls  Short  Line  will 
occupy  the  same  office  with  the  Wabash. 

A  new  company  under  the  name  "La 
Mexicana"  has  lately  sprung  into  existence 
in  the  city  of  Mexico.  It  proposes  to  manu- 
facture all  kinds  of  iron  pipes  and  will  un- 
dertake the  construction  of  cesspools,  water- 
works, sewers,  etc.  At  the  head  of  the  con- 
cern is  the  firm  of  F.  Pombo  &  Co.  Mr. 
Fred  Pombo  is  a  young,  enterprising  and 
able  Mexichn,  who  resided  several  years  in 
the  L'nited  States,  where  he  received  his 
business  education. — Export  and  Finance. 


61^ 


THE  SAmTARY  NBm. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  S24 


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
the  office  of  tlie  Supervising  Arcliitect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.  on  the  Ifith  day  of  May  IH'JO,  for  all  the  labor 
and  materials  required  to  fix  in  place  complete,  a 
Low-PressOre  Steam  Heating  and  Mechanical 
Ventilating  Apparatus  for  the  United  States 
Court  House  and  Post  Office  building  at  Montpelier 
Vermont,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and 
sj)ecification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
caticm  at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Superintend- 
ent. Each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified 
check  for  iflOO.OO.  The  Department  will  reject  all 
bids  received  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all 
the  requirements  of  this  invitation. 

JAS.  H.  WINDRIM. 

April  15,1  890.  Supervising  Architect. 

BALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED 
at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  T  "eas- 
ury  Department,  Washington,  D.  ().,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.,  on  the  13th  day  of  May  1890,  for  all  the  labor 
and  materials  re(iuired  to  put  in  place  all  the  gas 
piping  in  the  U.  S.  Custom  House,  &c.,  building  at 
Galveston,  Texas,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings 
and  specification,  cojiies  of  which  may  be  had  on 
application  at  this  tffice  or  the  office  of  the  Superin- 
tendent. Each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certi- 
fied check  for  .JIOO.OO.  The  Department  will  reject 
all  bids  received  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all 
the  requirements  of  this  invitation.  JAS.  H.  WIN- 
DRIM.  Supervising  Architect.         April  14th,  IS'JO 

SEWER  CONSTRUCTION. 

r  Sealed  proposals  for  the  building  of  sewerage  and 
appurtenances  will  be  received  until  8  o'clock  p.  m., 
Tuesday,  April  29,  1890,  at  the  office  of  the  Village 
Clerk  of  Waukesha,  Wisconsin. 

The  work  comprises  the  furnishing,  laying  and 
erecting  the  main  and  trunk   sewers,  masonry,  out- 
fall, catch-basins,  man-holes,  etc.,  in  the  village  of 
Waukesha,  Wisconsin,  according  to  the  plans,  pro- 
files, and  specifications  now  on  file  in  the  office  of 
the  Village  Clerk,  which  includes: 
2,030  lineal  feet  30  inch  sewer  pipe. 
9,420      "       "  24 
8,000      "       "  20 
420      "      "  12 ' 
874      "      "   8  " 
12  Catch  Basins,  30  Man  Holes,  1  Flnsh  Tank.  One 
crossingof  the  river  with  280  lineal  feet  of  24  inch 
cast  iron  pipe,  one  T  and  one  length  of  12  inch  cast 
iron  pipe. 

Bidders  are  requested  to  submit  with  their  pro- 
posal, designs,  or  drawings  of  iron  rims  and  covers 
for  man  holes,  catch  basins,  lantern  holes  and  flash 
tanks,  with  weights  and  prices  plainly  marked  there- 
on; also  design  or  drawing  of  flush  tank  apparatus 
which  they  propose  to  furnish  Each  bid  must  con- 
tain the  full  name  of  all  persons  interested  in  the 
same,  and  must  also  contain  ,f;)00  in  cash  or  a  certi- 
fied check,  which  willi)e  returned  to  the  unsuccess- 
ful bidders  when  the  contract  is  awarded.  The  suc- 
cessful V)id(ler  to  give  an  approved  bond  of  #5,000  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  the  work- 
All  proposals  to  be  made  upon  the  official  blank 
form  which  can  ho  obtained  from  the  Village  Clerk 
upon  application. 
Proposals  must  be  addressed: 

(Proposals  for  Sewer  Construction,  Waukesha, 
Wisconsin.) 

The  village  Board  of  Trustees  reserve  the  right  to 
reject  any  and  all  bids. 

By  order  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 

J.J.  HuoHES, Clerk. 
W.  H.  Goodhue.  Waukesha,  Wis 

Consulting  Engineer,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^F=G  CO.  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 

Moguns  Kuhs,  2  and  4-sty  bst  brk  dwl,  24x63, 

208  North  av.  a,  F.  W.  Thomson   #fi,(X)0 

Miles  Miller,  4  S-sty  and  b.st  brk  strs  and  fits, 

92x45,  50-60  (May  st.  a,  M.  F.  Ualton   20,000 

F.  Maralz,  2-sty  brk  fits,  20x70,  104  106  New- 
ton st   6.000 

Wm.  M.  Carl,  2-8t  and  eel  brk  fits,  25x70,  3745 

Wabash  av,  a,  R.  (i.  Pentecost   5,500 

H.  F.  Halm,  3  2-stv  and  bst  brk  dwl.  20x35x44 

21x40x20,  3626  Gran<l  pi.  a,  J.  A.  Phain  .  ..  9,000 

A.  J.  Jolinson,  2-sty  and  bst  brk  dwl,  '29x.^8, 

192  Evergreen  av.  a,  Lutkin  ctShanleo  .  .  12,000 

C.  R.  E.  Kock,  3  2-sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits 

64x58,  92  98  43d  st.   a,  W.  W.  Clay   30,000 

Neill  &  Mahuke,  3-st  and  eel  brk  fits,  23x63, 

639  Garfield  av.  a,  P.  Hale   5,700 

John  Polle,  4-sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  24x 

74,  322  47(h  St.  a.  Ahlsclilrger   9,000 

James  Ralston,  2-8ty  atid  bst  brk  dwl,  20x51, 

3817  Wabasli  av.    a,  Cass  A  ("hapmiin   5,000 

Jf>hn  McHugh.  brk  str,  25x96,  343  5th  av.  a. 

Hill  A  Swift   8,000 

Mattis  Johnson,  3  2-8ty  and  bst  brk  dwl,  .50x 

60,  4712-4718  Langley  av.  a,  M.  Johnson..  8,000 

H.  W.  Rockner,  2-sty  and  bst  brk  dwl,  .38x25, 

4227  Indiana  av.  a,  L.  Kurts   5.000 

John  O'Brien.  2  2-sty  an<l  eel  brk  fits.  44x52, 

4320-1322  (Calumet  av   7,000 

P.  n.  Palmer.  3-sty  and  bst  frm  dwl,  30x1)0, 

.5006  Ellis  av.  a,  Fred  W.Perkins   10,(K)0 

J.  L.  Vandermark,  10  2-story  and  bst  brK  dwl, 
225x51,  4«l6-4730  Langley  av.  a,  J.  L.  Van- 
dermark   80,000 


COMB  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  FITTINGS 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LftRGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES. 

Orders  Carefully  Filled. 


NATURE'S    REMKDIES  . 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET   (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  ellective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formolas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect  < 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  eovereien  cure.  Over  150  persons  have  been  treated  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure,  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren. 
oVATon  is  a  sure  stimulant  or  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Lusa  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedyin  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  ai>ptica- 
tion  for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-ache,Enr-ache,  Kruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  ( '(impany  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  tliat  is  claimed  for  them.   The  most  DANaEROus  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  (uid  though  you  mav  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  yon  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  llKMKDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wcmderful  cures. 
Send  for  circulars  and  seet«stimouy  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


PUBLICATION.  Commenced 


1890 


IV  spc'ciid  inlorenl  tn  ArcliitectN,  Coiitriicf  «r»<,C'nrpviilerH  m  il  IlulIderH,  SilHll 
and  n  liicl  Maiiur.icturer.s,  Mason   ItuilcIerH,  I^IaHterers,  and  all  others  cim- 
nocted  with  th(^  Arcliitectural  and  nuilcIiiiK  Traeles,  in  various  localities,  as  well  as  to 
those  int<'nding  to  build. 

Each  number  will  contain  from  eight  to  twelve  9x12  plates  of  Oriifllial  I>ra'\viii|eH,  to 
scale.  During  the  year  there  will  be  shown  a  large  variety  of  Oesljf  IIS  and  netails,  suited  to 
Cities,  To'wlis  and  VlIlaireH,  including  I'ublic  and  Private  ItulIdiiiKH,  nii'diiim 
and  low  cost  Cottajces,  suburbiii.  or  Country  Houses,  Htatiles  and  Oiit-IliilIcIiiiKS, 
Street  and  Store  Kroiits,  with  exterior  and  interior  Details.  I>eslttiis  for  I'uriillure, 
and  a  variety  ofMiscelhtLcous  Iletalls  of 'Wood,  Hrlck  Stoiie  and  I'laster  work. 

PL' WE  $5.00  a  Year.   $2.75  for  Six  Month i^.   {)0  Ct^.  a  Xumhcr. 

A.  J. BICKNELL, Publisher,  115  BROADWAY,  (P.O.  Box  560)  NEW  YORK. 


Apbil  26,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


613 


The  Sanitary  News 

 IS  

PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK 

AT 

No.  90  L,a  Salle  Street,  CblcaKo. 

Thomas  Hudson,  -----  Publisher, 
A.  II.  Darrtman,  .  -  .  .  -  Editor. 
Henry  R.  Allen,       ...      London  Agent. 


Entered  as  eecond.class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office 


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address  should  accompany  the  new. 

ADVEKTISING  KATES. 

The  advertising  rates  are  reasonable,  and  will  be 
nished  on  application. 

"WANT"  ADVEBTISEMENT8. 

Persons  so  desiring  may  have  replies  to  small  ad- 
vertisements sent  to  this  office,  when  they  will  be 
promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless 
made  by  check,  express  order,  money  order,  or  regis- 
ered  letter.payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 

Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the 
office  of  its  London  agent,  Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50 
Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 

A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from 
the  first  issue,  are  still  left.  The  price  of  these  is  $2.00 
a  volume,  except  for  first  volume,  whicli  is  $3.00. 
The  entire  tliirteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  li- 
brary on  sanitary  subjects 


CHICAGO.  APRIL  26,  1890. 


Contents  This  Week. 


Current  Topics   613 

To  Prevent  Consumption    .      -      .      -      .  614 

Typhiod  Fever  Epidemic  at  Cumberland       -  615 

Working  Hours  Abroad      .....  616 

The  Sewerage  of  Maywood         -      .      .      .  616 

Typhoid  Fever  Epidemics  -----  617 

BnujjiNO— 

Regulation  of  the  Practice  of  Architeotore 

in  New  York  617 

Valuable  Instruction  for  Engineers    -      .  617 

Notes  from  Architects  -     -      -      -     .  618 

PX/TJIIBING — 

Registration  in  London       ...      -  618 

The  McClellan  Anti-Syphon  Trap  Vent     -  619 

Presentation  of  Plumbers  Certificate        .  619 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association     .  620 

Among  the  Plumbers                            -  620 

CONTRACTINO  NkWS— 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done          .     -  621 

Heating  and  Lighting    -----  622 

Sewerage  Notee      -----  622 

Water-Works  Notes   623 

Bids  and  Contracts       -----  623 


When  you  hear  a  man  employing  his 
storage  battery  of  wit  and  sarcasm  regard- 
ing plumbers  and  cracking  his  alleged  jokes 
at  sanitary  plumbing,  you  can  safely  set  it 
down  that  he  is  ignorant  of  the  whole  mat- 
ter, and  not  wise  enough  to  conceal  his  ig- 
norance. 

Last  Sunday  The  Tribime  published 
nearly  a  whole  page  of  replies  to  the  ques- 
tion "How  do  you  get  yourself  to  sleep?" 
The  replies  came  from  all  classes,  but  from 
the  doctors  interviewed  on  the  subject  came 
the  important  announcement  that  insomnia 
was  very  extensive  and  on  the  increase. 
Sleeplessness  is  not  natural.  It  is  induced 
by  the  violation  of  some  hygienic  law.  There 
is  a  cause  for  insomnia  and  it  can  be  pre- 
vented. It  is  assuming  serious  proportions, 
and  now  The  Tribune  can  render  its  readers 
a  greater  service  by  asking  them.  What 
have  you  done  that  causes  sleeplessness? 
It  is  better  to  teach  people  how  to  avoid  a 
disease  than  how  to  cure  one. 


G.  A.  CoLLAMORE,  health  officer  of  To- 
ledo, Ohio,  in  presenting  his  annual  report 
for  1889,  says  with  reference  to  plumbing: 
"Many  new  houses  have  been  constructed 
during  the  year,  and  in  a  large  proportion  of 
them  the  best  appliances  for  water  closets 
and  drainage  have  been  employed.  But  in 
some  instances  this  has  not  been  the  case. 
I  have  personally  inspected  several  houses 
of  recent  construction  in  which  the  first 
principles  of  sanitary  science  have  been 
violated.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that,  in  such 
cases,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Health 
to  forbid  the  occupation  of  such  houses  until 
the  faults  are  corrected."  The  remedy 
recommended  is  a  good  one  and  boards  of 
health  should  be  empowered  to  enforce  it. 
But  it  does  not  go  back  far  enough.  Such  a 
remedy  while  it  would  stop  a  menace  to 
health  arising  from  defective  plumbing,  it 
would  not  be  so  efficient  in  preventing  it  as 
would  some  law  compelling  good  plumbing 
in  the  first  place.  Any  plumber  or  builder, 
or  building  owner  who  puts  in  or  permits  to 
be  put  in  defective  plumbing  should  be  sub- 
ject to  a  penal  law  that  would  inflict  such 
fines  as  would  make  such  work  too  expensive 
to  be  practiced. 

We  learn  from  the  New  Orleans  Times 
Democrat  that  the  Governor  of  Louisiana 
has  forced  upon  the  people  an  untried,  inex- 
perienced, and,  probably,  incompetent  board 
of  health.  This  is  the  result  of  the  little- 
ness of  politcal  spite  and  recklessness  in 
awarding  political  supporters.  Dr.  Wilkin- 
son, who  has  been  forced  to  retire  as  presi- 
dent and  member  of  the  board,  was  an  effi- 
cient and  able  officer  and  enjoyed  the  con- 
fidence and  esteem  of  the  people  whose  in- 
terests he  served  so  well.  Other  capable 
and  efficient  members  have  been  forced 
from  the  board  to  give  place  to  the  pets  of 
the  Executive  who  have  been  appoiftted  re- 
gardless of  their  fitness.  There  are  offices 
which  a  narrow-minded  partisan  could 
fill  with  much  less  injury  to  the  public,  and 


the  limits  of  a  man's  stupidity  and  reckless- 
ness is  reached  only  when  he  uses  his  offi- 
cial power  to  menace  and  jeopardize  the 
public  health.  The  man  who  is  not  great 
enough  and  good  enough  to  rise  above  polit- 
ical and  personal  selfish  motives  in  matters 
of  this  kind,  is  too  little  and  too  mean  to  be 
the  Governor  of  any  state. 

While  plumbing  is  a  business  and  must 
be  conducted  on  business  principles,  it 
should  not  be  forgotten  that  it  has  devel- 
oped into  a  profession  whose  services  lie 
nearest  the  most  important  interest  of  the 
public.  In  the  progress  of  sanitary  science 
it  has  been  discovered  that  one  of  the  great- 
est dangers  to  health  lies  in  the  water  sup- 
ply, wastes,  drainage  and  sewerage.  The 
habitations  of  our  cities  have  the  water  sup- 
ply on  the  one  hand  and  the  sewers  filled 
with  poison  refuse  on  the  other.  It  happens 
to  be  the  plumbers'  part  to  connect  these 
two,  and  they  may  be  said  to  meet  in  the 
center  of  the  house.  To  conduct  this  water 
to  the  consumers  in  a  pure  state,  and  to  drain 
off  the  waste  so  that  poisons  and  obnoxious 
gases  rising  from  decomposition  and  pollu- 
tion may  not  afflict  the  household,  is  a  ser- 
vice filled  with  the  greatest  responsibility. 
It  is  this  part  of  the  plumbers'  work  in 
which  the  public  are  most  directly  interested 
and  it  is  this  part  they  should  seek  to  be- 
come familiar  with.  People  will  remain  in 
a  condition  to  be  imposed  upon  so  long  as 
they  remain  ignorant  of  the  importance  of 
this  work.  He  who  has  work  of  this  charac- 
ter to  be  performed  can  have  his  home  made 
secure,  or  can  leave  open  avenues  for  the 
entrance  of  countless  ills.  There  is  no 
great  obstacle  in  the  way  of  having  this 
work  properly  done.  All  he  has  to  do  is  to 
see  for  himself  that  none  but  a  reputable 
plumber  is  employed  to  do  it.  This  is  a 
matter  he  cannot  afford  to  leave  to  the  pleas- 
ure of  men  less  interested  than  himself. 
There  is  no  part  of  his  building  for  which 
he  can  afford  to  pay  more  and  upon  which 
he  should  devote  more  care  than  on  this. 
The  plumber  should  be  as  much  under  the 
building  owner's  selection  as  his  physician  is, 
and  he  should  satisfy  himself  fully  that  both 
the  material  and  workmanship  are  perfect. 
If  he  is  not  able  to  judge  to  whom  should 
he  go  but  to  a  plumber  of  known  ability  and 
integrity?  For  he  should  understand  that 
all  expenditure  for  defective  plumbing  is 
money  worse  than  thrown  away,  for  it  is  an 
investment  in  that  which  will  entail  not  only 
greater  expense,  but  the  dangers  of  disease 
that  will  leave  the  home  robbed  of  that 
which  money  cannot  purchase. 

THE  SANITARY  INFLUENCE  OF 
ALARM. 

The  Medical  Record,  which  in  one  para- 
graph, praises  the  work  of  sanitarians,  turns 
in  the  next  and  says: 

"They  are  apt  to  go  too  far  and  attempt 
to  prove  too  much.  Men  are  willing  to  be 
scared  a  little,  but  they  will  not  allow  them- 
selves to  be  scarod  too  much.  They  are 
reasonable  also,  and  are  ready  to  put  up 


614 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Vol,  XV.,  No.  325 


with  many  inconveniences  for  the  good  of 
the  community;  but  their  patients  and  their 
faith  have  limits.  When  one  thing  after 
another  is  forbidden  simply  because  some 
sanitarian  says  that  it  contains  the  germs  of 
disease,  they  begin  to  doubt.  They  see  that 
their  fathers  drank  ice-water  in  moderation 
and  yet  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  although 
they  are  now  told  that  ice  holds  many  bac- 
teria which  only  await  liberation  to  work 
destruction  among  the  sons  of  men.  They 
have  seen  people  riding  in  sleeping-cars  for 
many  years,  but  are  now  informed  that  it  is 
only  at  the  peril  of  their  health  that  they 
ever  pass  a  night  in  these  pest-wagons. 
They  have  been  accustomed  to  look  upon  a 
sea  voyage  as  health-giving,  but  are  now 
told  that  it  is  almost  a  miracle  if  one  reaches 
the  shore  without  having  received  into  his 
lungs  the  germs  of  consumption.  It  is  no 
wonder  that  they  become  incredulous  after 
a  time  and  refuse  to  accept  advice  from  the 
sanitarian,  especially  if  such  advice  runs 
counter  to  their  material  interests." 

It  is  a  little  uncommon  for  a  medical  paper 
to  talk  in  this  way.    It  is  all  at  variance  with 
the  best  medical  authority,  and  is  one  of  the 
discoveries  of  sanitary  science  that  is  no 
longer  disputed.    It  has  been  fully  demon- 
strated that  the  germs  of  typhoid  fever  find 
entrance   to   the   system   most  generally 
through  drinking  water.    A  few  instances 
are  on  record  of  these  germs  being  inhaled 
and  then  swallowed  from  which  typhoid 
fever  has  resulted.    But  every  medical  man 
knows  that  they  almost  always  find  their 
way  into  the  system  in  some  form  of  food  or 
drink,  and  generally  in  water.    It  is  also 
known  that  their  virulence  is  not  destroyed 
by  freezing.    Hence  it  is  quite  natural  and 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  ice  taken  from 
water  containing  these  germs  will  also  con- 
tain them.    This  is  not  all.    It  has  been 
absolutely  proved  by  tests  in  the  laboratory 
that  ice  does  contain  this  germ,  as  well  as 
many  others,  in  an  active,  virulent  state, 
capable  of  producing  its  specific  disease. 
When  the  sanitarian  discovers  this  truth  he 
makes  his  knowledge  public,  not  unduly  to 
alarm,  but  to  warn  as  it  is  his  duty  to  do. 
People  may  have  seen  that  "their  fathers 
drank  ice-water  in  moderation  and  yet  lived 
to  a  good  old  age."    Their  fathers  may  not 
have  used  ice  that  contained  disease  germs 
or  their  physical  vigor  may  have  been  suffi- 
cient to  destroy  them  before  disease  was 
caused.    We  have  seen  persons  live  to  a 
good  old  age  in  the  districts  of  yellow  fever, 
cholera  and  such  fatal  diseases  yet  we  can- 
not say  there  is  no  danger  in  these  ill-fated 
districts.    Sanitarians  do  not  condcnm  all 
ice.    Ice  from  polluted  water  is  as  dangerous 
as  the  water  itself. 

There  is  reason  in  concluding  that  there 
is  danger  of  contracting  certain  diseases  in 
sleeping-cars  or  ocean  steamers.  It  is 
known  that  the  sputa  of  consumptives  con- 
tain the  germs  of  that  dread  disease.  It 
has  also  been  demonstrated  that  this  sputum 
becomes  dried,  floats  in  the  air  carrying 
these  germs  with  it.   There  can  be  no  better 


lodgement  for  these  micro-organisms  than 
cushions,  curtains  and  the  furniture  of  the 
berths  m  cars  and  steamers.  This  discovery 
will  not  lessen  travel,  but  it  should  establish 
greater  care  and  security  for  those  who 
accept  the  present  means  of  transportation. 
There  is  no  needless  alarm  in  this.  It  is  the 
discovery  of  science,  and  the  one  who  seeks 
to  lessen  its  importance  is  worse  than  any 
alarmist  for  he  lures  to  danger  by  assur. 
ances  of  security. 

There  is  evidence  that  we  need  more 
"scare"  from  sanitarians.  It  is  safe  to  say 
that  the  people  generally  have  not  been 
scared  enough  regarding  some  of  the  simpler 
demands  of  sanitation.  The  want  of  clean- 
liness, purity  of  air,  drink  and  food  is  doing 
its  deadly  work  all  over  the  country.  There 
are  people  yet  to  be  found  who  have  not 
been  scared  enough  to  submit  to  being  vac- 
cinated. It  took  a  good  deal  of  scaring  to 
secure  what  has  been  attained  in  the  matter 
of  preventing  small-pox,  and  in  time,  with 
enough  warning,  or  "scaring,"  the  new  dis- 
coveries of  preventative  medicine  will  be  as 
fully  accepted  and  as  extensively  practiced 
as  that  of  vaccination. 


TO  PREVENT  CONSUMPTION.* 
Dr.  Baker  said  he  would  speak  only  a 
few  moments,  and  yet  during  the  few 
minutes  that  he  was  standing  upon  this 
platform,  some  two  or  three  citizens  of  the 
United  States — men  and  women  filled  with 
happy,  hopeful  dreams, — men  and  women 
to  whom  life  is  joy,  have  surrendered  their 
lives  to  this  Destroyer.  I  have  here  a  dia- 
gram accurately  drawn  to  scale,  showing 
the  relative  number  of  deaths  from  different 
diseases,  and  from  this  you  will  see  that 
every  person  that  dies  in  Michigan  from 
small-pox  forty  or  fifty  die  from  consump- 
tion. And  yet,  though  there  is  no  disease 
which  causes  so  many  deaths,  there  is  no 
disease  about  which  scientific  men  know  so 
much  and  which  they  could  so  easly  prevent 
if  the  people  only  knew. 

A  great  change  has  come  about  recently 
in  opinion  as  to  the  relative  parts  played  by 
heredity  and  the  germ  in  the  causation  of 
this  disease.  Though  the  lungs  of  children 
of  consumptive  parents  may  have  a  lower 
vitality  and  less  resisting  jwwer,  the  cause 
of  the  disease  is  known  to  be  a  specific  germ, 
and  cases  out  of  every  thousand  are 
communicated  from  person  to  person,  and 
it  is  these  cases  which  we  must  prevent. 
Where  does  consumption  generally  first 
appear?  In  the  lungs,  because  the  germs 
of  consumption  are  carried  to  the  lungs  in 
the  air  which  we  breathe. 

Dr.  Baker  alluded  to  the  fact  that  the 
germs  of  consum|)tion  have  been  found  on 
the  walls  of  rooms  where  consuptives  have 
been.  These  experiments  have  been  con- 
ducted by  Dr.  Cornet,  of  the  Berlin  Hygienic 
Institute.  He  found  that  the  sponge  scrap- 
ings frffm  the  walls  of  rooms  inhabited  by 
consumptive  patients,  inoculated  in  guinea 

*  A  paper  roiid  by  A.  Arnold  ('lark,  M.  D.,  LaiiHinM; 
Mich.,  before  the  Sanitary  Convention  at  Yicksbarg. 


pigs,  produced  consumption  in  those  ani- 
mals. Sponge  scrapings  from  the  walls  of 
rooms  where  no  consumptives  had  been,  did 
not,  on  inoculation,  produce  consumption  in 
the  guinea  pigs.  Now  how  did  the  walls  of 
those  rooms  become  contaminated  with  the 
germs  of  consumption?  Not  by  the  breath 
from  the  consumptive  patient.  Guinea  pigs 
have  been  placed  in  a  rubber  sack  and  they 
have  been  breathed  upon  two  hours  a  day 
for  six  weeks  by  consumptives  without  con- 
tracting the  disease.  So,  the  danger  is  not 
in  the  breath.  Cornet  found  that  where 
consumptives  had  invariably  expectorated 
in  cuspidors  filled  with  water,  the  dust  from 
the  walls  of  the  room  showed  no  germs;  but 
where  the  sputa  had  been  allowed  to  dry  on 
the  floor,  the  germs  had  risen  with  the 
sweepings  and  covered  not  only  the  walls 
but  the  pictures,  dishes,  the  bed,  and  every- 
thing in  the  room, — so  virulent,  as  to  pro- 
duce the  disease  several  weeks  after  the 
patient  had  left  the  room.  It  is  then  from 
the  dried  spi^a  of  consumptives  that  this 
great  foe  of  the  human  race  scatters  its 
seeds.  This  is  proved  beyond  question. 
These  germs  have  been  found  repeatedly  in 
the  sputum,  in  the  dried  fly  specks  on  the 
windows  of  rooms  inhabited  by  consump- 
tive patients,  the  flies  having  fed  upon  the 
sputa. 

Animals  feeding  on  the  sputa  of  con- 
sumptives die  of  consumption.  Dr.  Cagny 
tells  of  a  young  consumptive  who  took  care 
of  a  large  number  of  fowls,  and  who  amused 
himself  by  coughing  for  the  amusement  of 
the  chickens,  which  greedily  devoured  the 
sputa. 

Many  of  the  chickens  died  of  consump- 
tion, and  the  germs  of  consumption  were 
found  in  the  dead  chickens. 

Consumption  has  been  produced  by  inocu- 
lating with  the  sputa,  by  swallowing  the 
sputa,  by  breathing  the  sputa.  The  disease 
has  been  transmitted  to  cattle,  pigs,  sheep, 
rabbits,  rats,  mice,  dogs,  monkeys  and  men. 

When  Tappeiner  was  causing  dogs  to 
breathe  the  pulverized  sputa  of  consump- 
tives, a  robust  servant  of  forty  laughed  at 
the  idea  that  consumption  could  be  caught 
in  this  way.  In  spite  of  warnings  he  went 
into  the  inhaling  room,  breathed  the  sputum 
dust,  and  got  the  consumption  just  the  same 
as  the  dogs.  In  fourteen  weeks  he  died  of 
consumption.  Thousands  in  Michigan  every 
year  do  unconsciously  just  what  this  man 
did  consciously  and  willfully;  and  when  we 
think  of  the  ten  thousand  consumptives  in 
Michigan  who  every  hour  in  the  day  are  ex- 
pectorating along  our  streets  and  even  on 
the  floors  of  public  buildings,  postoflfices, 
churches,  hotels,  railroad  cars  and  street 
cars;  when  we  think  how  these  germs  are 
being  dried  and  carried  into  the  air  by  every 
passing  bi  eeze,  by  every  sweeping,  and  how 
they  arc  capable  of  producing  the  disease 
six  months  aftei  drying,  when  we  think  of 
the  miscellaneous  crowd  sleeping  in  hotel 
bed  rooms,  when  we  think  of  the  close  un- 
vcntilatcd  sleeping  car  with  hangings  and 
curtains  calculated  to  catch  the  germ  and 


Apbil  26,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


615 


where,  as  some  one  has  said,  the  air  is  as 
dangerous  as  in  those  boxes  filled  with 
pulverized  sputa  where  dogs  are  placed  for 
experiment;  then  when  we  remember  that 
man's  lungs  are  a  regular  hot-house  for  the 
growth  and  multiplication  of  these  seeds  of 
consumption,  is  it  any  wonder  that  one  citi- 
zen in  every  seven  dies  of  this  disease?  And 
if  a  human  life  is  worth  anything  to  the 
State,  is  it  any  wonder  that  the  State  spends 
money  to  hold  such  conventions  as  this 
where  the  people  may  be  told  how  they  may 
destroy  these  invisible  yet  almost  invincible 
germs  swarming  in  the  air  we  breathe. 

Now  the  object  of  this  discussion  is  not 
to  make  you  afraid  to  breathe,  but  to  make 
you  so  dread  the  sputum  from  consumptives 
as  to  insist  on  its  destruction.  Every  person 
after  coughing  a  month  or  so  and  raising 
sputa,  should  have  a  microscopical  examin- 
ation of  the  sputa  both  for  his  own  comfort 
and  for  the  public  safety.  No  consumptive 
should  be  allowed  to  expectorate  on  the  floor 
or  street,  and  all  sputa  should  be  disinfected 
or  burned.  The  disinfection  of  the  sputa* 
has  been  recommended  by  the  American 
Public  Health  Association,  by  the  Michigan 
State  Board  of  Health  and  by  many  other 
boards,  and  if  it  were  universally  carried 
out  there  would  be  two  or  three  thousand 
less  deaths  in  Michigan  every  year. 

But  you  say  that  you  have  not  the  con- 
sumption, you  cannot  go  around  seeing  that 
your  neighbor  disinfects  his  sputa,  are  there 
no  personal  precautions  which  you  can  take  ? 
Yes!  It  does  not  follow  because  we  breathe 
the  germs  of  consumption  that  we  will  get 
the  disease.  Our  lungs  may  be  so  healthy 
and  vigorous  that  the  germs  will  not  find  a 
congenial  soil.  Dr.  Trudeau's  experiments 
show  that  when  animals  are  inoculated,  they 
are  kept  in  good  sanitary  surroundings,  the 
disease  is  sometimes  arrested.  So  post 
mortem  examinations  show  that  a  great 
many  men  and  women  are  attacked  by  con- 
sumption sometime  in  life  and  they  recover 
from  it.  They  have  such  good  food  and  air 
and  their  lungs  are  so  healthy  and  vigorous 
that  the  tubular  process  is  stopped.  Con- 
sumption never  attacks  wild  oxen  but  it  is  a 
great  catch  for  tame  elephants  and  pet 
canaries,  for  foreigners  who  try  to  accom- 
modate themselves  to  the  food  and  habits  of 
another  race.  It  yields  a  higher  death-rate 
in  the  closely  crowded  cities,  in  the  great 
industrial  centers,  than  in  the  open  country. 
One-half  of  all  the  deaths  which  occur  in 
States'  prisons  are  from  consumption,  and 
Ziemssen  says  that  imprisonment  for  fifteen 
years  is  equivalent  to  sentence  of  death  by 
consumption. 

Any  environment  which  weakens  the  sys- 
tem or  irritates  the  lungs  simply  harrows  the 
soil  for  the  easier  cultivation  of  the  seeds  of 
consumption.  It  may  be  the  irritating  dust 
from  a  factory,  or  it  may  be  only  a  hard 
cold.  All  of  these  unfavorable  conditions 
you  may  avoid.  You  may  strengthen  the 
body  in  every  possible  way.  You  may  go 
further. 

Without   considering    the    question  at 


length,  it  is  known  that  consumption  is  a 
very  common  disease  among  cattle  and  may 
be  communicated  to  man  by  the  milk  which 
he  drinks  and  the  flesh  which  he  eats.  Now, 
you  may  boil  all  the  milk  which  is  suspected 
to  destroy  the  germs,  a  meat  inspector  may 
destroy  the  flesh  of  all  tuberculous  animals, 
and  all  of  this  will  do  no  good.  But  more 
important  than  all  this,  more  important  than 
anything  else — let  me  emphasize  again  in 
closing — the  disinfection  of  the  sputa. 

The  consumptive  should  do  this  for  his 
own  good,  because  when  he  continues  breath- 
ing the  germs  of  consumption  from  his  own 
sputa,  he  continually  re-infects  himself,  and 
thus  diminishes  his  chances  of  recovery. 
But  more  than  this  the  people  should  de- 
mand it  for  their  own  safety.  It  is  more  im- 
portant than  to  fortify  our  bodies.  It  is 
better  to  kill  the  germs  before  they  com- 
mence trying  to  kill  us.  You  have  probably 
heard  of  the  Irishman  who  swallowed  a 
potato  bug  and  then  swallowed  Paris  green 
to  kill  it.  If  a  battle  must  go  on  with  the 
germs  of  consumption,  I  prefer  it  to  go  on 
outside  of  my  body,  and  the  place  to  take 
the  germs  at  a  disadvantage  is  in  the  sputa. 

This  plea  for  the  disinfection  of  the  sputa 
may  seem  a  rather  prosaic  and  common- 
place recommendation  with  which  to  close 
a  long  speech, — something  like  those  long 
column  articles  in  the  newspapers,  which 
picture  the  horrors  of  some  disease  and  close 
with  an  innocent  little  line  at  the  bottom, — 
"Use  Warner's  Safe  Cure."  But  when  I 
look  at  this  diagram,  more  eloquent  than 
words,  when  I  think  of  the  thousands  who 
every  year  are  cut  off  in  the  prime  of  life,  I 
sometimes  feel  that  a  man  could  not  have  a 
better  epitaph  written  over  his  grave  than 
this:  "He  taught  consumptives  to  destroy 
sputa." 

Every  day  in  the  week  and  every  hour  in 
the  day  one  citizen  in  seven  is  giving  to 
every  passing  current  and  to  the  four  winds 
of  heaven  those  seeds  which  surely  mean  a 
wrecked  ambition  and  an  early  death  to 
some  fellow  creature.  Every  hour  in  the 
day  that  great  "reaper  whose  name  is  Death" 
is  gathering  with  his  sickle  where  we,  in  our 
ignorance,  have  sown  the  seed.  And  yet  a 
nation  which  has  spent  thousands  of  dollars 
studying  the  diseases  of  peaches  and  pears, 
a  nation  that  has  spent  thousands  of  dollars 
to  protect  its  fish  and  the  young  seals  of 
Alaska,  has  never  given  a  dollar  for  the 
study  or  prevention  of  consumption  in  men. 
If  Jefferson  and  the  signers  of  the  Declara- 
tion were  right,  and  the  first  object  of  gov- 
ernment is  to  guarantee  to  all  men  the  en- 
joyment of  life,  surely  that  work  is  highest 
and  noblest  whose  object  it  is  to  prolong 
the  lives  of  millions  and  to  endow  those 
lives  with  health  and  strength. 


THE  TYPHOID  FEVER  EPIDEMIC  AT 
CUMBERLAND. 
A  correspondent  writes  the  Phifadelphia 
Medical  News  regarding  the  relation  be- 
tween typhoid  fever  and  bad  sewerage.  The 
case  is  interesting  and  important  as  it  will 


give  a  lesson  to  many  other  towns  similarly 
situated  as  to  the  disposal  of  sewage  and 
the  contamination  of  drinking  water.  The 
correspondent  writes  as  follows: 

"Since  the  early  part  of  December,  1889, 
the  town  of  Cumberland,  Maryland,  has 
been  subjected  to  an  epidemic  of  enteric 
fever  closely  resembling  in  its  cause  and 
course  that  which  occurred  at  Plymouth, 
Pennsylvania,  some  five  or  six  years  ago. 
While  the  mortality  has  been  by  no  means 
so  high,  the  causes  of  the  disease  are  strik- 
ingly similar  in  both  cases.  Cumberland  is 
a  town  of  several  thousand  people,  situated 
upon  the  Potomac  river  in  a  valley,  with 
steep  and  rather  precipitious  mountains  sur- 
iounding  it.  The  town  depends  for  its  ex- 
istence chiefly  on  the  railroads  which  center 
there,  the  largest  of  which  is  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio.  The  population  is  a  "railroad 
population,"  and  is  made  up  largely  of  per- 
sons in  the  middle  walks  of  life.  The 
drainage  of  the  streets  is  surface  drainage, 
and  even  this  is  exceedingly  bad,  while  the 
rainfall  is  somewhat  excessive  and  the  en- 
tire town  damp. 

It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  in  this  in- 
stance a  peculiarly  favorable  soil  for  such 
an  epidemic  was  present,  and  the  towns- 
people have,  with  a  disregard  of  the  plainest 
rules  of  sanitation,  simply  brought  the 
disease  upon  themselves,  as  the  following 
diagram  and  description  will  show. 


•Maryland 


l/irQinia 

Dots  represent  houses  in  Cumberland. 
Heavy  dots  represent  privies. 

A.  Dam. 

B.  Water-works. 

C.  Garbage  lot,  with  pigs  feeding. 

D.  House  where  first  case  appeared. 

1.  Supply  pipe,  supposably  closed. 

2.  Supply  pipe,  supposably  open. 

It  will  be  seen  that  a  line  of  privies,  a 
mile  long,  empty  directly  over  the  bank 
into  Will's  Creek,  this  part  of  the  town  be- 
ing made  up  of  the  poorest  classes,  and  that 
two  other  lines  empty  themselves  into  the 
two  small  "runs"  to  the  left  of  the  dia- 
gram, while  the  entire  drainage  of  the  re- 
maining houses  eventually  reaches  the  same 
streams,  though  not  so  directly.  The  posi- 
tion of  the  pumping  station  B  is  about  two 
hundred  feet  below  the  mouth  of  the  two 
runs  and  on  the  same  side  of  the  stream, 
on  the  periphery  of  the  bend.  From  the 
point  where  Will's  Creek  empties  into  the 
pool,  formed  by  the  dam,  to  the  pumping 
station  is  about  one  hundred  yards,  and  this 
space  is  covered  on  the  shore  by  several 
acres  of  garbage  over  which  pigs  roam 
freely.  If  engineers  had  wished  to  plan  a 
means  of   pumping  sewage   into  a  town 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol  XV.  No  325 


instead  of  away  from  it  they  would  not  have 
succeeded  more  completely.  But  the 
stupidity  permitting  such  an  arrangement 
in  the  first  place  outdid  itself  some  months 
later  when  a  "Philadelphia  expert"  arranged 
to  have  the  pipe  from  the  pumping  station 
carried  to  the  opposite  shore  to  get  the 
water  before  it  was  contaminated.  As  the 
stream  is  only  aSout  one  hundred  to  two 
hundred  feet  wide  this  is,  on  the  face  of  it, 
absurd  since  the  pool  formed  by  the  dam 
consists  in  quiet  water  and  not  water  rapidly 
flowing.  Again,  the  mouth  of  the  pipe  being 
now  on  the  short  side  of  the  bend  soon  be- 
came accluded  by  the  mud  deposited  there, 
while  the  water  of  the  stream  naturally  fol- 
lowed the  outer  part  of  the  course  and  kept 
the  channel  free.  After  the  epidemic  was 
established  the  city  engineer  found  the  pipe 
on  the  Virginia  shore  bent  out  of  place  and 
buried  under  six  feet  of  mud,  and  that  all 
the  water  supplied  the  town  was  obtained 
from  the  old  pipe  on  the  sewage  side  of  the 
stream. 

Having  given  an  account  of  the  water 
supply,  let  us  turn  to  another  mteresting 
portion  of  this  outbreak.  Typhoid  was  not 
present  until  the  dischaiges  from  a  case  of 
typhoid  fever,  living  on  one  of  the  little 
runs  at  D,  found  their  way  into  the  city  sup- 
ply. Although  it  is  to  be  noted  that  a  large 
amount  of  diarrhoea  of  a  dysenteric  type  had 
been  epidemic,  and  is  now  prevalent.  In 
other  words,  the  drainage  of  a  large  number 
of  privies  caused  diarrhoea  and  dysentery, 
but  it  required  a  case  of  the  specific  disease 
named  to  cause  an  outbreak  of  that 
affection. 

The  mortality  of  the  outbreak  has  been, 
so  far  as  could  be  learned,  about  ten  per 
cent,  and  the  charactej  of  the  cases  has 
usually  been  pretty  severe.  In  many  in- 
stances the  rash  was  present  in  extraordinary 
degree,  though  in  others  it  was  almost 
absent.  Epistaxis  has  been  an  unusually 
common  symptom,  and  the  chief  complica- 
tions have  consisted  in  intestinal  hemorrhage 
and  hyperpyrexia.  The  hemorrhages  have 
usually  been  severe. 

Ur.  W.  W.  Wiley  told  your  correspondent 
of  an  interesting  case  showing  that  the  town 
water  is  at  fault.  A  young  woman,  belong- 
ing to  a  family  who  used  well-water  exclu- 
sively, insisted  upon  drinking  the  river 
water,  and  was  taken  with  typhoid  fever, 
from  which  she  suffered  seven  weeks,  while 
the  rest  of  the  family  escaped.  Dr.  Wiley 
also  said  that  he  had  seen  no  case  in  which 
the  disease  occurred  where  well-water  was 
used,  and  this  was  found  to  be  the  experi- 
ence of  many  others.  The  epidemic  is  now 
less  severe,  but,  for  some  unknown  cause, 
no  means  are  being  actively  taken  to 
remedy  the  trouble. 

WORKING  HOURS  ABROAD. 
A  Turkish  working-day  lasts  from  sun- 
rise to  sunset,  with  certain  intervals  for  re- 
freshments and  repose.  In  Montenegro  the 
day-laborer  begins  work  between  5  and  6  in 
the  morning,  knocks  off  at  8  for  half  an 


hour,  works  on  till  noon,  rests  until  2,  and 
then  labors  on  until  sunset.  This  is  in  sum- 
mer. In  winter  he  commences  work  at  7.30 
or  8,  rests  from  12  to  i,  and  works  uninterrupt- 
edly from  that  time  to  sunset.  The  rules 
respecting  skilled  labor  are  theoretically  the 
same,  but  considerable  laxity  prevails  in 
practice.  In  Servia  the  principle  of  indi- 
vidual convenience  rules  in  every  case.  In 
Portugal  from  sunrise  to  sunset  is  the  usual 
length  of  the  working  day.  With  field 
laborers  and  workmen  in  the  building  trades 
the  summer  working  day  begins  at  4.30  or  5 
in  the  morning  and  ends  at  7  in  the  evening, 
two  or  three  hours'  rest  being  taken  in  the 
middle  of  the  day.  In  winter  the  hours  are 
from  7.30  to  5,  with  a  shorter  interval  of  re- 
pose. In  manufactories  the  rule  is  twelve 
hours  in  summer  and  ten  in  winter,  with  an 
hour  and  one-half  allowed  for  meals.  Eleven 
hours  is  the  average  day's  labor  in  Belgium, 
but  brewers'  men  work  from  ten  to  seven- 
teen hours;  brickmakers,  sixteen;  the  cabi- 
net makers  of  Brussels  and  Ghent  are  often 
at  work  seventeen  hours  a  day;  tramway 
drivers  are  on  duty  from  fifteen  to  seven- 
teen hours,  with  an  hour  and  one-half  off  at 
noon;  railway  guards  sometimes  know  what 
it  is  to  work  nineteen  and  one-half  hours  at 
a  stretch,  and  in  the  mining  districts  women 
are  often  kept  at  truck  loading  and  similar 
heavy  labor  for  thirteen  or  fourteen  hours. 
The  normal  workday  throughout  Saxony 
is  thirteen  hours,  with  two  hours  al- 
lowance for  meal-taking.  In  Baden  the 
medium  duration  of  labor  is  from  ten  to 
twelve  hours;  but  in  some  casese  it  far  ex- 
ceeds this,  often  rising  to  fifteen  hours  in 
stoneware  and  chma  works  and  cotton  mills; 
in  saw  mills  to  seventeen  hours;  while  the 
workers  in  the  sugar  refineries,  where  the 
shift  system  is  in  vogue,  work  for  twenty- 
four  hours  and  then  have  tweniy-four  hours 
free,  and  in  too  many  of  the  Baden  factories 
Sunday  work  is  the  rule.  In  Russian  indus- 
trial establishments  the  difference  in  the 
working  hours  is  something  extraordinary, 
varying  from  six  to  twenty.  It  is  remark- 
able that  these  great  divergences  occur  in 
the  same  branch  of  industry  within  the  same 
inspector's  district  and  among  establish- 
ments whose  produce  realizes  the  same 
market  price. — Chamber's  Journal. 

THE  SEWERAGE  OF  MAYWOOD. 

The  following  is  a  report  submitted  by  the 
undersigned  regarding  the  breakage  of 
sewer-pipe,  and  it  contains  many  points  of 
interest.  Few  cases  of  a  similar  character 
are  reported,  but  it  shows  what  village  trus- 
tees have  to  guard  against  in  having  sewer- 
pipe  laid.  Much  of  the  sewerage  of  smaller 
towns  is  constructed  with  the  kind  of  pipe 
here  referred  to,  and  it  \\i!l  be  seen  that  the 
manner  in  which  the  pipe  is  laid  is  of  great 
importance.  We  publish  the  report  as  a 
source  of  information  for  the  many  who  are 
interested  in  the  construction  of  sewers  of 
similar  material: 

To  the  Board  of  Trustees,  Village  of  Mel- 
rose, Cook  County,  Illinois. 
Gentlemen:  In  compliance  with  your  re- 


quest we  have  this  day  examined  the  sewer 
on  Elgin  road,  village  of  May  wood,  viz:  a 
sewer  of  twenty-four-inch  and  twenty-inch 
vitrified  clay  pipe,  laid  on  a  line  south  of  the 
center  Ime  of  said  street,  beginning  at  the 
south  side  of  the  abutment  of  the  bridge, 
over  the  Desplaines  river,  at  said  street  and 
extending  westward,  to  determine  the  cause 
of  breakage  of  said  sewer. 

We  have  questioned  persons  who  saw  the 
work  during  its  progress,  have  examined  the 
interior  of  the  sewer  near  its  outlet,  have 
caused  excavations  to  be  made  at  three 
several  points  on  the  line  down  to  and  at 
the  sides  of  the  sewer,  have  removed  a  por- 
tion of  the  sewer  so  as  to  examine  beneath 
it,  and  have  carefully  read  the  ordinance, 
specification  and  contract  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  said  sewer. 

We  find  that  the  sewer  is  not  constructed 
in  accordance  with  the  specification  nor  is  it 
well  constructed,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
divergence  from  the  specification  and  from 
bad  construction  the  sewer  at  each  point  of 
examination  is  cracked  through  and  forced 
out  of  shape  in  the  manner  that  any  arch  so 
constructed  and  so  loaded  must  be  forced. 

The  specification  is  explicit  that  the 
bottom  of  the  trench  shall  be  excavated 
with  proper  tools  to  fit  the  lower  half  of  the 
sewer,  the  intention  being  to  give  firm  sup- 
port to  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  sewer, 
that  when  the  earth  was  refilled  above  it  the 
pressure  of  the  earth  at  all  points  around 
the  sewer  might  be  nearly  equal  and  the 
pipe  perform  the  function  of  a  sufficiently 
strong  and  properly  loaded  arch.  The 
specification  has  not  been  followed  in  this 
point. 

The  only  other  method  of  good  construc- 
tion is  to  excavate  the  trench  to  a  width 
sufficiently  greater  than  the  outside  diameter 
of  the  sewer  that  earth  may  be  firmly  tamped 
under  and  at  the  sides  of  the  sewer  so  that 
the  bottom  and  sides  are  supported  and  so 
that  the  back-filling  of  earth  will  press  it 
more  closely  if  possible,  and  secure  nearly 
equal  pressure  upon  all  parts  of  the  pipe. 
Neither  has  this  method  been  followed. 

Contrary  to  both  methods  of  good  con- 
struction the  trench  has  been  excavated  a 
little  wider  than  the  outside  diameter  of  the 
pipe  and  to  a  depth  to  admit  the  hub  of  the 
pipe  resting  on  the  bottom  so  that  the  lower 
half  of  the  pipe  is  unsupported  except  on 
the  hubs,  the  space  at  the  sides  being  an 
inch  and  a  half  or  two  inches,  and  insuffi- 
cient to  admit  proper  tamping  had  such  been 
attempted,  and  we  so  found  the  pipe  where 
examined. 

Consequently  when  the  back-filling  of 
earth  settled  and  the  weight  thereof  came 
u[)on  the  pipe  it  was  principally  (from  the 
narrowness  of  the  trench)  upon  the  center 
of  the  top  of  the  pipe  and  the  sewer  has 
cracked  longitudinally  at  the  top,  bottom 
and  sides  as  any  sewer  pipe  of  these  sizes 
must  crack  under  such  conditions. 

We  are  informed  that  the  method  de- 
scribed was  followed  throughout  in  laying 
the  sewer,  and  we  are  further  informed  that 


April  26,  1890) 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


617 


interior  examination  shows  that  the  sewer  is 
so  cracked  for  its  entire  length,  which  is  the 
consequence  to  be  expected,  and  is  wholly 
the  result  of  variation  from  the  specification. 

Pipe  of  eighteen-incli,  twenty-inch  and 
twenty-four-inch  inside  diameter  require 
such  careful  setting  and  backing  in  order  to 
avoid  cracking,  even  requiring  that  the  earth 
be  carefully  filled  in  and  tamped  to  a  certain 
distance  above  the  top  before  the  final  back- 
filling is  thrown  in,  that  the  use  of  these 
sizes  is  generally  avoided  and  brick  sewers 
substituted  therefore. 

We  have  been  further  asked  whether  the 
sewer  will  stand  and  as  to  the  suggestion 
that  the  board  accept  it  and  make  repairs 
as  they  become  necessary. 

We  answer:  The  sewer  will  not  stand  for 
any  great  length  of  time.  Vitrified  pipe  de- 
pends largely  on  the  glaze  for  durability; 
this  is  broken  now  and  under  the  action  of 
water  the  pipe  will  disintergrate,  the  softer 
pipe  first,  the  harder  more  slowly,  causing 
stoppages  in  the  sewer  and  injury  to  an  im- 
proved street,  both  of  which  would  by  such 
course  be  made  good  in  small  amounts  from 
time  to  time,  costing  far  more  than  the  im- 
mediate entire  relaying  of  the  sewer.  We 
say  this  knowing  that  the  sewer  may  hold 
up  for  many  years,  but  it  is  not  the  !  perfect 
sewer  contemplated  in  the  specification, 
and  which  the  board  is  entitled  to  receive 
from  the  hands  of  the  contractor.  The 
period  which  such  a  perfect  sewer  will  last 
is  not  known,  as  none  under  the  existing 
conditions  have  worn  out. 

The  third  question  asked  us,  whether,  the 
work  having  been  done  under  inspection  by 
a  superintendent  appointed  by  the  board,  it 
is  still  in  the  power  of  the  board  to  refuse  to 
accept  the  sewer  so  far  as  constructed,  we 
answer  as  follows:  "This  is  a  legal  question 
upon  which  your  attorney  will  advise  you, 
and  we  only  say  that  it  is  still  in  the  power 
of  the  board  to  reject  the  entire  work,  we 
speak  so,  that  you  may  know  that  the  matter 
is  so  understood  by  persons  familiar  with 
public  works.  Respectfully  submitted, 
W.  S.  McHarg,  Civil  Engineer, 
Wm.  E.  Dee,  Sewer  Builder. 

TYPHOID  FEVER  EPIDEMICS. 
A  dispatch  from  Rock  Island,  111.,  says: 
Augustana  college,  in  this  city,  has  been 
closed  on  account  of  an  epidemic  of  typhoid 
fever  among  the  students,  though  Rock 
Island  is  otherwise  free  from  the  disease. 
About  forty  of  the  students  have  been  on 
the  sick  list.  Twenty  of  them  are  not  re- 
garded as  dangerous,  but  sixteen  cases  have 
developed  a  malignant  form  of  the  disease. 
Two  of  the  students  have  died  and  two 
others  are  in  a  critical  state.  Sewer  gas  has 
been  pronounced  the  cause  of  the  epidemic 
as  those  students  who  did  not  eat  or  sleep 
in  the  affected  building  have  not  been 
troubled. 

Fisherman's  Luck. —  First  fisherman: 
"What  luck?" 

Second  fisherman:  "Noneatall;  I  can't  get 
the  cork  out." — Mnnsey's  Weekly. 


VALUABLE  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR 
ENGINEERS. 

The  Eclii)se  Pump  Manufacturing  Co., 
Cincinnati,  have  published  the  following 
valuable  instructions  to  engineers: 

1.  The  first  duty  of  an  engineer,  when  he 
enters  his  boiler  room  in  the  morning,  is  to 
ascertain  how  many  guages  of  water  there 
are  in  his  boilers.  Never  unbank  or  re- 
plenish the  fires  until  this  is  done.  Acci- 
dents have  occurred,  and  many  boilers  have 
been  entirely  ruined,  from  neglect  of  this 
precaution, 

2.  In  case  of  low  water,  immediately  cover 
the  fire  with  ashes,  or,  if  no  ashes  are  at 
hand,  use  fresh  coal.  Do  not  turn  on  the 
feed  under  the  circumstances,  nor  tamper 
with  or  open  the  safety  valve.  Let  the  steam 
outlets  remain  as  they  are. 

3.  In  case  of  foaming,  close  the  throttle 
and  keep  closed  long  enough  to  show  true 
level  of  water.  If  that  level  is  sufficiently 
high,  feeding  and  blowing  will  usually  suf- 
fice to  correct  the  evil.  In  case  of  violent 
foaming,  caused  by  dirty  water,  or  change 
from  salt  to  fresh,  or  vice  versa,  in  addition 
to  the  action  above  stated,  check  draft  and 
cover  fires  with  fresh  coal. 

4.  When  leaks  are  discovered  they  should 
be  repaired  as  soon  as  possible. 

5.  Blow  down  under  a  pressure  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty  pounds,  at  least  once  in  two 
weeks — every  Saturday  night  would  be 
better.  In  case  the  feed  becomes  muddy, 
blow  out  six  or  eight  inches  every  day. 
When  surface  blow  cocks  are  used,  they 
should  be  often  opened  for  a  few  mmutes 
at  a  time. 

6.  After  blowing  down,  allow  the  boiler  to 
become  cool  before  filling  again.  Cold 
water  pumped  into  hot  boilers  is  very  in- 
jurious from  sudden  contraction. 

7.  Care  should  be  taken  that  no  water 
comes  in  contact  with  the  exterior  of  the 
boiler,  either  from  leaky  joints  or  other 
causes. 

8.  In  tubular  boilers  the  hand  holes  should 
be  often  opened,  and  all  collections  removed 
from  over  the  fire.  Also,  when  boilers  are 
fed  in  front  and  blow  off  through  the  same 
pipe,  the  collection  of  mud  or  sediment  in 
the  rear  end  should  be  often  removed. 

9.  Raise  the  safety  valve  cautiously  and 
frequently,  as  they  are  liable  to  become  fast 
in  their  seats  and  useless  for  the  purpose 
intended. 

10.  Should  the  gage  at  any  time  indicate 
the  limit  of  pressure  allowed  by  the  inspec- 
tor, see  that  the  safety  valves  are  blowing 
off.  In  case  of  difference  notify  the 
mspector. 

11.  Keep  gauge  cocks  clear  and  in  con- 
stant use.  Glass  gauges  should  not  be  re- 
lied on  altogether. 

12.  Under  all  circumstances  keep  the 
gauges,  cocks,  etc.,  clean  and  in  good  order 
and  things  generally  in  and  about  the  en- 
gine and  boiler  room  in  a  neat  condition. 

"Genuine  liver  pad"  is  the  latest  thing 
offered  in  that  line.  But  what  does  a  man 
with  a  genuine  liver  want  with  a  pad?— 
Texas  Sif tings. 


BUILDING. 


REGULATION  OF    THE  PRACTICE 
OF  ARCHITECTURE  IN  NEW 
YORK. 

In  commenting  on  the  bill  to  "regulate 
the  practice  of  architecture"  in  New  York, 
Architecture  and  Building  says: 

"In  glancing  over  the  provisions  of  the 
law  we  notice  one  defect  that  should  be 
remedied,  that  is  in  the  matter  of  compen- 
sation. The  last  clause  of  Section  i :  'The 
members  of  the  Board  shall  serve  without 
compensation  or  reimbursements  for  their 
services  and  expenses  from  the  State,' 
should  be  stricken  out  and  either  a  fixed 
salary  or  allowance  per  diem  or  provision 
made  that  the  fees  for  examinations  and 
licenses  should  be  made  their  compensation. 
That  is,  perhaps,  partially  covered  in  the 
sixth  section  by  the  clause:  'The  license 
fees  ....  may  be  expended  for  the 
payment  of  the  traveling  and  other  expenses 
of  the  members  of  the  Board.'  But  in  no 
case  is  there  any  provision  for  payment  to 
the  members  for  their  time.  The  members 
of  this  Board  will  find  their  offices  no  sine- 
cures, and  if  they  do  their  work  well  the 
State  can  well  afford  to  make  liberal  pro- 
vision for  their  compensation,  which  the 
fees  received  under  this  law  will  amply  pro- 
vide for.  We  hope  this  matter  of  compen- 
sation will  be  looked  after  and  that  the  act 
will  be  so  amended  as  to  enable  the  mem- 
bers of  this  Board  to  devote  such  time  to  the 
duties  of  the  offices  here  created  as  the 
merits  of  the  case  demand.  The  work  be- 
fore them  is  one  of  no  little  magnitude.  The 
granting  licenses  to  the  architects  now  in 
practice  'without  examination'  it  is  true,  is 
no  little  matter.  When  it  is  considered  that 
there  are  over  600  in  practice  in  this  State, 
examining  their  affidavits,  granting  and  re- 
cording their  licenses  means  a  very  consid- 
erable expense  of  both  time  and  money. 

"We  notice  another  defect  in  the  fifth 
section,  where  it  says:  'But  nothing  herein 
contained  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  any 
person  in  this  State  from  acting  as  architect 
of  his  own  building,  or  as  architect  for  any 
person  employing  him  with  full  knowledge 
on  the  part  of  such  employer  that  the 
person  so  employed  is  not  a  Hcensed 
architect.' 

"This  exception  seems  to  us  a  bad  one, 
whether  in  the  case  of  the  person  doing  his 
own  architecture  or  the  one  employed  by 
another.  In  the  latter  case  it  opens  the  gate 
wide  enough  for  any  one  to  practice  and 
evade  entirely  the  penalty  imposed  by  the 
bill.  In  the  former  it  renders  us  liable  to 
such  serious  disasters  as  that  recent  case  of 
a  priest's  attending  to  his  own  work  in  Har- 
lem about  a  year  ago,  where  the  building 
fell,  involving  loss  of  life. 

"If  we  were  to  suggest  exceptions,  it  would 
be  on  the  cost  of  a  structure.  It  might  be 
well  to  so  modify  the  law  as  to  require  that 
all  buildings  exceeding  three  stories  or  cost- 
ing more  than  §5,000  must  be  constructed 


618 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV  No.  325 


under  the  charge  of  a  licensed  architect.  It 
seems  reasonable  enough  to  permit  small 
houses,  barns  or  other  structures  to  be 
planned  and  erected  by  the  owner  or  who- 
ever he  may  choose  to  employ  where  no 
risk  of  life  is  involved.  But  in  structures  of 
a  different  character,  involving  danger  to 
life  if  not  in  the  hands  of  competent  persons, 
the  case  is  different,  and  public  welfare  de- 
mands that  they  should  not  be  erected  ex- 
cept under  the  direction  of  competent 
architects." 


NOTES  FROM  ARCHITECTS. 

A.  H.  Beers,  Bridgport,  Conn.,  has  plans 
for  a  business  block  on  Cannon  street.  It  is 
to  be  of  brick  and  stone  124x100  feet.  There 
will  be  four  stores  on  the  first  floor,  with 
lofts  for  manufacturing  purposes  above,  so 
arranged  that  they  can  be  readily  changed 
into  a  hotel.  It  is  to  be  built  of  pressed 
brick  and  have  two  elevators,  sky-lights, 
slate  roof,  etc.;  cost  $60,000. 

Thiel  &  Lang,  Chicago,  have  plans  for  a 
Store  and  fiat  building  to  be  built  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Lake  street  and  Oakley  avenue  for 
George  Wilgenburg  of  St.  Louis;  pressed 
brick  and  portage  stone  front;  cost  S30,- 
000. 

M.  E.  Bell,  Chicago,  is  preparing  plans 
for  a  residence,  to  be  erected  on  the  corner 
of  Wrightwood  avenue  and  Sidney  court, 
for  Gus  Wilkie,  with  granite  and  brown  stone 
front,  to  cost  about  $40,000.  Is  also  finishing 
plans  for  a  seven  story  factory  to  be  built  on 
West  Jackson  street  to  cost  $40,000. 

A.  W.  Dilks,  corner  Tenth  and  Chestnut 
streets,  Phila.,  has  prepared  plans  for  four 
dwellings  60x48  feet,  three  stories  high, 
brick,  tin  roof,  plate  and  stained  glass,  and 
best  of  plumbing. 

Edbrooke  &  Burnham,  Chicago,  have 
plans  for  a  railway  station,  water  tower, 
pumping  station,  etc.,  at  Kenilworth. 

Frank  R.  Watson,  518  Walnut  street, 
Phila.,  has  plans  for  a  large  office  and  store 
building  for  Fred  T.  Freis,  to  be  erected  at 
Orthodox  street  and  Frankfort  avenue.  It 
will  be  three  stories  high,  stone  trimmings, 
plate  glass  windows,  and  will  have  the  best 
sanitary  plumbing. 

C.  D.  Frost,  Chicago,  is  preparing  plans 
for  a  seven  story  appartment  house,  70x150 
feet,  to  be  erected  at  the  corner  of  Indiana 
avenue  and  Eighteenth  street,  for  S.  Lam- 
oreux.  It  will  be  stone  up  to  the  second 
story  and  above  that  will  be  pressed  brick 
and  terra  cotta.  It  will  be  provided  with 
steam  heat,  elevators,  electric  light,  etc.,  and 
cost  $300,000. 

Baker  &  Dallett,  Fifth  and  Walnut  streets, 
Phila.,  have  plans  for  the  erection  of  a  par- 
sonage, for  the  Grace  M.  E.  Church,  at  Wil- 
mington, Del.  It  will  be  stone,  three  stories 
high,  and  have  slate  roof,  electric  bells,  hot 
air,  stained  and  plate  glass  windows,  and 
best  of  sanitary  plumbing. 

Bettinghofer  &  Hermann,  Chicago,  are 
taking  estimates  for  a  four  story  store  and 


flat  building  to  be  built  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  North  avenue  and  Market  street, 
for  F.  J.  Uewes,  to  cost  $60,000. 

Hazelhurst  &  Huchel,  410  Walnut  street, 
Phila.,  have  prepared  plans  for  the  erection 
of  a  magnificent  hotel  at  Bradford  Hill,  Pa. 
The  hotel  proper  will  be  very  large  and  fitted 
with  elevators,  electric  work,  and  every 
known  comfort  will  be  introduced, 

Clinton  J.  Warren,  Chicago,  is  preparing 
plans  for  alterations  and  additions  to  the 
building  on  Van  Buren  street  near  Michigan 
avenue  for  L.  J.  McCormick.  Two  stories 
will  be  added  and  it  will  be  made  into  an 
hundred-room  hotel  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  He 
is  also  preparing  plans  for  a  five  story  apart- 
ment building,  to  be  erected  on  Panorama 
place.  It  will  be  built  of  Anderson  pressed 
brick,  terra  cotta  and  Bedford  stone  front 
and  will  cost  $40,000. 

Messrs.  Furness,  Evans  &  Co.,  of  Phila- 
delphia, have  plans  for  the  Williamson  Free 
School  building.  The  building  will  stand  on 
an  elevation  of  305  feet  above  tide  water, 
and  will  be  three  stories  high.  It  will  be  con- 
structed of  granite  stone  and  will  have 
brick  trimmings.  The  roof  will  be  of  slate 
and  over  the  main  entrance  there  will  be  a 
gable.  The  building  is  T-shaped  and  will 
have  a  frontage  of  200  feet  by  a  depth  of 
175  feet. 

Alfred  Zucker,  New  York,  has  designed, 
for  Mrs.  Rachel  Cohnfeld,  a  ten  story  and 
basement  warehouse,  72x1 1 Q,  to  be  erected 
at  the  southeast  corner  of  Bleeker  and  Mer- 
cer streets,  at  a  cost  of  $400,000. 

Richard  R.  Davis,  New  York,  will  draw 
plans  for  nine  five  story  and  basement 
brownstone  flats,  25x78,  to  be  erected  on  the 
south  side  of  One  Hundred  and  Twenty- 
sixth  street;  cost  $165,000. 

Franklin  Baylies  has  designed,  for  Sieg- 
hardt  &  Schaeffler,  four,  five  story  brick, 
stone  and  terra  cotta  flats,  25x86  and  25x93, 
to  be  built  at  715  to  721  Eighth  street;  cost 
$80,000. 

T.  Roney  Williamson,  Philadelphia,  is  de- 
signing plans  for  a  business  block,  66x200,  to 
be  erected  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Thomas  H.  Parks,  Phila.,  has  plans  for 
thirty  dwellings  on  Gratz  avenue;  all  to  be 
three  stories  high. 

Henry  Branns,  Baltimore,  has  prepared 
plans  for  a  power  house  for  the  Baltimore 
Traction  Company  to  be  erected  at  Druid 
Hill  avenue.  It  will  be  built  of  brick  and 
granite  and  will  cost  $25,000. 

Mr.  Aiken,  Baltimore,  has  designed  tor  the 
Central  Union  Depot  Co.  a  brick,  stone  and 
iron  depot,  to  cost  $75,000. 

Alston  &  Heckert,  of  Pittsburg,  have  com- 
pleted plans  for  seven  stone  houses,  to  be 
built  on  Locust  and  Fulton  streets,  Alle- 
gheny. They  will  be  two  stories  and  man- 
sard. They  will  be  fitted  out  with  the  best 
kitchen,  laundry  and  bath  room  fixtures, 
wood  and  slate,  mantles,  hardwood  finish, etc. 

A.  P.  Clark,  Jr.,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  an  apartment  building  to  be  erected 


at  Seventh  and  H.  streets,  northwest.  The 
six  story  and  basement  exterior  will  have  a 
frontage  of  80  feet  on  H.  street  with  30  feet 
on  Seventeenth  street.  The  exterior  will  be 
of  brick  and  stone;  cost  $70,000. 

James  G.  Hill,  Washington,  D.  C,  has 
plans  for  a  six  story  warehouse  54%xioo. 
The  front  will  be  of  pressed  copper  and 
plate  glass;  cost  $75,000. 

Hess  &  Basseman,  Detroit,  have  completed 
plans  for  a  four  story  building,  35x100,  to  be 
built  on  the  corner  of  Wilcox  and  Miami 
avenues.  It  will  be  built  of  pressed  brick 
and  stone  and  cost  $40,000. 

Crane  &  Barkhauser,  Milwaukee,  have 
designed  for  F.  Schlesinger,  a  two  story 
brick,  stone  and  terra  cotta  residence,  62x80, 
to  cost  $50,000. 

Fred.  J.  H.  Bickon,  Little  Rock,  Arkansas, 
is  preparing  plans  for  a  five  story  and  apart- 
ment building  to  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$150,000. 

Otto  C.  Wolff,  Philadelphia,  has  just  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  large  brewery  for  the 
Consumers  Brewing  Co.,  of  New  York  City. 
It  will  be  built  of  brick  with  stone  trim- 
mings.   Brewery  and  plant  to  cost  $500,000. 

I.  T.  McClarren,  Pittsburg,  has  completed 
plans  for  a  church  for  the  Lutheran  Con- 
gregation. It  will  be  built  of  brick  and 
stone. 

Geo.  B.  Post,  New  York,  has  plans  for  the 
building  to  be  erected  at  Buffalo  for  the 
Erie  County  Savings  Bank  on  Niagara  street. 
It  will  be  ten  stories  high,  157x47  and  will 
cost  $750,000. 


PLUMBING. 

REGISTRATION  IN  LONDON. 
Although  sentiment  among  the  plumbers 
in  England  regarding  registration  is  contin- 
ually strengthening,  there  is  considerable 
opposition  found  among  the  members  of  the 
Society  of  Operative  Plumbers  to  such  a 
scheme.  In  London,  out  of  a  total  member- 
ship of  544  in  six  lodges  of  the  Society  of 
Operative  Plumbers,  only  eighty  are  regis- 
tered plumbers,  showing  that  the  great  ma- 
jority oppose  enrolling  themselves  among 
those  who  are  registered  by  the  Plumbers 
Company. 

The  main  reason,  says  a  London  exchange, 
why  the  members  of  the  Trade  Society  do 
not  join  the  movement  is  because  the  ques- 
tion of  wages  is  not  considered  by  the  Reg- 
istration Committee.  It  is  contended  that 
all  registered  men  should  be  receiving  the 
current  rate  of  wages  in  the  particular  town 
in  which  they  are  employed.  The  argument 
used  is  that  if  a  plumber  cannot  command 
the  full  rate  of  wages,  he,  therefore,  is  not 
competent  to  become  a  registered  plumber; 
for  registration  is  supposed  to  guarantee 
efficiency.  The  Registration  committee  on 
the  other  hand  consider  that  the  rate  of 
wages  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  matter,  as 
they  can  find  out  whether  the  plumbers  are 


April  2G,  18901 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


619 


competent  or  not  in  the  examinations  which 
they  are  supposed  to  pass.  For  registration 
is  not  intended  to  indicate  a  certain  standard 
of  ability,  but  only  for  the  purpose  of 
finding  out  and  registering  those  who  really 
are  plumbers  and  not  pretenders  to  the 
title 


THE  McCLELLAN  ANTI-SYPHON 
TRAP  VENT. 

The  accompanying  cuts  illustrate  the  use 
of  the  McClellan  anti-syphon  trap  vent  as 
compared  with  the  system  of  venting  by 
pipes. 


PRESENTATION  OF  PLUMBER'S  CER- 
TIFICATES. 
A  very  interesting  ceremony  took  place 
at  Guildhall,  Lincoln,  recently  when  the 
first  presentation  of  certificates  under  the 
direction  of  the  Lincoln  District  Council  of 
the  National  Registration  of  Plumbers'  So- 
ciety, was  made  to  about  sixty  plumbers  who 
had  gathered  from  Lincoln  and  vicinity.  At 
the  meeting  some  very  encouraging  and 
sensible  remarks  were  made,  all  tending  to 
show  the  importance  and  popularity  of  the 
plumbers'  movement  and  its  extensive 
recognition  and  appreciation.  Among  the 
speakers  was  Mr.  Williain  Watkins,  who 


tion,  as  he  believed,  of  improving  their 
knowledge  of  the  art  and  science  of  their 
craft.  Dr.  G.  M.  Lowe  also  spoke,  and  said 
that  no  doubt  in  former  days  plumbers  were 
exceeding  good  friends  to  the  doctors,  but 
now  a  change  of  front  had  taken  place,  and 
they  would  have  now  to  look  upon  them  as 
colleagues  in  sanitary  matters.  The  Dean 
proceeded  to  present  the  certificates.  He 
said  he  knew  quite  well  how  much  illness 
might  be  prevented  by  proper  sanitary  ar- 
rangements. He  had  had  to  do  with  small- 
pox, cholera,  and  every  kind  of  disease, -but 
he  maintained  there  was  nothing  so  bad  as 
typhoid  fever,  and  he  thought  it  was  the 


FLOOR 


FLOOR 


UZZ] 


Fig.  I. — Plumbing  System  Protected  by  Vent  Pipes 
Fig.  I,  is  a  section  of  the  plumbing  plans 


Fig.  2. — Plumbing  System  Protected  by  McClellan 


of  five  houses  on  Seventy-fourth  street.  New 
York,  which  were  approved  by  the  Health 
Department  in  i888.  The  plumbing  has 
since  been  changed  and  the  McClellan  anti- 
syphon  trap  vent  employed. 

Fig.  2,  shows  the  same  section  after  the 
McClellan  anti-syphon  trap  vent  had  been 
put  in.  In  the  former  case  the  sixteen  traps 
required  about  iSo  feet  of  iron  vent-pipe, 
with  about  fifty  lead-caulked  joints,  includ- 
ing thimbles  for  connections.  As  shown  in 
Fig.  2,  the  sixteen  traps  are  protected  by  ten 
automatic  vents,  which  dispenses  with  all 
the  vent-pipes. 


had  been  selected  to  present  the  certificates, 
but  who  had  transferred  that  duty  to  the 
Dean  of  Lincoln.  Mr.  Watkins  said  that 
he  had  taken  great  interest  in  the  formation 
of  that  society;  and  the  inauguration  of  it 
last  year  gave  him  much  pleasure.  It 
would  probably  lay  the  foundation  for  im- 
provements in  all  branches  of  the  building 
trade.  It  was  greatly  to  the  honor  of  the 
plumbers  themselves  that  they  should  be 
the  first  to  move  in  a  direction  like  that, 
having  taken,  so  far  as  the  formation  of  that 
association  was  concerned,  a  course  not 
merely  for  their  own  pecuniary  benefit,  but 
with  the  view,  and  with  the  thorough  inten- 


Ttap  Vent. 
most  dreadful  disease  they  had  in  England, 
He  believed  he  was  right  in  saying  it  always 
resulted  from  decayed  animal  matter  being 
absorbed  into  the  nostrils  or  mouth.  They 
knew  much  illness  could  be  prevented,  and 
he  had  sometimes  said  they  would  not  get 
health  in  the  country  until  they  had  one 
plumber  hanged  every  year.  He  was  told 
that  Parliament  was  going  to  take  the  matter 
up,  and  if  a  plumber  dealt  wrongly  the 
Plumbers'  Company  would  have  power  to 
revoke  his  certificate. 


L  Subscribe  for  The  Sanitary  News. 


620 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  325 


PREPARING  FOR  THE  CONVENTION 
AT  DENVER. 
Denver,  Colo.,  April  21,  1890.— The 
Sanitary  News:  for  the  information 
of  those  contemplating  attending  the 
National  Convention  of  Master  Plumbers 
to  be  held  in  this  city,  June  17-19,  1890.  I 
have  to  say  regarding  hotel  rates,  that  it  will 
be  seen  from  the  following  that  the  rates 
will  be  as  low  if  not  lower  than  any  yet 
secured. 

They  are  as  follows:  The  Albany,  $3.00 
per  day;  Windsor,  $3.00  per  day;  St.  James, 
$2.50  and  $3.00;  Markham,  S2.00  per  day; 
Logan,  2.00. 

The  above  in  connection  with  the  low 
rate  of  transportation  secured  from  the  rail 
roads,  viz:  one  fare  for  round  trip,  should 
certainly  attract  to  the  coming  National 
Convention  a  larger  representation  than  has 
as  yet  been  convened. 

From  advices  received  from  the  West,  the 
Denver  Association  will  have  no  cause  to 
find  fault  with  the  representation.  The  East 
we  trust  will  not  be  loth  in  sending  their  full 
quota  of  delegates,  for  they  will  find  here 
many  things  to  interest  them.  They  will 
find  that  they  will  be  well  repaid  for  their 
journey. 

If  the  convention  is  not  a  success  in  every 
sense  of  the  word  it  will  not  be  the  fault  of 
the  Colorado  plumbers.   At-e ye  ivid its? 
Respectfully  Yours, 

W.  F.  McCarthy. 

THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

A  very  pleasing  digression  from  the  usual 
order  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  meeting,  in 
the  form  of  an  entertainment  given  by  the 
Ladies'  Auxilliary  of  the  Chicago  Master 
Plumbers'  Association,  occured  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  April,  at 
Grand  Army  hall.  A  musical  and  literary 
programme  was  first  presented,  after  which 
the  Master  Plumbers  tripped  the  light  fan- 
tastic until  the  wee  sma'  hours. 

A  short  business  meeting  was  called  be- 
fore the  entertainment  to  decide  upon  the 
route  to  the  National  Master  Plumbers' 
meeting  at  Denver,  in  June.  It  was  decided 
to  leave  the  matter  entirely  within  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  executive  committee.  After 
the  adjournment  of  this  meeting  Mr.  T.  C. 
Boyd  introduced  to  the  audience  Chief  In- 
spector Young,  of  the  health  department. 
Mr.  Young  on  behalf  of  the  Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  extended  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  the  Ladies'  Auxilliary  for  their  pleasant 
entertainments  during  the  past  winter. 

The  first  thing  on  the  programme  was  a 
selection  from  the  Health  Department 
Quartette,  but  for  some  reason  or  other  the 
musical  representatives  of  this  department 
failed  to  appear. 

A  recitation  was  then  given  by  Mr.  Geo. 
Russ.  Mrs.  Harves  and  Mr.  Thompson 
favored  the  audience  with  a  very  fine  vocal 
duet.  Miss  Sinclair,  who  has  a  very  sweet 
and  promising  voice,  sang  a  lovely  selection. 
In  the  absence  of  Prof.  Weldon,  Prof.  Martin 


gave  a  cornet  solo  which  was  followed  by  a 
song  from  Mr.  Jas.  Martin.  Messrs  Alex, 
and  Milton  Murray, sons  of  Alex.  W.  Murray, 
at  811  W.Madison  street,  gave  an  instru- 
mental duet,  which  was  followed  by  a  vocal 
duet  from  Mrs.  Yeoman  and  Marsh.  Miss 
Eva  Hamblin  gave-  a  recitation  and  the 
Misses  Watt  finished  the  regular  programme 
with  an  instrumental  duet.  Mr.  Boyd  then 
announced  that  although  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Marsh  were  not  on  the  programme  yet  they 
would  no  doubt  entertain  the  audience  for  a 
few  minutes  with  one  of  their  excellent 
duets.  William  A.  Redcliff  also  responded 
to  an  impromptu  and  gave  a  vocal  selection. 
Mr.  Boyd  then  asked  the  audience  to  stand 
and  gave  orders  to  "clear  the  deck  for 
action."  The  following  is  a  programme  of 
what  followed:  i,  Quadrille,  Our  President; 
2,  Waltz;  3,  Schottishe;  4,  Quadrille;  5,  Polka; 
6,  Quadrille,  Prairie  Queen;  7,  Waltz  and 
Schottische;  8,  Old  Dan  Tucker;  9,  Waltz; 
ID,  Home  Sweet  Home.  T.  C.  Boyd,  assisted 
by  C.  J.  Herbert  directed  the  floor  com- 
mittee and  it  was  due  to  their  untiring  efforts 
that  everything  passed  off  pleasantly  dur- 
ing the  evening.  Each  member  of  the 
association  looked  his  best  and  every  one 
seemed  bent  on  having  a  good  time.  It 
was  with  many  regrets  when  this  happy 
band  of  master  plumbers  were  compelled, 
by  the  lateness  of  the  hour,  to  bid  each 
other  good-bye  and  each  one  left  Grand 
Army  hall  feeling  under  many  obligations 
to  the  Ladies'  Auxilliary  for  such  a  pleasant 
evening. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  "Vanderman's 
Plumbers'  Estimate  Book,"  published  by 
William  Vanderman,  manufacturer  of 
plumbing  specialties,  21  Church  street, 
Willimantic,  Conn.  The  work  is  copy- 
righted by  Mr.  Vanderman  and  is  published 
in  two  sizes,  one  for  office  use  and  the  other 
a  pocket  edition,  the  prices  being  Si. 75  and 
S.75  respectively.  The  book  embraces  all 
the  materials  used  in  plumbing  work,  printed 
in  red  ink  on  ruled  calendered  paper  and 
contains  197  pages.  With  it  a  plumber  can 
make  his  estimates  quickly  and  accurately, 
and  have  a  record  of  his  estimates  for  refer- 
ence. In  case  of  a  dispute  regarding  the 
material  estimated  on  the  book  will  prove 
valuable,  as  nothing  can  be  omitted  in  mak- 
ing up  the  estimate  including  materials  used 
in  plumbing  work,  labor,  freight,  car  fare, 
board  and  expenses.  The  book  will  cer- 
tainly prove  convenient  and  useful  to  the 
plumber  and  will  leave  him  a  ready  refer- 
ence of  all  the  work  on  which  he  has  esti- 
mated, and  make  the  work  of  estimating 
simple  and  easy.  A  copy  of  the  book  can 
be  seen  at  this  office. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Minneapolis  have 
decided  that  it  was  for  the  best  interests  of 
the  people  of  the  city  that  plumbing  and 
gas  fitting  be  left  to  the  parties  building, 
that  they  should  do  no  more  sub-contracting, 
and  that  all  their  business  relations  should 
be  with  the  owner  or  the  architect. 

The  firm  of  Rothrock  &  Stebbins,  of  Bal- 


timere,  has  been  disolved  by  mutual  consent, 
and  Mr.  Rothrock  will  continue  the  business 
paying  all  debts  and  collecting  all  bills. 

J.  A.  Denniston  is  busy  with  overhauling 
and  jobbing  work. 

Mandable  &  DeVeney,  2333  Cottage  Grove 
avenue,  have  moved  their  place  of  business 
to  2306  Cottage  Grove  avenue,  where  they 
have  large  and  spacious  new  quarters. 

The  plumbers  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  have  or- 
ganized a  society,  with  officers  as  follows: 
President,  George  Deimotte;  Vice-President, 
William  Deichler;  Secretary,  H.  E.  Powell; 
Treasurer,  John  K.  Simpson;  Committee  on 
By-Laws,  C.  K.  Will,  A.  M.  Beihl,  William 
Deichler,  John  H.  McCard,  William  Taylor; 
Doorkeeper,  John  H.  McCard.  If  is  reported 
that  the  association  will  urge  upon  the  city 
government  the  necessity  of  adopting  plumb- 
ing regulations. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Builders'  Exchange 
held  April  18,  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  it  was 
reported  that  the  employing  plumbers  of 
that  city  were  in  communication  with  skilled 
laborers  who  could  be  secured  on  short 
notice,  in  case  of  a  strike  among  the  jour- 
neymen. 

A  plumbing  inspector  is  to  be  appointed 
by  the  Board  of  Public  Works.  That  means 
no  more  botch  plumbing.  We  are  glad  of 
it,  and  hope  the  board  will  appoint  the  very 
best  man  for  the  position. 
The  Schwarz  Plumbing  and  Stove  Co., 

Columbus,  O. 

N.  F.  Lambert  &  Co.,  of  St.  Louis,  have 
removed  from  718  to  904  Market  street. 

The  office  of  plumbing  inspector,  at  Mil- 
waukee, which  pays  $900  per  year  will  be 
filled  soon. 

James  A.  Daly,  of  New  York  City,  has  re- 
moved from  156  to  192  Water  street. 

D.  A.  Mudge,  of  the  J.  L.  Mott  Iron 
Works,  has  presented  the  Master  Plumbers' 
Association,  of  Milwaukee,  with  a  check  for 
S50  to  furnish  their  library  with  reading 
material. 

E.  E.  Scott,  of  E.  Saginaw,  Mich.,  has  in- 
vented a  very  scientific  patent  trap  seal, 
which  is  self-cleaning  and  scouring. 

The  firm  of  Kennedy  &l  Dolan  hSs  just 
been  formed  at  Americus,  Georgia. 

James  M.  Byren  has  been  appointed  build- 
ing and  plumbing  inspector  for  the  city  of 
Hamilton,  Ontario. 

Mr.  John  Simpson,  a  practical  plumber  of 
Cornwall-on-Hudson  has  been  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Health  in  New 
York  City. 

William  Dunnett,  the  first  president  of 
the  Baltimore  Master  Plumbers'  Association 
and  the  inventor  of  the  Automatic  Syphon 
Tank,  has  opened  a  branch  store  on  Mary- 
land avenue,  neai"  Preston  street.  New  York 
City. 

David  Whiteford  has  removed  his  place 
of  business  from  346  to  372  W.  Randolph 
street. 

We  are  informed  that  the  case  of  bad 


April  2G,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


621 


sewerage  at  Maywood  has  been  comprom- 
ised. The  contractor  is  to  assume  one-half 
the  expense  of  rebuilding  the  sewer  system 
and  the  village  of  Melrose  the  other  half. 
The  total  cost  will  be  about  §10,000. 

Geo.  Elzenhofen  has  just  started  in  busi- 
ness at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

James  H.  Creelman,  of  the  firm  of  15arr 
&  Creelman,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  was  recently 
elected  President  of  the  New  York  State 
Association  of  Master  Plumbers. 

Edson,  Jr.,  &  Co.,  is  a  new  firm  of  plumb- 
er's and  sewer  builders  recently  established 
at  71  E.  Sixteenth  street.  Mr.  Edson  has 
been  one  of  the  foremost  plumbers  in  In- 
dianapolis for  several  years. 

J.  W.  Fryer,  who  is  with  the  Gurney  Hot 
Water  Heater  Company,  has  just  returned 
to  the  city  from  a  two  months  trip  through 
the  west. 

Geo.  Pfeifer,  the  practical  plumber  at 
Kensington,  Illinois,  has  just  finished  one 
store  and  two  flats  for  Aug.  Keck  at  Ken- 
sington. 

Sheahan  &  Barry  have  started  a  firm 
business  of  plumbing  and  gas  fitting  at  236 
Washington  boulevard.  They  also  do  work 
in  steam  and  hot  water  heating  to  perfection. 
Mr.  Sheahan  was  formerly  an  old  resident 
of  Chicago,  but' for  ti.e  last  ten  years  he  has 
been  engaged  in  the  plumbing  business  at 
Topeka,  Kansas,  and  has  done  some  excel- 
lent work  all  over  the  State  of  Kansas,  both 
in  public  buildings  and  private  residences. 

The  L.  Wolf  Manufacturing  Company 
have  made  vast  improvements  in  their  show 
rooms  during  the  past  week.  The  walls 
have  been  newly  papered,  two  electric  lights 
have  been  put  in  and  their  stock  has  been 
enlarged  so  that  they  have  without  doubt 
one  of  the  finest  show  rooms  to  be  found  in 
the  country  anywhere. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 
Nashua,  N.  H.:  A  $15,000  police  station 

will  be  erected.  Chicopee,  Mass.,  has 

appropriated  $20,000  to  build  a  new  high 

school.  Pittsfield,  Mas.:  The  Adventists 

will  erect  a  new  church.  Bethel,  Me.: 

The  Odd  Fellows  are  to  build  a  new  hall. 

 Waterville,  Me.:  Plans  are  being  drawn 

for  a  §20,000  Masonic  hall.  Birmingham, 

Conn.:  The  Birmingham  Iron  Factory  will 

erect    new    buildings.  ^  Ayer  Junction, 

Mass.:  Doughty  Bros.,  will  soon  commence 

building  a  new  iron  foundry  plant.  West 

Lynn,  Mass.:  William  Forsyth  will  erect  a 

new  cutting  board  factory.  New  York.: 

Schneider  &  Herter  have  plans  for  a  brick 
flat;  cost  $22,000.  Also  have  plans  for  brick 
flat;  cost  $35,000.  G.  B.  Post  has  plans  for 
brick  stores;  cost  $300,000.  H.  J.  Harden- 
burg  has  plans  for  a  brick  office  building; 
cost  $125,000.  F.  Baylies  has  plans  for  a 
brick  flat  building;  cost  $20,000.  J.  Roth  has 
plans  for  a  brick  factory;  cost  $20,000.  Hu- 


bert, Pierson  &  Hoddick  have  plans  for  two 
brick  flats;  cost  $25,000  each.  P.  H.  Knelder 
has  plans  for  a  brick  public  building;  cost 
$60,000.  Clenerdon  &  Putzel  are  architects 
for  three  brick  dwellings;  cost  $45,000.  A. 
Spence  is  architect  for  two  brick  flats;  cost 

$37,000.-  Columbus,  O.:  The  Senate  has 

passed  a  bill  appropriating  $18,000  for  an 
amusement  hall  and  chapel  at  the  Soldiers' 

Home  at  Sandusky.  Denver,  Colo.:  F. 

Freedman  will  erect  a  seven-story  brick 
store  and  office  building;  cost  $20,000.  E. 
C.  Denney  will  erect  a  two-story  brick  store; 
cost  $45,000.    J.  Roberts  has  plans  for  a 

three-story  brick  store;  cost  $30,000.  

Dresden,  O.:  The  M.  E.  congregation  will 

build  a  parsonage.  Duluth,  Minn.:  Geo. 

C.  Stone  will  let  a  contract  for  a  seven-story 
brick  block  at  Lakeside,  on  Lincoln  street; 

cost  $25,000.  Fostoria,  O.:  It  is  decided 

to  build  a  new  Presbyterian  Church.  R. 
Alcott  and  W.  M.  Day  are  on  the  building 

committee.  Indianapolis,  Ind.:  Sherer  & 

Moore  have  made  plans  for  a  six-story  store; 
cost  $100,000.  Mr.  Johnson  will  erect  a  two- 
story  flat  building.    Mr.  Booch  will  erect  a 

two-story  flat  building.  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.: 

Kipp  &  Padmore  have  plans  for  two  brick 

dwellings;  cost  $25,000.  Brooklyn.:  W. 

B.  Tubby  has  plans  for  six  brick  dwellings; 
cost  $30,000.  E.  Nesler  has  plans  for  three 
brick  dwellings;  cost  $27,000.  W.  Field  & 
Son  have  plans  for  one  brick  dwelling;  cost 
$20,000  and  for  two  other  brick  dwellings; 
cost  $30,000.  F.  Holmberg  has  plans  for 
three  frame  dwellings;  cost  $20,000.  T. 
Engelhardt  has  plans  for  a  new  church 

building;  cost  $20.000.  Patterson,  N.  J.: 

Masonic  Temple  will  be  erected;  cost  $102,- 

000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  G.  W.  Pipe  has  plans 

for  a  brick  dwelling;  cost  $25,000.  Sioux 

Falls,  S.  D.:  Opera  house,  store  and  office 
building  in  granite;  cost  $200,000.  Thomas 

&  Kapp,  Chicago,  are  the  architects.  

Uhrichsville,  O.:  A  fire-clay  works  is  con- 
templated, with  a  capital  of  $250,000.  Capi- 
talists of  Cleveland,  Pittsburg  and  Wheel- 
ing are  in  the  enterprise.    Wm.  Beggs,  of 

Bridgeport,  O.,  is  interested.  Waverly 

Falls,  Minn.:  St.  Mary's  Church  will  erect  a 
building;  cost  $22,000.    Druiding,  Chicago, 

is  architect.  West  Superior,  Wis.:  The 

Episcopalian  Society  will  build  a  $20,000 
church,  and  the  Catholics  will  erect  one  to 

cost  $40,000.  Chicago,  111.:  Isaacson  will 

erect  a  five-story  flat  building.  C.  S.  Quin- 
lan  will  erect  a  six-story  factory.  Mr.  Ber- 
gerson  will  erect  a  two-story  flat  building. 

 Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  John  Heil  will 

erect  a  building  to  cost  $125,000.  Dallas  & 
Hedges  are  preparing  plans  for  a  $120,000 

building.  Flint.  R.  I.:   A  brick  thread 

mill  will  be  erected.  Baltimore,  Md.:  An 

addition  to  the  courthouse  to  cost  $150,000 

will  be  built.  Beaver  Dam,  Wis.:  A  $25,- 

000  library  will  be  erected.  Benzonia, 

Mich.:  Plans  are  being  made  for  the  Grand 

Travers   college  building.  Kent  City, 

Mich.:  A  $20,000  brick  school  house  will  be 

erected.  Americus,  Ga.,  is  to  have  a  new 

city  hall.    P.  H.  Williams  can  give  informa- 


tion. The  cities  entitled  to  new  postoffice 

building  under  the  bill  just  reported  to  the 
lower  House  of  Congress  by  the  Committee 
on  Postoffices  and  Post  Roads  are  as  fol- 
lows; Indiana— Anderson,  Angola,  Attica, 
Auburn,  Aurora,  Bedlord,  Bloomington, 
P.luffton,  Brazil,  Columbia  City,  Columbus, 
Connersville,  Crawfordsville,  Danville,  De- 
catur, Delphi,  Elkhart,  Evansville,  Fort 
Wayne,  Frankfort,  Franklin,  Goshen,  Green- 
castle,  Greesburg,  Hammond,  Huntington, 
Indianapolis,  Jeffersonville,  Kendallville, 
Kokomo,  Lafayette,  Lagrange,  Laporte. 
Lawrenceburg,  Lebanon,  Ligonier,  Logans- 
port,  Madison,  Marion,  Michingan  City, 
Mishawaka,  Mount  Vernon,  Muncie,  New 
Albany,  New  Castle,  Noblesville,  North 
Manchester,  Notre  Dame,  Peru,  Plymouth, 
Portland,  Princeton,  Richmond,  Rochester, 
Rushville,Seymour,  Shelby ville.  South  Bend, 
Sullivan,  Terre  Haute,  Tipton,  Union  City, 
Valparaiso,  Vincennes,  Wabash,  Warsaw, 
Washington,  Winchester.  Tennesse— Bris- 
tol, Chattanooga,  Clarksville,  Columbia, 
Murfreesboro,Nashville.  Arkansas— Eureka 
Springs,  Fayetteville,  Ft.  Smith, Hot  Springs, 
Pine  Bluff,  Texarkana.  Mississippi— Colum- 
bus, Greenville,  Meridian,  Natchez,  Vicks- 

burg.  Montreal, Can.:  McGill  University 

will  erect  two  new  buildings  this  season.  

New  York:  A  four-story  brick  and  granite 
wing  will  be  added  to  the  Meteopolitan 
Museum  of  Art  at  a  cost  of  $350,000.  A.  L. 
Tucker  is  the  architect.  M.  C.  Merritt  has 
plans  for  an  addition  to  the  O'Neil  store; 

cost  $100,000.  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  The 

Anderson  Bros.,  will  build  a  three-story  brick 
flat;  cost  $35,000.^ — Worcester,  Mass.:  An 
additional  appropriation  of  $15,000  will  be 

applied  to  the  new  postoffice  building.  

West  Virginia:  The  cities  of  Charlestown, 
Clarksburg,  Grafton,  Huntington,  Martins- 
burg,  Parkersburg,  Piedmont  and  Wheeling 
will  probably  have  new  postoffice  buildings. 

 Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  A.  J.  Ross,  of 

Spokane  Falls  will  build  a  six-story  block 
on  the  corner  of  First,  North  and  Main 
streets.  The  mayor  can  give  information 
about  the  new  building  to  be  erected  on  the 

corner  above  the  tithing  yard.  Nashville, 

Tenn.:  T.  L.  Eismunkes  has  plans  for  a 

four-story  printing  office;  cost  $23,000.  

Paris,  Ky.:  Oscar  Cobb  has  plans  for  a  new 

theatre;  cost  $30,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  St. 

Peter's  and  Paul's  Catholic  Church  will 
erect  a  building  to  cost  $85,000.  A.  Druid- 
ing, Chicago,  is  the  architect.  Scranton, 

Pa.:  A  brick  stable  will  be  erected;  cost 
$30,000.  East  Saginaw,  Mich.:  A.  Druid- 
ing, of  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  $60,000 

church.  Galveston,  Tex.:  N.  J.  Clayton 

has  plans  for  an  addition  to  the  Ball  High 

School;  cost  $20,000.  Glencoe,  Minn.:  A. 

Druiding,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a  new 

Catholic   Church;   cost  $22,000.  Little 

Rock,  Ark.:  F.  J.H.Rubin  has  plans  for 
a  brick  store  and  apartment  building;  cost 

$50,000.  Macon,  Ga.:   A  hotel  to  cost 

$150,000  will  be  erected.  Minneapolis, 

Minn.:  School  buildings  to  cost  about  $200,- 
000  will  be  erected. 


622 


'THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


rVoL.  XV.  No.  325 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Fort  Collins,  Colo.:  The  electric  light 
company  will  spend  $6,000  in  extending  its 

lighting  system.  Rochester,  N.  Y.:  The 

Edison  Electric  Light  Company  will  in- 
crease the  capital  stock  to  §325,000.  Rock- 

ville.  Conn.:  An  electric  light  plant  to  fur- 
nish forty  arc  lights  and  410  incandescent 

lights  will  be  erected.  Baltimore,  Md.: 

The  Wenstrom  Consolidated  Dynamo  and 
Motor  Company  has  been  incorporated. 

Enoch  Pratt  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  

Rockwood,  Tenn.:  Cardiff  Coal  and  Iron 
Company  will  erect  an  electric  light  plant. 

 New  Brighton,  III.:  The  New  Brighton 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated.   Paul  N.  Abt  is  one  of  the  incor-  ' 

porators.  Vernon,  Tex.:    Vernon  Ice, 

Light  and  Water  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated. D.  A.  Turner  is  oue  of  the  incor- 
porators. Portsmouth,  Va.:  An  electric 

light  plant  will  be  erected.  W.  V.  H.  Wil- 
liams can   give  information.  Tredagar, 

Ala.:  The  erection  of  an  electrict  light  plant 
is  contemplated.  G.  B.  West,  (P.  O.,  Jack- 
sonville) can  give  information.  Tusca- 
loosa, Ala.:  A  Gas,  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  has  been  incorporated  with  G.  A. 

Searey,  president.  Radford,  Va.:  Central 

City  Electric  and  Gas  Light  Company  has 

been  organized  with  S.  Heth,  president.  

Chattanoogna,  Tenn.:  Ridgedale  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated by  C.  A.  Lyerly  and  others.  

Ocala,  Ark.:  A  light  and  power  company 
has  been  incorporated  to  erect  an  electric 

light  plant.  Darlington,  S.  C,  will  erect 

a  new  electric  light  plant.  Birmingham, 

Ala.:  The  Electric  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated.    W.  J.  Cameron  is  one  of  the 

incorporators.  Middletown,  Conn.:  The 

Thomson-Houston  Electric  Company  have 

increased  the  capital  stock  to  $3,000,000.  

Boulder,  Cal.:  The  electric  light  company 

has  increased  the  capacity  of  its  plant.  

Rock  Hill,  S.  C,  will  establish  an  electric 

light  plant.  Fair   Haven,  Vt.:  A  new 

electric  light  plant  will  be  constructed.  

Oregon,  111.:  The  Oregon  Pllectric  Light 
Company  has  been  incorporated.  F.  G. 
Jones  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  At- 
lantic, la.:  A  company  has  been  organized 

to  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  Maryst 

ville,  Cal.:  The  Marysville  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  has  been  iccorporated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $20,000.    Jos.  Heyl 

is   one  of   the   incorporators.  East  St. 

Louis,  111.:  The  Automatic  Electric  Ex- 
change Company  has  been  incorporated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000  to  manufac- 
ture electric  apparatus.    W.  H.  P'ord  is  one 

of  the  incorporators.  Union,  Ore.:  The 

Union  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $100,000.  J.  W.  Shelton  is  one  of  the  in- 
corporators. Tonawanda,   N.   Y.:  The 

Tonavvanda  and  Wheatfield  Electric  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $50,000.    Arthur  M.  Travis  is  one 

of  the  incorporators,  Fairmont,  W.  Va. : 

A  new  electric  light  plant  will  be  established. 


 Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The  East  End  Electric 

Light  Company  is  to  extend  its  operations. 
 Collinsville,  111.:  The  Collinsville  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000. 
Louis  Lunagh  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 

 Fennville,  Ga.:  An  electric  light  plant 

will  be  established.  Milwaukee,  Wis.: 

The  Milwaukee  Light  and  Power  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $500,000,  J.  J.  Kempf  is  one  of  the  incor- 
porators. Darby,  Pa.:  The  Home  Elec- 
tric Light  Company  has  been  incorporated. 

 Denton,  Tex.:   Efforts  are  being  made 

to  establish  an  electric  light  plant.  Potts- 
town,  Pa.:  The  Pottstown  Light,  Heat  and 
Power  Company  will  increase  the  capacity 
of  its  plant.  Youngstown,0.:  The  Youngs- 
town  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  stock  of  $75,000. 
 Orange,  N.  J.:  The  Consolidated  Elec- 
tric Storage  Company  has  been  incorporated 

with  a  capital  stock  of  $3,000,000.  New 

Branfels,  Tex.:  The  Landa  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated 
with  a  capital   stock  of  $30,000.  Joseph 

Landa  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Mt. 

Carmel,  Pa.:  The  capacity  of  the  electric 

light  system  will  be  doubled.  Mount 

Tabor,  Pa.:  An  electric  light  system  will  be 

established.  Perth  Amboy,  .N.  J.:  The 

Rautan  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 

incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $75,000.  

Omaha,  Neb.:  The  Nebraska  Gas  and  Fuel 
Company  has  received  permission  to  lay 

pipes.  Cincinnati,  O.:   Plans  are  being 

prepared  for  a  new  gas  boiler.  McComb, 

O.:  The  McComb  Gas  and  Fuel  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $50,000. — Central  City,  Colo.:  The  Gilpin 
County  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company 
has  been  incorporated. — Camden,  Ark.: 
The  electric  light  company  contemplates 
putting  in  an  incandescent  plant. — Buchan- 
nan,  W.  Va.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be 
erected. — Carrollton,  Ga.:  E.  G.  Kramer 
can  give  information  about  the  electric  light 

plant  to  be  put  in  the  new  hotel.  Memphis, 

Tenn.:  A  company  has  been  organized  to 
furnish  electric  lights  from  [)rimary  batteries. 

 Brunswick,  Ga.:  Another  electric  lighting 

system  will  be  established. — Brooklyn,  N. 
Y.:  The  Bolet  Electrical  Manufacturmg 
Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $300,000.  Pella,  la.:  Im- 
provements will  soon  be  made  to  the  plant 
of  the  Pella  Electric  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany.— Sleepy  Eye,  Minn.:  This  place  is  to 
have  electric  lights. —  Norwood,  N.  Y.:  This 
place  will  soon  establish  an  electric  light 
plant.  For  details  address  Geo.  W.  Rich- 
ards, as  above. — Marlboro,  Mass.:  Another 
gas  company  has  applied  for  a  franchise  to 
establish  a  plant  at  this  place. — Houston, 
Tex.:  The  local  electric  light  plant  is  to  be 
improved.— Woonsockct,  R.  I.:  The  River 
Point  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated here  with  a  capital  stock  of  $30,- 
;  000. — Grafton,  W.  Va.:  The  Grafton  Elec- 
:  trie  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company  has 
.  been  incorporated  in  this  city;  capital  stock. 


$100,000.  The  company  will  erect  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  Charleroi,  Pa.:  The  sum 

of  $10,000  is  to  be  expended  on  a  gas  plant 
for  this  place. — Peabody,  Mass.:  At  a  recent 
special  meeting,  held  at  this  place,  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  obtain  specifica- 
tions, etc.,  for  an  electric  light  plant. — ■ 
Waterbury,  Conn.:  Improvements  will  soon 

be  made  to  the  plant  here.  Harrison,  O.: 

Permission  has  been  asked  by  a  majority  of 
the  old  Town  Council  to  issue  $50,000  worth 
of  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  an 
electric  light  plant  for  lighting  streets,  put- 
ting in  sewers,  building  water-works  and  im- 
proving streets.  Annapolis,  Md.:  The  local 

gas  company  will  establish  an  entirely  new- 
plant.  New  Westminster,  B.  C:  It  is  pro- 
posed to  expend  the  sum  of  $100,000  on  an 
electric  light  plant  for  this  place. — White- 
hall, N.  Y.:  An  electric  lighting  plant  is  to  be 
established  here  by  the  local  gas  company. 

 Johnson  City,  Tenn.:  Improvements  will 

soon  be  made  to  the  local  electric  light 
plant.  A.  M.  Young,  of  Waterbury,  Conn., 
can  give  details. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Wilmington,  Del.:  In  a  report  submitted 
to  the  Street  and  Sewer  Department  by  T. 
Chalkley  Hatton,  engineer  in  charge  of 
sewers,  it  is  learned  that  the  proposed 
Brandywine  intercepting  scwcr  and  the  nec- 
essary branches  will  cost,  according  to  esti- 
mates, the    sum    of  $95,877.67.  White 

Plains,  N.  Y.:  William  B.  Ryder  &  Son,  of 
South  Norwalk,  Conn.,  have  been  appointed 
engineers  to  complete  the  sewerage  work  at 

this  place.  Tiffin,  O.:    City  Engineer 

George  McGormley  has  completed  plans 
for  an  extension  of  the  sewerage  system  of 
this  city,  to  cost  upwards  of  $40,000. — Lynn, 
Mass.:  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Aldermen  it  was  decided  to  expend  the  sum 
of  $35,000  in  completing  such  sewers  as  re- 
mained unfinished  by  the  city  government 
of  1889.  For  particulars  address  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Drainage.  

Macon,  Ga.:  Certain  members  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  contemplate  calling  a  mass  meet- 
ing at  an  early  day  to  see  if  something  can 
be  done  regarding  the  recent  defeat  of  the 
project  for  a  new  sewerage  system.  The 
sum  required  to  do  the  work  is  $200,000,  and 
it  is  proposed  to  take  steps  to  procure  that 

amount  and  proceed  with  the  scheme.  

Baltimore,  Md.:  The  city  council  has  passed 
an  ordinance  appropriating  the  sum  of  $61,- 
000  for  constructing  a  sewer  on  Penn  street, 
and  proposals  for  doing  the  work  will  soon 
be  wanted.  The  cityengineer  can  furnish  par- 
ticulars. Troy,  N.  Y.:  At  a  meeting  of  the 

street  committee  held  April  15,  several  addi- 
tional sewers  were  ordered.  Utica,  N.  Y.: 

A  bill  is  to  be  introduced  into  the  Legisla- 
ture providing  for  a  fund  for  catch-basins 

and  sewer  wells.  Poughkeepsic,  N.  Y.: 

Work  on  the  new  Main  street  sewer  will 
soon  be  commenced.   Address  Mr.  Sullivan 

for  details.  Savannah,  Ga.:  Additional 

sewer  extensions  will  be  established  in  this 
city. 


April  2G,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


623 


WATER-WORKS  NOTES. 
San  Bernardino,  Cal.:  F.  C.  Finklc  writes 
that  new  works  to  cost  $160,000  will  be  built 
this  year.  A  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of 
3,000,000  gallons,  three  miles  of  steel  con- 
duit and  twenty-one  miles  of  mains  will  be 

constructed.  Milwaukee,   Wis.:  Plans 

have  been  made  for  the  construction  of  a 
tunnel  seven  and  one-half  feet  in  diameter, 
to  be  laid  from  the  land  shaft  to  an  inter- 
mediate crib.     Estimated  cost  $450,000.  

Chicago,  111.;  The  Pacific  Water  Company 
has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  ot  $1,- 
000,000.  A.  A.  Goodrich  is  one  of  the  in- 
corporators.— Winchester,  Va.:  John  Hand- 
ley,  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  can  give  information 

about  the  new  water-works  system.  Car- 

rollton,  Mo.:  The  water  company  has  in- 
creased its  capital  stock  from  $30,000  to 
$50,000.     The  system  of  water-works  will 

be  extended.  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y.:   A  bill 

has  been  introduced  into  the  New  York 
Legislature  asking  for  the  passage  of  an  act 
authorizing  the  Glens  Falls  board  to  issue 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  $45,000  to  lay  new 

water   mains.  Frostburg,   Md.:    A  bill 

authorizing  the  issuance  of  $40,000  bonds  to 

establish  water-works  ha's  become  a  law.  

Aiken,  S.  C:  Water  and  Light  Company  has 
bas  been  incorporated.     P.  A.  Emanuel  is 

one  of    the    incorporators.  Cleveland, 

Tenn.:  T.  L  Cote  can  give  information  con- 
cerning the  water-works  system.  Dallas, 

Texas.:  An  ordinance  will  be  introduced  in 
the  city  council  to  issue  $150,000  of  water- 
works bonds.  Mayor  can  give  information 
 De  Leand,  Ark.:  A  system  of  water- 
works will  be  constructed.    Mayor  can  give 

information.  Mineral   Water,   Tex.:  A 

water-works  system  is  to  be  constructed. 
The  mayor  can  give  information.  Somer- 
set, Ky.:  The  mayor  can  give  information  of 
the  construction  of  the  water-works  system. 
 Jasper,  Fla.:  Pumps,  piping  and  stand- 
pipe  will  be  wanted  for  water-works.     C.  B. 

Tompkins   can  give   information."^^  Syla- 

canga,  Ala.:  Water-works  will  be  con- 
structed at  once.  The  mayor  can  give  in- 
formation. Rockwood,  Tenn.:  The  Card- 
iff Coal  and  Iron  Company  will  build  water- 
works to  cost  $75,000.  Stuttgart,  Ark.: 

Water-works  will  be  built  this  season.  

Colorado  Springs,  Colo.:  $25,000  will  be  ex- 
pended in  extending  the  water-works.  • 

Brunswick,  Ga.:  The  capacity  of  the  water- 
works will  be  increased.  Stoelton,  Pa.: 

$50,000  will  be  expended  in  a  system  of 

public    water-works.  Bridgeport,  Ala.: 

The  Bridgeport  Land  and  Improvement 
Company  will  establish  a  system  of  water- 
works. Middleboro,  Mass.:  About  one- 
half  mile  of  water  mains  will  be  laid  heie 
during  1890.  Joseph  E.  Beals  Supt.  Cold- 
water,  Mich.:  $70,000  bonds  will  be  issued 
for  building  water-works.     Address  E.  R. 

Clarke.  Smithport,  Conn.,  is  agitating  the 

water-works  question.  New  Holland,  Pa.: 

The  construction  of  a  system  of  water-works 
is  being  considered.  Address  Geo.  H.  Rauch. 
 Stoughton,  Mich.:  A  new  pumping  sta- 
tion and  about  three  miles  of  ten  inch  pipe 


are  additions  proposed  this  season.  Address 

Frank  F.   Phinney.  Dowiagiac,  Mich.: 

About  one  mile  of  two  inch  and  four  inch 
pipe  will  be  laid  this  year.  Address  James 
Ulann.- — Jersey ville,  111.:  The  laying  of 
some  four  inch  mains  is  contemplated.  Ad- 
dress  William   Pittman.  Austin,  Tex.: 

The  city  council  has  created  a  board  of 
public  works  to  supervise  and  contract  for 
building  the  dam,  water-works,  reservoir, 
etc.  Pana,  111.,  is  agitating  the  water- 
works question.  Rocky  Ford,  Colo.,  will 

build  a  gravity  system  of  water-works.  

Fresno,  Cal.:  The  Municipal  Investment 
Company  which  recently  bought  the  water- 
works system,  will  expend  $300,000  in  devel- 
oping the  plant.  Hooper,  Neb.:  A  survey 

is  being  made  for  a  system  of  water- works. — 
Whitehood,  S.  D.:  A  system  of  water-works 

is  to  be  built.  Muskegon,  Mich.:   It  has 

been  voted  to  issue  bonds  for  $250,000  to  ob- 
tain a  supply  of  water  from  Lake  Michigan. 

 Albany,  Ga.:  The  Albany  Improvement 

Company  has  been  organized  with  the  privi- 
lege of  constructing  water-works.  Capital 
stock  $100,000.  Winchester,  Ky.:  Propos- 
als will  be  received  for  constructing  water- 
works.   Address  F.  P.  Pendleton.  Sparta, 

La.:  The  Bienville  Water  Supply  Company 

is  to  extend  its  mains.  Ashland,  Ky.:  The 

Ashland  Water  Supply  Company  has  been 

incorporated.  New  Glascow,  N.  S.:  It 

has  been  voted  to  issue  $50,000  bonds  for  ihe 
enlargement  of  the  water-works,  the  con- 
struction of  sewers  and  street  improvements. 
Uniontown,  Ala.:  A  new  system  of  water- 
works will  be  established. — Cheney,  Wash.: 
Water-works  will  be  established  this  sum- 
mer. Chicago,  111.:  The  I'ujunga  Water 

Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $3,000,000.     G.  W.  Huddleston 

is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Henderson, 

N.  C,  is  to  have  a  system  of  water-works. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Asheville,  N.  C:  The  city  invites  pro- 
posals for  lighting  by  electricity  for  a  period 
of  two  years  from  October,  1890. — St.  Louis, 
Mo.:  Bids  will  soon  be  wanted  by  the  board 
of  public  works  for  two  pumping  engines, 
each  having  a  daily  capacity  of  20,000,000 
gallons.  Franklin,  Tenn.:  E.  P.  Cox  will 


receive  bids  for  the  establishment  of  water- 
works.— Crystal  Springs,  Miss.:  H.  C.Price 
wants  estimates  on  the  construction  of  a 
small  system  of  water-works.  —  South 
Orange, N.  J.:  H.  H.  Hart, chairman  of  water 
committee  opens  bids  April  30,  for  water 

supply.  Clifton  Heights,  Pa.:  S.  P.  Bartle- 

son,  M.  D.,  president  of  the  water  company 
opens  bids  April  2g,  for  water  pipe  and  con- 
struction work, — Vienna,  Ga.:  J.  D.  Har- 
grove open  bids  May  8,  for  the  erection  of  a 
court  house.— — Morrison,  111.:  Sealed  pro- 
posals will  be  received  until  May  i,  1890, 
for  the  construction  of  a  steel  water  tank, 
thirty-five  feet  diameter  and   thirty  feet 

high.    Address  H.  R.  Sampson,  mayor.  

Brandon,  Manitoba:  Tenders  will  be  re- 
ceived not  later  than  the  fifteenth  day  of 
May,  1890,  for  plans  for  a  system  of  water- 
works; also  plans  for  a  system  of  sewerage 
in  connection  with  such  water-works.  A 
premium  of  $500  will  be  paid  by  the  council 
of  the  city  of  Brandon  for  the  plans  and 

estimates  accepted  by   the   council.  St. 

Louis,  Mo.:  Sealed  proposals  for  the  exten- 
sion of  the  water-works  system  will  be  re- 
ceived at  the  office  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Improvements,  until  noon  the  fifteenth  day 
of  July,  1890.  Address  Henry  Flad,  presi- 
dent. Belton,  Tex.:  Bids  are  wanted  for  a 

five  years'  lease  of  the  water-works  up  to 

June  15.  Decatur,  Ga.:  Bids  for  a  jail  are 

open  until  May  5.  Address  T.  J.  Hightower. 

 Waltham,  Mass.:   Bids  for  building  a 

new  fire  station  are  open  until  April  30. 
Address  Newell  Stephens. — Cincinnati,  O.: 
Proposals  will  be  received  until  April  30, 
for  furnishing  materials  for  water-works  de- 
partment.— West  Troy,  N.  Y.:  Proposals 
are  wanted  until  May  10,  for  furnishing  a 
steam-power  plant,  comprising  a  steam 
engine,  boilers,  etc.  Address  Lieut-Col. 
F.  H.  Parker,  U.  S.  A. — San  Jose, Cal.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  May  6,  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  gas  plant  for  the  State  Insane 
Asylum,  at  Agneus.    Address  L.  G.  Nes- 

mith,  secretary  of  the  above  institution.  

Hudson,  Mich.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 
April  30,  for  the  construction  of  a  complete 
system  of  water-works.  Address  Ira  Swaney, 
Chairman,  Board  of  Water  Commissioners. 


THE  STANDARD  CONTRACT. 

FRAMED  AND  ADOPTED  BY 

American  Institute  of  Arcliitects,  Western  Association  of  Architects, 
National  Association  of  Builders. 

IT  IS  CERTAIN  TO  COME  INTO  GENERAL  USE.    TRY  IT  FOR 
YOUR  NEXT  BUILDING. 


PUBLISHERS'  CARD. 

Having  been  licensed  to  publish  and  sell  the  Standard  Form  of 
Contract,  we  are  prepared  to  fill  all  orders  promptly.  We  will  furnish 
the  blanks  at  the  following  prices,  agreed  upon  with  the  Joint  Committee, 
viz:  ^l.io  per  100,  ^84.25  per  500,  and  $8.00  per  1,000,  free  by  mail  or 
express.  Architects'  names  and  consequent  pronouns  inserted  at 
additional  cost.  To  save  innumerable  small  accounts,  payment  should 
accompany  orders.  Personal  checks  on  local  banks  not  accepted  unless 
New  York,  Chicago,  or  equivalent  exchange  is  added. 

INLAND  PUBLISHING  CO. 

(Publishers  Inland  Architect), 

Tribune  Building,  CHICAGO. 


624 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XV.  No.  324 


A  New  Method  of  Treating  Diseases. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

What  are  they  ?  There  is  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It 
consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics 
used  by  noted  specialists  of  Europe  and 
America,  and  brm^ing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  mstance  the  treatment 
pursued  by  special  physicans  who  treat 
mdigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles 
only,  was  obtained  and  prepared.  The 
treatment  of  other  physicians,  celebrated 
for  curing  catarrh  was  procured,  and  so 
on  till  these  incomparable  cures  now  in- 
clude disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility. 

This  new  method  of  "one  remedy  for  one 
disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have 
experienced  the  ill  effects,  and  thoroughly 
realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of 
Patent  Medicines  which  are  guaranteed  to 
cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle,  and  the 
use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined 
more  stomachs  than  alcohol.  A  circular 
describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by 
Hospital  Remedy  Company,  Toronto,  Can 
ada,  sole  proprietors. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED  AT 
the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.  on  the  15th  day  of  May  1890,  for  all  the  labor 
and  materials  reqnired  to  fix  in  place  complete,  a 
Low-Pressnre  Steam  Heating  and  Mechanical 
Ventilating  Apparatus  for  the  United  States 
("^ourt  House  and  Post  Office  building  at  Montpelier 
Verniont,  in  accordance  witli  the  drawings  and 
specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Superintend- 
ent. Each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified 
check  for  jllOO.OO.  The  Department  will  reject  all 
bids  received  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all 
the  requirements  of  this  invitation. 

JA8.  H.  WINDRIM. 
April  15,1  890.  Supervising  Architect. 

SEALED  PROPOSALS  WTLL~nErRECEIVED 
at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Wasliington,  D.  0.,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.,  on  the  l%h  day  of  May  18!tO,  for  all  tlie  labor 
and  materials  reiinired  to  put  in  i)laco  all  the  gas 
piping  in  tlio  U.  S.  Custom  House,  Ac,  building  at 
Galveston.  Texas,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings 
and  specification,  co|iios  of  wliich  m;iy  be  hacl  on 
application  at  this  cffice  or  the  office  of  the  Superin- 
tendent. Eacli  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certi- 
fied check  for  v<100  (W.  Tlie  Department  will  reject 
all  bids  received  after  llie  time  fixed  for  opening  tlie 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all 
the  requirements  of  this  invitation.  J  AS.  H  WIN- 
DIUM,  Supervising  Arcliitect.  Apr^l  14th,  Is'.iO 

SEAITED  PROPOSALS  will  BE  RKCEIVICD 
at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,'  Washington,  D,  C„  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.,  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  May,  IH'.tO,  for  all  the 
labor  and  materials  reiiuired  tofixin  place  complete 
the  Low  Tern  i)erature.  Hot  Water,  Heating  and  Ven- 
tilating Apparatus  for  the  U.S.  Post  Office  Building, 
at  Springfic^ld,  ().,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings 
and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  ap- 
plication at  tliis  office  or  the  office  of  theSu|>erinlen(l- 
ent.  Each  bid  n\ust  be  accompani(^<l  by  a  certified 
check  for  $200.00.  The  Department  will  reject  all 
bids  received  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the 
same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all 
the  requirements  of  this  invitation.  JAS.H.  WIN- 
DRIM, Supervising  Arcliitect^  April  16,  IHiK). 

Removal  of  the  Wabash  Ticket  Off  ice. 

The  Wabash  people  are  fitting  up  elegant 
new  offices  at  201  Clark  street,  between 
Monroe  and  Adams,  where  their  friends  will 
find  them  from  and  after  May  ist.  As  at 
present,  the  Niagara  Falls  Short  Line  will 
occupy  the  same  office  with  the  Wabash. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 
Board  of  Education,  S-sty  and  bst  brk  school 

liouse,  704  10  Throop  St.  a.  C.  Rudolph . .  170,000 
Wright,  Hill  <t  ('o.,  4-sly  and  bst  brk  oil  fctv 

70x110,  221K-;!2  Lumber  st.  a,  Addler  & 

Sullivan   .ICOOO 

A.  R.  Wilson.  5  3-sty  and  eel  brk  dwls,  10,'ix72 

42;ir)  to  4245  42nd  pi   ,50,000 

L.  Z.  Leiber,  4  and  l-sty  bst  brk  fit  add,  40x20 

]2xli>,  100  Washington  st.     a,  W.  L.  B. 

•lenney   25  OOO 

McCanlery  it  Swartoul  ,  2  2-sty  and  bst  brk 

fits,  40x00,  Oil  Sherman  st   15,000 

E.  Mendel.  2  S-stv  and  bst  brk  dwls,  40x74, 

4SI8-.50  (iranil  boul.  a,  R.  0.  Pent(>coHt . . .  25,000 
W.  P.  Buhler,  2  »-sty  and  eel  brk  dwls,  I«x!l5, 

1842-46  Washington  ov.  n,  C.  B.  Arnold . .  30,000 


[X'a.etory,  ErooJ^lyaa.,  IT.  "S".] 

GAS  FIXTURES. 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7VYF=G  CO.  limited 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

oh:ic-a.<3-o. 

We  supply  the  TRAQE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 

BEST  GOODS, 

LRRGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES. 

 o  

All  of  our  own  superior  make        •  Orders  Carefully  Filled. 


ELECTROLIERS. 
COMB  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KIT^INQS 


NATURE'S  RKMKDIES 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  most  eftective  gronp  of  Remedies  extant.   Compounded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effect  i 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.  NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Remedy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  LIO  persons  have  been  t'catcd  at  our  office  during 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thk  Life  Tonic  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  TuE  Liver  Ren- 
ovator is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  Luno  Elixir  is  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lungand  throat  atTectious.  The  Pain  Relieved  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tootli-aclie.Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  ('onipany  was  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Reme<lies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  theui.  The  most  panoeroUS  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
('atarrli,  nn<l  though  vou  niav  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


A  NEW  PUBLICATION.   Commenced  April  1st,  1890 


I  Architectural 


^M&ticalDesignsIDet/uls 


)F  special  interest  to  Arcliitects,  Coiitriiclor^^.Cnrpr iiterH  nrd  IIullclerH,  Sash 
and  niliid  Maiiuracturer.s,  Mason  nuilderH    Plasterers,  and  all  others  con- 
nected with  the  Arclillectural  and  nuildlnjf  Trades,  in  various  localities,  as  well  as  to 
those  intending  to  build. 

Enrli  number  will  contain  from  eight  to  twelve  0x12  jilates  of  Original  nrawlliRrs,  to 
scale.  During  the  year  tliep' will  be  shown  a  large  variety  of  nesljriis  anil  I>etails,  suitinl  to 
Cities,  Towns  and  VllIaKes,  including  Putilic  and  ITivate  ItuiUliiiKM.  medium 
and  low  cost  Cottaires.  suburban  or  Country  Houses,  Stallles  and  Oul-ItiiiUIinKS, 
Street  and  Store  Kronts.  with  exterior  and  interior  Details.  I>esl>{iiH  fo  -  I-'nrnlture, 
and  a  variety  <-fMisrellai;eous  Details  of  Wood,  Brlcli  StOlie  and   Piaster  work. 

PinCE  Sry.OO  a   Tear.   $!2.7r,  for  Si.v  .Mnnfhs.   r>0  Cfs.  a  .Vuvihrr. 

A.  J.  BICKNELL  PaDltsfier,  il5  BROADWAY,  (P.O.  Box  560)  NEW  YORK. 


M.  L.  Tiermann,  7  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  140x 

40.  3029-13  Portland  av.  a.  .John  Backort  20.000 
Champion.  2  2-stv  eel  and  attic  brk  dwls, 

44x52.  121K.20  Washington  av   12,000 

Andrew  (rroonwaldt,  S-sf  v  and  bst  brk  strand 

fits,  22x107,  m  Holt  av.  a,  T.  Ij<iwendowBki  10,000 
Mrs.  A.  h  Rowley.  H  2-pty  and  bst  brk  dwls,'  

50x67,  3009-13  Prairie  av.  a,  A.  Street  C  15,000 


Herman  Heyn,  8-ety  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits, 

2r>x74.  3ra4  Wentworth  av.  n,  D.  K,  Doerr.  7,000 

Mrs.  M.  Junk,  2  2-slv  and  bst  brk  dwel  and 
barn,  Sr>xS4,  4r)x2ti,  .Wth  and  Morgan  sts.  a, 
Kroniann  A-  .T(>lisen   9,000 

Mrs.  A.  (iartside,  3-sty  and  eel  brk  dwl,  23x80 

4329  Drexol  boul.  n,  N.  A.  Arnold   10,000 


Sanitary  News. 


HEALTHY  HOMES  AND  HEALTHY  LIVING. 


A  WEEKLY 


Journal  of  Sanitary  Science. 


A.  H.  HARRYMAN,  Editor. 


VOLUME  XVI. 

MAY  3,  1890— NOV.  8,  1890. 


CHICAGO: 

THOMAS  HUDSON,  Publisher, 
88  AND  90  La  Salle  Street, 
1890. 


Chicago: 

THOMAS  HUDSON,  PUBLISHER, 

88  AND  90  LA  SALLf  STREET, 
1890. 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XVI. 


May  3,  1890— Nov.  8,  1890. 


A  Good  Move   189 

A  New  Water  Closet   6 

A  Sanitary  Wash-house   15 

Action  of  the  Soil  on  Pathogenic  Germs   5 

American  Water-works   Association — President's 

Address   40 

Public  Health  Association   134 

Physicians   200 

Trade  Press  Association   158 

Among  the  Plumbers..?,  20,  33,  44,  57,  6S,  83,  129, 
144,  154,  165,  ITS,  189,  201,  214,  225,  23T,  250,  262, 

273,  285,  298,  310,  321 

An  Improved  Drain  Pipe     18 

Annual  Convention  of  Colorado  Plumbers   6 

Apples  as  Medicine   2S 

Apparatus,  Flushing   82 

For  Preventing  Smoke   136 

Appeal  to  the  Eye   258 

Architecture,  Suburban   161 

Asbestos  Joint  Lead  Runner   119 

Aseptic  Suite   152 

Association,  The  American  Water- Works   41 

Of  Public  Sanitary  Inspectors   65 

Of  Great  Britain   15 

Athletes  After  Forty   307 

Atmosphere  as  a  Source  of  Tuberculous  Infection . .  53 
Atmospheric  Bacteria   187 

B 

Bacteria,  Atmospheric   187 

Bad  Milk  and  Bad  Water   294 

Basis  on  which  Schedule  of  Water- Rates  Should  be 

Determined   50 

Baths,  Public   269 

Berlin  Sewage  Farms  317 

Benefits  of  the  National  Association  of  Master 

Plumbers     185 

Best  Material  for  Street  Mains   173 

Best  Means  of  Controlling  the  Water  Supply  of 

Buildings  in  Cold  Climates   133 

Bids  and  Contracts..  .11,  23,  35,  46,  59,  70,  84,  96, 
118,  133,  143,  156.  168,  180,  192,  203,  216,  238, 

240,  252,  264,  376,  388,  310,  313,  324 

Boards  of  Health,  Conference  of   14 

Building  Inspectors   39 

Burning  Sulphur  in  the  Sick-Room   233 

Brooklyn  Master  Plumbers'  Outing   285 


Call  for  Inspectors  of  Buildings  Convention   64 

Caulking  Lead  Joints   137 

Cement,  Testing   54 

Census  of  Manufactures  ."   37 

Cellar  Tanks   152 

Chicago  Plumbers'  Thanks  to  Denver  ii61 

Drainage   243 

River  in  its  Relation  to  Health  and  Com- 
merce   83 

Master  Plumbers'  Meeting. .. .19,  44,  60,  79, 

115,  132,  214,  362,  3S6 

Civilitv  in  Trade   265 

Client  and  Architect   284 

Cleanliness   201 

Cause  of   189 

Clean-Sweep  Sewer  Gas-Trap   177 

Columbia   91 

Cold  Water  without  Ice   236 

Cold  and  Damp  Houses..;   64 

Comforts  of  Moorish  Architecture   261 

Competition  for  the  Clark  Medals   2.50 

Compound  Combustion   134 

Conference  of  State  Boards  of  Health   14 

Corrosion  from  Pure  Water   31 

Contagious  Diseases,  Placarding  for   61 

Convention,  Annual  of,  Colorado  Plumbers   6 

Rumblings   115 

Croton  Aqueduct   223 


Dangers  to  Young  Men   15 

Danger  Signals — Summer  Outing   28 

In  Wet  Cellars   284 

Dampness   185 

Decision,  An  Important   133 

Delegates  to  the  Denver  Convention  32,  55,  56,  68 

Defective  Plumbing   92 

Denver  Convention,  Delegates  to  32,  55,  56,  68 

Trip  to   93 

National  Convention  of  Master  Plumbers  at.  97 

Detroit  Plumbers   33 

Plumbing  in   56 

Master  Builders  of   150 

Discussion  of  Water  Supply   29 

Diphtheria,  How  Spread  by  Corpses   S7 

Disinfecting  Power  of  Chloride  of  Lime   188 

Value  of  Sulphur  Dioxide   283 


Disinfection  

And  Infectious  Diseases   1^ 

Sulphurous   209 

And  Disinfectants    2:J3 

During  and  After  Infectious  Diseases   345 

Drains,  House   ^1 

Drain-Testing   200 

Pipe,  An  Improved   1° 

Draining  the  Valley  of  Mexico   71 

Drainage  of  Buildings  in  Relation  to  Health   1(0 

Town  and  Country   267 

Drvigs  in  Food,   J^O 

Dryness,  How  to  Testa  Wall's   178 

Dwelling,  The  Modern   137 


Economy  and  Sufficiency  of  Abstaining  from  Flesh 

Food   282 

Editorial....!,  13,  14,  25,  26,  37,  49,  61,  74,  85,  97, 
109,  121,  133,  145,  157,  169,  181,  193,  305,  317, 

339,  241,  253,  265,  277,  2S9,  301,  313 

Education  of  the  Plumber  211 

Effects  of  Freezing  on  Impurities  in  Water   219 

Electric  Lighting,  Safety  in   55 

Electrical  Industries  at  the  World's  Fair  321 

Engineering   221 

Electricity  Direct  from  Heating   96 

Employ  the  Competent  Plumber   18 

Entitled  to  Vote   6 

Epidemics,  Protection  from   136 

Exhibit  of  Plumbing  and  Plumbing  Material  at  the 

World's  Fair   66 

Exhibition  at  the  World's  Fair,  Plumbers'   81 

Evils  of  Impure  Milk   187 


Factors  in  the  Causation  of  Infectious  Diseases. ..  255 
Few  Simple  Suggestions  as  to  Water  and  Water- 

Supply    125,  134,  149,  159 

Filtration  of  Water   52 

Flushing  Apparatus   82 

Food,  Drugs  in     150 

Forest  Hygiene   297 

Fortunes  in  Small  Inventions   318 


Garbage,  Household  Disposal  of   245 

Gas-Piping,  Specifications  for   90 

Sewer   54 

Light  and  Electrical  Light   147 

Heaters,  Dangers  in   234 

Hints  to  Consumers  of   370 

Germ  Antagonism   65 

Germs,  Action  of  the  Soil  on   5 

Goods  Sold  Through  Trade  Journals   30 

Good  for  the  St.  Louis  Plumbers   213 

Good  Architecture   2'22 

Good  Planning   248 

Great  Britain,  Sanitary  Inspectors  of   15 

Griffith,  President  Robert,  at  St.  Louis   320 

Ground-water  and  Drinking-water  Theories  of 

Cholera   173 

H 

Habits — Mental  and  Physical  

Health  in  Michigan  for  April  

July  

August  

September  

From  an  Economical  Point  of  View . 

The  Public  

Drainage  of  Buildings  in  Relation  to. 

Hints  

Healthful  Homes  

Heating  

And  \'cntilating  

Street  Cars . 


Infectious  Diseases  and  Disinfection   175 

Prevention  of  248 

Influence  of  Newspapers  on  the  Health  of  Com-  277 
munities   274 

In  What  Relation    Should   the  Plumber  Stand 

Toward  his  Client   158 

Inspection  and  Private  Riglils  85 

Of  Plumbing  and  House  Drains   127 

Of  Meat   297 

Inspectors  of  Buildings,  call  for  Convention   64 

Plumbing   1 

Practical  Plumbers  for   67 

Plumbers' Work  as  Applied  to  Duties  of   110 

Invisible  Assailants  of  Health  291 

Iron  Surfaces,  Preservatives  for   54 

Pipes  vs.  Lead  Soil,  Supply  an  1  Water  Pipes  78 
Process  for  Disinfecting  Sewage   257 

Italy's  Public  Health  Act   218 


Jerry  Plumbing  43, 139  14ft 

Work   151 

Plumber   197 

J.  J.  Wade,  letter  from   213 

John  Lavery  case   304 

Joints  Caulking  with  Lead   137 

Journeymen  Plumbers  in  Convention   177 

Strike  at  Denver   177 

Memphis   301 


Key  West  and  Yellow  Fever   122 

Kitchen  Sink  113 

Koch  on  Bacteriology   281 


186 
28 
188 
337 
284 
86 
140 
170 
184 
130 
63 
63 
383 


Heating  and  Lighting  9,  22,  34,  46,  58,  70,  83, 

fl5,  117,  130,  142,  155,  167,  179,  191,  202,  215, 

226,  239,  252,  263,  275,  387,  299,  311,  333 

Hidden  Dangers  in  Dain-building   273 

Hints  to  Consumers  of  Gas   270 

Homes,  Healthful   120 

Houses,  Cold  and  Damp   64 

Honoring  Master  Plumbers   32 

House  Sewers,  Size  of  •   55 

A  Woman's  Ideal   54 

Drains   31 

Household  Disposal  of  Garbage   315 

How  Diphtheria  is  Spread  by  Corpses   87 

How  Not  to  Dolt  7,  20 

Hygiene  of  Carpets   297 

Hygienic  Condition  of  Streets   163 


Importance  of  Thorough  Sanitation   223 

Important  Decisions   133 

Impure  Milk,  Evils  of     187 


Lavery  case,  the  

Law,  Medical  Examiners  

Lead  Soil,  Supply  and  Waste  Pipes  vs.  Iron  Pipe. 

Joint  Runner  

Joints,  Caulking  

Poisoning  from  Water  

Legislation  Regarding  Plumbing  

Letterfrom  J.  J.  Wade  

Liability  of  the  Owner  

Licensing  Plumbers  

Light  in  the  Sick  Room  

Gas  and  Electric  

Lime  Kiln  Cbib  as  Sanitarians  

Logic  of  Architectural  Design  

Los  Angeles,  Sewerage  of  


304 
1S2 

78 
119 
137 
258 

73 
213 
116 
302 
187 
147 
296 
279 


M 


Machine  for  Testing  Building  Material   349 

Madden's  Automatic  Water  Closet   119 

Mains,  Best  Material  for  in  Streets   173 

Master  Builders  of  Detroit   150 

Master  Plumbers' Association,  Membership  in..,.  77 

Benefits  of  the  National  Association  of   185 

National  Convention   97 

Report  of  Committee  on  Credentials   99 

Apprenticeship  Committee   99 

State  Vice-Presidents   100 

President  Hannan   104 

Andrew  Young   105 

Executive  Committee   107 

Special  Committee   108 

Meeting,  Chicago,  19,  44,  60,  79,  115,  133,  214, 

362,  286,  310 

Maryland  Plumbing  Law  Sustained   140 

Meat  Inspection   297 

Medical  Examiners'  Law   1S2 

Medicine,  Apples  as   28 

Membership  in  the  Master  Plumbers' Association.  77 

Memphis,  Water  Supply  of   14 

Microbes,  Theory  of   150 

Minimum  Sizes  of  Pipe  Sewers   303 

Modern  Dwelling   137 

Municipal  Silliness   144 


National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers,  Offi- 
cers, of  1889-90. .. ..   81 

Society  of  Building  Inspectors   39 

New  York  Trade  Schools   158 

New  Plumbing  Law  for   30 

New  Haven  Plumbing  Ordinance   170 

Reofulations  210 

New  Plumbing  Law  for  New  York   30 

Method  of  Sewer  Ventilation   123 

Sewage  Disinfectant   137 

Building  Material   294 

Exchange   184 

Smoke  Comsuming  Apparatus   16 

Not  Authorized   19 

Notes  on  the  Care  of  Sewers   146 

Notes  and  News,  169,  181, 194,  306,  318,  330,  342, 

254,  266,  378,  290,  302,  315 


INDEX. 


o 


Officers  of  the  National  Association  of  Master 

Plumbers,  1889-90    81 

Ordininces,  Plumbing,  of  Minneapolis   127 

New  Haven   170 

Otherwise  and  Wise   87 

Our  Census  Manufacturers   37 

Streets,  Hyg^ienic  Condition  of   163 

Owner,  Liability  of   116 


P 

Personal  Relations  and  Responsibilities   277 

Pipe  Lines  for  Heating  and  Lighting  308 

Placarding  for  Contagious  Diseases   61 

Plumbing  Inspectors   1 

New  Law  for  New  York  30 

Regulations  for  Salt  Lake  City   31 

Jerry  43, 139,  146,  151,  197 

In  Detroit   57 

And  Plumbing  Material  at  the  World's  Fair  66 

Legislation  Regarding   73 

Testing  Apparatus   80 

Defective   92 

And  House  Drains,  Inspection  of  127 

Ordinance  of  Minneapolis   127 

Law  Sustained  in  Maryland   140 

Ordinance  of  New  York   170 

As  a  Business   205 

Regulations  of  New  Haven   210 

On  Show   284 

And  Sanitary  Science   217 

Plumbers'  Annual  Convention  of  Colorado   6 

Employ  the  Competent   18 

Of  Detroit   32 

Honoring  Master   32 

And  Their  Work   48 

For  Inspectors   67 

Exhibition  at  the  World's  Fair   81 

National  Convention  of   97 

Work  as  Applied  to  the  Duties  of  Sanitary 

Inspectors   110 

What  will  Benefit   176 

Craft  and  Education   195 

Resolutions  of  Texas  Master   201 

The  Education  of   211 

Relation  Between  the  and  the  Public   217 

Practical  Plumbers  for  Inspectors   67 

Preservatives  for  Iron  Surfaces   54 

Preventive  Measures  that  Prevent   49 

Prevention  of  Infectious  and  Contagious  Diseases. .  248 

Tuberculosis   257 

Infection  in  School-houses   273 

Private  Construction  and  Maintenance  of  Sewers. .  50 

Rights  and  Inspection   85 

Progress  of  Sanitary  Reform  258 

Prophylaxis  of  Tuberculosis  318 

Protection  from  Epidemics   136 

Trade   73 

Pure  Water  in  Cities   314 

Purification  of  Water-.Supplies   219 

Of  Water   74 

o 

Quarterly  Meeting  of  the  Tennessee  Slate  Board  of 
Health   306 

R 

Rational  Architecture   71 

Registration  in  England   198 

Regulations,  Plumbing,  in  New  Haven   210 


Relation  Between  the  Plumber  and  the  Public   217 

Removal  of  Micro-Organisms  from  Water   318 

Report  on  Tenements  and  Factories  for  1S89   26 

Resolutions  of  the  Texas  Master  Plumbers   201 

Resonance  a  Measure  of  Elasticity   262 

Reviews  and  Notes  148,  176,  224,  250,  2S6,  321 

Rules  Regarding  Cement   186 

s 

Safety  in  Electric  Lighting   55 

Salt  Lake  City,  Plumbing  Regulations  of   31 

Sanitary  Inspectors  of  Great  Britain   15 

Wash-house   15 

Science,  What  Schools  May  Do  for   38 

Inspectors,  Public  Association  of   65 

Service  of  Amsterdam   207 

Appliances   241 

Condition  of  Melbourne   242 

Reform,  Progress  of   258 

Sanitation  in  Relation  to  Business   157 

Scheme  for  Cheap  Power   294 

Schools,  What  They  May  Do  for  Sanitary  Science.  38 

Sewage,  New  Disinfectant   137 

Sewerage  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal   5 

And  Storm-water   196 

Systems   194 

And  Sewage  Disposal  of  New  York  Cit)'.. . .  267 

And  Drain.age  of  Columbus,  0   271 

Notes. ...11,  23,  35,  46,  58,  70,  83,  95,  117,  131, 
142,  156,  167,  179,  192,  203,  215,  227,  239,  252. 

264,  275,  288,  3U0,  312,  323 

Sewer  Gas   54 

Sewers  and  the  L^tilization  of  Sewage   3 

Minimum  Size  for  Pipe   303 

Private  Construction  and  Maintenance   50 

Specifications   316 

Size  for  House   55 

New  Method  of  Ventilation.   123 

Should  Apprenticeship  be  Regulated  by  State  Leg- 
islation, and  On  What  Conditions  Should 

Indentures  be  Granted?   42 

Singularities  of  Diphtheria   296 

Size  of  House-sewers   55 

Smoke-Consuming  Apparatus   16 

Apparatus  fi>r  Preventing   136 

Annihilator    13S 

Soil,  Action  of,  on  Pathogenic  Germs   5 

Solving  the  Problem   52 

Specifications  for  Gas-piping   90 

State  Plumbing  Law   320 

Boards  of  Health  Conference   14 

Strikes   218 

Sub-Contracting   109 

Syphon  Water-Closets   112 

T 

Talmage's  Advice  to  Home-Getters   36 

Tar-Coated  Soil-Pipe   280 

Tenements  and  Factories,  Report  of  Inspection  of, 

for  1889    26 

Testing  Cement   54 

Apparatns  for  Plumbing   80 

The  Coming  Convention  of  the  American  Water- 
Works  Association   29 

The  Water-Supply  of  Memphis   14 

The  Kitchen  Sink   113 

The  Public  Health   140 

The  Plumber  Man  282 

Theory  of  Microbes   153 

Tips  for  Builders   221 

Town  and  Country  Drainage   267 

Towns,  Water- Works  in  Small   2 

Trade  Journals,  Goods  Sold  Through  Them   30 

Protection   73 

Schools   93 


Transmission  of  Typhoid  Fever  by  the  Air   134 

Traps   114 

Trip  to  Denver   93 

And  the  Convention   163 

Tuberculous  Infection,  Atmosphere  as  a  Sonrce  of..  53 

Typhoid  Fever,  Transmission  by  the  Air   134 

And  Filth   285 

Tyrotoxicon   249 

u 

Under  What  Conditions  Should  the  City  Authori- 
ties Grant  an  Applicant  a  License  to  Carry  on 
the  Plumbing' Business?   16 

V 

Valley  of  Mexico,  Drainage  of   71 

Value  of  Sulphur  Dioxide  as  a  Disinfectant  283 

Ventilating  and  Heating   62 

Ventilation,  New  Method  for  Sewer   123 

Ventilator,  a  New  Patent   190 

Viewed  by  an  Architect  212 

Virginia  State  Board  of  Health   138 

Vote,  Entitled  to   6 

w 

Water-closet,  Mew  Model  for   6 

Syphon   112 

Wash-house,  a  Sanitary   15 

Water-works  in  Small  Towns   2 

Association,  the  American — President's  Ad- 
dress  40 

Notes.. .  .10,  23,  35,  46,  58,  70,  83,  95.  118,  131, 
142,  156,  167,  180,  192,  203,  216,  227,  239, 

252,  264,  275,  288,  300,  312,  324 
Water  and  Water-Supply,  a  Few  Simple  Sugges- 
tions as  to  125,  1347  149,  159 

Corrosion  from  Pure   24 

Supply  of  Memphis   14 

Discussion  of  Supply   29 

Rates — Basis  on  which  Schedules  Should  be 

Determined   50 

Filtration   52 

Purification  of   74 

Sterilization  of   120 

Effect  of  Freezing  on  Impurities  in   209 

Supplies,  Purification  of   219 

Pure,  in  Cities   314 

What  Our  Schools  Mav  Do  for  Sanitary  Science. ..  38 

What  we  tvnow,  and  How  we  Know  it   316 

Where  the  Obligation  Lies   193 

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done. . .  .8,  21,  33,  45,  57, 
69,  S3,  94, 116,  129,  141,  154,  166, 178,  190,  202, 

214,  226,  238,  251,  263,  272,  287  ,  298,  310,  322 
Which  is  the  Best  System  for  Preventing  B.ick- 

water  from  Entering  Buildings?   113 

Wise  and  Otherwise   87 

Woman's  Ideal  House   54 

Wood- working   225 

Work  of  a  Health  Officer   296 

World's  Fair,  Exhibit  of  Plumljing  and  Plumbing 

Material  at   66 

Worthy  of  His  Hire  '..  181 

Y 

Yellow  Fever  and  Key  West   122 

Young  Men,  Dangers  to   15 

Young,  Chief  Inspector,  Report  on  Tenements  and 

Factories  for  1889   36 

Report  on  American  Public  Health  Associa- 
tion  105 


May  3,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


1 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUBLISHED  EVERY  WEEK, 


No.  90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson, 

-  PUUI.ISIIKR. 

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-  Editok. 

Hbnry  R.  Allen, 

Entered 

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subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial    -         .          •          -  y 

Sewers  and  the  Utilization  of  Sewage  -          -----  3 

Action  of  the  Soil  on  Pathogenic  Germs  -         -          -          -          -  5 

Sewerage  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  5 

PLUMBING  

Annual  Convention  of  Colorado  Plumbers     .  .          .         _  g 

A  Model  for  a  New  Water  Closet  -----  6 

Entitled  to  Vote  (> 

How  Not  to  Do  It    -          -  -          -          -         -         -  .7 

Among  the  Plumbers  7 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done  -          .          -          -          .          -  8 

Heating  and  Lighting  9 

Water  Works  Notes  10 

Sewerage  Notes  r         .  \\ 

Bids  and  Contracts     -          -  -          r         -          -          -         -  11 


With  this  issue  The  Sanitary  News  begins  its  sixteenth 
volume,  and,  in  celebration  of  the  occasion  and  in  order  to  mani- 
fest its  recognition  and  appreciation  of  the  increasing  patronage 
it  has  received,  it  appears  in  an  enlarged  form,  with  a  new  dress, 
new  head,  and  new  colored  cover.  Its  growing  prosperity  and 
popularity  have  induced  this  improvement.  Its  increasing  pros- 
perity has  prompted  this  increased  cost  of  publication  both  in  the 
consummation  of  its  progressive  aims  and  in  its  purpose  to  justly 
recognize  the  liberal  support  of  its  progressive  patrons.  Adver- 
tisers will  find  in  its  increased  circulation  an  increase  in  the  value 
of  its  advertising  columns,  while  the  reader  will  find  a  greater 
amount  of  information  in  its  additional  space  for  reading  matter. 
From  the  most  flattering  and  extensive  manner  in  which  the  jour- 


nal is  quoted  both  in  this  and  other  countries,  it  was  deemed 
worthy  of  this  more  comely  form  and  graceful  dress.  The  policy 
of  The  Sanitary  News  will  remain  as  it  has  been,  an  exponent  of 
sanitary  science,  devoted  to  the  advancement  of  health,  preventive 
medicine,  and  the  highest  interests  of  all  the  agencies  of  modern 
sanitation.  That  its  field  of  usefulness  may  be  more  widely  ex- 
tended, the  construction  of  water-works  and  sewers  will  be  more 
fully  treated  than  heretofore.  Every  feature  of  building  construc- 
tion, ventilation,  heating,  and  lighting  will  receive  consideration, 
and  the  aid  of  the  most  advanced  and  authoritative  literature  of 
the  day.  The  journal  will  continue  to  be  the  advocate  of  efficient 
legal  sanitation  in  the  states  and  of  a  properly  equipped  and  pro- 
ficient national  board  of  health.  The  services  of  the  plumber  are 
viewed  both  as  the  application  of  a  trade  and  the  exercise  of  a 
profession,  and  it  is  a  reasonable  conviction  that  the  advancement 
of  trade  interests  will  enhance  the  value  of  the  profession,  which 
is  foremost  among  important  sanitary  agencies.  Sanitary  engin- 
eering is  rendering  a  service  that  should  be  aided  and  extended  in 
its  contributions  to  public  and  domestic  hygiene.  This  is  the 
province  of  The  Sanitary  News,  and  its  aim  will  be  to  con- 
tribute somewhat  of  value  and  usefulness  to  these  important 
interests. 

Fire  and  Water  calls  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  ful^ 
credit  was  not  given  to  the  article,  "Water-Works  for  Small 
Towns,"  recently  published  in  The  Sanitary  News.  On  looking 
the  matter  up,  we  find  that  proper  credit  was  given  to  the  author 
of  the  article,  but,  as  Fire  and  Water  informs  us,  the  article  was 
written  expressly  for  that  journal,  it  should  have  been  given 
credit,  which  credit  we  freely  give  now.  The  Sanitary  News 
is  careful  to  give  credit  where  credit  is  due  as  a  principle  of  jus- 
tice and  a  universally  recogn'zed  act  of  courtesy.  That  The 
Sanitary  News  is  not  thus  treated  is  no  reason  why  it  should 
change  its  course.  There  is  not  a  journal  published  anywhere 
which  is  quoted  more  widely  or  stolen  from  more  persistently 
than  The  Sanitary  News.  A  visit  to  this  office  and  a  perusal 
of  our  exchanges  will  satisfy  any  one  of  the  truth  of  this  asser- 
tion. We  say  nothing  about  these  thefts  and  care  little,  for  we 
are  publishing  a  journal  for  the  information  and  benefit  of 
the  public,  and  the  wider  this  information  is  circulated  and 
the  more  repetitions  it  has  the  better  is  our  purpose  served. 
We  have  sometimes  felt  inclined  to  call  attention  to  over- 
sights in  giving  credit,  but  when  we  discovered  that  a  secre- 
tary of  the  board  of  health  in  one  of  our  prosperous  states  had 
appropriated  from  this  journal,  without  any  credit,  over  a  page  in 
his  annual  report,  and  that  an  inspector  of  plumbing  in  one  of  the 
eastern  cultured  cities,  in  his  report,  had  freely  helped  himself  to 
its  columns  without  the  least  sign  of  credit,  and  some  other  in- 
stances of  a  like  character,  our  awe  and  almost  admiration  for 
such  sublime  cheek  struck  us  dumb. 


An  English  journal  discusses  the  question  of  the  possibility  of 
distinguishing  "high  and  low  born  blood"  by  the  aid  of  the  micro- 
scope. This  discovery  may  be  made;  it  should  be  at  least,  for 
there  are  many  instances  in  which  it  will  take  a  microscope  of 
high  power  to  distinguish  the  difference.  It  will  be  a  proud  day 
for  the  English  "high  born  blood"  when  the  microscope  will  be 
able  to  stand  between  them  and  the  imposition  of  the  "low  born 
blood."  But  after  all  what  difference  will  it  make  if  only  the  mi- 
croscope can  discover  that  which  is  not  distinguishable  by  the 
naked  eye  of  English  society. 

The  simple  fact  that  a  plumbing  job  maybe  mechanically  per- 
fect and  wholly  unsanitary,  is  sufficient  evidence  that  the  compe- 
tent plumber  is  more  than  a  mechanic. 

PLUMBING  INSPECTORS. 

Some  of  our  exchanges,  a  very  few  of  them,  are  of  the  opinion 
that  a  plumber  is  not  necessarily  demanded  for  plumbing  in- 
spector. Not  necessarily,  perhaps,  in  all  cases,  but  to  be  on  the 
safe  side  it  would  be  better  to  have  a  plumber  appointed  to  in- 
spect plumbing  in  every  case.  There  undoubtedly  are  men  who 
could  intelligently  pass  upon  the  merits  of  a  job  of  plumbing  who 
have  never  done  any  plumbing  in  their  lives,  but  the  chances 
are  against  such  rnen  and  strongly  in  favor  of  the  practical 
plumber. 


2 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  326 


There  are  certain  rules  laid  down  governing  inspection,  and 
certain  regulations  established  governing  plumbing  work.  The 
inspector  could  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office  within  the  plain 
and  simple  directions  of  these  general  rules  and  regulations,  and, 
in  the  main,  could  secure  their  enforcement.  But  there  is  a  differ- 
ence between  occupying  a  place  and  filling  it.  Every  official  is 
supposed  to  be  able  to  fill  his  position  and  discharge  its  every 
obligation. 

The  rules  and  regulations  governing  plumbing  and  plumbing 
nspection  must  necessarily  be  general.  They  cannot  be  made  to 
suit  each  particular  case.  Hence  the  inspector  whose  experience  en- 
ables him  to  inspect  only  in  accordance  with  these  rules  and  regula- 
tions, is  disqualified  as  an  inspector  in  the  vast  majority  of  cases 
that  will  come  under  his  official  consideration.  He  can  learn  from 
these  general  rules  and  from  illustrations  the  general  outline  of 
plumbing,  but  he  will  know  nothing  about  the  intricate  details  of 
the  work  on  which  the  efficiency  of  plumbing  depends.  He  may 
be  able  to  judge  of  the  mechanical  construction  of  the  work,  of  its 
soundness  and  stability,  but  this,  while  important,  is  about  the 
least  important  part  of  the  work.  Of  the  proper  size  of  pipes, 
arrangements  of  traps,  vent-,  flushes,  ventilation,  and  the  thou- 
sand and  one  details  necessary  to  secure  a  perfect  sanitary  system 
of  plumbing,  he  is  ignorant  simply  because  he  has  not  learned  the 
trade,  or  had  any  opportunity  of  becoming  informed  on  these,  the 
most  important  features  of  plumbing  in  the  securement  of  safety 
to  the  occupants  of  buildings.  A  man  who  is  not  a  practical 
plumber  is  not  expected  to  know  these  things.  It  is  not  his  busi- 
ness. If  the  knowledge  of  plumbing  were  common  to  all  men 
there  would  be  no  such  distinction  as  plumber  and  no  need  of  in- 
spection. The  whole  object  of  the  inspection  of  plumbing  is  the 
protection  of  the  people,  who  know  nothing  about  the  work,  from 
the  imposition  of  dishonest  plumbers  or  the  mistakes  of  the  in- 
competent. 

The  presumption  of  every  law,  rule,  or  regulation  is,  that  the 
plumber  only,  the  competent  plumber  of  course  being  understood, 
is  fully  familiar  with  the  demands  of  perfect  sanitary  plumbing. 
If  it  were  presumed  that  the  general  public  were  possessed  of 
this  knowledge  there  would  be  no  object  in  the  enactment  of  any 
laws  Oi  the  establishment  of  any  rules  in  this  respect.  The  pre- 
sumption being  that  the  people  are  not  qualified  to  protect  them- 
selves against  defective  plumbing  work,  it  must  be  presumed  that 
the  law  supposes  that  there  are  some  persons  qualified  to  provide, 
through  inspection,  this  protection.  This  supposition  being  true, 
where  would  we  reasonably  look  for  persons  possessing  such  qual- 
ifications? The  source  from  which  these  qualifications  are  derived 
will  answer  this  question.  They  do  not  come  by  chance.  They 
are  not  inherited.  No  man  is  born  a  plumber  or  a  judge  of 
plumbing.  Qualifications  in  this  regard  must  come  from  a  close 
acquaintance  and  perfect  familiarity  with  plumbing  work  in  all  its 
details  and  demands.  Who  possesses  this  knowledge  if  not  the 
man  who  has  spent  years  working  at  the  trade,  and  has  had  prac- 
tical experience  with  every  phase  and  feature  that  could  possibly 
arise  in  any  system  of  plumbing?  The  only  reasonable  and  log- 
ical conclusion  is  that  the  plumber  is  the  one  pre-eminently 
qualified  to  judge  of  plumbing  as  he  is  also  qualified  to  do  the 
work. 

The  great  mistake  that  is  generally  made  is  the  consideration 
of  plumbing  as  merely  a  trade  which  requires  only  a  clever  me- 
chanic. If  this  were  all  any  one  who  could  hang  a  pipe  and  make 
a  joint  could  do  the  work.  If  there  were  nothing  to  do  but  drain  a 
house,  that  is  if  the  only  object  were  to  get  the  waste  out  of  the 
building,  the  work  would  be  simple  enough.  But  this  is  not  all  or 
any  portion  of  the  most  important  part  of  house  drainage.  A 
simple  arrangement  of  pipes  might  be  perfect  for  all  drainage 
purposes,  and  yet  be  the  most  dangerous  from  a  sanitary  point  of 
view. 

A  perfect  drain  can  easily  be  a  perfect  entrance  to  a  room  for 
all  the  poisonous  gases  and  disease-producing  pollutions  that  can 
arise  from  the  worst  decomposition  and  foulness  obtainable.  A 
system  of  pipes  that  will  secure  rapid  and  adequate  drainage  can 
be  so  arranged  and  located  as  to  pollute  the  water,  air,  and  food, 
and  make  possible  the  development  of  disease  germs  that  could 
not  otherwise  find  entrance  to  the  household.  To  prevent  the 
possibilities  for  all  these  evils  is  the  province  of  the  plumber,  and 


the  office  of  the  inspector  is  to  see  that  this  has  been  done.  If  the 
inspector  does  not  know  how  to  prevent  these  evils,  how  is  he  to 
know  when  it  is  done?  The  plumber,  knowing  how  to  do  the 
work  in  order  to  afford  perfect  protection  against  these  ills,  is 
surely  a  competent  person  to  determine  when  the  work  has  been 
done  properly. 

The  city  of  Chicago  is  an  illustration  of  the  efficiency  of  the 
work  of  a  practical  plumber  as  inspector.  The  work  that  has  been 
accomplished  and  is  being  done  uiider  the  direction  of  Chief  In- 
spector Young  is  a  credit  to  the  trade  of  which  he  is  an  eminent 
representative,  and  an  honor  to  those  who  enjoy  the  good  fortune 
of  being  responsible  for  his  appointment.  The  thoroughness  and 
efficiency  of  the  work  being  done  meets  with  unqualified  approval, 
and  the  justness  and  fairness  with  which  the  work  is  prosecuted  is 
highly  commended  by  the  reputable  plumbers  of  this  city.  The 
same  work  might  have  been  done  by  an  unpractical  man,  but  the 
fact  that  it  is  not  and  never  has  been  done  by  an  inexperienced 
official  in  this  field  of  work,  is  a  point  strongly  in  favor  of  the  se- 
lection of  practical  men  for  the  performance  of  this  important  serv- 
ice. That  the  practical  plumber  should  be  selected  as  inspector 
of  plumbing,  and  thus  avoid  the  possibility  of  error  in  procuring 
inexperienced  and  incompetent  men,  is  a  conclusion  that  must 
force  itself  upon  all  who  properly  consider  the  character  and  im- 
portance of  the  services  to  be  rendered. 

WATER-WORKS   IN  SMALL  TOWNS. 

The  increasing  demand  for  water-works  for  smaller  towns,  rang- 
ing from  2,000  inhabitants  up,  has  a  happy  bearing  on  the  matter 
of  public  health  as  well  as  a  fortunate  effect  on  commercial,  trade 
and  business  interests.  It  has  been  repeatedly  shown  and  illus- 
trated in  these  columns  that  the  growth  of  a  town,  its  necessary 
compactness  of  population,  renders  the  public  and  private  well  a 
source  of  danger.  The  unavoidable  accumulation  of  filth,  out- 
houses, and  cess-pools  is  a  continued  contamination  of  the  water 
drawn  from  these  wells.  A  report  of  all  the  sickness  clearly 
traceable  to  this  source  would  be  startling  and  actuate  the  people 
of  these  smaller  towns  in  the  procurement  of  a  purer  water.  It 
has  been  many  times  demonstrated  that  well  water,  when  taken 
from  near  sources  of  surface  contamination,  has  been  the  cause  of 
diseases  which  have  developed  into  fatal  epidemics.  A  mistaken 
idea  prevails  that  the  soil  purifies  water  filtered  through  it,  and 
that  well  water  is  always  the  purest.  Water  is  a  solvent,  and  it 
may  be  filtered  through  soil  and  taken  from  the  well  as  clear  as 
crystal,  yet  full  of  virulent  disease  germs.  House  waste,  street 
filth,  decaying  garbage,  and  general  refuse  are  washed  by  the 
rainfall  that  finds  its  way  to  the  well  and  domestic  uses.  What- 
ever there  is  of  disease  in  all  this  filth  is  carried  through  the  well 
water  to  the  consumers.  It  is  not  purified  by  its  passage  through 
the  soil,  but  it  carries  with  it  whatever  impurities  the  soil  contains. 
It  would  be  more  scientifically  correct  to  say  that  water  purifies 
soil  than  that  soil  purifies  water,  and  the  condition  of  the  soil  un- 
der any  town  can  be  easily  imagined. 

In  establishing  a  system  of  water-works  all  this  filth  is 
avoided,  and  some  source  secure  from  pollution  is  selected  and 
the  supply  guarded  from  contamination.  By  this  means  such  dis- 
eases as  are  communicable  through  drinking  water  are  prevented 
and  an  epidemic  is  avoided.  Thus  the  greatest  public  interest  is 
served  through  the  establishment  of  water-works. 

But  this  is  not  all.  Besides  the  convenience,  necessity,  and 
luxury  of  a  water-works  system,  it  widens  business,  trade,  and 
commercial  interests.  The  sewer  must  follow  water-works  to  ad- 
vance the  sanitary  arrangements  of  the  town,  and  to  secure  to  the 
consumer  all  the  convenience  and  benefits  to  be  derived  therefrom 
with  the  greatest  possible  security  and  comfort.  The  establish- 
ment of  a  system  of  sewerage  brings  up  the  question  of  the  dis- 
posal of  sewage,  the  solution  of  which  problem  calls  into  activity 
other  means  of  sanitation,  trade  and  business  interests.  The 
sewer  is  objected  to  on  account  of  this  and  because  it  is  a  foul 
chamber  emptying  its  filth  somewhere;  but  when  we  reflect  that 
all  this  filth  that  is  carried  out  of  the  town  would,  without  the 
sewer,  remain  in  it,  the  argument  is  in  favor  of  the  sewer.  All 
this  filth  is  the  unavoidable  result  of  dense  population,  and  that  it 
should  be  carried  away  from  the  homes  of  the  people  is  but  the 
logic  of  reason.  This  all  costs  money,  it  is  true,  but  it  is  an  ex- 
pense that  has  to  be  met.    It  is  simply  a  question  of  money 


May  3,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


3 


against  that  of  health  and  life  between  which  people  must  choose. 
The  possibility  of  contaminating,  by  sewage,  water  that  would  be 
used  by  other  towns  for  portable  purposes,  has  called  for  some 
artificial  means  for  the  disposal  of  sewage,  and  the  engineer  and 
chemist  are  to-day  engaged  on  the  solution  of  this  problem  to  a 
far  greater  extent  than  ever  before.  The  transformation  of  foul 
sewage  into  a  valuable  product  seems  now  to  be  a  problem  the 
solution  of  which  is  a  matter  of  a  very  short  time.  Its  achieve- 
ment does  not  lie  among  the  remote  possibilities,  for  the  success 
already  attained  indicates  its  early  accomplishment. 

The  establishment  of  water-works  and  sewerage  systems  calls 
for  another  service  of  great  sanitary  value  and  of  interest  to  trade 
and  business.  The  plumber  then  becomes  a  necessity  and  the 
best  skill  and  knowledge  are  required  in  this  service  to  complete 
the  sanitary  equipment  of  a  healthful  town.  His  labors  at  once 
partake  of  the  nature  of  the  craftsman  and  the  sanitary  e.xpeit, 
and  in  this  capacity  he  stands  very  near  the  highest  interest  of 
the  people.  Through  his  services  it  is  possible  for  the  people  to 
enjoy  all  the  convenience,  benefits,  and  comforts  of  a  water-works 
system  and  the  offices  of  the  sewer  without  danger  from  the  nox- 
ious waste  resulting  from  the  necessities  of  town  populations. 
With  a  pure  water  supply,  a  perfect  system  of  sewerage  and  sew- 
age disposal,  and  the  work  of  competent  plumbers,  life  in  these 
towns  is  made  a  luxury  instead  of  a  burden.  This  is  the  progress 
these  towns  are  making,  and  by  it  they  are  adding  strength  and 
health  to  a  people  and  a  higher  plane  of  existence  to  every  stage 
of  human  progress. 


SEWEFS  AND  THE  UTILIZATION  OF  SEWAGE.* 

In  opening  the  question  of  "  Sewers  and  the  Utilization  of  Sew- 
age," I  realize  that  what  little  I  can  say  on  the  subject  will  be  that 
which  has  been  thoroughly  gone  over  and  ably  discussed  by  many 
eminent  engineers  much  more  able  to  do  so  than  I,  but  will  per- 
haps give  you  som  facts  of  interest  picked  up  by  me  in  my  study 
of  the  subject  and  what  little  experience  I  have  had  while  follow- 
ing my  profession.  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  do  what  little  there  is  in 
my  power  to  advance  the  good  feeling  and  success  of  this  society, 
and  as  I  have  been  called  upon  to  say  something  on  the  above 
subject,  I  ask  you  to  bear  with  me  while  I  give  you  this  paper,  pre- 
pared from  my  memory  of  the  past,  as  it  has  been  some  time 
since  I  have  been  actively  engaged  in  that  branch  of  engineering; 
some  of  it  is  from  good  authority,  from  books  and  papers,  and 
some  from  my  own  experience  with  my  own  views  on  the  subject 
sandwiched  in. 

I  have  heard  it  said  that  the  question  of  sewage  was  a  very 
simple  one,  and  one  acquainted  with  grades,  etc.,  would  solve  the 
question,  and  that  it  was  only  necessary  to  know  how  deep 
to  put  a  sewer  to  drain  the  surrounding  district,  and  the  size.  I 
beg  to  take  exceptions  from  this,  and  will  quote  the  words  of  some 
of  our  most  eminent  engineers.  The  subject  of  sewers  and  utiliz- 
ation of  sewage  is  one  of  the  most  important  engineering  subjects 
we  have  to  handle,  when  we  consider  that  life  is  dependent  in 
our  thickly  settled  cities  on  good  drainage,  and  what  is  more  im- 
portant to  us  than  human  life? 

As  far  back  as  the  Tarquins,  who  took  up  the  subject  of  drain- 
age and  spent  many  fortunes  in  the  construction  of  its  conduits 
and  sewers;  it  was  in  their  time  that  the  people  refused  to  work 
on  account  of  the  great  length  of  time  and  apparent  uselessness 
of  it,  and  it  was  then  that  the  rulers  had  executed  the  leaders  of 
the  revolt,  and  had  carried  through  the  streets  on  long  poles  their 
heads,  to  show  to  the  discouraged  people  what  might  be  their 
doom.  This  work  was  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important 
pieces  of  engineering  of  that  age,  and  the  importance  can  be  esti- 
mated by  the  extent  of  work  and  amount  of  money  spent. 

The  question  of  sewerage  in  our  Eastern  cities  has  taken  one 
of  the  most  important  parts  in  engineering  skill. 

In  treating  the  subject  of  sewage  you  wish,  first,  to  know  where 
to  dispose  of  your  sewage  when  collected. 

Second — The  area  to  be  drained. 

Third — The  number  of  inhabitants. 

Fourth — The  contour  of  ground;  then  the  system  to  be  used, 
whether  you  exclude  rain  water  in  part  or  entirely. 

♦Paper  read  by  R.  D.  Hobart.  formerly  Chief  Engineer  of  Boston,  before  the 
Denver  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  and  Architects. 


There  are  in  use  now  in  various  parts  of  the  world  three 
methods  of  disposing  of  the  sewage  of  large  cities  where  the 
water-carriage  system  is  in  use. 

First — Precipitation  of  the  solid  parts  with  a  view  to  utilizing 
them  as  manure  and  to  purify  the  streams. 

Second — Irrigation. 

Neither  of  these  processes  has  proved  remunerative,  and  the 
former  only  clarifies  the  sewage  without  purifying  it;  but  if  the 
time  comes  when,  by  the  advance  of  our  knowledge  of  agricul- 
tural chemistry,  sewage  can  be  properly  used  as  a  fertilizer,  or  if 
it  should  now  be  deemed  best  to  utilize  it  in  spite  of  a  pecuniary 
loss,  it  is  thought  that  the  point  to  which  we  might  carry  it,  viz., 
far  enough  away  from  a  city,  and  still  not  too  far,  that  it  could  be 
used  to  a  good  advantage. 

Third — The  way  that  has  been  adopted  the  world  over  by  large 
cities  near  deep  water  consists  in  carrying  the  sewage  out  so  far 
into  the  water  that  its  point  of  discharge  will  be  remote  from 
dwellings,  and  beyond  the  possibility  of  doing  harm. 

Where  the  water-carriage  system  has  been  adopted  the  size  of 
sewers  has  to  be  determined;  the  question  then  arises  whether  you 
take  the  rainfall  in  part  or  wholly;  the  number  of  persons  to  the 
acre,  i.  e.,  guessed,  and  the  amount  of  water  used  per  capita  in 
twenty-four  hours;  this  will  give  you  the  maximum  flow  of  sewage 
to  be  taken  care  of.  The  size  of  sewers  can  be  determined  after 
finding  what  the  grade  of  the  sewers  will  be.  There  are  many 
formulas  used,  owing  to  the  amount  of  friction,  etc.,  in  pipes  with 
glazed  sides,  and  in  brick,  stone  and  wood  sewers.  A  very  good 
formula  for  the  velocity  of  flow  is  V.  C.  V.  R.  I.  with  Kutter's  co- 
efficients, by  using  .013  as  the  co-efificient  for  roughness. 

In  the  above  system,  when  pumping  is  not  resorted  to,  tide- 
dock  sewers  have  to  be  built,  where  they  have  tide  gates  that  are 
locked  automatically  by  the  incoming  tide.  These  gates,  when 
closed,  allow  no  tide  water  to  come  into  the  sewers,  and  closing 
the  outlet  so  that  the  capacity  of  the  sewer  has  to  be  sufficient  to 
hold  the  sewerage  of  the  district  until  such  a  time  that  the  tide 
goes  out,  allowing  the  gates  to  open  and  then  the  sewerage  flows 
out ;  this  is  about  two  hours  eaCh  tide,  twice  a  day.  When  the  sewers 
are  intended  to  take  the  storm  water  there  are  overflows  built  so 
that  when  the  water  rises  to  a  certain  point  it  flows  through  this 
to  some  waterway;  this,  of  course,  is  bad,  but  seldom  gives  trouble. 

In  cities  inland  the  system  is  somewhat  different  as  to  the  dis- 
posal of  the  sewage.  There  being  no  tide-water  to  empty  into 
they  have  to  utilize  the  streams,  and  in  most  cases  these  streams 
flow  for  some  distance  and  then  used  for  domestic  purposes. 
This  of  course  is  wrong.  And  again  the  sewage  is  deposited  along 
the  banks  of  said  streams  and  is  very  injurious  to  the  health  of 
any  one  living  adjacent  to  said  stream,  which  is  often  the  case, 
and  many  times  villages  are  located  along  the  stream  not  far 
from  the  city,  but  aside  from  this  particular  feature  both  systems 
become  similar.  If  the  sewage  is  to  be  deposited  into  any  stream 
of  water,  I  think  it  should  be  filtered  before  reaching  the  stream. 
Any  person  knowing  that  a  city  above  emptied  its  sewage  into  the 
stream  would  hardly  relish  drinking  the  water,  even  if  they  do 
not  detect  the  taste.  The  process  of  filtering  has  been  tried,  and 
I  have  never  heard  of  any  system  working  satisfactorily.  To  do 
this  settling  tanks  are  used  and  then  passed  through  filter  cham- 
bers. The  sewage  may  be  clarified  by  passing  through  a  filter, 
but  it  is  a  physical  impossibility  to  thus  extract  soluble  matter 
unless  it  be  run  slow  for  infusoria  and  oxidation  to  eliminate  the 
matter  while  in  transit,  and  in  large  cities,  where  there  is  so  large 
an  amount  of  sewage,  this  can't  be  done  without  large  expense. 
Then  there  comes  the  system  of  irrigating  the  lands  below  the 
city,  which  can  be  used  in  countries  with  arid  lands. 

This  sewage  will  not  only  water  but  enrich  the  lands,  and  can 
be  used  to  good  advantage;  but  in  this  case  it  will  have  to  be 
somewhat  clarified,  the  larger  solid  material  taken  from  it.  This 
can  be  done  by  settling  basins  or  strainers. 

This  system  I  tried  in  a  small  way  in  New  Mexico,  at  the  Las 
Vegas  hot  springs.  I  run  the  sewage  for  a  distance  of  about  a 
mile  below  the  settlement,  and  onto  a  piece  of  land  where  all  the 
vegetables  and  some  fruit  for  the  hotels  were  grown.  It  was  a 
success,  and  one  thing  that  obliged  me  to  do  this  was  the  city 
authorities  below  some  six  miles.  We  never  had  any  trouble  with 
the  system,  and  I  think  up  to  the  present  time  it  is  used,  at  least 
it  was  the  last  time  I  was  there.    I  took  a  certain  amount  of 


4 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  32^ 


storm  water,  which  flushed  the  small  system  out  and  kept  it 
sweet  at  all  times.    I  also  had  flushing  manholes. 

At  Birmingham,  England,  lime  was  used,  but  often  it  was  use- 
less for  composit. 

At  Great  Melvern,  Holstead,  England,  the  following  system  is 
used  with  success,  I  understand:  The  sewage  is  spread  alter- 
nately on  large  areas  of  permeable  soil,  the  sewage  is  purified 
sufficiently  to  permit  its  discharge  in  streams;  this  would  work  in 
localities  where  we  do  not  need  water  for  irrigation.  The  system 
of  irrigation,  I  should  think,  ought  to  be  thoroughly  investigated 
in  this  arid  country.  I  think  it  is  the  opinion  of  most  all  of  our  noted 
engineers  to  build  a  separate  system  for  storm  water,  at  least  to 
take  most  of  it.  I  think  to  take  part  of  it  in  our  sewers  is  a  benefit, 
and  tends  to  purify  them.  This  can  be  done  by  having  inlets  into 
our  system  from  the  storm  sewers  It  would  not  be  necessary  to 
carry  the  storm  sewers  any  distance,  as  it  could  be  emptied  into 
any  waterway,  the  same  as  from  the  surface.  Of  course  these 
storm  sewers  would  only  be  built  where  the  water  could  not  be 
taken  care  of  on  the  surface,  as  in  the  lower  and  flat  portion  of  a 
city,  where  the  waters  from  adjoining  districts  collect,  and,  before 
an  outlet  is  found,  flood  the  cellars. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  put  on  record  as  advocating  large  sewers, 
for  a  large  orifice  is  as  objectionable  as  a  small  one.  I  do  think 
that  the  smallest  size  that  should  be  used  should  be  8-inch  pipe, 
and  manholes  as  near  as  possible  to  300  feet  apart.  Lampholes 
should  be  used  at  all  angles  if  manholes  are  not.  Inverts  should 
be  built  through  each  manhole  and  lamphole.  This  will  enable  the 
system  to  be  inspected;  at  the  head  of  each  district  there  should 
be  flushing  manholes.  These  should  be  so  arranged  that  they 
work  systematically,  but  one  trouble  with  this  is,  they  are  often 
out  of  order,  and  too  much  dependence  is  relied  upon  them.  The 
safest  way  is  to  build  your  manholes  so  that  they  can  have  flush 
boards  placed  in  them,  and  by  filling  the  manhole  from  the 
hydrant  near,  the  board  can  be  pulled.  Other  manholes  through- 
out the  system  can  be  built  this  way.  Perforated  manhole  covers 
should  be  distributed  through  each  district,  enabling  the  sewers 
to  be  ventilated.  This  will  take  the  pressure  froin  off  the  private 
drains. 

The  shape  of  sewers,  in  my  opinion,  should  be  circular  pipe  up 
to  the  size  of  eighteen  inches  (no  larger  size  pipe  should  be  used), 
and  sizes  larger  built  of  brick  laid  in  good  hydraulic  cement,  and, 
where  the  ground  is  wet,  laid  in  cribs.  It  is  best  to  build  the 
larger  sewers  egg  shape,  the  smaller  end  down,  thereby  giving 
more  velocity  to  the  sewage,  inlets  to  be  left  at  the  lower  side  of 
each  lot  built  in  the  sewer,  so  that  no  connections  with  sewer 
will  be  made  by  breaking  the  brick  work.  These  connections 
should  be  at  the  spring  of  the  arch;  too  much  care  can't  be  taken 
in  connections,  as  most  of  our  trouble  arises  from  poor  connec- 
tions. The  city,  in  most  cases,  have  inspectors,  whose  duties  are 
to  see  the  connection  made,  notes  kept  of  each,  and  the  record 
filed  in  the  city  office,  so  that  any  party  can  at  any  time  find  out 
if  their  lot  is  connected,  and  the  location,  giving  size  of  connec- 
tion, etc. 

The  system  adopted  by  the  cities  of  ventilating  each  connec- 
tion to  the  top  of  the  house  is  a  good  one,  and  one  that  greatly 
benefits  the  health.  The  parties  who  arc  allowed  to  make  con- 
nections should  be  reliable  drain-layers  or  masons,  giving  a  bond 
to  the  city  for  the  fulfiUment  of  the  ordinance  in  relation  to  drain 
laying  and  to  keep  the  street  or  alley  in  repair  for  a  stated  time; 
any  street  or  alley  when  in  need  of  repairs,  when  caused  by 
making  connections,  could  be  reported  to  inspector  by  the  police 
patroling  the  city  at  all  times.  The  inspector  then  notifies  the 
drain  layer  and  he  repairs  it  within  a  stated  time  or  forfeits  his 
license,  and  his  bondsmen  are  liable  for  the  expense  the  city  is 
put  to.  Steam  should  not  be  allowed  to  be  exhausted  into  the 
sewers  and  grease  traps  on  each  connection  are  important. 

The  report  of  Hartford  on  Memphis  system  recommends  min- 
imum size  of  sewers  eight  inches  and  manholes  about  380  feet 
apart.  He  says  the  stoppages  in  the  six-inch  sewers  averaged 
two  each  week,  and  thinks  if  the  larger  size  had  been  used  this 
would  not  have  occurred. 

A  report  on  the  Omaha  system  by  E.  S.  Cheesborough  and 
Moses  Lane  recommends  twice  the  size  sewers  now  used,  and 
also  the  same  was  the  case  of  Buffalo. 

I  think  the  tendency  in  many  cases  has  been  to  the  extremes. 


a  too  small  or  too  large  sewer.  Where  small  sewers  have  proved 
defective  is  where  they  get  clogged,  and  in  most  cases  it  is  on  ac- 
count of  not  water  enough  running  at  a  time  when  the  sewage  is 
collecting,  but  if  they  are  large  enough  it  can  collect  and  when 
water  does  come  in  with  a  head  there  is  still  space  enough  that  a 
dam  cannot  be  made.  I  should  say  that  sewers  should  be  built 
twice  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  average  daily  water  supply, 
and  in  no  case  less  than  eight  inches. 

It  was  about  the  year  1874  I  entered  the  employ  of  the  city  of 
Boston,  commencing  as  inspector  of  some  of  the  larger  brick 
sewers;  this  was  in  the  early  part  of  the  year,  and  when  the 
time  for  vacation  came  for  the  engineer  of  the  sewer 
department,  I  was  called  to  the  office  to  assist  the  en- 
gineer on  account  of  the  large  amount  of  work.  Soon  after 
he  was  taken  sick  and  died.  I  was  then  appointed  in  his 
stead  and  continued  for  eight  years.  It  was  in  1875  that  the 
mayor  of  the  city  appointed  Messrs.  E.  S.  Ausborough,  C. 
E.,  then  of  Chicago.  Moses  Lane,  C.  E.,  of  Milwaukee,  and 
Charles  F.  Folsom,  M.  D.,  as  a  commission  to  report  on  some 
system  for  the  improvement  of  the  sewage  of  the  city.  I  had  the 
good  fortune  to  assist  them  from  my  knowledge  of  the  old  system, 
and  was  with  them  considerable  of  the  time.  There  was  at  that 
time  about  130  miles  of  sewers  under  my  charge.  The  reason  of 
some  radical  changes  being  made  was  that  up  to  about  1850  there 
was  no  regular  system  of  building  sewers;  each  landowner  wish- 
ing for  drainage  would  lay  his  own  drain,  paying  no  attention  to 
anyone  but  himself.  There  was  in  many  of  the  streets  several 
lines  of  sewers. 

The  city  of  Boston  is  so  located  that  about  one-third  of  the 
original  city  was  but  a  few  feet  above  high  water,  and  many  of 
the  cellars  are  below  it.  This,  of  course,  caused  considerable 
trouble  in  draining  them  and  finding  an  outlet  for  the  sewers. 

Many  of  the  sewers  are  below  high  water.  The  tide  rises  and 
falls  about  twelve  feet  twice  in  the  twenty-four  hours,  and  this 
water  had  to  be  kept  back  out  of  the  sewers  or  it  would  run  back 
into  the  cellars.  Tide  gates  were  placed,  in  most  cases  double, 
near  the  outlet,  and  the  sewer  made  large  enough  to  allow  the 
stowage  of  the  sewage  for  at  least  two  hours  and  many  times 
longer.  This,  of  course,  was  very  expensive,  and  as  they 
took  care  of  a  good  part  of  the  rain  water  it  many  times  flowed 
back  into  the  lower  cellars. 

These  gates  worked  automatically.  The  commission  recom- 
mended building  marginal  sewers,  taking  up  all  the  outlet  sewers 
and  discharging  them  through  one  large  sewer  carrying  the 
sewage  out  into  tide-water  several  miles  away  from  the  city  and 
emptying  it  into  what  was  known  as  the  ship  channel,  which 
would  take  the  sewage  away  from  the  city  never  to  return.  The 
sewer  would  have  capacity  to  carry  the  amount  of  sewage  and 
portion  of  the  rain-fall;  when  the  capacity  of  the  sewer  was  filled 
the  rainwater  would  overflow  into  the  old  outlets  and  reach  the 
harbor,  but  this  did  no  damage,  as  what  little  sewage  there  was  in 
it  was  so  diluted  that  it  was  past  injury. 

Of  course,  their  object  was  to  use  the  old  system  as  much  as 
possible. 

After  making  the  report,  as  is  always  the  case,  many  objec- 
tions were  raised  by  those  who  thought  it  very  expensive,  as  it 
was  found  it  would  cost  for  the  w  hole  system  about  $6,500,000,  and 
many  thought  it  would  not  work.  One  reason  was  the  small 
inclination  of  the  sewers— two  feet  per  mile.  The  system  was  to 
consist  of  two  outlets  and  two  separate  systems.  The  city  council 
in  1876  accepted  the  report  and  appropriated  money  to  build  the 
south  .system,  consisting  of  thirteen  miles.  This  cost  about 
$4,000,000.  Before  reaching  the  outlet  they  have  to  cross  a  river 
about  7,000  feet  wide  at  that  point.  The  tide  ebbed  and  flowed  in 
this  river.  When  the  sewer  reached  this  place  it  was  fourteen 
feet  below  the  low  water  mark.  The  sewage  then  had  to  be 
pumped  or  lifted  nineteen  feet  and  emptied  into  a  tunnel  under 
the  river,  which  was  in  fact  a  syphon,  and  so  emptying  into  the 
outfall  seper,  reaching  a  reservoir,  and  at  a  time  when  the  tide 
was  going  out,  and  two  hours  out  the  gates  were  opened  and  the 
sewage  delivered  to  the  tide,  thus  passing  from  all  damage. 
There  were  used  about  50,000,000  bricks  and  180,000  barrels  of 
cement  on  this  work.  Some  parts  of  these  sewers  were  eleven 
feet  in  diameter. 

One  thing  it  might  be  well  to  say  here:  The  bricks  used  were 


May  8,  1890.] 


'THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


5 


of  the  best  quality,  hard  burnt  clay,  and  not  to  absorb  more  than 
sixteen  percent,  volume  of  water.  In  the  examination  of  the  old 
sytem  we  found  in  many  cases  that  the  water  and  gas  pipes  were 
built  through  and  across  the  sewers.  These  I  had  the  company 
take  out,  and  syphons  made  for  the  pipes  going  under  or  over  the 
sewer,  and  the  cost  born  by  the  separate  companies.  In  some 
cases  I  had  to  widen  the  sewers  and  flatten  the  arches,  keeping 
the  same  capacity.  The  sewers  were  ventilated  by  perforated 
manholes,  and  to-day  you  can  enter  these  sewers  and  not  detect 
any  bad  odors.  It  has  been  a  great  benefit  to  the  city  proper, 
where  they  were  continually  getting  flooded. 

The  sewage  question,  in  my  opinion,  is  a  very  important  one, 
and  one  of  the  first  things  a  city  wants  is  a  good  system  of  sewer- 
age. One  could  go  on  for  hours  and  talk  on  this  question,  and  at 
every  turn  find  more  to  say.  So  I  will  stop  here,  thanking  you 
very  much  for  the  attention  you  have  given  me  and  the  patience 
you  have  shown  in  hearing  me  through. 

ACTION  OF  THE  SOIL  ON  PATHOGENIC  GERMS. 

Pathogenic  germs  evidently  exist  in  the  soil.  The  bacilli  of 
tetanus,  typhus  and  cholera  have  been  observed,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis,  the  pneumo-coccus,  will  be  found. 

The  superficial  strata  of  the  earth  are  extremely  rich  in  patho- 
genic germs;  at  a  certain  depth  there  is  a  limit  beyond  which  the 
number  of  germs  rapidly  diminishes  until  they  cease  altogether. 

In  the  deep  strata  of  the  bacilliferous  zone  pathogenic  species 
do  not  exist.  Grancher  and  Deschamps  have  observed  the  arrest 
of  the  typhus  bacillus  at  a  depth  of  50  centimeters.  In  the  culti- 
vated superficial  strata  there  are  fewer  micrococci  than  bacilli. 
The  bacilli  exist  in  the  soil  chiefly  as  spores.  Under  this  form 
they  best  resist  destructive  agents  and  may  remain  latent  for  years 
retaining  their  virulence. 

It  is  probable  that  the  pathogenic  bacilli  germinate  in  the  soil. 

The  cholera  bacilli  form  numerous  colonies  at  a  depth  of  3 
metres  during  the  months  from  August  to  October;  from  April  to 
June  at  a  depth  of  2  metres  there  is  no  development,  while  at  a 
depth  of  1.50  metres  the  bacillus  vegetates.  At  least  2  per  cent, 
of  humidity  is  necessary  for  the  development  of  the  germs.  Soil 
rich  in  organic  material  is  most  favorable  to  this  development. 

Causes  of  death  of  the  pathogenic  germs  exist  in  the  soil.  The 
principal  cause  is  exsiccation.  Koch  and  Duclaux  have  demon- 
strated that  this  is  especially  hurtful  to  the  micrococci,  and  here, 
according  to  Koch,  is  the  explanation  of  the  fact  that  micrococci 
are  relatively  rare  on  the  superficies  of  the  soil.  The  cholera 
bacillus  dies  rapidly  under  exsiccations.  Netter  fixes  three  weeks 
as  the  extreme  limit  at  which  the  exsiccated  pneumo-coccus  pre- 
serves its  virulence. 

The  two  most  potent  causes  of  destruction  which  the  microbes 
encounter  are  the  saprophytic  baccilli  and  solar  light. 

The  saprophytic  baccilli  are  in  continual  strife  with  the  patho- 
genic microbes  and  have  generally  the  advantage.  The  bacillus 
of  tetanus  is  exceptional  and  may  develop  favorably  in  the  pres- 
ence of  other  species. 

Solar  light  is  injurious  to  very  many  bacilli.  According  to 
Duclaux  it  is  the  most  universal  means  of  sanitation,  and  the 
most  economical  and  potent  to  which  public  or  private  hygiene 
can  have  recourse. 

The  turning  up  of  the  soil  liberates  pathogenic  germs,  but 
when  the  soil  is  not  disturbed  for  a  long  time  a  colossal  germina- 
tion frequently  goes  on.  Exhumation  frees  the  bacteria  long 
latent  in  the  soil;  hence  the  epedemics  that  follow  the  turning  up 
of  the  ground. 

Pathogenic  germs  leave  the  earth  in  many  ways  to  attack  men 
and  animals.  The  soil  which  adheres  to  the  body,  to  the  feet  of 
animals,  and  that  which  is  carried  by  insects  disseminates  patho- 
genic germs.  Currents  of  air  transport  superficial  dust  and  so 
propagate  the  spores  which  resist  exsiccation.  Water  also  carries 
germs. 

Ordinarily  subterranean  waters  are  on  a  level  with  the  bacter- 
iological zone.  Sometimes  this  zone  is  exposed  by  fissures  or  by 
openings  made  in  the  earth.  The  walls  of  a  well  are  a  prolonga- 
tion of  the  superficies  and  are  favorable  to  the  life  of  the  germs. 

Hydraulic  power  at  a  pressure  of  750  pounds  to  the  square 
inch  is  now  being  conveyed  about  beneath  (Jie  streets  of  London 
as  steam  is  conveyed  in  this  country. 


SEWERAGE  OF  LOS  ANGELES,  CAL.* 

This  report  upon  the  sewerage  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  is  signed 
by  Rudolph  Bering,  chairman,  George  C.  Knox,  Fred  Eaton,  and 
August  Mayer,  secretary,  the  board  appointed  by  the  city  author- 
ities to  investigate  the  matter. 

They  first  divided  the  subject  into  (A)  the  treatment  and  dis- 
posal of  the  sewage,  and  (B)  the  interior  system  of  sewers.  After 
giving  a  resume,  with  some  interesting  conclusions  and  statistics, 
of  the  various  approved  methods  of  sewage  disposal,  they  report, 
first,  that  the  greater  portion  of  the  lands  lying  south  of  the  city 
are  suitable  for  irrigation  purposes;  second,  that  an  insufficient 
amount  of  land  is  offered  for  a  permanent  disposal  of  the  city's 
sewage;  third,  that  enough  land  is  available  for  a  disposal  during 
the  dry  season;  and  fourth,  that  an  insufficient  amount  of  sewage 
would  be  accepted  in  winter  by  the  land  owners.  The  problem, 
therefore,  became  one  of  finding  a  practicable  method  of  disposal 
during  the  winter  months,  or  for  130  days. 

In  estimating  the  cost  of  alternative  methods  of  disposal,  the 
population  to  be  eventually  provided  for  was  taken  at  200,000,  and 
the  daily  flow  of  sewage  at  20,000,000  gallons,  with  a  maximum  of 
30,000,000  gallons.  The  excavation  and  backfilling  together  were 
taken  at  50  cents  per  cubic  yard,  and  S25  was  allowed  for  1,000 
bricks  laid  in  strong  mortar  of  English  Portland  cement. 

In  estimating  the  cost  of  disposal  into  the  ocean,  the  outfall  to 
consist  of  two  3-foot  cast-iron  pipes  extending  2,000  feet  from  the 
shore  to  35  feet  depth  of  water,  turning  up  10  feet  above  the 
bottom  and  protected  by  heavy  rip-rap,  was  estimated  at  §60,000. 
The  cheapest  plan  of  ocean  disposal  was  estimated  to  cost  S696,- 
775,  and  of  land  purification  $735,400,  the  effluent  to  be  as  pure  as 
the  river.  The  lowest  estimate  for  chemical  precipitation  was 
$491,900,  with  $48,620  annual  expense. 

The  final  conclusions  of  the  Commission  as  to  the  matter  of 
disposal  are  substantially  as  follows: 

First — There  is  no  legal  authority  to  pollute  a  water  course  and  to  create  and 
maintain  a  nuisance  therein,  and,  therefore,  crude  sewage  cannot  be  discharged  into 
the  Los  Angeles  River  or  any  other  available  stream. 

Second— V or \h.\&  reason  it  is  not  within  the  province  of  the  Commission  to  con- 
sider an  outfall  sewer  to  the  river,  not  far  from  the  city,  or  to  any  other  water  course 
within  reach,  without  making  provision  for  the  proper  purification  of  the  sewage 
at  the  point  of  discharge. 

Third — If  the  annual  cost  of  purifjing  the  sewage  by  precipitation  is  capital- 
ized and  added  to  the  cost  of  a  short  outfall  sewer,  thr  totil  expense  of  any  such 
method  of  disposal  in  this  locality  is  far  too  expensive,  and  the  Commission  cannot 
recommend  it. 

/"o«r//;— The  filtration  of  sewage  of  the  winter  months  upon  800  acres  of  land, 
either  near  the  Los  Angeles  River,  or  the  Ballona  Creek,  is  more  expensive  than 
the  cost  of  an  outfall  to  the  sea,  but  this  difference  is  not  so  great  that  it  might  not 
be  balanced  by  other  considerations  than  the  question  of  cost. 

Fifth — The  expense  of  taking  care  of  the  sewage  during  the  winter  months  may 
possibly  be  balanced  by  the  receipts  from  the  crops  raised  during  the  summer 
months,  but  this  concl  ision  depends  greatly  upon  the  skill,  intelligence  and  i^  teg- 
rity  of  the  management. 

Sixth — The  operation  of  filtration  areas  on  the  part  of  the  city  would  oblige  it  to 
enter  directly  o-  indirectly  into  competitive  business  for  the  raising  and  sale  of 
crops,  which  is  to  be  looked  upor\  with  disfavor. 

Seventh— owners  in  severalty  of  those  large  areas,  which  by  reason  of  their 
size,  can  alone  profital>ly  receive  the  amount  of  sewage  upon  which  the  present 
estimate  is  based,  refuse  to  enter  into  any  engagement  to  take  this  sewage  unless 
the  ciiy  guarantees  them  against  any  loss  resulting  from  litigation. 

Eighth — The  city  can  give  this  guarantee  or  can  guarantee  the  general  public 
against  the  creation  of  a  nuisance  only  when  it  is  in  position  to  dispose  of  the 
sewage  properly  at  all  times. 

Ninth — Other  things  being  equal,  an  outfall  to  the  sea,  which  requires  a  min- 
imum of  care  and  attention  on  part  of  the  municipality,  is  therefore  to  be  preferred. 

Fourteenth — If  the  sewage  is  freed  of  its  floating  matter,  by  screens  placed  on  the 
line  of  the  sewer  near  the  coast,  none  of  it  can  drift  to  points  along  the  shore  and 
there  deposit. 

Fifteenth — By  carrying  the  outfall  2,000  feet  into  the  ocean  from  the  shore  and 
letting  the  sewage  escape  25  feet  below  low  water,  no  sewage  will  be  trace.able  in 
tlie  ocean  water,  even  with  strong  currents,  at  a  distance  of  1%  miles  from  the 
outlet,  and  a  chemical  analysis  will  be  unable  to  detect  any  traces  of  sewage  at  a 
distance  of  2  miles. 

Sixteenth — While  Los  Angeles,  at  the  present  time,  derives  no  income  from  the 
sale  of  its  sewage  for  irrigation,  and  can  presumably  derive  no  income  from  such 
source  whilst  it  is  obliged  to  solicit  land  owners  to  receive  the  sewage,  and  to 
guarantee  the  users  against  loss  by  litigation,  it  is  unquestionably  a  fact  that,  with 
an  outfall  sewer,  the  city  will  be  placed  in  an  independent  position,  and  will  be 
enabled  to  sell  the  sewage  at  market  rates  to  those  who  desire  its  use. 

Seventeenth — The  income  from  the  sale  of  sewage,  current  rates,  when  the  pop- 

♦Report  of  the  Board  of  Engineers  upon  the  Disposal  of  the  Sewage  of  Los 
Angeles  City  [Cal.],  and  its  Sewer  Sj  stem ;  presented  to  the  Mayor  and  Council  of 
the  City  of  Los  Angeles,  December  23,  1889;  pp.  48. — Engineering  and  Building 
Record. 


6 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  326 


Illation  of  the  city  roaches  200,000,  will  be  over  3  per  cent,  on  the  investment  in 
building  tihe  outfall  sewer. 

Eighteenth — In  view  of  the  above,  the  Commission  recommends  the  construc- 
tion of  an  outfall  sewer  to  Ballona,  with  possibly  a  temporary  reduction  of  the 
cost,  by  using  a  wooden  flume  in  crossing  the  marshes  near  the  sea,  and  by  con- 
tracting for  the  sale  of  the  sewage  water  during  the  irrigation  season. 

As  to  the  interior  system  of  sewers  the  Commission  estimated 
on  the  separate  system  for  84,400  lineal  feet  of  sewers  proper,  to 
cost  $374,000,  and  for  $512,900  worth  of  storm-water  drains. 


PLUMBING. 


ANNUAL  CONVENTION  OF  COLORADO  PLUMBERS. 
Denver,  Colo.,  April  26,  i8qo. — The  Sanitary  News — Pre- 
suming that  plumbing  affairs  and  matters  from  this  state  would 
interest  you,  especially  as  our  great  National  Convention  meets 
here  so  soon,  1  concluded  to  send  this  information:  The  third  an- 
nual session  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  Colorado  con- 
vened in  Pueblo,  Colo.,  April  loth  and  nth.  Delegates  from 
different  parts  of  the  state  were  met  at  the  depots  by  reception 
committees  of  the  local  members  and  escorted  to  the  Grand 
Hotel.  Delegates  from  Denver  were,  N.  A.  Dolan,  President;  J. 
P.  Ratigan,  Treasurer;  Dan  Frery,  Secretary;  James  Johnson,  W. 
F.  McCarthy,  W.  H.  McKelvey,  J.  P.  Pellenz,  T.  J.  Delaney,  Chas. 
F.  Gunzert,  C.  G.  Holmes,  L.  M.  Bogur,  and  F.  H.  Paripise. 
Other  delegates  were:  E.  M.  Burnstead,  State  Vice-President,  and 
W.  H.  D.  Merrill,  of  Colorado  Springs,  Secretary  of  the  Western 
Assocation;  Joe  Goss,  of  Arpen;  C.  N.  Priddy,  of  Leadville;  J.  A. 
Clanden,  of  Glenwood;  T.J.  Morgan,  Chas.  Geiser,  H.  R.  Francis, 
E.  P.  Fish,  and  J.  H.  Bennett,  of  Pueblo,  and  others.  The  session 
was  harmonious  and  instructive.  The  reports  of  the  different  offi- 
cers were  satisfactory  and  the  prospects  of  renewed  vigoi  and 
growth  assured.  The  officers  elected  for  the  year  were  as  fol- 
lows: President,  James  Johnson,  Denver;  Vice-President,  T.  J. 
Morgan,  Pueblo;  Secretary,  Hugh  Francis,  Pueblo;  Treasurer,  C. 
Gunzert,  Denver;  Financial  Secretary,  E.  P.  Fish,  Pueblo;  Dele- 
gates to  the  National  Convention:  W.  F.  McCarthy,  D.  Frey,  M. 
T.  Dolan,  T.  J.  Morgan,  E.  P.  Fish,  E.  S.  Bunstead,  James  John- 
son. Arrangements  were  completed  for  the  entertainment  of  the 
National  Convention.         Yours  truly, 

James  Johnson. 

A  MODEL  FOR  A  NEW  WATER  CLOSET. 
Samuel  G.  Dixon,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  hygiene  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  has  a  new  water  closet  for  which  he  claims 
to  have  advantages  from  a  sanitary  point  of  view  not  heretofore 
obtained,  and  for  which  he  puts  forth  the  following  claims: 

First:  In  that  there  is  less  churning  of  the  water  used  to  drive 
the  faecal  matter  from  the  traps.  Much  agitation  of  the  water 
containing  the  matter  in  the  bowl  of  a  closet  causes  micro-organ- 
isms and  odor  to  be  driven  off  into  the  air  of  the  toilet-room. 

Second:  In  that  the  faecal  matter,  as  deposited,  is  carried  to  a 
narrow  portion  of  the  bowl  below  the  mouth  of  the  ventilation- 
pipe.    This  renders  the  area  to  be  ventilated  sufficiently  small  to 

make  it  practicable  to 
draw  all  odor  from  the 
surface  of  waste  matter 
held  in  the  closet  during 
use. 

Third:  In  that  a  com- 
paratively solid  stream 
of  water  as  large  in  diam- 
eter as  the  trap  itself  is 
spouted  from  a  pipe  open- 
ing directly  over  the  trap. 
This  column  of  water 
drives  the  water,  etc., 
out  of  the  trap  en  masse. 
The  force  of  ti.is  driving 
column  of  water  is  so 
great  that  it  would  not 
only  drive  all  the  water 
out  of  the  trap,  but  cause 
such  syphonage  that  the  trap  would  be  emptied,  were  it  not  for 


the  fact  that  the  descending  branch  of  the  trap  is  enlarged. 
This  gives  the  stream  room  to  break  and  mingle  with  the  air, 
thereby  preventing  syphonage. 

Fourth:  In  that  every  part  of  the  closet 
is  accessible,  it  can  be  cleaned  with  perfect 
ease. 

A  reference  to  the  accompanying  cuts  will 
show  the  manner  by  which  the  aforesaid  ad- 
vantages are  obtained: 

A  indicates  a  pipe  leading  from  valve  B 
opening  into  water-tank  C.  Valve  B  is 
opened  by  pressing  upon  seat  of  closet; 
weight  on  the  seat  elevates  rod  D  by  means 
of  a  crank  (not  shown).  By  elevating  D 
valve  B  is  thrown  down.  This  permits  a 
small  stream  of  water  to  flow  into  pipe  A, 
which  leads  into  chamber  E,  which  chamber 
encircles  the  top  of  bowl  of  the  closet  F. 
This  chamber  permits  a  gentle  flow  of  water 
through  a  succession  of  small  holes  sur- 
rounding the  upper  circumference  of  the 
bowl.  The  water  continues  to  be  gently 
distributed  over  the  entire  surface  of  the 
bowl  F,  keeping  it  moist  during  the  entire 
time  the  closet  is  in  active  use.  This  gentle 
flow  of  water  also  serves  to  carry  the  foreign 
matter,  as  discharged,  down  into  the  narrow 
portion  of  the  bowl  below  the  mouth  of  the 
ventilating-pipe  G. 

At  one  and  the  same  time  that'valve  B  is 
dropped  sub-tank  H  is  also  dropped,  thereby 
closing  valve  I.  The  lowering  of  sub-tank 
H  permits  the  water  to  flow  into  it  from  tank 
C.  In  this  manner  sub-tank  H  is  filled 
during  the  time  the  closet  is  in  active  use. 
It  is  charged  by  the  time  the  weight  (of  person)  is  lifted  from  the 
seat,  which  act  permits  rod  D,  with  weight  K  and  air-tank  L,  to 
open  valve  I  by  raising  sub-tank  H.  At  the  same  time  valve  B  is 
closed,  thereby  stopping  the  flow  of  water  through  pipe  A;  sub- 
tank  H  having  been  filled  during  the  time  closet  was  in  active 
use,  and  valve  I  opened  immediately  upon  the  weight  (of  person) 
having  been  removed  from  seat  of  closet,  the  contents  of  sub-tank 
H  is  discharged  through  a  pipe  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  mouth 
of  the  trap,  which  opens  in  a  direct  line  with  the  upper  opening  of 
trap  or  outlet  of  bowl  F. 

This  column  of  water  forces  the  water  and  other  matter  out  of 
the  trap  en  masse  without  throwing  micro-organisms  and  odor  off 
into  the  room  furnished  with  closet. 

N  shows  the  point  at  which  the  trap  enlarges  so  as  to  prevent 
syphonage. 

ENTITLED  TO  VOTE. 

Washington,  D.  C,  April  26,  1890.— The  following  was  writ- 
ten in  reply  to  a  question  propounded  by  one  of  our  members: 

In  answer  to  your  question:  "Are  the  gentlemen  composing 
the  Sanitary,  Legislative  and  Essay  Committees  entitled  to  the 
floor,  voice  and  vote  at  the  coming  Convention?"  No,  unless 
they  are  regularly  elected  delegates,  and  refer  you  to  Articles  IV 
and  \  of  the  Constitution,  which  read  as  follows:  Article  IV, 
"  The  National  Convention  shall  consist  of  representatives  from 
local  associations,  one  for  every  ten  members,  or  fractional  part 
thereof,  and  the  president  of  each  association  to  be  a  member  by 
virtue  of  his  office."  Article  V,  "The  officers  and  delegates 
elected  by  the  local  associations,  when  in  convention,  shall  con- 
stitute the  National  Association." 

Who  are  the  officers?  See  Article  III.  President,  Vice-Pres- 
ident, Secretaries,  Treasurer  and  Executive  Committee,  which  is 
the  only  committee  mentioned  (and  they  are  classed  as  officers) 
as  being  entitled  to  the  floor.  I  think,  in  justice  to  all,  that  it 
should  be  as  it  is;  and  I  have  always  contended  that  the  officers 
should  be  elected  delegates,  and  I  have  refused  to  go  to  a  con- 
vention unless  chosen  as  a  delegate.  It  gives  an  association 
which  happens  to  have  the  officers  more  than  the  constitutional 
representation.  For  example  take  my  own  city:  they  are  entitled 
to  five  delegates,    lliey  happen  to  have  the  President  and  Secre- 


May  3,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


7 


tary,  and  if  they  should  elect  five  delegates  without  the  President 
and  Secretary,  who  are  entitled  to  vote  by  virtue  of  their  office, 
that  would  give  Washington  seven  votes,  whereas  the  Constitu- 
tion allows  them  but  five.  Therefore,  I  must  decide  that  the 
committees  you  mention  cannot  voice  or  vote,  unless  they  are 
regularly  elected  delegates;  if  they  are  not  elected,  their  report 
must  be  forwarded  to  the  Secretary.  As  for  any  defense  of  their 
report  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  some  member  of  the  committee 
will  be  elected  a  delegate,  and  he  can  read  and  defend  the  report 
of  the  committee,  if  it  needs  any. 

Yours  truly,  Ed.  J.  Hannan, 

President  N.  A.  M.  P. 


HOW  NOT  TO  DO  IT. 
It  would  not  seem  necessary  to  point  out  the  defects  in  plumb- 
ing as  illustrated  in  the  accompanying  cuts,  and  to  the  plumber 
it  is  not;  yet  we  venture  to  say  that  there  are  men  having  plumb- 
ing done  every  day  who  would  accept  such  work  as  satisfactory 
simply  because  they  know  no  better.  These  illustrations  were 
picked  up  from  many  of  a  similar  nature  lying  on  Chief  Inspector 
Young's  desk  as  they  had  been  returned  by  his  inspectors. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  I  is  a  fair  sample  of  reckless  plumbing,  and  the  violations 
of  the  simplest  principles  of  plumbing  are  so  flagrant  that  it 
would  seem  that  no  man  would  have  the  unadulterated  cheek  to 
put  it  in.  Yet  some  one  has  done  it.  It  illustrates  about  the  best 
method  of  introducing  sewer  air  into  a  room  that  could  be  sug- 
gested. The  manner  in  which  the  waste  and  vent  pipes  are  con- 
nected could  not  have  been  more  dangerous  had  the  work  been 
done  with  malicious  intent. 


Fig.  2. 


Figs.  2  and  3  represent  wrong  con- 
nections with  the  Bower  trap,  which 
is  simply  another  means  of  intro- 
ducing sewer  air  into  rooms.  Here 
we  find  that  one  of  the  greatest  evils 
which  the  plumber  is  called  on  to  pre- 
vent is  increased.  All  this  demonstrates 
two  propositions  very  plainly,  and  that 
is  that  there  is  great  need  of  rigid  in- 
spection, and  that  a  practical  plumber  is 
best  adapted  for  the  work  of  an  in- 
spector, for  flagrant  as  these  violations 
are  of  the  simplest  principles  of  plumb- 
ing, few  but  practical  plumbers  would 
detect  them.  Another  reflection  rising 
from  these  illustrations  is  the  fact  that 
men  will  employ  plumbers  who  will  do 
such  work,  when  no  reputable  plumber 
would  set  such  death  traps  in  any  house. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 


William  H.  Doyle,  practical  plumber  and  gas-fitter,  has  re- 
moved from  262  S.  Fifteenth  street  to  221  S.  Sixteenth  street. 

Sproul  &  McGurrin,  of  Grand  Rapids,  have  just  completed  a 
very  satisfactory  job  in  the  new  elegant  court-house. 

In  making  up  last  week's  issue  of  this  paper  an  annoying  error 
occurred.  On  page  619  the  illustrations  of  the  McClellan  trap 
vent,  Fig.  i  should  be  in  the  place  of  Fig.  2,  and  what  is  said  of 
Fig.  I  should  apply  to  Fig.  2,  and  what  is  said  of  Fig.  2  should 
apply  to  Fig.  i.  While  any  plumber  will  understand  the  illustra- 
tions notwithstanding  the  error,  we  call  attention  to  it  that  others 
may  compare  the  illustrations  intelligently.  This  mistake  will 
not  detract  from  the  virtues  of  the  trap  vent,  but  there  is  one 
printer  who  will  have  to  poultice  his  reputation  for  about  six 
months. 

Information  is  furnished  us  by  Ed.  J.  Hannan,  President  of  the 
National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers,  that  "tourist  rates" 
will  be  furnished  by  the  Central  Traffic  Association  for  all  plum- 
bers attending  the  Denver  convention.  The  rate-sheets  have  not 
yet  been  made  up,  but  agents  at  different  stations  will  be  in- 
structed regarding  fares,  and  will  supply  information  regarding 
same. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  a  very  handsome  lithograph  illustrating 
the  "  Royal "  Check  and  Waste  Valve,  patented  by  P.  H.  Gunder- 
man.  The  lithograph  plainly  illustrates  the  different  sections  of 
the  valve,  and  in  one  illustration,  shows  the  complete  connections 
for  one,  two  and  three  stories  with  the  angles  necessary  for  vari- 
ous locations.  This  valve  has  many  qualities  in  its  favor,  and  it 
has  proven  efficient  in  practice.  The  valve  is  made  of  the  best 
material,  is  protected  from  corrosion,  is  easy  of  placement,  and  is 
warranted  for  five  years,  and  we  can  see  no  reason  why  it  should 
not  last  a  life-time.  It  is  the  patent  of  Mr.  P.  H.  Gunderman,  182 
North  Avenue,  Chicago,  who  will  answer  all  inquiries  regard- 
ing it. 

The  health  authorities  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  have  prepared  the 
following  amendment,  section  5,  to  their  plumbing  laws:  "  Every 
water-closet  shall  be  provided  with  a  local  vent,  the  material  of 
which  shall  be  copper,  cast  iron  or  galvanized  iron.  The  diame- 
ter of  this  vent  shall  be  for  one  closet  not  less  than  two  inches, 
and  for  two  or  more  closets  not  less  than  three  inches.  It  shall 
be  carried  upward  and  into  a  heated  flue  provided  for  the  purpose 
or  into  a  heated  kitchen  chimney;  in  either  case  it  must  be  en- 
tered above  the  highest  fixture." 

The  L.  Wolff  Manufacturing  Company  have  obtained  a  permit 
from  the  city  to  build  a  six-story  brick  factory  at  117  West  Lake 
street.  The  business  of  the  firm  is  increasing  so  rapidly  that_,  a 
larger  plant  has  become  a  necessity. 

George  W.  Miller,  Superintendent  of  the  Bureau  of  Water 
Assessments  of  Pittsburg,  recommends,  in  his  annual  report,  that 
plumbers  be  licensed,  and  that  any  plumber  who  fails  to  report 
water  connections  be  fined  S50,  and  deprived  of  his  license. 


8 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  326 


R.  Haddow,  a  prominent  plumber,  formerly  of  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
has  moved  to  Tacoma,  Washington,  to  practice  his  trade,  and  has 
formed  a  firm  of  Haddow  &  Haldine.  The  new  firm  give  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  examination  of  sewer,  soil  and  waste  pipes, 
and  sanitary  plumbing  in  general,  and  may  be  found  at  730  St. 
Helens  avenue. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.:    Health  Commissioner  Wingate  is  making 
many  changes  in  clearing  out  the  health  department. 
John  Mills,  of  Zanesville,  Wis.,  is  in  the  city. 
John  Wolff,  of  the  L.  Wolff  Manufacturing  Company,  has  just 
returned  from  a  seven  months  trip  through  Italy  and  Palestine. 

O.  P.  Benjamin,  of  Lafayette,  Ind.,  is  stopping  in  the  city  for  a 
few  days. 

R.  P.  Probasco  has  removed  from  479  Wabash  avenue  to  36 
and  38  Dearborn  street.  He  reports  an  increased  business  at  his 
new  quarters. 

Mr.  Stephens,  of  the  firm  of  Stephens  &  Bedwards,  at  Logans- 
port,  Indiana,  is  in  the  city  on  business. 

M.  J.  Corboy  is  unfortunately  sick  now  during  the  moving  sea- 
son. His  men  are  busy  getting  settled  in  his  new  quarters  at  78 
Dearborn  street.  He  has  just  completed  the  plumbing  work  in 
the  Higginbotham  mansion  on  the  corner  of  Michigan  avenue  and 
Twenty-ninth  street. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

New  Bremen,  O.:  Carl  Schon,  architect  of  Toledo,  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  $12,000  Lutheran  church.  Norwalk,  O.:  J.  C. 

Johnson,  architect,  Fremont,  O.,  has  completed  plans  for  aS4o,ooo 

Catholic  church.  Portland,  Ore.:    A  hotel  will  be  erected  here 

at  a  cost  of  §125,000.    Address  J.  Krumbein,  architect.  Seattle, 

Wash.:    Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a  §25,000 

building  at  this  place.    Address  H.  Steinmann,  architect.  

Shelby,  Ala.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a 
$25,000  building  at  this  place.  Address  Chisholm  &  Green,  archi- 
tects, Anniston,  Ala.  Spokane  Falls,  Wash.:    Architects  Gun- 

ther  &  Weeks  have  prepared  plans  for  a  store  and  office  building, 

to  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  §30,000.  Toledo,  O.:    Plans  for  a  new 

Grace  Church  have  been  made.  Wm.  Barnes  and  J.  E.  Heath 
have  been  appointed  on  a  committee  to  attend  to  the  matter.  It 
is  not  fully  decided  whether  a  new  church  will  be  built  or  the  old 
one  remodeled.  Bacon  &  Huber,  architects,  have  completed  plans 
for  the  Knights  of  Pythias  castle,  to  cost  §50,000.  It  will  be  five 
stories  and  built  of  sandstone. — —Washington,  D.  C:  A  §54,000 
building  will  be  erected  here.  Address  J.  G.  Hill,  architect,  Cor- 
coran Building.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  The  Board  of  Commission- 
ers has  adopted  the  plans  submitted  by  M.  F.  Giesey,  architect, 
for  the  new  county  jail  to  be  erected  here.  About  §65,000  will  be 
expended  on  the  edifice,  and  proposals  for  doing  the  work  will 

soon  be  wanted.  Waltham,  Mass.:   Samuel  Patch  has  plans  for 

a  brick  fire-engine  house  ;  cost,  §30,000.  Athol,  Mass.:  Address 

the  Miller's  River  Bank  for  information  concerning  the  new  bank 

block  to  be  erected.  Baltimore,  Md.:    Address  the  Maryland 

Club  for  information  concerning  the  new  three-story  brick  and 

stone  club-house.  Bluffton,  Ala.:    Plans  have  been  prepared 

for  the  erection  of  a  §300,000  building  at  this  place.    For  details, 

address  G.  M.  Pollard,  architect,  Anniston,  Ala.  Boston,  Mass.: 

E.  J.  Bateman  has  plans  for  a  brick  school-building;  cost,  §65,000. 
Samuel  D.  Kelley  is  architect  for  six  brick  dwellings  ;  cost,  §22,- 
000.    Geo.  W.  Pope  is  architect  for  a  brick  building  ;  cost,  §60,000. 

 Dennison,  O.:  The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  will  erect  a  building.  Address 

C.  A.  Johnson.  Detroit,  Mich.:    The  Fort  Street  Union  Depot 

Company  will  erect  a  passenger  depot,  to  cost  §225,000.  George 
H.  Edbrooke  has  plans  for  a  six-story  brick  building  ;  cost,  §100,- 
000.  Also  for  a  new  hotel,  to  cost  §100,000.    The  Detroit  Club  will 

erect  a  §75,000  building.  Findlay,  O.;    S.  E.  Todd  is  preparing 

plans  for  the  Kellogg  Seamless  Tube  Company's  works.  Fre- 
mont, O.:    J.  C.  Johnson,  architect,  has  completed  plans  for  an 

opera-house,  to  cost  §50,000.  Waterville,  Mc.:    Plans  are  being 

prepared  for  the  erection  of  a  §20,000  Masonic  hall  at  this  place. 
 Muskegon,  Mich.:    Mr.  Osgood,  of  Grand  Rapids,  is  prepar- 


ing plans  for  a  new  business  block.  Boston,  Mass.:  Chamberlin 

&  Austin  have  plans  for  a  brick  building  ;  cost,  §45,000.  Bridge- 
port, Ala.:  A  §75,000  hotel  will  be  erected  here.  Address  Hud- 
son &  Hazard.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:    George  B.  Post,  New  York,  is 

architect  for  a  ten-story  stone  building.— — Cameron,  Tex.:  A 
court-house  will  be  erected  here,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  §82,000. 
For  particulars  address  William  Plummer,  Austin.  Tex. — —Can- 
ton, O.:    Guy  Tilden  is  architect  for  a  brown  stone  and  granite 

building;  cost,  §60,000.  Carey,  O.:    A  §25,000  hotel  will  be 

erected.    Address  A.  F.  Fredericks.  Clarksville,  Tenn.:  An 

§18,000  building  will  be  erected.    Address  Reid  Bros.,  architects 

Evansville,  Ind.  Cordele,  Ga.:    Plans  have  been  prepared  for 

the  erection  of  a  §30,000  hotel.  Address  D.  B.  Woodruff,  archi- 
tect, Macon,  Ga.  Crystal  Falls,  Mich.:    A  court-house  will  be 

erected,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  §38,000.    Address  J.  E.  Clancy, 

architect.  Dallas,  Tex.:    Padgett  Bros,  will  build,  on  Main 

street,  a  brick  business  block,  50x200  feet,  to  cost  §50,000.    C.  A. 

Gill  &  Son,  architects.  Muskegon,  Mich.:    The  Baptist  Church 

will  have  a  new  edifice.  Grand  Haven,  Mich.:    Fifty  thousand 

dollars  has  been  appropriated  for  the  new  Government  building. 

 Washington,  La.:    A  new  company  has  been  formed,  and  will 

build  a  §75,000  building.  Baltimore,  Md.:    Frank  E.  Davis  has 

plans  for  a  jail  at  Lebanon,  Pa.,  to  be  50x164  feet,  two-story,  iron 

interior  construction.   It  will  cost  §100,000.  New  Haven,  Conn.: 

E.  E.  Gandolfo,  of  New  York  city,  has  been  selected  as  architect 
for  the  new  gymnasium  to  be  erected  for  the  Yale  University.  It 
will  be  of  brick  and  stone,  138x90,  and  will  cost  §250,000.  Cin- 
cinnati, O.:  S.  S.  Godley  has  designed  for  Charles  Heischman, 
President  of  the  Market  National  Bank,  a  seven-story  store  and 

apartment  house  ;  cost,  §50,000,  Pittsburg,  Pa.:    Geo.  S.  Orth 

has  plans  for  an  addition  to  residence  ;  cost,  §28,000.  Longfellow, 
Alden  &  Harlow  have  plans  for  two  brick  houses  ;  cost,  §22,000. 
 Pueblo,  Col.:  G.  W.  Roe  has  plans  for  a  new  brick  school- 
house  ;  cost,  §32,000.  Also  plans  for  the  Continental  school-build- 
ing ;  cost,  §65,000.  Denver,  Col.:    L.  M.  Wood  has  plans  for  a 

six-story  block,  cost  §250,000;  plans  for  a  four-story  block,  cost 

§80,000,  and  plans  for  a  three-story  block,  cost  §25,000.  Pueblo, 

Col.:  O.  Bulow  has  plans  for  the  Pueblo  Mineral  Palace,  cost 
§250,000,  and  plans  for  C.  Henkel  &  Co.'s  warehouse,  cost  §30,000; 
also  plans  for  the  Hesa  Hotel,  cost  §142,000,  and  plans  for  the 
Ogden  Block,  cost  §155,000.  J.  H.  Hallowell  has  plans  for  a  school- 
building  ;  cost,  §30,000.  Denver,  Col.:    Fred  A.  Hale  has  plans 

for  the  First  Presbyterian  church  ;  cost,  §40,000.  Pueblo,  Col.: 

J.  H.  Leedy  has  plans  for  seven  apartment  buildings  ;  cost,  §25,- 
000.    Sprague  &  Newell,  Chicago,  have  plans  for  the  new  Union 

Depot;  cost,  §150,000.  Denver,  Col.:    Robert  S.  Roeschlamb 

has  plans  for  the  new  Central  Block;  cost,  §175,000.  Boston, 

Mass.:  Thompson  &  Gibel  have  plans  for  a  four-story  stone-front 
store  ;  cost,  §20,000.    F.  L.  Dismusles  has  plans  for  a  four-story 

store  ;  cost,  §75,000.  New  Haven,  Conn.:    An  addition  to  the 

hospital,  to  cost  §50,000,  will  be  built.  Bridgeport,  Conn.:  Plans 

are  being  made  for  a  three-story  block  of  three  houses,  to  be 

erected.  Denver,  Col.:  The  Hartford  Furniture  Company  will 

erect  a  §50,000  building.  Yonkers,  N.  Y.:    A  brick  block  of 

three  colonial  houses  will  be  erected.  Danbury,  Conn.:  The 

Second  Baptist  Church  Society  will  erect  a  §40,000  church  edi- 
fice. Springfield,  Conn.:   A  new  school-house  will  be  erected. 

— — Portland,  Maine  :    An  opera-house,  to  cost  §75,000.  will  be 

erected.  Great  Falls,  N.  H.:    Twenty  thousand  dollars  will  be 

expended  on  a  school-building.  Denver,  Colo.:  Varian  &  Ster- 
ner are  preparing  plans  for  a  §45,000  residence.  Longmount, 

Col.:  A  §30,000  block  will  be  erected.  Denver,  Col.:  Plans  are 

being  made  for  a  §25,000  residence.    Andrews,  Jaques  &  Rantoul 

arc  the  architects.  Lynn,  Mass.:    A  five-story  shoe  factory  will 

be  erected.  E.  H.  Ashcroft  has  had  plans  prepared  for  a  five-story 
brick  shoe  factory.  F"all  River,  Mass.:  The  Kerr  Thread  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  new  mill  ;  cost,  §100,000.  Lynn,  Mass.:  Plans 

are  being  made  for  several  buildings  and  extensions  for  the  Thom- 
son-Houston Electric  Company.  Denver,  Colo.:  An  addition  to 

E.  C.  Dewey's  store,  to  cost  §42,000,  will  be  built.  F.  C.  Eberly  is 
preparing  plans  for  a  $90,000  store.  Two  club-houses,  to  cost 
§20,000  and  §25,000,  will  be  erected.  Plans  are  being  made  for  the 
erection  of  a  §60,000  hotel.  Chas.  Wheeler  will  erect  a  three-story 
block,  to  cost  §25,000.  R.  A.  Wilson  is  preparing  plans  for  a  §35,- 
000  business  block.  Ogden,  Utah  :  Plans  are  in  preparation  for 


May  3,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


0 


tbe  erection  of  a  $142,000  business  block.  Pueblo,  Colo.:  Plans 

are  being  made  for  three  school  buildings,  two  to  cost  $15,000  each, 
the  other  $32,000.    Twenty- five  cottages  will  be  erected;  cost, 

$50,000.  Grand  Junction,  Colo.,  is  to  have  a  $20,000  business 

bloclc.  Ogden,  Utah  :  R.  O.  Wheeler  &  Co.  are  preparing  plans 

for  a  $75,000  flat  and  store  building.  Denver,  Colo.:  Balcomb 

&  Rice  are  the  architects  for  forty  residences,  to  cost  $120,000. 
 Detroit,  Mich.:  The  committee  on  the  new  Union  Depot  struc- 
ture has  accepted  the  plans  submitted  by  James  Stewart  &  Co., 
architects,  of  St.  Louis.    The  complete  cost  of  the  structure  is 

$225,000.    Work  will  begin  without  delay.  New  Haven,  Conn.: 

The  Housatonic  Railroad  Company  is  to  build  a  new  freight-house 
for  the  New  Haven  &  Derby  Division  in  New  Haven,  30x400  feet, 

costing  $20,000.  Fall  River,  Mass.:    A  large  stone  depot  is  to 

be  erected  in  this  city  by  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  Company.  

New  York  :  A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son  have  plans  for  a  brick  building  ; 
cost,  $20,000.  C.  W.  Clinton  has  plans  for  a  brick  office  building; 
cost,  $300,000.  J.  C.  Cady  has  plans  for  a  Presbyterian  hospital,  cost 
$150,000,  and  also  for  a  brick  building,  cost  $175,000.  O.  Wirzhas 
plans  for  a  brick  store";  cost,  $75,000.  C.  True  is  architect  for  ten 
brick  dwellings  ;  cost,  $111,000.  J.P.Leo  is  architect  for  five  brick 
dwellings  ;  cost,  $45,000.  R.  R.  Davis  is  architect  for  three  brick 
and  stone  flats  ;  cost,  $78,000.  Jordan  &  Gillea  have  plans  for  a 
brick  flat ;  cost,  $20,000.  N.  Ehling  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat ; 
cost,  $20,000.  W.  H.  Hume  has  plans  for  three  brick  flats  ;  cost, 
$30,000.  H.  Howard  has  plans  for  a  brick  store  ;  cost,  $35,000. 
W.  E.  Murphy  has  plans  for  eight  brick  dwellings  ;  cost,  $80,000. 
L.  O.  Heinecke  is  architect  for  two  brick  flats  ;  cost,  $40,000.  J. 
B.  Tod  is  architect  for  a  brick  office  building  ;  cost,  $300,000.  E. 
Sniffin  is  architect  for  alterations  of  building  at  102-6  West  22d 
street ;  cost,  $40,000.  J.  D.  Elian  is  architect  for  alterations  in  a 
brick  theatre  ;  cost,  $50,000.  J.  C.  Cady  is  architect  for  changes 
in  a  brick  hospital ;  cost,  $475,000.  G.  F.  Pelham  has  plans  for  a 
stone  flat ;  cost,  $20,000.  G.  Keister  has  plans  for  a  stone  flat  ; 
cost,  $21,000.  Clenerdon  &  Putzel  have  plans  for  four  stone 
dwellings  ;  cost,  $23,000.  M.  V.  B.  Ferdon  is  the  architect  for  two 
stone  flats  ;  cost,  $20,000  each.  R.  R.  Davis  has  plans  for  nine 
■  brick  flats  ;  cost,  $180,000.  J.  W.'  Cole  is  the  architect  for  two 
brick  dwellings  ;  cost,  $26,000.  G.  A.  Schillinger  has  plans  for 
seven  brick  dwellings  ;  cost,  $105,000.  D.  &  J.  Jardine  have  plans 
for  three  brick  dwellings ;  cost,  $52,000.  G.  M.  Walgrove  has 
plans  for  eight  brick  flats  ;  cost,  $220,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Fair  .Haven,  Vt.:  The  trustees  of  this  place  have  been  in- 
structed to  have  the  streets  lighted  by  electricity  for  one  year.  

Youngstown,  Pa.:    The  Youngstown  Electric  Light  Company  is  a 

new  institution  at  this  place,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $75,000.  

Darby,  Pa.:  Electric  lights  will  be  established  here.  Darling- 
ton, S.  C:  The  people  of  this  place  have  decided  in  favor  of 
establishing  an  electric  light  plant  and  a  committee  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  negotiate  with  contractors.  Owasso,  Mich.:  A  com- 
pany has  been  formed  with  a  capital  of  $40,000  to  light  the  city. 
 Chaska,  Minn.:  Mayor  Michael  Biertine  can  give  informa- 
tion as  to  a  proposed  electric  light  plant.- — Tennille,  Ga.:  Re- 
ports say  that  an  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this 

place.  Lampassas,  Tex.:    The  people  of  this  place  have  voted 

in  favor  of  establishing  an  electric  light  plant.  Savannah,  Ga.: 

Additional  lights  are  to  be  added  to  the  local  electric  light  plant. 
 Findlay,  O.:  The  Marion  Oil  and  Gas  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated at  this  place,  with  a  cash  capital  of  $50,000.  White 

Plains,  N.  Y.:  The  White  Plains  Gas  Company  and  the  White 
Plains  Electric  Light  Company  have  consolidated  under  the 
name  of  the  White  Plains  Gas  Light  Company.  Improvements 

will  be  made.  West  Newton,  Pa.:    The  West  Newton  Gas 

Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this  place,  with  a  capital  stock 

of  $10,000.    George  Plummer  is  interested.  Hartford,  Conn.: 

A  new  electric  light  company  will  be  organized,  capital  $100,000. 

Address  E.  C.  Terry  and  A.  C.  Dunham.  Rochester,  N.  Y.: 

The  Rochester  Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated.  Presi- 
dent, H.  C.  Fry.  Baltimore,  Md.:    The  Woodbury  and  Belt 

Electric   Light  and   Power  Company  has  been  incorporated. 

James  E.  Hooper  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Delaware,  O.: 

An  electric  light  and  power  company  has  been  organized  with  a 


cajjital  of  $60,000.    Win.  S.  Parks  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  

Bucksport,  Me.:  The  Bucksport  Electric  Company  has  been  or- 
ganized, with  John  Post  as  president.  Arkansas  City,  Kan.: 

The  National  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated; capital  stock  $50,000.    W.  A.  Thomas  is  one  of  the 

incorporators.  Falmouth,  Ky.:    The  Falmouth  Electric  Light 

and  Motive  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 

stock  of  $30,000.    J.  C.  Hamilton  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  

Des  Moines,  la.:  Articles  of  incorporation  have  been  filed  with 
the  Secretary  of  State  by  the  f^airfield  Gas  and  Electric  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  Ilion,  N.  Y.:  The  Home  Elec- 
tric Light  Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$15,000.  William  F,  Bissert  is  one  of  the  incorporators.— —In- 
dependence, Mo.:  The  Citizens'  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000.    I.  N.  Rogers  is 

one  of  the  incorporators.  Highland  Park,  111.:    The  Highland 

Park  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $25,000.    B.  E.  Sunny  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 

 Washington,  D.  C:    The  Columbia  Electric  Light  Company 

is  being  organized,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $250,000.   James  S. 

Humbird  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Omaha,  Neb.:  The 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $600,000.  S.  L.  Wiley  is  one  of  the  incorporators.— — 
Chicago,  111.:  The  Illinois  Service  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated; capital  stock  $2,000,000.  E.  G.  Spear  is  one  of  the  in- 
corporators.- Decatur,  111.:  The  Mount  Pulaski  Electric  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated.  C.  J.  Parke  is  one  of  the  incorpora- 
tors. St.  Louis,  Mo.:    The  St.  Louis  Electric  Light  Power 

Company  will  increase  its  capital  from  $8,000  to  $30,000.  

Letonia,  O.:  Letonia  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  in- 
creased its  capital  stock  from  $10,000  to  $15,000.  Logan,  O.: 

The  Logan  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with 

a  capital  stock  of  $15,000.  Leavenworth,  Kan.:    An  electric 

light  company  has  been  formed  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  

Harrisburg,  Pa.:  An  electric  company  has  been  organized  with 
$10,000  capital.    Millvale,  Pa.:    An  electric  light  company  has 

been  established  with  a  capital  of  $10,000.  Brunswick,  Ga.: 

Will  double  the  capacity  of  its  electric  light  plant.  Ports- 
mouth, Va.:    The  Citizens'  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company  has 

been  organized  by  local.  New  York  and  English  capitalists.  

Charleston,  W.  Va.:  The  Fairmount  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000. 
Chicago,  111.:  T.  W.  Wilmarth  Company  has  been  incorporated, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $75,000.  T.  W.  Wilmarth  is  one  of  the  in- 
corporators. Oakland,  Cal.:  The  Electric  Construction  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated.  Thomas  Trebell  is  one  of  the 
directors.  Rockville,  Conn.:  The  Merchants'  Electric  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000.  

Troy,  Ala.:    Our  electric  light  plant  will   be  established.  

Cherokee,  la.:    Is  to  have  an  electric  light  plant.  Toronto, 

Ont.:  The  Kakabeka  Falls  Land  and  Electric  Light  Company 
has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $800,000.    A.  P. 

Boiler  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Riverpoint,  R.  I.:  The 

Peoples'  Edison  Illuminating  and  Power  Company  has  been  or- 
ganized, with  a  capital  stock  of  $30,000.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.: 

A   Westinghouse  electric  light  plant  will  be  established.  

Swampscott,  Mass.:  Efforts  are  being  made  to  establish  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  Camden,  N.  J.:    The  Southern  Electric  Light 

and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock 

of  $50,000.    James  Franklin  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Snow 

Hill,  Md.:    The  Snow  Hill  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 

will  increase  the  capital  of  its  plant.  Chicago,  111.;    The  Colby 

Electrical  Specialty  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $100,000.  R.  J.  Colby  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 
 Moundsville,  Wis.:  The  Moundsville  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated.  New  Bedford,  Mass.:    The  Gas, 

Light  and   Edison   Illuminating   Companies  will  increase  the 

capital  stock  $150,000.  Rockville,   Conn.:     The  Merchants' 

Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated;  capital  stock  $25,000. 

 New  York:    The  limited  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 

will  increase  its  capital  stock  from  $3,000,000  to  $5,000,000.  

Seattle,  Wash.:  The  Northwestern  Electric  Supply  and  Con- 
struction Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $75,- 

000.  Cleveland,  O.:    The  Citizens'  Gas  and  Electric  Company 

has  filed  articles  of  incorporation.   The  capital  stock  is  $250,000. 


10 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  326 


Jeptha  H.  Wade  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Bellow  Falls,  Vt.: 

Is  to  be  lighted  by  thirty  arc  lights.  Youngstown,  O.:  The 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of 

§75,000.  Cedartown,  Ga.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

erected.  Brenham,  Tex.:    The  mayor  can  give  information  of 

the  contemplated  electric  light  system.  Harrisburg,  Va.:  The 

J.  P.  Houck  Tanning  Company  will  put  an  electric  light  plant  in 

its  tannery.  Waco,  Tex.:    An  electric  light  or  gas  plant  will  be 

purchased  for  the  Waco  Female  College.  Address  F.  F.  Mitchell. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

Antigo,  Wis.:  The  council  has  voted  to  grant  a  franchise  to 
some  suitable  company  to  introduce  a  system  of  water-works  at 
this  place.  Camden,  N.  J.:  The  water  committee  of  city  coun- 
cils, which  may,  if  it  desires,  expend  gi,ooo,ooo  in  securing  a  bet- 
ter water  supply  for  this  city,  will  meet  shortly  to  discuss  plans. 
The  committee  is  said  to  be  divided  as  to  the  best  plan  to  pursue, 
some  members  favoring  driven  wells,  some  artesian  wells,  and 

others  a  new  source  of  pumping  supply.  Fremont,  O.:  It  is  the 

intention  to  build  a  new  reservoir  here  within  the  next  year  or 

two.    Dr.  C.  F.  Reiff  is  the  superintendent  of  the  works.  Paris, 

Ky.:  This  town  has  decided  to  have  water-works.  Wallingford, 

Conn.:  The  town  clerk  here  writes:  "  I  think  we  shall  have  to  en- 
large our  water  mains  in  course  of  a  year."  Trenton,  Tenn  :  O. 

B.  Freeman,  recorder,  writes  under  date  of  April  18:  "We  vote 
on  the  water-works  question  in  30  days  to  issue  $25,000  bonds  for 

the  construction."  Wolfborough,  N.  H.:  Town  Clerk  S.  A. 

Edgely  writes:  "  This  town  voted  to  extend  the  water  to  South 
Wolfborough  miles."  Rochester,  Pa.:  A  plant  is  to  be  es- 
tablished at  this  place  by  the  Rochester  Water  Company.  Esti- 
mated cost,  §40,000.  St.  Thomas,  Ont.:  James  A.  Bell,  city 

engineer  at  this  place,  writes:  "  A  by-law  was  carried  here,  April 
17,  appropriating  $125,000  for  remodeling  our  present  system  of 
water-works.  The  estimates  are  for  15  miles  more  mains,  104  hy- 
drants, 105  valves,  new  engines,  boilers,  buildings,  etc.  The 
present  pumping  station  is  to  be  removed  to  a  point  on  what  is 
known  as  Kittle  Creek,  and  to  be  above  the  city.  The  water  is  all 
to  be  filtered  and  pumped  directly  into  the  city  mains."  Oak- 
land Pa.:  Superintendent  Brown,  of  the  water  department,  has 
stated  that  the  bureau  will  spend  about  Si  50,000  in  mains  and  other 
improvements  this  summer.  Marysville,  Cal.:  The  City  Trus- 
tees are  considering  the  plan  of  purchasing  a  pumping  plant  to 
cost  from  $3,000  to  $5,000,  to  pump  the  surplus  water  out  of  the 
slough.  Redding,  Cai.:  The  Citizen's  Water  Company  has  or- 
ganized at  this  place,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $200,000.  Henry 

Bergh  can  furnish  details.  Gainsville,  Ga.:  Address  Mayor 

Tooper  concerning  new  water-works.  Canton,  O.:  On  April  14 

the  following  resolution  was  adopted  by  the  city  council:  Re- 
solved, That  the  city  solicitor  be  instructed  to  petition  the  general 
assembly  to  pass  an  act  permitting  the  city  to  issue  bonds  to  the 
extent  of  $35,000  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  water  mains 
and  improving  the  water  supply.  Florence,  Ala.:  The  agita- 
tion for  water-works  at  this  place  still  continues,  and  it  is  proba- 
ble that  important  steps  will  soon  be  taken.    Jesse  W.  Starr,  of 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  is  interested  in  the  project.  Tennile,  Ga.: 

The  people  of  this  place  have  decided  to  establsih  a  system  of 

water-works.  Savannah,  Ga.:  The  subject  of  increasing  the 

facilities  for  supplying  water  to  this  city  has  been  fully  discussed 
in  committee  of  the  whole,  and  an  expert  from  Memphis  has  been 
invited  to  visit  Savannah  and  inspect  the  wells  and  water-works 
system,  and  present  the  results  of  his  investigations  to  the  coun- 
cil.   Alderman  McUonough  can  furnish  information.  Xenia, 

O.:  Two  hundred  new  hydrants,  170  valves,  and  100  new  meters, 
will  be  set  this  season,  and  25  miles  of  14  to  8-inch  pipe  will  be 

laid.   Address  John  P.  Martin.  Terre  Haute,  Ind.:  Five  miles 

of  16  to  6-inch  pipe  will  be  laid,  and  about  60  new  hydrants  and  30 

new  valves  will  be  set.    A.  C.  Chadwick  is  Secretary.  Bay 

City,  Mich.:  Two  miles  of  6  and  8-inch  pipe  will  be  laid,  and  12 
new  hydrants,  20  new  valves  and  30  new  meters  will  be  placed. 
Superintendent,  E.  L.  Dunbar.— — West  Bay  City,  Mich.:  About 
3,000  feet  of  new  mains  will  be  laid,  and  six  or  eight  new  hy- 
drants, and  three  or  four  new  valves  will  be  set.— — -Montreal,  P. 
Q.:  The  superintendent  has  submitted  a  list  of  streets  in  which 
he  thmks  it  would  be  well  to  lay  new  pipes  during  the  present 


summer.    The  estimated  cost  of  the  work  is  $44,000.  Kimball, 

Neb.:  The  sum  of  jt24, 500  has  been  voted  to  aid  in  the  construc- 
tion of  water-power  and  irrigation  ditches.  Louisville,  Ky.: 

Work  will  soon  be  commenced  on  a  new  stand-pipe  for  the  Louis- 
ville Water  Co.,  to  take  the  place  of  the  one  destroyed  by  the 
tornado.  Bids  are  now  being  soltcited  for  the  work  as  a  whole, 
and  for  furnishing  the  iron.  Chief  Engineer  Charles  Hermany 
states  that  a  bid  for  the  work  completed  will  probably  be  ac- 
cepted. A  new  set  of  pumping  machinery  is  to  be  purchased.  

Ashland,  Ky.:  Address  H.  Herman  for  information  regarding  the 
Ashland  Water  Supply  Co.  It  is  reported  that  the  Ashland  Im- 
provement Co.  has  purchased  about  2000  acres  of  land,  and  will 
improve  and  construct  works.    Reported  capital  stock,  $3,000,000. 

 Louisa,  Ky.:  A  bill  has  been  introduced  into  the  legislature  to 

incorporate  the  Louisa  Water  Co.  Blacksburg,  S.  C:  The 

Blacksburg  Land  and  Improvement  Co.  has  increased  its  capital 
stock  to  $50,000.  It  has  also  purchased  the  Seven  Springs  on 
Whitaker  Mountain,  and  a  spring  on  the  Mack  Byers  Place,  and 
will  establish  works  to  supply  Highland  Place,  Round  Hill  and 

Overlook  Place.  Bradford,  Pa.:  Laying  about  two  miles  of  8,  6 

and  4-inch  pipe,  setting  16  new  hydrants,  and  30  4-inch,  i  6-inch, 

and  I  8-inch  valve.    Superintendent,  C.  J.  Lane.  Defiance,  O.: 

Laying  3,400  of  8-inch  pipe,  and  setting  six  new  hydrants  and  two 

valves.  Circleville,  O.:  About  one  mile  of  6-inch  pipe  will  be 

laid,  and  six  new  hydrants  will  be  set.  Columbus,  O.:  Twenty- 
seven  miles  of  new  pipe,  16  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  will  be  laid,  and 
152  new  hydrants,  and  272  new  valves  will  be  placed.  The  num- 
ber of  meters  to  be  set  has  not  been  decided  upon.  A  complete 
new  pumping  station  is  to  be  constructed  and  two  GaskiU  triple 
expansion  engines,  each  of  7,500,000  gallons  capacity,  will  be 
erected.  Address  A.  H.  McAlpire,  Chief  Engineer  and  Superin- 
tendent. Toledo,  O.:  Forty  to  50  meters,  20  hydrants,  and  25 

valves  will  be  set  this  season,  and  about  five  miles  of  12,  8  and  6- 

inch  pipe  will  be  laid.  East  Liverpool,  O.:  The  bill  which  will 

permit  the  city  to  increase  its  bonded  indebtedness  from  $48,000 
to  $90,000  has  passed  the  Senate.  The  $go,ooo  will  be  used  for 
additional  water-works  improvements.  A  large  reservoir  will  be 
erected  on  Houston  Hill,  about  400  feet  above  the  level  of  tfie. 

city.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  The  Utah  Water-Works  Company 

has  been  incorporated.    President,  Richard  Mackintosh.  Los 

Angeles,  Cal.:  The  La  Siena  Water  Company  has  been  incorpor- 
ated with  a  capital  stock  of  $5,000,000.    Emanuel  Stern  is  one  of 

the  incorporators.  Macon,  Ga.:  Various  schemes  are  on  foot 

for  obtaining  a  more  ample  water  supply  for  the  city.  Mo- 
hawk, N.  Y.,  will  build  water-works.  Indianapolis,  Ind.:  The 

Rensselaer  Water,  Light  and  Power  Co.  has  been  incorporated, 

with  a  capital  stock  of  $30,000.  Ripon,  Wis.:  A  system  of 

water-works  to  cost  $60,000  will  be  built.  Kingfisher,  Okla- 
homa: The  water-works  question  is  being  discussed.  Fayette- 

ville,  N.  Y.,  will  build  water-works.  Ogden,  Utah:  The  Free- 

mont  Water  Co.  has  been  incorporated.  Ransford  Smith  is  Pres- 
ident. Lancaster,  Pa.:  The  water-works  will  be  extended.  

Reno  Park.  Colo.:  A  complete  water-works  system  will  be  estab- 
lished.—— Oakland,  Cal.:  The  Blue  Lakes  Water  Co.  have  been  in- 
corporated, with  a  capital  of  $10,000,000.  Whitefield,  N.  H.,  will 

expend  $7,500  for  water-works.  Columbus,  Ga.:    The  Rose 

Hill  Water  Co.  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of 

$10,000.  Vergennes,  \'t.:  The  question  of  filtering  the  water 

supply  is  under  discussion.  Pano,  III.,  Will  have  water-works. 

 Junction,  City,  Kan.:  About  14,000  feet  of  mains  will  be  laid 

here  this  spring.  Tooele  City,  U.:  The  Tooele  City  Water  Co. 

has  been  incorporated.  The  capital  stock  is  $25,000. — Louisa,  Ky-: 

The  Louisa  Water  Co.  has  been  incorporated.  St.  Joseph,  Mo.: 

The  water-works  will  be  extensively  improved.  Webster  City, 

la.:  The  water  mains  will  be  extended.  R.  G.Clark,  President  water- 
works. Clifton  Forge,  \'a.:  The  Clifton  Forge  Water  Co.  has 

been  incorporated.    B.  W.  Branch  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 

 Worcester,  Mass.:  The  water  mains  will  be  extended  five 

miles.  Brookline,  Mass  :  $23,400  has  been  appropriated  for  ex- 
tending the  water-works.  Attica,  Ind.:  Five  miles  of  pipe  will 

be  laid  this  summer. 

A  rotary  arc  lamp  is  soon  to  be  put  on  the  market  by  a  Boston 
firm.  In  place  of  the  ordinary  pencil  carbons,  cari)on  disks  are  to  be 
used,  ana  as  these  are  consumed  they  revolve,  preseniint:  new  sur- 
faces to  the  arc.    It  is  said  these  lamps  will  last  forty  or  fifty  hours. 


May  3,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


11 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Fremont,  O.:  City  Engineer  L.  A.  Dickinson  will  make  plans 
for  about  $10,000  worth  of  sewerage.  Reading,  Pa.:  The  Coun- 
cil Committee  on  Finance  has  appropriated  the  sum  of  $28,300  for 

the  construction  of  new  sewers.  Wilmington,  Del.:  The  sum 

of  $12,000  has  been  appropriated  by  the  Street  and  Sewer  Depart- 
ment for  the  purpose  of  making  sewer  extensions,  and  $2,000  for 

repairs  to  old  sewers.  Altoona,  Pa.:    Large  and  important 

sewer  extensions  are  to  be  constructed  here.    For  details  address 

C.  W.  Atkinson,  Street  Commissioner,  as  above.  Chattanooga, 

Tenn.:  The  Board  of  Public  Works  has  decided  to  lay  a  12-inch 

sewer  main  the  entire  length  of  Whiteside  street.  Westfield, 

Mass.:  The  Elm-street  sewer  is  to  be  continued  at  an  estimated 
cost  of  $25,000.  Columbus,  O.:  The  sum  of  $15,000  will  be  ex- 
pended on  the  south-side  sewer.  Swanton,  Vt.:  It  has  been  de- 
cided to  build  a  sewer  in  Broadway  to  the  river.  Brandon, 

Man.:  Plans  and  estimates  for  a  system  of  sewers  has  been  in- 
vited.   The  population  is  about  4,000.    For  particulars  address 

the  city  clerk.  Danville,  Ind.:  $100,000  are  to  be  expended  on 

a  sewerage  system.  Lakewood,  N.  J.:  Contracts  will  be  let 

shortly  for  a  system  of  sewerage.    For  particulars  address  C.  H. 

Kimball.  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.:  It  has  been  decided  to  issue 

Si 0,000  in  bonds  for  sewers. — -Great  Falls,  N.  H.:  $40,000  will  be 

expended  on  a  sewerage  system.  Boston,  Mass.:  The  plans  for 

the  additional  sections  of  Boston's  metropolitan  sewerage  system 

are  nearing  completion.  Danville,  Va.,  will  expend  $15,000  on 

a  sewerage  system.  Hamilton,  O.,  is  agitating  the  sewerage 

system.  Chateaugay,  N.  Y.:  The  sewerage  question  is  being 

discussed.  Paducah,  Ky.:   The  mayor  can  give  information 

concerning  the  sewerage  system  to  be  established.  Newport, 

Ky.,  is  to  have  a  system  of  sewers.  The  mayor  can  give  inform- 
ation.   

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Minneapolis,  Minn.:     Proposals  will  soon  be  wanted  here  for 

water  purifiers  for  the  new  pumping  station.  St.  Paul,  Minn.: 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Council  Committee  on  Water-Works, 
provision  was  made  for  water  privileges  for  the  boilers  at  the 
North  Minneapolis  pumping  station,  and  the  city  engineer  was 
directed  to  invite  proposals  for  30-inch  water  pipe  to  lay  another 

main  into  the  water  house.  Wyoming,  O.:     Proposals  are 

wanted  until  May  13,  for  placing  a  heating  and  ventilating  appar- 
atus in  school  building.  Address  P.  Hannaford  &  Sons,  Room  18, 

Bradford  block,  Cincinnati,  O.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:     Proposals  are 

wanted  until  July  15,  for  furnishing  all  materials,  constructing  and 
erecting  at  the  Chain  of  Rocks,  two  pumping  engines  and  appur- 
tenances complete.    Address  Emory  S.  Foster,  Secretary  Board  of 

Public  Improvement.  Quitman,  Ga.:    Proposals  are  wanted 

until  June  10,  for  rebuilding  the  court  house  at  this  place.  Ad- 
dress John    Tillmann,  Chairman   Board  of  Commissioners  for 

Brooks  County.  Sidney,  O.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until  May 

6,  for  furnishing  such  materials  as  maybe  required  for  the  extension 
and  enlargement  of  the  present  water-works,  mains  and  branches 
in  this  city.    Address  L.  M.  Sturtevant,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 

Water-Works  Trustees.  Middletown,  N.  Y.:    Proposals  are 

wanted  until  May  12,  for  furnishing  materials  and  constructing  a 
reservoir  and  pipe  line  for  an  additional  water  supply.  Address 

Isaac  R.  Clements,  President  Board  of  Water  Commissioners.  

Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office 
of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  two 
o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  26th  day  of  May,  1890,  for  the  several  branches 
of  labor  and  materials  required  for  the  erection  and  completion  of 
the  U.  S.  Post  Office,  Custom  House,  etc.,  building  at  Camden,  N. 
J.  (except  heating  apparatus),  including  approaches.  Address 

Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Anderson,  S.  C:    Proposals  are  wanted  until 

May  7,  for  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant.  Address  Roddy 
&  Whitner.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  re- 
ceived at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  De- 
partment, until  two  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  i6th  of  May,  1890,  for  all 
the  labor  and  materials  required  to  erect  and  complete  the  sur- 
geon's house,  for  U.  S.  Quarantine  Reservation  at  Delaware  break- 
water, Delaware.     Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Washington,  D. 

C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Super- 
vising Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  two  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  13th  day  of  May,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required 


to  put  in  place  all  the  gas  piping  in  the  U.  S.  Custom  House,  etc., 

building  at  Galveston,  Texas.    Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  

Washington,  D.  C.:-  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office 
of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  two 
o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  13th  day  of  May,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  ma- 
terials required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  low  temperature,  hot 
water,  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus  for  the  U.  .S.  Post  Office. 

etc.,  building  at  Springfield,  O.    Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  

Vienna,  Ga.:  Proposals  will  be  received  until  May  8,  for  the  erec- 
tion and  completion  of  a  new  court  house  at  Vienna.     Address  J. 

D.  Hargrove,  Chairman  Building  Committee.  Washington,  D 

C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Super- 
vising Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  two  o'clock  p.  m.  on 
the  15th  day  of  May,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required 
to  fix  in  place  complete  a  low  pressure  steam  heating  and  mechan- 
ical ventilating  apparatus,  for  the  U.  S.  Court  House  and  Post 

Office  building  at  Montpelier,  Vt.    Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  

Dallas,  Tex.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  August  i,  for  an  Episco- 
pal church,  to  cost  $50,000;  a  parish  building,  to  cost  $10,000;  a 
rectory,  to  cost  $5,000.  Address  Bishop  R.  C.  Garrett. — — Antigo, 
Wis.:  The  Common  Council  has  called  for  bids  to  furnish  a 
water-works  system  with  five  miles  of  pipe. — ■ — Ainsworth,  Neb.: 
Bonds  having  been  sold,  the  town  has  called  for  bids  for  construct- 
ing works,  to  have  a  daily  capacity  of  400,000  galls.    Water  will 

be  pumped  to  a  stand  pipe.  Goldsboro,  N.  C:    A  gas  plant 

will  be  required  at  the  Insane  Asylum.  Dr.  J.  Miller  can  give  in- 
formation. Waterbury,  Conn.:    Bids  will  soon  be  advertised 

for  the  erection  of  a  $50,000  school  house.  Decatur,  111.:  Bids 

are  wanted  until  May  7  for  the  construction  of  certain  sewers  in 

this  city.    Address  F.  O.  Betzer.  San  Jose,  Cal.:  Proposals  are 

wanted  until  May  6,  for  the  construction  of  a  gas  plant  for  the 

State  Insane  Asylum  at  Agneus.    Address  L.  G.  Nesmith.  

Rutland,  Vt.:  Bids  will  be  received  until  May  5,  1890,  for  lighting 
the  streets  by  electricity.  Anderson,  S.  C:  Bids  will  be  re- 
ceived until  May  7,  for  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant. 

Dr.  Wingate  the  new  Health  Commissioner  of  Milwaukee,  has 
given  the  health  department  a  good  shaking  up.  The  following 
are  the  new  appointments  made. 

Medical  Assistants  to  the  Commissioner— Drs.  W.  H.  Wash- 
burn, H.  E.  Bradley,  F.  J.  Tower. 

Secretary  and  Registrar — E.  W.  Diercks. 

Meat  Inspectors — F.  J.  Carney  and  William  Miller. 

Physician  for  City  Hospital — Dr.  A.  B.  Grider. 

Stewart  at  City  Hospital — F.  L.  Peabody. 

Sanitary  Police — George  E.  Adams  (collector  of  garbage),  F. 
H.  Curtis,  W.  P.  Watson,  William  Cleary,  George  Shields,  and 
William  Cramer. 

Messenger  and  Disinfector — John  Dolgee.  The  Plumbing  In- 
spector has  not  yet  been  appointed,  but  will  be  soon. 


CATARRH, 

CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS. — HAY  FEVER. — A  NEW  HOME 
TREATMENT. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B. — This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. — Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  carefully  read  the 
above.   

FORT  WORTH  AND  RETURN,  $26.95. 
On  account  of  the  Texas  Spring  Palace,  the  Wabash  line  will 
self  tickets  to  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  and  return  at  one  fare — $26.95 
— for  the  round  trip  on  the  following  dates:  May  8,  12,  15,  19,  22, 
26  and  29.  Tickets  are  good  three  days  in  transit  in  both  direc- 
tions and  will  be  honored  for  return  passage  up  to  June  3d,  in- 
clusive. For  full  particulars,  berths,  tickets,  etc.,  call  at  Wabash 
ticket  office,  201  Clark  street. 


12 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


Among  the  improved  eaves  troughs  is  one 
by  C.  M.  Brion,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  which 
is  worthy  of  mention.  The  troughs  are 
made  of  copper  or  galvanized  iron,  are  sim- 
ple in  construction  and  easily  applied  to  any 
roof.  The  supports  are  so  adjusted  that  the 
troughs  cannot  get  loose  or  dip,  but  are 
clasped  stronger  as  the  weight  becomes 
greater. 


Editors,  as  a  rule,  are  kind  hearted  and 
liberal.  An  exchange  tells  of  a  subscriber 
who  died  and  left  fourteen  years'  subscrip- 
tion unpaid.  The  editor  appeared  at  the 
grave,  as  the  lid  was  being  screwed  on  for 
the  last  time,  and  put  in  a  linen  duster,  a 
thermometer,  a  palm  leaf  fan  and  a  receipt 
for  making  ice. — Alabama  Age. 


IT  IS  IMPORTANT 

TO  USE  THE  BEST 

TRKP 


BARRr  S  PATENT  TRAPS 

Are  Acknowledged  to  be 
PEBFJECT. 

MANUFACTURED  BY  THE 

BARRY  MANUFACTURING  CO.,  MUSCATINE,  IOWA. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND 
PRICES  OF  LATEST 

PlumMng  Specialties. 


Combination  Pipe  Vises,  Hinged  Self- 
Loctclng  Pipe  Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Bend- 
ers, Lead  Pipe  Formers  and  Sizers, 
Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners.  Plumbers' 
Estimate  Book  —  Office  and  Pocket 
Size,  to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

21  Church  Street,  Willimantic,  Conn. 


1ME1S0RT0N"  BOILER 


"Perfection  in  IModern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUGHT-IRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 
GORTON  &   LIDGERWOOD  CO., 

34-  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York,  197-203  Congress  St..  Boston. 


Gorton  Boilei — Front  View. 


Gorton  Bollei — Sec'n  View 


STANDARD  MANUFACTURING  CO., 

RITTSBURGH,  RM. 

Porcelain-Lined  Iron  Bath-Tubs 

POLISHED  BRASS  EXTERIOR. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LISTS  FURNISHED  ON  APPLICATION. 


May  10,  1890.1 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


13 


The  Sanitary  News 

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No.  UO  La  Salle  Street,      -       -       -  Ciiicaco. 


Thomas  Hudson,        -        ^  ^        _         .        .        _  Pum.isiuiK. 

A.  H.  IIarryman,  _        _        -        _  -        -  EniTou. 

Henry  R.  Allen,      _       -       -        ^       _  London  Acjent. 


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subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  13 

The  Water  Supply  of  Memphis  -  -  ...  14 

State  Boards  of  Health  Conference  -  -  -  -  .  14 

A  Sanitary  Wash-House  15 

Association  of  Public  Sanitarv  Inspectors  of  Great  Britain         -  -  15 

Dangers  to  Young  Men  15 
New  Smoke-Consuming  Apparatus              -          .          .           .  . 

Corrosion  from  Pure  Water  -------  ai 

PLUMBING  

Under  What  Conditions  Should  the  City  Authorities  Grant  an  Appli- 
cant a  License  to  Carry  on  the  Plumbing  Business    -  -  -  16 
Employ  the  Competent  Plumber          .          .          .          .  . 

An  Improved  Drain-Pipe      -------  18 

Not  Authorized 

The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  -  -  -  -  -  19 

How  Not  to  Do  It  -  -  -         -  -  -  20 

Among  the  Plumbers  -------  20 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done    -----  -  21 

Heating  and  Lighting      -  -  -  .  -  -  .  33 

Water  Works  Notes  -----  -  -  23 

Sewerage  Notes    --------  03 

Bids  and  Contracts     -  .  -  .  ...  33 


The  subject  of  educating  the  masses  in  matters  of  sanitation 
is  engaging  the  attention  of  professional  minds  to  a  considerable 
degree.  Sanitary  science  has  made  its  discoveries,  formulated  its 
laws,  and  delivered  to  the  professional  the  knowledge  of  an  ad- 
vanced age;  yet  this  knowledge  to  become  of  practical  worth 
must  be  made  acceptable  and  familiar  to  the  general  public. 
Sanitary  science  is  established.  Its  claims  are  recognized,  and 
now  its  labors  must  be  directed  toward  educating  the  people  up  to 
an  intelligent  comprehension  of  its  great  truths.  In  regard  to  this 
X\\&  Sanitary  Record  [l^ovLAon)  s^.^'i:  "From  time  to  time  it  has 
been  forcibly  pointed  out  by  writers  on  hygiene  that  the  future  of 
sanitary  progress  depends  to  a  great  extent  upon  the  goodwill 
and  co-operation  of  the  people  at  large.    Striking  at  the  root  of 


the  matter,  not  a  few  reformers  base  their  hopes  upon  '  the  educa- 
tion of  the  masses  as  the  real  groundwork  of  national  health.' 
By  transgression  against  the  laws  that  govern  life  in  civilized 
communities  man  creates  in  a  great  measure  the  scourges  for  his 
own  back.  The  vast  amount  of  injury  caused  by  preventable 
disease  is  hardly  likely  to  be  materially  affected  until  the  people 
work  hand-in-hand  with  the  authorities  for  its  removal.  Other- 
wise, medical  men  may  theorize  and  parliaments  legislate  in 
vain."  The  opposition  to  state  boards  of  health,  city  ordinances, 
and  legal  sanitation  generally,  comes  from  those  ignorant  of  the 
value  of  preventive  medicine.  This  has  been  true  of  all  reforms 
and  advanced  thought  on  any  subject.  The  remedy  is  education, 
and  how  best  to  disseminate  the  knowledge  accumulated  regard- 
ing public  medicine  and  the  value  of  hygiene,  is  a  problem  that  is 
yet  to  be  given  a  practical  solution.  This  knowledge  may  be 
understood  in  a  general  way;  the  teachings  of  hygiene  may  be  in 
the  main  accepted,  yet  the  people  have  not  been  taught  the  value 
of  obeying  hygienic  laws  and  the  practical  worth  of  general 
sanitation  in  every-day  life.  They  have  beheld  its  service  in 
quarantine,  in  the  arrest  or  prevention  of  epidemics,  but  have  not 
been  taught  the  value  of  sanitation  in  the  conditions  that  sur- 
round them  in  the  ordinary  experiences  of  life.  It  is  this  knowl- 
edge that  is  wanting  and  on  which  depends,  in  a  great  measure, 
the  efficiency  and  value  of  sanitary  science. 


The  Commercial  Herald,  of  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  recognizing  the 
partisan  interference  with  the  Louisiana  State  Board  of  Health, 
on  the  part  of  Governor  Nicholls,  gives  expression  to  the  follow- 
ing warning: 

"  We  trust  that  our  State  Board  of  Health  is  not  oblivious  to 
what  is  going  on  in  Louisiana.  Governor  Nicholls  has  recently 
reorganized  the  Louisiana  Board  of  Health,  and  in  doing  so  has 
not  carried  with  him  the  united  confidence  of  his  own  citizens. 
This  is  sufficient  cause  for  this  state  to  prepare  to  keep  out 
epidemic  diseases,  come  what  may.  It  is  quite  certain  that  the 
Mississippi  Valley  can  get  along  without  New  Orleans,  and  it  is 
quite  certain  this  portion  of  the  valley  will  sever  all  connection 
and  communication  with  any  city  which  permits  the  importation 
of  that  fearful,  tropical  scourge,  yellow  fever.  Forewarned  is 
forearmed,  should  be  the  watchword  of  the  Mississippi  Board  of 
Health.  Already  Dr.  Oliphant,  President  of  the  Louisiana 
Board,  declares  his  skepticism  as  to  the  ability  of  the  board. 
This  announcement  should  not  pass  unnoticed  by  our  board,  and 
it  should  prepare  to  demonstrate  to  the  world  that  the  plague  can 
be  kept  out  of  this  state,  even  if  it  should  break  out  in  New 
Orleans. 

"  We  warn  the  Southern  metropolis  that  nothing  could  be  so 
d'sastrous  to  her,  as  for  her  to  permit  the  importation  of  yellow 
fever.  She  had  best  have  no  ships  from  yellow  fever  districts 
from  now  until  October,  than  to  have  a  half  dozen  cases  of  yellow 
fever. 

"  We  trust  we  have  been  sufficiently  explicit." 

The  Sanitary  News  noticed  at  the  time  the  unwarranted  in- 
terference on  the  part  of  the  Governor  of  Louisiana  with  the  State 
Board  of  Health.  He  has  endangered  the  health,  business,  com- 
merce, and  prosperity  of  his  state  in  order  to  satisfy  personal 
desires  and  advance  partisan  ends.  This  is  the  fruit  it  bears  in 
a  neighboring  state,  and  the  warning  he  has  received  is  not  any 
too  strong.  There  is  surely  enough  in  state  political  machinery 
outside  of  the  board  of  health  for  governors  to  exercise  their 
personal  animosities  on  without  disturbing  this  department  which 
should  know  no  party  and  feel  the  influence  of  no  partisan.  But 
it  seems  as  if  there  are  some  men  who,  by  the  accident  of  political 
fickleness,  get  into  places  they  are  too  small  to  fill,  and  who  by  a 
single  act  can  undo  the  work  of  years.  This  is  a  sad  condition 
of  affairs,  but  we  know  of  no  remedy  to  suggest  except  that  great 
remedy  that  lies  in  the  hands  of  the  people. 


It  is  about  time  for  the  press  of  New  York  to  wake  up  to  the 
fact  that  the  World's  Fair  is  going  to  be  held  at  Chicago,  and  that 
if  they  want  to  keep  up  with  the  procession  they  will  have  to  stop 
whining  and  quarreling  and  fall  in  early.  This  is  to  be  a  world's 
fair,  and  it  is  to  be  held  at  Chicago  by  the  sanction  of  the  highest 
authority  in  the  country.  Everything  and  every  section  of  coun- 
try worthy  an  exhibit  will  be  presumed  to  be  represented  at  this 


14 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  327 


great  exposition.  New  York  may  waste  so  much  time  in  exhibit- 
ing her  jealousy  that  that  will  be  all  she  will  exhibit,  and  the 
millions  of  visitors  at  Chicago  in  1893,  will  never  learn  of  the 
existence  of  our  N.  Y. 


We  are  glad  that  the  carpenters'  strike  has  been  settled  and 
that  work  has  been  resumed,  but  sorry  to  learn  from  those  repre- 
sented at  the  arbitration  that  the  loss  occasioned  by  the  strike  is 
estimated  at  $1,000,000  per  week;  that  is,  we  are  sorry  there  was  a 
strike— sorry  that  the  differences  between  the  builders  and  the 
carpenters  were  not  arbitrated  before  the  strike.  There  is  a 
lesson  in  this,  but  it  will  probably  never  be  heeded. 


When  we  consider  the  plumbing  in  such  buildings  as  the 
"  World "  building  in  New  York,  the  Auditorium,  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Rookery,  and  many  other  buildings  in  this  city,  we 
can  arrive  at  some  idea  of  the  height  of  mechanical  skill  which 
the  plumber  must  attain  to  do  such  work.  And  when  we  con- 
sider the  nature  of  the  foul  odors,  poisonous  gases,  and  disease 
germs,  the  demands  of  ventilation  for  these  great  stacks  of  pipes 
and  their  ramifications,  and  the  requirements  of  general  sanita- 
tion, we  can  begin  to  conceive  of  the  amount  of  technical  and 
practical  knowledge  that  is  required  of  the  efficient  plumber. 


It  is  not  the  epidemic  that  is  the  most  deadly,  but  it  is  those 
insidious,  preventable  diseases  that  carry  off  their  victims  from 
day  to  day,  that  are  responsible  for  the  greatest  proportion  of  the 
death-rate.    Sanitation  is  better  than  quarantine. 


Every  now  and  then  some  new  evidence  is  furnished  of  the 
dangers  of  polluted  water  and  its  relation  to  typhoid  fever.  MM. 
Doyen  and  Lajoux  analyzed  seven  samples  of  water  obtained 
from  Pont  Faverger,  where  a  typhoid  fever  epidemic  had  ap- 
peared. Five  samples  taken  from  contaminated  wells  contained 
25,000,000  bacteria  to  a  quart  of  water,  of  these  15,000,000  to  20,- 
000,000  were  typhoid  bacilli.  A  portion  of  Paris  is  supplied  with 
water  from  springs  and  the  rest  by  water  from  the  river  Seine. 
The  mortality  from  typhoid  fever  is  four  times  greater  in  the 
districts  supplied  with  water  from  the  river  Seine  than  in  those 
supplied  from  the  springs.  Evidences  of  this  character  are  to  be 
gathered  from  all  over  the  country,  yet  people  are  indifferent  to 
the  water  they  drink,  and  cities,  to  save  money,  suffer  epidemics 
on  account  of  bad  water. 


THE  WATER  SUPPLY  OF  MEMPHIS. 

The  New  York  Times,  in  commenting  on  the  Memphis  water 
supply,  says:  In  1887  the  manager  of  a  local  ice  company  sought 
to  procure  pure  water  for  use  in  his  business  by  sinking  an  artesian 
well  near  his  factory.  He  was  successful,  and  his  experiments 
and  researches  led  to  the  completion  of  a  supply  system  for  the 
city — a  system  that  has  some  remarkable  features. 

The  first  well,  354  feet  deep,  yielded  an  abundant  supply  of 
excellent  water,  and  a  study  of  the  strata  through  which  it  passed 
showed  that  a  great  and  probably  inexhaustible  reservoir  of  good 
water  lay  beneath  the  city.  At  Memphis  and  throughout  the  sur- 
rounding district  there  is  on  the  surface  a  layer  of  loam  from  25 
to  60  feet  thick.  Below  that  is  a  layer  of  gravel  and  sand  about 
20  feet  thick.  But  under  this  gravel  is  a  layer  of  impervious  clay 
145  feet  in  thickness.  Its  top  is  nearly  horizontal.  Through  this 
clay  water  can  neither  rise  nor  fall.  Beneath  it  is  the  great  reser- 
voir— a  layer  of  water-bearing  sand  almost  800  feet  deep,  the  base 
of  which  rests  on  still  another  bed  of  clay. 

This  layer  of  water-bearing  sand  and  the  two  layers  of  imper- 
vious clay  that  inclose  it  dip  toward  the  west.  They  may  be  found 
outcropping  in  parallel  belts  that  lie  lengthwise  between  the  Ten- 
nessee River  ridge  and  the  line  of  the  Mississippi  bluffs. 

Throughout  this  belt  the  water  enters  the  great  layer  of  sand, 
and  is  stored  in  it  over  a  wide  area  underlying  the  city  of  Memphis 
and  the  surrounding  region.  The  distance  from  the  outcropping 
to  the  city  is  from  45  to  60  miles,  and  the  fall  is  not  less  than  600 
feet.  When  a  steel  tube  at  Memjjhis  enters  from  the  surface  this 
great  sponge  that  is  sandwiched  between  the  two  layers  of  clay, 
the  water  rises  freely  above  the  top  of  it.  And  it  is  water  that  was 
gathered  in  a  clean  region,  50  miles  to  the  eastward. 


The  city's  supply  is  obtained  from  thirty-two  wells,  the 
average  depth'  of  which  is  about  four  hundred  feet. 
In  each  case  the  water  rises  through  a  steel  tube 
eight  inches  in  diameter,  tipped  at  the  base  with  a  kind  of 
strainer  50  feet  long,  made  of  brass.  But  the  water  does  not  come 
directly  to  the  surface.  In  the  layer  of  impervious  clay  has  been 
made  a  horizontal  tunnel  3,000  feet  long  and  five  feet  in  diameter, 
into  which  the  32  wells  discharge.  This  tunnel  is  30  feet  below 
the  top  of  the  clay  stratum  and  about  75  feet  below  the  level  to 
which  the  artesian  water  rises  freely.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  tops 
of  the  wells  have  been  cut  off,  as  it  were,  and  that  they  have  be- 
come subterranean  and  concealed  feeders  of  a  hidden  conduit. 

Near  one  end  of  the  tunnel  there  is  a  pump-house,  under  which 
the  water  from  the  wells  and  the  conduit  rises  into  strongly-built 
chambers,  from  which  it  is  pumped  and  distributed.  The  three 
pumps  have  a  capacity  of  30,000,000  gallons  a  day.  The  floor  of 
the  lower  chamber  is  50  feet  below  the  highest  level  of  artesian 
flow,  and  the  top  of  it  is  closed  with  a  heavy  and  securely-an- 
chored cover,  strong  enough  to  resist  the  upward  pressure. 

Experts  say  that  this  water  is  exceptionally  pure.  Says  Dr. 
Safford:  "  It  is  clear,  colorless,  with  a  minimum  of  mineral  sub- 
stances, and  wonderfully  free  from  organic  matter.  It  is,  further- 
more, sparkling,  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  refreshing,  without  odor, 
slightly  chalybeate,  and,  as  it  comes  from  the  wells,  has  a  temper- 
ature of  60  deg.  Fahrenheit,  constant  the  year  round.  Showing  no 
traces  of  sewage  and  being  thoroughly  secured  against  sources  of 
pollution,  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  its  wholesomeness;  and  this 
the  improved  health  condition  of  Memphis  since  its  introduction 
would  appear  to  demonstrate." 

There  are  some  other  cities  for  which  a  supply  of  good  water 
can  be  obtained  in  a  similar  manner.  And  there  are  cities  in  which 
the  water  procured  by  artesian  wells  from  underlying  reservoirs 
cannot  be  used  with  safety.  New  York  is  one  of  these.  Although 
the  strata  beneath  this  city  are  much  harder  and  more  compact 
than  those  under  Memphis,  the  authorities  of  our  Health  Depart- 
ment have  discovered  that  the  supply  from  even  very  deep  arte- 
sian wells  is  not  free  from  dangerous  pollution. 


STATE  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH  CONFERENCE. 

The  sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Conference  of  State  Boards  of 
Health  will  be  held  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  beginning  May  ig,  1890. 
The  subjects  proposed  for  discussion  are  as  follows: 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Michigan.— The  editing  and  print- 
ing of  annual  reports  of  State  Boards  of  Health;  and  other 
methods  of  disseminating  public  health  knowledge. 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Rhode  Island.— By  what  means  can 
a  proper  comprehension  of  the  principles  and  practices  of  hygiene 
be  most  effectually  promoted? 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Kentucky.— .ff^'5r;/7W,  That  ujion 
the  outbreak  of  yellow  fever  or  other  epidemic  disease  rendering 
the  establishment  of  quarantine  necessary,  this  conference  urges 
such  co-operation  in  administration  on  the  part  of  threatened 
states  as  will  confine  the  disease  to  the  point  of  initial  attack,  in 
place  of  the  expensive,  unscientific  and  unsatisfactory  so-called 
quarantines  at  distant  state  lines. 

Resolved,  That  this  conference  urges  upon  the  health  authori- 
ties of  each  state  the  importance  ot  such  an  administration  of  any 
quarantine  they  may  establish  as  will  furnish  proper  protection 
to,  and  show  due  regard  for,  the  rights  of  states  lying  beyond 
them. 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Pennsylvania.— What  steps  should 
the  United  States  Government  take  to  prevent  the  introduction  of 
leprosy  into  this  country? 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Michigan.— To  what  extent  is  it 
necessary  to  moisten  the  air  of  rooms  at  the  time  sulphur  is  burned 
for  the  purpose  of  disinfection  after  the  occurrence  of  diphtheria^ 
scarlet-fever  or  small-pox? 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Kansas.— Is  it  not  both  imiiortant 
and  very  desirable  for  all  State  Boards  of  Health  to  have  a  uni- 
form system  of  blanks  for  the  reports  of  vital  statistics? 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  California.— How  to  prevent  con- 
tamination of  potable  waters. 

Proposed  by  State  Board  of  Ohio.— Should  State  Boards  of 
Health  have  executive  powers? 


May  10,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


15 


A  SANITARY  WASH-HOUSE. 

In  the  March  Cmtury  is  an  article  by  Mr.  Albert  Shaw  enti- 
tled, "Glasgow;  A  Municipal  Study,"  from  which  the  following  is 
abstracted,  and  it  will  prove  of  special  interest  to  the  health 
authorities  of  our  larger  cities: 

"Not  the  least  important  feature  of  the  department's  work  in 
Glasgow  is  the  Sanitary  Wash-house.  A  .similar  establishment 
should  be  a  part  of  the  municipal  economy  of  every  large  town. 
In  1864  the  authorities  found  it  necessary  to  superintend  the  disin- 
fection of  dwellings,  and  a  small  temporary  wash-house  was 
opened,  with  a  few  tubs  for  the  cleansing  of  apparel,  etc.-,  removed 
from  infected  houses.  For  a  time  after  the  acquisition  of  Belvi- 
dere,  a  part  of  the  laundry  of  the  hospital  was  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  a  general  sanitary  wash-house.  But  larger  quarters  being 
needed,  a  separate  establishment  was  built  and  opened  in  1884,  its 
cost  being  about  $50,000.  This  place  is  so  admirable  in  its  system 
and  its  mechanical  appointments  that  I  am  again  tempted  to  di- 
gress with  a  technical  description.  The  place  is  in  constant  com- 
munication with  sanitary  headquarters,  and  its  collecting  wagons 
are  on  the  road  early  every  morning.  The  larger  part  of  the 
articles  removed  for  disinfection  and  cleansing  must  be  returned 
on  the  same  day,  to  meet  the  necessities  of  poor  families.  I  vis- 
ited the  house  on  a  day  when  1,800  pieces,  from  twenty-five  differ- 
ent families,  had  come  in.  in  1887,6,700  washings,  aggregating 
380,000  pieces,  were  done.  The  quantity,  of  course,  varies  from 
year  to  year  with  the  amount  of  infectious  disease  in  the  city.  The 
establishment  has  a  crematory,  to  which  all  household  articles 
whatsoever  that  are  to  be  burned  after  a  case  of  infectious  disease 
must  be  brought  by  the  vans  of  the  sanitary  department.  The 
carpet-cleaning  machinery  and  the  arrangements  for  disinfection 
by  steam,  by  chemicals,  and  by  boiling,  I  cannot  here  describe. 

"The  department's  disinfecting  and  whitewashing  staff  is  oper- 
ated from  the  wash-house  as  headquarters.  A  patient  being 
removed  to  the  hospital,  the  authorities  at  once  take  possession  of 
the  house  for  cleansing  and  disinfection.  It  is  a  point  of 
interest  also  that  the  city  has  appointed  a  comfortable  'house 
of  reception'  of  some  ten  rooms,  with  two  or  three  perma- 
nent servants,  where  families  may  be  entertained  for  a  day  or 
more  as  the  city's  guests  if  it  is  desirable  to  remove  them  from 
their  homes  during  the  progress  of  the  disinfecting  and  clothes- 
washing  operations.  The  house  is  kept  in  constant  use,  and  it  is 
found  a  very  convenient  thing  for  the  department  to  have  at  its 
disposal. 

"As  net  results  of  the  sanitary  work  of  the  Glasgow  authorities 
may  be  mentioned  the  most  entire  extinction  of  some  of  the  worst 
forms  of  contagious  disease,  and  a  mastery  of  the  situation  which 
leaves  comparatively  little  fear  of  wide-spread  epidemics  in  the 
future,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  Glasgow  is  a  great  seaport,  has  an 
unfavorable  climate,  and  has  an  extraordinary  dense  and  badly 
housed  working  population.  The  steady  decline  of  the  total  death 
rate,  and  its  remarkably  rapid  decline  as  regards  those  diseases  at 
which  sanitary  science  more  especially  aims  its  weapons,  are 
achievements  which  are  a  proper  source  of  gratification  to  the 
town  council  and  the  officers  of  the  health  department." 

ASSOCIATION  OF  PUBLIC  SANITARY  INSPECTORS 
OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  this  Association,  says  The  Builder, 
held  at  Carpenters'  Hall,  London-wall,  on  Saturday  evening  last, 
Mr.  Hugh  Alexander,  presiding,  a  paper  on  "Social  Environ- 
ment" was  read  by  Mr.  F.  T.  Paulson  (Chief  Inspector,  Chelsea). 
In  regarding  man  as  a  gregarious  animal,  the  lecturer  found  his 
leading  characteristic  to  be  voracity.  He  had  an  insatiable  and 
omnivorous  appetite,  both  as  regarded  what  he  ate  and  what  he 
drank.  Another  characteristic  of  man  as  animal  was  his  indiffer- 
ence to  the  quality  of  what  he  consumed,  and  the  ingenuity  he 
displayed  in  vitiating  even  the  breath  of  life  itself.  In  many 
dwellings  every  inlet  and  outlet  of  air  was  carefully  choked,  the 
occupants  being  in  consequence  pale,  weakly  and  anaemic.  The 
method  of  introducing  currents  of  warmed  fresh  air,  by  admitting 
them  through  flues  behind  the  fireplace,  as  advocated  by  Sir 
Douglas  Galton,  was  commended  in  this  connection.  Some  good 
had  followed  such  revelations  as  those  in  "How  the  Poor  Live;" 
but  immense  was  the  ignorance  that  still  prevailed  on  the  subject 
of  sanitation  and  the  use  of  such  sanitary  appliances  an  were  now 


commonly  applied  to  dwelling-houses.  Wherever  the  surround- 
ings, whether  dampness  of  sites,  or  walls,  or  other  defects,  were 
the  cause  of  fungoid  growths  on  the  walls,  similar  growths  in  the 
animal  membrane  were  to  be  feared  in  the  fearful  form  of 
diphtheria,  the  worst  zymotic  of  whose  existence  the  lecturer  was 
aware.  On  the  question  of  water  supply,  "a  compulsory  constant 
service"  was  advocated,  and  the  withdrawal  of  the  power  of  cut- 
ting off  a  service  for  any  cause.  An  intermittent  service  was 
liable  to  constant  pollution  from  the  sucking  in  of  noxious  matter 
from  water-closet,  soil-pipe,  house-drain,  or  other  sanitary  arrange- 
ments of  the  dwelling  to  which  the  fittings  might  be  connected. 
As  an  illustration  of  this  danger,  he  exhibited  a  small  sketch, 
showmg  how  a  kitchen-boiler  was  supplied  with  sewage  in  his 
district,  owing  to  the  overflow-pipe  of  the  feed-cistern  being  con- 
nected directly  to  the  house-drain.  The  drain  becoming  ob- 
structed, and  the  water-closet  being  at  a  higher  level  than  the  top 
of  the  overflow-pipe  of  the  cistern,  when  the  closet  was  used  the 
sewage  was  forced  up  the  overflow-pipe  into  the  cistern,  and  thus 
sent  into  the  kitchen-boiler.  This  showed  how  easily  a  family 
might  be  poisoned  by  a  plumber's  defective  work.  With  regard 
to  the  removal  of  refuse,  the  lecturer  preferred  to  see  it  carried 
away  in  closed  vehicles  to  be  applied  to  the  soil  as  manure,  in 
place  of  burning  it  in  "destructors."  The  paper  next  touched 
upon  the  disposal  of  the  dead,  and,  without  absolutely  declaring 
it,  the  principle  of  cremation  was  upheld,  with  a  recommendation 
that  the  residuum  should  be  ground  to  powder  for  agricultural 
uses.  The  environments  of  childhood  would  never  be  what  they 
should  until  mothers  had  more  knowledge  of  the  physical  neces- 
sities of  their  children.  The  lecturer  concluded  by  applying  the 
Darwinian  phrase,  "  the  survival  of  the  fittest,"  to  the  environ- 
ments of  man,  and  showed  that  a  completer  knowledge  of  the 
physiology  and  sanitation  meant  for  the  workman  and  workwoman, 
the  retention  of  the  earning  and  enjoying  faculties  for  a  longer 
period,  and  for  the  nation  and  the  commercial  world  more  profit, 
thrift,  and  industry,  and  therefore  more  peace  and  contentment 
both  for  capitalist  and  laborer. 

DANGERS  TO  YOUNG  MEN. 
Andrew  Carnegie  gives  the  following  advice  to  young  men: 
"There  are  three  great  rocks  ahead  of  the  practical  young 
man  who  has  his  foot  upon  the  ladder  and  is  beginning  to  rise. 
First,  drunkenness,  which  of  course,  is  fatal.  There  is  no  use  in 
wasting  time  upon  any  young  man  who  drinks  liquor,  no  matter 
how  exceptional  his  talents.  Indeed,  the  greater  his  talents  are 
the  greater  the  disappointment  must  be.  I  do  not  mean  by  drink- 
ing liquor,  the  taking  of  a  glass  of  beer  or  wine  at  meals.  It  is 
.not  necessary  for  a  man  to  be  a  total  abstainer  in  order  to  be  tem- 
perate. The  rule  should  be:  never  enter  a  barroom  and  never 
drink  liquor  except  at  meals.  The  second  rock  ahead  is  specula- 
tion. The  business  of  a  speculator  and  that  of  a  manufacturer  or 
man  of  affairs  are  not  only  distinct  but  incompatible.  To  be  suc- 
cessful in  the  business  world,  the  manufacturer's  and  the  mer- 
chant's profits  only  should  be  sought.  The  manufacturer  should 
go  forward  steadily,  meeting  the  market  prite.  When  there  are 
goods  to  sell,  sell  them;  when  supplies  are  needed,  purchase  them, 
without  regard  to  the  market  price  in  either  case.  I  have  never 
known  a  speculative  manufacturer  or  business  man  who  scored  a 
permanent  success.  He  is  rich  one  day,  bankrupt  the  next.  Be- 
sides this,  the  manufacturer  aims  to  produce  articles,  and  in  so 
doing  to  employ  labor.  This  furnishes  a  laudable  career.  A 
man  in  this  avocation  is  useful  to  his  kind.  The  merchant  is  use- 
fully occupied  distributing  commodities;  the  banker  in  providing 
capital.  The  third  rock  is  akin  to  speculation— indorsing.  Busi- 
ness men  require  irregular  supplies  of  money,  at  some  periods 
little,  at  others  enormous  sums.  Others  being  in  the  same  condi- 
tion, there  is  strong  temptation  to  indorse  mutually.  This  rock 
should  be  avoided.  There  are  emergencies,  no  doubt,  in  which 
men  should  help  their  friends,  but  there  is  a  rule  that  will  keep 
one  safe.  No  man  should  place  his  name  upon  the  obligation  of 
another  if  he  has  not  sufficient  to  pay  it  without  detriment  to  his 
own  business.  It  is  dishonest  to  do  so.  Men  are  trustees  foi  those 
who  have  trusted  them,  and  the  creditor  is  entitled  to  all  his  capi- 
tal and  credit.  For  one's  own  firm,  "your  name,  your  fortune, 
your  sacred  honor;"  but  for  others,  no  matter  under  what  circum- 
stances, only  such  aid  as  you  can  render  without  danger  to  your 


16 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  327 


trust.  It  IS  a  safe  rule,  therefore,  to  give  the  cash  direct  that  you 
have  to  spare  for  others  and  never  your  endorsement  or  guar- 
antee." ■   

NEW  SMOKE-CONSUMING  APPARATUS. 
J.  T.  Howson  and  H.  Milnes,  Lowfield  Cutlery  Forge,  Sheffield, 
says  77/1?  Ironmonger,  have  invented  and  patented  an  apparatus 
for  the  combustion  of  smoke  in  ordinary  furnaces.  It  consists  of 
ah  arrangement  of  brick-work  channels  placed  underneath  the 
boiler.  Near  the  first  bridge  there  is  a  ventilating  door,  which 
can  be  opened  or  closed  at  will.  The  apparatus  is  connected  with 
a  second  bridge,  or  air  chamber,  where  the  air  is  heated  to  over 
400  degrees  in  passing.  The  hot  air  causes  complete  combustion. 
It  is  contended  that  three  advantages  are  gained  by  the  invention. 
In  the  first  place  the  fuel  generates  more  steam,  and  in  the 
second  there  is  a  great  saving  of  fuel.  The  gases  which  ordinar- 
ily pass  up  the  chimney  into  the  atmosphere  are  ignited  and  con- 
sumed, so  that  less  fuel  has  to  be  used.  The  third,  and  by  no 
means  the  least,  advantage  gained  by  the  use  of  the  apparatus  is 
the  reduction  of  the  smoke  nuisance  to  a  minimum.  It  is  con- 
tended by  the  inventors  that  the  apparatus  is  easily  fixed,  that  it 
is  not  liable  to  get  out  of  order,  and  that  it  is  extremely  cheap. 
It  is  already  in  use  at  the  Lowfield  works,  where  it  has  earned  the 
gratitude  of  the  residents  in  the  neighborhood  by  the  manner  in 
which  it  has  reduced  the  smoke  nuisance  to  almost  vanishing 
point. 


PLUMBING. 


UNDER  WHAT  CONDITIONS  SHOULD  THE  CITY  AU- 
THORITIES GRANT  AN  APPLICANT  A  LICENSE 
TO  CARRY  ON  THE  PLUMBING  BUSINESS.* 
When  the  pioneer  plumbers  landed  in  Chicago  from  Eastern 
cities  and  from  across  the  seas,  they  obeyed  the  laws,  which  are 
ever  present  in  the  hopeful  mind,  never  to  rest  satisfied  in  their 
present  condition,  so  long  as  they  have  before  them  a  prospect  of 
bettering  themselves  in  life,  or  until  they  have  reached  the  height 
of  their  ambition  and  lifted  themselves  beyond  the  reach  of  pov- 
erty and  placed  themselves  and  family  in  comfortable  circum- 
stances. To  that  end  did  the  first  plumbers  of  our  city,  following 
the  pent-up  desires  of  their  mind,  launch  out  upon  the  world  in 
business  for  themselves.  In  those  early  days  when  the  plumber 
established  himself  in  business  there  was  no  law  higher  than  him- 
self, and  no  legislation  had  yet  been  thought  of  for  the  regulation 
of  his  business.  The  plumber  was  left  to  do  as  he  pleased,  as  no 
one  knew  more  of  his  trade  than  he  did  himself.  He  was  trained 
in  the  old  school  and  under  the  direction  of  the  old  masters.  Time 
had  handed  down  to  him  the  heritage  of  fathers  hoary  with  age. 
He  followed  the  instructions  with  great  faithfulness  not  daring  to 
venture  outside  of  the  old  beaten  path  lest  his  conscience  would 
charge  him  with  going  astray,  and  violating  the  fundamental 
principles  of  his  trade.  Revolution  upon  revolution  has  been 
going  on.  The  present  methods  of  the  tradesman  of  all  classes 
are  dissimilar  in  character  to  what  they  were  thirty-five  years  ago. 
The  work  of  the  head  has  compelled  the  work  of  the  hand  to  be 
immeasurably  lessened  and  made  subservient  to  its  wishes.  The 
ingenuity  brought  to  bear  on  all  trades  are  co-extensive,  and  the 
needs  of  the  times  must  be  carefully  studied  and  rightly  com- 
prehended to  be  of  any  value  to  the  best  interests  of  the  citizens 
of  the  world. 

Edward  Bellamy  says  in  his  book,  "  Looking  Backward,"  "We 
are  living  in  the  close  of  the  twentieth  century  enjoying  the  bless- 
ings of  a  social  order  at  once  so  simple  and  logical  that  it  seems 
but  the  triumph  of  common  sense."  Edward  Bellamy  is  present- 
ing the  social  condition  of  things  one  hundred  years  ahead  of 
time.  We  do  not  predict  what  conditions  the  master  plumber 
will  be  in  a  hundred  years  from  now,  but  if  the  government  takes 
our  business  from  us  and  puts  each  master  plumber  in  a  good  fat 
office  we  will  no  doubt  be  as  well  off  as  we  are  to-day.  This  is  not 
our  object,  however,  as  we  desire  to  review  the  conditions  past 
and  present,  of  licensing  men  to  carry  on  the  business,  and,  per- 
chance, by  some  comparison  of  facts,  be  able  to  show  who  are  not 

*RcaU  by  Mr.  David  Whilcforil  before  tlie  Cbicaffi)  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion, May  8,  1890. 


fit  persons  to  grant  a  license  to,  to  carry  on  the  plumbing  business, 
and  by  this  means  be  able  to  show  who  are  the  proper  persons  to 
grant  a  license  to. 

The  conditions  which  exist  at  the  jiresent  time  are  to  some 
extent  similar  in  character  to  the  conditions  which  existed  twenty- 
eight  years  ago.  This  was  about  the  time  the  city  authorities 
established  an  ordinance  requiring  the  plumber  to  take  out  a 
license  to  conduct  the  plumbing  business.  At  that  time  the  ap- 
plicant for  a  license  did  not  need  to  qualify  by  taking  oath  that  he 
was  a  practical  plumber,  nor  did  he  have  to  satisfy  a  Board  of 
Commissioners  that  he  was  able  financially,  physically,  practically, 
or  theoretically  to  carry  on  the  plumbing  business. 

In  1862  there  was  engaged  in  the  plumbing  business  in  Chicago 
twenty-six  master  plumbers.  Two-thirds  of  them  were  men  who 
had  learned  their  trade.  There  were  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  inhabitants,  or  one  master  plumber  for  about  six  thou- 
sand inhabitants.  To-day  there  are  engaged  in  the  business 
of  plumbing  over  three  hundred  and  fifty  master  plumbers,  three- 
fourths  of  them,  or  over  this  number,  having  learned  the  trade. 
This  is  one  master  plumber  for  less  than  three  thousand  in- 
habitants. The  increase  of  master  plumbers  to  the  present  popu- 
lation perhaps  is  due  to  the  difference  in  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  work  done  in  each  house,  as  a  rat'.o  of  plumbing  fixtures  and 
accompanying  pipes  increases,  to  satisfy  the  sanitary  demand  of 
growing  cities,  so  it  appears  that  the  master  plumbers  increase  in 
proportion. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  growth  of  the  city  of  Chicago  in 
twenty-eight  years  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  inhabit- 
ants to  over  a  million,  it  is  astonishing  that  the  city  authorities 
have  not  required  a  more  stringent  law  for  the  licensing  of  master 
plumbers.  The  object  of  the  common  council  in  passing  an 
ordinance  requiring  a  plumber  to  take  out  a  license  for  the  con- 
duct of  his  business,  did  not  comprehend  anything  beyond  protect- 
ing the  city  against  paying  damages  which  might  arise  in  con- 
sequence of  persons  being  injured  by  falling  in  excavations  made 
in  public  highways  by  plumbers  for  the  purpose  of  laying  water 
pipes.  The  greatest  consideration  of  the  authorities  was  the  pro- 
tection of  life  and  limb  from  accident. 

Now  the  greatest  desideratum  of  the  city  fathers  and  state 
legislators  should  not  only  be  the  protection  of  life  from  accident, 
but  from  the  more  serious  and  insidious  death-dealing  sewer  gas, 
which  has  conclusively  been  found  to  be  a  hundred  fold  more 
dangerous  than  any  other  cause  of  human  ills.  A  bond  is  not  a 
sufficient  guarantee,  nor  the  statement  of  two  practical  plumbers 
upon  oath  enough  to  grant  a  license  to  carry  on  the  plumbing 
business.  Can  we  say,  with  all  the  light  of  the  past  thrown  on  the 
present,  that  we  have  known  the  past,  the  result  of  our  ignorance 
of  sanitary  laws  in  constructing  plumbing,  how  many  a  fair  face 
and  lovely  form  has  fallen  a  victim  to  the  defects  of  the  plumber's 
work. 

Is  there  to  be  any  change  made  in  the  methods  of  dealing  out 
licenses  to  men  to  carry  on  the  business,  or  are  we  to  continue  in 
the  same  old  rut,  and  not  have  a  law  passed  to  be  in  keeping  with 
the  present  advances  of  sanitary  science?  The  warning  of  the 
past  and  the  light  of  the  present  should  convince  the  most  con- 
servative person  in  authority  that  the  plumbing  trade  is  no 
ordinary  one.  Let  the  combined  experiences  of  the  enlightened 
master  plumbers  be  asserted  at  this  time  that  they  would  much 
rather,  for  the  benefit  of  all  concerned,  not  be  allied  with  the  man 
who  has  not  learned  the  plumbing  trade  nor  perfected  himself  in 
the  art.  You  have  been  held  long  enough  responsible  for  the  im- 
perfect work  of  men  who  have  a  license  to  carry  on  the  business 
without  sufficient  knowledge.  Can  there  be  a  remedy  found? 
Shall  the  plumber  be  able  to  start  a  new  epoch?  Will  you  pause 
and  suggest  to  the  city  authorities  whom  you  tliink  should  be 
granted  a  license?  Has  the  time  come  with  us  in  Chicago  as  it 
has  in  other  cities,  in  this  and  other  countries,  that  we  can  ask  the 
watchman  upon  the  wall  what  are  the  signs  of  the  times  and 
what  of  the  night?  And  the  echo  comes  back,  all  is  not  well. 
The  walls  must  be  rebuilt  and  the  battlements  made  strong.  We 
may  not  need  a  sword  in  one  hand  and  a  trowel  in  the  other,  but 
we  need  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  and  law-makers  to  protect  us 
and  the  people  of  our  land  against  any  further  encroachments 
upon  their  and  our  rights. 

It  will  be  asked,  what  are  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  what 


May  10,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


17 


more  do  they  want  ti.at  they  have  not  already?  For  twenty-eight 
years  the  master  phunbers  in  this  city  have  been  living  and  hibor- 
ng  under  the  same  conditions  so  far  as  the  license  of  phimbers  is 
concerned.  There  have  been  laws  enacted  for  the  government  of 
plumbers  for  several  years  under  the  directions  of  the  board  of 
health.  There  has  been  little  effort  put  forward  heretofore  for 
their  enforcement.  It  is  a  noticeable  fact,  however,  that  since  a 
master  plumber  has  been  put  to  work  as  chief  inspector  of  plumb- 
ing, with  an  able  body  of  practical  plumbers  as  assistants,  the  class 
of  work  is  changing  for  the  better.  We  concede  that  there  has 
been  a  point  gained,  and  the  right  of  the  people  better  conserved, 
by  the  inspection  of  the  plumber's  work;  that,  is  if  it  has  been 
found  necessary  to  have  stronger  and  more  durable  and  reliable 
material,  better  sanitary  fixtures  and  all  that.  What  of  it  if,  on 
the  other  hand,  workmen  and  master  plumbers  are  not  asked  for 
higher  skill  and  a  more  perfect  knowledge  of  their  business?  If 
there  has  been  a  need  of  a  radical  change  in  the  method  of 
plumbing,  there  still  exists  a  greater  need  of  guarding  the  trade 
from  a  class  of  soulless  and  incapable  masters.  It  has  no  doubt 
appeared  to  you  all  by  observation  that  there  are  too  many 
apprentice-boy  master  plumbers. 

The  granting  of  license  to  too  young  a  man  is  overdone,  and  a 
great  wrong  is  forced  upon  the  community  and  on  the  young  man 
himself.  Scarcely  has  the  boy  left  off  carrying  the  bag  of  tools 
for  the  plumber  before  he  applies  for  a  license  to  carry  on  the 
business.  The  young  man  has  put  in  his  best  efforts  to  be  able  to 
make  a  join,t,  and  has  succeeded  fairly  well,  and,  because  he  can 
do  this  and  solder  on  a  pair  of  tacks,  he  considers  himself  a  crack 
workman.  He  must  be  a  master  plumber,  and  his  nearest  kins- 
man prevails  on  some  good-hearted  master  plumber  to  vouch  for 
his  ability  and  business  qualifications,  and  that  he  is  entitled  to  a 
license. 

Gentlemen  of  the  fraternity,  this  is  one  of  the  greatest  evils 
that  you  have  to  contend  with  to-day.  This  class  is  undermining 
and  sapping  the  very  life  of  the  plumbing  business,  and  reducing 
the  once  honored  guild  of  master  plumbers  in  the  estimation  of 
the  people.  These  facts  we  offer  to  you  for  your  consideration 
and  action.  The  people  in  their  ignorance  tell  you  of  the  cheap 
ware  you  can  buy  from  them,  and  they  tell  others  to  buy,  but  the 
purchases  are,  like  the  most  of  cheap  bargains,  not  worth  the 
money  paid  for  them.  It  is  the  old  story  over  again,  of  a  penny 
wise  and  pound  foolish.  You  will  remembei  seeing  a  sign  some- 
where in  a  window  that  read,  "Plumbing  done  at  half-price."  Of 
course  this  sign  attracted  the  attention  of  the  people  who  were 
looking  for  a  cheap  plumber.  No  one  can  do  cheap  plumbing 
and  do  it  well.  These  are  not  the  men  who  should  be  recom- 
mended to  the  commissioner  of  public  works  for  a  license,  for  by 
so  doing  it  is  putting  into  their  hands  a  weapon  of  great  mischief. 
The  men  cannot  fulfil  the  conditions  which  the  trade  demand  and 
should  not  be  granted  a  license. 

While  the  great  majority  of  master  plumbers  rise  from  the 
ranks  of  journeymen,  there  are  a  great  many  who  have  not,  but 
have  learned  what  they  know  about  the  trade  by  being  associated 
with  others  who  are  practical.  The  time  was  in  Chicago  when  the 
gasfitting  trade  was  considered  not  a  part  of  the  master  plumbers' 
work,  and  contracts  for  plumbing  and  gasfitting  were  let  sepa- 
rately; but  gradually  the  plumber  contracted  for  gasfitting,  and 
the  gasfitter  in  turn  contracted  for  plumbing,  and  so  we  find  this 
state  of  things  existing  to-day.  The  gasfitting  and  plumbing  trades 
are  very  closely  connected  to  each  other,  but  a  gasfitter  can  learn 
his  trade  in  two  years  when  it  takes  five  to  learn  plumbing.  What 
we  think  ought  to  be  done  before  a  license  is  granted  gasfitters 
hereafter  is,  that  they  should  be  associated  in  the  plumbing  busi- 
ness with  a  plumber  an  equal  length  of  time  to  an  apprentice  at 
the  trade,  so  he  could  learn  at  least  the  theory  if  not  the  practice, 
before  granting  him  a  license. 

There  are  still  other  trades;  the  tinsmith  and  steamfitter  who 
keep  constantly  rapping  at  the  door  for  admittance  to  carry  on  the 
business,  and  the  trade  papers  and  books  of  the  various  classes  are 
called  upon  as  a  library  of  information  to  furnish  the  missing  link 
between  the  man  who  has  served  his  time  at  the  trade  and  the 
man  who  has  not.  By  this  means  a  tradesman  can  equip  himself 
fairly  well  and  in  time  become  an  adept  and  expert  in  the  trade, 
a  prosperous  and  honest  business  man. 

If  there  is  a  standard  to  be  reached  and  any  reliance  to  be 


placed  in  the  ability  of  a  person  to  manage  the  business  of  a 
plumber,  a  certificate  of  proficiency  must  be  laid  down. 
The  main  ([uestion  that  presents  itself  to  every  person 
when  he  wants  a  job  of  plumbing  work  done  is,  is  the  man 
I  hire  a  plumber,  does  he  know  the  beginning  and  does 
he  know  the  end  of  his  work  in  all  its  details?  The  engineer  at 
the  locomotive  must  be  known  by  the  railroad  company  who  hires 
him  to  be  a  capable  engineer,  and  one  in  whom  they  can  place 
implicit  confidence.  It  is  a  man  of  steady  nerve  whose  eye  is  al- 
ways on  the  lookout  and  whose  hand  is  ever  on  the  throttle. 
Would  you,  if  you  knew  it,  embark  on  a  ship  for  some  distant 
shore  and  place  your  life  in  the  hands  of  a  man  who  was  not  a 
captain  and  never  sailed  the  seas  or  learned  to  navigate  a  ship? 
You  would  want  the  captain  to  be  a  sailor,  with  all  the  knowledge 
possible,  and  hold  a  certificate  granted  to  him  by  a  board  of  ex- 
aminers. On  the  same  ground,  and  by  the  same  immutable  princi- 
ples, you  ask  that  the  plumbers  should  hold  a  certificate  of  ability. 

Let  us  pass  from  this  and  review  a  class  of  men  who  receive 
a  license  to  carry  on  the  plumbing  business  who  never  should,  as 
they  have  never  learned  a  trade  of  any  kind,  but  who  have  push 
and  daring  enough  to  force  themselves  before  the  public  as  plum- 
bers. They  are  prompted  to  rush  into  the  business  for  the  money 
they  believe  there  is  in  it.  This  class  reminds  us  of  men  whom 
we  have  known,  not  being  contented  with  their  own  particular 
business  in  which  they  have  been  engaged  and  doing  well,  in 
the  moment  of  excitement  on  hearing  that  gold  was  found  in  yon- 
der hill,  and  plenty  of  it,  they  start  in  search  of  it.  Foot  sore  and 
weary  they  arrive  at  the  mountain  only  to  face  the  adamantine 
rock  with  no  tools,  no  experience  in  handling  the  tools,  like  the 
old  and  well-tried  miner;  they  return  again  to  the  home  they  had 
left,  wiser  and  better  men.  This  class  of  men  entering  the  plumb- 
ing business  with  no  experience,  neither  practical  nor  theoretical, 
looking  for  a  bonanza  and  not  finding  it,  drives  on  fearlessly  and 
regardlessly,  with  only  one  idea,  to  make  a  spoon  or  spoil  a  horn, 
and  this  they  do  by  hiring  cheap  labor  and  doing  poor  work,  thus 
endangering  the  lives  of  thousands  of  persons  by  faulty  plumbing 
construction.  What  will  be  done  with  such  men?  Will  the  city 
authorities  conscientiously  grant  a  license  to  these  innovators  and 
quacks  who  know  nothing  of  the  trade  they  engage  in?  Public 
sentiment,  if  it  only  knew,  would  cry  out  against  it.  The  new- 
filled  graves  of  the  innocents  speak  loudly  against  it.  Guardians 
of  the  public  weal  must  be  asked  to  raise  their  hand  against  it 
and  stop  granting  licenses  to  such  men. 

It  is  said  of  Diogenes,  the  philosopher,  that  he  went  about  with 
a  lantern  in  his  hand  looking  for  an  honest  man.  The  master 
plumbers  of  Chicago  must  light  the  lamp  and  let  the  full  glare  of  the 
light  be  focused  on  the  city  and  state  authorities  so  they  may  see 
the  necessity  of  passing  a  law  to  regulate  the  granting  of  license 
to  men  to  carry  on  the  plumbing  business.  Let  the  authorities  be 
like  Diogenes,  purchased  by  Xeniades,  of  Corinth,  when  asked  by 
his  captors,  what  trade  he  was  proficient  in.  He  answered:  "To 
command."  At  one  time  in  the  British  army  there  was  a  rule  to 
take  commissioned  officers  from  the  sons  of  the  "  nobility,"  as  it 
was  called.  Now  they  rise  from  the  rank  and  file  of  the  army. 
Strictly  speaking,  plumbers,  and  only  plumbers  who  have  been 
fitted  by  education  and  merit,  should  conduct  the  business.  In 
the  cities  of  Baltimore  and  St.  Paul  they  have  passed  laws  for  the 
examination  of  the  plumber.  In  Glasgow,  Scotland,  the  journey- 
men are  registered.  All  this  goes  to  show  that  the  trade  is  con- 
sidered equal  in  the  eyes  of  thinking  persons  to  be  put  on  the 
same  level  with  the  physician  and  druggist,  and  of  "paramount  im- 
portance to  any  of  the  professions. 

In  the  foregoing  thought  we  have  principally  dwelt  in  a  gen- 
eral way,  asserting  that  the  plumber's  work  improperly  done  is  a 
dangerous  commodity  to  have  around,  but  have  not  so  far  shown 
wherein  the  trade  of  the  plumber  differs  materially  from  that  of 
the  gasfitter's,  steamfitter's,  and  tinsmith's.  The  gasfitting  trade 
is  the  fitting  of  iron  pipes  in  buildings  for  conveying  illuminating 
gas,  for  lighting  and  heating  purposes.  The  techricalities  of  the 
trade  consist  mainly  in  mensuration,  as  the  rules  and  sizes  of  pipe 
are  laid  down  for  their  guidance.  The  threading  of  pipes  and  put- 
ting them  in  is  a  question  of  strength  and  agility,  and  the  testing 
to  make  them  tight  a  matter  of  patience.  As  for  the  work  of  the 
steamfitter,  it  is  the  repetition  of  the  gasfitter  almost  in  every  de- 
tail.   If  the  pipes  leak,  the  escape  of  steam  will  make  itself  known 


18 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  327 


and  point  to  the  place.  The  tinsmith's  trade,  and  that  part  of  it 
which  is  akin  to  the  plumbing  trade,  is  the  solder  and  the  soldering 
bolt.  We  admit  that  all  of  the  three  trades  have  in  them  those 
principles  of  workmanship  which  the  plumbing  trade  contains, 
but  no  man  of  any  of  these  trades  could  possibly  do  the  work  of 
a  plumber  v  ithout  a  good  deal  of  practice.  The  distinguishing 
feature  of  the  plumber's  trade  from  almost  any  other  lies  in  the 
scientific  point  that  it  embraces,  the  methods  of  pipe  construction, 
material  and  receptacles  for  the  immediate  removal  of  organic 
matter,  and  the  prevention  of  foul  air  from  becoming  injurious  to 
life  and  health,  by  understanding  the  surrounding  condition  oi 
things.  Take,  for  instance,  the  very  able  paper  presented  on  catch- 
basins  by  J.  J.  Hamblin,  and  you  can  comprehend  the  relation  that 
the  size  of  one  pipe  holds  to  another.  It  has  been  shown  that  a 
two-and-a-half-inch  pipe  cannot  be  washed  clean  internally  and 
made  inoffensive  by  conjoining  an  inch-and-a-quarter  pipe  to  it. 
Neither  can  a  soil-pipe  be  kept  clean  by  the  quantity  of  water  used 
at  each  discharge.  Science  has  taught  us  the  necessity  of  flushing 
all  waste-pipe  with  a  plug  of  water  equal  to  the  size  of  the  pipe. 
To  this  end,  the  plumber  should  have  some  knowledge  of  the  laws 
which  nature  has  laid  down  for  him  as  to  the  correct  sizes  and 
angles  of  pipes  for  the  flow  of  liquid,  wastes  and  gases  in  a  hori- 
zontal and  vertical  position.  Take  the  very  best  constructed  forms 
of  angles  and  grades  of  discharge  pipes  and  let  a  quantity  of  water 
pass  through,  filling  the  entire  diameter  of  the  pipes,  and  you  have 
the  very  best  conditions  possible  for  the  thorough  cleansing  of  the 
waste-pipe.  And  yet  you  have  the  very  worst  conditions  for  pre- 
venting the  emptying  of  the  waste-pipe  of  its  water  seal.  Many 
illustrations  could  be  made  to  show  that  the  greatest  of  care  is 
needed  in  designing  and  executing  the  plumber's  work. 

In  reviewing  the  thoughts  which  have  been  presented,  there 
grow  out  of  them  several  essential  points  for  the  training  of  men 
to  carry  on  the  business  of  a  plumber. 

The  first  is,  that  the  apprentice  to  the  trade  must  be  required 
to  attend  one  year  in  the  day-time,  or  its  equivalent  at  night,  dur- 
ing the  term  of  the  apprentice,  a  manual  training-school  where  a 
special  branch  can  be  given  covering  the  knotty  points  of  the 
trade. 

Second,  the  registration  and  examination  of  journeymen  plumb- 
ers under  state  law  would  correct  two  existing  evils:  First,  no  ap- 
prentice at  the  trade  should  be  examined  and  registered  for  jour- 
neymen until  he  has  served  his  stated  time;  second,  the  journey- 
man should  not  apply  for  a  license  to  carry  on  the  plumbing 
business  until  he  is  a  registered  journeyman  in  good  standing. 

Third,  state  legislation  and  the  unity  of  the  craft,  protecting 
and  upholding  the  Board  of  Health  in  the  enforcement  of  good 
plumbing,  will  go  far  toward  weeding  out  and  furnishing  to  the 
trade  a  class  of  competent  master  plumbers. 

Competition  is  said  to  be  the  life  of  trade.  That  might  be  true 
if  there  was  a  standard  for  all  men,  and  all  men  worked  to  the 
standard. 

EMPLOY  THE  COMPETENT  PLUMBER. 

Mr.  James  Allison,  of  Cincinnati,  recently  contributed  an  ar- 
ticle to  one  of  the  papers  of  that  city  which  contains  some  truths 
worthy  of  consideration  by  every  one  who  wishes  to  engage  the 
services  of  a  plumber.  Tm:  Sanitary  News  has  for  one  of  its 
objects  the  education  of  the  general  public  up  to  a  full  recogni- 
tion of  the  importance  of  efficient  plumbing  and  the  dangers  and 
evils  that  arise  from  bad  workmanship.  Bearing  directly  on  this 
subject  is  the  article  of  Mr.  Allison,  which  is  as  follows: 

"The  recent  disclosures  made  by  the  committee  appointed  by 
the  State  Board  of  Health  to  investigate  the  sanitary  condition  of 
the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Orj)hans'  Home  at  Xenia,  are  but  a  repe- 
tition of  what  may  be  found  in  the  majority  of  public  institutions  and 
private  residences  if  investigation  was  made,  at  least  so  far  as  the 
plumber's  work  and  drainage  are  concerned,  and  in  most  cases 
are  attributable  to  the  manner  in  which  such  work  is  originally 
contracted  for.  There  is  seldom  a  desire  on  the  part  of  the  parties 
interested  to  secure  the  best  information  and  talent  in  connection 
with  this  important  part  of  the  work.  Important,  because,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  institution  referred  lo,  the  results  are  in  most  cases 
disastrous  and  destructive  to  health,  and  frequently  causing  sick- 
ness and  death.  Of  late  years  there  has  been  a  constant  and 
growing  demand  for  cheap  work  regardless  of  the  consequences 


sure  to  follow.  To  meet  this  demand  the  manufacturers  of  materi- 
als have  been  compelled  to  meet  it  by  flooding  the  market  with 
inferior  goods,  and  in  the  majority  of  cases  totally  unsafe  and 
unfit  for  use,  and  for  lack  of  a  proper  knowledge  of  what  the  require- 
ments of  the  case  demand,  specifications  are  made  loosely,  the 
work  advertised,  and  sharp  competition  follows,  usually  the  lowest 
bid  accepted,  without  regard,  as  stated  before,  of  worth  or  ability 
on  the  part  of  the  contractor,  and  with  the  usual  result.  While 
the  men  who  are  striving  to  conduct  an  honest  and  legitimate 
business,  in  ninety-nine  cases  out  of  a  hundred,  are  ignored  or  set 
aside,  and  the  work  goes  to  the  incompetent,  who  are  ever  ready 
to  take  advantage  when  opportunity  affords.  I  have  had  occa- 
sions in  many  instances  myself  to  suggest  changes  in  plans  and 
materials,  and  have  refused  absolutely  to  tender  an  estimate, 
knowing  them  to  be  glaringly  defective,  and  yet  this  same  work 
has  been  done  by  others  not  so  particular,  perhaps,  or  without 
sufficient  knowledge  of  the  business  to  express  themselves,  and 
the  sooner  the  public  knows  that  there  are  quacks  among  plum- 
bers as  well  as  in  other  trades  or  professions,  the  more  speedy 
will  reform  follow.  There  are  men  engaged  even  in  the  plumb- 
ing business  who  are  honest  men  of  progressive  ideas,  and  who 
have  devoted  years  of  thought  and  study  to  their  calling,  ever 
ready  and  willing  to  counsel  and  advise,  but  rarely  called  upon 
except  to  figure  and  to  give  estimates  upon  the  defective  plans  of 
others. 

"  I  may  state  that  of  late  leading  architects  of  our  own  city  and 
throughout  the  country,  realizing  the  importance  of  this  branch  of 
I  the  work,  have  very  properly  encouraged  its  omission  from  their 
!  general  plans  and  specifications,  preferring  to  leave  it  in  the  hands 
of  those  who  are  more  familiar  with  its  details.    That  reliable  and 
i  safe  plumbing  work  can  be  done  is  beyond  dispute,  but  like  every 
.  other  good  thing  in  life,  it  must  be  paid  for,  and  the  difference 
between  a  good  and  bad  article  in  this,  like  everything  else,  must 
not  be  measured  by  first  cost  alone,  but  in  its  absolute  safety  and 
lasting  qualities." 


AN  IMPROVED  DRAIN-PIPE. 
At  the  last  general  meeting  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Glasgow  a  drain-pipe  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Watson,  F.  R.  I. 
B.  A.  In  describing  it  Mr.  Watson  said:  "There  is  no  part  of 
the  work  of  a  building  that  is  more  habitually  done  in  an  unsatis- 
factory manner  than  the  laying  and  jointing  of  drains.  The  spigot 
end  of  one  earthenware  pipe  is  pushed  into  the  faucet  end  of 
another  with  a  little  Portland  cement,  and  the  outside  of  the  joint 
is  then  plastered  up  with  more  cement.  It  is  evident  that  a  joint 
so  made  can  be  neither  tightly  packed  nor  smoothly  finished  off 
in  the  inside  of  the  pipe.  There  is,  accordingly,  some  difficulty  in 
making  the  joints  either  water-tight  or  air-tight,  and  a  further 
great  probability  that  some  of  the  cement  will  be  forced  up  inside 
the  joint,  or  that  cavities  will  be  left  between  the  pipes  in  which 
solid  particles  of  sewage  will  lodge.  In  either  case  an  obstruction 
to  the  flow  is  caused,  and  the  periodical  choking  of  the  drain  is 
rendered  tolerably  certain.  Ultimately  the  drain  has  to  be  broken 
up  and  entirely  relaid.  Mr.  Bailey  Denton  in  his  book  says, 
'  Wherever  the  size  of  the  pipe  will  admit  of  it  a  man  or  boy 
should  be  employed  inside  the  pipes,  as  they  are  being  laid,  to 
make  good  with  some  of  the  best  of  the  jointing  material  the  in- 
side of  the  joint.'  What  is  to  be  done  when  the  pipes  are  not  big 
enough  to  admit  a  man  or  boy  inside,  Mr.  Denton  does  not  tell  us. 
If  we  consider  the  case  of  the  drains  of  a  new  building  it  will  be 
apparent  that  they  are  laid  under  considerable  disadv  antages  in 
other  respects  also.  They  usually  have  to  be  put  in  about  the 
time  that  the  house  is  roofed,  in  order  to  carry  off  rain  water;  they 
are  executed  as  part  of  the  builders'  contract  by  men  who 
have  been  working  at  other  parts  of  the  building,  and  who  are  not 
specially  trained  to  lay  drains.  No  kind  of  inspection  can  secure 
that  the  work  is  properly  done.  When  a  pipe  is  laid  no  one  -ran 
tell  exactly  what  the  joint  is  like  in  the  inside,  not  even  the  men 
who  laid  it.  Again,  the  very  act  of  laying  a  pipe,  and  adjusting  it 
to  its  proper  direction  and  fall,  is  very  likely  to  disturb  the  joint 
of  the  pipe  which  immediately  preceded  it,  the  cement  of  which  is 
still  soft.  I  have  seen  that  occur  a  hundred  times,  and  do  not 
know  how  it  is  to  be  altogether  prevented.  Assume,  however 
(it  is  a  good  deal  to  assume),  that  the  drains  have  all  been  laid 
without  a  single  defective  joint.    They  have  still  to  run  all  the 


May  10,  1890.] 


19 


risks  of  accident  for  six  months,  or  it  may  be  longer,  until  the 
house  is  finished  and  occupied.  They  have  been  covered  up  by 
a  foot  or  two  of  earth  which  conceals  but  does  not  protect  them, 
and  there  they  remain  exposed  to  all  the  vicissitudes  of  an  un- 
finished building,  the  settlement  of  walls,  the  throwing  about  of 
scaffolding,  planks,  beams  and  stones,  and  with  all  the  heavy  cart- 
ing of  material  going  on  around  and  above  them.  1  submit  that 
it  is  improbable,  to  put  it  mildly,  that  we  shall  get  a  perfect  drain 
laid  in  a  new  building,  and  even  if  we  do,  it  is  improbable  again 
that  It  will  escape  injury  until  the  building  is  completed.  Of 
course  the  imperfections  may  be  such  as  to  escape  discovery  for 
some  time.  The  drain  may  leak  and  no  one  be  the  wiser,  or  it 
may  be  partially  choked  for  a  good  while  before  it  is  found  out. 
lUit  1  think  it  will  be  admitted  to  be  a  common  experience  that 
within  a  year  or  two  of  the  first  occupancy  of  a  new  building  the 
drains  have  to  be  overhauled  and  probably  reconstructed.  That 
is  a  condition  of  affairs  that  benefits  no  one  except  the  specialist 
in  drain-laying  who  is  usually  called  in,  and  it  is  of  particular  dis- 
advantage to  the  architect,  who  is  blamed  for  defects  which  he 
has  no  power  to  prevent,  and  the  proprietor  and  occupants  of  the 
building  who  suffer  the  loss  and  inconvenience,  if  nothing  worse. 
When  a  drain  has  to  be  reconstructed  of  course  the  conditions 
are  much  more  favorable  to  producing  good  work,  and  there  is  no 
chance  of  its  derangement  through  accident  of  workmen,  but 
even  with  every  circumstance  in  its  favor,  with  all  the  improve- 
ments at  our  disposal,  and  with  men  who  do  nothing  else  but  lay 
drains,  we  find  it  hard  to  get  this  perfectly  done;  in  a  half-finished 
building  it  is  much  harder,  if  indeed  it  be  possible.  Some  years 
ago  it  occurred  to  me  that  a  drain  consisting  of  a  channel  with 
separate  covers  offered  certain  advantages  over  the  circular  pipe- 
drain.  In  the  first  place  the  jointing  of  the  channels  could  all  be 
tightly  packed  with  cement  and  smoothly  finished  off  in  the  inside 
with  '  the  best  of  jointing  material,'  as  Mr.  Denton  requires. 
There  seemed  a  reasonable  prospect  of  obtaining  the  two  essen- 
tials of  a  good  joint,  tightness  and  smoothness,  so  far  at  least  as 
the  channels  were  concerned.  Further  advantages  suggested 
themselves.  The  channels  could  be  laid  and  jointed  as  soon  as 
the  building  was  roofed,  the  covers  being  laid  on  loosely  or  kept 
off  altogether.  By  this  means  we  should  have  an  open  conduit  or 
channel  to  carry  off  the  rain  water.  When  the  building  was  en- 
tirely finished  and  otherwise  ready  for  occupancy,  the  drain  could 
be  examined  and  the  flow  of  water  carefully  observed.  Every 
joint  could  be  tested  for  tightness  and  smoothness,  and  if  any 
defect  existed,  a  single  pipe  could  be  lifted  and  relaidor  rejointed, 
and  we  could  be  perfectly  certain  that  as  a  channel  or  conduit  the 
drain  was  perfect.  Afterwards  the  covers  could  be  put  on  and 
cemented  down,  and  the  drain  tested  by  means  of  the  smoke  test 
or  the  hydraulic  test,  and  left  in  good  order.  It  seemed  a  good 
idea,  and  1  accordingly  proceeded  to  have  the  pipes  made  for  use 
in  my  own  practice  where  circumstances  seemed  to  call  for  them. 
A  considerable  quantity  of  these  channel  pipes  were  made  and 
used  with  complete  success.  A  number  of  the  drains  have  been 
in  use  for  about  five  years,  and  not  one  has  ever  had  to  be  looked 
at  from  the  day  that  it  was  first  covered  in.  It  will  occur  to  most 
people,  however,  that  one  objection  may  be  reasonably,  or  at  least 
plausibly,  urged  against  this  variety  of  the  channel  drain.  The 
total  extent  of  the  jointing  is  considerably  greater  than  with  the 
circular  pipe^;  in  addition  to  the  transverse  jointing,  we  have  two 
longitudinal  joints  where  the  covers  rest  upon  the  channel.  Per- 
sonally, I  am  satisfied  that  it  is  better  to  have  loo  feet  of  tight  and 
smooth  jointing  than  70  feet  of  jointing  at  the  best  doubtful.  I 
was,  however,  so  convinced  of  the  difficulty  of  persuading  other 
people  to  take  this  wiew,  that  I  took  no  step  to  make  the  idea 
public.  After  some  years,  however,  a  powerful  ally  came  unex- 
pectedly to  my  assistance;  an  architect  of  the  highest  distinction, 
without  any  knowledge  of  what  had  been  done,  took  out  a  patent 
for  the  same  invention,  and  crowned  it  by  an  improvement  which 
obviated,  as  I  think,  the  only  objection  that  can  be  urged  against 
the  channels  as  they  were  first  made.  In  place  of  having  the 
covers  flanged  and  rising  above  the  channels,  he  made  them  butt- 
jointed  and  sunk  a  little  below  the  edges  of  the  channels.  After 
the  covers  are  laid  on  and  jointed  with  cement,  the  whole  top  sur- 
face of  the  drain  is  floated  over  with  liquid  or  nearly  liquid  cement, 
so  that  the  jointing  of  the  covers  is  practically  annihilated.  The 
top  of  the  drain  is  entirely  jointless,  and  instead  of  having  more 


jointing  than  in  the  circular  pip-js  we  have  a  good  deal  less.  The 
pipe,  as  designed  by  Mr.  R.  Norman  Shaw,  K.  A.,  had  another 
improvement,  though  one  of  less  vital  importance  than  the  skin 
ol  cement.  It  was  made  semi-elliptical  in  section  in  place  of 
being  semi-circular,  on  the  same  principle  as  we  find  in  built 
sewers,  so  that  the  water  or  sewage  runs  in  a  deeper  and  narrower 
stream  and  the  pipe  is  thus  more  completely  self-cleansing.  It 
remains  only  to  add  that  Mr.  Shaw  at  once  acknowledged  that  I 
had  anticipated  the  essential  idea  of  his  invention.  On  my  part  I 
gladly  admit  that  Mr.  Shaw  has  given  to  the  channel  pipes,  by  his 
improvement,  the  greater  part  of  whatever  value  they  may  be 
found  to  possess.  It  may  be  added  that  the  channels  are  more  easily 
handled,  and  more  rapidly  laid,  than  the  pijje  drains,  and  they 
can  be  altered  if  required  much  more  easily.  The  great  advant- 
ages, however,  are  that  the  joints  are  perfectly  smooth  and  tight, 
and  that  they  remain  open  to  inspection  and  are  in  daily  use  from 
the  time  that  a  building  is  roofed  up  till  a  few  days  before  it  is  oc- 
cupied. If  any  defect  exists  at  first  or  if  any  accident  has  occured 
to  the  drain  it  is  not  possible  that  it  should  escape  detection. 
When  the  building  is  finished  the  drains  are  covered  up  and 
cemented  over  with  the  certainty  that  every  joint  in  the  drain  is 
perfect.  Among  all  that  have  been  laid  so  far  not  one  has  had  to 
be  opened  up.  Mr.  Shaw,  who  has  used  the  channels  largely,  i.'. 
a  recent  letter  says,  '  They  are  beyond  all  doubt  the  best  way  of 
making  a  drain.' " 

NOT  AUTHORIZED. 

Washington,  D.  C,  May  3,  1890. — The  Sanitary  News: 
It  has  come  to  the  notice  of  this  office  that  persons  claiming  to 
represent  the  National  Association  are  soliciting  advertisements 
for  a  book  published  in  the  interest  of  our  association. 

This  is  to  give  notice  to  all  concerned  that  no  authority  has 
been  given  to  any  person  to  use  the  name  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion or  any  of  its  officers;  neither  has  any  application  been  made 
to  this  office  for  such  permission. 

I  take  this  method  of  informing  all  concerned,  for  it  is  not  the 
first  time  that  such  statements  have  been  made  without  authority. 
I  will  be  thankful  if  you  will  give  the  above  notice  space  in  your 
valuable  paper.  Yours  truly, 

Ed.  J.  Hannan, 
President  N.  A.  M.  P. 

THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 
The  regular  bi-monthly  meeting  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation was  held  in  Grand  Army  Hall,  on  the  evening  of  May  8th, 
1890.  The  meeting  proved  to  be  a  very  interesting  one,  not  only  be- 
cause of  the  excellent  paper  presented  by  Mr.  David  Whiteford,  and 
the  warm  discussion  on  miscellaneous  business  which  followed,  but, 
because  of  the  election  of  delegates  to  the  convention  of  National 
Master  Plumbers,  to  be  held  at  Denver  next  month.  The  President, 
Mr.  Hugh  Watt,  called  the  meeting  to  order  at  the  usual  hour.  The 
minutes  of  the  meeting  held  on  April  10th  were  read  by  the  secre- 
tary, F.  A.  Irons,  and  approved  as  read.  David  Whiteford  called  for 
the  minutes  of  the  short  meeting  held  on  April  24th.  After  a  short 
discussion  the  minutes  were  approved  without  any  corrections.  J.  J. 
Wade,  of  the  Sanitary  Committee,  reported  that  the  committee  had 
decided  on  a  paper,  prepared  by  David  Whiteford,  as  the  regular 
exercise  of  the  evening.  Mr.  Whiteford  had  chosen  for  his  theme 
the  subject,  "  Under  What  Conditions  Should  the  City  Authorities 
Grant  an  Applicant  a  License  to  Carry  on  the  Plumbing  Business." 
The  subject  was  treated  in  a  masterly  manner,  and  its  development 
showed  great  thought  and  study  on  the  part  of  the  author.  The 
hearty  applause  and  complimentary  remarks  at  the  close  of  this 
exercise  proved  that  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  fully  appreciate 
a  good  thing  when  they  hear  it,  and  are  ever  ready  to  bestow  praise 
wherever  it  is  due.  Mr.  Murray  moved,  on  the  part  of  the  associa- 
tion, that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  tendered  Mr.  Whiteford  for  his  excel- 
lent paper;  which  motion  was  promptly  and  unanimously  carriid. 
This  production  appears  in  another  column  of  this  issue,  and  will,  no 
doubt,  be  read  by  the  members  of  the  trade  with  great  interett.  Mr. 
Macy  of  the  Arbitration  Committee,  and  Mr.  Roach  of  the  Audit- 
ing Committee  gave  in  their  reports.  The  License  Committee  re- 
ported everything  moving  on  smoothly  and  that  the  people  were 
getting  their  licenses  right  along.  Mr.  Murray  of  the  Apprentice 
Committee  reported  that  the  Builders'  and  Traders'  Exchange  are  to 


20 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  327 


establish  a  trades  school.  A  meeting  will  be  called  the  17th  of  this 
month,  and  $5,000  will  be  appropriated  for  this  purpose.  Nothing 
of  importance  was  reported  by  the  Legislative  Committee.  The 
Visiting  Committee  reported  a  continuation  of  general  good  health 
among  the  master  plumbers.  Under  the  head  of  new  business  the 
elligibility  of  new  members  was  considered.  It  was  decided  to 
be  more  stringent  in  the  admission  of  new  members  hereafter.  A 
ballot  was  called  for  on  one  application  and  resulted  in  twenty  votes 
against  the  applicant.  The  name  of  F.  J.  Kendrick  was  favorably 
reported  and  he  was  unanimously  elected  a  member  of  the  associa- 
tion. A.  A.  Campbell  presented  an  application  for  membership  and 
was  recommended  by  the  President,  Mr.  Hugh  Watt.  J.J.  Hamblin 
moved,  that  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association  purchase  a 
silk  United  States  flag  to  use  on  the  trip  to  Denver,  in  June.  The 
motion,  after  some  debate,  was  unanimously  carried,  and  Messrs. 
Hamblin,  Murray  and  Griffith  weie  appointed  by  the  chair  to  pur- 
chase a  flag  for  the  association.  It  was  argued  that  the  expense  of  a 
silk  flag  might  bankrupt  the  association,  but  Mr.  Hamblin  arose  to 
the  occasion  and  remarked  that  with  the  American  flag  floating  over 
their  heads  they  could  never  become  bankrupt. 

A  communication  from  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  at  Oak- 
land, Cal.,  was  read.  A  new  association  has  just  been  formed  at  this 
place  and  they  desire  a  copy  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Chicago  association,  pertaining  to  plumbing  and  drainage. 

The  election  of  Delegates  to  the  National  Convention  was  the 
next  thing  in  order.  Mr.  Mandable,  the  treasurer  of  the  association, 
announced  that  all  members  would  have  to  settle  up  their  back  dues 
before  they  could  vote  for  delegates,  and  there  was  immediately  a 
great  rush  to  the  treasurer's  table,  where  the  hard-earned  dollars  of 
the  master  plumbers  were  poured  out  in  great  profusion.  Nomina- 
tions being  called  for  the  names  of  the  most  prominent  members  of 
the  association  were  quickly  presented.  The  President,  Mr.  Hugh 
Watt,  was  declared  elected  by  virtue  of  his  pffice,  and  a  ballot  was 
taken  for  other  delegates  which  resulted  as  follows:  Griffith,  36; 
Murray,  32;  Whiteford,  31 ;  DeVeney,  31;  Reilly,  29;  Herbert,  29; 
Killeen,  24;  Bowden,  24;  Roche,  23;  Rock,  23;  Alcock,  22;  Byrnes, 
22;  Breyer,  22;  Young,  19;  Gay,  19;  Webber,  19;  Sanders,  18; 
Clark,  18;  Wilson,  17;  Dewar,  17;  Hamblin,  15;  Graham,  15; 
Black,  15;  Baggot,  13;  Boyd,  12;  Hickcy,  10.  The  delegates  there- 
fore to  the  National  Convention  will  be  Hugh  Watt,  Robert  Grif- 
fith, A.  W.  Murray,  David  Whi  eford,  J.  H.  De  Veney,  Charles  Her 
bert,  J.  Killeen,  William  Bov  den,  Jas.  H.  Roi  he,  Daniel  Rock,  J.  R. 
Alcock,  James  J.  Byrnes,  Henry  Breyer  and  Andrew  Young.  The 
association  adjourned  until  next  meeting. 


A  naughty  boy  one  day  eluded  punishment  by  creeping  under 
the  bed,  where  his  mother  could  not  reach  hini.  Shortly  after, 
his  father  came,  and  when  told  of  the  state  of  affairs,  crawled  on 
his  hands  and  knees  in  search  of  his  son  and  heir,  when,  to  his 
astonishment,  he  was  greeted  with  the  inquiry:  "Is  she  after  you 
too,  father?" — Sanitary  Era. 


The  Pacific  Medical  Journal  kicks  against  California  being 
made  the  dumping  ground  of  the  consumtive  and  his  bacteria. 
It  does  not  think  the  climate  better  for  such  than  many  other 
places.  It  wants  the  State  peopled  with  the  healthy,  not  with  the 
diseased.  A  race  strong  in  body  and  mind  cannot  be  made  with 
blood  contaminated  with  the  worst  enemy  of  mankind. 


HOW  NOT  TO  DO  11". 

We  present  another  sketch  showing  samples  of  the  defective 
plumbing  unearthed  by  Chief  Inspector  Young's  department. 
These  illustrations  are  not  published  with  any  intention  of  educat- 
ing plumbers  in  correct  plumbing,  by  presenting  them  a  horrible 
example  or  anything  of  that  kind,  for  any  reputable  plumber 
would  know  better  than  to  do  such  work.  Perhaps  the  man  who 
did  this  work  knew  better;  if  so,  the  worse  for  him.  These 
illustrations  are  given  as  the  best  evidence  obtainable  of  the 
necessity  of  close  inspection  by  an  inspector  who  is  well  qualified 
for  the  work.  It  may  also  be  taken  as  suggestive  of  the  desirability 
of  examination  and  registration,  or  the  employment  of  some  other 
means  that  would  effectually  keep  the  skin  ijlunibcr  out  of  the 


plumbing  business.  It  is  but  justice  to  the  qualified  plumbers 
that  they  be  protected  from  the  incompetent  man,  and  it  is  due 
the  people  that  the  state  or  municipality  should  inaugurate  some 
measures  to  secure  only  proficient  plumbing. 


TIIK   LONE  TKAl'  VKNT. 


The  above  illustration  represents  the  plumbing  in  a  section  of 
a  residence  in  which  the  only  trap  vent  placed  is  the  one  repre- 
sented in  the  illustration,  and  is  worse  than  useless.  Now,  let  us 
suppose  there  was  a  law  requiring  an  examination  of  plumbers  by 
a  competent  board,  and  those  passing  the  examination  with  a 
certain  grade  should  be  registered  and  a  certificate  of  competency 
given  to  them;  suppose,  further,  that  there  were  rules  and  regula- 
tions established  governing  plumbing,  and  a  penal  code  attached 
inflicting  a  fine  for  the  violation  of  these  rules  and  revoking  the 
certificate  of  regulation  and  competency;  is  it  at  all  to  be  ex- 
pected that,  under  these  conditions,  health  and  life  would  be  en- 
dangered by  dishonest  and  defective  plumbing? 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
The  A.  Y.  McDonald  Company,  location,  Chicago;  to  manu- 
facture plumbers'  and  steamfitters'  supplies;  capital  stock,  $75.- 
ooo;  incorporators,  Chester  Woolner,  Gardner  G.  Willard,  and 
William  W.  Evans. 

The  Master  Steam  and  Hot  Water  Fitters'  Association  of  the 

United  States,  holds  a  convention  in  New  York  this  week.  

George  W.  Blake,  an  expert  in  steam  heating  and  ventilating, 
died  at  his  residence  in  New  York  city  on  the  17th  of  April. 

The  master  plumbers  have  called  for  a  revision  of  the  Cana- 
dian tariff  on  wrought-iron  pipe. 


May  10,  1890.] 


21 


One  of  the  most  prosperous  manufacturing  establishments  in 
New  Haven  is  Peck  Bros.  &  Co.,  who  make  plumbing  materials. 
The  rapidly  increasing  demand  for  their  goods  has  necessitated 
frequent  enlargements  of  their  factories,  and  now  architect  L.  W. 
Robinson  is  preparing  plans  for  another  new  building,  which  will 
be  located  east  of  the  south  wing  on  Franklin  street. 

W.  B.  Dennis,  a  member  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association 
at  Norfolk,  Va.,  died  last  week. 

Milwaukee  will  send  a  large  delegation  of  master  plumbers  to 
the  National  Convention,  which  is  to  be  held  at  Denver  June  17^ 
18  and  ig.  William  E.  Goodman,  Herman  Apel,  President  Chas. 
Polachek,  and  Philip  H.  Murphy,  chairman  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee, have  been  appointed  as  delegates. 

At  Haverhill,  Mass.,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Master  Plumbers,  it 
was  voted  to  grant  the  request  of  the  workmen  for  nine  hours  a 
day  without  a  reduction  of  pay. 

George  B.  Tennis,  George  Cummings,  M.  J.  Lyons,  William  J. 
Fitzpatrick,  John  J.  Keenan  and  Paul  Ayers  will  represent  the 
Brooklyn  Association  at  the  National  Convention  in  June. 

Messrs.  Gilchrist  &  Gorham,  of  Boston,  are  doing  an  exten- 
sive business  at  their  new  place  of  business,  216  Congress  street. 

New  showrooms  have  been  opened  up  at  No.  i  Bath  street, 
Boston,  for  the  Dececo  Company.  Harry  Castello  is  managing 
this  branch  for  the  company,  and  invites  all  plumbers  to  visit  the 
new  quarters. 

L.  Marquis,  at  2439  3d  avenue,  New  York  city,  has  taken  his 
son  into  partnership. 

J.  W.  Mahorney,  of  Baltimore,  has  increasing  business,  which 
has  compelled  him  to  seek  more  roomy  quarters  at  222  S.  Ann 
street. 

George  F.  Irelan  is  successor  to  Chas.  Hoffman,  at  103  N.  Pine 
street,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Edward  Caverly  &  Co.,  New  York  city,  has  just  finished  fitting 
up  a  bath  costing  §2,000. 

Messrs.  Kane  &  Roche,  successors  to  Hayward  &  Hutchinson, 
Washington,  D.  C.  are  doing  a  large  business  at  1320  Penn.  ave. 

The  lockout  of  the  plumbers  and  gasfitters  of  Duluth,  which 
started  last  Tuesday,  still  continues.  Present  wages  of  plumbers 
are  $3.50  for  a  day  of  nine  hours,  while  jobbers  earn  $g  a  week. 
They  demand  §3.85  a  day  for  first-class,  $2.50  for  jobbers,  and 
$3.50  for  first-class  steamfitters  (those  now  receiving  that  to  get 
$3.85),  nine  hours  to  constitute  a  day's  work,  with  a  half  holiday 
Saturday,  or  10  per  cent  extra  for  full  time.  The  plumbing 
firms  say  the  demands  are  greater  than  those  conceded  by  Min- 
neapolis plumbers,  and  would  effectually  bar  them  from  compet- 
ing for  large  contracts  with  outside  firms.  They  especially  ob- 
ject to  the  jump  of  jobbers' wages  from  Sg  to  $15  a  week.  They 
say  they  will  bring  men  in  from  the  outside. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Fowler,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  kindly  sends  us  the 
following  from  the  Register  of  that  city: 

"The  first  state  convention  of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  State  of 
Iowa  met  in  the  Caledonian  club  rooms  at  2  o'clock  the  6th  inst. 
There  was  an  unusual  attendance,  and  the  plumbers  are  an  intel- 
ligent, jolly  crowd  of  boys.  They  have  not  met  for  combination, 
but  simply  for  sociability,  and  an  unanimous  vote  was  that  each 
and  every  member  use  his  influence  with  his  member  of  the  legis- 
lature to  give  the  state  sanitary  laws  and  inspectors,  so  that  the 
public  will  be  protected  from  the  adventurer  and  the  skin  builder. 
Nearly  every  city  in  the  state  was  represented,  and  they  seem  to 
be  determined  that  the  people  will  appreciate  the  advent  of  the 
best  of  work  in  their  line  obtainable.  They  spend  to-day  in  con- 
vention, and  the  local  association  of  Des  Moines  intend  to  show 
them  the  sights  and  banquet  them.  Sioux  City  was  the  victor — 
gaining  the  place  for  the  selection  of  the  next  convention.  The 
following  officers  were  elected  for  the  period  of  one  year:  Presi- 
dent, James  Cameron,  Davenport;  vice-president,  D.  W.  Fitts, 
Sioux  City;  treasurer,  A.  H  Walker,  Des  Moines;  secretary,  John 
E.  Allen,  Des  Moines;  auditing  committee,  E.  H.  Mather,  Ottum- 
wa,  Wm.  Scoville,  Des  Moines,  Henry  Ewinger,  Burlington. 

To  make  a  mucilage  m  stick  form  solidified,  dissolve  gum 
arable  in  hot  water  to  form  a  syrupy  liquid,  add  a  little  clove  oil, 
and  thicken  with  powdered  gum  dextrine;  mold  and  dry  slowly. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Portland,  Ore.:  A  union  station  is  to  be  built  in  this  ':ity  at  a 
cost  of  $1,000,000.  It  will  be  used  by  the  Union  Pacific,  Northern 
Pacific,  and  Southern  Pacific  roads.  Salem,  Mass.:  The  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  Salem  Board  of  Trade  to  confer  with 
Manager  Furber  of  the  Boston  and  Maine  railroad  regarding  the 
importance  of  having  a  depot  at  the  foot  of  Roslyn  street  or  vicin- 
ity has  received  an  affirmative  answer,  and  the  depot  will  be  built 

at  once.  New  Britain,  Conn.:  J.  D.  Roberts  has  jjlans  for  an 

addition  to  the  State  Normal  School;  cost,  $25,000.  Toledo,  ().: 

D.  L.  Stine  has  plans  for  the  Toledo  club  building;  cost  $40,000. 

 Washington,  D.  C:  The  United  Service  Club  will  erect  a  new 

building.  Chicago,  111.:  Treat  &  Foltz  are  taking  figures  on 

the  E   J.  Lehman  residence;  cost  $100,000.  Omaha,  Neb.: 

Bishop  Newman  can  give  information  concerning  the  new  Metho- 
dist hospital  to  be  erected  here.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:   Bichet  & 

Brennan  have  plans  for  a  three-story  brick  store;  cost  $30,000. 

 J.  T.  Steen  has  plans  for  a  six-story  warehouse;  cost,  $22,000. 

 Pittsburg,  Pa.:  John  G.  Frazier  has  completed  plans  for  a 

$27,000  store  dwelling.  Glasgow,   Va.:   The  Presbyterians, 

Methodists,  and  Catholics  are  to  erect  churches.  Roanoke, 

Va.:  The  Northern  Methodists  will  erect  a  new  edifice  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.:  W.  S.  Eraser  has  plans  for  a  brick  store;  cost,  $140,- 

000.  Lancaster,  Pa.:  A  Methodist  church  will  be,  erected,  to 

cost  $60,000.  Providence,  R.  I.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for 

a  new  police  station;  cost,  $75,000.  Fall  River,  Mass.:  Three 

new  school-houses  will  be  erected;  cost,  $50,000.  Keene,  N.  H.: 

A  new  Catholic  church  will  be  erected;  cost,  $25,000.  New 

Bedford,  Mass.:   The  Triumph  Heat  &  Light  Company  will  erect 

a  new  building  for  the  manufacturing  of  gas.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  J. 

P.  Bailey  has  completed  plans  for  three  school-houses;  cost,  $95,- 

000.  Danbury,  Conn.:  The  Second  Baptist  church  society  will 

erect  a  $40,000  edifice.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  Beaumont  Medical 

College  to  cost  $25,000  will  be  erected.  New  York:  A.  Zucher 

has  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  warehouse,  cost,  $400,000  

Schneider  &  Herter  have  plans  for  two  brick  and  stone  flats;  cost 

$23,000.  Cleverdon  &  Putzel  have  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone 

warehouse;  cost,  $110,000.  McKim,  Mead  &  White  have  plans 

for  a  church  to  cost  $160,000.  C.  Rentz  has  plans  for  two  stone 

flats;  cost,  $25,000.  G.  F.  Pelham  is  architect  for  two  brick 

and  stone  flats:  cost,  $20,000  M.  V.  B.  Ferdon  has  plans  for  a 

stone  flat;  cost;  $20,000.  W.  Kuhles  has  plans  for  a  brick  and 

stone  stable;  cost,  $25,000.  Ogden  &  Son  have  plans  for  two 

brick  and  stone  flats;  cost,  $25,000.  T.  O.  Speir  has  plans  for  a 

brick  and  stone  flat;  cost,  $120,000.  E.  Wenz  has  plans  for  two 

stone  flats;  cost,  $26,000.  Cleverdon  &  Putzel  has  plans  for  a 

brick  warehouse;  cost,  $120,000.  C.  Steinwatz  has  plans  for 

nine  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $130,000.  J.  C.  Burne  has  plans  for  a 

brick  flat  building;   cost,  $38,000.  R.  E.  Rogers  has  plans  for 

three  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $27,000.  F.  and  W.  E.  Bloodgood 

have  plans  for  a  brick  store;  cost,  $35,000.  O.  C.  Wolf  has  plans 

for  a  brick  brewery;   cost,  $400,000.  E.  Wenz  has  plans  for 

four     brick    flats;    cost,    $100,000.  J.    W.    Cole    has  plan 

for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $36,000.  J.  Sexton  has  plans  for  a  brick 

flat  building,  cost,  §30,000.  A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son  have  plans  for 

seven  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $155,000.  J.  B.  Lord  has  plans  for 

alterations  in  a  brick  hotel;   cost,  $80,000.  Brooklyn:   J.  W. 

Bailey  has  plans  for  three  biick  dwellings;  cost,  §27,500.  R. 

Dixon  has  plans  for  five  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §35,000.  G.  P. 

Chappall  has  plans  for  a  brick  church;  cost,  $20,000.  The 

Clinton-avenue  Congregational  church  will  remodel  its  edifice  at 

a  cost  of  $50,000.  Chicago,  111.:  W.  D.  Cowles  has  plans  for 

nine  residences;  cost,  $75,000;   also  plans  for  a  hall  and  stone 

building;  cost,  §30,000.  W.  L.  Carroll  has  plans  for  a  flat  and 

store  building;  cost,  $12,000.  Hallberg  L.  Gustave  has  plans 

for  a  store  and  flat  building;  cost,  $50,000.  Jul  de  Horrath  has 

plans  for  an  office  and  store  building;  cost,  §30,000.  Perley 

Hale  has  plans  for  eight  two-story  flat  buildings;  cost,  $25,000.  

Adolph  Druiding  has  plans  for  a  new  church  at  East  Saginaw, 

Mich.;     cost,    $55,000.           C.  O.    Hansen    has    designed  a 

factory  building;  cost,  $80,000.  Perley  Hale  has  plans  for  two 


22 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  327 v 


flat  buildings;  cost,  $25,000  John  Otter  is  letting  contracts  for 

a  store  building;  cost,  $15,000.  C.  M.  Palmer  has  plans  for  a 

dwelling,  cost,  $10,000.  Small  &  Bishop  have  designed  a  ware- 
bouse  to  cost  $20,000. — —Alfred  Smith  has  plans  for  a  dwelling 

house  to  cost  $40,000  Thomas  &  Rapp  are  about  to  take 

figures  on  an  opera-house  to  be  built  at  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.,  for  U. 

S.  Senator  Pettigrew;  cost,  $200,000.  L.  M.  Nelson  has  plans 

for  a  brick  factory;  cost,  $8,000  W.  L.  Kleweit  has  plans  for  a 

brick  store  and  flat  bldg.;  cost,  $9,000.  Church  &  Silsby  have 

plans  for  a  stone  dwelling  to  cost  $100,000.  W.  B.  Wheelock  has 

plans  for  a  $30,000  brick  flat  building.  C.  Randolph  has  plans 

for  a  $75,000  school  building.  Odler  &  Sullivan  have  plans  for 

an  oil  factory;  cost  $60,000.  A.  Street  has  plans  for  an  $18,000 

brick  dwelling.  John  Krwanek  has  plans  for  a  brick  store  and 

flat  building;    cost,  $14,000.  Cincinnati,  O.:    S.  Hannaford's 

Sons  have  plans  for  a  seven-story  brick  store  and  factory;  cost, 

$135,000.  Detroit,  Mich.:   Ness  &  Raseman  have  plans  for  a 

$20,000  brick  store  buliding.  Scott,  Kamper  &   Scott  have 

plans  for  a  two-story  brick  and  store  residence;  cost,  $50,000.  

Mason  &  Rice  have  plans  for  a  $50,000  brick  and  stone  residence. 

 Brooklyn:  J.  D.  Reynolds  has  plans  for  six  brick  dwellings; 

cost,  $30,000.  H.  Vollweiller  has  plans  for  five  brick  dwellings; 

cost,  $50,000.  W.  M.  Coots  has  plans  for  three  brick  dwellings: 

cost,  $24,000.  Toledo,  O.:  Joseph  A.  Beck  will  make  plans  for 

a  $25,000  Catholic  church.  Webb  City,  Mo.:  C.  W.  Kellogg,  of 

Joplin,  Mo.,  has  plans  [for  a  $40,000  hotel.  Boston,  Mass.:  W. 

G.  Preston  has  plans  for  a  new  building  for  the  Massachusetts 

School  for  Feeble  Minded.  Worcester,  Mass.:  S.  C.  Earle  has 

plans  for  a  brick  church ;  cost,  $30,000.  Aurora,  Neb. :  A  bank  and 

office  building  will  be  erected  here  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  Address 

the  State  Bank  Co.  as  above.  Boston,  Mass.:   E.  N.  Boynton 

has  plans  for  four  brick  apartments.  Geo.  W.  Pope  has  plans 

for  a  brick  apartment  house;  cost,  $25,000.  S.  D.  Kelley  has 

plans  for  a  $46,000  brick  apartment  building  Henry  P.  Hall 

has  plans  for  a  brick  merchantile  block;  cost,  $30,000.  Shepley, 

Rutan  &  Coolidge  have  plans  for  a  brick  office  building;  cost, 

$325,000  Cleveland,  O.:  B.  F.  Vanderhild  has  plans  for  a  brick 

and  stone  school  building;  cost,  $25,000.  Cudell  &  Rich- 
ardson have  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  building;  cost,  $20,000.  

Fitchburg,  Mass.:  The  Parkhill  Manufacturing  Company  will  ex- 
pend $20,000  in  erecting  a  four-story  brick  addition  to  their  mill. 
— Lincoln,  Neb.:  A  hotel  to  cost  $250,000  will  be  erected.  Address 

Bigelow  Brothers.  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  A  new  bank  building 

will  be  erected;  cost,  $200,000.  Newport,  Ky.:  P.  H.Wilson  has 

plans  for  a  $30,000  school  building.  Omaha,  Neb.:  H.  Voss 

has  plans  for  a  new  building;  cost,  $100,000.  W.  R.  Drummond 

can  give  information  concerning  a  new  factory  to  cost  $30,000.  

San  Antonio,  Tex.:  Alfred  Giles  &  Guindon  are  architects  for  a 

new  office  building  to  cost  $25,000.  Scranton,  Pa.:  E.  L.  Walter 

has  designed  a  new  city  building  to  cost  $90,000  Sioux  City, 

la.:  Fisher  &  Russell  have  plans  for  a  $20,000  building.-- — St. 
Louis,  Mo.:    The  Lindell  Railroad  Company  will  build  a  brick 

power-house;   cost,  $85,000  St.  Paul,  Minn.:   P.  Martin  will 

erect  a  four-story  brick  block  to  cost  $65,000.  Baltimore,  Md.: 

The  Northern  Central  Railroad  Company  will  erect  two  large 

elevators  to  cost  $450,000.  Washington,  D.  C:  W.  Bruce  Gray 

has  plans  for  a  $40,000  residence.— — Mr.  Lazarus  has  plans  for  a 

$30,000  residence.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  S.  T.  McClarren  has  plans 

for  the  Lutheran  church.  Alston  &  Heckert  have  plans  for 

seven  stone  houses.  Longfellow,  Aldin  &  Harlow  have  plans 

for  two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $20,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Logan,  O.:  This  town  is  to  issue  bonds  for  gas-works.  Port- 
age, Wis.:    This  place  is  to  have  an  electric  light  plant  at  an 

expenditure  of  $15,000.    Address,  for  details,  Wm.  Kutzke.  

Boston,  Mass.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  placed  in  the  base- 
ment of  city  hall.  Windsor  Locks,  Conn.:  The  electric  light 

company  will  put  in  two  500-light  dynamos.  Pittsburg,  Pa.: 

The  Allegheny  County  Light  Company  has  increased  its  capital 

stock  from  $500,000  to  $1,000,000.-  Manchester,  Pa.:  The  mayor 

can  give  information  concerning  the  gas-works  to  be  established. 

 Basic  City,  Pa.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established.  

Brunswick,   Ga.:   An  electric   light   plant   will  Ije  established. 


 Brinkley,  Ark.:  The  mayor  can  give  information  concerning 

an  electric  light  plant  which  will  be  erected.  Abilene,  Texas  : 

The  mayor  can  give  information  concerning  an  electric  light  plant 

to  be  erected.  Schuyler,  Neb.:   An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

established.  Columbus,  O.:   The  De  Sant  Electric  Company 

has  been  organized  at  this  place,  with  a  cash  capital  of  $50,000. 

An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established.  Newark,  N.  J.:  The 

Consolidated  Electric  Storage  Company  has  been  incorporated, 

with  a  capital  stock  of  $3,000,000.  Radford,  Va.:  The  Central 

City  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  organized,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $50,000.  President,  S.  Heth;  Secretary,  S.  W. 
Barton.  Orange,  Mass.:  The  electric  light  company  will  in- 
crease the  capacity  of  its  plant  by  the  addition  of  a  150-horse- 
power  engine.  Dover,  N,  J.:  The  Dover  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany will  double  the  capacity  of  its  plant.  Newark,  N.  J.:  The 

Newark  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,  which  has  been  look- 
ing for  property  on  which  to  enlarge  its  plant,  has  united  with  the 
Superheated  Water  Company  and  secured  the  Pionier  property, 
on  the  Passaic  River.  The  tract  cost  about  $70,000,  and  the  build- 
ings, with  a  capacity  for  supplying  20,000  incandescent  lights,  will 

cost  $100,000  more.  Joplin,  Mo.:  A  syndicate  of  Kansas  City, 

Boston  and  New  Haven  capitalists,  including  the  Thomson-Hous- 
ton Electric  Company,  have  purchased  the  entire  plant  of  the 
Joplin  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,  of  Joplin,  Mo.,  and 
proposes  at  once  to  enlarge  the  plant  and  spend  at  least  $100,000 
in  improvements.  This  purchase  also  includes  the  water-power 
obtained  from  Grand  Falls  on  Shoal  Creek,  from  which  the  elec- 
tric light  and  power  company  received  its  power,  and  18  acres  of 
land  surrounding  the  falls.  The  syndicate  will  at  once  begin  im- 
provements by  constructing  a  large  electric  light  and  power  plant, 
by  which  it  will  be  enabled  to  increase  the  lighting  service  of  the 

city.    Address  M.  E.  Curtis,  of  Kansas  City,  for  information,  

Waycross,  Ga. :  Albertson,  Murphy  &  Co.  will  increase  the  capac- 
ity of  their  electric  light  plant  by  the  addition  of  a  600-light  incan- 
descent dynamo  and  80-horse-power  boiler  and  engine.  Pella, 

Ga.:  The  electric  light  and  power  company  will  add  a  new  dy- 
namo to  its  plant.  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.:  The  Fond  du  Lac  Elec- 
tric Company  has  been  organized,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000. 

President  and  Treasuer,  J.  Rodgers;  Secretary,  F.  M.  Fish.  

Brunswick,  Ga.:    An  electric  plant  will  be  erected.    E.J.  Allen  is 

interested.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  The  Milwaukee  Light  and  Power 

Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000. 
Incorporators — W.  H.  Earles,  J.  J.  Kempf  and  Charles  Stolpcr, 

Jr.  Pittsfield,  Mass.:    The  Pittsfield  Coal  Gas  Company  has  in 

contemplation  the  erection  of  a  water-gas  apparatus,  which  will  be 
used  in  connection  with  the  present  coal-gas  plant.  The  old 
holder  will  be  reconstructed,  and  the  company  with  whom  nego- 
tiations are  being  made  agrees  to  furnish  25  instead  of  the  present 

19  c.  p.  of  gas.  San  Francisco,  Cal.:    The  Pacific  Gas  Engine 

Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000. 
Messrs.  William  G.  and  C.  L.  Barrett,  E.  C.  Bartlett,  W.  A.  Cava- 

naugh  and  John  L.  Boone  are  Directors.  Stockton.  Cal.:  A 

company  is  projected  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  fuel  gas  with 
the  Fahnehjelm  incandescent  light.  Springfield,  Mass.,  is  con- 
sidering the  introduction  of  water-gas,  and  the  company  will  prob- 
ably erect  a  plant  with  capacity  of  150,000  to  200,000  feet.  

Maiden,  Mass.:    The  Maiden  and  Melrose  Gas  Light  Company 

will  erect  a  new  holder,  having  a  capacity  of  200,000  feet.  

Spencer,  Mass.:  The  Spencer  Gas  Company  have  been  experi- 
menting with  a  new  method  of  making  gas  without  coal,  and  the 
project  seems  probable  to  prove  a  success.  The  material  used  is 
crude  Lima  oil  and  steam,  and  the  apparatus  and  process  used  are 
the  invention  of  Mr.  Edwin  Evans,  superintendent  of  the  works. 

 Lebanon,  Ind.:    Cyrus  T.  Sherin,  of  Logansport,  and  James 

Murdock.  of  Lafayette,  are  closing  up  the  contract  by  which  Leb- 
anon will  be  supplied  with  natural  gas  within  go  days.  The  gas 
will  be  piped  about  15  miles,  and  the  plant  will  cost  $125,000,  of 
which  home  capital  furnishes  one-half.  The  right  of  way  has  been 

secured.    The  wells  will  be  driven  near  Sheridan.  Parkesburg, 

Pa.:  The  Parkesburg  Gas  Company  has  been  organized,  with  the 
following  Directors:  Wm.  J.  and  John  S.  Latta,  of  Philadelphia; 
J.  F2.  Wright,  Thos.  C.  Young  and  John  W.  Wright,  Parkesburg, 

and  James  L.  Armstrong,  Salisbury.  Taylor,  Tex.:  The  Taylor 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $40,000.    Incorporators — John  P.  Sturgis,  J.  E.  Tucker  and 


May  10,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


23 


F.  L.  Welch.  Girard,  Kan.:  The  Girard  Gas  and  Electric  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000.  

San  Marcos,  Cal.  :  The  Sattillo  Electric  Light  Company  has 
been  formed,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $150,000.    H.  M.  Garwood  is 

mterested.  Rockford,  111.:    A  new  gas  company  is  projected. 

It  is  stated  that  the  Fahnehjelm  Incandescent  Gas  Light  Company 
is  at  the  back  of  the  project,  and  that  a  plant  costing  $200,000  will 

be  erected.  Pulaski,  N.Y.:  The  Gas  and  Oil  Company,  Limited, 

of  Pulaski,  Oswego  county,  N.  Y.,  drilling  their  No.  i  well  at  that 
l)lace  a  few  days  since,  struck  a  smart  vein  of  gas  at  the  depth 
of  550  feet,  and,  a  few  feet  below  the  gas,  tapped  salt-water.  The 
gas  was  strong  enough  to  blow  the  salt-water  over  the  derrick,  but 
in  a  few  hours  the  gas  was  drowned  out.  The  company  will  case  the 

salt-water  off  and  drill  for  the  deeper  veins.  Kalamazoo,  Mich.: 

An  incandescent  electric  light  plant  is  contemplated.  Astoria, 

Wash.:  Natural  gas  has  been  found  in  Warrenton,  a  suburb  of 
this  city.  A  man  named  Harrison  was  smking  a  well,  and  at  a 
depth  of  148  feet  the  flow  of  gas  drove  the  workmen  away.  When 
ignited  it  burned  brightly  five  feet  high,  and  is  still  burning.  Cap- 
italists propose  to  sink  more  wells,  believing  that  a  stronger  flow 
will  be  secured  at  a  greater  depth.  Sandusky,  O.:  The  gas  trus- 
tees of  Upper  Sandusky  have  accepted  the  proposition  to  connect 
the  Carey  lines  with  the  lines  of  the  former  city,  and  thus  furnish 

Upper  Sandusky  from  the  fields  of  Hancock  county.  Norwalk, 

O.:  The  Northwestern  Natural  Gas  Company  is  again  considering 
the  advisability  of  coming  to  Norwalk  with  its  pipe  line.  It  has 
ordered  its  field  superintendent  to  make  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of 
building  a  line  from  near  Tiffin  to  Bellevue,  to  re-enforce  the  line 
now  running  through  that  place  to  Sandusky,  and  upon  the  ex- 
pense of  this  re-enforcing  line  depends  whether  or  not  the  line 
will  be  extended  to  Norwalk. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

Seattle,  Wash.:  The  Sidney  sewer  and  terra  cotta  works  have 
been  incorporated.    L.  H.  Wheeler  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 

 Albion,  N.  Y.:    The  sewerage  question  is  being  agitated.  

Calgary,  Man.:  A  complete  sewerage  system  will  be  constructed. 

 Odgen,  U.:    A  new  sewerage  system  will  be  constructed.  

Fort  Payne,  Ala.:  The  mayor  can  give  information  of  the  sewer- 
age system   to  be  constructed.  Tuskegee,   Ala.:     The  city 

council  has  ordered  the  issuance  of  $10,000  of  sewer  bonds.-  

Danville,  Va.:  $15,000  will  be  appropriated  to  complete  the 
sewerage  system.  The  mayor  can  give  information.  Brad- 
ford, Mass.:  Large  sewer  extensions  are  to  be  built  here.  For 
details  address  Conrad  Jerul,  Danvers,  Mass.:  Columbus,  O.: 
This  place  will  appropriate  the  sum  of  $500,000  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  intercepting  sewer.  Memphis,  Tenn.:  The  legis- 
lative council  has  appropriated  the  sum  of  $25,000  for  the  main- 
tenance and  construction  of  new  sewer  work.  Lancaster,  Pa.: 

The  city  council  has  agreed  to  advertise  for  proposals  for  build- 
ing the  new  section  of  sewer  on  North  Mary  street,  according  to 

plans  submitted  by  the  city  engineer.  Vicksburg,  Miss.:    At  a 

meeting  of  the  city  council,  held  April  24,  it  was  decided  to  em- 
ploy engineer  J.  H.  Hayney  to  prepare  plans,  specifications,  for  a 

sewerage  system  for  this  place.  Albuquerque,    N.  M.,  has 

just  voted  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $50,000  to  build  a  system  of 
sewerage.     For  further  information  address  Henry  Lockhardt, 

city  clerk.  Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y.:    This  city  will  soon  make  a 

contract  for  a  sewerage  system.  White  Plains,  N.  Y.:  The 

board  of  trustees  at  this  place  will  hold  a  meeting  May  19,  for  the 
purpose  of  deciding  whether  to  spend  $20,000  to  lower  the  outlet 
pipe  and  sewer  disposal  works,  or  to  cross  over  the  Bronx  river, 
south  of  the  arch  bridge,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $6,000.  Hills- 
borough, N.  H.:  Several  citizens  have  combined  to  construct  a 
private  sewer,  and  work  has  already  commenced.  This  may  lead 
to  the  village  putting  in  the  system  of  sewerage  for  which  plans 
were  drawn  several  months  ago,  but  rejected  when  submitted  to 

vote.  North  Adams,  Mass.:    A  committee  has  been  appointed 

to  prepare  plans  and  estimates  for,  and  to  make  a  report  upon,  a 

sewer  from  the  swamp  to  the  Hoosac  River.  Lynn,  Mass.: 

The  drainage  committee  will  expend  $35,000  in  completing  cer- 
tain sewers.  Wilmington,  Del.:  The  estimate  for  the  Brandy- 
wine   intercepting  sewer  and  branches  is  $95,877.  Danville, 

Va.:    The  city  council  has  appropriated  $15,000  tor  the  comple- 


tion of  the  sewerage  system.  Talladaga,  Ala.:  The  mayor  and 

aldermen  have  voted  an  issuance  of  $30,000  of  bonds  for  a  system 

of  sewerage.  Tiffin,  O.:    Plans  for  extending  the  sewer  at  a 

cost  of  $40,000  have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Gormly,  city  engineer. 

 Eugene,  Ore.:    The  city  council  has  authorized  a  committee 

to  locate  the  sewerage  system  and  to  secure  a  competent  engineer 
to  prepare  plans  and  make  estimates  as  to  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion. A  sum  not  exceeding  $50,000  will  be  expended  for  the 
purpose,  and  the  bonds  have  already  been  advertised. 

WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 
Shclburne,  N.  Y.:    A  new  reservoir,  having  a  capacity  of  18,- 
000,000  gallons,  is  to  be  constructed.    W.  E.  Davis  is  superintend- 
ent. Binghamton,  N.  Y.:    Four  miles  of  new  pipe,  12  to  6  inches 

in  diameter,  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  55  new  hydrants,  25 
valves,  and  30  meters  will  be  placed.    H.  E.  Allen  is  secretary  of 

the  commissioners.  Schenectady,  N.  Y.:    Six  new  hydrants 

and  20  valves  will  be  set  this  season,  and  6,000  feet  of  24  to  6-inch 

pipe  will  be  laid.    Address  George  T.  Ingersoll.  Bristol,  Pa.: 

About  4,700  feet  of  6-inch  pipe  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  4  new 
hydrants  and  8  new  valves  will  be  set.-Pittsburg,  Pa.:  About  $150,- 
000  is  to  be  expended  before  July  i  in  improving  the  water  sup- 
ply system  in  the  vicinity  of  Oakland  and  Hazelwood.  The  work 
will  consist  largely  in  replacing  small  pipe  with  30  and  24-inch 
mains.  At  the  pumping  station  about  $20,000  additional  is  to  be 
expended  in  putting  a  new  cylinder  head  and  a  valve  chamber  on 
the  engine,  and  in  making  other  improvements.  Superintendent 

George  H.  Browne  has  charge  of  all  the  work.  Huntingdon, 

Pa.:    The  water  company  will  probably  build  a  new  reservoir  this 

season.  Mechanicsburg,  Pa.:    About  2  miles  of  6  and  4-mch 

pipe  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  about  20  new  hydrants,  and  20  6- 

inch  and  10  4-inch  valves  will  be  set.  Salisbury,  Md.:    L.  S. 

Bell,  Secretary  and  Superintendent,  informs  us  that  2,500  feet  of 
6-inch  and  4-inch  pipe  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  that  33  hy- 
drants, 33  valves  and  3  meters  will  be  placed.    Also  that  another 

pump  and  boiler  may  be  added.  New  Glasgow,  N.  S.:  Has 

voted  to  issue  $50,000  in  bonds  for  improving  the  water-works  sys- 
tem. Reidsville,  N.  C:  A  majority  vote  was  cast  at  the  elec- 
tion on  April  14  in  favor  of  constructing  works.  West  End,  Ga. 

(a  suburb  of  Atlanta,  Ga.):    The  scheme  to  furnish  West  End 

with  water  from  artesian  wells  is  being  urged  by  th  citizens.  

Atlanta,  Ga.:  The  vote  taken  on  April  23  on  the  question  of  issu- 
ing $250,000  of  water  bonds  was  carried  by  more  than  the  required 

two-thirds  vote.  Macon,  Ga.:    A  new  schene  for  supplying  the 

town  with  works  has  been  projected.  By  it  it  is  proposed  to  pump 
water  from  a  spring  located  at  the  base  of  Brown's  hill  to  a  reser- 
voir 60  feet  high.    The  spring  is  owned  by  G.  IVL  Davis.  

Gainesville,  Ga.:  The  City  Council  has  appointed  a  committee  of 
six  to  report  as  to  the  advisability  of  constructing  works.  Also 
that  Dozier  &  Logan  will  receive  prices  on  three  to  four  miles  of 
4,  6,  8  and  lo-inch  wrought  and  cast-iron  pipe  and  30  to  40  hy- 
drants, castings,  boilers  and  engines.  Bridgeport,  Ala.:    At  a 

recent  meeting  of  the  directors  of  the  Bridgeport  Land  and  Im- 
provement Company  it  was  decided  to  build  water-works,  an  elec- 
tric light  plant,  etc.  South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.:  A  stock  company 

has  been  organized  to  purchase  the  city  works,  and  will  build  two 

1,000,000-gallon  reservoirs.  West  Covington,  Ky.:    A  bill  has 

passed  the  Senate  to  amend  the  town  charter,  and  authorizing  the 
issue  of  $15,000  of  bonds  to  secure  a  water  supply  by  contract  with 
any  municipal  corporation. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Westfield,  Mass.:  Will  receive  up  to  noon,  May  15,  A.D.  1890, 
sealed  proposals  for  constructing  about  12,000  to  15,000  feet  of 
sewer  in  Westfield,  Mass.  Specifications  will  be  furnished  upon 
application  to  L.  F.  Root,  Engineer,  Westfield,  Mass.,  on  and  after 

May  5,  A.D.  1890.  Washington,  D.  C.:    Sealed  proposals  will 

be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury- 
Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  21st  day  of  May,  1890,  for 
all  the  labor  and  materials  required  for  the  approaches  to  the  U. 
S.  Post  Office,  Court  House,  etc.,  building  at  Manchester  N.  H.,  in 
accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specifications,  copies  of  which 
may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office,  or  the  office  of  the  Super- 
intendent. Washington,  D.  C:    Sealed  proposals  will  be  re- 


24 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  327 


ceived  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  architect,  Treasury  De- 
partment, until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  26th  day  of  May,  1890,  for 
the  several  branches  of  labor  and  materials  required  for  the  erec- 
tion and  completion  of  the  U.  S.  Post  Office,  Custom  House,  etc. 

building  at  Campden,  N.  J.  LaCrosse,  Wis.:    Proposals  are 

wanted  until  May  17,  for  the  construction  of  certain  sewers.  Ad- 
dress Fred  Ring,  Comptroller,  as  above.  Washington,  D.  C: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
Architect,  Treasury  Department, -until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  23d 
day  of  May,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  con- 
struct coal  vaults  for  the  U.  S.  Court  House  and  Post  Office  build- 
ing at  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Talladega,  Ala.:    Sealed  proposals  are 

wanted  by  the  Mayor  and  Board  of  Aldermen  up  to  q  a.  m.  on 
the  19th  day  of  May,  i8go,  for  furnishing  the  materials  and  labor 

necessary  to  build  a  system  of  house  sewerage.  Clarksville, 

Tenn.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until  May  ig,  for  the  construction 

of  certain  sewers  in  this  place.    Address  Dr.  H  E.  Beach.  

Canton,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  May  24,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  3  miles  of  brick  stone  sewers.   Address  R.  R.  Marble,  City 

Civil  Engineer.  Little  Falls,  Minn.:    Proposals  are  wanted 

until  June  2,  for  the  erection  of  a  Court  House  at  this  place.  Ad- 
dress the  Auditor  of  Morrison  County.  Washington,  D.  C: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
architect.  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  14th 
day  of  May,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  put 
in  place  complete  all  the  copper  work  of  skylight  over  Post 
Office  working  room  and  of  ceiling  over  arcade  in  the  United 
States  Court  House  and  Post  Office  building  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  in 
accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which 
may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Super- 
intendent. Each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified  check 
for  $100.  The  Department  will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the 
time  fixed  for  opening  the  same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply 
strictly  with  all  the   requirements  of  this  invitation.     Jas.  H. 

Windrim,  Supervising  Architect.  Portland,  Me.:    Plans  and 

specifications  for  Portland  City  Hall  will  be  received  up  to  May 

26.    Prices,  $700,  $500  and  S300.    Cost  not  to  exceed  $500,000.  

Janesville,  O.:    About  6,000  feet  of  30-inch  pipe  is  wanted.    R.  M. 

Saup  can  give  information.  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.:    5,000  feet  of 

mains  with  gates  and  hydrants  are  wanted.    A.  H.  Lord,  Superin- 
tendent. Pattsmouth,  Neb.:    About  i  mile  6-inch  pipe  wanted  ! 

this  season.  Address  T.  F.  Coursey,  Supermtendent.  Gaines- 
ville, Ga.:  Dozier  &  Hogan  want  prices  on  the  following  for 
water-works  plant:  3  to  4  miles  4,  6,  8  and  lo-inch  wrought  and 
cast-iron  piping,  30  to  40  hydrants,  castings,  boilers  and  engines. 

 Fort  Reno,  Ind.  T.:  Sealed  proposals,  in  triplicate,  are  wanted 

at  the  office  of  the  Post  Quartermaster,  until  May  16,  for  furnish- 
ing material  and  labor  for  the  erection  of  a  hospital,  and  also  the 

plumbing  and  steam  heating  for  same.  Bridgeport,  Conn.: 

Bids  are  invited  for  the  Seaside  Club  House.  Deering,  Me.: 

Information  concerning  bids  on  certain  sewers  can  be  obtained 
from  Engisners  Isley  &  Cummings.    Proposals  are  wanted  until 

May  12.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:    Address  George  E.  Mann,  concerning 

the  construction  of  certain  sewers.  Santa  Ana,  Cal.:    Bids  are 

open  until  May  ig,  for  the  construction  of  new  water-works.  

Carson  City,  Nev.:  Bids  are  wanted  for  constructing  certain  sew- 
ers. Address  W.  H.  Doane.  Holyoke,  Mass.:  Bids  for  elec- 
tric lighting  are  wanted.    Address  M.  P.  Conway.  Boston, 

Mass.:    Address  Wm.  Jackson  concerning  bids  for  certain  sewers. 

 Boston,  Mass.:    Sealed  bids  for  building  sections  A  and  B  of 

the  Metropolitan  Sewerage  System,  in  the  city  of  Boston,  and  town 
of  Brookline,  Mass.,  in  accordance  with  the  form  of  contract  and 
specifications  to  be  furnished  by  the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Sew- 
erage, Commissioners,  will  be  received  by  said  board  at  its  office, 
g3  Lincoln  street,  until  12  o'clock  m.  of  Wednesday,  May  28,  1890. 

 West  Newton,  Mass.:    Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by 

the  Newton  Water-Board,  at  their  office  at  the  City  Hall,  until  12 
o'clock  noon,  on  Friday,  May  16,  1890,  for  labor  and  materials  re- 
quired for  building  a  masonry  reservoir,  about  173  feet  long,  115 
feet  wide  and  14  feet  deep,  covered  with  brick  arches,  and  situated 

on  Waban  Hill.  Nashville,    Tenn.:    The   Board  of  Public 

Works  will  be  prepared  to  receive  the  following  bids  until  3 
o'clock  p.  m.  of  May  15,  i8c)0:  i.  Vox  furnishing  and  delivering 
f.  o.  b.,  at  Nashville,  about  612  tons  of  48-inch  cast-iron  water  pipe 
and  about  22  tons  of  specials  classified  as  No.  i.    2.  For  furnish- 


ing and  delivering  f.  o.  b.,  at  Nashville,  the  same  quantity  of  pipe 
and  specials  classified  as  No  2.  3.  For  furnishing  and  delivering 
f.  o.  b.,  at  Nashville,  five  36-inch  and  one  48-inch  sluice  gates.  4. 
For  excavating  and  laying  pipe  in  the  Cumberland  River,  classi- 
fied as  No.  I,  the  length  being  about  1,750  lineal  feet  and  the  exca- 
vation about  19,000  cubic  yards.  5.  Fer  excavating  and  laying 
pipe  in  Cumberland  River,  classified  as  No.  2.  Quantities  the 
same  as  No.  4.  6.  For  constructing  masonry  intake,  contain- 
ing about  500  cubic  yards,  and  all  incidental  work.  7.  For 
laying  pipes,  classified  as  Nos.  i  or  2,  doing  all  necessary  exca- 
vation and  constructing  intake  and  incidental  work.  Bids  to 
be  for  the  work  as  a  whole.  8.  For  furnishing  all  necessary  pipes, 
lead,  valves  and  all  other  materials,  excavating,  laying  pipe,  con- 
structing intake  and  incidental  work.    Bids  for  work  as  a  whole. 


CORROSION  FROM  PURE  WATER. 
The  purest  water,  according  to  the  Locoviotive,  often  is  the 
most  active  in  corroding  and  pitting  plates,  and  this  makes  it 
probable  that  the  active  substance,  in  some  cases  at  least,  is  air. 
It  is  well  known  that  water  is  capable  of  dissolving  a  considerable 
amount  of  air;  in  fact,  it  is  this  dissolved  air  that  enables  fish  to 
breathe.  It  is  not  so  widely  known,  however,  that  the  oxygen  of 
the  air  is  more  soluble  than  the  nitrogen.  If  a  small  quantity  of 
water  be  shaken  up  in  a  bottle,  it  dissolves  some  of  the  inclosed 
air,  and  when  this  is  afterward  driven  off  by  boiling,  and  analyzed, 
it  is  found  to  consist  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  in  the  proportion 
of  I  to  1.87,  instead  of  i  to  4,  as  in  the  natural  air.  Thus  the  dis- 
solved air,  being  more  than  twice  as  rich  in  oxygen  as  common 
air  is,  and  being  brought  into  more  intimate  contact  with  the 
metal  by  means  of  the  water  that  holds  it  in  solution,  exerts  a 
correspondingly  more  noticeable  effect.  It  is  probable  too,  that 
water  plays  some  other  important  action  in  connection  with  the 
oxidation  of  metals,  for  it  has  been  found  by  recent  experiments 
that  pure  oxygen  will  not  combine  with  things  that  it  has  the 
greatest  affinity  for,  provided  it  is  perfectly  dry.  Even  the  metal 
sodium,  which  has  an  intense  affinity  for  oxygen,  may  be  heated 
in  it  to  a  very  high  temperature  without  combination,  provided 
sufficient  precautions  are  taken  to  exclude  the  slightest  trace  of 
moisture.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  water  plays  a  most  import- 
ant part  in  the  oxidation  of  metals  by  air — a  part,  indeed,  that  we 
cannot  explain,  and  that  we  really  know  but  little  about. 

FORT  WORTH  AND  RETURN,  $26.95. 

On  account  of  the  Texas  Spring  Palace,  the  Wabash  line  will 
sell  tickets  to  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  and  return  at  one  fare — S26.95 
— for  the  round  trip  on  the  following  dates:  May  8,  12,  15,  19,  22, 
26  and  29.  Tickets  are  good  three  days  in  transit  in  both  direc- 
tions and  will  be  honored  for  return  passage  up  to  June  3d,  in- 
clusive. For  full  particulars,  berths,  tickets,  etc.,  call  at  Wabash 
ticket  office,  201  Clark  street. 


CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD. 

Ladies'  palace  day  cars,  palace  reclining  chair  cars,  free  of 
extra  charge.  Pullman  palace  buffet  compartment  sleeping  cars, 
palace  dining  cars.  Pullman  vestibuled  trains,  free  of  extra 
charge  and  no  change  of  cars  of  any  class  between  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Chicago  and  Denver,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Pioneer  puUman  palace  sleeping  car. 
Palace  dining  car  and  free  palace  reclining  chair  car  line 
James  Charlton,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  210  Dear- 
born street,  near  corner  Adams  street,  Chicago,  111. 


HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

A  NliW  METHOD  OF  TREATING  DISEASES. 

What  are  they?  There  is  a  new  departure  in  the  treatment  o 
disease.  It  consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics  used  by  noted 
specialists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment  pursued  by  special  phy- 
sicans  who  treat  indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles  only,  was 
obtained  and  prepared.  The  treatment  of  other  physicians,  cele- 
brated for  curing  catarrh  was  procured  and  so  on  till  these  incom- 
parable cures  now  include  disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility.  The  new  method  of 
"one  remedy  for  one  disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have  experienced  the  ill  effects, 
and  thoroughly  realize  the  absurdity  of  tlie  claims  of  Patent  Med- 
icines which  are  guaranteed  to  cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle, 
and  the  use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  niiucd iiion-  stoinachs 
thiut  alcohol.  A  circular  describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by  Hospital  Remedy  Cami)any, 
Toronto,  Canada,  sole  proprietors. 


May  3,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


NATURE'S    RKMKDIKS . 


413   MINNESOTA   STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  moat  eftective  group  of  Remedies  extant.   Componnded  of  roots  and  herbs,  from  formula* 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attamn)ent8  and 
■peoial  genius.   Nature's  own  Remedies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effects 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.  NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

The  Catarrh  Rembdy  is  a  sovereign  cure.  Over  150  persons  have  been  treated  at  onr  ofEco  duririe 
the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  others  feel  confident  of  a 
cure.  Thb  Life  Tonio  is  a  powerful  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  and  blood  purifier.  The  Liver  Ren. 
OVATOR  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.  The  LuNO  Elixir  i«  a 
mild  and  certain  remedy  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections.  The  Pain  Reliever  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-acho,Ear-ache,  Bruises,  Chilblains,  etc.  J  u 

This  Company  wa«  organized  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and  the 
Remedies  will  be  found  all  that  is  claimed  for  them.  The  most  danoehous  disease  of  the  present  day  is 
Catarrh,  anil  though  you  mav  hwo  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  as  to  the  merits 
of  NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY,  for  it  is  working  some  wonderful  cures. 

Bend  for  circulars  and  see  testimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


STewKRT    Cermtvyic  Co. 

312  PEARL  STREET, 

Comer  of  Peck  Slip,  N  EW  Y  0  RK . 

Only  manufacturers  in  the  world  of  the 
Morahan  Solid  White  Crockery  Stationary 

3a£KSH  -  TUBS 

Without  a  rival,  and  pronounced  to  be  the 
only  Perfect  Sanitary  Tubs  in  Existence 
Also  SOLID  WHITE  CROCKERY  SINKS. 
Comprisingr  S\a.tlers' 

Slop,  aaa-d.  ICitclien.  Siaafca. 
Bend  for  12-page  Illustrated  Catalogue  and  Price  List.  Made  of  same  material  as  the  Tubs  and  fully  ae  strong 


The  Improved  Palmer  Gas  and  Back-Water  Trap  or  Safety  Valve. 

NOTICE!    A  Perfect  Clean-Out. 

Manufactured  by  the  ERIE  CITY  FOUNDRY,  ERIE.  PA. 

Sizes  for  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  8-inch  Clay  or  Iron  Pipe 

No    obstructions  to  passage  of  water  or  any 
material. 

Full  area  of  soil-pipe  throughout  connection,  and 
Valve. 

NO  BOLTS.  NO  SCREWS,  NOTHING  TO  BREAK  OR 
GET  OUT  OF  ORDER. 

easily  accessible  through  hand-hole. 


Descriptive  Circulars  sent  on  application. 
FOR  SALE  BY 

ALL  DEALERS  IN  PLUMBERS' SUPPLIES. 

We  also  manufacture  an  Iron  Street  Valve  in  two  sizes, 
viz.:  10-in.  by  15  in.,  and  18  in.  by  18-in. 

Colwell  Lead  Co.,  63  Center  St.,  agents  for  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Jersey  City  and  Newark. 
Gilchrist  and  Gorham,  207  ('ongress  st.,  Boston,  Mass.,  agents  for  New  England. 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway. 

steam  Heated  and  Electric  Lighted  Ves- 

tibuled  Trains  between  Chicago,  St.  Paul 

and  Minneapolis. 
Electric  L/ighted  and  Steam  Heated  Ves- 
tibuled  Trains  between  Chicago,  Council 

Bluffs  and  Omaha. 
Finest  Dining  Cars  in  the  World. 
Through  Sleeping  Cars  between  Chicago 

and  Denver. 
Free  Reclining  Chairs  between  Chicago  and 

Omaha. 

Fast  Mail  Line  between  Chicago,  Milwaukee 

St.  Paul,  and  Minneapolis. 
Transcontinental  Route  between  Chicago, 

Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha,  or  St.  Paul. 
5,700  miles  of  road  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin, 

Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  South,  and 

North  Dakota. 
Everything  First-Class. 
First-Class  People    patronize  Flrst-Class 

Lines. 

Ticket  Agents  everywhere  sell  Tickets  over 
the  Chicago,  MHwaukee  St.  Paul 
Railway. 


CHICAGO  &  ATLANTIC 

In  conjunction  with  the  Erie  System  operates 
Dally  Fast  Vestibuled  Trains  to  the  Seaboard. 
You  may  travel  in  the  most  Elegant  and  Complete 
Pullman  Vestibuled  Trains  ever  constructed  and 
save  $l.50  to  New  York, Buffalo,  and  Niagara  Falls; 
$2.35  to  Albany  and  Troy,  and  $3. OO  to  Boston 
and  New  England  Cities. 

No  rival  line  offers  ttie  advantages  of  a  system  of 
through  first  and  seoond-class  Pullman  Vestibule 
Day  Coaches  and  Dining  Cars  Chicago  to  New 
York. 

It  Is  the  only  line  operating  Pullman  cars  to  Boa- 
ton  and  New  England,  Via  Albany. 

Entire  train  Is  lighted  by  gas,  heated  by  steam. 
Pullman  OinlngCars  run  through  in  either  direc- 
tion. 

These  luxurious  trains  are  open  to  all  classes  of 
travel.  No  extra  charge  for  fast  time  and  unsur. 
passed  accomodations. 

For  detailed  information,  tickets  and  reservations 
in  Pullman  cars,  apply  to  your  local  ticket  agent,  or 
the  agency  of  connecting  lines  of  railway,  or  to  CiTT 
Ticket  Offices,  I07  Clark  St.;  Grand  Pacific 
Hotel:  PalmerHouse;  Dearborn  Station,  or  address 
O,  M.  BEACH.  F.  C.  DONALD 

General  Manager,  Gen.  Pass.  Agent. 

CHICAGO. 


Anti-Siphon  TRAP  VENT. 

Economical 

Device  for  :• 


Venting 


Sewer-Gas  Traps. 


Can  be  attached  to  any  Trap  at  less 
than  Half  the  Cost  of  back-air  pipes. 

Approved  by 

ARCHITECTS,  MASTER  PLUMBERS  AND 
HEALTH  AUTHORITIES. 

Manufactured  by  the 

DU  BOIS  MAN'F'G  CO,, 

245  Ninth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Manufacturers  of 

The  Celebrated  Du  Bois  Lead  Trap. 

For  Sale  by  all  Jobbers  in  Plumbers'Snpplies.  Send 
for  Circulars 


THE  POPULAR  ROUTE  FOR 


ST.  LOUIS, 

KANSAS  CITY, 

DECATUR, 

SPRINGFIELD, 

JACKSONVILLE, 

PEORIA, 

HANNIBAL, 

QUINCY, 

and  all  Points  West  and  Southwest. 

SOLID  VESTIBULE  TRAINS 

Composed  of  Elegant  Buffet  Compart 
ment  Sleeping  Cars  and  Luxurious 

Free  RecliningChair  Cars 

Afflo/a  in  Famous  Wabash  Dining  Cars 

Depot:  Dearborn  Station,  corner 
Dearborn  and  Polk  Ste. 


Ticket  Office^  109  Clark  SttBet 

CEAS.  H.  HAYS,  F.  CHAMDLER, 

General  Manager,         Gen  l  Pass.  &  T'k't  Aj. 
C.  S.  CRANE,  Ass  *  Gen'l  Pass.  c.T-k'tAgr't, 
ST.  LOUIS. 

F.  A.  PALMER, 

ABSlstant  General  Passenger  Agent, 

CHICAGO. 


vi 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  326 


DIRBCTORY 

[The  names  of  subscribers  included  in  this  list  on 
payment  of  <2  per  year.] 


PLUMBEKS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock  W.  H.,  886  Dudley  street. 
The  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  \V.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee  Wm.  E  .,  154  LaSalle  street. 
Dee  Wm.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien  T.  M.,  5.  84  LaSalle  street 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly  Thomas,  14  Fonrtli  avenue. 


CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson  M.,  69  Thirty-fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  44f>l  State  street. 
Baggot,  E,  171  Adams  street 
Blake  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street 
Breyer  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan  T.  J..  683  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty  John,  3105  State  street. 
Came-on  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 
Denniston  J.  A  ,  148  N.  ("lark  street. 
Gay  &  Cnlloton,  .50  N.  Clark  street. 
Gundei-mann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 
Hickey  A.  C,  75  8.  Clinton  street. 
Hartmann  L.  H..  2208  Archer  Ave. 
Kelly  Thomas  &  Bros.  75  .lackson  street. 
Klein  Stephen.  712  and  714  Milwaukee  ave. 
Meany  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 
Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-second  street. 
Murray  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 
Nacey  P.,  3.39  \\  abash  avenue. 
Neustadt  Fred,,  300  North  avenue. 
Probasco  R.  P.,  479  Wiibaeh  avenue. 
Reilly  Joseph  i  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 
Roche  J.  H  ,  208  Thirty-fii  st  street. 
Roughan  M.  J.,  25  Ouincv  street. 
Ruh  Valentine.  548  Wells  street. 
Sanders  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 
Schmidt  Ira  T.,  191  E.  Indiana  street. 
Sullivan  John,  320  Division  street, 
Tumulty  J.  W,,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 
Wade  J.  J.,  Ii2  Dearborn  street. 
Weber  &  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 
Whit<>ford  David.  346  W.  Randolph  street. 
Wilson  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 
Young,  Gatzert  A-  Co.,  995  W.  Msdison  street. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


HENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  tlieir  sanitary  Condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate,  lieferences.  London  agent 
for  The  SxNiT.tnY  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle street,  Chicago,  IIJ.,  U.  8.  A.  Mdney  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  Tue  Sanitary 
News.   

RUDOLPH  HERING, 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E  ,  M.  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  Now  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Constrac* 
tion  Superintended. 


GEO.  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M.  Inst  C-  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  &  FARQUHAR, 

Civil  Engineers,  Newport,  R.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns. 


gAML.  O.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  liialto  Building, 
Chicago. 


lyM.  PAUL  GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  Corres- 
pondence solicited  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECKIVED 
^  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  .\rchitcct,  Trea.sury 
Department,  Washington,  I).  C,  until  2  o'clock  j>.  in., 
on  the  thirteenth  day  of  May,  1890.  for  .-ill  ihe  labor 
and  materials  required  to  fix  in  ])lace  complete  the  Low 
Temperature,  Hot  Water,  Heating  and  Ventilating 
Apparatus  for  the  V.  S.  Po.>.t  Office  Huilding  at  Spring- 
field, 0.,in  accordance  with  llie  drawings. and  specifica- 
tions, copies  of  which  may  he  had  on  application  at 
this  office,  or  the  office  of  the  Superintendent.  Each 
hid  must  be  accomp.anied  by  a  certified  check  for 
$200.00.  The  Department  will  reject  all  bids  received 
after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the  same;  also  bids 
which  do  not  comply  strictly  with  all  the  requirements 
of  this  invitation. 

JAS.  H.  WINDRIM,  Supervising  Architect. 
April  16,  1890. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


jnAV/D  WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLU^l- 
^  her  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
346  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


p  llARVET,  .'iCIENTlFIC  AND  PRACTICAL 

*  Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mich 
igan  and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.  Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


■pOR  SALE.  — A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business,  located  in  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hand.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
Pi.UMB,  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


A  FIRST-CLASS  OPPORTUNITY  TO  GET  A 
good  business  cheap.  As  I  wish  to  retire  from 
the  business,  1  will  sell  inv  stock  of  plumbing  goods 
(which  will  invoice  $2,500.00)]  for  $2,000.00,  cash  or 
good  security.  I  have  a  good  paying  business  in 
Rockford,  III.,  and  the  prospects  first-class.  Apply  to 
"J.  IL,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


■pOR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
iness,  four  years  establislied  in  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.     Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
Address  "W.  F.  T.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


HELP  WANTED. 


QUR  READERS  ARE  LORDIALLT  INVITED 
^  to  list  this  column  -vlttJt  in  tieed  of  help  in  any  of  the 
professions,  trades  or  businesses  to  ivhtch  this  journal 
is  devoted.  Such  adverti.'-ements  -will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  o/"The  Sanitary 
News,  88  and 9o  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


IVANTED.  —  THOROUGHLY  COMPETENT 
'  '  man  as  foreman  in  plumbing  shop.  Must  have 
had  experience  in  figuring,  overseeing  work,  etc.,  in 
Chicago,  and  give  first-class  references.  Address, 
with  full  st;itement  of  qualifications  and  present  posi- 
tion, "  II.,"  The  S.\nit.\ry  News. 


VyANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  take 
full  charge  of  work,  make  estimates  and  able  to  handle 
the  liusiness  from  soliciting  and  making  bids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  W.  H.  S.,  1212 
Douglas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 


w 

Address,  "  F.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


ANTED.— PLU.MBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 


AyAN'TED.  —  A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 

Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  hut  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Wm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
^  alions  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
lo  -which  this joiirnal  is  devoted  are  cordially  ini'itfd  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  will  he  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  TiiE  Sanitary' 
\  iLws,  88  and  90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


Cn  UATION  WANTED— AS  pOOKKEEPER  IN 
plumbing  business  m  Western  city.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  Sa.nitary'  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
draughtsman  and  designer,  with  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughlv  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  superv^ising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  Age,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Address,  "  E.  G.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
competent  heating  engineer.     Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.    Location  no 
object.    Address,  "  H.  E.,    The  Sanitary  News. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 

W.  T.  Eaton,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  wrehse,  90x113, 

76th  St,  w  Ills  Cen  R  R;  a,  Small  &  Bishop  $  15,000 
S.  H.  McLean,  ti,  8,  4  sty  bst  brk  Hats,  25x150, 

4001  Grand  boul;  a,  W.  B.  Wheelock..  25,000 
L.  Wolff  M'f'g  Co.,  6  stv  and  bst  brk  fcty, 

50x140,  117  W  Lake  st;  a,  T.  Wolf   30,000 

A.  Wood,  2J^  sty  and  bst  brkdwllg,  40x70,  2545 

Indiana  ave   20,000 

Malcolm  Carrather,  6  5^  sty  brk  str  and  flats, 

124x100,  102-28  Pacific  ave;  a,  C.  W.  Karbach  20,000 
E.  Jensen,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  23x48, 1770 

Downing  si;  a,  Theo  Lewandowsky   7,000 

E.  D.  Murrav,  S'/i  sty  frm  dwllg,  60x45, 

Lawson  and  '71st  sts;  a,  W.  D.  Cowdls. . .  .  6,000 
J.  C.  Phillips,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  24x51, 

935  Walnut  st;  a,  W.  J.  Birfield   5,000 

J.  Moeschhacher,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  str  and  flats, 

21x56,  263  Rush  st;a,  J.  Hueber   6,000 

L.  Paulsen,  2  sty  .and  bst  brk  str  and  flats, 

24x^,  719  Sevmore  st;  a,  L.  Paulsen   6,000 

John  Martin,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  flats,  22.\54,  4i84 

S.  Robev  st;  a,  A.  Besslcr   5,300 

T.  Ashello,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  flats,  19x65,  220 

N.  S,ang^amon  st;  a,  Faher  &  Pagles   7,000 

John  Galhger,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  flats,  24x55, 117 

Laflin  st   7,000 


THE  OJLIM^X 

GAS  MACHINE  AND  GAS  MIXER 

is  the  most  perfect,  most  successful  and  most  complete 
Gas  Apparatus  known.  An  absolutely  smokeless  and 
clear  gas  is  the  invariable  result  of  its  use,  and  plain 
lava  tip  burners  are  used,  obvia'ing  the  use  of  Argand 
or  other  adjustable  burners  necessary  with  everv  oth  r 
make.  All  kinds  and  sizes  of  buildings  are  lighted 
with  it,  .and  full  satisfaction  is  guaranteed.  It  i«  made 
in  a  variety  of  sizes  and  shapes  to  suit  the  existing  con- 
ditions. For  can  and  tinware  manufacturers,  packers, 
Ac,  a  special  apparatus  is  made  for  producing 
a  gas  of  intense  heat  at  a  cost  not  cxceedin  80  to  40 
cents  per  1,000  cubic  feet.  Catalogue,  lestimonl  <ls  and 
full  information  free  on  apidication.  CLAKENCK 
M.  KEMP,  Baltimore,  Aid.  We  protect  the  tr.ide 
and  want  live,  wide. awake  agents  everywhere. 


Removal  of  the  Wabash  Ticket  Office. 

The  Wabash  people  are  fitting  up  elegant 
new  offices  at  201  Clark  street,  between 
Monroe  and  Adams,  where  their  friends  will 
fiiui  them  from  and  after  May  1st.  As  at 
present,  the  Niagara  Falls  Short  Line  will 
occupy  the  same  office  with  the  Wabash. 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^F=G  CO.  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KIXTINOS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES. 


Obdkbs  Cabefuixt  Filled. 


May  17,  1890.] 


25 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUBLISHED  KVKKV  SA  l  UIlDAY 


No.  yi)  La  Salle  Street,      -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson, 

-        -                         -        -        -  Punr.isiiKit. 

A.  II.  Hakrvman, 

-                                                          -  Editok. 

Henry  R.  Ai.i-en, 

-                -       -                London  Agent. 

Entered  as 

second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 

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Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the  office  of  its  London  agent, 
Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

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A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from  the  first  issue,  are  still 
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$3.00.     The  entire  fifteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  library    on  sanitary 
subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  25 

Report  on  tlie  Inspection  of  Tenements  and  Factories  for  1889           -  26 

Health  in  Michigan  for  April  28 

Summer  Outing— Danger  Signals  -          -          -----  28 

Apples  as  Medicine  28 

Discussion  of  Water  Supply          -          -                    -          •          -  -  29 

The  Coming  Convention  of  the  American  Water  Works  Association       -  39 

Goods  Sold  through  Trade  Journals          ------  30 

Talmage's  Advice  to  Home -Getters     ------  36 

PLUMBING  

New  Plumbing  Law  for  the  State  of  New  York  -          -          ■  -30 

Plumbing  Regulations  for  Salt  Lake  City         ....  31 

House  Drains  31 

Detroit  Plumbers  32 

Delegates  to  the  Denver  Convention        -                     -          .  -  32 

Honoring  Master  Plumbers        ......  .30 

Among  the  Plumbers           ■          •          -          -          -          -  .  33 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done    -         .         -  -  33 

Heating  and  Lighting  34 

Water  Works  Notes  -          -          -----  35 

Sewerage  Notes  35 

Bids  and  Contracts  35 


Elsewhere  in  this  issue  will  be  found  the  report  of  Chief 
Inspector  Young  for  the  year  i88q.  It  speaks  for  itself.  It  is  a 
straightforward,  concise  statement  of  matters  under  his  official 
recognition,  and  the  fairness,  honesty,  and  conscientiousness  ap- 
parent in  every  feature  of  the  report  bespeak  the  integrity  and 
faithfulness  of  the  man.  The  report  shows  the  work  that 
is  to  be  done,  and  what  can  be  done  by  an  official  who  is 
willing  and  qualified  to  do  it.  The  report  shows  what  has 
been  done,  and  the  amount  of  careful  attention  and  labor 
necessary  to  accomplish  it  is  clearly  not  that  of  a  sinecure.  It 
means  the  busy  employment  of  energy  and  the  efficient  direction 
of  intelligence  to  the  accomplishment  of  definite  ends.  It  bears 
upon  its  face  the  evidence  of  official  direction  of  one  acquainted 


with  the  demands  and  necessities  of  sanitation,  and  schooled  in 
the  practical  investigations  and  labors  of  advancing  sanitary 
science.  The  report  should  be  read  by  every  citizen  of  Chicago, 
and  his  su[)port  should  be  cordially  given  to  this  important  depart- 
ment of  public  health.  The  additions  to  the  city  and  its  rapid 
growth  have  made  necessary  the  extension  of  the  services  of  this 
department,  and  an  increase  of  inspectors  is  demanded  in  the  in- 
terest of  public  health.  There  should  be  a  service  sufficient  to 
cover  every  portion  of  the  city  promply  and  efficiently  that  the 
full  benefits  of  inspection  may  be  properly  realized.  Mr.  Young 
has  given  us  an  example  of  inspection  that  inspects,  and  his  efforts 
have  met  with  universal  commendation.  If  there  has  been  one 
single  complaint  made  we  have  not  heard  of  it.  Without  drawing 
any  comparisons,  we  feel  warranted  in  saying  that  the  services 
rendered  by  Mr.  Young  have  far  surpassed  those  of  his  prede- 
cessors, and  that  his  administration  will  mark  an  epoch  in  the 
sanitary  inspection  of  Chicago. 


I)K.  J.  A.  Beaudry,  of  Montreal,  has  gathered  statistics  within 
the  last  ten  years  on  which  he  bases  the  statement  that  "in  the 
surrounding  country  districts  the  death  rate  was  higher  than  in 
the  cities,  although  the  farmer  ought  to  enjoy  the  best  health  and 
live  the  longest."  This  he  supposes  to  be  due  to  the  non-observ- 
ance of  the  requirements  of  health  laws,  and  to  ignorance,  preju- 
dice, and  habit.  It  has  been  observed  in  this  country  that  the 
sanitary  condition  of  our  country  homes  is  not  what  the  fancy 
paints  it.  This  demonstrates  the  fact  that  sanitary  knowledge  is 
not  disseminated  as  it  should  be,  and  that  where  a  knowledge  of 
hygiene  has  been  gained  through  the  public  schools,  there  have 
not  been  taught  its  practical  value  and  the  importance  of  the  ob- 
servance of  health  laws.  Much  of  this  is  not  due  so  much  to 
ignorance  as  to  indifference  and  the  lack  of  appreciation  of  the 
value  of  hygienic  habits  and  sanitary  surroundings. 


The  Canada  yournal  of  Health  contains  a  notice  of  typhoid 
fever  in  a  family  in  Philadelphia  illustrating  a  peculiarity  of  this 
disease.  It  states  that  a  "bath  tub,  with  old-fashioned  pancloset 
adjoining,  had  been  leaking  from  time  to  time,  for  two  years,  and 
recently  had  dripped  down  into  the  kitchen,  onto  the  range  and 
sink  below.  A  case  of  typhoid  fever  appeared  in  September  in 
the  youngest  boy  in  the  family,  who  was  ill  in  bed  two  months. 
His  mother  was  taken  ill  with  typhoid  fever,  November  23rd;  one 
sister,  November  2g;  a  second,  December  4;  a  third,  December  5; 
a  fourth,  December  6;  and  a  fifth,  December  8.  The  plumbing 
had  been  defective  for  a  long  time,  but  it  did  not  make  the  family 
really  ill  until  a  case  of  typhoid  fever  was  introduced  into  the 
house,  and  then  after  a  sufficient  time  had  elapsed  the  six  others 
were  taken  in  quick  succession.  It  is  presumed  the  first  case  was 
caused  by  the  city  water  from  which  so  many  suffer  there."  This 
is  another  illustration  of  the  fact  that  bad  sanitary  conditions,  while 
they  may  not  be  the  means  of  bringing  disease  directly  into  a 
house  or  community,  nevertheless  prepare  the  soil  for  the  growth 
of  disease  germs  when  some  cause  introduces  them.  Defective 
plumbing  has  often  been  the  direct  cause  of  sickness,  and  at  all 
times  it  is  responsible  for  those  unsanitary  conditions  which  give 
disease  a  lodging  place  which  it  would  not  otherwise  have. 


The  model  for  a  new  water-closet  illustrated  in  The  Sanitary 
News  of  the  3rd  inst.  appeared  originally  in  The  Sanitarian,  New 
York  City,  and  is  attracting  some  attention.  From  a  sanitary 
point  of  view  the  closet  is  one  of  the  most  important  fixtures  in  the 
economy  of  house  construction,  and  anything  relative  thereto  will 
receive  careful  consideration.  The  Sanitarian  found  good  au- 
thority in  Prof.  Dixon,  whose  views  on  this  subject  are  of  scientific 
and  practical  value.  The  improvement  in  this  sanitary  fixture 
has  been  great,  and  within  the  last  few  years  almost  a  revolution 
has  been  wrought.  It  is  still  a  subject  for  study  and  improvement 
for  the  safest  and  best  closet  made  is  none  too  good.  The  amount 
of  mischief  possible  for  a  poorly  constructed  closet  to  do  measures 
the  importance  of  securing  the  best. 


A  PORTION  of  the  New  York  press  cannot  accept  the  situation 
regarding  the  location  of  the  World's  Fair,  and  all  manner  of  non- 
sense is  published  intended  to  cast  discredit  on  Chicago's  ability  to 
carry  out  the  great  enterprise  successfully.    New  York  knows  that 


26 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  328 


Chicago  is  able  to  do  all  she  has  promised  to  do.  She  has  had  the 
most  direct  evidence  of  this,  for,  did  not  Chicago  meet  New  York, 
Washington,  and  St.  Louis  combined,  and  in  a  fair  and  square 
fight  down  them  all?  It  is  a  silly  presumption  for  New  York  to 
assert  the  inability  of  Chi-rago  when  Chicago  knocked  that  city 
out  the  first  round.  After  New  York  has  measured  her  strength 
with  Chicago  and  got  floored  with  two  other  cities  in  her  support, 
one  would  think  she  would  have  but  little  to  say  about  the  v  eak- 
ness  of  the  city  by  the  lake.  If  New  York  had  got  the  fair  and 
Chicago  had  acted  as  New  York  has,  New  York  would  have 
thought  Chicago  the  meanest  city  on  earth.  Well,  New  York 
may  now  feel  just  as  mean  as  she  would  have  thought  Chicago. 

Recent  exhaustive  studies,  made  by  Drs.  Frankel  and  Piefke, 
on  the  filtration  of  drinking  water  through  sand,  conclusively 
demonstrates  the  fact  that  the  danger  of  infection  from  impure 
water  is  only  slightly  reduced  thereby.  Bacteria  pass  through  at 
all  times,  but  in  larger  numbers  immediately  after  the  filter  has 
been  cleaned  and  also  after  it  has  been  in  use  for  some  time. 


The  rules  governing  health  and  all  hygienic  laws  should  have 
that  regard  that  measures  the  appreciation  and  value  of  good 
health,  but  they  have  not.  Like  the  water  in  the  well  good  health 
is  never  missed  till  man's  physical  fountain  has  run  dry.  Then 
he  is  driven,  not  to  the  prevention  of  disease,  but  to  its  cure. 
He  endures  pain,  loss  of  time  and  money  in  consequence  of  a 
neglect  so  seemingly  trifling  that  he  observed  it  not,  but  his  sick- 
ness is  a  burden  borne  heavily. 

Licentiates  of  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health  can  obtain 
the  ninth  annual  reports,  also  the  Reports  on  Medical  Colleges 
and  Medical  Education,  by  applying  to  John  H.  Rauch,  M.  D., 
Secretary  of  Board,  Springfield,  111. 


The  present  indications  are  that  the  largest  and  most  impor- 
tant meeting  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  will 
be  the  coming  convention  at  Denver.  The  interest  and  enthusiasm 
shown  are  general,  and  the  importance  of  the  work  laid  out  willjcall 
forth  a  full  attendance. 

Every  plumber  should  associate  himself  with  the  National 
Association  of  Plumbers.  The  benefits  and  advantages  of  this 
organization  should  be  enjoyed  by  all.  They  would  be  a  boon  to 
the  plumber  and  a  blessing  to  the  public. 


It  is  a  little  curious  that  every  time  a  plumber  or  an  associa- 
tion of  plumbers  does  anything  intended  to  advance  trade  inter- 
ests there  are  to  be  found  some  people  who  cry  themselves  hoarse 
with  objections,  and  who  have  done  so  little  except  to  advance 
their  o^n  personal  interests  that  the  public  wot  not  of  it.  The 
plumbers'  trade  is  an  extended  and  important  one.  From  a  busi- 
ness point  of  view  it  stands  well  to  the  front  and  is  as  material  to 
the  general  prosperity  as  any  other  business.  Why  should  they 
not  strive  to  advance  their  trade  interests?  What  should  make 
them  a  single  exception  of  all  the  trades  we  have?  There  is 
nothing.  They  have  money  mvested.  They  perform  a  service 
indispensable  to. the  general  industrial  prosperity  of  the  country, 
and  as  business  men  they  are  responsible  for  their  share  contribu- 
ted to  the  advancement  of  material  interests. 


Health  is  man's  capital  and  the  best  investment  lie  can 
make  is  in  the  observance  of  hygienic  laws. 


REPORT  ON  THE  INSPECTION  OF  TENEMENTS  AND 

FACTORIES  FOR  1889. 
To  Swaync  Wickershani,  M.  D.,  Connnissioncr  of  Health,  Chicago: 
The  regulations  for  plumbing,  drainage  and  other  sanitary  ar- 
rangements have  been  more  or  less  ignored  in  thousands  of  build- 
ings, old  and  new,  and  the  master  plumbers  report  that  the 
former  inspectors  had  not  insisted  upon  ventilation  of  waste  pipes 
and  soil  pipes,  and  upon  providing  separate  traps  for  every  sink 
in  a  building,  and  did  not  enforce  other  sanitary  improvements, 
too  numerous  to  mention.  I  consider  it  necessary  to  examine 
every  building  used  for  habitation  or  work  by  a  competent  and 
reliable  plumber,  and  from  what  1  found  out  among  the  reports  of 
the  plumbers  of  this  department  since  June  ist,  I  cannot  consider 


the  official  reports  from  1880  to  the  middle  of  1889  as  reliable,  so 
far  as  they  relate  to  the  condition  of  the  plumbing  work;  and  this 
department  needs  one  plumbing  inspector  for  each  ward  and  four 
men  in  the  office,  if  the  city  ordinances  are  to  be  enforced. 

It  is  necessary  to  examine  the  17,715  new  buildings,  which  have 
been  reported  as  examined  without  being  recorded  on  special 
blanks,  to-wit:  1881,  589;  1882,  2,484;  1883,  2,444;  1884,  3,240;  1885, 
2.758;  1886,2,061;  1887,2,557;  1888,2,161. 

I  find  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  buildings  were  erected 
without  due  regard  to  the  express  provisions  of  the  ordinances 
and  rules  of  the  Health  Department.  I  also  discovered  that 
many  reports,  on  old  and  new  buildings  and  on  workplaces,  were 
fictitious  and  should  never  have  been  accepted  as  correct  by  the 
former  chief  inspector.  I  deem  it  an  imperative  duty  of  the 
Health  Department  to  re-examine  the  buildings  and  to  insist  upon 
the  enforcement  of  the  health  laws.  I  do  not  wish  to  be  under- 
stood that  the  inspections  up  to  June  i,  1889,  ^^^re  purposely 
deficient  as  regards  sanitary  plumbing,  but  it  is  a  fact  that  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  number  of  plumbers,  in  May  1889,  as  inspectors, 
introduced  an  improvement  in  the  extent  of  the  inspections,  and  I 
refer  to  the  testimony  of  master  plumbers  and  architects  as  re- 
gards the  proportion  of  good  and  reliable  plumbing  work  in  new 
buildings  now,  as  compared  with  the  time  before  the  plumbing 
inspectors  were  sent  out  with  instructions  to  raise  the  standard  of 
plumbing  work  to  the  requirements  of  the  city  ordinances  and  the 
regulations  of  the  Health  Commissioner. 

I  found  the  following  statements  of  work  of  this  department  in 
the  annual  reports  for 


Inspections. 

Work  Places. 

Houses. 

New  B'Id'gs 

.  Abattiu'ts 

1880.. 

 14,809 

14,809 

I88I.. 

 18,757 

1 3, 1 28 

5.629 

589 

3.454 

1882.. 

 22,311 

■5.385 

5.324 

1,602 

2,560 

1883.. 

 21,219 

13.473 

5.302 

2,444 

3.817 

1884- • 

 28,028 

20,394 

4.394 

3,240 

6,276 

1885.. 

 77- '03 

19,693 

54.642 

2,768 

30.978 

1886.. 

 70,348 

40,304 

27.983 

2,061 

19,321 

1887.. 

 81,400 

47.672 

3'. '71 

2.557 

19.705 

1888. . 

 75.715 

32,387 

41,167 

2,161 

20,284 

409,690 

217,245 

175,612 

17,422 

106,395 

I  sent  plumbers  to  some  long  lines  of  houses  in  densely  in- 
habited residences  and  retail  business  districts  which  had  been 
reported  in  good  sanitary  condition,  and  these  plumbers  found 
violations  oi  the  health  ordinances  in  almost  every  second  or  third 
building,  and  I  was  convinced  that  the  450,000  examinations  made 
from  1880  to  June  i,  1889,  must  have  been  rather  superficial  as 
regards  plumbing. 

In  the  year  1889,  2,996  buildings  in  course  of  erection  were  ex- 
amined according  to  the  provisions  of  the  state  law;  6,600  dwell- 
ings and  480  work  places  were  examined  in  response  to  complaints 
of  occupants  or  employees;  also  12,854  other  dwelling  houses  and 
the  buildings  containing  about  35,000  business  firms  of  the  several 
wards;  11,113  notices  were  served  for  violations,  and  since  July  i, 
1889,  a  special  report  was  placed  on  file  and  recorded  for  every 
building  for  which  a  violation  notice  was  served.  Outside  of  the 
manufacturing,  commercial,  and  trading  centres,  families  occupy 
the  buildings  whose  first  floor  fronts  are  used  as  business 
places,  and  the  inspectors  examined  the  sanitary  conditions  of 
the  whole  buildings  and  premises.  The  complaint  record  specifies 
the  violations  and  abatements  after  a  number  of  days.  Ten 
thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty-three  abatements  represent  the 
same  number  of  buildings,  although  frequently  several  defects 
arc  remedied  on  the  same  notice.  The  principal  details  foot  up 
as  follows:  Defective  plumbing,  2,097;  defective  drainage,  1,507; 
offensive  catch-basins  cleaned,  1,080;  new  sewer  connections,  40; 
traps  applied  to  sinks,  2,155;  plumbing  work  ventilated,  201; 
rooms  ventilated,  120;  leaky  roofs  repaired,  75;  privies  cleaned, 
4,131;  privy  vaults  abolished,  117;  new  water-closets  constructed, 
247;  miscellaneous  abatements,  431 ;  yards  and  premises  cleaned, 
1,450.  The  number  of  notices  served  and  abatements  recorded, 
as  apiieais  from  the  record  of  violations,  does  not  afford  a  full 
statement  of  the  actual  work  performed  by  the  inspectors.  The 
improvements  effected  in  sanitary  arrangements  of  many  new  and 
old  buildings  on  the  suggestion  of  i)lumhing  inspectors,  are  not 
counted  as  notices  and  abatements  if  the  proprietors  or  occupants 


May  17,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


27 


comply  with  the  ordinances  without  compulsion.  The  ventilation 
of  soil  and  waste  pipes  of  new  buildings  had  been  neglected  for 
years  by  many  builders,  and  the  plumbing  work  Vvas  rather 
flimsey  and  unsanitary.  I  have  good  reasons  to  believe  that  since 
1  sent  out  the  inspectors  of  new  buildings,  that  the  state  law  and 
city  ordinances  and  rules  have  been  complied  with  in  the  erection 
of  more  than  two  thousand  buildings,  for  which  the  reports  are 
on  file  and  on  record,  also  most  of  the  plans.  Since  July  i,  the 
following  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  drainage  and 
plumbing  of  new  buildings  are  enforced  (these  rules  and  regula- 
tions have  been  published  in  the  Sanitary  News). 

This  department  keeps  a  record  of  the  industrial  employ- 
ments of  the  working  people,  and  it  requires  six  men  to  make  a 
record  of  the  reports  of  the  various  trades  and  occupations,  tab- 
ulate the  same  and  furnish  a  complete  statement  of  actual  sub- 
divisions of  gainful  industries  affording  a  living.  Within  the 
boundaries  of  Chicago  there  are  over  thirty-five  thousand  places 
of  business  and  work,  which,  under  the  health  ordinance,  require 
to  be  visited  for  sanitary  inspections.  The  enumeration  of  the 
trades  under  several  hundred  designations  requires  a  record  for 
each  distinct  and  separate  line  of  business  which  may  be  revised 
and  kept  up  with  the  rapid  growth  of  the  business  community. 
The  value  of  industrial  statistics  is  appreciated  by  the  community 
and  the  expenses  incurred  in  gathering  the  statistical  materials 
are  very  moderate,  because  the  premises  are  visited  by  the  in- 
spectors in  the  regular  line  of  duty,  and  it  does  not  require  much 
loss  of  working  time  to  ask  and  answer  the  questions  about  in- 
dustrial occupations.  The  committee  of  the  World's  Fair  and 
other  pubHc  organizations  find  it  very  convenient  to  utilize  our 
records  of  the  number  of  busmess  establishments  and  their  re- 
spective number  of  working  people,  our  records  showing  the 
stratification  of  industries,  the  concentration  of  capital  and  labor 
in  large  establishments  and  undertakings  and  the  small  trades 
for  local  traffic. 

I  had  prepared  by  the  Law  Department  an  ordinance,  sub- 
mitted to  the  City  Council  at  their  meeting  July  8,  1889,  as  follows: 

An  ordinance  declaring  as  a  nuisance  the  erection  or  main- 
tenance of  a  privy  vault  on  any  lot  fronting  any  street  or  alley, 
avenue,  boulevard  or  place  which  has  a  public  sewer  fronting 
such  lot.  Up  to  the  present  time  no  action  has  been  taken  by  the 
committee  to  whom  it  was  referred,  and  those  relics  of  barbarism 
raise  their  suggestive  heads  all  over  our  city — these  holes  in  the 
ground  filled  with  the  vilest  human  excrements,  undergoing  con- 
stant putrificatior,  evolving  poisonous  gases  and  infecting  the 
surrounding  earth.  There  is  no  reason  for  their  existence  where 
sewers  are  convenient.  They  are  a  menace  to  health  and  a  dam- 
age to  surrounding  property.  We  may  safely  follow  the  example 
of  other  cities  and  abolish  them. 

Our  city  has  become  famous  for  its  many  conveniences  for 
conventions  or  other  large  gatherings  of  the  people,  and  in  many 
other  respects  our  facilities  for  the  pleasure  and  comforts  of 
strangers  are  unsurpassed;  but  in  one  respect  we  are  sadly  lack- 
ing. In  the  whole  city  there  is  not  a  public  urinal  or  sanitary,  and 
not  only  strangers,  but  our  own  citizens  are  compelled  either  to 
use  the  alleys  or  enter  some  private  store  or  saloon  to  answer  a 
call  of  nature.  Many  a  person  feels  it  incumbent  upon  himself 
to  pay  for  the  convenience  thus  afforded  by  patronizing  the  house, 
thus  paying  dearly  for  a  convenience  that  in  other  cities  is  verv 
properly  furnished  by  the  municipality.  Let  any  observing 
citizen  look  at  the  condition  of  our  alleys  near  the  theatres  reek- 
ing with  foul  smells,  the  walls  of  the  adjoining  buildings  saturated 
with  urine  or  worse,  creating  a  nuisance  that  should  not  exist  in 
a  metropolitan  city. 

Public  opinion  approves  of  a  periodical  examination  of  all 
places  of  habitation  and  employment  by  properly  qualified  in- 
spectors to  rectify  the  errors  of  construction  in  plumbmg,  ventila- 
tion, etc.  The  occupants  have  in  no  case  refused  admittance, 
even  when  they  felt  sure  that  there  was  no  cause  for  complaint. 
Our  people  do  not  antagonize  even  the  female  inspectors  who 
visit  every  single  family  from  house  to  house  in  a  consecutive 
row  of  buildings  used  for  business  and  dwellings.  We  have  not  a 
single  instance  to  report  to  the  law  department  where  a  family  re- 
fused entrance  to  our  plumbing  inspector  or  to  any  of  the  five  lady 
inspectors.    We  found  whole  rows  of  blocks  with  sinks  which  had 


never  been  provided  with  traps,  and  there  are  thousands  of  costly 
residences  whose  waste  pipes  and  soil  pipes  were  not  ventilated. 
The  neglect  of  former  health  officers  is  responsible  for  this  serious 
defect.  Comparisons  are  odious,  and  therefor  the  abatements  of 
such  violations  are  not  specifically  announced  in  this  report  by 
the  statement  of  street  and  numbers;  but  the  details  may  be  gath- 
ered from  the  record  of  violations,  which  I  started  soon  after  my 
appointment  to  this  very  responsible  position  of  Chief  Inspector, 
of  all  places  of  employment  and  habitation,  which  I  undertook 
with  a  lively  sense  of  the  great  opportunities  for  public  useful- 
ness. The  house  in  which  a  man  dwells  is  his  outer  garment;  its 
condition  therefore  should  be  such  as  a  garment,  applicable  alike 
to  infancy,  childhood  and  old  age.  Health  departments  are  the 
proper  exponents  of  preventive  measures  against  dangers  to 
public  health  from  individual  ignorance  or  other  ascertainable 
causes;  and  in  this  connection  I  would  suggest  that  the  floor 
space  of  sleeping  rooms  in  certain  classes  of  dwellings  for  work- 
ing people  and  in  lodging  houses,  is  altogether  too  small  for  the 
number  of  the  occupants.  An  ordinance  should  specify  the 
minimum  floor  space  of  sleep'ng  rooms,  as  it  now  specifies  the 
minimum  of  cubic  feet  space  in  workrooms. 

The  government  of  Italy  is  now  spending  fifteen  millions  in 
raising  to  the  ground  a  part  of  the  city  of  Naples  familiarly  known 
as  plague  spots  by  reason  of  unsanitary  condition.  All  the  old 
cities  are  cursed  by  having  in  their  midst  a  sore  spot,  where  vice, 
filth,  disease  and  immorality  run  riot — a  constant  menace  to  the 
public  health.  Chicago  is  not  confined  in  its  limits  by  any  bar- 
riers, and  is  furnished  with  an  unfailing  supply  of  the  best  water 
from  Lake  Michigan.  It  enjoys  a  healthy  temperate  climate,  and 
the  working  people  are  not  crowded  in  tenement  blocks.  The 
immigrants  from  Italy,  Canada,  Ireland,  Bohemia,  Poland  and 
the  Scandinavian  countries  are  not  accustomed  to  spacious  rooms 
and  extensive  living  accommodations  for  their  families,  and  their 
first  desire  here  is  to  procure  shelter  as  cheap  as  practicable. 
But  they  buy  cottages  or  small  houses  on  easy  payments  and  in- 
crease the  space  of  their  family  residence  from  time  to  time. 
There  are  hundreds  of  miles  of  street  fronts  filled  with  dwellings 
owned  by  workingmen,  artisans,  salesmen,  and  shopkeepers,  who 
occupy  the  whole  house  or  sublet  some  suits  of  rooms.  The 
middle  classes  in  Chicago  mostly  own  the  houses  they  live  in. 
So-called  flat  buildings  are  becoming  numerous  for  a  large  class 
of  people  who  prefer  the  modern  conveniences  in  small  space, 
where  they  can  save  the  expenses  of  keeping  up  a  separate  house 
with  yard,  etc. 

The  preservation  of  the  health  of  every  class  in  the  community 
is  equally  important  to  the  rich  and  the  poor.  It  is  important  to 
the  wealthy  that  the  working  people  should  be  kept  in  good 
health,  for  the  influence  of  infectious  diseases  once  introduced 
into  the  dwellings  of  the  working  classes  often  spreads  far  and 
wide,  and  is  no  respector  of  persons.  It  is  much  more  important 
to  the  poor  man,  as  his  health  is  his  capital  and  wealth,  which 
when  taken  from  him  leaves  him  a  burden  upon  the  community. 
How  much  the  nation  loses  annually  by  preventable  diseases 
cannot  be  estimated.  Physical  ability  forms  the  basis  of  the 
working  capacity  of  the  laborer,  and  full  work  cannot  be  obtained 
from  a  sickly  and  enfeebled  population.  Therefore  those  com- 
munities which  persistently  neglect  proper  sanitary  measures  are 
squandering  the  wealth  of  their  citizens.  It  is  true  economy  to 
make  sufficient  appropriations  for  sanitary  inspection  and  the 
general  enforcement  of  the  sanitary  rules  and  regulations. 
Health  is  the  capital  of  the  laboring  man  and  working  woman; 
it  is  better  to  preserve  health  than  to  give  alms.  Unsanitary  con- 
ditions cause  sickness,  disease  and  deaths,  and  beget  pauperism, 
demoralization  and  crime.  To  preserve  health  is  a  moral  and 
religious  duty;  for  health  is  the  basis  of  all  social  virtues.  We 
can  make  ourselves  useful  only  when  we  are  in  good  health. 
Municipal  neglect  of  the  public  health  is  murder  by  the  muni- 
cipality. With  a  sufficient  number  of  practical  plumbing  inspect- 
ors to  cover  the  170  square  miles  of  territory,  the  ordinances  could 
be  enforced  and  the  rate  of  mortality  reduced  and  much  sickness 
prevented.  The  enforcement  of  the  rules  is  a  boon  to  the  poor 
man,  whether  purchasing  or  building  a  home;  for  he  could  not 
himself  superintend  the  plumbing  and  drainage  of  a  house  in 
course  of  construction  and  would  be  at  the  mercy  of  any  dis 
honest   contractor.    That   there  are  many  such,  is  sufficiently 


28 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  328 


proven  by  the  tollowing  sketches  of  faulty  plumbing  examined 
and  abated  by  our  inspectors  (these  illustrations  have  appeared 
from  time  to  time  in  The  Sanitary  News). 

There  are  thousands  of  buildings  where  similar  defects  still 
exist  and  will  continue  to  exist  imtil  complained  of.  Nor  would 
inspection  remedy  the  evil  unless  such  inspection  is  made  by 
officers  having  a  practical  knowledge  of  plumbing  and  drainage. 
The  half  million  inspections  and  examinations  alleged  in  the  an- 
nual reports  of  this  department  of  the  health  office  before  and  up 
to  May  I,  1889,  did  not  much  improve  the  plumbing  in  the  houses 
of  the  working  people  and  even  the  middle  classes;  and  the  labor 
organizations  which  caused  the  passage  of  the  tenement  and  fac- 
tory inspection  ordinance  never  intended  that  the  inspections 
should  be  made  by  any  others  except  skilled  and  practical  plumb- 
ers, who  should  get  a  fair  salary  for  their  responsible  duties.  1 
find  that  it  requires  special  ability  and  conscientious  attention  to 
duty  to  discover  violations  and  abate  them.  The  salary  ought  not 
to  be  less  than  a  plumber  earns  on  an  average  in  his  work  for  an 
employer  during  a  year,  especially  as  their  districts  are  very  ex- 
tended, and  they  must  pay  car  fare  to  cover  the  great  distances 
in  answer  to  special  complaints. 

Andrew  Young,  Chief  Inspector,  Health  Department. 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN  FOR  APRIL. 

For  the  month  of  April,  1890,  compared  with  the  preceding 
month,  the  reports  indicate  that  puerperal  fever,  typho-malarial 
fever,  inflammation  of  brain,  membranous  croup,  diphtheria, 
cholera  morbus  and  scarlet  fever  increased,  and  that  pleuritis, 
typhoid  fever  and  influenza  decreased  in  prevalence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the  temperature  was 
much  higher,  the  absolute  humidity  was  more,  the  relative  hu- 
midity was  less,  the  day  ozone  and  the  night  ozone  were  more. 

Compared  with  the  average  for  the  month  of  April  in  the  four 
years  1886-1889,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis,  membranous  croup, 
measles  and  inflammation  of  kidney  were  more  prevalent,  and  ty- 
pho-malarial fever,  typhoid  fever,  cholera  morbus,  cholera  infan- 
tum and  intermittent  fever  were  less  prevalent  in  April,  1890. 

For  the  month  of  April,  1890,  compared  with  the  average  of  cor- 
responding months  in  the  four  years  1886-1889,  the  temperature 
was  slightly  higher,  that  absolute  humidity  and  the  relative  hu- 
midity were  slightly  less,  the  day  ozone  was  less  and  the  night 
ozone  was  more. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observers  and  others,  diphtheria 
was  reported  present  in  Michigan  in  the  month  of  April,  1890,  at 
fifty-three  places,  scarlet-fever  at  fifty-four  places,  typhoid  fever 
at  seventeen  places,  and  measles  at  ninety-six  places. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria  reported  at  eight 
places  less,  scarlet  fever  at  sixteen  places  less,  typhoid  fever  at 
eight  places  less,  and  measles  at  fifteen  places  less  in  the  month 
of  Ajjril,  1890,  than  in  the  preceding  month. 

Henry  B.  Baker,  Secretarv. 

Lansing,  Michigan. 

SUMMER  OUTING— DANGER  SIGNALS. 

Under  the  above  title  the  Canada  Health  Journal  gives  some 
hints  that  are  worthy  of  repetition,  especially  at  this  time  of  year: 
As  the  season  is  again  not  far  off  when  many  persons,  especially 
in  cities  and  towns,  leave  their  homes  for  a  few  weeks  and  seek 
change  and  recreation,  rest  and  renewed  vigor,  in  some  rural  loca- 
tion, we  would  again  point  out  some  dangers.  P'athers  and  moth- 
ers often  much  need  the  annual  rest  and  recreation,  and  the  chil- 
dren change  and  health.  Thousands  are  now  contemplating  where 
they  shall  spend  the  approaching  hot  season,  while  thousands  of 
others,  even  in  small  towns  and  rural  homes,  who  have  not  yet 
made  it  a  practice  to  seek  a  change  or  a  summer  holiday,  should 
do  so,  and  see  how  much  better  they  would  be. 

Many  are  now  asking:  "  Whither  shall  we  go?"  Some  families 
will  go  to  the  sea-side  or  some  little  town  near  one  of  our  many 
beautiful  inland  lakes,  or  perhaps  to  a  farm-house,  and  board; 
others  will  rent  a  cottage  at  one  or  other  of  these  places,  while 
some  will  "camp  out."  All  these  ways  of  spending  the  holidays 
have  their  dangers.  Narrow-minded  croakers,  too  conceited  to 
take  kindly  to  advice,  write  and  talk  about  "sanitary  cranks"  turn- 
ing people  upside  down  and  making  them  unhappy  by  frequent 
warnings  and  timely  cries  of  danger  ahead;  but  we  simply  desire 


to  place  our  readers  on  their  guard,  that  they  may  exercise  due 
care,  and  not  to  alarm  them.  We  have  known  parents  to  take  their 
family  to  a  so-called  "health  resort,"  and  afterwards  find  that  they 
had  rushed  "into  the  jaws  of  death;"  diphtheria  striking  down 
their  loved  ones,  they  return  home — "  all  that  was  left  of  them  " — 
d  jpressed  with  grief,  instead  of  bringing  back  with  them  improved 
health  and  renewed  vigor.  Scarlet  fever,  too,  and  typhoid  fever, 
sometimes  lurk  in  "  health  resorts,"  and  even  farm-houses,  and 
new-comers,  perhaps  not  vigorous  and  well  fortified,  fall  ready 
victims.  Grown  men  and  women  have  found  typhoid  fever  in  un- 
expected places,  perhaps  in  the  water-supply  or  a  cess-pool,  whence 
it  would  not  infect  more  vigorous  or  indigenous  persons;  and 
busy,  curious  little  children  have  found  scarlet  fever  and  death  in 
old  houses  amid  rags  or  old  clothes  which  had  not  been  disturbed 
for  years. 

Last  year  the  Connecticut  State  Board  of  Health  issued  a 
circular  bearing  upon  this  subject.  It  states  that  there  are  places 
"  which  have  gained  popularity  as  summer  resorts,  and  which,  by 
reason  of  overcrowding  and  negligence  of  sanitary  laws,  are  dan- 
gerous to  all  who  frequent  them."  And  again:  "The much-vaunted 
salubrity  of  the  country  farm-house,  which  was  so  far  beyond  crit- 
icism a  few  years  ago,  has  now,  under  the  illuminating  exposure 
of  modern  sanitary  science,  lost  much  of  the  charming  halo  of 
the  goddess  Hygeia  which  formerly  surrounded  it."  The  frequent 
proximity  of  hen-roosts,  cow-yards,  ill-kept  stables  and  worse  pig- 
styes,  the  cesspools  and  privy- vaults,  with  the  probable  consequent 
contamination  of  the  well,  renders  many  of  them  places  to  be  spe- 
cially avoided.  The  prevalence  of  typhoid  fever  in  the  autumn 
is  partly  due  to  the  exposure  which  summer  tourists  have  incurred 
by  a  careless  indifference  to  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  places  in 
which  they  have  sojourned. 

Most  of  these  hygienic  defects  would  be  obvious;  but  parents 
should,  before  trusting  their  "  loved  ones  "  in  any  strange  house, 
"  pry  into"  even  the  underground  part  of  it;  see  that  its  founda- 
tion and  cellar  are  thoroughly  dry,  clean  and  well  ventilated.  In 
dark,  underground  places  with  decaying  organic  matter,  diph- 
theria lives  and  thrives  best.  Look  well  to  the  water  and  milk 
supply.  Boiled  water  is  always  absolutely  safe.  It  may  soon  be 
cooled  and  aerated  again,  if  so  desired.  We  have  known  children 
to  be  made  ill  by  the  milk  of  a  cow  fed  on  stable  and  kitchen  gar- 
bage. Boiled  milk,  too,  is  always  safe  and  probably  more  digesti- 
ble than  raw  milk.  The  most  careful  inquiry  is  sometimes  neces- 
sary in  order  to  make  sure  that  there  is  no  infection  lurking  in  or 
about  the  dwelling  from  previous  cases  of  disease,  not  properly 
disinfected.  Avoid  a  crowded  place.  It  cannot  be  healthy. 
"Camping  out"  is  a  good  way  to  spend  a  few  weeks  in  hot  weather, 
j  when  a  good,  dry  locality  can  be  found  convenient,  well  removed 
[  from  any  malarious  spots.  But  be  cautious,  too,  here  about  the 
"beautiful  spring  water."  It  may  contain  the  malarial  poison. 
Boiled,  it  is  safe,  and  it  may  be  cooled  in  a  hole  dug  in  the  ground 
Don't  take  many  food  luxuries  with  you  or  buy  them  when  holi- 
daying in  warm  weather.  Most  people  get  too  much  of  these  at 
home.  Good  bread  and  milk,  eggs  and  fruit  form  the  best  diet, 
and  children  should  not  be  indulged  in  much  of  anything  besides 


APPLES  AS  MEDICINE. 

Chemically,  the  apple  is  composed  of  vegetable  fibre,  albumen, 
sugar,  gum,  chlorophyi,  malic  acid,  gallic  acid,  lime  and  much 
water.  Furthermore,  the  German  analysts  say  that  the  apple 
contains  a  larger  percentage  of  phosphorus  than  any  other  fruit 
or  vegetable.  This  phosphorus  is  admirably  adapted  for  renew- 
ing the  essential  nervous  matter  (lethicin)  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord.  It  is,  perhaps,  for  the  same  reason,  rudely  understood,  that 
old  Scandinavian  traditions  represent  the  apple  as  the  food  of  the 
gods,  who,  when  they  felt  themselves  to  be  growing  feeble  and 
infirm,  resorted  to  the  fruit  for  renewing  their  powers  of  mind  and 
body.  Also,  the  acids  of  the  apple  are  of  signal  use  for  men  of 
sedentary  habits,  whose  livers  are  sluggish  in  action,  serving  to 
climate  from  the  body  noxious  matters  which,  if  retained,  would 
make  the  brain  heavy  and  dull,  or  bring  about  jaundice  or  skin 
eruptions  and  other  allied  troubles. 

Some  such  an  experience  must  have  led  to  our  custom  of  tak- 
ing apple  sauce  with  roast  pork,  rich  goose  and  like  dishes.  The 
malic  acid  of  ripe  apples,  either  raw  or  cooked,  will  neutralize 
any  excess  of  chalky  matter  engendered  by  eating  too  much  meat. 


May  17,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


29 


It  is  also  the  fact,  that  such  fresh  fruits  as  the  apple,  the  pea, 
and  the  plum,  when  taken  ripe,  and  without  sugar,  diminish 
acidity  in  the  stomach  rather  than  provoke  it.  Their  vegetable 
salts  and  juices  are  converted  into  alkaline  carbonate,  which  tend 
to  counteract  acidity. 

A  trood,  ripe,  raw  apple  is  one  of  the  easiest  of  vegetable  sub- 
stances for  the  stomach  to  deal  with,  the  whole  process  of  its 
digestion  being  completed  in  eighty-five  minutes,  (jcfrard  found 
that  the  "Pulpe  of  roasted  apples  mixed  in  a  wine-quart  of  faire 
water,  and  laboured  together  until  it  comes  to  be  as  apples  and 
ale — which  we  call  lambesvvool — never  faileth  in  certain  diseases 
of  the  raines.  which  myself  hath  often  proved,  and  gained  thereby 
both  crownes  and  credit.  The  paring  of  an  apple,  cut  somewhat 
thick  and  the  inside  whereof  is  laid  to  hot,  burning  or  running 
eyes  at  nignt  when  the  party  goes  to  bed,  and  is  tied  or  bound  to 
the  same,  doth  help  the  trouble  very  speedily,  and  contrary  to 
expectation — an  excellent  secret." 

A  poultice  made  of  rotten  apples  is  of  very  common  use  in  Lin- 
colnshire for  the  cure  of  weak  or  rheumatic  eyes.  Likewise  in 
the  Hotel  des  Invalides,  at  Paris,  an  apple  poultice  is  used  com- 
monly for  inflamed  eyes,  the  apple  being  roasted  and  its  pulp 
applied  over  the  eyes  without  any  intervening  substance.  Long 
ago  it  was  said:  "Apples  do  easily  and  speedily  pass  through  the 
belly,  therefore  they  do  mollify  the  belly;"  and  for  the  same 
reason  a  modern  maxim  teaches  that:  "To  eat  an  apple  going  to 
bed,  the  doctor  then  will  beg  his  bread." — Druggists'  Circular. 


DISCUSSION  OF  WATER-SUPPLY.* 
I  am  glad  to  learn  that  your  water  is  at  present  so  good,  and 
that  you  are  comparatively  free  from  those  diseases  commonly 
spread  through  the  water-supply,  but  let  me  assure  you  that  with 
your  wells  no  deeper  than  they  are  now  and  with  increasing  cess- 
pools as  your  city  grows  older,  it  is  only  a  question  of  time 
when  you  will  suffer.  The  Athenians  believed  at  the  time  of  the 
plague  that  their  water-supply  had  been  poisoned.  They  claimed 
the  same  thing  some  time  ago  in  Plymouth,  Pa.  They  were  right, 
but  no  enemy  by  night  had  poisoned  their  wells  with  strychnine, 
but  the  people  themselves,  by  their  own  excretions,  had  poisoned 
their  water-supply. 

Let  us  for  a  moment  consider  cholera.  To  do  this  it  is  neces- 
sary to  go  to  India,  "  the  birthplace  and  permanent  abiding  place 
of  cholera."  These  epidemics  of  cholera  have  their  origin  in  con- 
nection with  the  Indian  festivals.  "  Each  year  twenty-four  high 
festivals  take  place  at  Juggernaut.  For  weeks  before  the  car 
festival  in  June  and  July,  pilgrims  come  trooping  in  by  thousands 
every  day.  The  food  which  they  eat  must  be  first  presented  be- 
fore Juggernaut,  and  thus  becoming  too  sacred  to  be  thrown 
away  it  putrifies  under  the  great  heat  and  becomes  unfit  for  hu- 
man food.  But  if  they  are  badly  fed  they  are  worse  lodged. 
They  are  housed  in  hovels  built  upon  mud  platforms  about  four 
feet  high,  in  the  'center  of  each  of  which  is  the  hole  which  re- 
ceives the  ordure  of  the  household,  and  around  which  the  inmates 
eat  and  sleep.  The  platforms  are  covered  with  small  cells,  with- 
out any  apertures  for  ventilation,  and  in  these  caves  the  pilgrims 
are  packed.  Of  the  300,000  who  visit  Juggernaut  in  one  season, 
90,000  are  often  packed  together  for  a  week  in  5,000  of  these  lodg- 
ings." You  possibly  have  heard  of  the  lady  in  London  who  went 
among  the  east-end  Arabs  and  found  two  deserted  children  ten  or 
twelve  years  of  age.  She  took  them  home,  washed  them  and 
took  them  to  a  large  bedroom  to  sleep.  Actuated  by  curiosity, 
she  afterward  went  to  the  room,  but  found  the  bed  untouched. 
After  a  diligent  search  they  were  found  asleep  on  a  shelf  in  the 
closet.  They  had  looked  around  and  the  closet  looked  the  most 
like  their  ordinary  sleeping  abode  of  anything  they  could  find. 
This  is  the  way  Hindoos  sleep,  and  when  they  are  crowded  to- 
gether in  this  way  the  cholera  invariably  breaks  out.  Now,  these 
people  store  their  rain  water  in  tanks  {small  surface  reservoirs). 
They  drink  the  waier  from  these  tanks,  wash  in  it,  bathe  in  it,  and 
the  clothes  of  the  cholera  patients  are  washed  in  these  tanks  out 
of  which  the  people  drink.  In  1883  cholera  traveled  as  far  as 
Marseilles.  Genoa  spent  much  money  in  cleaning  the  streets, 
and  it  seemed  that  the  inhabitants  would  be  rewarded  with  suc- 
cess, but  suddenly  cholera  appeared  in  Genoa,  not  in  dens  of  filth, 

*By  Prof.  V.  C.  Vaughan,  M.D.,  PH.D.,  member  of  the  State  Boarii  of  Health, 
Ann  .\rbor,  before  the  Sanitary  Convention  at  Vicksburg,  Mich. 


but  in  the  palaces  of  the  rich.  Cholera  appeared  only  in  those 
houses  supplied  by  one  of  five  different  water  companies.  The  water 
came  from  a  reservoir  thirty  miles  out  of  town.  A  new  reservoir 
had  recently  been  dug.  Among  the  laborers  in  this  reservoir 
some  were  suffering  with  cholera  and  the  dejections  were  thrown 
into  the  pit.  The  com[)any  was  ordered  at  once  to  cut  off  the 
water-supply  from  this  reservoir  and  cholera  disappeared.  Other 
examples  might  be  given  where  cholera  has  been  carried  through 
the  water-supply.  It  is  probably  not  carried  through  the  air,  be- 
cause when  the  germ  is  dried  its  vitality  is  largely  reduced.  Pos- 
sibly the  germs  of  cholera  may  be  introduced  into  the  stomach 
and  yet  the  person  will  not  contract  the  disease,  because  the 
healthy  gastric  juice  may  kill  the  germs. 

But  we  have  (probably  seen  the  last  of  cholera  in  this  country. 
Typhoid  fever  destroys  more  citizens  of  the  United  States  every 
year  than  cholera  has  destroyed  in  the  last  fifty  years.  In  the 
United  States  40,000  die  from  it  every  year,  and  there  are  sick  with 
it  400,000.  This  means  a  money  loss  to  the  community  of  $40,000,- 
000  every  year.  Suppose  some  foreign  foe  would  rob  us  every 
year  of  forty  million  dollars;  we  would  be  up  in  arms.  There 
would  no  longer  be  any  trouble  with  the  surplus;  we  would  expend 
it  righting  our' wrongs.  But  what  is  government  doing  to-day? 
While  every  other  government  has  a  National  Board  of  Health, 
ours  has  none.  Every  shore  has  its  light-houses;  we  spend  mill- 
ions of  dollars  for  the  study  of  meteorological  conditions  and  the 
diseases  of  animals  The  United  States  has  spent  more  money  in 
the  investigation  of  hog-cholera  than  it  has  in  the  study  of  any  of 
the  diseases  which  man  is  heir  to. 

In  our  disposal  of  waste  we  are  not  much  better  than  the  hea- 
then Hindoo.  Dr.  Kilvington,  of  Minneapolis,  gives  the  following 
figures:  The  Mississippi  river  in  1888  received  the  sewage  of  eight 
of  our  largest  cities — 152,675  tons  of  garbage,  108,250  tons  of  excreta 
and  3,765  dead  animals.  The  Ohio  river  receives  the  sewage  of 
five  cities — 21,157  tons  of  excreta,  5,100  dead  animals;  and  the 
same  cities  received  their  water  supplies  from  this  river.  The 
Missouri  river  received  22,400  tons  of  excreta,  31,169  dead  animals, 
and  36,110  tons  of  garbage.  Not  only  are  we  polluting  our  large 
but  our  small  streams  and  our  wells.  In  Coldwater,  in  this  state, 
the  slope  of  the  ground  is  from  east  to  west;  there  is  a  layer  of 
gravel  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet,  and  under  it  an  impervious  bed 
of  clay.  The  wells  and  privies  are  both  down  in  the  gravel,  and 
they  wonder  that  they  constantly  have  typhoid  fever.  We  i»ad  a 
sanitary  convention  there  some  time  ago,  and  told  them  about  their 
danger,  but  they  continued  to  drink  this  water,  and  typhoid  is  still 
reported.  Negaunee,  in  this  state,  is  largely  owned  by  capitalists' 
and  is  inhabited  by  Finns,  Polanders  and  Norwegians.  The  owners 
live  in  Cleveland.  The  water  supply  is  received  from  Teal  Lake, 
where  their  offal  is  dumped,  and  this  year  they  have  had  three  or 
four  hundred  cases  of  typhoid  fever.  There  should  be  some  law 
prohibiting  the  pollution  of  water,  as  there  is  a  law  punishing 
poisoning. 


THE  COMING  CONVENTION  OF  THE  AMERICAN 
WATER-WORKS  ASSOCIATION. 

The  following  circular  has  been  issued  by  President  J.  H. 
Decker  and  Secretary  J.  M.  Diven  of  the  American  Water- Works 
Association  to  the  presidents  and  chairmen  of  water  companies 
and  water  boards  in  the  United  States: 

Gentlemen:  This  association  will  hold  its  tenth  annual  con- 
vention at  Chicago,  111.,  commencing  Tuesday,  May  20. 

In  presenting  to  you  our  annual  greeting,  we  respectfully  call 
your  attention  to  the  work  accomplished  by  the  association  in  the 
past  decade;  the  membership  of  twenty  with  which  we  started 
out  ten  years  ago  now  exceeds  three  hundred;  in  the  list  are  to  be 
found  the  names  of  the  brightest  and  most  progressive  water- 
works men  of  to-day. 

The  engineer,  superintendents,  and  managing  officials  have  re- 
sponded nobly  to  our  repeated  appeals,  in  many  cases  being  com- 
pelled to  pay  fees  and  dues  as  well  as  expenses  incidental  to  at- 
tending the  annual  meetings,  from  their  personal  funds  or  sal- 
aries. This  is  not  as  it  should  be,  and  we  appeal  to  you  as  the 
official  heads  of  water  companies  and  departments  to  share  the 
burdens  and  assist  in  carrying  out  the  object  of  the  formation  of 
the  association,  which  is  thus  set  forth  in  the  constitution:  "The 
exchange  of  information  pertaining  to  the  management  of  water. 


30 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  328 


works;  the  mutual  advancement  of  the  interests  of  water  supplies 
and  consumers,  and  the  purpose  of  securing  economy  and  uni- 
formity in  the  operation  of  waterworks." 

Our  object  is  wholly  an  unselfish  one,  freely  as  we  receive,  thus 
freely  do  we  give,  and  none  who  have  ever  attended  our  meetings 
have  returned  to  their  chosen  work  without  having  learned  some- 
thing, the  knowledge  thus  gained  going  directly  to  the  benefit  of 
the  employer. 

We  respectfully  ask  you  to  do  your  share  in  the  work  by  send- 
ing your  manager,  whether  he  already  be  a  member  or  not. 
Make  it  obligatory  upon  him  to  attend,  and  he  will  return  to  you 
full  value  received  for  the  expense  of  his  trip. 

The  list  of  topics  for  this  convention  is  one  of  more  than  or- 
dinary interest;  ample  time  will  also  be  devoted  to  the  "question 
box  "  and  to  the  discussion  of  any  additional  topics  that  may  be 
presented;  in  addition  a  large  room  has  been  secured  in  which 
will  be  placed  on  exhibition  the  latest  appliances  and  supplies,  or 
drawings  thereof,  necessary  to  water-works  construction  and 
maintenance. 

All  railroads  have  granted  a  reduced  rate,  one  and  one-third 
fare  for  the  round  trip,  and  ample  accommodations  at  reduced 
rates  have  been  secured  at  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  which  has 
been  selected  as  headquarters  and  where  the  meetings  will  be 
held. 

As  each  year  rolls  round  we  are  more  strongly  impressed  with 
the  necessity  of  united  effort  to  place  the  business  of  water-supply 
upon  a  higher  plane,  and  of  conducting  it  upon  a  more  uniform 
and  systematic  basis. 

With  your  hearty  co-operation  much  can  be  accomplished. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
J.  M.  DiVEN,  J.  H.  Decker, 

Secretary.  President. 

The  tenth  annual  convention  of  the  American  Water  Works 
Association  will  be  held  in  Chicago,  May  20,  21  and  22.  Papers 
are  announced  for  the  sessions  as  follows: 

"Laj'ing  and  Maintaining  of  Mains,  Hydrants  and  Service-Pipes." — C.  N. 
Priddy. 

"Contamination  of  Storage  Water  on  tlie  P.acific  Coast,  and  the  Paliatives 

Resorted  to." — L.  J,  Le  Conte. 

"Simplified  Method  of  BookKceping  for  Water  Departments."— J.  P.  Donahue 
"The  Desiraiile  Efficiency  of  Hydrants  in  Connection  with  Water  Works." — 

Edwin  Darling. 

"The  Merits  of  the  Association,  and  the  Work  Accomplished  in  the  Past  Ten 
V'ears."— P.  H.  Einncen. 

"  Measurements  of  Drainage  Basins  and  Flows." — Samuel  McElroy. 

"The  Care  of  Pumping  Machinery  and  Boilers." — Charles  A.  Hague. 

"  Water  Supplies." — C.  Monjeau. 

"  Water  Works  Securities." — William  Rcineckc. 

"Taxation  of  Private  Water  Companies." — A.  N.  Denman. 

"  The  Basis  on  which  Schedules  of  Water  Rates  Should  be  Determined." — J. 
Nelson  Tubbs. 

"  Waters  of  the  Mississippi  River." — William  Molis. 

"  Our  Experience  with  Artesian  Wells."— J.  T.  Lakin. 

"Some  Observations  and  Suggestions  Concerning  Waterworks  Construc- 
tion."—F.  L.  Fuller. 

GOODS  SOLD  THROUGH  TRADE  JOURNALS. 
United  States  Consul  J.  A.  Lewis,  who  is  stationed  at  Sierra 
Leone,  writes  to  the  Department  of  State  regarding  an  increase  of 
American  trade  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  and  incidentally 
notes  the  value  of  trade  journals  in  behalf  of  export  trade.  He 
says:  "  My  own  personal  experience  abroad  has  taught  me  this 
one  important  fact,  that  'illustrated  American  journals,'  wherein 
all  sorts  of  merchandise  are  advertised  and  illustrated,  have 
wrought  a  very  important  work  for  the  benefit  of  American  trade 
abroad.  Many  articles  have  been  introduced  and  found  ready 
sale  in  Sierra  Leone  through  the  direct  agency  of  these  said  jour- 
nals, which  are  sent  regularly  and  gratuitously  by  the  publishers 
to  the  United  States  Consuls.  The  scope  of  this  advertising  and 
illustrating  in  these  journals  should  be  greatly  extended  by  all 
merchants  and  those  who  are  interested  in  export  goods.  The 
idea  is  simply  this:  If  you  cannot  show  and  furnish  to  the  mer- 
chant abroad  a  sample  of  the  article  itself,  the  next  best  thing 
(and  by  far  the  cheaper)  is  to  furnish  a  picture  with  description, 
thereby  enabling,  in  very  many  instances,  the  foreign  merchant  to 
form  an  accurate  idea  of  the  said  article,  in  which  case  he  will 
order  and  pay  for,  at  least,  a  sample  of  the  goods  until  they  can  be 
tried  and  thoroughly  tested.  In  this  way  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  dollars  worth  of  American  goods  are  finding  new  mar- 
kets yearly,  as  they  have  only  to  be  known  to  be  appreciated." 


PLUMBING. 


NEW  PLUMBING  LAW  FOR  THE  STATE  OF 
NEW  YORK. 

The  following  is  the  proposed  new  plumbing  law  for  the  State 
of  New  York,  which  is  intended  to  secure  the  registration  of  the 
master  plumbers  of  that  state,  and  an  efficient  inspection  of 
plumbing  and  drainage  in  all  the  principal  cities.  It  will  be  seen 
that  this  bill  is  a  great  improvement  on  the  present  registration 
system  in  New  York,  and  at  this  distance  we  cannot  see  any  rea- 
son why  it  should  not  become  a  law  and  be  effectively  enforced. 
There  is  found  opposition  to  many  laws  because  they  are  deemed 
difficult  to  administer,  but  this  is  a  weak  point  against  any  meas- 
ure. The  administration  of  all  laws  depends  on  the  officials 
whose  duty  it  is  to  administer  them,  and  often  the  dereliction  of 
officials  is  interpreted  to  be  a  fatal  defect  of  the  law.  The  whole 
moral  and  physical  force  of  a  state  is  behind  the  administration 
of  all  reasonable  and  just  laws,  and  the  proper  direction  of  the 
officials  is  all  that  is  needed  to  enforce  them.  The  following  is 
the  text  of  the  bill: 

Section  i.  Section  one  of  chapter  four  hundred  and  fifty  of 
the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-one  is  hereby  repealed, 
and  the  following  is  enacted  instead  and  in  lieu  thereof: 

Sec.  I.  On  or  before  the  first  day  of  January,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  ninety-one,  the  mayor  or  the  executive  officer  of  each  of 
the  cities  of  this  state  shall  appoint  an  examining  board  to  be 
composed  of  the  commissioner,  secretary,  and  cnief  inspector  or 
persons  acting  in  like  capacity  and  two  employing  plumbers,  the 
last  two  mentioned  members  of  whom  shall  receive  the  sum  of 
five  dollars  per  day  for  each  day's  service  when  actually  engaged 
in  such  examination;  said  board  to  be  known  as  the  examining 
board  of  plumbers,  all  of  whom  at  the  time  of  their  appointment 
shall  be  actual  residents  of  the  city  in  which  they  are  appointed. 
Any  person  desiring  to  engage  in  the  trade,  business  or  calling  of 
plumbing  in  any  of  the  cities  of  this  state,  as  employing  plumbers, 
shall  first  submit  to  an  examination  before  said  board,  as  to  their 
respective  qualifications  as  plumbers,  and  no  person  shall  engage 
in  said  business,  trade  or  calling  unless  a  certificate  has  been 
issued  to  such  person  by  said  examining  board.  On  or  before  the 
first  day  of  March,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-one,  every  em- 
ploying plumber  carrying  on  his  trade,  business  or  calling  under 
a  certificate  issued  by  same  examining  board  shall,  under  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  the  respective  boards  of  health  of  the 
health  departments  as  each  of  the  cities  of  this  state  shall  re- 
spectively prescribe,  register  his  name  and  address  at  the  health 
department  of  the  said  city;  and  said  health  department  shall  not 
register  any  employing  plumber  unless  he  shall  produce  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  examining  board;  and  after  said  date  last  above  men- 
tioned, it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  engage  in  or  carry 
on  tlie  trade,  business  or  calling  of  plumbing  in  any  of  the  cities 
of  this  state. as  an  employing  plumber  unless  his  name  and  address 
be  registered  as  above  provided.  Within  thirty  days  after  the  ajj- 
pointment  of  said  examining  boards  the  commissioner  of  health 
of  said  cities  shall  appoint  a  corps  of  inspectors  of  plumbing  of 
such  number  as  the  commissioner  of  health  of  said  city  shall  de- 
termine necessary,  which  corps  of  inspectors  shall  be  composed 
of  practical  plumbers  who  shall  not  be  engaged  in  the  business 
of  plumbing  directly  or  indirectly  while  holding  the  position  of 
such  inspector,  and  they  shall  be  actual  residents  of  the  city  in 
which  they  are  appointed  and  holding  certificates  of  the  examin- 
ing board.  The  duty  of  said  corps  of  inspectors  shall  be  to  m- 
spect  the  construction,  alteration  or  repairs  of  all  jilumbing  work 
performed  in  the  city  in  which  they  are  appointed  and  report 
their  inspections  to  said  commissioner  of  health,  and  they  shall 
also  report  to  said  health  commissioner  any  person  engaging  in  or 
carrying  on  the  business  of  employing  plumber  without  a  certifi- 
cate of  said  examining  board. 

t?2.  Section  six  of  said  act  is  hereby  repealed  and  the  follow- 
ing enacted  in  stead  and  lieu  thereof: 

^1.  Any  person  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be 
punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars, 
or  thirty  days'  imprisonment  in  a  county  jail  or  penitentiary,  or  by 
both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 


May  -17,  1890.] 


31 


§3.  Section  seven  of  this  act  is  hereby  repealed,  and  the  fol- 
lowing enacted  in  stead  and  lieu  thereof: 

§7.  Any  act  or  part  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  or  providing  for  the  inspection  of  plumbing  by  any  board 
or  authority,  is  hereby  repealed. 

i?4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

PLUMBING  REGULATIONS  FOR  SALT  LAKK  CITY. 

The  following  regulations  of  jilumbing  for  Salt  Lake  City  were 
adopted  March  25: 

(A.)  Before  any  plumbing  or  drainage  work  is  done  in  a  build- 
ing, or  before  any  additions  are  made  to  old  work,  excepting  old 
repairs,  a  plan  and  description  of  the  work  to  be  done,  signed  by  a 
licensed  plumber  on  blanks  furnished  by  the  engineer  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Sewers,  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  said  engineer, 
and  no  such  work  shall  be  done  until  such  plans  have  been  ap- 
proved and  a  written  permit  to  do  the  work  issued  by  said  engineer 
or  his  duly  authorized  agent,  and  no  alteration  shall  be  made  in 
any  plan,  or  in  the  work,  without  first  obtaining  a  special  permit 
in  writing  from  said  engineer  or  his  duly  authorized  agent. 

All  work  done  on  such  plans  shall  be  subject  to  the  inspection 
of  said  engineer  or  his  duly  authorized  agent. 

Under  no  circumstances  can  any  mechanic  doing  the  work  of 
plumbing  or  house  draining,  or  any  employe  of  such  mechanic, 
act  as  the  agent  of  the  engineer  or  inspector  to  perform  the  duties 
prescribed  in  this  ordinance. 

(B.)  All  pipes  from  the  sewer  connection  to  the  top  of  the  soil- 
pipe,  which  must  be  carried  to  a  point  at  least  four  feet  above  the 
roof  and  remote  from  windows,  must  be  fully  four  inches  in  inte- 
rior diameter  at  every  point. 

(C.)  No  trap  nor  any  manner  of  obstruction  to  the  free  flow  of 
air  through  the  whole  course  of  the  drain  and  soil-pipe  will  be 
allowed,  and  any  mechanic  who  shall,  directly  or  indirectly,  place 
or  make  any  trap,  contraction  or  other  obstacles  anywhere  in  the 
course  of  such  drain  or  soil-pipe,  shall,  in  addition  to  the  penalty 
herein  prescribed,  forfeit  his  license,  and  shall  be  ineligible  to  re- 
license  for  one  year.  Any  other  person  offending  as  above  shall 
be  subject  to  the  penalties  of  this  ordinance,  and  shall,  in  addition, 
pay  the  cost  of  rectifying  the  wrong  done. 

(D.)  Every  sink,  urinal,  water-closet,  bath-tub,  wash  tub,  basin, 
safe  or  other  fixture  shall  be  separately  trapped  as  near  the  fixture 
as  possible,  and  all  flow  from  kitchen  sinks  or  any  greasy  flow 
whatever  shall  be  caused  to  pass  through  a  suitable  grease  trap 
approved  by  the  engineer  or  inspector  of  the  Sewer  Committee. 

(E.)  All  details  of  plumbing  work,  such  as  water-closets,  sinks, 
etc.,  must  be  of  a  kind  and  quality  to  be  approved  by  the  engineer 
of  the  Committee  on  Sewers. 

(E.)  The  discretion  of  the  engineer  or  inspector  of  the  Sewer 
Committee  in  approving  plans  and  accepting  work  as  above  shall 
be  limited  by  the  following  requirements,  viz: 

1.  No  water-closet  shall  be  set  up  in  any  house  or  building  in 
which  its  walls  are  not  fully  and  freely  washed  by  the  normal  dis- 
charge of  the  closet  at  each  operation;  nor  shall  any  hopper-closet 
be  set  up  which  has  a  trap  less  than       inch  seal. 

2.  Every  trap  constructed  which  is  so  situated  as  to  be  subject 
to  siphonage-  by  momentum  or  by  suction  shall  be  of  a  kind  that 
cannot  have  its  water  seal  broken  by  siphonage,  or  shall  be  so 
vented  as  to  prevent  siphonage. 

3.  The  drain  pipe  within  the  house  and  extending  five  feet  out- 
side of  the  foundation  walls,  shall  be  of  iron,  and  shall  be  carried 
of  full  size  (four  inches)  up  through  the  house,  and  at  least  four 
feet  above  the  roof,  and  left  without  bend  or  cap.  The  open  top 
of  the  cap  shall  be  protected  by  a  wire  basket. 

4.  No  fixture  shall  be  trapped  by  having  its  outlet  connected 
with  the  trap  of  another  fixture. 

5.  No  connection  may  be  made  at  any  part  of  the  house  drain- 
age system  with  roof  gutters  or  any  other  channel  for  the  convey- 
ance of  rain  water,  save  the  plumbing  fixtures  may  be  supplied 
from  tanks  constructed  to  store  rain  water  for  such  purpose. 

6.  All  soil  and  waste  pipes  shall  be  as  direct  as  possible,  and 
all  parts  of  the  work  shall  be  so  arranged  that  they  may  be  at  all 
times  readily  examined  and  repaired.  .  Before  the  fixtures  are 
placed  in  connection  with  the  plumbing  of  any  house  or  building, 
and  before  the  soil  pipe  is  connected  with  the  drain,  the  openings 
of  the  soil  pipe  and  all  openings  into  it  shall  be  hermetically 


sealed;  the  pipe  shall  then  be  filled  with  water  to  the  top,  and 
every  joint  shall  be  carefully  examined  for  leakage,  and  all  leaks 
shall  be  securely  closed  before  connections  with  the  soil  pipes  are 
made,  except  that  in  cases  of  inspection  of  plumbing  already  ex- 
isting the  peppermint  or  smoke  test  may  be  substituted  by  the 
engineer  of  the  Committee  on  Sewers. 

7.  The  joints  of  iron  pipes,  except  where  screw  joints  are  used, 
shall  be  made  with  an  oakum  gasket  and  soft  lead,  thoroughly 
caulked. 

8.  The  cast  iion  pipe  shall  be  heavy  enough  to  admit  of  caulk- 
ing the  lead  joints,  so  as  to  be  water  and  gas  tight,  without  danger 
of  breaking  the  pipe. 

9.  All  iron  pipe  must  be  enameled,  or  covered  outside  and  in, 
with  coal-pitch  varnish. 

ID.  The  drain-pipe  shall  not  be  laid  below  the  cellar  floor, 
except  it  be  absolutely  necessary.  It  should  be  fastened  along 
the  cellar  wall,  or  hung  from  the  floor  timbers,  and  given  a  grade 
of  at  least  i  in  60,  and  more  if  possible. 

11.  All  changes  in  the  direction  of  the  drain  shall  be  made  with 
curved  pipe,  and  all  connections  with  Y  branches  and  bends. 

12.  Waste  pipes  from  safes,  refrigerators,  cistern  overflows  and 
water  tanks  from  which  water  is  taken  for  drinking  or  cooking 
purposes,  shall  not  be  connected  directly  with  any  soil-pipe  or 
drain,  but  must  be  discharged  into  an  open  sink  or  into  the  open 
air. 

13.  All  connections  of  lead  pipes  shall  be  made  with  wiped 
lead  joints. 

14.  All  connections  of  lead  with  iron  pipe  shall  be  made  with  a 
brass  sleeve  or  ferrule,  the  sleeve  to  be  thoroughly  caulked  into 
the  iron  pipe  with  lead  and  the  lead  pipe  to  be  attached  to  the 
sleeve  by  a  wiped  joint. 

16.  Water  closets  shall  not  be  flushed  by  direct  service,  but  by 
means  of  a  special  tank. 

17.  The  vent-pipes  from  water-closet  traps  shall  be  at  least  two 
inches  in  diameter,  and  for  all  other  fixtures  1^2  inches.  If  the 
length  of  a  vent-pipe  be  more  than  20  feet,  the  size  of  the  pipe 
must  be  increased. 

18.  All  pipes  are  to  be  arranged  so  that  they  may  be  easily  ex- 
amined and  repaired.  Where  they  are  necessarily  carried  within 
the  walls  of  partitions,  cover  them  with  woodwork,  fastened  with 
screws,  so  as  to  give  ready  access  to  the  pipes. 

22.  No  privy-vault,  cesspool,  exhaust  from  steam  engine,  or 
blow-off  from  a  steam  boiler  shall  be  connected  with  a  public 
sewer  without  special  permit  of  the  Committee  on  Sewers,  or  their 
authorized  agents. 

23.  Any  person  or  persons  who  shall  be  found  guilty  of  a  viola- 
tion of  any  provision  of  this  ordinance  shall,  upon  conviction 
thereof,  be  fined  in  a  sum  of-  not  less  than  $10  or  more  than  $100 
for  the  first  offense,  and  not  less  than  S25  for  each  day  such  per- 
son or  persons  shall  continue  in  violation  thereof,  after  due  notifi- 
cation to  cease  by  any  city  officer. 


HOUSE  DRAINS. 
Now  that  the  rush  of  new  inventions,  and  the  introduction  of 
new  schemes  for  the  treatment  of  drains,  and  the  arrangement  of 
general  sanitary  work  has  somewhat  abated,  says  the  Decorators 
Gazette  Plumber  and  Gasfitters  Review,  we  have  a  better  oppor- 
tunity of  gathering  up  and  sorting  out  the  best  ideas  from  the 
many  which  of  late  years  have  been  continually  brought  into  pub- 
lic notice.  And  although  house  sanitation  is  now  being  looked 
upon  more  as  an  exact  science  than  it  wab  a  few  years  ago,  when 
the  whole  thing  was  but  a  wide  field  for  experiment,  yet  there  are 
several  details  upon  which  there  exists  considerable  difference  of 
opinion. 

With  regard  to  the  principles  upon  which  drainage  and  plumb- 
ing work  is  arranged  there  seems  to  be  among  those  who  have 
had  a  fair  amount  of  experience  in  these  matters  a  common 
ground  of  agreement.  But  the  most  debatable  subject,  and  at  the 
same  time  one  of  the  most  important,  is,  undoubtedly,  the  ques- 
tion of  materials.  That  a  house  drain  should  be  disconnected  and 
provided  with  efficient  ventilation,  is  generally  admitted,  but 
when  it  is  asked  of  what  material  shall  it  be  constructed,  it  is 
difficult  sometimes  to  come  to  a  decision.  As  a  rule  the  dispute  is 
between  the  advocates  of  stoneware  pipes,  and  those  who  are  in 
favor  of  iron.    It  is  contended  on  the  one  hand  that  the  modern 


32 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  328 


glazed  stoneware  pipes  are  the  more  durable,  in  fact,  practically 
indestructible,  because  the  acids  in  the  sewage  have  little,  if  any, 
deleterious  effect  upon  such  an  impervious  material.  Then,  as  re- 
gards the  jointing,  it  is  said,  that  by  the  aid  of  certain  patent 
methods  the  joints  can  be  made  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  abso- 
lutely reliable,  even  if  the  pipes  are  moved  after  the  joints  are 
made.  Such  an  event,  however,  should,  in  our  opinion,  be  strictly 
guarded  against  under  any  circumstances,  and  especially  if  the 
drain  passes  under  the  house.  Those  who  are  convinced  that 
iron  drains  should  be  used  when  they  have  to  be  placed  in  the 
basement  of  a  dwelling-house,  claim  that  a  metalic  pipe  can  be 
laid  and  jointed  much  more  securely,  and  subjected  to  a  far 
greater  pressure  for  the  purpose  of  testing  its  soundness,  than 
earthenware  drains  can  withstand.  It  is  also  contended  that  iron 
pipes  can  be  fixed  in  much  longer  lengths,  therefore  fewer  joints 
are  necessary,  and  owing  to  the  greater  strength  of  the  metal, 
any  subsequent  movement  of  the  earth  surrounding  the  pipe  will 
not  interfere  with  the  rigid  character  of  a  drain  of  this  kind.  As 
to  the  durability  of  iron  drains,  many  hold  that  if  the  pipes  are 
coated  in  a  proper  manner  with  a  bituminous  solution  while  they 
are  hot,  a  protecting  surface  is  formed  which  is  very  durable. 
And,  according  to  some  accounts,  after  pipes  of  this  kind  have 
been  in  use  for  several  years,  the  coating  is  found  to  be  in  a  per- 
fectly satisfactory  condition.  It  would,  however,  be  very  unreas- 
onable to  suppose  that  an  iron  drain  would  wear  so  long  as  one 
constructed  of  glazed  stoneware.  Each  of  the  materials,  there- 
fore, have  their  advantages  as  well  as  their  disadvantages,  which 
fact  seems  to  point  to  one  conclusion,  and  that  is,  that  all  drains 
no  matter  of  what  materials  they  are  formed,  should  be  fixed  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  accessible  at  any  time.  And  that 
whether  they  are  constructed  of  iron  or  stoneware  or  any  other 
material,  they  should  be  treated  as  a  soil  or  waste-pipe  which  are 
generally  placed  in  positions  where  they  can  be  examined  from 
time  to  time. 

In  our  opinion,  drains  should  not  be  buried  either  in  earth  or 
even  concrete,  but  should  be  placed  in  ventilated  channels  or 
subways  large  enough  to  allow  for  periodical  inspection,  while  a 
test  of  some  kind  is  being  applied. 

Under  such  conditions  as  these,  the  kind  of  materials  used  can 
be  a  secondary  consideration,  but  where  a  sound  rigid  foundation 
can  be  obtained  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  stoneware  drain  will 
give  much  satisfaction. 


DETROIT  PLUMBERS. 

Some  time  near  the  middle  of  last  month  the  water  commis- 
sioners of  Detroit,  Mich.,  resolved  that  on  and  after  the  last  of 
May  examinations  should  be  required  before  a  license  would  be 
granted  any  one  to  make  connections  with  the  public  main.  We 
got  the  impression  somehow  that  a  great  advance  in  plumbing  had 
been  made  in  Detroit,  and  that  all  plumbers  would  be  required  to 
pass  an  examination  before  receiving  a  license  to  do  plumbing 
work.  From  the  following  clipping  sent  us  by  Mr.  Joiin  j.  Black- 
wood from  the  Free  Press,  it  looks  a  little  mixed; 

"Secretary  Case,  of  the  Water  Board,  re[)orts  that  all  but  two 
of  the  city  plumbers  examined  will  be  granted  licenses  to  tap  the 
mains.  The  examination  was  not  with  a  view  to  ascertaining 
whether  the  applicants  were  qualified  to  do  sanitary  [ilumbing, 
but  to  determine  their  ability  to  make  successful  connections  with 
the  public  mains.  'I"he  examining  conmiittec,  comprising  Com- 
missioner Gocbel,  T.  R.  Putnam,  and  Plumbers  Lane,  Dickson 
and  Meathe,  after  a  three  days'  session,  reported  that  less  than  a 
half  of  the  sixty  plumbers  present  gave  correct  answers  to  the 
questions  on  practical  and  sanitary  plumbing.  Next  year,  the 
secretary  says,  it  will  be  more  difficult  to  obtain  a  license,  as  the 
examination  will  be  more  rigid." 

P'rom  this  it  would  seem  that  an  examination  of  plumbers  was 
held  and  c|ucstions  asked  touching  their  qualifications  to  do  san- 
itary plumbing;  yet  the  result  was  to  learn  if  they  were  compe- 
tent to  make  proper  connections  with  the  ])ublic  mains.  The 
statement  "  that  less  than  half  of  the  sixty  i)lumbers  gave  correct 
answers  to  questions  on  practical  and  sanitary  plumbing,"  does 
not  speak  very  well  of  the  craft  in  that  city.  Whether  this  half 
complained  of  received  certificates  or  not,  or  whether  any  certifi- 
cates were  given  except  license  to  make  connections  with  the 
mains,  is  not  stated.    There  are  a  few  suggestions  which  could  be 


made  in  this  connection:  One  is  that  Water  Boards  are  not  the 
most  desriable  officials  to  make  these  examinations,  rules  or  regu- 
lations or  to  issue  license  regarding  plumbing.  There  is  a  great 
possibility  of  them  not  being  specially  interested  beyond  the  eco- 
nomic supply  of  water,  and  any  one  who  could  satisfy  them  that 
he  could  make  proper  connections  with  the  mains,  and  secure 
them  against  water  waste,  might  be  given  a  license  when  he  was 
utterly  incapable  of  performing  the  services  of  a  sanitary  plum- 
ber. The  plumber's  greatest  responsibility  begins  when  the 
water  has  been  conducted  into  the  building,  and  the  problem  of 
sanitary  drainage  confronts  him.  Water  commissioners  might 
not  be  thoroughly  interested  in  this,  and  could  become  embar- 
rassing to  any  examining  board. 

The  regulation  of  plumbing,  inspection  and  such  matters  be- 
long to  the  police  powers,  and,  m  the  interest  of  public  health, 
should  be  lodged  with  the  health  department  and  immediately 
directed  by  a  practical  plumber.  It  is  well  understood  that  what- 
ever advances  the  standard  of  plumbing  not  only  benefits  the 
cause  of  public  health,  but  is  of  direct  interest  to  the  welfare  of 
the  plumber.  No  one  wants  regulations  or  legislation  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  incompetent  plumber,  and  the  sooner  this  element  of 
evil  is  eliminated  the  better  it  will  be  for  the  respectable  plumber 
and  the  public. 

DELEGATES  TO  THE  DENVER  CONVENTION. 
The  following  list  of  delegates  from  Cincinnati  is  furnished  by 
N.  K.  Aylward: 

President  Hugh  McCollum,  John  L^ouglas,  William  F.  Wagner, 
R.  Murphy,  N.  K.  Aylward,  ^^'m.  Allison,  James  A.  Gibson. 

William  S.  Clark,  corresponding  secretary,  forwards  the  fol- 
lowing names  of  delegates  from  Philadelphia: 

Wm.  McCoach,  Wm.  Harkness,  Jr.,  George  F.  Uber,  John  J. 
Weaver,  Enoch  Remick,  Wm.  M.  Wright,  Wm.  H.  Doyle,  A.  G. 
Bond,  F.  P.  Brown. 

Corresponding  Secretary  Henry  W.  Tombs  sends  the  following 
list  from  Boston: 

Delegates — Thomas  J.  Tute,  Wm.  Lumb,  Isaac  Riley,  Daniel 
Shannon,  Wm.  H.  French,  Henry  W.  Tombs,  D.  A.  Horgan,  Jos. 
H.  Bagaley,  David  Smith,  J.  F.  Cronin,  Wm.  H.  Mitchell,  Wm.  N. 
McKenna. 

Alternates — C.  M.  Broni\vi':h,  Daniel  G.  Finnerty,  Frank  A. 
Titus,  P.  H.  Winn,  John  W.  Cosden,  James  F.  Dacey,  J.  Warren 
French,  M.  F.  Davlin,  John  C.  McCoole,  Wm.  A.  Daly,  Edward 
Moore. 

The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  at  its  last 
meeting,  elected  the  following  delegates  to  the  National  Conven- 
tion at  Denver:  President  Frederick  Abel,  W.  H.Graham,  David 
Roden,  James  A.  Lynch,  Wm.  Morris,  Thomas  Cantwell,  Jos.  P. 
Gallagher,  Edward  Reardon,  M.  J.  Ward,  James  A.  Stidger,  S. 
Dooley,  Jos.  Tumalty,  Philip  Ring,  and  J.  Sheehan,  who  is  treasurer 
of  the  National  Master  Plumbers'  Association. 


HONt)RlNG  MASTER  PLUMBERS. 
The  following  letter  from  the  N.  O.  Nelson  Manufacturing 
Company,  of  St.  Louis,  to  President  Abel,  of  that  city,  is  published 
with  a  full  appreciation  of  its  abounding  cordiality  apd  broad  cos- 
mopolitan spirit: 

St.  Louis,  Mo., May  2,  iScp.  -Fkkd  AuKL.'Esq.,  President  M.P. 
A.,City.— Dkar  Sik:  When  presidents  of  the  United  States,  or  po- 
tentates of  other  countries,  have  honored  St.  Louis  with  a  visit, 
they  have  been  received  with  every  mark  of  respect  and  enthu- 
siasm. 

On  or  about  June  15,  prox.,  a  delegation  of  gentlemen,  whose 
fame  is  little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  that  of  presidents  and  princes, 
will  shake  the  classical  dust  of  Eastern  cities  off  their  feet  in  the 
streets  of  St.  Louis. 

It  will  be  befitting  to  the  renowned  hospitality  of  St.  Louis  and 
her  (jlumbing  fraternity,  that  the  delegates  of  the  National  Plum- 
bers' Convention  be  received  with  open  arms  and  open  cujjboard. 
These  descendants  of  Pilgrims  and  Knickerbockers,  of  Round 
Heads  and  Cavaliers;  those  who  wear  the  shamrock,  and  those  of 
the  wooden  shoes,  all  will  come  and  all  will  be  welcome. 

St.  Louis  is  equal  to  the  emergency. 

Let  us  dine  the  hungry  and  wine  the  thirsty.  Let  us  delight 
the  eye  of  the  Yankee  with  fine  art  at  the  museum,  his  taste  with 


May  17,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


33 


Medford  and  turkey  salad  at  the  Mercantile  Club,  and  his  Har- 
vard education  with  classical  lore  dispensed  by  the  members  of 
the  local  M.  P.  A. 

The  more  worldly  tastes  of  the  Gothaniites  may  be  regaled 
with  gold  capon  and  lobster  and  Budweiser,  sprinkled  with  politics  a 
la  Tammany.  The  Quakers  and  those  of  the  rural  districts, 
Cincinnati,  Pittsburg,  Columbus,  Indianapolis,  and,  perchance, 
Chicago,  may  be  catered  to  with  hog  and  hominy,  circus  lemon- 
ade and  stogies. 

The  Nelson  Manufacturing  Company,  through  your  Associa- 
tion, extends  a  cordial  invitation  to  all  the  visiting  delegates  and 
all  the  members  of  your  Association  to  partake  of  a  lunch  at  the 
Mercantile  Club  at  i  P.  M.,  or  at  such  other  hour  as  you  may 
deem  suitable.  From  there  in  due  time  a  ramble  to  the  Art  Mu- 
seum would  not  be  void  of  interest. 

Trusting  that  this  invitation  will  prove  acceptable,  1  remain, 
\^ery  sincerely,  N.  O.  Nelson,  President. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

We  clip  the  following  from  the  Morning  News,  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware:  "A  largely  attended  meeting  of  plumbers,  gas  and 
steam  fitters  was  held  in  the  room  at  No.  712  Market  street  last 
evening.  The  meeting  resulted  in  the  organization  of  Plumbers', 
Gas  and  Steam  Fitters'  Union.  The  following  officers  were  elected : 
President,  Wm.  P.  Vandegrift;  first  vice-president,  W.  L.  Men- 
denhall;  second  vice-president,  F.  O.  Mosely;  secretary,  W.  B. 
Haddock;  treasuer,  Thomas  J.  Biscoe;  sergeant-at-arms,  Samuel 
Hughes;  trustees,  Wm.  B.  Ryan,  chairman;  George  Johnson,  John 
Hanley.  No  other  business  of  importance  was  transacted.  The 
union  is  not  connected  with  any  national  organization." 

The  journeymen  plumbers  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  quit  work  on  May 
8th.  The  strike  was  over  the  employment  of  apprentices,  as  the 
masters  had  conceded  an  advance  in  wages.  The  matter  will 
probably  be  settled  amicably  very  soon. 

Dr.  E.  C.  Towne  has  been  appointed  special  sanitary  inspector 
for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

Askew  &  Mason,  of  Madison,  Wis.,  have  been  awarded  the 
contract  for  heating  and  ventilating  the  Dean  County  (Wis.)  poor- 
house  Several  bids  were  submitted,  and  the  superintendent  of 
the  asylum  made  a  tour  of  investigation  in  order  to  learn  the  best 
methods  of  heating  and  ventilating  public  buildings.  The  Bolton 
hot-water  heater,  manufactured  by  the  Detroit  Heating  and  Light- 
ing Company,  will  be  used. 

The  plumbers  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  want  a  design  suitable  for 
plumbers  to  put  on  their  shaving-mugs.  Cannot  some  artistic 
mind,  with  a  genius  for  the  fitness  of  things,  furnish  the  Toledoites 
with  a  design  with  which  they  can  adorn  their  mugs  ? 

At  the  recent  National  Convention  of  the  Master  Steam  and 
Hot-Water  Fitters,  held  in  New  York,  the  following  members  were 
elected  officers  for  the  ensuing  year:  Samuel  I.  Pope,  of  Chicago, 
president;  Albert  B.  Franklin,  of  Boston,  first  vice-president;  H. 
D.  Crane,  second  vice-president;  George  H.  Reynolds,  Chicago, 
secretary;  Herman  A.  Kroeschell,  Chicago,  treasurer.  Executive 
Committee:  Leon  H.  Prentice,  C.  H.  Simmons,  F.  W,  Lamb,  P.  S. 
Hudson  and  John  Davis.  Cincinnati  was  decided  upon  as  the 
place  for  holding  the  next  annual  meeting. 

John  F.  McCormack,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  several  jobs  of 
plumbing  on  hand  at  present.  Among  the  number  are  the  flats  on 
the  south  side  of  Franklin  Avenue,  between  Garrison  and  Cardi- 
nal streets;  the  dwelling  of  Henry  Hemans;  six  houses  for  Thos. 
Gays,  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Channing  avenues, 
and  two  houses  for  Mr.  Pritchard,  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Carroll  and  Gratton  streets. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  the  following  gentlemen  were  elected  officers  for  the 
ensuing  year:  Chas.  Wills,  president;  J.  R.  Atkins,  vice-president; 
Wm.  Ferguson,  treasurer;  James  Temple,  secretary,  and  Samuel 
Norris,  sergeant-at-arms. 

Johnston  &  Lawrence  are  doing  a  thriving  business  at  Portland, 
Oregon.    Their  address  is  145  Front  street. 

James  H.  O'Neill,  of  Lincoln,  Neb.,  has  written  to  the  Associa- 
tion of  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  for  a  copy  of  their  by-laws  and 
the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Chicago  Health  Department. 


They  are  just  forming  an  association  at  Lincoln,  and  desire  to  re- 
view the  work  here  by  our  association. 

Gray  &  Temple  are  doing  a  prosperous  business  at  642  Second 
avenue,  Lansingburg,  N.  Y. 

Samuel  L  Pope  &  Co.,  contractors  for  steam  and  hot-water 
heating  and  ventilating  apparatus,  have  removed  from  193  Lake 
street  to  28  and  30  Market  street,  Chicago,  where,  with  increased 
facilities,  they  are  enabled  to  make  estimates  and  fill  all  orders 
and  contracts  promptly. 

Under  the  title  of  "  Hustling,"  the  L.  M.  Rumsey  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  of  St.  Louis,  issue  a  handsomely  engraved  and 
printed  circular  to  the  trade,  demonstrating  very  clearly  that  they 
are  up  with  the  times,  and  may  be  wired  at  their  expense  orders 
for  goods  or  inquiries  for  prices  on  car-lots  of  pig-lead,  lead  pipe, 
sheet  lead,  iron  pipe,  metals  or  any  other  goods  in  their  line.  The 
company  have  now  in  press  four  handsomely  illustrated  cata- 
logues, the  issue  of  which  will  cost  about  iS2o,ooo,  and  which  will 
go  to  the  trade  free  on  application. 

The  Sanitas  Manufacturing  Company  now  occupy  the  store  at 
219  Lake  street,  where  they  will  show  their  goods  in  practical  op- 
eration, and  make  it  pleasant  and  interesting  to  all  who  may  give 
them  a  call. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.:    The  Beaumont  Medical  College  will  erect  a 
$25,000  building;  a  brick  school  building  will  be  erected;  costgioo,- 
000.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:    The  building  committee  of  the  Minne- 
sota Driving  Club  has  submitted  plans  for  the  proposed  club 

house.  Washington,  D.  C:    W.  Bruce  has  plans  for  a  building 

to  cost  $40,000;  J.  H.  Lewis  has  plans  for  a  $20,000  building;  W. 
B.  Gray  has  plans  for  a  $50,000  building;  F.  G.  Atkinson  has 
plans  for  a  $35,000  building;  E.  C.  Walter  has  plans  for  a  §20,000 
building;  F.  M.  Buckingham  has  plans  for  a  $26,000  building;  H. 
L.  Spicer  <&  Son  have  plans  for  six  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $24,000: 

J.  G.  Glover  has  plans  for  a  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $30,000.  

Coldwater,  Mich.:    A  project  is  on  hand  to  raise  §20,000  to  erect 

a  school  building.  Boston,  Mass.:    Geo.  W.  Pope  has  plans  for 

four  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $25,000.  Samuel  D.  Kelly  has  plans 
for  three  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $25,000.  C  H.  Blackall  has  plans 
for  one  brick  alteration;  cost,  $50,000.  E.  N.  Boynton  has  plans 
for  two  brick  apartments;  co^t,  $30,000.  Fred  Pope  has  plans  for 
one  brick  apartment;  cost,  $26,000.   B.  F.  Dwight  has  plans  for  a 

brick  merchantile  building;  cost,  $23,000.-  Minneapolis,  Minn.: 

W.  S.  Pardee  has  plans  for  two  $35,000  school  buildings;  Barclay 

&  Cooper  have  plans  for  a  brick  dwelling;    cost,  $25,000.  

Newark,  O.:    J.  W.  Yost  has  just  completed  plans  for  a  $25,000 

Episcopal  church.  North  Billerica,  Mass.:    A  stone  Episcopal 

church  will  be  erected.    Address,  Rev.  Dr.  Chambre.  Orange, 

N.  J.;  The  Orange  National  Bank  has  accepted  plans  for  a  new 
banking  house.  It  will  be  fire-proof,  five  stories  in  height,  and 
built  of  Quincy  granite  and  Indiana  limestone,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000. 

 San  Antonia,  Tex.:    A  brick  office  building  will  be  erected; 

cost,  $150,000.  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.:    The  South  Bethlehem 

University  will  erect  a  brick  physical  laboratory;  cost,  $30,000;  A. 

Hutton,  architect.  Lockport,  N.  Y.:    A  brick  and  stone  school 

will  be  erected;  cost,  $90,500.    R.  A.  &  L.  Bethume,  of  Buffalo, 

are  architects.  Minneapolis,  Minn.:    H.  M.  Jones  has  plans  for 

a  two-story  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $25,000.  Long  &  Kees  have  plans 
for  a  three-story  brick  store;  cost,  40,000.  J.  H.  Record  has  plans 
for  a  three-story  brick  tenement;  cost,  $25,000.  The  Security 
Bank,  of  Minneapolis,  will  erect  an  office  building  to  cost  $175,- 
000;  F.  Thorpe  has  plans  for  a  $35,000  building;  Chas.  Sedgwick 
has  plans  for  a  three-story  brick  apartment  house;  cost,  $60,000. 

 Buffalo,  N.  Y.:    R.  A.  &  L.  Bethume  have  plans  for  a  $20,000 

building.  Cambridge,  Mass.:    J.  R.  &  W.  P.  Richards  have 

plans  for  a  brick  block  of  dwellings.  Brookville,  Ind.:  The 

First  National  Bank  will  erect  a  $20,000  building.  Cummins- 

ville,   Ind.:     Gray   &  Wild  will  erect  a  $20,000  building.  

Comanche,  Tex.:  W.  W.  Larmour  has  plans  for  ten  stone  build- 
ings; cost,  $55,000.  Holyoke,  Mass.:    An  extension  of  plant  of 

Geo.  R.  Dickinson  Paper  Company  will  be  made  at  a  cost  of  $80,- 


34 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  328 


000.-  Washington,  D.  C:    J.  G.  Hill  has  plans  for  a  six-story 

brick  building;  cost,  $54,000.    Mr.  Schneider  has  plans  for  three 

three-story  brick  buildings;  cost,  $21,000.  Wateitown,  Mass.: 

A  town  hall  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $80,000.  Address 

Town  Clerk.  Walkerville,  Ont.:    Hiram  Walker,  of  Detroit, 

Mich.,  proposes  to  erect  a  blast  furnace  for  the  reduction  of  iron 

ore  to  pig  metal,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $100,000.  Zanesville, 

O.:    A  brick  business  block  will  be  erected;  cost,  $24,000.  

Akron,  O.:  Neary  &  Kramer  have  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone 
building;  cost,  $75,000.    The  Dagne  Brothers  will  erect  a  $50,000 

building.  Brownwood,  Tex.;     The   Howard   Payne  college 

building  will  cost  $60,000.    W.  W.  Larmour  is  architect.  Den- 

nison,  O.:    The  Protestant  Episcopal  congregation  of  Cambridge, 

O.,  will  erect  a  new  church  soon.  Detroit,  Mich.:    Harry  J. 

Rill  has  plans  for  a  stone  church;  cost,  $150,000.  E.  C.  Van  Leyen 
has  plans  for  a  block  of  six  three-story  brick  residences;  cost, 

$40,000.  Homer,  Mich.:    A  two-story  brick  school  house  will 

be  erected;  cost,  $12,000.    Kramer  &  Zoll  are  the  architects.  

Toledo,  O.:  The  Toledo  Club  will  build  a  club  house.  Uvalda, 

Tex.:    A  court  house  will  be  erected;  cost,  $12,000.    J.  Trester, 

Jr.,  is  architect.  Worcester,  Mass.:    Fuller  &  Delano  have 

plans  for  a  brick  business  block;   cost,  $20,000.  Washington, 

D.  C:    Baldwin  &  Pannington  have  plans  for  a  one-story  stone 

building;  cost,  $62,000.  East  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:    A  contract 

was  made  May  6  by  which  the  United  States  Government 
Ordnance  Works  of  Boston  will  be  moved  to  East  Chattanooga 
at  once.  The  company  guarantees  to  put  in  works  to  cost  $300,- 
000  and  employ  over  500  skilled  mechanics.  Competition  of  cheap 
Southern  iron  forced  the  removal.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  A  new- 
hotel  will  be  built.    Address  P.  A.  Chapman  for  information.  

Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  Carrol  &  Kern  are  completing  plans  for  a 
store-house  and  hotel.  Messrs.  La  Belle  &  Hazell  have  plans  for 
a  very  fine  residence;  also  plans  for  a  large  block  of  French  fiats, 

and  plans  for  an  extensive  business  block  to  cost  $150,000.  

Columbus,  O.:  The  Central  Ohio  Railroad  Company  will  build 
new  railroad  stations  at  Kirkersville  and  Pataskala.- — St.  Paul, 
Minn.:  The  Chicago.'St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Omaha  Railroad 
will  erect  a  two-story  building.  W.  D.  Fargo  will  erect  a  $25,000 
brick  block.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  Plans  for  the  Kelsey  &  Gil- 
lespie building  are  completed.  The  cost  will  be  $350,000.  Ad- 
dress T.  Mendelssohn.  Cleveland,  O.:    Charles  F.  Schvvein- 

furth  has  plans  for  the  new  Trinity  church.  Columbus,  O.:  F. 

L.  Packard  is  architect  for  a  very  fine  church  to  be  erected  by  the 

Eastwood  Congregational  church.  Newport,   R.  I.:    A  new 

city  hall  will  be  built.   Address  the  mayor.  Wilmington,  Del.: 

The  Reformed  Episcopal  church  of  The  Covenant  will  erect  a 

handsome  new  edifice.    Edwin  C.  Jefferies  is  architect.  New 

York:  The  Grand  Central  Depot  will  be  remodeled  at  a  cost  of 
about  $300,000.  G.  Keister  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat;  cost,  $22,- 
000.  R.  J.  Finkle  has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $36,000. 
Thorn  &  Wilson  have  plans  for  four  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $50,- 
000.  E.  Wenz  has  plans  for  eight  brick  flats;  cost,  $104,000.  C. 
G.  Jones  has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $34,000.  Lamb  & 
Rich  have  plans  for  a  brick  school  building;  cost,  $150,000.  C. 
M.  Young  has  plans  for  seven  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $98,000.  J. 
W.  Cole  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat;  cost,  $40,000.  R.  S.  Townsend 
has  plans  for  five  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $100,000.  J.  H.  Cashman 
has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $50,000.  E.  Wenz  has  plans 
for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $38,000.  A.  R.  Ogden  &  Son  have  plans 
for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $32,000,  and  also  plans  for  fourteen  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $196,000.  G.  F.  Pelham  has  plans  for  a  brick 
flat;  cost,  $20,000.  J.  W.  Cole  has  plans  for  three  brick  flats;  cost, 
$75,000.  Schneider  &  Herter  have  plans  for  a  brick  tenement: 
cost,  $40,000.  Snook  &  Sons  have  plans  for  a  brick  flat;  cost,  $40,- 
000.  R.  R.  Davis  has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $62,000.  Clever- 
don  &  Putzel  have  plans  for  a  brick  and  iron  warehouse;  cost, 
$43,000.  C.  Rentz  has  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  flat;  cost,  $20,- 
000.  Kurtzer  &  Rohl  have  plans  for  a  brick  flat;  cost,  $20,000. 
M.  V.  B.  Ferdon  has  plans  for  a  stone  flat;  cost,  $22,000.  H.  R. 
Marshall  has  plans  for  a  brick  terra  cotta  school  house;  cost, 
$100,000.  Ogden  &  Son  have  plans  for  two  stone  flats;  cost,  $20,- 
000.  J.  C.  Burne  has  plans  for  a  stone  flat;  cost,  $20,000.  A. 
Huthrahas  plans  for  two  brick  and  stone  flats;  cost,  $80,000. 

 G.  A.  Shellenger  has  plans  for  three  stone  flat  buildings;  cost, 

$85,ocx).  J.  C.  Cady  &  Company  have  plans  for  a  brick  and  terra-cotta 


building;  cost, $140,000.  R.  R.  Davis  has  plans  for  seven  brick  and 
stone  flats;  cost,  $260,000.  G.  F.  Pelham  has  plans  for  alterations 

in  a  brick  factory;  cost,  $40,000.  Brooklyn:  J.  L.  Young  has 

plans  for  fine  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $30,000.  M.  J.  Merritt  has 
plans  for  a  brick  stable;  cost,  $20,000.  W\  M.  Coots  has  plans  for 
two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  826,000.  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  will  erect  a  college  building. 

Address  Dr.  Thomas  Latimer.  Pittsburg,  Pa,:  J.  P.  Bailey  has 

plans  for  a  brick  school  building;  cost,  848,000.  George  S.  Orth 
has  plans  for  an  addition  to  residence;  cost,  $28,000.  Longfellow, 
Alden  &  Harlow  have  plans  for  two  brick  houses;  cost,  $22,000. 
W.  S.  Eraser  has  plans  for  an  eight-story  brick  building;  cost, 
$140,000.  Americus,  Ga.:  The  Americus  Manufacturing  &  Im- 
provement Company  will  erect  a  hotel  building  to  cost  $100,000. 

 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  J.  D.  Allen,  Philadelphia,  has  plans  for  a 

theater  building  to  cost  $110,000;  also  plans  for  a  theater  to  be 
built  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Cheyenne,  Wy.:  A  $50,000  college  build- 
ing will  be  erected.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  A.  J.  Ross  will  build  a 

six-story  block.  Vancouver,  Wash.:  A  new  courthouse  to  cost 

$40,000,  will  be  erected.  Heppneo,  Ore.:  Geo.  Marshall,  Port- 
land, has  made  plans  for  a  $40,000  hotel.  Denver,  Colo.:  \'arian 

&  Sterner  have  plans  for  two  residences  to  cost  $55,000.  Og- 
den, L^.:  O.  Bulow  has  plans  for  a  8142,000  business  block.  

Denver,  Colo.:  L.  M.  Wood  has  plans  for  a  business  block  to  cost 
$250,000;  and  also  plans  for  a  three-story  block  to  cost  $25,000. 
F.  C.  Eberly  has  plans  for  a  store  building  to  cost  $go,ooo;  also 
plans  for  a  $60,000  hotel.    Balcomb  &  Rice  are  preparing  plans 

for  forty  residences  to  cost  $120,000.  Loretto,  Colo.:  Edbrooks 

&  Company  have  plans  for  a  $175,000  school  building.  Chicago: 

I  Burlington  &  White  have  plans  for  a  $50,000  residence;  J.  K.  & 
A.  B.  Pond  are  completing  plans  for  an  elegant  $50,000  residence; 
Charles  S.  Frost  is  completing  plans  for  a  ten-story  office  building; 
cost,  $150,000.  J.  H.  Huber  has  designed    a  four-story  store 

j  and  flat  building;  cost,  forty  thousand  dollars  ;  Adler 
&  Sullivan  have  plans  for  a  church-building  to  be  erected 
on  the  south  side;  cost,  $100,000 ;  they  also  have  plans  for 
a  hotel  to  be  erected  in  Salt  Lake  City;  cost,  $300,000;  Bauman  & 
Cady  have  completed  plans  for  a  large  eight-story  office-building; 
a  large  business  block  will  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  State  and 

'  Adams  streets;  J.  E.  &  O.  Pridmore  and  J.  W.  Morrison  have 
plans  for  a  new  hotel  to  be  erected  at  Kearney,  Neb.;  O.  W.  Marble 
has  plans  for  seven  residences  which  will  cost  over  $100,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Brenham,  Tex.:  This  city  has  decided  to  establish  and  operate 

its  own  electric  light  plant.  Albia,  la.:  An  electric  light  plant 

will  be  erected.  Camden.  S.  C:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be 

established.  Fort  Collins,  Colo.:    An  electric  light  plant  is  to 

be  established.  Sigourney,  la.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

erected.  Charleston,  W.  \'a.:    Frank  Woodman,  president  of 

the  Charleston  Gas  Light  Company,  has  been  directed  to  take  steps 

toward  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant.  Paola,  Kan.,  will 

be  lighted  by  electricity.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:    The  organization 

of  the  American  Gas  Investment  Company  will  soon  be  completed. 
The  new  enterprise  is  to  be  capitalized  at  $50,000,000,  of  which 
one-half  is  to  be  subscribed  in  this  country  and  the  other  half  to 
be  offered  to  English  capitalists.  As  soon  as  the  organization  of 
the  new  company  is  effected,  30  per  cent,  will  be  paid  in,  and  the 
$15,000,000  thus  raised  will  be  applied  as  follows:  $10,000,000  to 
pay  outright  for  the  absorption  of  the  present  United  Gas 
Improvement  Company  ot  Philadelphia,  and  $5,000,000  to  go  to 

the  new  concern  as  immediate  working  capital.  Copenhagen, 

Can.:  The  city,  which  owns  the  principal  gas-works,  has  decided 
to  establish  an  electric  lighting  station  to  supply  the  central  part 
of  the  town.  The  station  wi'l  have  a  capacity  of  10,000  incandes- 
cent lamps,  and  be  arranged  to  permit  enlarging.  Greenville, 

Tex.:  Efforts  are  being  made  to  secure  the  erection  of  an  electric 

light  plant.    Mayor  can  give  information.  Frankfort,  Ky.;  An 

electric  light  plant  will  be  erected  at  the  state  penitentiary.  

Central  City,  Ky.:  The  Central  Coal  and  Iron  Company  contem- 
plates erecting  an  electric  light  plant  at  its  mines.  Charleston, 

W.  Va.:  The  Charleston  (W.  \'a.)  Gas  Light  Company  expects  to 
put  in  a  50-arc-light  dynamo  next  month,  and  another  m  Decem- 
ber. Lonaconing,  La.:    An  effort  is  being  made  to  establish  an 

electric  light  plant.- — Rockingham,  N.C.:  There  is  talk  of  estab- 


May  17,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


35 


lishing  an  electric  light  plant.  Waynesboro.Ga.:  W.  A.  Wilkins 

will  purchase  boiler,  engine,  dynamo  and  appliances  for  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  Sylacauga,  Ala.:    The  Marble  City  Land  and 

Furnace  Company  will  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  Pell  City, 

Ala.:  The  Pell  City  Iron  and  Land  Company  will  erect  an  electric 

light  plant.  Moundsville,  W.  Va.:    The  Moundsville  Electric 

Company  has  been  chartered  to  supply  electric  light,  heat  and 

power.  San  Diego,  Tex.:    The  Gueydan  Putnam  Milling  and 

Gunning  Company  contemplate  putting  in  an  electric  light  plant. 

 New  Albany,  Ind.:    The  Electric  Light  Company  is  making 

arrangements  to  put  in  an  additional  50-light  dynamo.  New 

Bedford,  Mass.:  The  Turner  Electric  Company  has  been  organ- 
ized, with  a  capital  stock  of  $15,000.  Reading,  Pa.:  A  new  elec- 
tric light  company  will  be  established.  Newburg,  N.  Y.:  The 

Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company  will  increase  its  capital 

stock  to  560,000.  Kansas  City,  Kan.:    The  Consolidated  Light 

and  Power  Company  will  increase  its  capital  stock  to  $200,000.  

Waukegan,  111.:    The  Waukegan  Light  and  Power  Company  has 

been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $60,000.  Bushnell,  111.: 

A  system  of  electric  lights  will  be  established.  Flint  \'illage. 

Mass.:    Efforts  are  being  made  to  establish  an  electric  light  plant. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 
Ashland,  Ky.:  It  is  proposed  to  establish  a  system  of  water 
works  at  this  place,  and  already  the  sum  of  $100,000  has  been  sub- 
scribed towards  the  project,  and  an  engineer  has  been  engaged  to 

make  plans.  Machias,  Me.:  The  Machias  Water  Company 

has  been  fully  organized,  and  a  code  of  by-laws  adopted.  Pre- 
liminary work  of  arranging  for  water  supply  for  domestic  and 
other  purposes  will  be  pushed  forward  at  once.    H.  R.  Taylor  is 

President.  Memphis,  Tenn.:  Is  to  have  some  seven  miles  of 

pipe,  10,  8  and  6-inch;  100  fire  hydrants;  20  odd  gates,  and  meters, 
50.  South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.:  The  construction  of  a  2,000,000  gal- 
lon reservoir  and  extension  of  water  works  will  be  commenced  at 
once.  The  plant  is  under  supervision  of  F.  P.  Clute,  civil  engineer. 
South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.  fronton,  O.:  The  trustees  of  the  water- 
works have  decided  to  erect  a  new  pumping  engine,  a  duplicate 

of  the  present  one.  Coldwater,  Mich.:  The  city  of  Coldwater 

decided,  at  an  election  held  May  5,  to  bond  the  city  for  $50,000  for 

a  system  of  water- works.  Warsaw,  Ind.:  Improvements  will  be 

made  to  the  water-works  plant  at  this  place,  at  an  estimated  ex- 
penditure of  $23,000.  New  Glasgow,  N.  S.,  Intends  enlarging 

and  extending  about  one-half  mile  of  pipe,  putting  in  another 
pump  to  supply  a  village  of  2,000  situated  two  miles  distant,  but 
only  one-half  mile  from  pumping  station.  Auburn,  N.  Y.:  Addi- 
tional mains  will  be  laid  here.  Address  for  details  M.  B.  Eldred. 
 Malone,  N.  Y.:  The  water-works  system  at  this  place  will  un- 
dergo improvements.  Columbus,  O.:  Additional  pipe,  hydrants, 

valves,  etc.,  are  wanted  here.    Address  A.  H.  McAlpine.  Erie, 

Pa.:  Additional  hydrants,  valves  and  mains  will  be  wanted  here. 

Address  B.  F.  Sloan.  Xenia,  O.:  Additional  mains  will  be  laid. 

Address  John  P.  Martin.  Johnstown,  N.  Y.:  Extensions  will  be 

made  to  the  water-works  system.  J.  J.  Buchanan  may  be  ad- 
dressed. Stambaugh,  Mich.:  This  place  will  establish  water- 
works.  J.  N.  Porter,  President  of  the  Village  Board,  can  furnish 

details.  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.:  The  water-works  question  is 

being  discussed.  Oxford,  Vt.,  Wants  water-works.  Great 

Barrington,  Mass.:  The  question  of  improving  and  enlarging  the 

system  of  water-works  is  being  discussed.  Cheyenne,  Wyo.  T.: 

A  1,900,000  gallon  storage  reservoir  is  to  be  added  to  the  water 

supply  system.  Iowa  Falls,  la.:  Is  to  have  a  new  system  of 

water-works.  Omaha,  Neb.:  The  Omaha  Economical  Water 

Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  

Milton,  Mass.:  The  water  supply  system  is  to  be  extended.  

St.  Joseph,  Mo.:  The  water-works  company  will  lay  mains  in  all 
the  suburbs  of  the  city.  Watertown,  Wis.:  A  system  of  water- 
works to  include  100  hydrants  will  be  established.  Sheldon,  la.: 

The  question  of  building  water-works  is  being  warmly  debated. 
 Pittsburg,  Kan.:  The  Pittsburg  Water  Company  has  been  or- 
ganized.   Capital  stock,  $250,000.  Tipton,  Ind.,  Is  figuring  on 

the  cost  of  water-works.  Jamestown,  R.  I.:  The  construction  of 

water-works  is  being  contemplated.  Yazoo,  Miss.:  The  water- 
works question  is  being  discussed.  Socorro,  N.  M.:  The  water- 
mains  will  be  extended  one  and  one-half  miles  in  8-inch  pipe.  

St.  Paul,  Minn.:  Twenty-five  miles  of  mains  will  be  laid  this  year. 


 Las  Vegas,  N.  M.:  Water-works  improvements  are  contem- 
plated. Circleville,  O.:  The  water-works  system  will  be  ex- 
tended. Harrodsburg,  Ky.:  The  city  will  petition  the  legisla- 
ture to  construct  water-works.— — Denison,  Tex.;  The  city  water- 
works company  is  building  a  200,000,000  gallon  reservoir  and  lay- 
ing one  mile  of  additional  pipe.  Dallas,  Tex.:  A  new  pumping 

engine,  to  have  a  daily  capacity  of  8,000,000  to  10,000,000  gallons, 
will  be  purchased  for  the  water-works.  Mayor  can  give  informa- 
tion. Barboursville,  Ky.:  The  Barboursville  Land  and  Im- 
provement Company  has  applied  to  the  Kentucky  Legislature  for 

a  charter  for  the  construction  of  water-works.  Pell  City,  Ala.: 

The  Pell  City  Iron  and  Land  Company  will  construct  a  system  of 

water-works.  Minneapolis,  Mirvn.:  Eighteen  miles  of  pipe,  6 

to  30  inches  in  diameter,  will  be  put  in  this  season.  Dunkirk, 

N.  Y.:  One  mile  of  mains  will  be  laid  this  season.  Marshall, 

Tex.:  R.  L.  Jennings  wants  addresses  of  makers  of  water  motors. 

 Greenville,  N.  C:  The  Paris  Fountain  Summer  House  Land 

Company  will  want  a  small  pumping  engine  and  piping.  

Walthourville,  Ga.:  C.  B.  Warrand  will  want  pumping  machinery. 

 Charleston,  W.  Va.:  B.  C.  Washington  will  want  an  engine, 

mains,  and  fire  hydrants  for  water- works.  White  Plains,  N.  Y.: 

From  two  to  three  miles  of  cast  iron  mains  will  be  laid  this  season. 

 Fremont,  Neb.:  Ten  miles  of  mains  will  be  laid  this  season. 

 Pittsburg,  Pa.:   $150,000  will   be  expended  in  water-works 

improvements.   

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Knoxville,  Tenn.:    Twenty-five  hundred  dollars   have  been 

appropriated  for  the  construction  of  a  sewerage  system.  Tus- 

kaloosa,  Ala.:  Ten  thousand  dollars  of  additional  sewerage  will 
be  constructed  for  the  city  of  Tuskaloosa  during  the  summer  of 

1890.  Oakland,  Cal.:    It  is  proposed  to  construct  additional 

sewers  in  this  city,  at  an  estimated  outlay  of  $30,000.  Address  the 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works.  Freemont,  O.:  Ad- 
ditional sewers  will  be  constructed.    For  particulars  address  L.  A. 

Dickinson,  City  Engineer.  Altoona,  Pa.:   Sewer  extensions  will 

be  made.    For  details  address  C.  A.  Atkinson.  Dayton,  Ky.: 

An  act  has  been  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  authorizing  this 
city  to  construct  sewers  and  issue  bonds  for  the  payment  of  the 

cost.  Tiffin,  O.:    The  council  has  passed  four  ordinances  for 

construction  of  four  small  sewers.  The  city  engineer  has  filed 
special  plans  for  about  five  miles  of  sewerage  in  sewer  dirtrict  No. 
7,  which  will  be  let  soon;  two  or  three  others  are  referred  to  sewer 

committees.  Orange,  N.  J.:    The  result  of  Engineer  Bassett's 

surveys  for  a  sewerage  system  for  this  place  is  the  preparation  of 
a  plan  contemplating  an  expenditure  of  $450,000  to  $500,000,  and 
the  laying  of  30  to  35  miles  of  pipe.    A  separate  drainage  system 

for  the  low  parts  of  the  city  is  contemplated.  Ogden,  Utah: 

Has  adopted  a  plan  for  a  sewerage  system.  Worcester,  Mass.: 

A  considerable  amount  of  sewerage  construction  will  be  ordered. 

 Memphis,  Tenn.:    The  city  will  expend  $142,808  for  street 

and  sewerage  improvements.  Paducah,  Ky.:    Plans  are  being 

prepared  for  a  sewerage  system.  Hastings,  Neb.:    Has  voted 

to  issue  $60,000  in  bonds  for  the  consttuction  of  sewers. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
St.  Augustine,  Fla.:  The  county  clerk  opens  bids  June  i  for  the 
construction  of  a  jail.  New  Braumfels,  Tex.:  The  Lands  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  Company  wants  an  electric  light  plant;  also 
machinery  for  transmission  of  from  100  to  300  horse  power  from 

turbine  wheels  at  mill.  Somerset,  Ky.:  Proposals  are  asked  for 

until  12  o'clock  M.  on  the  ist  day  of  June,  1890,  for  the  construc- 
tion and  operation  of  a  system  of  water-works  and  for  supplying 
said  town  with  fifty-five  hydrants,  etc.    Address  A.  L.  Parsons. 

 Boston,  Mass.:  Sealed  proposals  for  building  sections  A  and 

B  of  the  Metropolitan  Sewerage  System,  in  the  city  of  Boston, 
and  town  of  Brookline,  Mass.,  in  accordance  with  the  form  of 
contract  and  specifications  to  be  furnished  by  the  Board  of  Metro- 
politan Sewerage  Commissioners,  will  be  received  by  said  Board 
at  its  office,  93  Lincoln  street,  until  12  o'clock  M  of  Wednesday, 

May  28,  1890.    Address  Hosea  Kingsman.-  Washington,  D.  C: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  P.M.  on  the  31st 
day  of  May,  i8go,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  put 
in  place  all  the  brick  and  terra  cotta  floor  arches,  terra  cotta  wall 


36 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  328 


furring,  partitions  and  covering  for  iron  columns,  wood  floor 
strips,  concrete  filling,  etc.,  required  for  the  U.  S.  Court  House, 

Post  Office,  etc.,  building  at  Denver,  Colo.  West  Point,  N.  Y.: 

Sealed  proposals  in  triplicate  will  be  received  at  this  office  until 
noon,  Monday,  May  26,  i8qo,  for  the  construction  of  a  gymnasium 
building.  Plans  can  be  seen  and  forms  and  specifications 
obtained  at  this  office,  or  at  the  office  of  Mr.  R.  M.  Hunt,  archi- 
tect, Tribune  building,  New  York  City.  The  right  is  reserved  to 
reject  any  and  all  proposals.    Chas.  W.  Williams,  Capt.  and  A. 

O.  M.,  U.  S.  army.  Little  Falls,  Minn.:   Proposals  are  wanted 

until  June  2,  for  the  erection  of  a  court  house  at  this  place.  .A.d- 
dress  the  auditor  of  Morrison  county.  Quitman,  Ga.:  Propos- 
als are  wanted  until  June  10,  for  rebuilding  the  court  house  at  this 
place.  Address  John  Tulmann,  Chairman  Board  of  Commission- 
ers for  Brooks  county.  Canton,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 

May  24,  for  the  construction  of  three  miles  of  brick  stone  sewers. 

Address  R.  R.  Marble,  city  civil  engineer.  Washington,  D.  C: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
.-\rchitect.  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  P.M.,  on  the  23d 
day  of  May,  i8qo,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  con 
struct  coal  vaults  for  the  U.  S.  court-house  and  post-office  build- 
ing at  Rochester,  New  York.  Milledgeville,  Ga.:   Plans  are 

wanted  until  May  23,  for  the  erection  of  a  college  building.  Ad- 
dress R.  N.  Yamar.  Town  of  Union,  N.  J.:   Sealed  proposals 

will  be  received  by  the  town  council,  at  the  town  hall,  until  3  P.M. 
on  Saturday,  June  7,  1890,  for  the  construction  of  about  8,400  feet 
of  main  sewer  in  the  town  and  township  of  Union,  ranging  from 
3  to  8  feet  in  'diameter,  according  to  plans  and  specifications 

on  file  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  said  town,  in  the  town  hall.  

North  Tonawanda,  N.  Y.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  May  ig,  for 
constructing  about  six  miles  of  sewer  here.  Address  T.  E.  War- 
ner, Village  Clerk.  Trenton,  N.  J.:  Proposals  are  wanted  un- 
til May  20,  for  the  construction  of  certain  sewers.    Address  J.  C. 

Owens,  City  Clerk.  Binghampton,  X.  Y.:  Proposals  are  wanted 

until  May  ig,  for  the  construction  of  sewers  in  certain  streets. 
Address  W.  J.  Flannigan,  City  Clerk. — — Tiffin,  O.:  Proposals  are 
wanted  until  May  31,  for  constructing  sewers  in  certain  streets. 

Address  Jeremiah  Rex,  City  Clerk.  Talladega,  Ala.:   Bids  are 

wanted  for  the  construction  of  36,255  feet  of  sewerage  with  122 

manholes  and  22  flush  tanks.  Address  W.  H.  Shaggs,  Mayor.  

Portland,  Me.:  Plans  will  be  received  until  May  26,  for  the  Port- 
land city  hall;  cost,  §500,000. 

THAT  ADVERTISING  SCHEME. 
Denver,  Colo.,  May  12,  1890— The  Sanitary  New.s:— In  your 
issue  of  May  loth  appears  an  article  under  the  head  of  "  Not  Au- 
thorized," signed  by  E.  J.  Hannon,  president  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation. We  desire  to  emphasize  the  statement  published;  and 
further,  the  i)arties,  whosoever  they  may  be,  have  had  no  authority 
from  the  Denver  Association  to  publish  or  circulate  any  souvenir 
or  advertising  scheme  under  the  authority  of  the  Denver  Associa- 
tion, as  we  are  fully  able  and  capable  of  taking  care  of  the  Na- 
tional Convention  without  the  aid  or  assistance  of  any  outside 
parties  advertising  any  such  scheme. 

N'ours  very  truly,  W.  F.  McCarthy. 


TALMAGE'S  ADVICE  TO  H0ME-(;K  I  TERS. 

Do  not  be  caught  in  the  delusion  of  many  thousands  in  post- 
poning a  home  until  they  can  have  an  expensive  one.  That  idea 
is  the  devil's  trap  that  catches  men  and  women  innumerable,  who 
will  never  have  any  home  at  all.  The  laborer  may  have,  at  the 
close  of  the  day,  to  walk  or  ride  further  than  is  desirable  to  reach 
it,  but  when  he  gets  to  his  destination  in  the  eventide  he  will  find 
something  worthy  of  being  called  bythat  glorious  and  impassioned 
and  heaven-descended  word,  "home." 

Young  married  men,  as  soon  as  you  can,  buy  such  a  place,  even 
if  you  have  to  put  on  it  a  mortgage  reaching  from  base  to  cap- 
stone. The  much-abused  mortgage,  which  is  ruin  to  a  reckless 
man,  to  one  prudent  and  provident  is  the  beginning  of  a  compe- 
tency and  a  fortune,  for  the  reason  he  will  not  be  satisfied  until  he 
has  paid  it  off,  and  all  the  household  are  [lut  on  strictest  economy 
until  then.  Deny  yourself  all  superfluities  and  all  luxuries  until 
you  can  say:  "Everything  in  this  house  is  mine,  thank  God! — 
every  timber,  every  brick,  every  foot  of  plumbing,  every  door-sill." 
Do  not  have  children  born  in  a  boarding-house,  and  do  not  your- 


self be  buried  from  one.  Have  a  place  where  your  children  can 
shout  and  sing  and  romp,  without  being  overhauled  for  the  racket. 
Have  a  kitchen  where  you  can  do  something  toward  the  reforma- 
tion of  evil  cookery  and  the  lessening  of  this  nation  of  dyspeptics. 
As  Napoleon  lost  one  of  his  great  battles  by  attack  of  indigestion, 
so  many  men  have  such  a  daily  wrestle  with  the  food  swallowed 
that  they  have  no  strength  left  for  the  battle  of  life;  and,  though 
your  wife  may  know  how  to  play  on  all  the  musical  instruments 
and  rival  a  prima  donna,  she  is  not  well  educated  unless  she  can 
boil  an  Irish  potato  and  broil  a  mutton-chop,  since  the  diet  some- 
times decides  the  fate  of  families  and  nations. 

Have  a  sitting-room,  with  at  least  one  easy  chair,  even  though 
you  have  to  take  turns  in  sitting  in  it,  and  books  out  of  the  public 
library,  or  of  your  own  purchase,  for  the  making  of  your  family 
intelligent,  and  checker-boards  and  guessing-matches,  with  an 
occasional  blind-man's  buff,  which  is  of  all  games  my  favorite. 
Rouse  UD  your  homes  with  all  styles  of  innocent  mirth,  and  gather 
up  in  your  children's  nature  a  reservoir  of  exuberance  that  will 
pour  down  refreshing  streams  when  life  gets  parched  and  the  dark 
days  come  and  the  lights  go  out  and  the  laughter  is  smothered 
into  a  sob. 


All  travelers,  either  for  pleasure  or  business,  agree  in  this,  that 
for  convenient  trains,  complete  and  luxurious  equipment,  splendid 
coaches,  quick  time,  perfect  roadbed,  and  elegant  dining-car  serv- 
ice, the  C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  (Big  Four  Route)  is  the  speediest, 
safest  and  best  road  between  Chicago,  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati. 


HOME  SEEKERS'  EXCURSION  TICKETS. 
\'ia  the  Wisconsin  Central  to  all  principal  points  in  the  north- 
west, including  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Ashland  and  Duluth  will 
be  on  sale  April  22,  May  20,  September  9  and  23,  and  October  14, 
at  the  rate  of  one  fair  for  the  round  trip,  at  the  City  Ticket  Office 
of  the  Wisconsin  Central,  205  Clark  street,  and  at  the  Grand  Cen- 
tral Passenger  Station,  Harrison  street  and  Fifth  avenue,  also  at 
all  the  leading  hotels. 


A  BEAUTIFUL  MAGAZINE. 
The  Chicago  Journal  says:  "  Not  content  with  beating  the 
world  with  its  Art  Calendars  for  1890,  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk 
Railway  has  now  eclipsed  its  own  record  by  the  publication  of  a 
magazine  entitled  'Gateways  of  Tourist  Travel.'  The  work  is  ele- 
gantly gotten  up  and  contains  a  host  of  the  finest  photogravure 
views  of  scenes  along  the  line  of  the  road.  The  whole  forms  a 
work  of  art." 

This  beautiful  book  is  printed  on  coated  book  paper.with  seventy- 
five  engravings,  all  of  the  photogravure  or  half-tone  process,  fifty 
large  quarto  pages,  and  mailed  free  to  any  address  on  receipt  of 
20  cents  in  postage  stamps  by  W.  E.  Davis,  G.  P.  &  T.  A.,  Chi- 
cago &  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  Chicago,  111. 

The  sale  of  summer  tourists' tickets  commences  June  i.  The 
"Seaside  and  White  Mountain  Special,"  finest  train  in  the  world, 
will  be  run  each  Wednesday,  commencing  with  June  25.  Write 
for  particulars. 

FORT  WORTH  AND  RETURN,  $26.95. 
On  account  of  the  Texas  Spring  Palace,  the  Wabash  line  will 
sell  tickets  to  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  and  return  at  one  fare — $26.95 
— for  the  round  trip  on  the  following  dates:  May  8,  12,  15,  19,  22, 
26  and  20.  Tickets  are  good  three  days  in  transit  in  both  direc- 
tions ana  will  be  honored  for  return  passage  up  to  June  3d,  in- 
clusive. For  full  particulars,  berths,  tickets,  etc.,  call  at  Wabash 
ticket  office,  201  Clark  street. 


CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD. 
Ladies'  palace  day  cars,  palace  reclining  chair  cars,  free  of 
extra  charge.  Pullman  palace  buffet  compartment  sleeping  cars, 
palace  dining  cars.  Pullman  vestibulea  trains,  free  of  extra 
charge  and  no  change  of  cars  of  any  class  between  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Chicago  and  Denver,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Pioneer  pullman  palace  sleeping  car. 
Palace  dining  car  and  free  ])alacc  reclining  chair  car  line, 
fames  Charlton,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  210  Dear- 
born street,  near  corner  Adams  street,  Chicago,  111. 

CATARRH, 

CATAKKllAE.   DEAFNESS. —  HAY  KEVEK.     A   NEW  HOME 
TREAT.MENT. 

.Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  arc  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  throe  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B. — This  treatment  is  riot  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postajje.  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. —  Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  rarelully  read  tiic 
above. 


May  10,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


THE  "GORTON" BOILER 


"Perfection  in  Modern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUCHT-IRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  siicli  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

(T  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  C0RT0N"S0FT-C0AL  BOILER. 

GORTON  &   WDGERWOOD  CO.,  < 

34-  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago, 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York,  197-203  Congress  St.,  Boston. 

Gorton  Boilei — Front  View.  Gorton  Bollei — Sec'n  View 


L  WOLFF  MFG.  CO., 


SUPPLIES 
SPECIALTIES 


General  Office: 

93  West  Lake  Street. 

Factories: 

93-1  13  West  Lake  Street. 

Carroll  and  Hoyne  Aves.  and  Fulton  St. 

Exhibit  Department: 

79  Dearborn  Street. 


CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


The  "Monogram" 


•5*  "J*  ❖  "i* 


ITS  advantages: 

NOISELESS  IN  OPERATION! 

POSITIVE  IN  ITS  ACTION! 


MOMENTARY   RETENTION  OF  THE  PULL  IS  ALL 
THAT   IS   NECESSARY  TO  OPERATE  IT. 

THE  WATER  SURFACE  OF  THE  BOWL  IS  BROAD 
AND  DEEP   (1^  Inches). 

THE  BOWL  IS  BEST  QUALITY   IMPORTED  WARE, 
AND 


POSITIVELY  WILL  NOT  CRAZE! 

CATALOGUE   AND   PRICE  LIST  CHEERFULLY  FUR- 
NISHED ON  APPLICATION. 


Fig.  6H3.    No.  2" 


Everyone  should  read 

THE   SANIXAI^Y  NEWS. 

Subscribe  now.    New  volume  just  begun. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


TyAVID  WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 
•'-^  ber  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
346  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


p  HARVEY,  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PRACTICAL 
'    Plumber,  540  Thirty-Nintli  Street,  between  ^Mich- 
igan and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street, 


vi 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  327 


DIRECTORY 

[The  names  of  subscribers  included  in  this  list  on 
payment  of  #2  per  year.] 


HELP  WANTED. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock  W.  H..  886  Dudley  street. 
The  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 


SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee  Wm.  E  .,  154  LaSaUe  street. 
Dee  Wm.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien  T.  M.,  5,  84  LaSalle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 


CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson  M.,  69  Thirty-fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baecot,  E,  171  Adams  street 
Blake  John.  1348  State  street. 
Boyd  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street 
Breyor  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan  T.  J.,  683  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty  John,  3105  State  street. 
Cameron  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 
Denniston  J.  A  ,  148  N.  Clark  street. 
Gay  &  Cnlloton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 
Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 
Hickey  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 
Hartmann  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  Ave. 
Kelly  Thomas  &  Bros.  75  Jackson  street. 
Klein  Stephen.  712  and  714  Milvpaakee  ave. 
Meany  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 
Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-second  street. 
Murray  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 
Nacey  P.,  339  \\  abash  avenue. 
Nenstadt  Fred.,  300  North  avenue, 
f  rouabco  H.  P.,  86  and  38  Dearborn  street. 
Reilly  Joseph  <5c  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 
Roche  J.  H.,  208  Thirty-first  street. 
Roughan  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 
Ruh  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 
Sanders  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 
Schmidt  Ira  T.,  191  E.  Indiana  street. 
Sullivan  John,  320  Division  street, 
Tumulty  J.  W  ,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 
Wade  J.  J..  Ii2  Dearborn  street. 
Weber  &  Weppnpr,  244  N.  Clark  street. 
Whiteford  David,  346  W.  Randolph  street. 
Wilson  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 
Young,  Gatzert,  <t  Co..  995  W.  MadiROn  street. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


JJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  .50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  References.  Loudon  agent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  S.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitary 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E  ,  M  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Constmo- 
tion  Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING.  Jr.,  M.Inst  C-  E 

Consclting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPMAN  &,  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  R.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 


gAML.  O.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 
Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Rialto  Building, 


Bridges  and  Municipal  Works, 
Chicago. 


28 


J^M.  PAUL   GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  (lorres- 
pondence  solicited  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City.  


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


POK  SALE.  — A  I'ROSPEROI  S  PLUMBING 
business,  located  in  one  of  the  larfje  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hainl.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
I'l.UMK,  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


A  KIKST-CLASS  OPPORTUNITY  TO  GET  A 
ffood  business  cheap.  As  I  wish  to  retire  from 
ihe  business,  I  will  sell  inv  stock  of  pluinbing  goods 
(which  will  invoice  f2,.500.00)  for  $-.i,000.(K),  cash  or 
good  security.  I  have  a  good  p.aying  business  in 
Rockford,  111.,  and  the  prospects  first-class.  Apply  to 
"J.  H.,"  TiiK  SANrrARY  Niiws. 


POR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
iness,  four  j'ears  cstiiblished  In  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.     Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
Address  "  \V.  F,  T.,"  The  Sanitary  Nkws, 


UR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLY-INVITED 
to  use  this  column  ■when  in  need  of  help  in  any  of  the 
professions,  trades  or  businesses  to  tvhtch  this  journal 
is  dex'Oled.  Such  advertisements  ivill  be  inserted  free, 
and  ansiuers  can  be  addressed  care  of  The  Sanit.\RY" 
News,  88  and  9o  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


\sr  ANTED.  —  THOROUGllLV  COMPETENT 
'  •  man  as  foreman  in  ])luinbing  shop.  Must  have 
had  e-xperience  in  tigurintf,  overseeing  work,  etc.,  in 
Chicago,  and  give  first-class  references.  Address, 
with  full  statement  of  qualifications  and  present  posi- 
tion, "H.,"  The  Sanit.vry-  News. 


Aiy ANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
'  '  a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  t<ake 
full  charge  of  work,  make  estimates  and  aole  to  handle 
the  business  from  soliciting  and  making  bids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  \V.  H.  S.,  1212 
Douglas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 


ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrions  men. 


w 

Address,""  F.,"  The  Saxit.\kv  News. 


TITANTED.  —  A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 

'  '  Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  applv.  The  \Vm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURLVG  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
to  Tvhich  this  journal  is  devoted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  ansiuers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  TiiK  Sanitary' 
News,  88  and  90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


CITUATION  WANTED— AS  BOOKKEEPER  IN 
plumbing  business  in  Western  citv.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  S.\nitarv  News. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


CI'lUATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
*^  draughtsman  and  designer,  with  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  supervising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  Age,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Address,  "  E.  G.,"  The  Sanitary'  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
competent  heating  engineer.     Can   do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.    I^ocation  no 
object.    Address,  "  H.  E.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


John  C.  Coonley,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg  and 

ham,  40.\75.'£3e  38x58.x32,  618  Division  st; 

a.  Pond  Bros   $60,lKX) 

W.  E.  Hale,  15  sty  and  bst  brk,  offices  56x85, 

100-4  State  st;  a,'  Burnham  &Root   185,000 

J.  M.  Cumming,  4  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  100x48, 

11,50  .58  Congress  st   15,00(1 

Frank  H.  Barry,  3  3  stv  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  .50x68, 

32-23  27  Wabfish  ave';  O.  VV.  Marble   Iti.OOO 

Jno.  Marder,  3  sty  and  bst  and  brk  dwllg,  44x70, 

4T50  VVoodlawn  st;  a,  F.  W.  Perkins   25,000 

J.  G.  Chimin,  5  2  sty  and  bst  hrk  flats,  105x46, 

617  -25  53d  st;  a,  W.  W.  Meyers   12,000 

Frank  H.  Barry,  6  3  stv  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  100 

xB8,  45th  and'Ellls  ave;  a,  O.  X.  Marbel   32,0t)0 

Jas.  A.  Parish,  6  2  sty  and  bst  frn  dwllgs,  lOOx 

60,  Berkley  and  W.'44th  sts   12,000 

Epworth  M.  E.  Church,   1  sty  brk  church,  52x 

108,  Berwin  .and  Goodwin  sts;  a,  F.  B.  Town- 
send   20,000 

P.  J.  Lynch,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  fits,  50x 

60.X45  43x56.x45,  4125-27  Halsted  st;   a,  J. 

Speyes   33i000 

McCa'wley  it  Swartwout,  3  sty  and  bst  brk 

dwllg,  4'4.x38,  66th  near  Winter  st;  a,  Howe  * 

Shelton   12,000 

D.  Bourgeois,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  25x65,  12 

York  st;  a,  E.  H.  Turnvek   5,000 

C.  C.  Fowler,  3  sty  and  bst  brk,  2:3.x80,  3703  State 

st;  a,  Fowler  ct  Carr   9,500 

Thomas  Berkeland,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  21x80, 

164  W.  Huron  st;  a,  Lupkess  A:  Thisslem....  6, -500 
Mrs.  M.  Benedict,  2  sty  and  bst  frm  dwllg,  27x 

.58,  60Ui  and  W.  Wharton  ave;  a,  Theo.'Earls  8,(XI(I 
Ed.  W.  Murphy,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  25 

x65,  52-2,  63rd  st;  a,"J.  N.  Emmons    6,CtK) 

J.  S.  O'Brien,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits,  iSx 

48,  3225  Cottiige  Grove  ave ;  a,  J.  Speyes   5, 000 

-Albert  E  Stone,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and  flts,  22 

x80,  979  W.  l-2th  st;  a,  Kaiser  A  Landt   8,000 

William  Borden,  1  sty  rear  add  20x80,  39  47  Rush 

st   8,0.0 

Evangelical  Church,  1  sty  frame  church,  40x60, 

Lawrence  and  Milwaukee  sts   7,000 

John  Gaynor,  4  sty  and  bstbrk  hotel,  22x80,  162 

Viin  Buren  st;  a,  J.  N.  Ackerman   7,000 

Leamy  ,t  Green,  2  2  sty  and  bst  brk  flts,  50x60, 

1471-73  Monroe  st;  a,  Leamy  &  Green   8,000 

Evangelical   Lutheran   Church,  1   sty  frame 

church,  50x80,  Humboldt  and  Byron  sis;  a. 

Win.  Ohlhaber  '.   8,000 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^F=G  CO.  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

[Factory,  Broolrlyaa.,  XT.  "S".]  CHIC-A-GrO. 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KIXTINOS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES. 

 o  

Orders  Cakefclly  FilijED. 


NATURK'S  RKMEDIES 


413   MINNESOTA  STREET  (NEAR  7TH). 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.,  U.  S.  A. 

Prepare  the  moat  eftective  group  of  Hemedies  extant.  Componnded  of  roota  and  lierbe,  from  formulas 
which  have  been  used  and  tested  for  over  fifty  years  by  physicians  of  scientific  attainments  and 
special  genius.   Nature's  own  Uoraodies,  prompt,  mild  and  certain  in  their  action,  and 
lasting  in  their  curative  effects 

NATURE'S  CATARRH  REMEDY.    NATURE'S  LIFE  TONIC. 
NATURE'S  LIVER  RENOVATOR.   NATURE'S  LUNG  ELIXIR.  NATURE'S  PAIN  RELIEVER. 

Over  1,S0  pprwms  have  iK'cn  tionted  at  our  office  durinK 


Thk  Catarrh  Remkdy  is  a  sovereign  cnro    

the  past  month,  the  majority  of  whom  feel  already  cured,  and  \*i  per  cent,  of  the  others  fetd  contidoni  of  a 
cure,  The  Life  ToNio  is  a  jioworfnl  appetizer,  stomach  tonic,  ami  blood  purifier.  TnK  LtVKH  UltN- 
OVATOR  is  a  sure  stimulant  of  the  liver  and  cleanser  of  the  bowels  and  system.    TnK  LiiNO  Llixib  i»  a 


mild  and  certain  remedy  in  allhing  and  throat  affections  TuK  Pain  Hki-IKVKB  is  an  external  applica- 
tion for  Neuralgia,  Tooth-nche,Enr  ache,  Hrnises,  Chilblains,  etc. 

This  ComiHinv  was  organizeil  by  some  of  the  best  business  men  of  Ht  Paul  anil  MiuueapoliH,  iinjl  llie 
Remedies  \vill  he  "found  all  that  is  (•hiinied  for  them.    The  most  danokroi-s  disease  of  the  present  day  18 
Catarrh,  and  llumgh  you  nuiv  have  tried  many  preparations,  it  will  pav  lou  to  investigate  as  to  the  menu 
of  NATUKE'H  CATARHH  llEMF.DY,  for  it  is  workinu  some  wonderful  cures, 
Hendfor  circulars  and  seetestimony  of  prominent  persons  cured. 


May  24,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


37 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUBIJSHED  EVERY  SATURDAY 

 AT  

No.  90  La  Salle  Street,     -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson,       -  -  Publisher, 

a.  H.  Harrvman,  -  Editor. 

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Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the  office  of  its  London  agent, 
Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 
A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from  the  first  issue,  are  still 
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$3.00.     The  entire  fifteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  library    on  sanitary 
subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  37 

Our  Census  of  Manufactures  37 

What  Our  Schools  May  Do  for  Sanitary  Science   ■          ■          -  -  38 

The  National  Society  of  Building  Inspectors    -          -          -  -         -  39 

American  Water-Works  Association — President's  Address         -  -  40 

"                  "                  "         — Report            -         •  -         -  41 

PLUMBING  

Should  Apprenticeship  be  Regulated  by  State  Legislation,  and  on 

What  Conditions  Should  Indentures  be  Granted  ?       -  -  \'Z 
Plumbers  and  Their  Work            ------  48 

Jerry  Plumbing  43 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association              -          -  -         .  44 

Among  the  Plumbers  33 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done    -         -         -  -  45 

Heating  and  Lighting  40 
Water  Works  Notes  -------  45 

Sewerage  Notes  4g 

Bids  and  Contracts  47 


At  a  meeting  held  recently  in  connection  with  the  District 
Council  for  Bristol,  Gloucester,  Somerset  and  Wilts  counties,  Ene:- 
land,  for  the  registration  of  plumbers,  the  following  resolution  was 
adopted:  "That  in  view  of  the  public  importance  of  a  recognized 
qualification  of  plumbers,  we  desire  respectfully  to  call  upon  all 
public  bodies,  local  authorities,  architects,  and  the  public  gener- 
ally, in  Bristol  and  throughout  the  counties  of  Gloucester,  Somer- 
set and  Wilts,  to  support  the  movement  by  giving  preference  to 
registered  plumbers."  Such  a  resolution  is  as  good  for  this  coun- 
try as  for  England.  The  death-rate  of  a  city  can  be  raised  or 
lowered  according  to  the  efficiency  of  the  plumbing.  The  proper 
qualification  of  plumbers  is  of  public  interest,  and  the  public  should 
approve  and  support  those  measures  calculated  to  raise  the  stand- 


ard of  workmanship  and  promote  the  skill  and  learning  of  the 
plumber;  and  there  is  every  reason  why  the  best  of  sentiment 
should  prevail  on  the  part  of  the  public  toward  the  plumbing  fra- 
ternity in  its  efforts  to  promote  the  best  sanitary  plumbing. 

The  subject  of  cleaning  the  streets  and  alleys  brings  up  the 
other  one  of  making  them  ?<«clean.  It  is  much  easier  to  make 
streets  and  alleys  dirty  and  filthy  than  it  is  to  keep  them  clean. 
One  great  trouble  is,  the  people  do  not  exercise  care  enough  in 
disposing  of  the  ashes  and  house-refuse.  They  are  largely  to 
blame  for  the  disreputable  appearance  of  many  of  the  alleys  in 
this  city.  Garbage,  that  should  be  placed  in  a  proper  receptacle, 
is  thrown  out  on  the  street  or  back  in  the  alley,  and  then  a  cry  goes 
up  that  the  city  officials  do  not  do  their  duty.  Of  course,  they 
might  compel  the  people  to  do  their  duty  in  this  matter,  but  a 
hearty  co-operation  of  the  people  with  the  officials  will  bring 
about  the  sanitary  conditions  required.  It  is  not  so  much  the 
Mayor's  place  to  send  men  around  to  pick  up  the  garbage  from 
the  alleys  as  it  is  the  people's  duty  to  prevent  it  from  being  thrown 
there.  Provisions  are  made  for  the  disposal  of  all  waste,  and  while 
the  officials  should  see  that  these  provisions  are  strictly  carried 
out,  the  people  should  be  made  to  feel  that  they  also  have  a  very 
important  part  to  play  in  the  matter. 

The  milk-dealers  of  Philadelphia  oppose  an  ordinance  before 
the  council  prohibiting  the  sale  of  adulterated  or  impure  milk.  It 
is  claimed  that  its  passage  would  put  honest  dealers  to  the  trouble 
of  testing  their  own  milk  to  determine  if  it  came  up  to  the  legal 
requirements.  This  should  be  no  objection.  The  ordinance  would 
drive  dishonest  men  out  of  the  business  or  cornpel  them  to  become 
honest  greatly  to  the  benefit  of  the  public.  Such  laws  are  enacted 
for  the  dishonest  men,  and  cannot  hurt  the  honest  dealers.  It  is 
also  not  a  matter  of  convenience  for  the  dealers,  but  a  matter  of 
protection  for  the  people,  and  the  public  good  is  paramount  to  all 
individual  enterprises.  The  great  mortality  of  infants  is  one 
reason  why  milk  should  be  pure,  and  the  sale  of  such  milk  only 
should  be  enforced.  Besides,  when  people  buy  and  pay  for  pure 
milk  they  should  not  receive  the  adulterated  article. 

The  publication  in  the  German  papers  that  the  member  of  the 
resident  consumptives  of  San  Remo  and  Mentone,  in  northern 
Italy,  is  steadily  on  the  increase,  has  greatly  excited  the  natives 
of  that  region.  The  cause  of  this  increase  is  stated  to  be  the 
sojourn  of  consumptives  to  that  country  in  search  of  health  in  the 
balmy  air  of  the  Mediterranean  sea  and  the  undoubted  contagious- 
ness of  the  disease.  The  people  of  southern  California  protest 
against  that  country  being  made  the  transient  home  of  consump- 
tives who  spread  the  disease  among  the  natives.  All  this  forcibly 
suggest  the  care  that  should  be  obsered  by  consumptives  wherever 
they  be.  It  is  now  known  that  a  consumptive  can  even  inoculate 
and  re-inoculate  himself  if  proper  care  is  not  taken  in  disinfecting, 
and  the  contagiousness  of  the  disease  is  no  longer  questioned. 
Health  resorts  and  salubrious  climates  are  recommended  to  such 
patients,  but  without  proper  care  great  harm  may  grow  out  of  this 
method  of  treatment,  as  the  health  of  others  is  continually 
menaced. 

OUR  CENSUS  OF  MANUFACTURES. 

Under  this  head  Robert  P.  Porter,  Superintendent  of  Census, 
sends  out  an  address  calculated  to  impress  the  manufacturers  of 
the  country  with  the  importance  of  a  full  report  of  their  inter- 
ests in  the  Eleventh  Census.  We  publish  it  below,  as  it  is  of  gen- 
eral interest  and  should  receive  the  attention  of  manufacturers: 

On  the  2d  day  of  June  the  work  of  collecting  statistics  of  man- 
ufacturers for  the  report  of  the  Eleventh  Census  will  be  inaugur- 
ated throughout  the  entire  country.  The  value  of  this  report  must 
depend  wholly  upon  the  accuracy  and  thoroughness  with  which 
manufacturers  answer  questions  propounded. 

The  personal  interests  of  every  manufacturer  are  involved  in 
the  character  of  the  report  on  manufacturers.  It  will  be  quoted 
for  the  next  ten  years  as  the  official  announcement  of  the  exact 
industrial  condition  of  the  country,  and  will  be  the  basis  for  any 
future  legislation  that  may  be  enacted  in  regard  to  the  wants  of 
our  people,  whether  engaged  in  agricultural  or  mechanical  pur- 
suits. Therefore  it  is  of  vital  importance  to  each  manufacturer 
that  an  accurate  report  shall  be  made. 


38 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  329 


The  Superintendent  of  Census  has  taken  every  possible  pre- 
caution in  the  preliminary  work  to  make  this  census  complete 
and  satisfactory,  and  the  earnest  co-operation  of  those  engaged  in 
productive  industry  is  all  that  is  now  necessary  to  secure  valuable 
results. 

Every  manufacturer  should  bear  in  mind  that  his  answers  to 
the  questions  relating  to  his  business  are  held  strictly  confidential, 
are  not  disclosed  to  any  competitor  or  to  other  persons,  and  are 
not  used  by  the  government  as  predicate  for  the  purposes  of  taxa- 
tion or  license,  or  in  any  way  to  adversely  affect  his  individual 
business.  This  assurance  is  printed  on  each  schedule  over  the 
signature  of  the  Superintendent  of  Census. 

The  expert  Special  Agent  in  charge  of  this  branch  of  census 
work,  Mr.  Frank  R.  Williams,  has  personally  visited  the  principal 
manufacturing  centers  and  consulted  representative  manufactur- 
ers, the  publishers  of  trade  journals,  and  practical  business  men 
generally,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  proper  scope  of  the 
inquiry  for  eachbranch  of  manufacture.  The  questions  contained 
in  the  census  schedules  are  those  suggested  by  the  manufacturers 
and  other  persons  most  interested  in  the  progress  of  the  country, 
and  cover  ground  absolutely  essential  to  the  proper  presentation 
of  its  industrial  conditions  and  resources. 


WHAT  OUR  SCHOOLS  MAY  DO  FOR  SANITARY 
SCIENCE.* 

One  may  have  the  greatest  admiration  for  the  church  and  its 
work,  may  fully  believe  in  its  divine  origin  and  its  divine  preserva- 
tion throughout  the  ages,  and  still  hold  that  the  public  school 
system  of  the  United  States  may  be  our  greatest  moral  and  social 
agency.  I  must  not  be  understood  as  claiming  that  the  school 
ascends  into  the  higher  realm  of  religion,  or  that  it  can  in  any  way 
take  the  place  of  the  church,  but  simply  that  it  occupies  a  unique 
position  and  bears  a  masterful  relation  to  the  onward  march  of  the 
Great  Republic.  The  factors  in  the  problem  which  we  wish  to 
consider  are  these  : 

1.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men  and  women,  consti- 
tuting a  class  of  people  far  above  the  general  average  of  our  pop- 
ulation, in  education,  culture,  refinement  and  moral  uplifting,  are 
devoting  their  lives  to  the  work  of  instruction  in  the  common 
schools  of  our  country.  I  say  dc7)oting,  advisedly.  That  word 
means  "to  set  apart  or  dedicate  by  solemn  act;  to  consecrate." 
The  pecuniary  reward  given  the  average  teacher  for  his  toil  is  so 
immeasurably  beneath  his  responsibilities  that  he  cannot  be  said 
to  labor  for  dollars  and  cents. 

2.  The  school  enrollment  of  the  United  States  averages  almost 
20  per  cent,  of  the  total  population.  Assuming  that  there  are  not 
less  than  60,000,000  of  people  now  living  within  our  territorial 
limits,  it  follows  that  12,000,000  are  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21 
years.  Of  this  vast  number,  over  8,000,000  actually  attended  the 
public  schools  of  the  country  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  during 
the  past  year.  Few  of  us[can  fully  comprehend  this  factor.  A  re- 
statement may  be  of  some  assistance.  The  school  attendance  during 
the  past  year  was  more  than  twice  as  great  as  the  entire  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States  in  1790,  when  we  may  be  said  to  have 
fully  recovered  from  the  war  of  the  revolution;  larger  than  the 
total  population  of  1812,  when  for  the  second  time  we  attempted  a 
great  war  with  the  mother  country;  while  the  school  enrollment 
of  the  past  year  was  larger  than  the  population  of  those  Southern 
States  which,  so  lately  as  '61,  taxed  to  their  utmost  the  resources 
of  the  North. 

3.  In  all  thickly  settled  districts,  the  public  schools  are  abun- 
dantly and  most  cheerfully  supported  by  the  tax-payers.  In  the 
wide  range  of  government  life  there  is  nothing  that  so  nearly  ap- 
proaches our  ideal  as  the  way  in  which  the  rich  and  the  poor,  the 
mechanic  and  his  employer,  the  ignorant  and  the  learned,  the  man 
with  children  and  the  man  without,  contribute  on  the  basis  of  their 
wealth  for  the  support  of  these  universities  of  the  jieople.  Our 
schools  are  the  pride  of  every  community,  and  the  buildings  are 
always  in  advance  of  other  public  improvements.  We  may  com- 
plain of  our  city  fathers  for  squandering  our  money  on  town  halls, 
new  streets,  water-works  and  natural  gas,  but  we  never  complain 
of  a  judicious,  even  if  extravagant,  expenditure  of  money  on  our 
public  schools. 

*  Special  paper  by  E.  T.  Nelson,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  iiieiiiber  of  the  Oliio  Stite 
Hoard  of  Health,  read  before  the  Ohio  Medical  Association  iit  Springfield. 


All  reforms  of  a  permanent  character  must  have  their  founda- 
tion in  the  common  schools.  The  children  of  to-day  will  be  our 
rulers  to-morrow,  and  the  seed  sown  here  and  now  will  soon  bear 
fruit  in  every  home  and  factory  and  hamlet  of  our  country. 

An  epidemic  of  diphtheria  may  compel  a  village  to  clean  its 
gutters,  out-buildings  and  barn-yards,  but  the  cleaning  is  only  a 
spasm  which  will  disappear  as  soon  as  the  nervous  tension  is  fully 
relieved  by  medical  treatment.  A  community  living  in  filth  for 
fifty  years  cannot  become  virtuous  in  a  single  night,  unless  their 
conversion  is  of  the  same  type  as  that  of  Saul  of  Tarsus;  and  it 
may  be  questioned,  from  the  examples  all  about  us,  whether  re- 
ligion will  always  induce  a  man  to  clean  up  his  yard  and  take  a 
daily  bath.  Reforms  in  towns  and  cities  are  of  slow  growth  on  ac- 
count of  the  wilful  ignorance  of  the  masses,  the  prejudice  of  prop- 
erty-owners, and  the  indifference  of  the  authorities. 

The  case  with  schools  is  very  different.  They  may  easily  be- 
come the  molders  of  public  opinion  and  popular  taste,  and  the 
source  of  all  true  educatian  in  matters  of  health  and  of  sanitary 
science,  as  they  are  already  of  arithmetic,  history  and  grammar. 
The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  point  out  a  few  of  the  many  direc- 
tions in  which  the  schools  of  the  state  and  country  may  be  made 
to  contribute  to  the  sanitary  welfare  of  the  people.  The  programme 
for  this  evening  is  so  crowded  that  anything  like  a  full  discussion 
of  these  subjects  is  impossible. 

Starting  at  those  things  which  are  outside  and  most  obvious, 
the  school-grounds  should  have  a  perfectly-kept  lawn.  No  weeds 
should  show  their  heads  above  the  level  sward.  Trees  and  shrubs 
of  rare  value  and  beauty  should  be  planted  in  symmetrical  groups, 
and  should  be  interspersed  with  beds  of  choicest  flowers. 

Such  a  school-yard  would  be  worth  many  times  its  cost  to  any 
village  or  city  as  an  object-lesson.  It  would  attract  pupils  to  the 
schools,  hold  them  there  by  affection,  and  develop  in  them  the 
esthetic  taste.  It  would  start  an  epidemic  of  improvement 
throughout  the  entire  community  which  would  not  call  for  medical 
treatment  or  the  kind  offices  of  a  board  of  health.  It  would  add 
dollars  of  value  to  every  town  lot,  and  health,  pleasure  and  com- 
fort to  every  mhabitant.  The  fame  of  such  a  place  would  soon 
pass  far  beyond  its  town  limits. 

As  I  write  these  words,  the  mail-boy  brings  to  my  desk  a  Nash- 
ville paper.  The  editor  calls  attention  to  the  sad  and  unkept 
condition  of  Southern  towns  and  cities.  Quoting  the  words  of  an 
English  tourist,  he  says:  "  Kentucky,  seen  from  our  car  windows, 
is  very  much  like  Missouri — unkempt,  uninteresting.  The  towns 
are  small,  poverty-stricken  and  dirty."  In  the  same  editorial  a 
writer  is  made  to  say:  "Amherst  is  a  typical  New  England  col- 
lege town.  If  cleanliness  is  next  to  godliness,  Amherst  must  be  a 
godly  place — clean  houses,  clean  sidewalks,  clean  streets.  Beau- 
tiful lawns  are  unprotected  by  fences,  and  yet  no  damage  is  done, 
for  the  tinkling  of  the  cow-bell  is  not  heard  in  the  streets."  He 
adds:  "  Nashville,  in  these  hot  summer  days  has  miles  of  side- 
walks and  gutters  encumbered  with  grass,  and  acres  of  houses  and 
vacant  lots  grown  up  to  weeds." 

But,  Mr.  President,  those  of  us  who  have  traveled  through  New 
England  know  that  very  much  of  the  com[)liment  bestowed  upon 
Amherst  is  due  to  the  refining  influences  of  college  and  school. 

These  beautiful  school  grounds  become  a  constant  object-les- 
son in  sanitary  science.  Disease  and  dirt  are  twins.  Tall  weeds 
shelter  filth,  filth  breeds  miasm  and  miasm,  death.  Zymotics  and 
cleanliness  are  incompatibles.  Long  life  is  a  commodity  for  sale 
in  the  open  market,  but  often  bartered  away  for  less  than  a  mess 
of  pottage.  A  love  of  nature,  a  love  of  order  and  neatness,  and 
the  true  and  proper  development  of  the  esthetic  sense,  may  be 
fostered  throughout  the  entire  community,  by  the  expenditure  of 
a  small  sum  of  money  in  the  adornment  of  the  school  grounds. 

The  American  notion  of  the  school  play  ground  stands  most  in 
the  way  of  these  ideas.  We  have  been  taught  that  the  health  of 
the  pupils  for  twenty-four  hours  depends  upon  a  ten-minute's 
recess,  taken  twice  a  day,  and  in  order  that  the  exercise  then  taken, 
may  be  as  violent  as  that  indulged  in  by  the  Hivatsa  Indians,  the 
entire  school  yard  must  be  given  up,  while  over-flow  meetings  are 
held  in  the  adjacent  streets  and  in  all  vacant  house  lots. 

Thus  that  public  square,  which  is  often  the  most  central  and 
should,  for  the  reasons  I  have  given,  be  the  most  beautiful  one  in 
the  city  or  village,  becomes  a  by-word  and  a  reproach,  and  is  only 
tolerated  because  we  arc  so  thoroughly  accustomed  to  it. 


May  24,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


39 


All  that  has  been  asked  for  the  lawn  in  front  of  the  building 
will  be  claimed  for  the  rear  of  the  grounds  and  for  out-buildings 
of  all  kinds.  Sanitary  science,  though  as  yet  in  its  infancy,  has 
passed  beyond  the  experimental  stage  in  its  treatment  of  the 
refuse  of  our  homes  and  habitations.  School  funds  arc  ample  for 
the  most  perfect  sewerage  and  drainage.  Our  boards  of  education 
should  be  compelled  to  seek  the  highest  sanitary  advice  and  the 
employment  of  sanitary  systems  of  known  value,  and  all  this  from 
the  double  standpoint  of  health  and  education.  Many  of  our 
school  grounds  are  in  these  respects  a  disgrace  to  civilization  and 
a  menace  to  the  lives  of  the  community. 

A  very  prominent  superintendent  stated  publicly,  during  the 
present  summer,  that  when  visiting  schools,  he  first  examined  the 
grounds  and  premises.  If  he  found  them  unkept,  and  disfigured 
by  pencil  and  knife,  he  cared  nothing  for  the  exhibitions  in  the 
rooms  above.  He  knew  that  the  superintendent  was  entirely 
unfitted  for  his  great  work  and  the  schools  unsatisfactory. 

The  subject  of  ventilation  is  the  one  about  which  the  American 
public  is  in  most  need  of  instruction.  Not  one  house  in  a  hundred 
is  properly  ventilated — not  one  person  in  a  thousand  understands 
the  alphabet  thereof.  Hence  the  more  reason  for  demanding  the 
introduction  of  some  rational  system  into  every  public  school 
building  in  our  state  and  country.  It  is  not  my  purpose  to  name 
or  advocate  any  special  system  or  theory,  but  simply  to  assert  that 
here  also  sanitary  science  has  passed  its  experimental  stage  and 
that  success  is  assured. 

There  are  school  rooms,  not  a  few  within  our  state,  where  the 
entire  volume  of  air  can  be  removed  and  changed  in  from  five  to 
eight  minutes — rooms  crowded  with  children,  and  the  air  as  pure 
and  free  from  odor  at  twelve  o'clock  as  at  nine.  State  law,  as  well  as 
public  conscience,  should  compel  the  demolition  of  the  thousands 
of  old  rookeries  which  have  served  their  day  and  generation  as 
school-houses,  and  the  erection  of  the  modernized  temple  of  edu- 
cation— well-lighted,  well-heated,  and  thoroughly  ventilated. 

From  ventilation  to  the  care  of  the  person  is  an  easy  transition. 
The  subjects  of  physiology  and  hygiene  have  been  introduced  into 
our  courses  of  study.  This  is  well;  indeed  it  is  sublime,  and  if  the 
teachers  of  the  state  rise  to  the  full  measure  of  their  responsi- 
bilities, the  results  of  this  new  education  will  be  as  far-reaching  as 
the  Mississippi,  and  boundless  as  the  ocean.  The  skin  and  the 
lungs  are  the  two  great  ventilating  systems  of  the  human  body, 
and  the  apparatus  is  self-acting  if  given  half  a  chance.  Dr.  Scott, 
of  Cleveland,  is  my  authority  for  the  statement  that  scores,  and  per- 
haps hundreds,  of  the  laboring  people  in  that  city,  do  not  change 
their  underclothing  from  September  to  April,  and  hardly  ever 
from  April  to  September — who  bathe,  if  at  all,  to  cool  the  body, 
not  to  cleanse  it.  The  physiology  of  the  skin  is  sufficiently  under- 
stood, the  hygiene  is  very  simple,  science  and  rational  instruction 
is  within  the  reach  of  every  teacher.  Our  public  schools  may  cer- 
tainly be  expected  to  teach  the  uses  of  the  skin,  the  poisons  which 
it  eliminates,  the  benefits  of  the  bath,  and  the  necessity  for 
change  of  clothing.  The  instruction  of  the  school-room  may  rea- 
sonably be  expected  to  enter  the  entire  field  of  human  physiology, 
and  give  pure  and  proper  information  concerning  all  the  organs  of 
the  body  and  the  great  problems  which  confront  us  at  every  turn 
in  life.  We  may  reasonably  expect  our  schools  to  teach  that  a 
small  foot  in  China  is  less  to  be  deplored  than  a  small  waist  in 
America;  that  a  high-heeled  shoe  is  hardly  less  dangerous  to  life 
and  health  than  a  fashionable  winter  bonnet  composed  of  one 
straw,  a  bird's  wing  and  two  pieces  of  ribbon;  that  where  Provi- 
dence sends  one  disease  we  bring  ninety  and  nine  upon  ourselves, 
and  that  every  death  under  70  years  of  age  is  either  suicide  or 
murder,  or  both. 

But  our  schools  must  not  stop  with  their  beautiful  lawns,  their 
scientific  plumbing,  their  perfectly  ventilated  and  well-lighted 
rooms,  their  rational  instruction  on  all  of  the  more  common  phy- 
siological problems.  There  are  other  neglected  questions  within 
their  reach,  some  of  them  settled,  others  awaiting  further  study. 

What  should  be  the  age  for  entrance  into  school,  seeing  that 
the  mortality  below  six  years  is  51.28  per  cent.,  between  six  and 
eight,  1 1.8  per  cent.,  and  between  eight  and  fourteen  only  1.5  per 
cent? 

What  are  the  true  mental  processes,  when  children  attending 
school  but  half  a  day,  develop  mentally  as  rapidly  as  those  who 
are  in  the  school-room  six  hours  each  day? 


Why  is  it  that  at  Dayton  15.35  per  cent,  of  the  pupils  in  dis- 
trict schools  are  short-sighted,  while  in  the  intermediate  grade 
17.65  and  in  the  high  school  18.32  per  cent,  are  thus  handicapped 
in  the  struggle  for  life? 

What  is  the  proper  color  for  the  "black"  board,  the  perfect  tint 
for  paper,  the  size  of  type,  the  width  of  the  column?  Shall  our 
pupils  use  slates  or  paper  tablets?  Could  a  reform  in  the  shapes 
of  the  characters,  in  which  we  write  and  print  the  English  lan- 
guage, be  brought  about,  so  as  to  avoid  some  of  those  fine  distinc- 
tions which  now  so  vex  eye  and  brain  of  the  child? 

Thoughtful  questions  and  important  problems  like  these  might 
be  multiplied  indefinitely,  but  1  must  respect  those  who  are  to  fol- 
low me  on  the  programme. 

Some  one  has  said  that  he  is  a  true  benefactor  of  his  race  who 
can  make  two  spires  of  grass  grow  when  only  one  would  grow 
without  his  aid. 

Certainly  he  is  a  benefactor  of  his  race  who  can  ward  off  from 
a  single  child  a  disease  or  a  misfortune. 

How  noble  and  almost  God-like  the  benefactor  who  can  teach 
a  nation  how  to  live,  and  secure  to  the  individuals  thereof  the 
seventy  or  eighty  years  which  are  theirs  by  the  divinity  of  their 
birth. 


NATIONAL  SOCIETY  OF  BUILDING  INSPECTORS. 
Building  Inspector  J.  M.  Hazen,  of  Minneapolis,  furnishes  us 
with  the  following  gist  of  opinions,  which  shows  the  sentiment  in 
favor  of  a  National  Association  of  Building  Inspectors.  Some 
time  last  March  a  circular  letter  was  mailed  to  the  inspectors  of 
buildings  and  the  building  exchanges  of  the  various  cities  of  the 
United  States  in  which  Mr.  Hazen  says: 

"  Having  given  much  consideration  to  the  matter  of  calling  a 
convention  of  building  inspectors,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  much 
good  would  come  out  of  such  a  meeting,  and  a  comparison  of 
views  upon  the  leading  regulations  common  to  all  cities  would  no 
doubt  be  of  great  benefit.  I  shall,  therefore,  be  glad  to  do  what 
I  can  toward  the  organization  of  such  a  body  and  ask  your  aid  and 
advice  in  the  matter. 

In  reply  to  these  invitations  Mr.  Hazen  has  received  letters  of 
encouragement  from  nearly  all  of  the  large  cities  of  the  country. 
The  general  sentiment  is  that  the  association  will  fill  a  niche 
which  has  long  been  empty,  and  that  it  will  ultimately  be  of  in- 
estimable good  to  the  municipalities  and  the  builders  whom  it 
will  effect.  A  large  number  of  replies  have  been  received,  from 
which  the  following  excrepts  have  been  taken  at  random: 

Ray  McDonald,  inspector  of  buildings  of  Louisville,  says: 
"The  suggestion  of  a  convention  of  building  inspectors  meets 
my  hearty  approval.    I  will  take  pleasure  in  aiding  the  project." 

George  Wharton,  secretary  of  the  bureau  of  building  inspect- 
ors of  Philadelphia,  wishes  the  movement  every  success. 

John  S.  Damrell,  of  Boston,  grows  enthusiastic.  He  says: 
"  Without  presenting  a  summary  why,  I  most  thoroughly  concur 
with  you.  I  will  say  this:  That  I  will  heartily  respond  to  any  call 
that  you  may  make  in  that  direction  and  co-operate  with  you. 
You  have  the  liberty  to  use  my  name  in  that  direction." 

"Believing  that  great  good  would  result,"  says  Inspector  Frank 
H.  Jackson,  of  Denver,  Col.,  "  I  am  in  favor  of  an  organization 
whose  members  could  speak  with  authority  on  matters  pertaining 
to  buildings  and  their  construction." 

Arthur  Bate,  inspector  of  buildings,  Milwaukee,  thinks  a  con- 
vention of  building  inspectors  is  desirable,  and  will  be  pleased  to 
co-operate  in  such  a  movement. 

Emil  G.  Rueckert,  inspector  of  buildmgs,  Cincinnati,  says:  "  I 
heartily  concur  in  your  opinion  as  to  the  good  of  such  a  meeting. 
It  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  by  the  fire  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
what  building  laws  are,  and  that  it  is  advisable  to  have  building 
inspectors  in  all  cities  to  enforce  the  laws  to  the  fullest  extent.  I 
would  suggest  that  you  call  a  meeting  of  all  inspectors  in  differ- 
ent cities  throughout  the  United  States  at  an  early  date." 

E.  W.  Simpson,  secretary  of  the  board  of  building  inspectors, 
Detroit,  Mich.,  says:  "  I  have  shown  your  letter  to  a  number  of 
architects  and  builders,  and  without  exception  they  are  desirous 
of  having  the  organization  perfected," 

George  C.  Whitlock,  inspector  of  buildings,  Omaha,  thinks  the 
convention  should  be  called  to  meet  at  the  same  time  and  place 
as  the  chief  engineers  of  the  fire  departments. 


40 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  329 


JohnM.  Dunphy,  building  inspector  of  Chicago,  says:  "Yes,  I 
will  co-operate  with  you  on  any  feasible  plan  to  organize  a  con- 
vention of  building  inspectors." 

Gates  A.  Johnson,  building  inspector  of  St.  Paul,  stands  ready 
to  do  all  in  his  power  to  aid  in  such  a  movement. 

Spencer  B.  Hopkins,  building  inspector  of  Providence,  R.  I., 
thinks  that  the  West  is  the  proper  locality  to  hold  the  first  con- 
vention, where,  as  he  says,  the  spirit  of  progression  seems  to  be 
natural  to  the  soil.    He  suggests  that  Chicago  be  selected. 

G.  T.  Woodward,  superintendent  of  public  buildings  and  in- 
spector of  buildings  says:  "  I  most  heartily  believe  that  it  would 
be  productive  of  much  good  to  have  a  convention  of  building 
inspectors.  I  shall  be  very  much  pleased  to  do  anything  to  help 
organize  such  a  convention." 

L.  W.  Hanson,  inspector  of  buildings  of  Portland,  Me.,  says: 
"I  most  heartily  approve  of  your  suggestion,  and  propose  this  city 
as  the  place  of  holding  it."  He  suggests  July  i  to  3,  because  the 
society  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  meets  there  at  that  time. 

J.  Theo.  Oster,  inspector  of  buildings,  Baltimore,  Md.,  says  cate- 
gorically, "The  mayor  has  instructed  me  to  attend  should  such 
a  convention  be  called." 

T.  J.  Brady,  superintendent  of  buildings,  New  York  city,  says: 
"I  think  the  object  sought  to  be  accomplished  by  such  a  conven- 
tion would  be  a  great  benefit,  and  I  will  be  pleased  to  take  part  in 
its  proceedings." 

M.  A.  Lytle,  superintendent  of  buildings  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  is 
in  favor  of  such  an  organization,  and  will  do  what  he  can  to  make 
it  a  success. 

Favorable  replies  have  also  been  received  from  the  builders' 
exchanges  of  the  following  cities:  Syracuse,  St.  Paul,  Sioux  City, 
Chicago,  Washington,  Wheeling,  Kansas  City,  Omaha,  Philadel- 
phia, Buffalo,  Detroit,  Grand  Rapids  and  Baltimore. 

Wm.  H.  Sayward,  secretary  of  the  National  Association  of 
Builders,  favors  issuing  a  call,  but  declines  on  account  of  his  posi- 
tion to  take  the  initiative. 

Mr.  Hazen  thinks  that  the  first  convention  will  be  called  in  a 
few  weeks,  to  meet  some  time  in  the  summer  or  fall  in  Chicago. 
At  this  meeting  nothing  will  be  attempted  except  organization  and 
the  appointment  of  committees.  He  thinks  that  the  first  regular 
meeting  will  then  be  called  to  meet  with  the  builders  in  New 
York  next  January. 


AMERICAN  WATER-WORKS  ASSOCIATION.— PRESI- 
DENT'S  ADDRESS.* 
GentleiTien  of  the  American  Water-Works  Associatmi: 

The  tenth  annual  meeting  of  our  organization  opens  to-day  in 
this  great  metropolis  of  the  West — a  city  marvelous  in  itself,  the 
product  of  the  energy  and  perseverance  of  her  people;  a  city, 
although  twice  devastated  by  fire,  each  time  losing  almost  the 
entire  business  center,  yet.  Phoenix-like,  she  has  arisen  from  her 
ashes  in  greater  grandeur  and  magnificence  than  ever,  peerless  in 
her  might,  and  well  worthy  to  entertain  the  world's  greatest  gath- 
ering— the  quadri-centennial  anniversary  of.  the  discovery  of  the 
country. 

We  are  met  here  to-day  in  annual  convocation  under  exceed- 
ingly pleasing  and  favorable  auspices.  But  few  of  you  present 
to-day  remember  that  exceedingly  disagreeable  2gth  day  of  March, 
len  years  ago,  when  twenty-two  determined  spirits  met  in  the  En- 
gineer's Hall  of  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  and  organized 
then  and  there  the  American  Water- Works  Association.  Of  the 
obstacles  encountered  and  overcome  many  of  you  are  aware. 
However,  these  are  but  retrospects  to  those  who  have  participated 
in  the  struggles  and  successes  of  our  early  years.  To-day  this 
association  is  the  representative  water-works  association  of  the 
world,  with  a  membership,  a  name  and  an  influence  reaching 

"  From  Greenland's  icy  mountains 
To  India's  coral  strand." 

The  original  membership  of  twenty-four,  representing  twelve 
water  companies  and  departments,  has  increased  to  over  three 
hundred,  representing  nearly  two  hundred  different  companies 
and  departments.  This  membership  is  not  alone  confined  to  our 
own  glorious  Union,  for  we  have  reached  over  the  border  and 

•Delivered  before  the  American  Water -Works  Association,  at  Chicago,  May 
1^0,  1890,  liy  President  J.  II.  Decker. 


grasped  the  hands  of  our  Canadian  brethren;  a  little  farther  and 
we  greet  one  off  in  lonely  Newfoundland;  across  the  ocean,  in  the 
mother  country,  we  claim  another;  thence,  with  a  mighty  stride, 
we  greet  our  brothers  in  far-off  India  and  the  flowery  isles  of 
Japan. 

We  are  engaged  in  an  industry  ranking  in  importance  second 
to  none — that  of  distributing  the  greatest  and  most  useful  of  the 
God-given  elements.  We  have  dependent  upon  us  millionaire  and 
mendicant,  manufacturer  and  mechanic;  none  so  rich,  none  so 
poor  as  to  be  able  to  live  without  us.  We  hold  within  our  grasp 
the  health,  the  safety  and  the  prosperity  of  the  great  cities  of  the 
nation.    Our  calling  is  a  high  and  noble  one. 

We  convene  here  to-day,  gentlemen,  in  annual  meeting,  for  the 
purpose  of  conferring  together,  comparing  notes  and  experiences, 
hearing  written  and  oral  opinions  as  to  the  best  methods  of  im- 
proving, extending  and  conducting  our  business — not  only  for  our 
own  benefit,  but  for  the  benefit  of  the  communities  we  serve.  For 
in  serving  our  respective  communities  to  the  best  of  our  ability, 
we  improve  and  strengthen  our  own  business;  for  between  the 
water-consumer  and  the  water-supplier  there  is  a  mutuality  of  in- 
terest; each  has  rights  which  the  other  should  respect.  But,  alas! 
too  often  is  it  the  case  that  this  fact  is  lost  sight  of.  Too  often  it 
is  the  rights  of  the  supplier,  particularly  in  the  cases  of  private  con- 
trol of  the  water-plant,  that  are  not  recognized. 

There  exists  in  this  country  to-day  an  almost  universal  ^jreju- 
dice  against  corporations,  which  is,  no  doubt,  more  bitter  against 
water  companies  than  any  other  corporate  body — not  necessarily 
because  their  sins  are  greater  than  those  of  others,  but  because 
they  are  brought  into  more  direct  contact  with  the  masses.  The 
fact  that  a  water  company  in  the  conduct  of  its  business  is  com- 
pelled to  place  its  property  wholly  under  the  control  of  the  con- 
sumer, and  to  be  largely  dependent  upon  his  honor  and  integrity 
for  its  use,  necessitates  the  framing  of  a  code  of  rules  or  laws,  and 
the  imposition  of  conditions  which,  to  the  average  mind,  seem 
to  be  arbitrary  and  exacting.  The  trend  of  public  sentiment  is 
growing  largely  toward  the  socialistic.  The  restraint  or  abridge- 
ment of  what  the  people  are  pleased  to  term  their  rights  and  lib- 
erties is  particularly  obnoxious,  and  will  not  be  brooked. 

But  are  the  communities  to  be  held  wholly  responsible  for 
this  state  of  affairs?  Are  not  the  water  companies  to  a  certain 
degree  responsible  for  the  public  sentiment  for  or  against  it?  The 
very  nature  of  Jour  business  necssitates  a  monopoly;  therefore  we 
should  so  conduct  it  as  to  cause  as  little  friction  and  oppression  as 
possible.  This  can  in  a  great  measure  be  accomplished  by  the 
careful  avoidance  of  any  discrimination,  either  in  the  way  of  rates 
or  privileges;  by  straightforward  and  firm,  but  courteous  enforce- 
ment of  such  reasonable  regulations  as  will  protect  both  the  in- 
terests of  the  company  and  the  consumer;  exercising  leniency  and 
forbearance  where  the  'infraction  or  transgression  is  merely  tech- 
nical; the  avoidance  of  all  disputes  and  contention  with  your  con- 
sumers and  city  authorities;  meet  all  charges  and  complaints  in 
a  kindly  and  conciliatory  manner — always  remembering  that,  "He 
that  ruleth  his  own  spirit  is  greater  than  he  thattaketh  a  city."  It 
is  doubtless  true  that  "  the  average  city  council  ...  is  a  most 
uncertain  quantity."  Invariably  there  are  one  or  more  members 
of  that  body  whose  highest  ambition  is  to  erect  a  monument  to 
themselves  by  antagonizing  all  corporations  and  monopolies  do- 
ing business  with  the  city.  But  by  pursuing  the  policy  above  out- 
lined, and  cultivating  genial  and  friendly  intercourse  with  all,  you 
remove  their  strongest  weapons;  largely  remove  the  public  preju- 
dice against  you,  and  strengthen  and  fortify  your  company  against 
opposition. 

Perinit  me  to  suggest  that  although  many  of  us  have  given  the 
best  years  of  our  lives  and  the  most  earnest  devotion  of  which  we 
have  been  capable,  to  the  advancement  of  our  profession,  still  we 
are  none  of  us  masters,  in  the  sense  that  there  is  nothing  for  us  to 
learn.  We  are  yet  students,  willing  to  learn  from  those  who  can 
teach,  and  to  profit  by  the  experience  of  others. 

Whatever  we  may  learn  is  not  for  ourselves,  but  for  the  inter- 
ests of  the  jjeople  and  those  whom  we  serve.  On]the  principle  that 
"  he  who  makes  two  blades  of  grass  grow  where  only  one  grew 
before  is  a  national  benefactor,"  so  it  is  that  in  our  profession,  as 
indeed  in  any  other,  he  who  by  his  study  and  devotion  contributes 
to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  the  people,  confers  a  national 
benefit.    Out  of  the  labors  of  this  association  there  ought  to  grow 


May  24,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


41 


— and  there  is  growing— a  higher  appreciation  of  our  work.  And 
I  look  forward  with  confidence  to  the  time  when  our  labors  will  be 
recognized  and  accepted  as  one  of  the  agencies  tending  to  the 
elevation  of  our  national  character. 

We  are  here,  gentlemen,  as  representatives  of  a  business  in- 
terest which  involves  the  very  highest  sanctions  of  science,  and 
the  best  convenience  of  the  people.  We  are  proud  of  our  calling; 
yet  we  have  duties  devolving  upon  us  of  the  greatest  importance. 

It  is  not  sufficient  that  we  take  the  waters  of  our  rivers,  lakes 
and  ponds  and  deliver  it  to  our  consumers,  charged  with  all  its 
natural  and  acquired  impurities.  But  it  is  our  duty — a  duty  which 
we  owe  alike  to  ourselves  and  our  customers — to  furnish  this  most 
necessary  of  all  the  necessities  of  life,  the  purest  and  best  obtain- 
able, to  free  that  which  we  are  furnishing  from  every  taint  and 
harmful  impurity,  ever  remembering  that  we  may  be,  unwittingly, 
the  agents  in  spreading  some  direful  epidemic;  while  on  the  other 
hand  it  is  within  our  power  to  confer  the  greatest  of  blessings 
upon  the  nation. 

Such  is  our  chosen  mission;  we  have  voluntarily  made  our- 
selves students  in  this  work,  and  while  we  are  in  the  discharge  of 
our  duties  as  such,  there  can  be  nothing  too  simple  nor  yet  too  ab- 
struse for  our  examination.  If  then  the  most  modest  among  you 
thinks  he  has  some  new  plan  or  suggestion  to  offer,  let  him  boldly 
explain  it  here,  and  we  will  take  great  pleasure  in  discussing  it  as 
becomes  earnest  business  men,  that  out  of  our  deliberations  may 
come  that  which  we  all  seek — "  The  greatest  good  of  the  greatest 
number."  If  any  have  a  question  to  ask  or  a  knotty  problem  to 
present,  upon  this  floor  is  the  proper  place  to  make  it  known,  for 
such  is  the  purpose  of  our  organization. 

The  past  decade  has  been  one  that  will  ever  be  remembered 
in  water-works  history — the  growth  in  number  of  plants  has  been 
little  short  of  miraculous.  There  were  in  i88i,  the  date  of  our  or- 
ganization in  the  United  States,  629  water-works;  in  Canada,  31. 
There  are  to-day  in  the  United  States  1820,  and  in  Canada  80,  an 
increase  of  two  hundred  per  cent.,  or  twice  as  many  as  were  con- 
structed during  the  preceding  century. 

The  capital  invested  is  about  five  hundred  millions  of  dollars 
($500,000,000);  the  annual  revenues  closely  approximate  fifty  mill- 
ions ($50,000,000);  the  length  of  mains  thirty  thousand  miles  (30,- 
000)  with  over  two  millions  (2,000,000)  taps. 

Let  us  mark  too  the  progress  in  other  directions  in  our  line. 
This  same  period  has  given  birth  to  the  mechanical  filter:  it  has 
given  us  most  marked  improvements  in  our  pumping  engines;  a 
higher  degree  in  the  efficiency  of  the  meter  and  a  degree  of  ex- 
cellence in  all  classes  of  supplies  hitherto  only  hoped  for.  To 
those  of  us  whose  experience  dates  back  into  the  decades  prior  to 
the  last,  the  progress  is  wonderful,  and  we  have  but  entered  upon 
this  age  of  progress;  those  of  us  who  may  be  spared — and  it  is  the 
sincere  wish  of  your  chairman  that  it  may  be  every  one  present 
to-day — to  meet  at  our  next  decennial  gathering,  will  have  in 
their  various  works  appliances  beyond  anything  now  thought  of. 

The  great  demand  of  to-day  is  a  satisfactory  meter  and  a  sat- 
isfactory means  of  filtration,  and  I  apprehend  with  confidence 
that  through  the  efforts  of  this  association  the  time  is  not  far  dis- 
tant when  we  shall  have  both.  This  is  a  part  of  the  work  we 
have  in  hand,  and  it  behooves  us  to  bend  every  energy  to  secure 
its  fruition. 

It  is  stated  in  our  annual  circular:  "As  each  year  rolls  'round 
we  are  more  strongly  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  united  effort 
to  place  the  business  of  water  supply  upon  a  higher  plane,  and  of 
conductmg  it  upon  a  more  uniform  and  systematic  basis." 

That  such  is  the  case,  not  a  gentleman  upon  the  floor  will  deny. 
Then,  may  I  ask,  why  is  it  that,  of  the  i.goo  water-works  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  less  than  ten  percent,  are  represented 
in  this  association?  At  a  low  estimate,  fifty  per  cent,  should  be 
enrolled,  and  there  should  be  five  hundred  active,  zealous  man- 
agers upon  this  floor  to-day.  It  certainly  cannot  be  said  that  our 
association  has  not  been  widely  advertised  and  its  aims  and  objects 
made  known.  Nor  can  it  be  urged  that  local  organizations  are 
supplying  the  want.  There  is  a  lack  somewhere.  Is  it  that  the 
individual  members  take  no  interest  in  building  up  the  ranks?  Or 
is  it  rather  more  largely  due  to  the  indifference  of  boards  of  com- 
missioners and  directories,  and  to  the  fact  that  they  will  not,  or  do 
not,  make  it  obligatory  upon  the  managers  to  attend,  and  provide 
for  the  expense  of  so  doing?    For  it  cannot  be  expected  that  the 


managers  of  the  smaller  plants  will  pay  their  own  fees  and  dues, 
with  the  additional  expense  incidental  to  our  annual  gatherings; 
they  cannot  afford  it  from  their  salaries.  Let  us  endeavor,  then, 
to  impress  ujjon  those  most  deeply  interested  in  the  success  of  our 
association  the  necessity  for  their  cordial  and  financial  support. 

Thanking  you  heartily  for  the  honor  conferred  upon  me,  I  be- 
lieve 1  may  safely  rely  upon  your  assistance  to  make  this,  the 
tenth  annual  meeting,  as  successful  in  every  particular  as  were  its 
{)redecessors. 


THE  AMERICAN  WATER-WORKS  ASSOCIATION. 
The  tenth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Water-Works  As- 
sociation was  held  at  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  May  20,  21  and  22. 
About  two  hundred  of  the  leading  engineers  and  water-works 
superintendents  from  all  over  the  Union  were  present.  The 
meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  President,  J.  H.  Decker,  on 
Tuesday  morning,  at  10:30.  After  the  few  preliminary  matters  of 
the  convention  were  disposed  of,  the  President  reviewed  the  pro- 
gress of  the  association  during  the  decade  of  its  existence,  in  a 
very  able  paper  which  appears  in  another  part  of  this  issue. 
William  B.  Bull,  of  the  committee  on  electrical  services  for  boil- 
ers, presented  a  paper  on  this  subject.  The  sessions  were  well 
attended  and  were  marked  by  keen  interest  and  sharp  debate 
on  all  the  important  subjects  which  occupied  the  attention  of  the 
convention.  It  was  soon  found  that  all  the  work  could  not  be 
done  in  two  sessions  per  day,  and  it  was  unanimously  decided  to 
hold  a  session  each  evening  in  order  to  dispose  of  all  the  business 
of  the  association  by  the  end  of  the  week.  Space  will  not  permit 
a  full  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the  convention  and  we  can 
only  give  a  hasty  glance  at  the  main  features  of  the  meetings. 
C.  N.  Priddy,  of  Leadville,  Col.,  read  a  paper,  the  "  Laying  and 
Maintaining  of  Mains,  Hydrants  and  Service  Pipes."  L.  J.  Le 
Conte,  of  Oakland,  Cal.,  prepared  a  paper  on  the  "Contamination 
of  Storage  Water  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the  Paliatives  Re- 
sorted to."  J.  P.  Donahue,  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  read  a  paper  on 
the  "  Simplified  Method  of  Book-Keeping  for  Water  Depart- 
ments." Edwin  Darling,  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  discussed  the 
"  Desirable  Efficiency  of  Hydrants  in  Connection  with  Water- 
Works."  "A  review  of  the  merits  of  the  association  and  the 
work  accomplished  in  the  past  ten  years,"  was  given  by  P.  H. 
Linneen,  of  Chicago.  Samuel  McElroy,  of  Brooklyn,  took  as  his 
subject  "The  water  power  of  Rock  River,  Michigan,"  to  illustrate 
the  "  Measurements  of  Drainage  Basins  and  Flows."  Chas.  A. 
Hauge,  of  New  York,  told  the  convention  how  to  care  for  pump- 
ing machinery  and  boilers.  C.  Monyion,  of  Cincinnati,  read  a 
paper  on  "  Water  Supplies,"  and  warned  the  consumers  of  water 
against  having  a  water  supply  to  which  sewage  is  accessible. 
William  Rienecke,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  discussed  Water-Works' 
Securities.  A.  N.  Denman,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  gave  his  views 
on  taxing  private  water  companies.  J.  Nelson  Tubbs,  chief 
engineer  of  the  water-works  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  showed  "The 
Basis  on  which  Schedules  of  Water  Rates  Should  be  Determined." 
William  Molis,  Superintendent  of  the  water-works  at  Muscatine, 
Iowa,  presented  a  paper  on  the  "Waters  of  the  Mississippi 
River."  John  T.  Lakin,  of  Rockford,  111.,  told  his  "  Experience 
with  Artesian  Wells."  F.  L.  BuUer,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  read  a 
paper  on  "  Some  Observations  and  Suggestions  Concerning  Water- 
Works  Construction."  The  convention  wound  up  with  a  banquet 
at  the  Grand  Pacific  on  Thursday  evening,  and  an  excursion  to 
Elgin  and  Pullman  on  Friday.  There  were  many  exhibits  at  the 
convention  by  the  various  manufacturers  of  water-works  supplies. 
The  Thomson-Houston  Electric  Light  Company  also  had  a  very 
fine  exhibit  in  one  of  the  rooms  of  the  hotel,  near  the  convention 
room. 

The  following  were  some  of  the  exhibitors  at  the  convention: 
The  National  Meter  Company,  N.  Y.;  T.  E.  Bolton,  Chicago; 
Illinois  Malleable  Iron  Company,  581  601  Diversey  street,  Chicago; 
The  Galvin  Brass  and  Iron  Works,  Detroit,  Michigan;  The  Bour- 
bon Copper  and  Brass  Works,  Cincinnati,  O.;  The  Western 
Valve  Company,  166  Lake  street,  Chicago;  The  United  States 
Metallic  Packing  Company,  133  South  Fourth  street,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.;  The  Deane  Steam  Pumping  Company,  Holyoke,  Mass.; 
The  National  Tube  Works,  Chicago;  The  Hersey  Meter  Com- 
pany, Boston,  Mass.;  The  International  Gas  and  Fuel  Company 
Chicago;   The  Eddy  Valve  Company,  Waterford,  N.  Y.;  The 


42 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  329 


Ashton  Valve  Company,  Boston,  Mass.;  Isaac  B.  Potts,  Columbus, 
O.;  I.  L.  Mott  Iron  Works,  Chicago;  The  American  Tube  and 
Iron  Company,  q8  John  street,  New  York;  James  B.  Clow  &  Son, 
Lake  and  Franklin  streets,  Chicago;  Henry  R.  Worthington,  N. 
Y.;  The  Northwestern  Rubber  Company,  Chicago;  Goodsell's 
Packing  Mill  and  Mining  Supplies,  Chicago;  H.  Mueller  Manu- 
facturing Company,  Decatur,  III;  The  Gordon  Steam  Pump 
Company,  Hamilton,  O.;  Walter  S.  Payne  &  Co.,  Fostoria,  O. 


PLUMBING. 


SHOULD  APPRENTICESHIP  BE  REGULATED  BY  STATE 
LEGISLATION,  AND  ON  WHAT  CONDITIONS  SHOULD 
INDENTURES  BE  GRANTED?* 

Whether  state  legislation  should  regulate  the  plumbing  ap- 
prentice may  fairly  be  an  open  question.  The  trade  is  peculiar  in 
many  respects  from  other  callings.  A  brief  glance  at  some  of  these 
peculiarities  and  the  qualities  they  demand  from  the  apprentice 
may  aid  us  in  our  answer. 

1.  It  differs  from  nearly  every  other  trade  in  the  variety  of 
materials  employed.  The  carpenter  confines  himself  almost  ex- 
clusively to  wood,  the  mason  to  stone,  the  bricklayer  to  brick,  and 
so  on  through  the  list;  but  the  plumber  has  not  only  to  be  a  worker 
in  lead,  as  his  name  indicates,  but  must  handle,  to  an  increasing 
extent,  goods  of  brass,  iron,  zinc,  copper,  marble,  earthenware, 
slate  and  wood — in  fact,  nearly  every  substance  used  in  mechan- 
ical construction.  The  inference  from  this  is,  we  need  apprentices 
of  versatility  and  intelligence. 

2.  In  most  of  the  other  trades  the  hands  are  worked  in  gangs, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  employer  or  foreman.  The  nature  of 
our  business  seldom  permits  of  this,  but  the  men  are  scattered 
around  singly  or  in  pairs  upon  the  different  jobs  under  way. 
They  are  necessarily  left,  the  greater  part  of  the  time,  to  their  own 
devices.  The  amount  of  work  done  is  proportioned  to  the  size  of 
their  conscience.  Again,  we  send  them  to  the  dwellings  of  our 
customers,  and  the  plumber  has  to  be  a  privileged  person.  Every 
room  in  the  house  has  to  be  accessible  to  him.  Articles  of  value 
are  often  left  carelessly  around.  To  the  credit  of  our  men  and 
boys,  let  it  be  said  that  these  articles  are  seldom  touched.  But 
the  conclusion  to  be  drawn,  from  the  nature  of  both  our  contract 
and  job  work,  is  that  our  apprentices  must  be  honest. 

3.  Another  peculiarity  of  the  plumbing  trade  is  that  it  is  daily 
partaking  of  a  more  scientific  character.  Mechanical  skill  is  and 
always  must  be  of  the  utmost  importance,  but  the  plumber  who 
stops  at  that  is  not  fitted  for  the  trade  in  its  present  development. 
He  must  be  capable  of  applying  scientific  principles  to  his  craft; 
he  must  be  conversant  with  the  more  important  laws  of  pneu- 
matics, hydrostatics  and  thormotics.  It  is  necessary  that  hejshould 
be  capable  of  distributing  his  supply  and  waste  pipes  according  to 
their  area  and  capacities;  he  must  be  familiar  with  the  conditions 
of  syphonage,  and  know  when  to  take  advantage  of  them  and 
when  to  counteract  them;  he  must  understand  where  and  why 
water  can  and  when  it  cannot  be  depended  upon  to  stop  the  pass- 
age of  the  deadly  sewer  gas;  he  should  be  aware  of  the  ranges  of 
temperature  under  which  water  will  expand  or  contract  under 
either  heat  or  cold;  he  should  know  the  ratio  of  the  pressure  of 
water  to  the  heights  of  the  column;  in  short,  he  should  know  as 
much  as  possible  of  all  that  is  known  of  the  properties  of  gases 
and  liquids.  He  will  not  then,  unless  bound  by  specifications  of 
an  architect  who  knows  too  much  about  plumbing  to  allow  any 
suggestions  or  modifications  from  the  plumber,  put  traps  under 
his  fixtures  "one  size  larger  than  the  pipes  onto  which  connected," 
nor  supply  from  a  one-inch  pipe  six  or  eight  three-quarter  branch 
sizes,  nor  run  all  his  subordinate  branch  wastes  the  same  size  as 
the  main  into  which  they  all  discharge;  nor,  if  free  to  follow  his 
own  judgment  instead  of  the  rules  of  our  sewerage  department, 
would  he  increase  the  two-inch  vertical  waste-pipe  to  a  six-inch 
iron  horizontal  one  in  the  ground,  to  leave  a  deposit  of  filth  along 
the  bottom  of  it.  In  other  words,  the  apprentice  to  plumbing  must 
be  intelligent  and  well-informed. 

4.  But  the  peculiarity  of  plumbing  which  has  most  to  do  with 
the  question  in  hand,  is  the  close  relation  it  sustains  to  the  health 

♦Read  by  Rupert  Coleman  before  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  A.ssociation, 
May  22,  18!K). 


of  the  community.  It  is  fortunately  no  longer  necessary  to  iterate 
the  evils  of  defective  plumbing  and  sewerage.  We  know  well, 
and  the  public  also  knows  well,  that  disease  and  death  may  be  the 
price  paid  for  carelessness  in  this  particular.  We  also  know  what 
the  public  does  not  so  well  know,  that  we  can  take  ten  men  and 
give  them  a  specific  amount  of  actual  work  to  do  with  a  rea'Sonable 
assurance  that  it  will  be  satisfactorily  done;  but  that  if  we  were  to 
set  them  to  look  for  sewer-gas  there  would  perhaps  be  not  more 
than  one  man  on  whom  we  could  rely  with  similar  assurance,  feel- 
ing that  if  there  were  any  gas  he  would  definitely  ascertain  the 
fact;  or,  if  he  reported  the  home  free  from  it,  we  could  rely  with 
full  confidence  upon  his  .statement.  Men  dislike  to  do  work  when 
there  is  an  uncertainty  before  them  of  any  visible  result  of  their 
labor.  If  at  all  inclined  to  shirk  it  is  in  this  class  of  work  where 
they  will  do  it.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  impress  upon  them  the 
importance  of  the  extreme  carefulness  and  conscientiousness  that 
is  really  required.  For  nowhere  is  it  so  important.  Err  on  one 
side  and  we  may  endanger  the  health  of  men  and  the  lives  of 
women,  and  still  forever  the  voices  of  joyous,  laughing  children. 
Err  on  the  other  side  and  a  lawsuit  between  landlord  and  tenant 
may  result  with  ourselves  as  a  party  more  or  less  involved.  To 
get  thoroughly  reliable  workmen  for  this  we  must  train  them  from 
boyhood.  They  must  be  boys,  too,  of  moral  sense  and  character 
to  work  upon.    We  must  have  conscientious  boys. 

We  require,  then,  versatile,  honest,  intelligent,  conscientious 
apprentices.  Will  state  legislation  provide  us  boys  with  these 
qualities,  or  develop  those  qualities  in  them  lacking?  If  not, 
there  is  not  a  great  deal  to  be  hoped  for  from  state  legislation. 
Again,  before  State  legislation,  however  beneficial,  can  be  very 
effective  there  must  be  a  decided  change  in  the  plumbing  busi- 
ness. It  necessarily  carries  with  it  a  regulation  of  the  masters  as 
well  as  of  the  boys.  We  instance  out  of  many  cases  this:  There 
must  be  a  term  to  the  apprenticeship.  If  the  apprentice  be  bound 
to  serve  out  the  specified  time,  the  master  must  also  be  bound  to 
keep  him  that  length  of  time  as  well  as  to  afford  him  every  oppor- 
tunity to  perfect  himself  in  the  trade.  Will  such  a  thing  be  pos- 
sible in  a  business  where  a  kit  of  tools,  sometimes  a  very  poor  one, 
is  almost  all  the  capital  absolutely  necessary  to  constitute  the 
initial  stock  in  trade?  How  many  of  the  shops  will  stay  in  exist- 
ence five  years,  the  time  generally  allowed  for  learning  the  trade, 
is  problematic.  Can  steady  employment  even  for  the  apprentices 
only  be  considered  as  in  any  sense  assured? 

Again,  the  conditions  of  industry  have  been  so  changed  from 
those  under  which  the  app:;entice  systems  of  the  past  were  evolved 
and  matured  that  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  graft  them  on  the 
new  order  of  things.  To  do  so  would  be  putting  new  wine  into 
old  bottles.  We  are  in  a  transition  state.  In  fact,  doubly  so. 
There  is  a  general  movement  of  the  age  toward  mechanical  inven- 
tion and  discovery  which,  since  the  beginning  of  the  century,  has 
revolutionized  industry,  and  to  which  society  has  not  yet  com- 
pletely adjusted  itself.  And  we  also  have  not  yet  discovered  the 
new  apprenticeship  fitted  for  the  change,  and  perfected  it  to  a 
degree  sufficient  to  warrant  us  in  casting  it  into  the  permanent 
mold  of  law.  We  are  also  in  a  transition  state  nationally.  The 
country  is  passing  from  a  new,  thinly  settled,  undeveloped  country 
into  a  mature,  populous,  wealthy  and  enterprising  nation.  There 
are  many  avenues,  and  many  more  glittering  than  the  plumbing 
trade,  that  promise  comfort  and  wealth  and  better  appearance 
than  ours.  They  constitute  a  constant  temptation  for  boys  to 
abandon  the  trade.  When  the  fermenting  process  has  effer- 
vesced, honest  labor  will  reassert  itself  as  the  natural  and  only 
durable  producer  of  wealth  and  profit.  As  we  approach  that 
period  a  settled  system  of  apprenticeship  will  become  more 
capable  of  realization. 

It  would  seem  that  we  must  depend  on  ourselves  rather  than 
on  the  law.  Fortunately  we  are  not  entirely  at  sea.  The  founda- 
tion and  the  main  broad  lines  upon  which  we  are  to  raise  our 
structure  have  been  well  laid  and  carefully  drawn.  We  have  to 
go  slowly  but  faithfully  and  carefully  forward  in  the  direction 
mapped  out  for  us  by  our  able  pioneers,  Hamblin  and  Whiteford. 
Let  us  persistently  hold  on  to  the  work  they  have  done  for  us, 
adding  to  it  as  the  development  of  the  trade  will  allow. 

Let  us  then  be  careful  in  our  selection  of  apprentices.  Let 
us  endeavor  to  keep  those  we  hire  until  we  make  them  skilled 
I 'mechanics.    Since  the  qualities  we  reciuire  are  moral  as  well  as 


May  24,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


43 


physical,  let  us  not  hesitate  to  exert  a  moral  influence  over  them. 
With  our  men  we  cannot  interfere.  But  in  hiring  apprentices  we 
can  improve  conditions.  We  can  say  to  the  boy  applying  to  us: 
"  I  will  hire  you  on  condition  that  you  will  deliberately  and  hon- 
estly determine  to  learn  your  trade  and  become  manly  and  trust- 
worthy; that  during  your  apprenticeship  you  will  leave  beer  and 
liquor,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes  alone,  and  try  to  be  a  credit 
to  your  trade  and  your  shop."  They  come  to  us  in  the  most  im- 
portant period  of  their  lives,  when  the  decision  whether  they  shall 
be  good,  bad  or  commonplace  depends  not  a  little  on  ourselves. 

If  proper  care  be  experienced  here,  the  latter  of  our  inquiry 
will  require  little  consideration.  The  average  boy  can  succeed  in 
life  if  he  will  only  apply  himself  to  do  so.  By  selecting  boys 
above  the  average,  we  can,  on  the  expiration  of  their  term,  confi- 
dently procure  from  the  Apprenticeship  Committee  a  certificate 
of  their  skill  and  testimony  of  their  faithful  service.  Gentlemen, 
we  are  unselfish  enough  to  work  for  the  public  good  for  a  consid- 
eration entirely  disproportionate  to  our  services.  We  are  content 
to  do  year  after  year  an  unremunerative  business.  Appeals  to 
your  selfishness  looking  to  a  juster  profit  have  no  effect.  You 
prefer  to  continue  to  take  contracts  at  rates  that  simply  prolong 
the  struggle  for  existence.  Since  you  will  not  be  selfish,  be  un- 
selfish with  your  boys.  Give  them  your  care  and  thought  as  well 
as  your  money.  Then  as  you  turn  each  boy  out  you  may  say  to 
your  state  and  country:  "  I  received  from  you  a  raw,  untrained, 
mischief-loving,  valueless  bundle  of  flesh  and  blood.  I  return  to 
you  a  skillful  workman,  an  honest  man,  an  intelligent,  reliable, 
order-loving,  law-abiding  citizen,  and  an  addition  to  your  wealth 
such  as  Cornelia  Gracchus  of  old  had  in  mind  when,  disregarding 
her  own  wealth  and  the  display  made  by  her  companions,  she  led 
forth  her  sons,  saying:  "  These  are  my  jewels." 

JERRY  PLUMBING. 

The  following  article  was  written  by  a  provincial  registered 
plumber  to  the  London  Plumber  and  Decorator,  and  it  sounds  as 
if  it  might  have  been  written  from  some  parts  of  this  country. 
The  "jerry"  plumbing  described  is  not  unlike  that  article  pro- 
duced in  this  country,  and  some  of  his  suggestions  as  to  a  remedy 
for  this  evil  might  well  be  considered  here. 

The  term  "jerry"  is  usually  and  generally  meant  work  that  is 
done  badly  or  material  that  is  indifferent  in  quality,  but  both  have 
appearance  of  first-class  workmanship.  The  demand  for  jerry 
plumbing  was  created  by  the  builder  of  that  ilk,  and  a  class  of 
men  quickly  arose  to  supply  that  demand;  a  new  class  of  work- 
men had  to  be  found,  because  the  respectable  plumbers  would 
not  give  up  their  wiping  and  bossing  for  "bit  work  and  sheep's 
ears."  Who,  then,  were  those  men  that  supplied  Jerry  with  the 
work  he  wanted  to  suit  his  jerry-built  houses?  Why,  those  men 
who  were  failures  as  plumbers,  and  plumbers'  helpers  who  were 
never  taught  even  the  rudiments  of  the  trade;  as  the  demand 
arose  so  these  men  blossomed  out  in  all  their  glory  as  "full 
blown"  plumbers. 

Ironmongers,  with  no  practical  knowledge  of  the  trade,  jumped 
at  the  chance  of  "turning  more  money  over;"  then  they  competed 
very  keenly  amongst  themselves,  and  the  jerry  work  was  again 
cut,  aye,  and  under-cut,  until  it  was  a  matter  of  impossibility  to 
obtain  a  fair  price  for  either  workmanship  or  material.  Conse- 
quently the  cheapest  labor  was  employed,  without  regard  to  the 
abilities  of  the  man,  so  long  as  he  could  "get  the  work  in"  and  en- 
able the  ironmonger  to  get  a  "draw,"  and  enable  the  builder  to  sell 
his  house  (and  the  purchaser).  This,  then,  was  the  extent  of  the 
ironmonger's  interest,  and  the  men  that  did  the  work  had  no  fur- 
ther interest  in  it  after  they  had  left  it. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  established  firm  of  plumbers  that  has 
succumbed  to  doing  their  work  after  the  fashion  of  the  "jerry 
plumber." 

Some  time  ago,  in  company  with  another  plumber,  who  went 
to  value  the  plumbing  work  of  two  semi-detached  villas,  we  found 
the  traps  in  under  "pan"  closets  were  of  an  oblong  shape, 
something  after  the  shape  of  the  "  D  "  trap,  and  made  of  sheet 
zinc,  as  also  was  the  soil-pipe.  I  have  frequently  met  with  zinc 
soil-pipe.  Zinc  ventilating-pipe,  ranging  in  size  from  %  in.  to  4 
in.  in  diameter,  has  been  very  extensively  used;  but  the  frost  and 
snow  of  the  past  few  winters  have  and  are  playing  havoc  amongst 
them.    In  some  cases  that  I  know  of  Jerry  has  used  }i  in.  iron 


gas-pipe  as  a  means  of  ventilating  a  4  in,  soil-pipe,  some  of  which 
exist  to-day  as  a  monument  of  the  laxity  of  our  municipal  and 
health  authorities. 

Cast-iron  soil  pipes,  of  the  substance  of  a  newspaper  in  many 
places,  is  being  continually  used.  Can  anything  be  jerrier  than 
this?  The  branch  from  w.  c.  is  let  into  soil-pipe  by  means  of  a 
4-jjound  lead  T-piece,  and  permitted  to  enter  at  right  angles;  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  T-piece  a  zinc  (No.  9)  pipe  is  carried  up  and 
finished  a  few  inches  above  the  eaves,  the  close  proximity  of  sky- 
lights or  dormers  being  a  matter  of  sheer  indifference  to  Jeremiah 
and  his  lamentations. 

But  it  is  to  a  model  house,  complete  with  all  the  latest  im- 
provements, that  Jerry  is  seen  at  his  best;  he  points  to  a  "wash- 
out closet  "  as  the  latest  sanitary  invention,  and,  he  says,  it  is  now 
extensively  used  by  all  first-class  builders.  He  points  out  the 
cistern  as  being  a  "  siphonic  action,"  and  that  he  had  bought  it  for 
this  special  house,  regardless  of  expense;  but  he  takes  particular 
care  not  to  tell  that  the  flushing-pipe  from  cistern  to  w.  c.  is  only 
compo-pipe,  and  that  the  overflow-pipe  is  "corked  up;"  that  the 
joints  are  each  and  every  one  copper-bitted  or  "  tinkered."  The 
joints  on  soil-pipe  are  simply  puttied  up  and  wedged  in  their  place 
in  the  roughest  and  cheapest  way  possible. 

Leaving  the  w.  c,  let  us  look  under  the  bath  and  lavatory,  and 
we  find  them  both  "trapless,"  and  all  joints  here  again  are  "bitted," 
and  even  the  overflow-pipe  from  bath  to  bath  waste-pipe  is  soldered 
to  waste  by  means  of  a  copper  bit  joint.  I  have  recently  pulled 
out  two  baths  treated  in  this  unworkmanlike  manner.  The  neces- 
sity for  trapping  bath  and  lavatory  waste-pipes  and  for  ventilating 
them,  even  when  they  discharge  over  or  near  a  gully,  is  not  yet 
recognized  by  many  plumbers;  but  I  venture  to  submit  it  as  an 
opinion  that  this  must  be  done,  or  jerry  work  will  continue  to  live. 

Let  us  glance  at  a  jerry  job  I  met  with  a  few  weeks  ago  in  con- 
nection with  a  hot-water  supply  to  a  small  villa.  The  man  that 
did  the  work  professed  to  be  a  "  plumber;  "  but  I  happen  to  know 
that  he  has  no  knowledge  of  the  trade,  as  the  sequel  will  show. 
The  cifculating-pipes  were  of  half-inch  lead  pipe;  the  supply  cis- 
tern he  had  "made"  of  sheet  zinc  (very  light),  and  he  had  soldered 
his  pipes  to  the  cisterns — thus  dispensing  with  brass  tank  connec- 
tions; in  fact,  the  job  was  about  the  worst  I  have  ever  met  with  or 
even  heard  of.  In  this  case  he  had  been  told  to  make  a  good  job 
of  it,  and  he  did  so,  as  I  have  described  it  to  you,  and  he  received 
enough  money  to  have  put  proper  cisterns  and  one-inch  lead-pipe 
for  his  circulating-pipe.  My  advice  to'. the  owner  of  the  house  was  to 
pull  every  bit  of  the  work  out  and  to  have  it  put  in  properly;  if  the 
man  that  did  it  refused  to  do  so,  then  enter  an  action  against  him 
for  obtaining  money  fraudulently.  If  this  was  done,  what  a  splen- 
did "exposure  of  jerry  plumbing"  that  would  be! 

Some  time  ago,  a  man  who  advertised  his  business  and  him- 
self as  one  who  "  erected  sanitary  appliances  upon  modern  sci- 
ence principles,"  was  employed  to  fix  a  porcelain  urinal  in  a 
merchant's  office.  He  did  so,  and  a  short  time  afterwards  I  was 
sent  by  my  employer  to  "  force  "  the  urinal  waste-pipe,  the  same 
having  become  choked.  Upon  raising  the  flooring  board  I  found 
this  "  type  of  Jerry  "  had  fixed  i  Yz  inch  lead-pipe  from  the  urinal 
until  it  reached  the  underside  of  the  floor,  and  then  he  had  re- 
duced it  to  ^^  inch  compo  gas-pipe,  and  this  was  carried  without 
any  pretence  at  "  trapping "  for' a  distance  of  8  feet.  He  then 
cut  a  hole  in  a  lead  soil-pipe  and  stuck  the  ^/i  inch  pipe  into  it, 
and  made  the  joint  with  red  lead  putty,  and  left  it  completed. 

At  a  small  country  house,  I  recently  met  with  one  of  the  fairest 
(or  foulest)  specimens  of  jerry  builders'  and  jerry  plumbers'  work. 
The  soil-pipe  was  of  drawn  lead,  and  in  its  length  were  several 
joints,  and  the  individual  that  fixed  the  soil-pipes  soldered  the 
front  part  of  the  joints  with  the  "  bit "  and  the  back  part,  quite  a 
third  of  the  joint,  he  "  puttied,"  and  even  that  carelessly.  (I  am 
preserving  the  joints  for  use  at  some  future  meeting  of  the  Regis- 
tration Committee.)  The  joints  in  ventilating-pipes  and  drain- 
pipes were  gaping  wide  open,  and  in  one  case  about  4  feet  from 
the  well  that  supplied  the  house  with  water;  the  pipes  did  not 
even  meet  by  half  an  inch,  the  consequence  was  that  the  soil 
around  the  well  became  filthily  contaminated,  and  we  also  found 
that  the  cesspool  was  not  trapped,  but  that  it  had  a  clear  air  way 
from  cesspool  to  house,  the  result  being  an  outbreak  of  typhoid 
fever  and  death;  and  as  a  result  of  same,  a  careful  inspection  and 
test  were  made  which  revealed  the  above  defects  and  many  more 
besides. 


44 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  329 


I  could  relate  many  instances  of  ventilating-pipes  simply  put 
up  as  "  dummies,"  pipes  that  never  were  connected  to  a  drain, 
and  left  useless  rather  than  the  builder  would  go  to  the  expense 
of  connecting  the  same,  and  our  official  inspectors  have  been  very 
often  mislead  by  false  appearances.  I  must  not  exhaust  my 
three  columns  without  referring  to  the  latter  portion  of  the  sub- 
ject, viz.,  that  of  suggesting  methods  for  its  prevention. 

In  the  first  place  I  would  suggest  that  some  stringent  measure 
enforcing  the  periodical  inspection  of  dwelling  houses  should  be 
adopted,  either  by  the  state  or  by  our  local  authorities,  and  that 
the  sanitary  arrangements  in  all  new  work  should  be  tested  by 
qualified  inspectors,  and  further  each  and  every  person  that  un- 
dertakes to  do  plumbing  work  (and  sanitary  work  generally) 
should  guarantee  both  the  material  and  workmanship  for  at  least 
twelve  months  after  its  completion.  If  this  was  done,  jerry 
plumbing  would  soon  die  a  natural  death,  because  when  such 
work  was  tested,  if  found  to  be  defective,  it  would  be  condemned, 
and  this  would  soon  necessitate  Jerry  leaving  the  business,  or  of 
compelling  him  to  do  better  work. 

The  registration  of  plumbers  will  in  time  become  a  most 
effective  method  of  preventing  jerry  work,  because  no  person  is 
admitted  to  the  register  without  satisfactory  proof  being  given, 
and  in  the  event  of  a  plumber  being  admitted  to  the  register,  and 
afterwards  proved  guilty  of  doing  work  injurious  to  health,  the 
Worshipful  Company  have  the  power  to  cancel  his  certificate,  and 
this  would  be  a  very  serious  matter  to  every  plumber,  be  he 
operative  or  employer. 

The  necessity,  then,  of  doing  work  in  the  proper  way  rests  as 
much  upon  the  plumber  who  does  the  work  as  it  does  upon  the 
employer,  and  when  plumbers  fully  recognize  the  fact  that  their 
reputation  is  at  stake  they  will  justly  refuse  to  do  work  badly. 

The  formation  and  maintenance  of  technical  classes  for  plumb- 
ers will  also  prove  to  be  a  great  preventative,  as  young  men  there 
learn  how  work  should  be  done,  and  they  will  endeavor  to  do  it 
thoroughly  and  well,  with  credit  both  to  themselves  and  their 
tutors. 


THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 
The  last|May  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Master.Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion was  held  at  Grand  Army  Hall,  on  Thursday  evening,  May  22. 
Nothwithstanding  the  inclemency  of  the  weather  a  large  number 
had  assembled  when  the  President,  Mr.  Hugh  Watts,  called  the 
meeting  to  order.  The  Secretary,  A.  F.  Irons,  read  the  minutes 
of  the  last  meeting  which  were  unanimously  approved  and 
adopted.  J.  J.  Wade,  of  the  Sanitary  Committee,  reported  that 
Rupert  Coleman  would  present  the  paper  of  the  evening  on  the 
subject  "  Should  Apprenticeship  be  Regulated  by  State  Legisla- 
tion, and  on  What  Conditions  Should  Indentures  be  Granted;" 
which  paper  appears  in  another  column  of  this  issue.  A  vote  of 
thanks  by  a  rising  vote  was  given  the  author  for  his  able  paper. 
Mr.  J.  M.  Collins,  a  new  member,  was  introduced  to  the  associa- 
tion, and  was  formally  received  into  the  fold.  J.  J.  Hamblin,  of 
the  Flag  Committee,  reported  the  progress  of  the  committee 
toward  securing  a  flag  for  the  Denver  convention.  It  was  voted 
to  purchase  the  flag  selected  by  the  committee. 

Under  new  business,  T.  C.  Boyd  stated  that  he  wished  to  set  a 
fellow  master  plumber  right  before  the  association,  whose  dues 
were  in  arrear.  A  committee  was  appomted  to  wait  upon  the 
delinquent  member  and  receive  the  amount  due  the  association. 
The  resignation  of  R.  T.  Probasco  was  tendered  to  the  associa- 
tion, and  was  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee.  The  name 
of  John  Sheehan  was  presented  for  membership  in  the  association 
by  Rupert  Coleman.  The  rules  of  the  association  were  suspended 
and  the  secretary  was  instructed  to  cast  a  unanimous  ballot  for 
Mr.  Sheehan.  J.  G.  Geiss  was  also  elected  in  the  same  manner. 
The  name  of  J.  Emblem  was  proposed  for  membership,  and  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  gentleman's  record. 
A.  W.  Murray  resigned  his  position  as  delegate  to  the  Denver 
Convention.  The  Financial  Secretary  stated  that  the  association 
is  entitled  to  two  more  members  at  the  National  Convention.  A 
motion  was  carried  to  elect  two  delegates  and  two  alternates. 
J.J.  Hamblin  and  J.  G.  Weber  were  elected  delegates,  and  J.  J. 
Wade  and  W.  F.  Gay  were  elected  alternates.  The  delegates 
and  alternates  will  have  a  meeting  next  Monday  afternoon.  The 
competitive  essays  for  the  $50  prize  were  read  by  Chief  Inspector 


Andrew  Young.  The  prize  was  awarded  to  J.  J.  Wade.  This  essay 
on  "The  Exhibition  of  Plumbing  Materials  and  Workmanship  at  the 
World's  Fair  in  1893'  What  Method  can  be  Adopted  to  make  it 
an  Attractive  Feature,  and  of  General  Benefit  to  the  Plumbing 
Interests,"  will  be  read  at  the  National  Master  Plumbers'  Conven- 
tion at  Denver  in  June. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

James  Cameron,  President  of  the  Iowa  State  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers,  and  Robert  Clayton  of  the  Davenport  local 
association  will  attend  the  Denver  convention  from  Davenport. 

Your  hustling  friends,  the  L.  M.  Rumsey  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, of  St.  Louis,  inform  us  in  a  handsome  circular  that  there  is 
to  be  no  "  monkeying  "  in  that  establishment  in  filling  orders,  but 
that  dispatch  is  an  important  feature  of  their  business.  Another 
unique  circular  states  that  the  "firing"  process  has  been  put  in 
successful  operation,  and  when  the  dust  and  blue  atmosphere  had 
cleared  away,  all  the  slow-going  employees  had  been  "fired"  and 
a  good  corps  of  hustlers  was  diving  in  and  making  things  hum  in 
filling  orders  promptly.  The  matter  now  stands  this  way:  The 
firm  are  "  hustlers,"  allow  no  "  monkeying,"  and  have  "  fired  "  slow 
men.    Result:  Business  clean  up  to  the  shoulder. 

Rupert  Coleman,  who  has  been  doing  a  flourishing  business  at 
855  N.  Clark  street  for  several  years,  has  just  moved  his  family 
into  his  elegant  new  stone  front  residence  at  1013  N.  Halsted 
street. 

Daniel  Frey,  Secretary  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  at 
Denver,  writes  that  their  association  has  elected  the  following 
gentlemen  delegates  to  the  National  Convention  to  be  held  in  that 
city  June  17,  18  and  19.  President  M.  A.  Dolan,  W.  H.  McCarthy, 
W.  F.  McCarthy,  W.  T.  Crane,  Daniel  Frey,  James  Shannon.  Al- 
ternates: J.  E.  Jackson,  T.  J.  White,  W.  H.  McKelvey,  M.  Mcln- 
tyre,  T.  P.  Hughes.  The  association  recently  elected  new  officers 
for  the  ensuing  year.  M.  A.  Dolan  was  elected  president,  J.  T. 
Bryan,  vice-president,  Daniel  Frey,  secretary,  J.  P.  Ratican,  treas- 
urer, and  William  Reilley,  financial  secretary. 

The  Western  Heating  and  Plumbing  Company  has  been  or- 
ganized at  Kansas  City,  Mo.  C.  J.  Meredith,  John  P.  Stafford  and 
Fred  G.  Groves  are  the  incorporators. 

The  Minneapolis  master  plumbers  have  put  a  veto  on  accept- 
ing sub-contracts  for  plumbing  and  gasfitting.  Unless  the  orders 
come  directly  from  the  owner  or  his  architect  they  will  have  noth- 
ing to  do  with  the  work.  They  claim  in  this  way  better  work  will 
be  assured  to  the  one  most  vitally  interested,  namely,  the  owner. 

Edson,  Jr.  &  Co.,  the  new  firm  of  plumbers  and  sewer-builders 
at  71  East  Sixteenth  street,  Indianapolis,  is  doing  a  lucrative 
business. 

Sheehan  &  Barry,  236  Washington  boulevard,  have  the  con- 
tract to  do  the  steam-fitting  in  Christian  Wolff's  new  dwelling. 

The  Halpin  Plumbing  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  will  soon  have  com- 
plete a  new  two-story  building  with  all  modern  facilities  for  the 
manufacture  of  sheet  lead  and  lead  pipe. 

A.  W.  Fowler,  Secretary  of  the  Association  of  Master  Plum- 
bers and  Steamfitters,  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  writes  that  James 
Laing  and  John  Burnsidc  will  represent  the  local  association  at 
the  Denver  convention. 

David  Whiteford,  at  372  West  Randolph  street,  will  soon  be- 
gin the  plumbing  work  on  the  new  Baptist  church  on  the  corner 
of  Ogden  avenue  and  Ashland  boulevard. 

The  following  delegates  to  the  Denver  convention  were  elected 
by  the  Boston  master  plumbers,  at  their  regular  meeting  May  8: 
Thomas  J.  Fute,  William  Lamb,  Isaac  Riley,  Daniel  Shannon, 
William  H.  French,  Henry  W.  Tombs,  D.  A.  Horgan,  Joseph  H. 
Bagnlcy,  David  Smith,  J.  F.  Cronin,  William  H.  Mitchell,  Will- 
iam N.  McKenna.  Alternates:  C.  N.  Brownwich,  Daniel  G. 
(irisncrty,  Frank  A.  Titus,  P.  H.  Winn,  John  W.  Cosden,  James 
F.  Dacey,  J.  Warren  French,  M.  F.  Davlin,  John  C.  McCoolc, 
William  A.  Daly,  Edward  Moore. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Findlay,  Ohio,  have  just  formed  an 
association.  The  officers  are  E.  V.  Wysshrod,  president;  J.  N. 
Humphrey,  vice-president;  D.  Blatchley,  treasurer;  Amos  E. 
Powell, secretary;  William  C.  Nailor,  sergeant-at-arms. 


May  24,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


45 


The  master  plumbers  of  Philadelphia  have  elected  the  follow- 
ing gentlemen  to  represent  them  at  the  Denver  convention  in 
June:  William  McCoach,  William  Harkness,  Jr.,  William  M. 
Wright,  George  F.  Uber,  John  J.  Weaver,  Enoch  Remick,  William 
H.  Uoyle,  A.  G.  Bond,  F.  P.  Brown. 

Mortimer  J.  Lyons,  of  Brooklyn,  has  retired  from  business,  and 
proposes  to  take  life  easy  the  remainder  of  his  days.  Although 
retiring  from  active  business,  he  will  keep  up  his  membership  in 
the  Master  Plumbers'  Association. 

The  officers  of  the  Young  Master  Plumbers'  Association  at 
Watertown,  N.  Y.,  are  F.  B.  Devendorf,  president;  J.  Bragger, 
vice-president;  H.  Horath,  treasurer,  and  E.  B.  Irwin,  secretary. 
Messrs.  A.  Beffrey,  H.  S.  Arthur  and  L.  A.  Howard  are  on  the 
License  Committee.  Plumbers  licensed  by  the  Executive  Board 
of  the  city,  and  regularly  engaged  in  business,  are  eligible  for 
membership  in  the  association. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 
Chicago,  III.:  J.  E.  Scheller  has  plans  for  a  three-story  build- 
ing, to  cost  $20,000.  The  Western  Wheel-Works  Company  will 
erect  a  S6o,ooo  factory.  John  T.  Long  is  taking  estimates  for  re- 
modeling the  Fifth  Presbyterian  church  at  the  corner  of  Indiana 
avenue  and  Thirteenth  street.  E.  F.  Wilcox  is  preparing  plans 
for  a  four-story  apartment  house;  cost,  §30,000.  The  Glen  Ellyn 
Hotel  and  Spring  Company  will  erect  a  $30,000  hotel  in  the  new 
suburb.  Glen  Ellyn.  A  ten-story  market  and  cold  storage  build- 
ing is  to  be  erected;  cost,  $1,200,000.  H.  I.  Cobb  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  club  building  to  cost  $500,000.  J.  C.  Swain  has  plans  for 
a  block  of  flats  to  cost  $35,000.  F.  W.  Perkins  is  letting  contracts 
for  a  three-story  residence;  cost,  $40,000.  He  has  also  designed 
extensive  alterations  in  the  building  at  1328-34  Michigan  avenue; 
cost,  $50,000.  Robert  Rae  is  designing  eight  two  and  three-story 
dwellings;  cost,  $50,000.  J.  H.  Huber  has  designed  a  four-story 
flat  and  basement  store  building;  cost,  830,000.  He  is  also  plan- 
ning a  four-story  basement  and  attic  store  and  flat  building;  cost, 
$16,000.  H.  B.  Seeley  is  preparing  plans  for  a  six-story  ware- 
house; cost,  $100,000.  Ostling  Bros,  are  planning  a  four-story  and 
basement  flat  building  of  pressed  brick  with  stone  trimmings; 
cost,  $20,000.  Also  planning  a  four-story  and  basement  building 
of  pressed  brick  and  stone,  cost,  $18,000.  Bauer  &  Hill  are  pre- 
paring plans  for  a  chapel,  to  be  erected  in  connection  with  St. 
Elizabeth's  Hospital;  cost,  $20,000.  E.  F.  Wilcox  has  designed  a 
four-story  hotel  and  apartment  house  of  pressed  brick;  cost, $35,- 
000.  M.  E.  Bell  has  completed  plans  for  a  residence  of  stone  and 
brick;  cost,  $30,000.  W.  G.- Barfield  has  designed  two  additional 
stories  for  the  Trenton  apartment  house;  cost,  $14,000.  Burnham 
&  Root  will  have  charge  of  the  remodeling  of  the  First  National 
Bank  into  one  of  the  most  attractive  dry  goods  houses  in  the  city. 
They  will  also  superintend  the  erection  of  a  $1,000,000  hotel  on 
Dearborn,  Quincy  and  Jackson  streets;  the  First  Regiment  Ar- 
mony;  cost  $150,000;  and  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  building,  to  cost  $1,000,000.  Alfred  Smith  has  plans  for  a 
$40,000  residence.  Holabird  &  Roche  have  prepared  plans  for  an 
eight-story  apartment  building;  cost,  $300,000  A.  Druiding  has 
completed  plans  for  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  to  be  erected  at 
Glencoe,  Minn.  Also  plans  for  a  church  and  monastery  to  be 
erected  at  Catharinestadt,  Kan.;  cost,  §32,000.  Also  two  school 
buildings  at  Mount  Lebanon,  O.,  and  Morris,  111.  R.G.  Pentecost 
is  preparing  plans  for  a  block  of  twelve  three-story  stores  and 
flats,  and  another  of  three  four-story  stores  and  flats;  cost,  $150,- 
000.  Oliver  W.  Marble  is  preparing  plans  for  a  three-story  and 
basement  residence:  cost,  $60,000.  Louis  Martins  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  four-story  and  basement  apartment  building.  J.  J. 
Egan  has  completed  plans  for  an  Episcopal  residence  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah ;  he  is  now  taking  estimates  for  the  Catholic  church 

at  Des  Moines,  la.,  to  cost  $70,000.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Mr. 

Welsh  has  plans  for  the  extensive  alterations  which  are  to  be 
made  to  the  Catholic  Club  House;  also  plans  for  a  residence  to 
be  erected  at  Germantown.  Addison  Hulton  is  architect  for  a  la- 
boratory to  be  erected  at  Lehigh  University.  The  congregation 
of  Trinity  Presbyterian  church  of  Chestnut  Hill  will  build  a  new 


chapel  and  Sunday-school  building  at  Chestnut  Hill.  Charles 
McCaull  has  plans  for  the  Drexel  Institute  to  cost  $350,000;  also 
plans  for  a  Working  Home  for  Blind  Men  to  be  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $40,000.- — New  York:  G.  B.  Post  has  plans  for  a  stone  build- 
ing to  cost  $300,000.  George  F.  Pclham  has  plans  for  nine  flats  to 
be  erected  a  cost  of  $175,000.  H.  J.  Hardenberg  has  plans  for  a 
$125,000  office  building.  J.  G.  Prague  has  plans  for  three  flats; 
cost,  $150,000;  also  plans  for  seven  dwellings;  cost,  $160,000. 
Thorn  &  Wilson  have  plans  for  four  dwellings;  cost,  $86,000.  M. 
S.  Stephens  has  plans  for  five  dwellings;  cost,  $50,000.  Henry 
Palmer  has  plans  for  a  five-story  brick  store  and  flat  and  three 
five-story  flats;  $135,000.  Wm.  Graul  has  plans  for  two  five-story 
brick  tenements;  cost,  $24,000.  John  C.  Burne  has  plans  for  two 
five-story  brick  flats:  cost,  $35,000  each,  and  also  plans  for  twelve 
five-story  brick  flats,  cost  $300,000.  Walter  H.  C.  Hormun  has 
plans  for  four  five-story  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $60,000.  Oswald 
Wirz  has  plans  for  three  six-story  brick  stores;  cost,  $145,000. 
Julius  Munkowitz  has  plans  for  a  six-story  brick  store;  cost,  $72,- 
000.  Edward  Wenz  has  plans  for  two  five-story  flats;  cost,  $36,- 
000.  G.  E.  Henry  has  plans  for  a  seven  and  one-half  story  brick 
office,  store  and  library  building;  cost,  $450,000.  Edward  A  Lov- 
ell  has  plans  for  six  five-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $96,000.  Richard 
Berger  has  plans  for  two  six-story  brick  stores;  cost,  $85,000. 
Buchman  &  Derisler  have  plans  for  a  four-story  brick  factory; 
cost,  $80,000.    Charles  Buck  &  Co.  have  plans  for  five  four-story 

and  basement  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $1 12,500.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.: 

Cozine  &  Gascoine  have  plans  for  eight  two-story  dwellings:  cost, 
$22,800.  P.  J.  Lauritzen  has  plans  for  a  seven-story  brick  store 
and  warehouse;  cost,  $200,000.  R.  H.  Robertson  has  plans  for  a 
two-story  brick  church;  cost,  $40,000.  F.  B.  Langston  has  plans 
for  four  three-story  and  basement  brick  and  brown-stone  dwell- 
ings; cost,  $24,000.    Lamb  &  Rich  have  plans  for  a  three-story 

brick  dwelling;  cost,  $20,000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    A  three-story 

brick  store  and  dwelling  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $30,000. — — 
Baltimore,  Md.:  Charles  E.  Cassell  has  plans  tor  a  row  of  eight 
brick  dwellings;  cost,  $72,000.  Walter  S.  Brown  has  made  plans 
for  three  three-story  brick  stores;  cost,  $25,000.  Charles  L.  Car- 
son is  the  architect  of  the  new  office  building  of  the  Central  Sav- 
ings Bank;  cost,  $80,000;  is  also  the  architect  for  a  $50,000  resi- 
dence of  brick  and  Seneca  stone.  Architect  Mason  has  plans 
for  a  six-story  warehouse  of  brick  and  stone;  cost,  $60,000: 
also  plans  for  a  two-story  brick  school  building;  cost,  $21,000.  W. 
H.  Marriott  has  plans  for  the  Immanuel  Baptist  church;  cost, 
$40,000.  Baldwin  &  Pennington  are  preparing  plans  for  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians'  and  Surgeons'  new  building;  cost,  $25,000; 
also  plans  for  a  four-story  brick  and  stone  warehouse;  cost,  $30,- 

000.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  A  six-story  brewery  of  solid  brick  and 

stone  will  be  erected;  cost,  $100,000.  Crane  &  Barkhauser  will 
erect  a  $50,000  residence.  Atlanta,  Ga.:  The  Third  Presbyter- 
ian congregation  intends  erecting  a  church  to  cost  $100,000.  

Americus,  Ga.:  The  Americus  Grocery  Co.  will  erect  a  $20,000 

building.  Birmingham,  Ala:  A  $30,000  business  house  will  be 

erected.  The  main  building  of  Howard  College  will  be  com- 
pleted; cost,  $32,000.  Florence,  Ala.:  The  Cumberland  Pres- 
byterian congregation  will  erect  a  church.  Bridgeport,  Conn.: 

A.  M.  Jenks  is  planning  a  block  of  seven  ten-room  houses;  cost, 
$24,000.  Hartford,  Conn.:  Cook,  Hapgood  &  Co.,  have  pre- 
pared plans  for  a  $60,000  school  building.  Waterbury,  Conn.: 

Theo.  B.  Peck  is  preparing  plans  for  a  block  of  four  houses;  cost, 

$20,000.  San  Jose,  Cal.:  A  Board  of  Trade  building  and  theatre 

will  be  erected.  Middlesborough,  Ky.:    A  four-story  bank  and 

office  building  to  cost  $25,000  will  be  erected.  Lennox,  Mass.: 

C.  T.  Rathbun  has  designed  plans  for  a  farm  house,  barn  and 

dairy;  cost,  $20,000.  Newark,  O.:    J.  W.  Yost  has  prepared 

plans  for  Trinity  Episcopal  church  to  cost  $25,000.  St.  Paul, 

Minn.:    The  Minnesota  Driving  Club  will  erect  a  handsome  club 

house.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:    The  Erie  County  Saving  Bank's  new 

building  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $750,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.: 

The  Allegheny  Presbyterian  church  will  erect  a  new  church  build- 
ing; cost,  $20,000.    T.  D.  Evans  has  plans  for  a  $30,000  school 

building;  two  brick  dwellings  to  cost  $30,000  will  be  erected.  

Wilmington,  N.  C:  The  Y.  M.  C.  Association  and  Masonic  fra- 
ternity contemplate  the  erection  of  a  building  to  cost  about  $50,- 

000.  Portland,  Ore.:    Plans  for  a  six-story  building  have  been 

prepared.  San  Antonio,  Tex.:    Plans  are  being  prepared  for 


46 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  329 


the  erection  of  a  business  block  to  cost  §200,000.  Chattanooga, 

Tenn.:    A  brick  building  to  cost  $25,000  will  be  erected.  

Wytheville,  Va.:    The  Norfolk  &  Western  Railroad  Company 

will  erect  a  §20,000  station.  Huntington,  W.  Va.:    The  M.  E. 

Congregation  South  will  erect  a  §30,000  church.  Wheeling,  W. 

Va.:    Plans  have  been  prepared  for  a  six-story  addition  to  the 

Windsor  Hotel.  Oxford,  N.  C:    A  new  Episcopalian  church 

will  be  erected.  Winton,  N.  C:    The  First  National  Bank  will 

erect  a  new  banking  house.  Zanesville,  O.:    The  Grant  Block 

Company  will  erect  a  business  block  to  cost  §25,000.  Lockport, 

N.  Y.:    A  brick  school  house  will  be  erected  to  cost  §100,000.  

East  Aurora,  N.  Y.:    The  Bank  of  East  Aurora  will  erect  a  brick 

and  stone  building.  Boston,  Mass.:    The  Elysium  Club  will 

erect  a  §70,000  club  house.  Rotch  &  Tilden  have  plans  for  an 
Episcopal  church  to  be  erected  at  the  corner  of  Falmouth  and 

Gainsborough  streets.  Lowell,  Mass.:    A  Board   of  Trade 

building  will  be  erected  to  cost  §100,000.  New  Bedford,  Mass.: 

A  Trinitarian  church  will  be  erected  to  cost  $25,000.  Little 

Rock,  Ark.:  The  National  Bank  of  Commerce  will  build  a  three- 
story  pressed  brick  bank  building;  cost,  §25,000.  The  Masons 
will  erect  a  $75,000  temple.  Fred  J.  H.  Rickon  is  preparing  plans 
for  a  five-story  stone  and  apartment  building;  cost,  §50,000. 
Thomas  Harding  has  prepared  plans  for  the  Methodist  College  at 
Arkadelphia;  cost,  §30,000. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Vevay,  Ind.,  is  to  have  electric  lights.  Richland,  Ga.:  Esti- 
mates are  being  secured  for  an  electric  light  plant.  Nevada, 

Mo.:    Improvements  are  contemplated  by  the  Nevada  Gas  and 

Electric  Light  Company.  Osage  City,  Kan.,  proposes  to  light 

its  streets  by  electricity.    Mayor  Artz  can  give  information.  

Madison,  Ga.:    The  city  government  contemplates  the  erection  of 

an  electric  light  plant  for  street  illumination.  Schuyler,  Neb.: 

Electric  lights  are  improvements  contemplated.    F.  H.  Kolm  may 

be  addressed.  Grand  Ledge,  Mich.,  is  to  have  an  additional 

dynamo.  Morgantown,  N.  C:   The  Western  Insane-Asylum,  at 

this  place,  will  be  lighted  by  electricity.  Hoosick  Falls,  N.  Y.: 

The  Hoosick  Falls  Water  Power  and  Light  Company  will  add  a 

650-light  incandescent  dynamo.  Leadville,  Colo.:    The  Lead- 

ville  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  are  thinking  of  adding 

1,000  incandescent  lights.  Uniontown,  Pa.:    The  Uniontown 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  are  increasing  their  capacity 

and  adding  several  arc  lamps.  Brintley,  Ark.:    The  citizens 

have  subscribed  §10,000  toward  the  establishment  of  an  electric 

light  plant.  Mason  City,  la.:  The  Mason  City  Gas  and  Electric 

Light  Company  contemplate  building  a  new  plant.  Hot  Sprmgs, 

Ark.:    The  Hot  Springs  Electric  Light  Company  will  put  in  from 

1,000  to  1,500  incandescent  lights  this  summer.  Sulphur  Springs, 

Tex.:   The  city  council  is  reported  as  arranging  for  the  erection 

of  an  electric  light  plant.    The  mayor  can  give  information.  

Bedford  City,  Va.:    The  Jeter  Female  Institute  will  be  lighted  by 

electricity.    Address  Ur.  C.  A.  Board.  Stuttgart,  Kan.:    R.  J. 

Brown  can  give  information  as  to  the  building  of  an  electric  light 

plant.  Mansfield,  O.:    The  Mansfield  Electric  Lightand  Power 

Company  will  increase  its  capital  stock  from  §25,000  to  $30,000.- — 
Elgin,  111.:  The  Elgin  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated, with  a  capital  stock  of  §100,000.  Austin,  Tex.:  Waxa- 

hachie  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a 

capital  stock  of  §20,000.  Cardiff,  Tenn:    A  Thomson-Houston 

electric  light  plant  will  be  established.  Media,  Pa.:  The  Media 

Electric  Light  Company  will  increase  its  capital  stock  from  $40,000 

to  $60,000.  Orangeburg,  S.  C:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

established.  Wellsboro,  Pa.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

erected.  Bonham,  Tex.:  The  Bonham  Electric  Light  and  Power 

Company  has  increased  its  capital  stock  from  $20,000  to  §50,000. 
 Manitou  Springs,  Colo.:  The  Manitou  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  increased  the  capacity  of  its  plant  by  the  addition  of 
Thonison-Houston  30-light  arc  and  300-light  incandescent  ma- 
chines. Girard,  Kan.:    The  Girard  Gas  and  Electric  Company 

will  establish  a  plant,  to  cost  §25,000.  Wellsville,  O.:  The  Valley 

Gas  Company  has  mcreased  its  capital  stock  to  §45,000,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  an  electric  light  plant.  Helena,  Mont.:  The 

Helena  Electric  Compnny  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  §100,000.  Kalamazoo,  Mich.:  The  City  Electric  Light- 
ing Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  §30,- 


000.  Joplin,  Mo.:    Ninety  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended  in 

improving  the  electric  light  system.  Meadville,  Pa.:  The  Peo- 
ple's Incandescent  Light  Company  will  establish  an  electric  light 

plant.  East  Providence,  R.  I.,  is  to  have  an  electric  light  plant. 

 Highland,  Ala.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  

Lonaconing,  Md.:    J.  J.  Robinson  wants  estimates  on  a  plant  for 

1,000  i6-candle-power  incandescent  lights.  Milwaukee,  Wis.: 

The  Board  of  Public  Works  has  submitted  to  the  common  council 
an  estimate  of  the  cost  to  light  the  city  by  electricity.  The  sum 
amounts  to  $575,442. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

Tififin,  O.:  Proposals  are  wanted  nntil  May  31  for  constructing 
some  sewers.  Address  Jeremiah  Rex.  Akron,  O.:  Consider- 
able sewer  work  is  to  be  done  in  this  city.  Address  the  City  En- 
gineer for  particulars.  Hastings,  Neb.:  A  new  system  of  sew- 
ers is  to  be  established  here  at  an  estimated  cost  of  §50,000.  For 

information  address  the  City  Clerk.  Worcester,  Mass.:  The 

sum  of  §8,000  is  to  be  expended  on  additional  sewer  work  at  this 

place.    Address  Richard  Forbes,  Superintendent  of  Sewers.  

Lancaster,  Pa.:  Numerous  extensions  to  the  sewerage  system 
have  been  authorized  by  the  city  officials.  The  City  Engineer  can 
furnish  particulars.— — Newport,  Ky.:  C.  L.  Jungerman,  City  En- 
gineer, writes:  "A  bill  authorizing  the  issue  of  bonds  for  sewerage 
purposes  has  passed  the  Kentucky  Legislature,  and  wi;l  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  vote  of  the  people  of  the  city."  Toledo,  O.:  Addi- 
tional sewers  will  be  constructed  in  this  city.    The  clerk  of  the 

Sewer  Committee  can  furnish  particulars.  Brunswick,  Ga.:  An 

election  will  be  held  on  June  7  to  consider  the  issuance  of  §300,- 

000  sewerage  bonds  to  run  thirty  years.  Baltimore,  Md.:  An 

appropriation  of  $190,000  has  been  made  by  the  city  council  to 
construct  a  sewer  in  the  David  Hill  avenue  district.  Reynold- 
ton,  Pa.:  Additional  sewers  are  to  be  constructed  at  this  place. 
For  details,  address  Messrs.  Romine  &  Scott,  engineers.  Chat- 
tanooga, Tenn.:  The  construction  of  additional  sewers  has  been 
authorized  by  the  Board  of  Public  Works.    The  City  Engineer 

can  furnish  information.  Albion,  N.  Y.:  The  village  has  been 

regularly  surveyed,  and  they  are  now  making  an  estimate  for 
sewers.  Mobile,  Ala.:  City  Engineer  D.  W.  Ross  writes:  "Ef- 
fort to  establish  a  sewerage  system  in  this  city  is  being  done  by 
private  enterprise.  Mr.  Adam  Glass  is  president  of  one  company, 
and  Mr.  Robert  Gage  is  president  of  another  company.  Both 

gentlemen  are  in  consultation  with  experts  on  the  subject."  

White  Plains,  N.  Y.:  Joseph  B.  Rider,  engineer  in  charge  of  the 
sewerage  work  at  this  place,  recommends  the  expenditure  of  an 
additional  amount  of  §15,700,  to  carry  out  a  plan  of  lowering  the 
entire  outlet  pipe  and  disposal  works  three  feet.  He  also  states 
that  a  section  of  pipe  will  have  to  be  lowered  on  Westchester 
Avenue,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  village;  also  that  the  grades 
from  Lake  Street,  across  the  swamp  land,  southeast  to  the  pro- 
posed pumping  station,  are  out  of  the  way  as  planned,  from  two  to 
four  feet,  necessitating  extra  work,  costing  several  thousands  of 
dollars.   

WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 
Shell  Lake,  Wis.:    Ten  thousand  dollars  in  bonds  have  been 

issued  to  construct  water-works.  Akron,  O.:    A  fund  is  being 

raised  by  the  German  citizens  to  erect  a  $15,000  fountain  in  one 

of  our  city  parks.    Address  Paul  E.  Werner,  Akron,  Ohio.  

Chicago,  111.:  Residents  of  Hyde  Park  and  Lake  are  circulating 
petitions  for  a  better  water  supply.  They  want  the  Hyde  Park 
tunnel  extended  two  miles  further  into  the  lake,  a  brick  tunnel 
from  Hyde  Park  Water- Works  to  Center  avenue  in  Lake,  and  the 
erection  of  pumping  works  at  the  Center  avenue  end.  St.  Jo- 
seph, Mo.:    The  local  water-works  company  proposes  to  extend 

its  mains  through  all  the  suburbs  of  this  place.  Watcrtown, 

Wis.:    The  people  of  this  place  have  petitioned  the  officials  for  a 

water-works  system.  Flint  Village,  Mass.:    The  question  of 

establishing  a  system  of  water-works  is  being  agitated  at  this 

place.  Milton,  Mass.:   Extensions  and  improvements  will  soon 

be  made  to  the  water-works  plant  at  this  place.  Tipton,  Ind.: 

This  place  is  to  have  a  water-works  plant,  the  plans  for  which  are 

now  being  prepared.  Cadillac,  Mich.:  The  water-works  system 

at  this  place  is  to  be  improved.  For  particulars  address  H.  W. 
Green.  Cedar  Rapids,  la.:  Additional  mains  will  be  laid  by  the 


May  24,  1890.1 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


47 


local  water-works  company;  also  new  valves,  hydrants  and  meters 

will  be  wanted.    C.  J.  Fox  can  give  details.  Bond  Hill,  O.:  City 

Clerk  A.  C.  Marsh  writes:  "We  have  had  special  legislation  to 
issue  $2o,ooo  bonds,  and  propose  to  pipe  from  Avondale  City,  O. 

We  will  take  steps  to  go  ahead  as  soon  as  possible."  Benton- 

ville,  Ark.:  The  council  is  now  making  investigation  as  to  what  a 
water-works  plant  would  cost  at  this  place.  Cleveland,  O.:  Re- 
cent examinations  of  the  water  supply  of  this  city  have  resulted 
in  discovering  the  water  to  be  in  such  a  condition  as  to  demand 
immediate  attention.  It  is  claimed  that  the  supply  is  polluted  by 
offal  coming  from  slaughter-houses  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lake. 
George  S.  Paine,  of  the  Board  of  Water- Works  Trustees,  can  fur- 
nish particulars.  Marysville,  O.:  J.  G.  English,  town  clerk  here, 

writes:  "As  to  water- works,  they  will,  I  think,  be  put  in,  and  that 
soon.  Can  tell  better  in  a  week  or  so."  Huntington,  Pa.:  Wa- 
ter-Works Superintendent  Irwin  W.  Hoffman  writes:  "We  are 
arranging  for  the  erection  of  a  reservoir  to  contain  3,000,000  gal- 
lons.   It  is  likely  to  be  let  by  the  15th  of  June;  we  are  looking 

around.  The  ground  is  blue  slate,  solid  banks  on  every  side."  

West  End,  Ga.:  Any  one  who  has  wind  engines,  or  any  improved 
hydraulic  system,  correspond  with  Mr.  Burgiss  Smith,  chairman 
of  Committee  on  Water- Works.  Rochester,  N.  Y.:  The  pro- 
jected improvements  to  the  water-works  plant  at  this  place  will 
probably  be  made  very  soon.  Portsmouth,  N.  H.:  The  water- 
works plant  at  this  place  has  been  purchased  by  the  city,  and  it  is 
probable  that  improvements  will  be  made.— — Westport,  Conn.: 
It  is  proposed  to  expend  about  $40,000  on  a  system  of  water-works 
for  this  place.  Address  Engineer  Rider  for  particulars.  Brink- 
ley,  Ark.:  The  Brinkley  Water- Works  and  Electric  Light  and 
Power  Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this  place,  and  a  plant 
to  cost  $25,000  is  to  be  established.  W.  S.  McCoUough  is  presi- 
dent. Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.:    Surveys,  drawings,  etc.,  for  a 

water-works  system  for  this  place  have  been  made,  and  a  plant 

will  soon  be  established.    For  particulars  address  the  mayor.  

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  The  commissioner  of  city  works  has  asked  the 
aldermen  for  authority  to  spend  about  $690,000  for  a  new  water 
main  from  Ridgewood  reservoir.  It  is  proposed  to  have  the  main 
extend  from  the  second  division  of  the  reservoir,  now  in  course  of 
construction,  to  a  point  about  Willoughby  avenue  and  Broadway, 
and  along  numerous  streets  to  Henry  street.  The  main  will  be  of 
cast-iron,  and  will  have  a  diameter  of  48  inches  as  far  as  Fulton 

street,  and  from  that  to  the  end  its  diameter  will  be  36  inches.  

Sheffield,  Ala.:  A  committee  of  the  city  council  has  the  matter  of 
water-works  in  hand,  and  is  in  negotiation  with  parties  for  build- 
ing a  plant.  Youngstown,  O.:  Wilson  S.  Hamilton,  superin- 
tendent of  the  water-works,  proposes  having  a  stand-pipe  and  an 

electric  motor.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  The  Utah  Water  Company 

has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  §3,000,000.  Lew- 

iston,  Ind.,  is  to  have  a  system  of  water-works.  Seattle,  Wash.: 

Four  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended 

in  extending  the  water  system.  Taunton,  Mass.:    One  mile  of 

8  and  6-inch  pipe  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  12  hydrants,  15  or 

20  valves  and  75  or  80  meters  will  be  set.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  One 

hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended  before  July 
1st  in  improving  the  water-supply  system  in  the  vicinity  of  Oak- 
land and  Hazelwood.  Muskegon,  Mich.:    It  has  been  voted  to 

bond  the  city  for  $250,000  for  a  new  plant,  to  take  water  from  Lake 
Michigan,  which  will  take  four  and  one-half  miles  of  20-inch  and 

three-fourths  of  a  mile  of  30-inch  pipe.  Bay  City,  Mich.:  Two 

lo-inch  mains  will  be  laid  at  the  south  end  of  the  city;  cost,  §20,- 

000.  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.:    The  American   Water- Works  and 

Guarantee  Company  expects  to  spend  S75,ooo  in  miprovements. 

Capacity  of  the  improved  plant  will  be  6,000,000  gallons  daily.  

Cottage  City,  Mass.:    The  Cottage  City  Water  Company  hasbeen 

organized;  Lucius  H.  Fuller,  president.  Tacoma,  Wash.:  The 

water-works  system  will  be  improved.  Binghampton,  N.  Y.: 

Four  miles  of  new  pipe,  12  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  will  be  laid  this 
season,  and  25  new  hydrants,  25  valves  and  30  meters  will  be 

placed.  Indianapolis,  Ind.:  Fifteen  thousand  feetof  24  to  6-inch 

pipe  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  25  to  30  meters,  30  new  hydrants 

and  20  new  valves  will  be  set.  Owosso,  Mich.:  The  water-works 

system  will  be  extended.  Middletown,  N.  Y.:  Seventy-five 

thousand  dollars  bonds  have  been  issued  to  obtain  money  to  be 
appplied  to  the  extension  of  the  water-works.  Findlay,0.:  Twen- 
ty thousand  dollars  will  be  spent  for  water-works  extensions.  


Goffstown,  N.  C:  Surveys  have  been  made  for  a  system  of  water- 
works. New  Providence,  Ind.:    Is  agitating  the  question  of 

water-works.  Hinton,   W.  Va.:    The   Hinton  Water-Works 

Company  has  been  incorporated;  capital  stock,  $20,000.  Osage 

City,  Kan.:    There  is  talk  of  organizing  a  water  company.  

Provo,  U.:    $40,000  bonds  will  be  issued  for  the  construction  of 

water-works.  Hermosa,  S.  D.:    A  new  system  of  water-works 

will  be  constructed.  Schaller,  la.:  Water-works  system  will  be 

constructed.  Livermore,  Cal.:    The  Livermore  Spring  Water 

Company  is  improving  its  system.  Sioux  City,  la.:  $300,000 

will  be  expended  in  the  water-works  system.  Portland,  Me.: 

The  Independence  Water,  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been 

incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Ashland,  Wis.: 

About  one  and  one-half  miles  of  six-inch  pipe  will  be  laid.  

Sumter,  S.  C:    The  city  council  is  agitating  the  water-works 

question.  Waukesha,  Wis.:  An  extension  of  one  mile  of  mains 

will  be  made  and  ten  hydrants  and  four  gates  will  be  added.  

Beloit,  Wis.:    The  annual  extension  to  the  water- works  will  be 

made.  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.:    Some  four-inch  pipe  will  be  added. 

 Bradford,  Pa.:    A  distributing  reservoir  will  be  constructed 

and  about  four  miles  of  pipe  will  be  laid.  Memphis, '  Tenn.: 

Seven  miles  of  mains  will  be  laid.  Hudson,  Wis.:  An  exten- 
sion of  six  blocks  of  mains  will  be  laid.  Huntington,  Pa.:  A 

reservoir  of  300,000,000  gallons  capacity  and  one  mile  of  8,  6  and 

4-inch  pipe  will  be  laid.  Carbondale,  Pa.:    New  mains  will  be 

laid  through  the  principal  streets.  Carrollton,  Ga.:    The  Car- 

rollton  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated;  capital 

stock,  $25,000.  Grand  Island,  Neb.:    One  mile  of  pipe  will  be 

laid.  Erie,  Pa.:    Four  miles  of  pipes,  4,  6  and  30-inch;  40 

hydrants,  500  street  connections  and  about  40  valves  are  wanted 

for  the  water-works  at  Erie.    B.  F.  Sloan,  secretary.  Strouds- 

burgh.  Pa.:    A  new  reservoir  will  be  constructed  and  new  pipe 

laid.  Slatington,  Pa.:    About  1,000  feet  of  4-inch  main  will  be 

laid.  Reynoldsville,  Pa.:  The  water-works  system  will  be  ex- 
tended. Green  Bay,  Wis.:    Five  thousand  five  hundred  feet  of 

6-inch  mains  will  be  laid  and  11  hydrants  added.  Oconto,  Wis.; 

Contemplates  the  construction  of  a  system  of  water-works.  

Ozark,  Ala.:    The  construction  of  water- works  is  projected.  

Nashville,  Tenn.:    About  1,750  feet  of  48-inch  pipe  and  an  intake 

crib  will  be  added  to  the  water-works  system.  Inbois,  Pa.:  An 

additional  12-inch  main  will  be  laid  from  the  reservoir  to  the 

town.  North  Adams,  Mass.:    The  water-works  system  will  be 

extended  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  Barre,  Vt.:    A  new  filter,  three 

hydrants  and  about  2,500  feet  of  mains  are  additions  to  be  made  to 
the  water-works  system. — — Beaver  Falls,  Pa.:  The  water- works 
system  will  be  remodeled. — — Altoona,  Pa.:    Two  miles  of  12-inch 

pipe  will  be  laid.  Middletown,  Pa.:    New  mains  will  be  laid. 

 Wausau,  Wis.:    Two  thousand  five  hundred  feet  of  mains 

will  be  added.  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.:    About  5,000  feet  of  8  and 

4-inch  mains  will  be  laid.  Berkley,  Va.:    The  Portsmouth  and 

Suffolk  Water  Company  contemplate  the  construction  of  a  water 
supply  system. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Morgantown,  S.  C:  Proposals  will  be  entertained  until  June  i 

for  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant.  Richland,  Ga.:  J.  A. 

Walker  wants  prices  on  a  small  electric  light  plant  for  a  town  of 

1,000  inhabitants.  Morgantown,  N.  C:  T.J.  Gillam  will  receive 

proposals  until  June  ist,  for  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant. 

 Baltimore,  Md.:  An  ordinance  has  been  passed  authorizing 

the  mayor  to  contract,  at  a  sum  not  exceeding  40  cents  per  light 
per  night,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  for  lighting  the  streets  with 

electric  lights.    Proposals  will  be  opened  June  2nd.  Union,  N. 

J.:  Bids  for  constructing  8,400  feet  of  main  sewers  are  open  until 
June  7.  Address  Lewis  Formon.  Quitman,  Ga.:  Bids  for  re- 
building courthouse  are  open  until  June  10.  Address  John  Gill- 
man.  Dallas,  Tex.:  Plans  are  wanted  until  August  i,  for  St. 

Mathew's  Episcopal  cathedral.    Address  Bishop  A.  C.  Garrett. 

 Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the 

office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2 
o'clock  P.  M.,  on  the  6th  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and 
material  required  to  fix  in  place,  complete,  the  Low-pressure,  Re- 
turn-circulation Steam  Heating  and  Ventilating  Apparatus,  and 
Power  Boiler  with  connections,  for  the  \5 .  S.  Post  Ofiice,  Court 
House,  etc.,  building  at  Wichita,  Kansas,  in  accordance  with  draw- 


48 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


ings  and  specifications,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  applica- 
tion at  this  office,  or  the  office  of  the  Superintendent.  Ogden, 

U.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  15,  for  furnishing  about  20,- 
000  feet  of  vitrified  pipe.  Also  for  furnishing  cement.  And  until 
June  30  for  construction  of  brick  and  pipe  sewers.    Address  T.  A. 

Perkins,  City  Engineer.  Sharpsburg,  Pa.:  Proposals  are  wanted 

until  May  31,  for  making  the  surveys,  plans,  specifiications  and 
estimates  for  a  complete  system  of  sewerage  for  this  borough.  Ad- 
dress VV.  P.  Potter,  no  Diamond  Street,  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Somer- 
set, Ky. :  Proposals  are  asked  for  until  12  o'clock,  M.,  on  the  ist 
day  of  June,  i8go,  for  the  construction  and  operation  of  a  system 
of  water-works  in  the  town  of  Somerset,  Kentucky,  and  for  sup- 
plying said  town  with  55  hydrants,  etc.    For  further  particulars 

and  form  of  proposed  contract,  address  A.  L.  Parsons.  Town 

of  Union,  N.  J.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  Town 
Council  of  the  Town  of  Union,  at  the  Town  Hall,  until  3  P.  M.  on 
Saturday,  June  7,  1890,  for  the  construction  of  about  8,400  feet  of 
main  sewers  in  the  Town  and  Township  of  Union,  ranging  from  3 
to  eight  feet  in  diameter,  according  to  plans  and  specifications  on 
file  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  said  town,  in  the  Town  Hall. 

PLUMBERS  AND  THEIR  WORK. 

The  following  is  contributed  to  the  Decorators  Gazette  and 
Plumber  and  Gas-fitters  Review,  London,  by  a  plumber  who  signs 
himself  "  R.  P.  C,"  and  it  contains  some  practical  suggestions  as 
good  in  this  country  as  in  England  or  any  other  country: 

I  think  it  is  high  time  that  the  public,  who  are  the  most  inter- 
ested, or  ought  to  be,  in  regard  to  the  kind  of  workmanship  they 
pay  for,  and  expect  to  get,  should  have  some  idea  of  the  internal 
arrangements  of  the  trade  as  between  employer  and  employed. 
My  object,  as  a  tradesman,  in  giving  my  ideas  on  the  subject  is 
solely  for  the  good  of  both  masters  and  men,  and  with  the  ultimate 
view  of  enabling  the  public  to  participate  in  what  they  generally 
expect  to  get  and  seldom  realize.  It  is  very  generally  known,  and 
common-sense  will  tell  any  one,  that  a  hurried  and  a  good  job 
are  incompatible.  My  general  experience  has  been  something 
like  the  following:  A  master  has  successfully  contracted  for 
some  work,  and  in  the  morning  before  leaving  for  work  some  man 
is  called  in  and  given  the  specifications,  with  the  general  instruc- 
tion that  the  governor  himself  will  follow  in  the  course  of  the 
morning  and  further  explain  the  work.  Very  often  the  object  of 
his  visit  is  to  impress  on  the  man  the  fact  that  he  (the  master)  is 
getting  very  little  for  this  contract,  and  that  the  men  will  require 
to  hurry  up  with  it  or  it  will  never  pay,  which  simply  means  that 
the  work  is  to  be  completed  as  soon  as  possible,  and  in  as  cheap  a 
manner  as  will  only  serve  to  cover  an  inspection,  which  the 
master  knows  can  easily  be  got  over,  more  especially  as  the 
greater  portion  very  likely  of  the  work  done  is  concealed,  and  can 
only  give  way  long  after  the  price  has  been  paid  to  him,  and 
probably  after  the  builder  himself  has  secured  some  buyer,  who 
piactically  knows  nothing  about  what  really  should  be,  and  only 
finds  out  in  a  year  or  two  that  he  has  got,  at  a  very  considerable 
expense,  to  renew  the  most  of  his  plumber  work.  Very  often  if  a 
man  takes  time,  and  is  particular  to  make  a  good  job,  when  the 
same  has  been  finished,  or  even  before  it,  he  will  receive  his 
money,  and  be  told  that  "  on  account  of  slackness  in  the  trade  his 
services  will  no  longer  be  required."  This,  I  am  bound  to 
acknowledge,  does  not  always  occur,  for  where  masters  are  not 
bound  to  a  price  and  time,  they  will,  for  their  own  credit,  allow 
their  best  men  to  give  their  best  workmanship.  On  the  other 
hand,  unless  in  jobbing,  this  can  seldom  be  afforded,  and  is  the 
exception  in  a  great  many  cases. 

A  great  drawback  to  the  trade  in  Edinburgh,  more  than  in  any 
other  town  where  I  have  worked — viz.,  London  and  Glasgow — is 
the  number  of  what  arc  called  underpaid  men,  who  are  not  fit  to  be 
classed  as  journeymen  plumbers.  Their  wages  range  from  3d.  to 
6d.  per  hour,  and  their  work,  so  far  as  quality  is  concerned,  is 
very  much  in  proportion  to  their  wages.  I  have  had  repeatedly 
to  follow  such  men  to  bring  up  their  work  to  a  point  to  pass  our 
sanitary  and  burgh  inspectors,  and  I  think  masters  in  their  own 
interests  would  find  it  in  the  long  run  very  much  cheaper  never  to 
allow  such  men  to  do  anything  unless  under  some  competent 
foreman.  These  men  could  never  pass  an  examination,  so  let 
them  work  as  improvers  till  they  leally  learn  their  trade  (if  they 
have  the  natural  ability  to  do  so).  In  London  they  are  called 
plumbers'  laborers,  ana  masters  here  would  be  better  by  a  long 
way  without  their  services. 

What,  then,  is  the  practical  conclusion.  When  the  captain  of  a 
ship  loses  his  vessel,  presumed  to  be  either  through  incompetence 
or  carelessness,  an  inquiry  is  at  once  instituted  by  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  if  found  in  fault  the  captain  or  mate  may  have  his 


certificate  suspended  during  the  pleasure  of  the  court.  So  I 
would  like  proprietors  and  all  interested  to  know  that  if  a  regist- 
ered operative  plumber  fairs  through  inability  or  incompetency  to 
produce  a  proper  job,  the  Court  of  the  Honorable  Society  of  Reg- 
istered Plumbers  suspend  that  man's  certificate  for  six  months, 
and  be  required  before  being  reinstated  to  prove  his  competency 
to  hold  the  certificate  and  badge  given  by  the  Society  to  passed 
men.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  all  registered  plumbers 
carry  with  them  a  badge  for  their  certificated  ability,  and  it  would 
be  a  very  simple  and  a  very  safe  principle  for  proprietors  and  all 
engaging  plumbers  to  demand,  before  allowing  them  to  begin 
their  work,  to  produce  this  ticket,  so  that  in  event  of  anything 
turning  out  badly  they  could  report  the  case  at  once  to  the  head 
office.  We  have  in  our  society  many  of  the  best  and  most  respect- 
able employers  of  plumber  labor  in  the  city,  but  even  this  is  no 
guarantee  to  the  public,  for  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  many  such 
employers  avail  themselves  of  the  cheap  services  of  the  hands  I 
have  already  referred  to,  and,  as  I  said  before,  unless  a  proprietor 
can  get  each  operative  plumber  to  produce  his  certificate,  he  is 
quite  at  liberty  to  run  the  risk  and  take  the  best  kind  of  work  he 
can  get  for  his  money. 

Why  should  not  proprietors  insist  that  master  plumbers  should 
guarantee — say,  for  two  or  five  years — all  work  done  by  them,  the 
same  as  a  watchmaker  in  selling  you  a  timepiece  guarantees 
to  keep  it  in  order,  and  upholds  its  qualification  for  a  specified 
time? 

Demand  is  said  to  regulate  supply,  and  if  all  those  interested 
in  plumber  work — and  who  that  has  a  house  is  not? — why  should 
it  not  be  known,  and  generally  insisted  on,  that  such  work  should 
be  properly  done,  moderately  paid  for,  and  the  causes  very  often 
of  so  much  disease  effectually  prevented  or  removed?  Our  trade 
might  then  rise,  as  a  worthy  town  councillor  at  our  annual  meet- 
ing lately  suggested,  to  a  profession,  and  no  more  would  be  heard 
of  the  parody — 

"A  plumber  came  down  like  a  wolf  on  the  fold. 
With  his  half-pound  of  solder  and  'prentice  so  bold, 
And  for  three  mortal  hours  he  spent  with  the  cook 
He  clapp'd  three-and-sixpence  down  in  his  book." 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  i  :oo  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


The  C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  (Big  Four  Route)  is  the  best  line  to 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington,  Richmond,  Va.,  Newport 
News,  Old  Point  Comfort,  etc. 


FORT  WORTH  AND  RETURN,  $26.95. 
On  account  of  the  Texas  Spring  Palace,  the  Wabash  line  will 
sell  tickets  to  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  and  return  at  one  fare — $26.95 
— for  the  round  trip  on  the  following  dates:  May  8,  12,  15,  19,  22, 
26  and  20.  Tickets  are  good  three  days  in  transit  in  both  direc- 
tions ana  will  be  honored  for  return  passage  up  to  June  3d,  in- 
clusive. For  full  particulars,  berths,  tickets,  etc.,  call  at  Wabash 
ticket  office,  201  Clark  street. 


CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD. 
Ladies'  palace  day  cars,  palace  reclining  chair  cars,  free  of 
extra  charge.  Pullman  palace  buffet  compartment  sleeping  cars, 
palace  dinmg  cars.  Pullman  vestibulea  trains,  free  of  extra 
charge  and  no  change  of  cars  of  any  class  between  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Chicago  and  Denver,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Pioneer  pullman  palace  sleeping  car. 
Palace  dining  car  and  free  palace  reclinmg  chair  car  line. 
James  Charlton,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  210  Dear- 
born street,  near  corner  Adams  street,  Chicago,  111. 


HOSPITAL  REMEDrES. 

A  NEW  METHOD  OF  TREATING  DISEASES. 

What  are  they?  There  is  a  new  departure  in  the  treatment  of 
disease.  It  consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics  used  by  noted 
specialists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment  pursued  by  special  phy- 
sicans  who  treat  indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles  only,  was 
obtained  and  prepared.  The  treatment  of  other  physicians,  cele- 
brated for  curing  catarrh  was  procured  and  so  on  till  these  incom- 
parable cures  now  include  disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility.  The  new  method  of 
"one  remedy  for  one  disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have  experienced  the  ill  effects, 
and  thoroughly  realize  the  absurdity  of  tne  claims  of  Patent  Med- 
icines which  are  guaranteed  to  cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle, 
and  the  use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined  more  siomaihsi 
than  alcohol.  A  circular  describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  oy  Hospital  Remedy  Company, 
Toronto,  Canada,  sole  proprietors. 


May  17,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


THE  "GORTON  "BOILER 


"Perfection  in  IModern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUCHT-IRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modern  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 
GORTON  &   I^IDGERWOOD  CO., 

34  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago, 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York.  197-203  Congress  St.,  Boston. 


Gorton  Boilei — Front  View. 


Gorton  Boiler— Sec'n  View 


L.  WOLFF  MFG.  CO., 

SUPPLIES 


SPECIALTIES 


General  office: 

93  West  Lake  Street. 

Factories: 

93-1  13  West  Lake  Street. 


Carroll  and  Hoyne  Aves.  and  Fulton  St. 


Exhibit  Department: 


79  Dearborn  Street, 


CHICAG-O,  U.  S.  A. 


The "  Monogram'' 

ITS  advantages: 

NOISELESS  IN  OPERATION! 


*  "S*  ❖  "i* 


POSITIVE  IN  ITS  ACTION! 


MOMENTARY   RETENTION  OF  THE  PULL  IS  ALL 
THAT   IS   NECESSARY  TO  OPERATE  IT. 

THE  WATER  SURFACE  OF  THE  BOWL  IS  BROAD' 
AND  DEEP   {l7/»  Inches). 

THE  BOWL  IS  BEST  QUALITY   IMPORTED  WARE, 
AND 


POSITIVELY  WILL  NOT  CRAZE! 

CATALOGUE  AND   PRICE  LIST  CHEERFULLY  FUR- 
NISHED ON  APPLICATION. 


Fig.  693.    No.  27 


PLUTUtBERS"  SIGNS. 

GOLD  LEAF  FINISH. 


802  W  12th  St 

CHICAGO 


ARTS. 


ROOKS  ON  BUILDING 

AND  THE  ALLIED 

LATEST  PUBLICATIONS.  , 

Palliser's  Court  Houses,  City  Halls,  Jails,  &c.  j 
Palliser's  Common  Sense  School  Ai-chitecture.  | 

Specifications  and  Contract  Blanks.,  <S:c. 
Full  Descriptive  Lists  mailed  on  .ipplication ;  also  of 
all  American  and  Foreign  Building  Journals  with  club 

rates.   PALLISER,  PALLISER  AGO., 

24  E.  42d  St  .  NEW  YORK. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND  PRICES 
OF  LATEST 

PLUMBING  SPECIALTIES, 

Combination  Pipe  Vises,  Hinged  Self-Locking  Pipe 
Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Benders,  Lead  Pipe  Formers  and 
Sizers,  Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners,  Plumbers'  Estimate 
Book — office  and  pocket  size— to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

2  1  Church  Street,  Wlllimantic,  Conn. 


VI 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


LVoL.  XVI.    No.  328 


DIRECTORY 

[The  names  of  subscribers  included  in  this  list  on 
payment  of  t'l  per  year.] 


PLUMBEK8'  SUPPLIES. 
Shllvock  W.  H.,  886  Dudley  street. 
The  Whittaker  Supply  Co..  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee  Wm.  E  .,  154  LaSalle  street. 
Dee  Wm.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien  T.  M.,  5,  84  LaSalle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 


CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson  M.,  69  Thirty-fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Bapgot,  E,  171  Adams  street 
Blake  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street 
Breyer  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan  T.  J..  683  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty  John,  3105  State  street. 
Came-on  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 
Denniston  J.  A  ,  148  N.  Clark  street. 
Gay  &  Cnlloton,  .50  N.  Clark  street. 
Gnndermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue 
Hickey  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 
Hartmann  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  Ave. 
Kelly  Thomas  &  Bros.  75  ■lackson  street. 
Klein  Stephen.  712  and  714  Milwaukee  ave. 
Meany  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 
Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-second  street. 
Murray  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 
Nacey  P.,  339  V\  abash  avenue. 
Neustadt  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 
Prouasco,  K.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 
Reilly,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 
Roche,  J.  H.,  208  Thirty  first  street. 
Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Qumcy  street. 
Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street, 
Sanders,  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 
Schmidt,  Ira  T..  191  E.  Indiana  street. 
Sullivan,  John.  320  Division  street. 
Tumulty,  J.  W".,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 
Wade,  J.  J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 
AVeber  &  VVeppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 
Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 
Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 
Young,  Gatzert  it  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


J]_ENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  .50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
bouses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  Referencps.  London  agent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle street,  Chicago.  IIJ.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  ordersand 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  Thb  Sanitabt 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING, 
Mem.  Am.  8oc.  C.  E.,  M.  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Construc- 
tion Superintended. 


GEO.  E.  WARING,  Jr..  M.Inst  C.  E. 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Woi  k. 

WARING,  CHAPMAN  d.  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  R.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 

gAML.  O.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage. 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Rialto  Building. 
Chicago.  

J^M.  PAUL   GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc.. 
oners  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  oC  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  < -orres- 
pondence  solicited  39  Union  Square,  West.  New 
York  City.  

HELP  WANTED. 


READERS  ARE  CORDlALLr  INVITED 
^  to  use  this  column  vilien  in  need  help  in  any  of  the 
professions^  trades  or  businesses  to  7vhich  this  Journal 
is  deToted.  .Such  advertisements  7vill  I'e  inserted  fri-e, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  of'XwK  SANi  rAKV 
News,  HS  and  9o  La  Salle  .Street,  Chicafto. 


TXT-ANTED.  —  THOROUGHLY  COMPETENT 
^'  man  as  (orenum  in  plumbing  shop.  Must  have 
had  experience  in  figuring,  overseeing  work,  etc.,  in 
Chicago,  and  give  first-class  references.  Address, 
with  iiill  statement  of  qualifications  and  present  posi- 
tion, "  H.,"  The  Sanitaky  News. 


w   ^  _ 

Address,""  F.,"  The  Sanitaky  News. 


ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
c.igo.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrions  men. 


HELP  WANTED. 


■RANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  take 
full  charge  of  work,  make  estimates  and  anle  to  handle 
llic  business  from  soliciting  and  making  bids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  W.  H.  S.,  1212 
Do\igIas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 


TSrANTED.— FIRST-CLASS  PLUMBERS  AND 
^  '  Steamfitters  for  Portland,  Oregon.  Four  dollars 
per  day  of  nine  hours.  Address,  A.  J.  Lawrence,  145 
Kront  Street,  Portland,  Oregon. 


vyANTED.  —  A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 

Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  \Vm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
aiiotis  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
to  -which  this  jouryial  is  devoted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  ivill  he  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  The  Sanitary 
.Vews,  88  and  90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


OITUATION  WANTED— AS  BOOKKEEPER  IN 
^  plumbing  business  in  Western  citv.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  S.\nit..\ky  News. 


CriUATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
^  draughtsman  and  designer,  with  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  supervising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  A^e,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Addrets,  "  L.  G.,""TiiE  .Sanitary  News. 


OITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^  competent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.  Locat:ion  no 
object.    Address,  "il.  E.,"  Tm  Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


■pOR  SALE.  — A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
l>usiness,  located  in  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hand.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
Pi.UMri,  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


pori  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
iness,  four  years  established  in  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.     Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
.Address  "  W.  F.  T.,"  The  S.\nitary  News. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


ryWID   WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUu- 
ber  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitarv  i>lumbing  a  specialty. 
372  \V.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. 


p  11 AR  VEY,  S  CIEN  TIFIC  AND  PR  A  CTICA  L 
■*  •  Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mi(  h- 
igan  and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.  Residence,  .3G29 
Dearborn  Street. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


Ravenswood  M.  E.  Church,  1  sty  brk  ch,  68x76, 

.Sunnyside  and  Commercial  sts;  a,  J.  S.Wool* 

lacolt   $35,000 

(no.  15.  Upp>  '  2  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  (its, 

143.V.50,  61st  and  A\'allace  sts   14,000 

I.  II.  Dunhevey,  2sty  brkaddl  strs,  40x90, 247-49 

Wabash  av;  a,  Baumann  \-  Codv   10,0(K) 

.\gar  Bros..  2  3  sty  and  eel  brk  sirs  and  (Its,  .50x 

70,  024-26  Larrabee  st;  a,  W.  L.  Carroll   12,000 

C.  .V  X.  W.  R.  R.  Co.,  1  stv  brk  wrhse,  64x414, 

54-88  W.  Water  st   18,000 

I.  W.  Rich,  5  slv  and  hst  brk  strs  and  (Us,  59x60 

293  95  Wells  it ;  a,  los.  Schneitzer   2,5,000 

(Joss  Printing  Co..  2  stv  brk  fctv,  l()8x78,  3.35-47 

Rebecca  st;  a,  Burnh'am  &  Edbrook   17,000 

Wm.  II.  Bowman,  Ifi  1  sty  brk  cottages,  20x24, 

S404  30  Yorktown  st   10,000 

J.C.Sterling,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  41x48, 

33n-13  Calumet  av;  a,  E.  S.  Jeniiison  &  Co..  10,000 


F.  Siegel,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  32x79,  3643 

Michigan  av;  a,  L.  B.  Dixon   15,000 

Geo.  A.  Gilbert,  3  sty  and  bst  brk,  25x62,  536 

Washington  boul;  a,  P.atton  it  Fisher   8,000 

Jas.  L.  Campbell,  4  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwUgs, 

88.X40,  lllS-24  Washington  boul;  a,  C.  A. 

Weary   35,000 

Jas.  L.  Campbell,  3  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  45x60, 

1114-16  Washington  boul;  a,  C.  A.  Wearv.. .  16,000 
111.  Cvcling  Club,  3  stv  brk  club  hse,  22x74, 

1066-68  Washington  "boul;  a,  Howe  &  Shel- 
don   15,000 

L.  H.  Whiting,  2  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  46x60, 

4245.47  Wabash  av;  a,  Jas.  McGrath   9,000 

J.  C.  Thomas,  3  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwUgs,  53x55, 

140-44  43d  st;  a,  J.  S.  WooUacott   12,000 

Mrs.  Nellie  S.  Talcott,  3  sty  frm  dwllg,  35x65, 

5154  S.  Park  av   10,000 

W.  Meeks,  7  1%  sty  frm  dwllgs,  140x30,5542-58 

Tracvav;  a.  W.  "Meeks   S,500 

Peter  Engle,  2  3  stv  brk  strs  and  fits,  48x75,  6104 

-6  State  st;  a,  J.  P.  tt  J.  P.  Doerr   8,000 

Loiran  A-  FarKin,  2  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  44x50, 

4636-40  Evans  st;  a,  E.  C.  Healey   6,600 

R.  M.  McKev,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  2.3x63,  412 

E.  40th  st;  a,  Rasnestsen  i-  Bro   6,500 

Swedish  M.  E.  Church,  1  sty  and  bst  frm  ch,  42 

x72.  Exchange  av  and  91st  st   7,000 

Wm.  Wehmhoanar,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  23x56 

1691  Dempster  pi;  a,  J.'S.  WooUacott   5,000 

Mrs.  Julia  A.  Adams,  2  sty  and  bst  frm  dwllg, 

32x52,  2607  Robev  st;  a.  Brown, . . .-   5,000 

Win.  J.  C.  Allen,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  24x47, 

659  Warren  av  ;  a,  Howe  «V:  Sheldon   6,.500 

John  Cohn,  3  and  2  stv  and  bst  brk  strs,  fits  and 

barn,  25  x86x44  ,  2.')x25x20,  3827  Wentworth  av; 

a,  J.  F.  &J.  P.  Doerr   8,000 

S.  M.  Nelson,  4  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  22x84,  132 

W.  Erie  st;  a,  S'.  M.  Nelson   8,500 

Constantine  Bullinger,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and 

fits,  34x60,  946  W.  12th  st;  a,  H.  Hiedinger. ,.  5,000 
J.  R.  Patterson,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  53.\42, 

382  Rissell  st;  a,  J.  S.  Wooll.acott   5,000 

S.amuel  Webb,  3  3  slv  and  eel  brk  (its,  40x40. 

160  63  Sacramento  st   6,000 

Mrs.  Jane  Leslie,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  (its,  25x62, 

83  Loomis  st;  a,  D.  S.  Pentecost   5,600 

Bouton's  F'oundry  Co.,  1  stv  brk  add,  119x57, 

398  Winter  St...'  '   5,000 

R.A.Stokes,  3  sty  and  ce!  hrk  fits,  21x80.  481 

W.  Erie  st;  a,  Tuhen  <t  Thisslen   6,0(Xt 


RV. 


BIG  FOUR  ROUTE 


Finest  i  rams  in  America,  run  aaiiy  uetween 

CHICAGO,  LAFAYETTE, 
INDIANAPOLIS  CINCINNATI 

\'estibiile(l   and  Steam  Heated 
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on  all  Tlirong-h  Trains. 

The  Kh;  Foi'k  is  tlio  only  line  from  Chicaoo 
that  takes  you  into  the  (irand  Central  Depot, 
Cincinnati,  where  connections  are  made  for  all 
points  East,  South  and  Southeast. 

For  further  information  apply  to  City  Ticket 
Olhce,  VH  Uandoliih  St.,  Chicauo. 

DKfoTs-  Foot  of  Lake  St.,  '£!iid  and  .SOth  Sis, 

D.B.MARTIN,  J.C.Tucker. 

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May  31,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


49 


The  Sanitary  News 


IS  PUBr.ISIIED  EVERY  SATURDAY 


No.  1)0  La  Saline  Street, 


Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson,       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -.  Publisher. 

A.  H.  Hakhyman,  -        --        --        --        -  Editor. 

Hbnry  R.  ALLEN,      -------        London  Agent. 

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subjects. 

CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial 

Preventive  Mmsures  that  Prevent  ..... 
Private  Construction  and  Maintenance  of  Sewers 

The  Basis  on  Which  Schedules  of  Water  Rates  Should  be  Determined 
Water  Filtrations 
Solving  the  Problem 

Atmosphere  as  a  Source  of  Tuberculous  Infection 
Preservatives  for  Iron  Surfaces 

A  Woman*s  Ideal  House  ...... 

Testing  Cement  ........ 

Sewer  Gas  ........ 

Safety  in  Electric  Lighting  ...... 

A  Fact  Not  New  ....... 

The  Gorton  Hot-Water  Boiler  ...... 

Disinfection  by  Sulphur  ...... 

PLUMBING  

To  the  Delegates  to  Denver  -       .  - 

Size  of  House  Sewers 

Plumbing  in  Detroit  ...... 

Delegates  to  Denver 

Among  the  Plumbers  ..... 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done    -  -  -  .  . 

Heating  and  Lighting 
Water  Works  Notes 
Sewerage  Notes 

Bids  and  Contracts  ....... 


The  Traction  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  have  prohibited 
spitting  in  their  cars  and  waiting-rooms.  This  calls  up  again  the 
question  as  to  what  kind  of  an  animal  man  is.  He  has  been  called 
a  laughing  animal,  as  being  the  only  one  that  laughs.  For  the 
same  reason  he  has  been  called  a  whistling  animal;  but  he  is, 
above  all,  a  spitting  animal.  He  spits  as  if  he  were  made  to  spit, 
but  he  wasn't.  The  saliva  was  intended  for  a  very  different  pur- 
pose, and  man  only  expectorates  when  he  gets  something  in  his 
mouth  that  does  not  naturally  belong  there.  The  saliva  is  a  very 
important  feature  in  the  economy  of  health,  and  it  is  wofully  mis- 
used when  it  is  recklessly  wasted  by  the  spitting  animal  called 
man.  Man  has  to  use  some  excitant  or  form  a  very  useless  and 
repulsive  habit  to  be  able  to  spit  at  all  times  and  in  all  places. 


Nature  tried  hard  to  make  man  respectable  and  decent,  but  man 
delights  in  violating  nature's  designs  in  this  regard,  greatly  to  the 
annoyance  and  disgust  of  all  about  him.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
some  diseases,  such  as  consumption,  can  be  communicated  by  the 
sputa  of  the  patient,  and  from  a  sanitary  point  of  view,  if  not  from 
a  sense  of  good  manners,  man  ought  to  agree  with  himself  not  to 
spit  in  public  places. 

The  charm  of  money-making  is  experienced  by  almost  every 
one.  There  are  notable  exceptions  to  this,  but  they  are  few,  and 
not  many  of  them  are  observed  in  the  same  century.  To  be- 
come wealthy  is  the  ambition  of  the  majority,  among  which  are 
found  the  temperate  and  well-to-do.  Yet  there  are  those  whose 
ruling  passion  is  money-getting.  Their  whole  life,  their  pleasure, 
recreation,  amusement  and  salvation  seem  to  be  centered  in  ob- 
taining wealth.  The  fever  often  rises  to  an  abnormal  degree,  and 
haste  to  gain  wealth  rushes  them  into  all  manner  of  schemes,  busi- 
ness and  speculation.  There  are  men  who  have  been  kept  poor 
all  their  lives  by  trying  to  become  wealthy.  They  have  been  too 
busy  trying  to  make  money  to  earn  it,  and  Hved  all  their  lives  in 
debt  and  "  hard  up."  A  Boston  man,  in  speaking  to  a  writer  in  an 
exchange  on  this  question,  says:  "All  the  improved  real  estate  in 
Boston,  as  a  rule,  has  paid  its  interest  and  taxes  and  quadrupled 
in  value  during  the  past  fifty  years,  while  during  the  same  period 
go  per  cent,  of  all  the  merchants  and  traders  in  that  city  have 
failed,  and  90  per  cent,  of  all  the  business  corporations  have  either 
done  likewise  or  gone  out  of  business,  so  that  their  stock  has  been 
wiped  out.  In  view  of  these  facts,  I  think  it  maybe  unhesitatingly 
asserted  that  nothing  else  is  so  safe  an  investment  for  small  sav- 
ings as  improved  real  estate.    Nothing  is  likely  to  grow  in  value 

faster  If  you  have  a  rich  father  who  would  furnish  you 

with  the  cash  to  start  you  in  business,  you  would  probably  do  better 
in  the  long  run  if  you  invested  it  in  the  way  I  have  pointed  out, 
rather  than  risk  it  in  trade,  meanwhile  earning  your  living  by 
working  for  a  salary."  This  is  good  advice  in  the  abstract,  per- 
haps, but  it  is  not  cut  to  fit  the  various  phases  of  human  nature. 
Some  men  could  do  this  and  be  happy,  but  it  would  kill  others. 
Some  men  are  born  to  plod,  others  to  run  off  and  smash  up  har- 
ness and  vehicle;  and  out  of  their  individual  preferences  they  are 
not  happy  or  content.  They  set  themselves  down  as  failures  if 
their  natural  inclinations  are  not  followed.  Some  men  succeed  as 
if  it  were  so  ordained,  and  we  call  it  luck.  Others  are  born  fail- 
ures, and  they  fail  if  they  do  not  fail.  All  could  not  settle  down 
to  real-estate  investments.  All  could  not  be  speculators,  mer- 
chants, tradesmen,  or  any  other  one  class.  Diversity  of  employ- 
ment makes  possible  the  gain  of  each.  Fortunes  are  not  found, 
and  those  who  seem  to  rise  the  most  easily  are  those  who  gener- 
ally work  the  hardest.  There  are  many  "roads  to  wealth,"  and 
many  books  have  been  written  on  "  How  to  Get  Rich,"  by  men 
who  had  not  enough  money  to  publish  them.  Yet  there  is  one 
thing  of  which  we  can  be  reasonably  sure:  Proficiency  and  indus- 
try in  any  calling  are  rewarded. 


PREVENTIVE  MEASURES  THAT  PREVENT. 

Not  long  ago  there  was  a  meeting,  at  Indianapolis,  of  medical 
men  of  a  school  so  progressive  that  they  would  progress  beyond 
progress.  They  took  up  the  subject  of  vaccination,  and  some  of 
them  were  progressive  enough  to  denounce  it  as  a  fraud,  and  to 
declare  that  it  did  more  harm  than  good.  They  would  probably 
rather  cure  small-pox  than  prevent  it — would  probably  rather  cure, 
or  try  to  cure,  any  disease  than  prevent  its  inception  or  spread. 
While  these  men  were  discussing  this  subject,  the  Connecticut 
health  authorities  were  fighting  the  dread  disease  of  small-pox, 
using  vaccination  as  one  of  their  effective  weapons.  Of  the  results 
the  Monthly  Bulletin  says: 

Small-pox  is  again  banished  from  the  state.  How  can  the  effi- 
ciency and  good  work  of  local  boards  of  health  be  more  emphat- 
ically demonstrated  than  by  the  experience  of  the  last  few  months, 
in  restricting  and  stamping  out  this  most  contagious  and  dreaded 
disease?  It  has  invaded  in  turn  such  towns  as  Windsor  Locks, 
Waterbury,  East  Windsor,  Meriden  and  Bridgeport,  since  the 
beginning  of  the  year,  and  yet  in  each  place,  under  the  energetic 
exercise  of  the  authority  invested  in  the  local  boards  of  health, 
such  rigid  isolation  of  patients  and  thorough  vaccination  has  been 
practiced  that  it  has  been  wholly  extinguished.    In  some  of  these 


50 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  330 


towns,  notably  Waterbury  and  Bridgeport,  the  notification  was  so 
prompt  and  the  preventive  measures  so  thorough  that  the  disease 
attacked  no  other  than  its  first  victim. 

Of  what  force  are  the  oft-exploded  arguments  of  the  anti-vac- 
cinationists  in  the  face  of  such  facts? 

We  do  not  succeed  so  well  in  exterminating  other  infectious 
diseases,  like  scarlet  fever  and  diphtheria,  because  we  have  no 
protective  agency  corresponding  to  vaccination  which  defends  in- 
dividuals from  these  diseases.  Hence  the  conclusion  is  just  that 
the  extinction  of  small-pox  in  a  community  or  town  is  largely  due 
to  the  protection  which  vaccination  gives,  and  is  not  merely  the 
result  of  isolation  and  disinfection. 

Isolation  and  disinfection,  however,  are  important  factors  in 
the  prevention  of  epidemics,  and,  being  the  chief  reliance  in  other 
infectious  diseases  than  small-pox,  should  be  practiced  with  more 
vigilance  than  is  sometimes  observed. 

It  cannot  be  too  often  impressed  upon  the  minds  of  local  boards 
of  health,  charged  with  the  protection  of  the  health  of  their  con- 
stituents, that  prompt  7totification  of  contagious  diseases,  rigid 
isolation  of  the  patients,  and  thorough  disinfection  of  their  sur- 
roundings, will  always,  if  intelligently  and  persistently  practiced, 
be  attended  with  satisfactory  success.  In  short,  if  an  outbreak  of 
contagious  disease  in  any  community  is  not  limited  to  those  who 
are  first  discovered  with  it,  it  will  be  because  of  the  culpable  neg- 
lect of  these  precautions. 


PRIVATE  CONSTRUCTION  AND  MAINTENANCE  OF 
SEWERS. 

The  action  of  the  city  authorities  of  Shreveport,  La.,  in  making 
a  contract  with  a  private  company  for  the  construction  and  main- 
tenance, not  only  of  a  system  [of  water-works,  but  also  a  system 
of  sewers,  has  led  the  American  Architect  and  Building  News  to 
say  some  sensible  things  regarding  the  private  construction  and 
maintenance  of  sewers.  As  a  business  proposition  this  seems 
sound,  and  as  a  means  of  needed  sanitation  this  plan  would  un- 
doubtedly meet  with  general  approval.  Taking  the  Shreveport 
plans  as  a  basis  the  private  construction  of  water-works  and  sew- 
ers is  cheaper  to  the  citizens  than  the  unsanitary  method  of  con- 
structing and  maintaining  cesspools,  and  it  would  furnish  sewers 
to  towns  that  are  unable  to  stand  the  cost  of  construction.  The 
News  says: 

In  a  very  large  number  of  our  towns,  even  where'the  water-works 
are  in  the  hands  of  the  public  authority,  we  believe  that  sewers 
might  be  built  and  maintained  by  private  enterprise,  where  the 
cost  is  beyond  the  reach  of  the  city  finances,  to  the  saving  of  hun- 
dreds of  precious  lives,  and  the  infinite  benefit  of  the  citizens. 
The  two  principal  difficulties  in  the  way  are  the  necessity,  in  many 
cases,  of  seeking  an  outfall  for  the  main  sewers  through  the  terri- 
tory of  a  neighboring,  and  perhaps  unfriendly,  town,  and  the  legal 
quibble  about  the  right  of  a  town  to  give  any  person  or  corpora- 
tion a  monopoly  in  its  streets.  If  these  could  be  overcome,  which 
could  most  readily  be  done  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  expli- 
citly empowering  towns  to  acquire  rights  of  way  through  other 
communes,  and  to  convey  franchise  for  sewerage  systems,  we 
have  long  been  convinced  that  the  money  would  be  raised  with- 
out difficulty,  or  rather,  that  capitalists,  large  and  small,  would 
rush  to  avail  themselves  of  every  opportunity  for  an  investment 
so  solid,  so  near  at  hand,  and  so  surely  profitable.  Just  at  pres- 
ent, the  most  favorable  place  that  we  know  of  for  such  enterprises 
is  in  the  district  served  by  the  Metropolitan  system  of  drainage, 
the  construction  of  which  has  just  been  begun  in  Eastern  Massa- 
chusetts. This  Metropolitan  system  provides  an  outfall,  and  one 
main  sewer,  for  each  of  the  towns  in  the  Charles  and  Mystic  river 
valleys,  but  nothing  more,  and,  in  order  that  the  sewer  may  be  of 
the  slightest  use  to  the  towns  through  which  it  passes,  they  must 
build  their  own  drainage  network  to  connect  with  it.  Yox  most  of 
the  towns,  this  is  a  financial  impossibility,  since,  even  if  the  money 
could  be  borrowed,  the  rate  of  taxation,  which  is  already  very 
high  in  the  towns  about  Boston,  would  have  to  be  raised  so  much, 
to  pay  the  interest  on  the  borrowed  funds,  as  to  drive  the  well-to- 
do  inhabitants  away,  leaving  the  town  poorer  than  ever.  In  this 
dilemma,  the  intervention  of  private  capital  would  not  only  be  a 
great  relief  to  the  towns,  but  would  enable  them  to  secure  at  once 
the  advantages  which  the  Metropolitan  system  was  intended  to 
afford  them;  and  under  an  arrangement  similar  to  that  at  Shreve- 


port, enough  capital  could  be  raised  in  Boston  in  a  few  days,  as 
we  think,  to  carry  out  complete  drainage  works  in  the  closely- 
settled  portions  of  the  whole  Metropolitan  district.  Most  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  district  are  tolerably  well-to-do;  they  all  have 
the  use  of  a  public  water-supply,  and  nearly  all  of  them  have  to 
pay  from  six  to  twenty  dollars  a  year  for  having  their  cesspools 
emptied.  We  know  of  an  instance  in  the  district  where  a  house- 
holder had  to  pay  the  public  cesspool-cleaner  twelve  dollars  for 
pumping  out  his  cesspool,  and  had  to  have  it  done  every  two 
weeks  to  prevent  its  contents  from  overflowing  back  into  his 
cellar.  This,  which  was  at  the  rate  of  more  than  three  hundred 
dollars  a  year,  for  a  house  of  quite  moderate  size,  was  un- 
doubtedly an  extreme  case,  but  the  opportunity  for  securing  sewer 
drainage  at  a  cost  of  two  dollars  a  year  per  house,  which  is  about 
the  Shreveport  average,  would  be  hailed  with  delight  throughout 
the  district;  yet  at  that  rate  the  Shreveport  Sewerage  Company 
receives  an  excellent  return  upon  its  investment.  In  the  Massa- 
chusetts Metropolitan  district  the  outfalls  for  the  local  systems 
are  excellently  provided  for  by  the  Metropolitan  system  itself; 
and  if  the  towns  could  be  authorized  to  grant  franchises,  and 
would  do  so  judiciously,  they  might  have  their  sewers  built,  their 
population,  and  the  value  of  their  real-estate,  materially  in- 
creased, and  their  public  health  greatly  improved,  without  the  ex- 
penditure of  a  dollar  from  the  city  treasury,  simply  by  forbidding 
the  use  of  cesspools,  and  authorizing  the  sewerage  company  to 
collect,  for  the  privilege  of  drain  connections,  an  annual  assess- 
ment, which  would,  in  most  cases,  be  far  less  than  the  yearly  pres- 
ent expense  of  emptying  the  cesspools  and  vaults. 


THE  BASIS  ON  WHICH  SCHEDULES  OF  WATER  RATES 
SHOULD  BE  DETERMINED.*  ' 

It  is  a  well-understood  fact  that  schedules  of  water  rates  for 
cities  and  towns  in  which  water  has  just  been  introduced  are  usu- 
ally established  on  the  basis  of  the  charges  in  other  cities  and 
towns  of  like  population_,  where  the  works  have  been  in  operation 
for  a  considerable  period,  and  not  as  the  result  of  a  detailed  study 
of  the  elements  of  cost  of  construction  and  maintenance,  and 
probable  revenue. 

A  little  reflection  will  satisfy  any  one  that  the  usual  plan  is  un- 
philosophical,  and  is  simply  guesswork. 

Whether  the  works  are  constructed  and  owned  by  a  munici- 
pality or  by  a  private  company,  the  general  rule  remains  the  same, 
that  in  some  way  the  works  must  be  made  to  pay;  otherwise  the 
original  and  consequent  continued  investment  would  not  be 
made. 

It  is  further  true  that  the  conditions  as  to  source  of  supply, 
length  of  conduit,  quality  of  soil  and  required  size  and  length  of 
distribution-pipes  are  not  alike  in  any  two  towns,  and  therefore  the 
cost  of  construction  and  maintenance  must  necessarily  be  unlike; 
and  as  a  consequence  the  schedules  of  water  rates  must  differ  for 
each  town,  provided  they  are  fair  and  equitable  alike  to  the  owner 
and  consumer. 

Assuming  the  correctness  of  the  foregoing  premises,  the  con- 
clusion must  follow  that  some  more  rational  method  than  the  nile 
of  thumb  should  be  adopted  to  determine  an  approximately  correct 
and  equitable  schedule  of  water  rates  for  each  case. 

I  therefore  respectfully  submit  to  this  association,  for  the  con- 
sideration and  criticism  of  its  members,  the  following  method  for 
such  determination: 

(i.)  Determine  the  sum  represented  by  the  original  cost  of  the 
works  compounded  at  4  per  cent,  per  annum  for  20  years. 

(2.)  Determine  the  sum  represented  by  the  estimated  yearly 
cost  of  operating  expenses  and  repairs,  each  said  yearly  sum  com- 
pounded at  4  per  cent,  for  its  proper  number  of  years,  from  20 
to  I. 

(3.)  Determine  the  sum  represented  by  the  estimated  yearly 
cost  of  extensions  of  the  pipe  distribution,  each  said  yearly  sum 
compounded  at  4  per  cent,  for  its  proper  number  of  years,  from 
20  to  I . 

(4.)  Determine  the  sum  of  money  which  at  the  end  of  20  years 
will  represent  the  cost  of  metering  each  service  as  it  is  put  in,  in- 
cluding interest,  repairs  and  depreciation,  the  life  of  a  meter  being 
taken  at  12  years. 

*  Read  l>y  J.  Nelson  Tubbs  before  llic  American  Water- Works  Association, 
Chicago,  May  31,  1890, 


May  31,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


51 


The  sum  of  the  four  preceding  items  will  represent  approxi- 
mately the  total  cost  of  the  works  at  the  end  of  20  years,  including 
compound  interest  at  4  percent,  on  each  item  of  expenditure  from 
the  time  it  accrued  to  the  end  of  the  20-year  period. 

(5.)  From  the  sum  thus  obtained  deduct  the  estimated  yearly 
hydrant  rentals  to  be  received  for  20  years,  each  year's  rental  be- 
ing compounded  at  4  per  cent,  for  the  number  of  years  from  date 
of  receipt  to  end  of  20  years.  The  determination  of  yearly 
hydrant  rental  to  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  method 
suggested  in  a  paper  read  by  me  before  this  association,  at  its 
meeting  in  Cleveland  two  years  ago. 

The  resultant  difference  will  represent  the  amount  of  expendi- 
tures made,  together  with  accumulated  interest,  for  a  period  of 
20  years,  which  said  amount  must  be  paid  out  of  the  receipts  for 
water  sold. 

The  amount  of  water  sold  in  the  20  years  is  approximately  de- 
termined by  the  following  described  method: 

In  these  days,  it  is  not  difficult  for  the  hydraulic  engineer  who 
designs  and  constructs  a  system  of  water-works  to  determine,  with 
substantial  accuracy,  its  capacity  in  gallons  per  day,  either  by  the 
application  and  solution  of  a  proper  hydraulic  formula  or  by  actual 
measurement.  From  the  capacity  thus  determined,  my  experi- 
ence would  lead  me  to  deduct  20  per  cent,  of  the  whole  supply  as 
a  reasonable  estimate  for  loss  by  evaporation  from  reservoirs,  from 
undiscovered  underground  leaks,  from  the  use  of  water  for  the 
suppression  of  fires,  from  the  wilful  and  malicious  waste  of  water 
from  unmetered  fixtures,  and  from  the  imperfections  of  meters  or 
other  registers,  used  in  measuring  the  water  supplied  to  consumers. 
There  will  thus  remain  only  80  per  cent,  of  the  total  supply  from 
which  a  return  in  water  rents  is  made  to  the  owner. 

As  it  is  usual  to  plan  works  with  the  design  that  they  shall  fur- 
nish a  sufficient  supply  of  water  for  a  growing  town  for  a  period 
of  at  least  20  years,  and  we  may  assume  that  at  the  end  of  that 
period  the  water  will  be  all  used  and  paid  for  in  rates;  for  the 
purpose  of  an  approximate  calculation,  we  may  also  assume  that 
one-twentieth  of  the  whole  amount  will  be  sold  in  the  first  year, 
two-twentieths  the  second,  and  so  on  in  like  proportion  for  the  re- 
maining years.  On  this  assumption  it  is  not  difficult  to  determme 
the  total  number  of  gallons  of  water  which  will  have  been  sold -at 
the  end  of  20  years. 

(6.)  If  the  total  expenditures  at  the  end  of  20  years,  less  the 
total  hydrant  rental,  be  divided  by  the  total  amount  of  water  sold, 
we  shall  have  as  a  result  the  rate  at  which  the  water  must  be  sold 
to  balance  the  account  at  the  end  of  20  years. 

Apparently,  by  this  process,  the  owner  of  the  works  will  at  the 
end  of  20  years  have  received  back  all  money  previously  expended 
by  him  in  the  construction  and  operation  of  the  works,  together 
with  4  per  cent,  compound  interest  thereon.  There  is,  however, 
one  fallacy  in  the  process,  and  it  consists  in  the  fact  that  no  allow- 
ance of  interest  is  made  on  the  receipt  sold  for  water  year  by  year 
during  the  20  years.  The  amount  of  this  interest  may,  however, 
now  be  determined,  as  the  amount  sold  each  year  and  the  price 
charged  for  the  same  are  known;  the  compound  interest  on  each 
of  said  yearly  amounts,  for  their  respective  periods  up  to  20  years 
is  easily  determined;  and  when  determined,  it  will  be  treated  as  a 
percentage  of  profit  to  the  owner,  to  be  added  to  the  4  per  cent, 
previously  allowed  for  the  use  of  his  money. 

While  it  is  claimed  for  this  method  that  it  will  determine  with 
approximate  accuracy  the  price  to  be  charged  per  1,000  gallons  in 
any  given  case,  where  the  water  is  measured  by  meter,  yet  as  in 
some  cases  it  may  not  be  practicable  or  convenient  to  apply  a 
meter,  it  therefore  becomes  necessary  to  prepare  a  schedule  of 
fixed  rates  for  special  use  of  water. 

As  such  a  schedule  must  be  based  upon  the  rate  charged  per 
1,000  gallons,  it  is  not  especially  difficult  for  the  experienced 
water-works  manager  to  convert  such  special  use  into  gallons  per 
day,  which  multiplied  by  the  rate  per  gallon,  or  1,000  gallons,  will 
determine  the  fixed  rate  to  be  charged  for  the  special  use. 

That  the  foregoing  methods  may  be  more  clearly  understood, 
I  proceed  to  illustrate  by  a  purely  imaginary  case,  as  follows: 

Suppose  a  system  of  water-works  is  just  completed  in  a  grow- 
ing town  under  the  following  conditions: 

The  present  population  is  4,000;  the  rate  of  increase  is  esti- 
mated at  250  per  year;  the  capacity  of  the  works  is  one  and  one- 
half  million  gallons  per  day;  the  original  cost  is  Sioo.ooo;  the  esti- 


mated yearly  cost  of  repairs  and  operating  is  88,000;  the  yearly 
cost  of  pipe  extensions  is  estimated  at  $4,000;  the  number  of  hy- 
drants at  first  set  is  70,  and  they  are  estimated  to  increase  at  the 
rate  of  10  each  year  for  20  years;  that  100  service  and  100  meters 
for  same  are  put  in  each  year  for  20  years,  when  it  is  ex[)ected  the 
capacity  of  the  works  will  be  reached  and  the  yearly  rental  of  each 
hydrant  will  be,  as  determined  by  my  method,  S35.  Under  these 
conditions,  what  should  be  the  rate  charged  per  1,000  gallons  for 
use  of  water? 

SOLUTION. 

$100,000  at  compound  interest  for  20  years, 

at  4  per  cent  $219,000  00 

S8,ooo  yearly  repairs  and  operating  expenses, 

each  said  yearly  sum  compounded  at  4 

per  cent,  from  the  date  it  accrued,  until 

expiration  of  20  years   247,760  00 

S4,ooo  yearly  expenditure  for  pipe  extensions, 

compounded  as  in  last  preceding  item. .  123,880  00 
$3 — Being  the  sum  necessary  to  be  placed 

yearly  at  compound  interest  at  4  per  cent. 

for  each  meter,  and  which  will  pay  yearly 

interest,  $0.95,  yearly  depreciation,  $1.30, 

and  yearly  repairs,  $0.75,  and  renew  the 

meter  each  12  years;  the  process  being 

carried  on  for  20  years  until  all  services 

are  metered   85,403  00 

Total   §676,043  00 

DEDUCT  FROM  SAID  SUM, 

$35,  the  determined  yearly  rental  value  of 
each  hydrant,  at  compound  interest  at  4 


per  cent,  from  the  date  when  it  accrued 

to  the  end  of  20  years   158,429  00 


Balance  to  be  made  up  from  water 
rents   §517,614  00 


It  now  becomes  necessary  to  determine  the  total  amount  of 
water  sold  during  the  20  years.  We  have  assumed  that  the  total 
amount  of  supply  is  i  ^  million  gallons  per  day,  and  that  80  per 
cent.,  or  .1,200,000  gallons  per  day,  or  438,000,000  gallons  per  year, 
is  available  for  revenue.  We  have  also  assumed  that  i-2oth  of 
this  amount,  or  21,900,000  gallons,  is  sold  the  first  year,  2-2oths  the 
second  year,  and  so  on  to  the  end  of  20  years.  A  summation  of 
these  yearly  sa'.es  in  the  case  in  hand  shows  the  total  amount  sold 
to  be  4,599,000,000  gallons. 

If  we  now  divide  the  $517,614  which  is  to  be  paid  by  the  sale  of 
water  by  the  4,599,000,000  gallons  sold  at  the  end  of  the  period,  we 
find  that  the  price  per  1,000  gallons  must  be  ii^  cents. 

As  heretofore  stated,  the  only  fallacy  in  this  method  is  the  fact 
that  no  interest  has  been  allowed  on  these  sales  from  the  date  of 
sale  to  the  end  of  the  period  of  20  years. 

Applying  the  price  of  11 X  cents  to  the  quantities  of  water  sold 
yearly,  and  determining  the  compound  interest  at  4  per  cent,  on 
these  several  amounts  for  their  proper  periods,  we  find  that  it 
would  add  i  ]A,  per  cent,  yearly  to  the  income  of  the  works  up  to 
the  end  of  20  years,  or  give  the  owner  a  yearly  return  from  his  in- 
vestment for  the  first  20  years,  of  5^4^  per  cent. 

It  will  be  readily  seen,  that  at  the  end  of  20  years,  all  the 
mony  previously  expended  on  the  system  with  ^]A,  per  cent,  in- 
terest added  will  have  been  paid,  and  that  from  thence  onward 
the  percentage  of  receipts  over  expenditures  will  be  very  large, 
or  in  other  words  that  the  works  will  pay  a  very  large  percentage 
on  the  yearly  investment  and  will  be  very  profitable,  and  the  rates 
may,  soon  after  the  end  of  the  20-year  period,  be  materially 
reduced. 

In  mitigation  of  this  reduction  of  the  rates,  may  be  named  the 
necessity  of  renewing  the  pumping  engines  and  boilers  in  case  of 
a  pumping  plant,  and  more  or  less  expensive  changes  in  the  pipe 
distribution,  and  the  renewal  of  parts  of  the  same  and  of  the  fire 
hydrants. 

I  have  fixed  the  period  for  the  summation  and  balancing  of 
expenditures  at  20  years  for  the  following  reasons: 

(i).  That  under  the  interpretation  of  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  at  least,  all  municipalities  borrowing  money  for  the 
construction  of  water-works  are  required  to  provide  a  sinking 


52 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  330 


fund,  which,  with  accumulated  interest,  shall  at  the  end  of  20 
years  pay  the  amount  thus  borrowed. 

(2)  .  That  works  are  usually  designed  for  furnishing  a  supply 
sufficient  for  a  growing  town  for  a  period  of  20  years. 

(3)  .  That  it  is  questionable  whether  in  the  average  of  cases  it 
is  prudent  or  profitable  to  make  such  an  expenditure  as  would 
provide  a  supply  for  a  period  exceeding  20  years. 

(4)  .  It  is  questionable  whether  capitalists,  with  a  full  knowl- 
edge of  the  facts,  would  be  willing  to  wait  longer  than  a  period  of 
20  years  for  a  determination  of  the  question  whether  the  invest- 
ment made  is  to  be  a  financial  success. 

(5)  .  In  cases  where  the  construction  of  works  involves  the  use 
of  pumping  engines,  boilers  and  stand-pipes,  large  expenditures 
are  liable  to  be  necessary  on  the  renewal  of  the  same  within  or  at 
the  end  of  20  years. 

(6)  .  The  exact  financial  standing  of  a  company  with  a  large 
investment  of  capital  should  be  capable  of  determination  at  the 
end  of  a  period  of  20  years,  to  enable  its  securities  to  have  a 
merchantable  value. 

The  uniform  use  of  4  per  cent,  interest  in  the  foregoing  method 
is  based  on  the  fact  that  it  is  the  percentage  paid  to  depositors  by 
savings  bank  institutions. 

The  necessary  expenditure  for  applying  a  meter  to  each 
service,  is  based  upon  the  following  reasoning: 

The  only  fair  and  equitable  way  in  which  to  sell  water,  is  by 
measure,  as  in  the  case  of  other  merchantable  commodities,  and  the 
corporation  offering  it  for  sale  should  furnish  such  measure,  and 
when  thus  furnished  it  becomes  a  part  of  its  stock  in  trade  as 
much  as  any  other  part  of  its  plant,  the  expenditure  for  which 
should  be  reimbursed  by  the  consumer  in  the  rates  paid  by  the 
consumer  for  the  uses  of  water,  and  for  the  same  reason  that  the 
merchant  charges  such  a  percentage  of  profit  in  the  sale  of  his 
goods  as  will  reimburse  him  for  the  rental  of  his  store,  and  for 
the  supply  of  scales  or  other  measures  for  the  goods  sold.  I 
therefore  assume  for  the  purposes  of  this  discussion  that  every 
water  service  should  be  metered,  that  the  meter  should  be  re- 
garded as  an  integral  part  of  the  water-works  plant,  and  that  the 
use  of  water  should  contribute  in  yearly  rates  such  sum  as  will 
remunerate  the  owner  of  the  works  for  procuring  and  maintaining 
said  meters. 

While  absolute  correctness  is  not  claimed  for  the  foregoing 
method,  yet  it  is  claimed  by  the  writer,  that  it  furnishes  a  simple, 
logical  and  approximately  correct  method  by  which  a  company  or 
a  municipality  may  determine  upon  a  rational  and  equitable 
schedule  of  water  rates  from  the  beginning,  so  that  on  one  hand 
the  work  shall  pay  as  an  investment,  and  on  the  other  hand  that 
the  consumer  shall  not  be  overcharged  and  oppressed  by  excess- 
ive charges  for  water. 

The  method  is  submitted  as  simple  enough  for  popular  use, 
and  accurate  enough  to  determine  a  successful  business  venture. 
The  method  is  equally  applicable  for  use  in  the  case  of  municipal- 
ities, as  well  as  in  that  of  private  corporations,  except  in  the  case 
of  the  latter;  another  element  will  have  to  be  introduced  in  the 
determination  of  total  expenditure  at  the  end  of  20  years,  and 
that  is  the  item  of  yearly  taxation,  which  is  to  be  treated  in  a 
precisely  similar  manner  as  the  yearly  cost  of  repairs  and  opera- 
tion, and  which  will  of  course  increase  the  amount  of  total  ex- 
penditure, and  also  the  rate  to  be  charged  per  i,oco  gallons  for 
use  of  water. 


WATER  FILTRATION. 

The  evidence  which  has  been  collected  of  late  years,  says  the 
Eiigineeritig  and  Building  Record,  with  regard  to  the  efficiency  of 
filters  of  various  kinds  in  removing  from  water  the  specific  germs 
of  such  diseases  as  cholera  and  typhoid,  is  somewhat  contradic- 
tory. As  regards  filtration  of  municipal  water-supplies  on  the 
large  scale  by  means  of  sand,  it  has  been  shown  by  the  experi- 
ments of  Frankland,  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health, 
and  the  results  obtained  at  Berlin  and  elsewhere,  that  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  ordinary  bacteria  are  removed  by  such  filtration 
if  it  is  not  made  to  go  on  too  rapidly. 

A  recent  outbreak  of  typhoid  fever  in  Berlin  has  led  to  a  fresh 
and  more  careful  investigation  of  the  effects  of  the  sand  filters 
used  in  that  city,  and  the  results  are  of  much  practical  interest. 
Sox  the  eight  years,  1880-88,  there  was  comparatively  little  typhoid 


fever  in  Berlin,  the  annual  number  of  deaths  from  this  cause  being 
only  a  little  over  two  in  10,000  living  population.  In  the  early  part 
of  1879  epidemic  of  about  700  cases  of  typhoid  occurred  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  city,  which  is  supplied  with  water  from  the 
river  Spree,  taken  through  the  sand  filters  at  Stralan.  In  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  city,  supplied  from  Lake  Tegel,  there  was  little  or 
no  typhoid. 

This  led  to  a  series  of  experiments  by  Frankel  and  Piefke, 
which  demonstrated  that  a  certain  proportion  of  many  forms  of 
bacteria,  and  especially  those  of  cholera  and  typhoid,  do  pass 
through  the  sand  filters.  Their  trials  were  first  made  with  the 
Bacillus  violacetis,  because  its  presence  is  easily  recognized  in 
gelatin  cultures  by  the  blue-colored  spots  which  it  produces.  The 
Spree  water,  containing  a  small  amount  of  this  peculiar  organism, 
was  passed  through  a  sand  filter  and  the  effluent  test,  this  being 
continued  for  thirty  days.  Through  one  of  these  filters  the  water 
was  passed  at  the  rate  of  100  millimeters  per  hour,  and  through 
another  with  three  times  this  velocity.  It  was  found  that  in  each 
filter,  and  from  the  very  beginning  of  the  filtration,  some  of  the 
blue  bacteria  passed  through;  that  when  the  filtration  went  on 
slowly,  the  proportion  found  in  the  effluent  was  about  one  per  cent, 
of  that  in  the  supply,  and  that  when  the  velocity  of  the  filtration 
was  three  times  increased,  the  proportion  of  bacteria  in  the  efflu- 
ent also  increased  to  3  per  cent. 

Having  settled  this,  experiments  were  next  made  with  the 
bacillus  of  typhoid  and  that  of  cholera  in  the  same  manner,  and 
with  precisely  the  same  results. 

It  appears,  then,  that  a  certain  proportion  of  dangerous  bac- 
teria will  go  through  sand  filters,  and  that  the  absolute  number 
which  pass  depends  on  the  number  in  the  unfiltered  water,  the 
rapidity  of  the  filtration,  and  the  length  of  time  during  which  the 
filter  has  been  used.  No  experiments  seem  to  have  been  made 
upon  the  effect  of  successive  filtration,  with  intermediate  aera- 
tion— that  is,  the  sending  through  a  fresh  sand  filter  the  water 
which  has  already  passed  through  one  filter.  The  effect  of  this 
would  not  be  the  same  as  that  produced  by  passing  the  water  once 
through  a  double  thickness  of  sand. 

The  French  Minister  of  War  states,  in  a  recent  report,  that 
steps  have  been  taken  to  provide  filters  for  all  military  posts  where 
thoroughly  satisfactory  drinking-water  for  the  troops  is  not  fur- 
nished. These  are  to  be  porcelain  filters  of  the  Chamberland  pat- 
tern, and  it  is  estimated  that  for  the  garrisons  in  France  and 
Algeria  about  23,000  of  these  filter  tubes  will  be  required.  That 
something  should  be  done  to  secure  purer  drinking-water  for  the 
French  soldiers  is  evident  from  the  great  prevalence  of  typhoid 
among  them,  and  from  the  fact  that  out  of  187  specimens  of  water 
from  different  sources  examined  in  the  laboratory  of  the  military 
school  of  \'al  de  (irace,  gi  contained  bacteria  of  putrefaction,  7 
contained  the  typhoid  bacillus,  and  21  were  contaminated  by  hu- 
man excreta. 

It  is  more  than  doubtful  whether  the  Chamberland  filters  will 
remove  all  germs  after  continuous  use  under  pressure  for  several 
months,  but  they  are  undoubtedly  safer  than  sand  filters  as  a  sole 
reliance  for  securing  pure  drinking-water.  It  would  seem  wise  in 
all  cases  to  use  the  sand  filter  for  the  general  supply,  for  it  greatly 
improves  the  water,  though  it  docs  not  absolutely  purify  it.  It 
should  be  remembered  that  when,  in  any  house,  barrack  or  town, 
two  kinds  of  water  are  furnished,  one  especially  for  drinking  and 
the  other  for  cleansing  purposes,  the  more  impure  water  will  oc- 
casionally be  used  for  drinking,  through  the  ignorance,  indolence 
or  carelessness  of  servants,  and  that  therefore  the  presence  of  an 
accessible  supply  of  impure  water  is  always  a  source  of  danger, 
and  should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible. 


SOLVING  THE  PROBLEM. 

An  experiment,  which  will  be  watched  with  great  interest,  will 
be  tried  by  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  at  Joliet,  111.,  in  an  effort 
to  find  a  solution  to  the  labor  problem.  The  plan  which  the  com- 
pany has  set  before  its  employes  is  as  follows. 

"  For  the  purpose  of  rewarding  faithful  service  and  encourag- 
ing a  high  standard  of  merit  in  work  performed  at  its  Joliet  plant, 
and  with  a  desire  to  increase  the  interest  of  its  employes  in  their 
daily  duties,  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  will  quarterly  pay  premi- 
ums as  follows: 

"  To  all  employes  who  have  not  at  any  time,  nor  in  any  way. 


May  3K  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


53 


left  the  company's  service;  who  have  not  temporarily  absented 
themselves  without  leave;  who  have  not  been  discharged  or  sus- 
pended for  cause,  and  who  have  neither  struck  nor  quit  by  their 
own  voluntary  act,  the  following  percentages  will  hereafter  be 
added  to  the  amount  of  their  monthly  earnings: 

"  When  a  man  shall  have  worked  for  the  company  continu- 
ously, as  above,  for  the  period  of  one  year,  a  premium  of  one  per 
cent  will  be  added  to  the  amount  of  his  pay  roll  for  the  last  six 
months  of  said  year. 

"  When  a  man  shall  have  worked  for  the  company  continu- 
ously, as  above,  for  a  period  of  one  and  one-half  years,  a  premium 
at  the  rate  of  one  and  one-half  per  cent,  will  be  added  to  the 
amount  of  his  pay  roll  for  the  last  six  months  of  said  period. 

"  For  two  years  a  premium  at  the  rate  of  two  per  cent,  will  be 
added  on  the  last  six  months. 

"  For  two  and  one-half  years  a  premium  at  the  rate  of  two  and 
one-half  per  cent,  will  be  added  on  the  last  six  months,  and  so  on 
at  the  rate  of  one-half  per  cent,  for  each  additional  six  months  of 
continuous  work,  up  to  five  years,  when  the  premium  will  amount 
to  five  per  cent.  After  that  time  the  percentage  of  premium  will 
not  be  increased,  but  will  continue  to  be  paid  at  the  rate  of  five 
per  cent,  to  men  who  comply  with  the  forgoing  rules. 

"Whenever  a  man  leaves  the  company's  service  and  re-enters 
it,  his  percentage  will  only  be  reckoned  from  the  first  day  of  the 
month  following  the  date  he  resumes  work  for  the  company. 

"  No  premium  will  be  paid  until  a  man  has  been  in  the  com- 
pany's service  continuously  for  one  year. 

"  The  works  are  assumed  to  have  commenced  operations  on 
July  I,  1889,  and  percentages  will  date  from  that  time,  to  such 
men  as  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same.  Payments  at  the  rate  of  one 
per  cent,  will  begin  in  July,  1890,  on  the  pay  roll  of  the  first  six 
months  of  1890.  Payments  thereafter  will  be  made  quarterly, 
namely,  in  October,  January,  April  and  July  of  each  year. 

"Men  entering  the  company's  service  after  July  i,  1889,  will 
be  considered,  under  this  arrangement,  as  entering  as  of  the  first 
of  the  month  following  the  commencement  of  their  service.  Pre- 
miums will  be  paid,  however,  to  those  entitled  only  at  the  above- 
named  quarterly  periods,  with  the  necessary  proportionate  in- 
crease for  the  first  quarterly  payment. 

"  Cessation  of  employment  for  any  of  the  causes  set  forth  here- 
in shall  forfeit  all  premiums  unpaid  at  the  time  of  such  cessation 
"All  men  who  consider  themselves  entitled  to  a  premium  as 
stated  herein,  and  desire  to  avail  themselves  of  this  system,  will 
submit  their  claims  to  their  respective  foremen  for  determination 
on  or  before  July  10,  1890,  and  quarterly  thereafter. 

"  Premiums  will  only  be  paid  to  men  who  apply  to  have  their 
names  put  on  the  list. 

"  These  percentages  are  in  no  sense  to  be  regarded  as  wages, 
but  as  a  reward  from  the  competent,  zealous,  faithful  and  contin- 
uous service,  and  the  company  reserves  the  right  to  discontinue 
the  system  at  any  time  should  its  results  prove  unsatisfactory. 

"This  system  shall  apply  to  all,employes  at  the  Joliet  plant, 
except  such  officers  as  shall  be  specially  notified  to  the  contrary." 


ATMOSPHERE  AS  A  SOURCE  OF  TUBERCULOUS 
INFECTION. 

The  British  Medical  Journal  has  an  article  from  Dr.  A.  Ran- 
some,  in  which  he  says: 

The  word  contagion  implies  transmission  by  contact,  and,  in 
the  case^of  phthisis,  it  would  naturally  be  taken  to  mean  the  di- 
rect transference  of  the  disease  from  person  to  person.  That  con- 
tagion from  a  consumptive  patient  is  a  possible  event,  is  an  opin- 
ion that  has  been  held  by  many  eminent  men;  and  quite  recently 
a  number  of  supposed  cases  of  contagion  have  been  contributed 
by  medical  men  to  the  Collective  Investigation  Committee  of  the 
British  Medical  Association.  In  a  paper  on  "  The  Limits  of  the 
Infectiveness  of  Tubercle,"  I  have  pointed  out  that,  when  checked 
by  means  of  Dr.  Longstaff's  formula,  supplied  by  the  committee 
themselves,  the  number  of  cases  of  phthisis  in  husband  and  wife, 
supposed  to  be  due  to  contagion,  is  less  than  it  would  have  been 
had  only  accidental  and  non-contagious  cases  been  admitted  into 
record.  Moreover,  we  have  to  take  into  account  the  possibility  of 
contagion  by  intercourse,  and  the  certainty  that,  in  most  of  the 
cases  of  supposed  direct  infection,  all  the  persons  whose  cases  are 


noted  were  exposed  to  the  same  risks  arising  from  unhealthy  en- 
vironment; and,  again,  if  phthisis  were  directly  contagious,  it  is 
remarkable  that  it  should  be  chiefly  contagious  in  badly  venti- 
lated houses,  and  on  certain  soils;  and  it  is  further  difficult  to  see 
why  drainage  of  the  land  and  elevation  above  the  sea  level  should 
in  any  way  affect  its  contagiousness.  Dr.  Dewar,  of  Arbroath, 
makes  the  significant  remark  that  in  all  his  cases  of  supposed  in- 
fection, "the  patients  lived  in  small  confined  houses,  and  slept  in 
the  'box  beds'  in  use  in  Scotland."  "  During  twenty-five  years," 
he  says,  "  I  have  not  seen  one  case  of  contagion  in  the  airy  houses 
of  the  well-to-do. 

As  to  the  dissemination  of  phthisis  by  means  of  dust,  it  is  well 
known  that  Koch  regards  this  as  the  most  common  way  in  which 
it  is  produced — by  the  drying  up  and  pulverization  of  matter  ex- 
pectorated upon  the  ground,  on  the  floors  of  dwellings,  or  on 
handkerchiefs. 

Long  before  the  discovery  of  the  bacillus  of  tubercle,  also, 
this  view  was  taken  by  some  of  the  most  competent  observers: 
Thus  Dr.  Farr,  in  his  report  to  the  Army  Commission,  remarked 
that  "the  prevalence  of  phthisis  in  the  armies  of  Europe  is  pro- 
bably due  in  part  to  the  inhalation  of  expectorated  tuberclar  mat- 
ter, dried,  broken  up  into  dust,  and  floating  in  the  air  of  close 
barracks. " 

The  retention  of  the  bacillus  either  in  dust  or  in  the  vapor  of 
the  air,  would  fully  account  for  most  of  the  cases  of  the  supposed 
direct  infection  recorded  by  the  Collective  Investigation  Commit- 
tee, and  especially  for  those  in  which  the  virus  appeared  to  be  in- 
troduced from  without  into  houses  previously  entirely  free  from 
the  disease.  It  accounts  fully  for  all  the  additional  cases  men- 
tioned by  Dr.  Burney  Yeo  in  his  able  defense  of  the  doctrine  of 
contagion  in  the  Joic7')ial,  April  18,  1885. 

The  most  difficult  part  of  our  inquiry,  is  as  to  whether  any  con- 
ditions outside  the  mere  presence  of  the  bacillus  are  necessary,  or 
at  any  rate  auxiliary,  to  its  infective  power. 

1.  With  regard  to  the  influence  of  free  ventilation,  it  is  not 
only  possible,  but  highly  probable,  that  in  many  of  the  places 
where  its  good  effects  have  been  observed,  other  conditions  as 
well  have  come  into  operation,  and  especially  greater  cleanliness 
and  more  complete  [removal  of  dust  and  other  refuse.  Where 
people  care  for  fresh  air,  they  also  frequently  show  a  preference 
for  cleanly  surroundings,  both  of  house,  and  clothes,  and  person. 

2.  Somewhat  similar  remarks  may  apply  to  the  influence  of  an 
elevated  site  upon  even  indirect  infection  through  dust,  for  in 
these  situations  we  probably  have  movement  of  air  and  less  dust. 

3.  But  no  such  explanations  as  these  will  touch  the  remaining 
two  points  which  we  have  to  consider.  If  there  is  no  condition 
outside  the  body  that  influences  the  viability  or  the  virulence  of 
the  bacillus,  it  is  very  difficult  to  account  for  the  comparative  im- 
munity of  frosty  or  sub-arctic  regions,  and  for  the  intensity  of  the 
tubercular  action  in  hot  or  tropical  climates.  It  is  certain  that 
chronic  inflammation  of  the  lungs  are  not  more  common  in  the 
latter,  and  thus  one  source  of  the  disease  is  not  so  frequently  pres- 
ent; whilst  in  the  cold  regions,  where  these  affections  are  rife, 
phthisis  is  comparatively  rare  and  much  less  virulent.  We  have 
no  reason  to  suppose  that  bacillus-laden  dust  is  absent  in  the 
crowded  towns  and  closed  rooms  which  are  to  be  found  in  Can- 
ada, for  instance,  and  yet  the  disease  does  not  spread  as  it  does  in 
the  warmer  and  more  genial  air  of  Italy  and  the  tropics. 

4.  Again,  it  affords  no  explanation  of  the  influence  upon  such 
infection  of  damp  and  undrained  subsoils,  nor  yet  of  the  improve- 
ment in  the  phthisis  rate  that  has  been  shown  to  follow  thorough 
drainage  of  a  town. 

To  account  for  these  several  points,  it  is  necessary  to  assume 
the  existence  of  some  condition  necessary  to  infection  by  the 
bacillus,  which  shall  either  enable  it  to  live  longer  outside  of  the 
body,  or  vi^hich  may  even  increase  its  power  of  attack. 

I  have  ventured  to  suggest  that  the  tubercle  bacillus,  like  some 
other  infective  microzymes,  may  actually  take  up  an  increase  of 
virulence  by  a  sojourn  for  a  time  in  some  medium  external  to  the 
body,  either  in  polluted  ground,  air,  or  in  an  atmosphere  saturated 
with  aqueous  vapor  from  the  lungs. 

I  do  not  know  whether  the  same  observation  has  been  made 
by  other  physicians  to  consumption  hospitals,  but  it  has  certainly 
struck  me  that  a  fresh  infection  of  the  lung  in  persons  already 
suffering  from  phthisis  is  much  more  likely  to  take  place  from 


54 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  330 


without  than  from  within  the  body.  Many  times  have  I  seen  in- 
patients, with  sputum  teeming"  with  bacilli,  improve  in  health,  gain 
in  weight,  and  almost  lose  the  physical  signs  of  their  disease;  and 
then  they  have  returned  home,  and  in  a  few  weeks  have  come 
back  to  the  hospital,  sometimes  with  fresh  disease  in  the  damaged 
lung,  sometimes  in  the  opposite  lung  that  had  been  previously 
healthy,  and  sometimes  with  laryngeal  phthisis. 

Such  facts  as  these  certainly  seem  to  show  that  there  was 
something  in  the  air  of  their  homes  much  more  infective  than  the 
bacilli  of  which  they  were  themselves  the  hosts.  The  one  fact 
that  might  seem  to  bear  against  this  theory  is  the  high  tempera- 
ture required  for  the  development  of  the  organisms,  and  the 
greater  virulence  of  the  disease  in  hot  climates  probably  shows 
the  influence  of  this  condition;  but  it  is  by  no  means  proved  that 
in  cold  climates  the  bacilli  contained  in  damp  and  foul  dwellings 
may  not  in  some  way  increase  their  power  for  evil. 


PRESERVATIVES  FOR  IRON  SURFACES. 
Many  and  varied  are  the  methods  proposed  from  time  to  time 
of  protecting  iron  surfaces  from  the  effects  of  moisture  and  atmos- 
pheric influences.  Galvanizing  presents  a  solution  of  the  problem 
only  to  a  very  limited  extent,  while  the  Barff  process  labors  under 
a  similar  disadvantage.  What  maybe  termed  paint  preservatives 
are,  however,  capable  of  very  extended  application,  and  if  prop- 
erly applied  give  satisfactory  results.  Compounds  prepared  with 
boiled  linseed  oil  are  open  to  objection,  on  account  of  the  presence 
of  lead.  When  boiled  oil  dries,  it  does  so  by  absorbing  oxygen 
from  the  air  and  becomes  converted  into  a  kind  of  resin,  the  acid 
properties  of  which  also  have  a  bad  effect  upon  iron.  Protectives 
of  the  class  of  tar  and  its  derivatives,  such  as  pitch  and  black  var- 
nish, and  also  asphalt  and  mineral  waxes,  are  regarded  by  Profes- 
sor Lewes  as  among  the  best.  Certain  precautions,  however, 
must  be  taken  in  the  case  of  tar  and  tar  products,  both  of  which 
are  liable  to  contain  small  quantities  of  acid  and  ammonia  salts. 
If  care  is  taken  to  eliminate  these,  and  if  it  could  be  contrived  to 
always  apply  this  class  of  protectives  hot  to  warm  iron,  the  question 
of  protection  would  be  practically  solved,  bituminous  and  a'^phalt 
substances  forming  an  enamel  on  the  surface  of  iron  which  is  free 
from  the  objections  to  be  raised  against  all  other  protectives — 
that  is,  of  being  microscopically  porous  and  therefore  pervious  to 
water.  Spirit  of  naptha  varnishes  are  open  to  several  objections. 
Varnishes  to  which  a  body  has  been  given  by  some  pigment,  gen- 
erally a  metallic  oxide,  are  preferable  to  the  last  class,  "  if  the 
solvent  used  is  not  too  rapid  in  its  evaporation,  and  if  care  has 
been  taken  to  select  substances  which  do  not  themselves  act  in- 
juriously upon  iron,  or  upon  the  gums  or  resins  which  are  to  bind 
them  together,  and  are  also  free  from  any  impurities  which  could 
do  so."  At  the  present  time,  the  favorite  substance  for  this  pur- 
pose is  the  red  oxide  of  iron;  but  care  should  be  taken  to  exclude 
from  it  free  sulphuric  and  soluble  sulphates,  which  are  common 
impurities  and  extremely  injurious. —  The  London  Mechanical 
World.   

A  WOMAN'S  IDEAL  HOUSE. 

In  a  recent  lecture  delivered  before  the  ladies  of  the  Physio- 
logical Institute,  Miss  Anna  Foster  thus  described  the  manner  in 
which  a  house  should  be  constructed. 

I  am  going  to  construct  for  you  a  model  house.  Perhaps  it 
will  not  be  as  pretty  nor  as  showy  as  you  might  desire,  but  your 
own  health  and  that  of  your  children  will  amply  compensate  for 
any  lack  of  symmetry.  This  is  to  be  a  sanitary  house  and, 
whether  large  or  small,  cheap  or  expensive,  will  depend  on  your 
own  pockets  and  inclinations.  A  large  part  of  the  expense  will 
be  incurred  in  the  building  of  the  cellar,  the  form  and  placing  of 
the  heating  apparatus  and  the  ventilation — this  last,  chief  of  all. 
The  site  of  the  house  should  be  slightly  elevated,  and  the  soil  by 
which  it  is  surrounded  should  be  gravelly.  There  should  be  no 
grove  or  clump  of  trees  so  close  to  it  as  to  shut  out  the  sunlight. 
The  ground  should  be  thoroughly  drained,  and  great  care  taken 
to  have  the  floor  and  the  walls  of  ihe  cellar  rendered  impervious 
to  moisture.  The  several  large  windows  with  which  the  cellar 
should  be  supplied,  should  be  kept  open  at  all  times  excepting  in 
especially  inclement  weather,  for  cellars  should  be  bright  and 
light  and  airy.  The  walls  of  the  rooms  should  be  real  air-cham- 
bers.   There  should  be  no  dark  chambers  nor  rooms— no  large 


closets  without  ventilation.  At  the  top  of  the  hall  there  should  be 
a  glass  skylight  to  be  generally  kept  open  to  carry  away  vitiated 
air.  The  heating  should  be  by  a  system  of  hot  water  or  steam 
pipes  in  the  cellar.  The  hall  skylight  is  the  general  ventilator, 
but  each  room  should  have  its  own  system  of  ventilation,  and 
modern  ingenuity  has  thus  far  failed  to  devise  anything  superior 
for  this  purpose  to  the  old-fashioned  fire-place.  Kitchen  odors 
should  find  immediate  vent,  and  this  can  be  accomplished  by  the 
use  of  a  galvanized  iron  hood  over  the  stove,  to  which  is  attached 
a  pipe  leading  [to  the  chimney.  It  is  well  to  have  the  kitchen  cut 
off  from  the  rest  of  the  house  as  far  as  possible.  If  it  is  necessary 
to  have  a  window  open,  place  under  the  lower  sash  a  strip  of 
wood  about  six  inches  wide  and  as  long  as  the  sash  is.  This  will 
admit  the  air  between  the  sashes.  The  bath-room  should  be  iso- 
lated as  much  as  possible.  All  pipes  should  be  left  open — not 
hidden  by  woodwork — so  that  holes  and  other  defects  could  be 
discovered  at  once.  Bath-rooms  should  not  be  carpeted;  an  oil- 
cloth or  hard-wood  flooring  is  preferable,  and  tiling  is  best  of  all. 


The  Pittsburg  Builders  Gazette  commenced  its  seventh 
volume  on  the  15th  inst.,  and  we  are  glad  to  learn  that  its  in. 
creased  patronage  has  necessitated  the  enlargement  of  the  journal. 
It  is  a  good,  live,  progressive  paper,  and  presents  a  healthy  and 
refreshing  appearance. 

TESTING  CEMENT. 

Rough  testing  of  cement,  so  as  to  enable  a  workman  to  get  a 
crude  and  imperfect  idea  of  its  value,  is  easy.  Enough  of  the 
pure  cement  should  be  taken  to  make  a  bail  an  inch  in  diameter 
and  mixed  with  just  sufficient  water  to  make  it  mold  readily  and 
be  rolled  into  a  ball.  Then  it  should  be  exposed  to  the  air  and 
left  for  two  hours.  At  the  end  of  that  time  it  should  be  set;  then 
it  should  be  put  in  water  and  left.  It  should  grow  gradually 
harder,  and  should  show  no  signs  of  cracking  or  crumbling,  even 
when  left  for  ten  days.  Any  cement  that  does  not  endure  this 
test  is  not  of  sufficiently  good  quality  to  make  satisfactory  struct- 
ures; any  cement  that  stands  this  properly  will  be  generally  sat- 
isfactory if  properly  used. 

In  determining  how  to  construct  a  building,  a  series  of  tests  is 
often  required  that  shall  show  tensile,  breaking,  twisting,  and 
crushing  strength,  and  also  adhesion  of  the  materials  used  for 
mortar.  No  ore  of  these  can  be  dispensed  with,  since  material 
that  will  endure  one  satisfactorily  will  often  fail  utterly  in  an- 
other, and  hence  prove  worthless  for  the  use  desired;  but  for  gen- 
eral purposes  the  test  of  cement  which  is  the  most  valuable  is  that 
which  determines  its  tensile  strength.  Comparative  tests  of  this 
show  the  value  of  cements  from  different  sources  better  than  any 
other  one  test. — From  Natural  and  Artificial  Cements,  by  Prof.  La 
Roy  F.  Grikkin,  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly  for  June. 


SEWER  GAS. 

William  J.  Holborow,  a  sanitary  engineer,  says  to  a  New  York 
Star  reporter:  In  the  fear  of  malaria  and  sewer  gas  many  timid 
housekeepers  go  to  an  extreme  of  carefulness  which  often  works 
harm.  For  example,  the  moderate  use  of  disinfectants  in  any 
building  is  a  good  thing,  but  when,  as  is  too  frequently  the  case, 
vast  quantities  of  powerful  chemicals  are  thrown  everywhere  in- 
discriminately, there  is  danger  of  these  injuring  human  health. 
The  wholesale  use  of  white  vitriol,  green  copperas  and  blue 
vitriol  to  purify  the  sewer  pipes  of  houses  is  very  objectionable,  as 
these  compounds  arc  so  strong,  and  corrosive  that  they  will  eat 
holes  through  almost  any  kind  of  pipe  that  is  made  of  metal.  The 
best  disinfectants  are  pure  air  and  water;  a  sewer  pipe  requires 
ventilation  and  any  amount  of  clean  water.  In  this  respect  it  is, 
very  much  like  a  human  being. 

I  am  glad  to  see  that  there  is  a  growing  return  to  the  old- 
fashioned  practice  of  having  a  pitcher,  bowl  and  ewer  in  the  bed- 
room, rather  than  a  wash  basin  with  a  direct  sewer  attachment, 
It  is  better  from  an  artistic  standpoint,  and  much  better  as  a  mat- 
ter of  sanitary  science.  When  the  latter  is  used  it  should  be  well 
trapped  and  ventilated,  with  a  metallic  sink  beneath  it.  The 
latter  and  the  interior  of  the  case  should  be  not  only  kept  dry, 
but  should  be  thoroughly  scoured  and  dried  once  in  a  fortnight. 
Unless  this  is  done,  either  a  mold  will  form,  or  else  there  will  be  a 
gradual  accumulation  of  ammoniacal  emanations,  which  are  dc- 


May  31,  1890.] 


55 


structive,  if  not  poisonous.  It  is  hard  to  overestimate  the  cor- 
rosive power  of  these  intangible  gases.  At  the  Hoaid  of  Health, 
last  month,  I  saw  a  piece  of  finely  enameled  iron  which  had  been 
made  by  one  of  the  best  manufacturers  in  the  trade.  Yet  these 
gases  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  had  attacked  both  metal  and 
porcelain  glaze,  and  had  eaten  them  up,  so  that  they  were  crum- 
bling honeycombs.  Frequently  I  have  seen  cast-iron,  and  even 
wrought-iron  pipes,  that  had  been  gradually  converted  into  shells 
of  rust  by  this  invisible  action  of  pernicious  gases  and  vapors. 
Another  odd  fact  worthy  of  being  remembered  is  that  the  more 
deadly  gases  have  no  color  and  little  or  no  odor.  The  great  ma- 
jority of  those  that  smell  bad  are  not  injurious.  The  gas  formed 
by  burning  sulphur  is  almost  unbearable,  even  in  the  smallest 
proportion.  But  it  is  an  excellent  antiseptic  and  disinfectant. 
On  the  other  hand  sewer  gas  and  carbonic  oxide,  which  come 
from  burning  charcoal,  are  almost  colorless,  odorless  and  taste- 
less, and  are  as  deadly  as  a  rattlesnake. 


SAFETY  IN  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 
To  prevent  casualties  to  life  and  property,  George  Westing- 
house.  Jr.,  in  the  North  Americati  Review,  suggests  the  following 
measures  of  safety  in  connection  with  the  system  of  alternating 
currents  and  convertors:  "An  absolute  electrical  separation  of 
the  street  mains  from  the  wires  in  all  buildings;  the  reduction  of 
the  pressure  of  the  current  to  fifty  volts  within  all  buildings;  the 
limitation  of  the  quantity  of  current  carried  by  street  mains;  the 
running  of  each  pair  directly  from  the  station  without  intercon- 
nection in  the  streets,  thus  securing  the  highest  degree  of  safety, 
irrespective  of  the  economical  advantages,  which  are  neither  few 
nor  unimportant.  It  is  much  to  be  desired,  in  the  interest  of  the 
public,  that  a  thorough  investigation  of  this  whole  subject  should 
be  made  at  the  present  time  by  competent  and  disinterested  au- 
thorities. It  is  my  own  belief  that  such  an  investigation  would 
lead  to  the  adoption,  among  others,  of  regulations  substantially  as 
follows: 

"  I.  No  direct  electrical  connection  shall  be  permitted  be- 
tween street  mains  and  wires  within  buildings  for  either  light  or 
power. 

"2.  The  electrical  pressure  on  the  wires  within  buildings  shall 
not  be  permitted  to  exceed  one  hundred  volts. 

"  3.  Each  pair  of  street  mains  shall  be  limited  in  load  or  vol- 
ume to  an  amount  not  exceeding  one  hundred  amperes,  and  every 
such  wire  shall  be  provided  at  the  generating  station  with  a  device 
which  will  automatically  disrupt  the  circuit  in  the  event  of  a  sud- 
den increase  above  the  authorized  load. 

"4.  Within  buildings,  the  load  for  any  one  pair  of  wires  shall 
not  exceed  that  required  to  supply  one  hundred  sixteen-candle- 
power  lamps." 


PLUMBING 


TO  THE  DELEGATES  TO  DENVER. 

To  the  Master  Plumbers  Association  in  A ffilatio7i  with  the  National. 
Greeting: 

This  is  to  give  notice  that  the  Eighth  Annual  Convention  of  the 
National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  will  convene  in  the  hall 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  kindly  donated  for  our  use,  on 
Tuesday  morning,  June  17,  at  10  o'clock.  As  this  promises  to  be 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  conventions  held  by  us,  the 
delegates  are  urged  to  be  prompt.  Committees  and  officers  hav- 
ing reports,  and  delegates  having  papers  to  present,  are  requested 
to  have  the  same  printed  or  type  written. 

The  Albany  Hotel  has  been  selected  as  headquarters,  and  the 
following  hotels  have  granted  reduced  rates:  The  Albany  and 
Windsor,  §3  per  day,  and  the  Markham  and  Logan,  $2  per  day. 
All  the  railroads  west  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  have  granted  a 
rate  of  one  fare  for  the  round  trip.  The  railroads  in  the  Central 
Traffic  and  Trunk  Line  Associations  have  granted  tourist  raies; 
said  rates  will  be  given  by  agents  upon  application. 

The  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railway  has  been 
designated  as  the  official  route  from  Chicago,  leaving  said  city  by 
special  train,  consisting  of  dining  cars,  Pullman  sleepers,  and  re- 
clining-chair  cars  on  June  14.    Those  going  by  way  of  Chicago 


can  get  all  particulars  by  applying  to  Mr.  Robert  Griffith,  Vice- 
President,  427  N.  Clark  street,  Chicago,  111. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railway  has  been  designated  as  the 
official  route  from  New  York.  Special  vestibuled  limited  train  of 
Pullman  sleepers  will  leave  New  York  at  5  o'clock  i'.  m.,  on 
Friday,  June  13,  as  a  second  section  of  the  famous  Fast-Flying 
'Virginian,  via  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  to  Washington,  stopping 
at  the  following  points  for  delegates:  Newark,  at  5:29  l^  M.; 
Trenton,  6:30  v.  m.;  Philadelphia,  7:40  i'.  M.;  Wilmington,  8:20  v. 
M.;  Baltimore,  10:00  v.  m.;  Washington,  11:10  P.  M.;  Norfolk,  by 
connection,  3:40  i'.  m.;  Richmond,  do.,  10:45  arriving  at  Cin- 

cinnati 6:00  P.  M.,  Saturday,  where  we  will  be  joined  by  the 
delegates  from  that  city  and  vicinity,  leaving  at  7:30  the  same 
evening  and  arriving  at  Indianapolis  at  10:55  P-  M.  and  St.  Louis 
at  7:05,  Sunday  morning,  when  we  will  be  joined  by  the  delegates 
from  that  city,  and  leave  at  g  o'clock  that  morning,  arriving  at 
Denver  Monday  evening,  at  4  o'clock. 

Delegates  east  of  New  York,  and  those  not  on  the  line  of  route 
are  especially  invited  to  join  us  on  this  special  train  from  New 
York  or  at  the  nearest  stopping  place  designated  above,  and  they 
are  requested  to  signify  their  intention  at  their  earliest  convenience. 

For  tickets  and  full  particulars  apply  to  Jos.  A.  Macdonald, 
296  Sixth  ave..  New  York,  N.  Y.;  Enoch  Remick,  924  N.  Second 
St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  or  myself  at  Washington,  D.  C.  It  is  very 
important  to  know  how  many  will  join  us  on  these  special  trains, 
in  order  that  sleeping  accommodations  may  be  secured  for  them. 

N.  B. — Secretaries  please  forward  to  this  office  copies  of 
credentials  of  delegates  elected,  to  aid  us  in  making  up  roll. 

Fraternally  yours. 
Attest:  Ed.  J.  Hannon,  President, 

Geo.  a.  Green,  Secretary. 


SIZE  OF  HOUSE  SEWERS.* 

As  controversies  occasionally  arise  between  architects  or  owners 
and  the  health  authorities  as  to  the  size  necessary  to  the  main  house 
drain  and  sewer,  it  has  been  thought  worth  while  to  give  somewhat 
in  detail  the  data  upon  which  the  regulations  of  the  New  York 
Board  of  Health  are  based. 

About  a  year  ago  the  Health  Department  found  that,  in  several 
cases,  house  sewers  of  the  size  which  they  considered  essential  for 
large  buildings  were  not  permitted  by  the  co  ordinate  department 
wliich  has  in  charge  the  pCiblic  sewer  system.  Correspondence 
followed  as  to  the  desirability  of  reaching  a  mutual  and  satisfactory 
understanding.  This  resulted  in  the  preparation  of  a  report  on  the 
subject  by  Messrs.  Rudolph  Hering  and  Horace  Loomis,  respect- 
ively Engineer  in  Charge  of  Sewers  and  Consulting  Engineer  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Works.  This  was  accepted  by  the  Board,  and 
its  conclusions  made  the  basis  of  their  future  requirements.  The 
main  points  of  the  report  on  the  deductions  are  as  follows: 

The  first  consideration  is  evidently  as  to  the  amount  of  water,  per 
unit  of  surface,  for  which  provision  must  be  made.  Formerly  the 
records  kept  of  rain  storms  gave  merely  the  total  fall  per  hour,  leav- 
ing it  uncertain  whether  this  was  uniform  or,  as  more  generally  the 
case,  the  greater  part  had  fallen  in  a  comparatively  short  time. 
However,  the  Meteorological  Observatory  has  obtained  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  an  automatic  record  of  the  rain-fall,  showing  for  each 
storm  the  maximum  rate  and  its  duration,  which  evidently  gives  the 
data  required  for  determining  the  size  of  the  drains.  These  records 
show  that,  during  the  eight  years  from  1880  to  1887  inclusive,  there 
were  in  all  thirty  storms  with  rates  greater  than  one  inch  per  hour: 


Number  of 

Rate. 

Duration 

Storms. 

Inches  per  hour. 

in  minutes. 

12 

1  to  2 

20  to  60 

7 

2  to  3 

10  to  80 

4 

3  to  4 

8  to  15 

1 

4  to  5 

15 

3 

5  to  6 

5 

2 

6  to  7 

3  to  10 

1 

7.5 

2 

Thus  in  the  eight  years 

covered  by  the  record 

s  there  have  been 

three  storms  with  a  rainfall  of  the  rate  of  more  than  six  inches  per 
hour,  lasting  from  two  to  ten  minutes.  As  a  very  few  moments  of 
such  a  storm  would  wet  and  cool  a  roof  or  paved  surface  sLitiiciently 
to  check  evaporation,  nearly  the  whole  amount  of  water  mubt  have 

*A,  II.  Xapier  in  Architecture  and  Building;. 


56 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  330 


reached  the  house-drain.  It  was  thereiore  considered  wise  to  pro- 
vide for  a  maximum  fall  of  six  inches  per  hour,  as  the  damage  in- 
flicted b}'  a  single  storm,  when  the  drains  were  insufficient,  would 
more  than  outweigh  the  additional  cost  of  the  larger  pipe.  At  the 
same  time  the  other  and  equally  important  fact  was  kept  in  view 
that  the  drain  should  be  made,  as  far  as  practicable,  self-scouring 
under  the  ordinary  conditions,  and  to  accomplish  tiiis  the  diameter' 
should  be  kept  as  small  as  may  be  consistent  with  safety. 

The  second  consideration  in  determining  the  requisite  size  of  the 
drain  is  the  velocity  of  the  water  in  the  pipe.  This  should  evidently 
be,  not  that  derived  from  a  theoretic  equation,  but  such  as  can  be 
attained  in  practice  after  making  all  due  allowances  for  traps,  short 
bends,  etc.  It  was  thought  doubtful  whether  a  velocity  of  six,  or 
even  five,  feet  per  second  could  be  obtained  through  a  six-inch 
quarter  bend,  unless  the  pipe  were  discharging  full  and  under 
pressure.  A  maximum  velocity  of  four  feet  was  therefore  assumed 
as  safe. 

Again,  to  prevent  the  drain  running  quite  full,  an  available 
sectional  area  of  .18  square  feet  was  assumed  for  the  six-inch  pipe. 
This,  with  a  four-foot  velocity,  would  give  a  capacity  of  .72  cubic 
feet  per  second.  With  a  six-inch  rainfall  per  hour,  one  square  foot 
of  roof  surface  would  receive  about  .000140  cubic  feet  of  water  per 
second.  The  six-inch  drain  should  therefore  carrv  the  water  from 
about  5,000  square  feet  of  surface,  if  it  have  an  effective  grade  of 
one-quarter  inch  per  foot. 

With  a  grade  of  one-half  inch  per  foot,  which  is  often  practi- 
cable, and  a  fairly  straight  run  of  pipe,  the  velocity  may  b<;  raised  to 
six  feet  per  second,  and  therefore  the  capacity  and  amount  of  surface 
drained  increased  to  one-half.  In  this  case  the  six-inch  sewer  would 
safely  carry  the  storm  water  from  7,500  square  feet  of  roof.  The 
following  table  gives  the  sizj  of  pipes,  with  the  corresponding  area 
of  roof  drained  when  the  effective  fall  is  respectively  one-quarter 
and  one-half  inch  per  foot. 

Diameter  Roof  Area  Drained. 

of  Drain.  ^-Inch  Fall.  >^-InchFall. 

6  inches.  5,000  square  feet.  7,5('()  quare  feet. 

7  "  6,900  "  10,800 

8  "  9,100  "  13,000 

9  "  11,000  "  17,400 

For  large  areas  it  is  always  better  to  use  two  or  more  small 
sewers  rather  than  a  single  large  one,  as  under  the  ordinary  condi- 
tions of  sewf  ge  flow  the  small  pipes  will  be  more  thoroughly  flushed. 
The  effectivr  grade  ot  the  house-drain  should  also,  for  safety, 
be  measured  from  above  the  hydraulic  grade  line  of  the  public 
sewer,  which  in  this  city,  during  the  heaviest  storm«,  will  be  at  least 
as  high  as  the  arch  of  the  sewer. 


PLUMBING  IN  DETROIT. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  May  24,  1890. — Thf.  Sanitary  Ni-:w.s. — "Time 
glides  with  undiscovered  haste,  the  future  but  a  length  behind  the 
past."  But,  in  the  face  of  that  solemn  and  poetic  fact,  the  Detroit 
plumber  stands  Casabianca-like  and  will  not  move. 

He  is  a  queer  specimen,  is  the  Detroit  plumber,  as,  individually, 
on  his  own  dung-hill,  he  can  crow  with  the  loudest,  but  in  con- 
vention, how  meek;  a  clam  is  noisy  compared  with  him.  In  the 
secluded  corners  of  his  den,  or  with  his  companions,  imbibing 
liquid  inspiration,  he  warms  up  on  the  subject  of  plumbing,  re- 
gales his  hearers  with  a  description  of  the  easiest  and  most  skill- 
ful ways  to  wipe  "  jints"  in  difficult  places,  how  they  wiped  "jints" 
on  telegraph  wires  when  he  was  a  "  young  feller,"  and  furnishes 
altogether  a  rather  entertaining  description  of  how  plumbing 
should  be  done.  But,  ask  about  sanitary  plumbing  and  he  says: 
"  Wots  that?  never  he'rd  o'nt  it,"  and  wonders  if  you  are  in  your 
right  senses.  Oh!  would  I  were  an  artist  that  I  might  sketch 
some  of  the  curiosities  of  plumbing  that  have  come  under  my  ob- 
servation in  the  short  time  I've  been  engaged  in  setting  water 
meters,  and  you  could  transform  the  New.s  into  an  illustrated 
paper,  and  without  one  word  of  comment,  prove  the  necessity  of 
having  only  plumbers  to  do  plumbing,  and  the  benefits  of  plumb- 
ing inspection  and  sanitary  science.  Never  before  have  I  in  twice, 
yea,  in  four  times,  the  length  of  time,  unearthed  so  much  slime 
and  rotteness,  the  direct  result  of  badly  constructed  and  sadly 
neglected  plumbing  and  drainage,  and  unless  sanitary  and  inspec- 
tion laws  are  enacted  the  so-called  plumbing  done  to-day  will  go 
the  way  of  the  other. 


The  Water  Board  made  a  wise  move  in  adopting  the  meter 
system,  for,  while  it  does  not  answer  the  purpose  that  inspection 
does,  it  will  indirectly  cause  better  work  to  be  done,  and  will 
eventually  bring  about  the  desired  effect.  The  Examining 
Board,  instituted  last  month,  have  "  licensed"  seventy,  more  or 
less,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  there  are  twenty-five  plumbers  among 
them;  but,  while  your  correspondent  always  felt  that  the  water 
board  were  acting  unjust  in  the  here-to-fore  wholesale  and  indis- 
criminate license  of  tinkers,  he  now  knows  that  the  plumbers 
themselves  are  to  blame  in  the  present  instance  for  electing  men 
to  represent  them  on  the  board,  who  suffer  nothing  by  way  of 
competition  from  the  cancerous  element  in  the  trade,  they  having 
an  established  business  and  care  not  one  jot  for  other  than  the 
mint  product. 

The  secretary  of  the  water  board  called  a  meeting  of  the 
plumbers  and  read  them  his  views,  which,  if  adopted,  gave 
splendid  opportunities  for  their  advancement,  but  with  their 
usual  characteristics  they  blundered  in  their  selections,  and  we 
have  another  period  of  soldering-iron  plumbing. 

As  the  time  is  fit  for  it,  I  should  like  to  suggest  that  the  na- 
tional organization  about  to  assemble  in  convention,  at  Denver, 
Col.,  discuss  the  advisability  of  appointing  a  committee  to  visit 
other  cities,  to  inspect  the  manner  in  which  plumbing  is  done,  and 
to  use  their  influence  on  the  trade  until  we  have  in  fact  a  National 
Organization  to  be  proud  of,  and  when  every  city  worth  notice  is 
represented,  and  where  questions  of  sanitary  science  are  widely 
discussed,  and  the  plumber  respected,  and,  like  the  physician, 
receive  his  dues. 

Hoping  to  be  able  to  report,  in  the  not  very  far  off  future,  that 
Detroit  is  going  to  have  a  system  of  plumbing  "  as  is  "  plumbing, 
I  remain  yours  truly, 

John  J.  Blackwood. 

The  National  Hot-Water  Heater  Company  of  Chicago  and 
Boston  have  issued  a  neatly  illustrated  catalogue  setting  forth  the 
claims  of  the  Spence  Hot- Water  Heater  for  heating  by  hot  water 
circulation.  Besides  the  illustrations  the  catalogue  contains 
several  pages  of  comment  on  hot-water  heating  that  will  be  of 
interest  to  all  those  contemplating  the  heating  of  buildings,  and 
the  growing  interest  in  this  method  of  heating  will  make  any  in- 
formation on  this  subject  welcome. 


DELEGATES  TO  DENVER. 
The  following  are  the  Delegates  to  the  Denver  Convention  as 
far  as  reported: 

Milwaukee. — William  E.  Goodman,  Herman  Apel,  President 
Chas.  Polachek,  and  Phillip  H.  Murphy,  Chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee. 

Brooklyn. — George  B.  Tennis,  George  Cummings,  .M.  J. 
Lyons,  William  J.  Fitzpatrick,  John  J.  Keenan  and  Paul  Ayers. 

CiNCiNN.'^Ti. — President  Hugh  McCollum,  John  Douglas, 
William  F.  Wagner,  R.  Murphy,  N.  K.  Aylward,  Wm.  Allison, 
James  A.  Gibson. 

Philadelphia. — Wm.  McCoach,  Wm.  Harkness,  Jr.,  George 
F.  Uber,  John  J.  Weaver,  Enoch  Remick,  Wm.  M.  Wright,  Wm. 
H.  Doyle,  A.  G.  Bond,  F.  P.  Brown. 

Boston. —  Delegates.— Thomas  J.  Tute,  Wm.  Lumb,  Isaac 
Riley,  Daniel  shannon,  Wm.  H.  French,  Henry  W.  Tombs,  D. 
A.  Horgan,  Jos.  H.  Baguley,  David  Smith,  J.  F.  Cronin,  Wm.  H. 
Mitchell,  Wm.  N.  McKenna.  Alternates.— C.  M.  Bromwich, 
Daniel  G.  Finnerty,  Frank  A.  Titus,  P.  H.  Winn,  John  W.  Cosden, 
James  F.  Dacey,  J.  Warren  F"rcnch,  M.  F.  Davlin,  John  C.  Mc- 
Coole,  Wm.  A.  Daly,  Edward  Moore. 

St.  Louis. — President  Frederick  Abel,  W.  H.  Graham,  David 
Roden,  James  A.  Lynch,  Wm.  Morris,  Thomas  Cantwell,  Jos.  P. 
Gallagher,  Edward  Reardon,  M.  J.  Ward,  James  A.  Stidger,  S. 
Dooley,  Jos.  Tumalty,  Philip  Ring,  and  J.  Shcchan,  Treasurer  of 
the  National  Master  Plumbers'  Association. 

Denver.— President  M.  A.  Dolan,  W.  H.  McCarthy,  W.  F. 
McCarthy,  W.  T.  Crane,  Daniel  Frey,  James  Shannon.  Alternates: 
J.  E.  Jackson,  T.  J.  White,  W.  McKclvey,  M.  Mclntyre,  T.  P. 
Hughes. 

Pittsburg. — J.  J.  Kennedy,  James  O.  McGinness,  George 
Sands,  B.  F.  Coll,  Frank  Mc Knight,  Leo  McShanc,  Allen  Mc- 
Fadden. 


May  31,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


57 


Providence.— Thomas  Phillips  and  Wm.  L.  Whipple;  George 
R.  Phillips,  alternate. 

Buffalo.— Delegates:  L.  P.  Beyer,  Chas.  Geiger,  Fred'k  H. 
Yuhl,  Jacob  L.  Mensch,  C.  H.  Carey.  Alternates:  Jacob  Davis, 
Geo.  Irr,  Chas.  B.  Huck,  Chas.  F.  Mensch,  Robt.  T.  Eddy. 

Chicago.— Hugh  Watt,  Robert  Griffith,  A.  W.  Murray,  David 
Whiteford,  J.  H.  DeVeney,  Charles  Herbert,  J.  P.  Kalleen, 
William  Boyden,  J.  H.  Roche,  Daniel  J.  Rock,  J.  R.  Alcock, 
James  J.  Byrne,  Henry  Breyer,  Jr.,  Andrew  Young,  J.  J.  Hamblin, 
J.  G.  Weber. 

New  York. — J.  A.  Rossman,  Geo.  D.  Scott,  J.  A.  Macdonald, 
John  Byrns,  J.  N.  Knight,  John  Mitchell,  W.  R.  Bracken,  T.  J. 
Tuomey,  H.  G.  Gabay,  C.  Eraser,  Wm.  P.  Austin,  T.  J.  Cummins, 
T.  Sullivan,  Erank  Reynolds,  C.  H.  Kranichfelt,  Wm.  Young,  D. 
W.  Little,  James  Gilroy,  Ed.  J.  Brady,  Joseph  W.  O'Brien,  P.  J. 
Andrews,  Wm.  H.  Quick,  E.  J.  O'Conner,  John  Miller,  Charles 
Tucker,  J.  M.  Heatherton. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  held  at  the  Builders'  Exchange  on  May  2oth,  to 
consider  the  application  of  the  journeymen  plumbers  tor  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  hours  of  labor,  the  following  resolution  was  adopted: 

"  Whereas,  The  Journeymen  Plumbers'  and  Steam  Fitters' 
Association  of  this  city  have  asked  that  the  hours  of  labor  shall 
be  reduced  from  ten  hours  to  nine  hours  for  a  day's  work,  at  the 
same  wages  that  are  now  paid  for  ten  hours'  work;  therefore 
be  it 

"Resolved,  That  the  m°mbers  of  this  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation agree  to  accede  to  such  demand,  providing  that  this  rule 
shall  be  complied  with  by  all  employers  of  such  labor,  and  pro- 
viding that  the  Plumbers'  and  Steam  Fitters'  Association  shall 
give  satisfactory  evidence  that  this  rule  is  complied  with  by  the 
written  statements  of  all  such  employers." 

Jas.  F.  Traynor,  President  pro  tern. 

H.  A.  Miller,  Secretary. 

The  Wilmington  Morning  News  declares  that  some  plan  must 
be  made  to  relieve  the  plumber.  Under  date  of  May  22d,  it  pub- 
lishes the  following: 

"  The  Street  and  Sewer  Department,  the  Law  Committee  of 
City  Council,  Plumbing  Inspector  Kane  and  City  Solicitor  Turner 
are  considering  the  best  plan  of  regulating  the  granting  of  permits 
to  plumbers  to  open  the  beds  of  streets.  Since  the  recent  case  of 
Anderson  &  Son  vs.  the  Mayor  and  Council  of  Wilmington  was 
decided  against  the  city,  the  Street  and  Sewer  Department  has 
compelled  each  plumber  to  give  an  indemnifying  bond  for  each 
permit  taken  out.  This  is  hard  on  the  plumber,  and  some  plan 
must  be  made  to  relieve  him.  The  plan  which  will  probably  be 
adopted  is  to  compel  each  plumber  to  give  a  standing  bond,  in- 
demnifying the  city  from  damage,  the  said  bond  to  be  renewed 
once  each  year." 

Mandable  &  DeVeney  have  put  a  telephone  in  their  new  quar- 
ters, at  2306  Cottage  Grove  avenue,  where,  with  increased  facilities 
for  doing  business,  they  will  be  able  to  promptly  care  for  their 
increasing  trade. 

E.  Campin  &  Co.  have  moved  their  place  of  business  across 
the  street  on  Wabash,  and  now  may  be  found  at  1553  Wabash 
avenue. 

The  delegates  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association, 
to  the  Denver  Convention,  held  a  meeting  last  Monday  afternoon, 
to  organize  and  make  arrangements  for  the  trip  next  month.  Mr. 
Hugh  Watt  is  chairman  of  the  delegation.  About  thirty  members 
of  the  association  will  attend  the  convention. 

The  new  building  on  the  corner  of  State  and  Archer  avenue 
will  be  fitted  up  with  J.  J.  Wade's  anti-sewer-gas  inventions. 

Hobart,  of  the  firm  of  Hobart  &  Willis  at  Indianapolis,  was  in 
the  city  this  week. 

J.  J.  Dunnigan,  of  St.  Paul,  also  paid  his  friends  in  this  city  a 
visit  this  week. 

J.  J.  Wade  has  just  received  a  sample  of  his  "  Purity  "  wash- 
bowl, which  was  patented  last  January.  It  is  doubtless  the  finest 
thing  of  the  kind  on  the  market  to-day,  and  will  take  well  with  the 
trade  when  once  introduced. 


J.  H.  Roche  has  a  Pasteur  filter  in  working  order  at  his  store, 
on  Thirty-first  street,  and  reports  large  sales  of  this  excellent  ma- 
chine during  the  last  few  months. 

Jos.  Emblem,  at  256  Thirty-first  street,  is  busy  with  overhaul- 
ing and  jobbing  work. 

Robt.  Griffith,  vice-president  of  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers,  has  been  confined  to  his  home  for  several  days 
on  account  of  sickness. 


S.  H.  Pakvin's  Sons,  Cincinnati,  O.,  have  issued  a  special  list 
of  mechanical,  trades,  and  industrial  papers  destined  to  become  a 
reliable  and  valuable  aid  to  manufacturers  in  choosing  suitable 
advertising  mediums.  This  advertising  agency  has  conducted  a 
large  business  and  is  well-known  and  an  announcement  of  its 
new  enterprises  carries  with  it  its  own  commendations. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 
Oshkosh,  Wis.:  A  large  hotel  will  be  erected.    Address  the 

mayor  for  information.  Boston,  Mass.:  George  W.  Pope  has 

plans  for  a  brick  addition;  cost,  §22.000.  Samuel  D.  Kelley  has 
plans  for  seven  brick  apartments;  cost,  §100,000.  Bond  &  Taylor 
have  plans  for  a  brick  alteration;  cost,  §50,000.    Robert  D.  Kelley 

has  plans  for  a  frame  school  building;  cost,  $45,000.  New  York: 

O.  Wirz  has  plans  for  two  brick  warehouses;  cost.  §go,ooo.  G.  W. 
Debevoise  has  plans  for  a  brick  public  school;  cost,  §145,000.  G. 
F.  Pelham  has  plans  for  nine  brick  flats;  cost, §20,000;  also  plans 
for  a  brick  store  and  terra  cotta  flats;  cost,  §1 10,000.  J.  F.  Behl- 
mer  has  plans  for  a  stone  front  building;  cost,  §25,000.  J.  F.  Bow- 
land  has  plans  for  two  brick  freight  sheds;  cost,  §90,000,  Ogden 
&  Son  have  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  flat  buildfng;  cost,  §125,- 
000.  Thom  &  Wilson  have  .plans  for  some  brick  and  stone  flats; 
cost,  §400,000.  J.  W.  Cole  has  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  flat; 
cost,  §40,000.  F.  Wunder  has  plans  for  a  brick  brewery;  cost, 
§25,000;  and  also  plans  for  a  brick  warehouse;  cost,  §35,000.  G. 
H.  Guichel  has  plans  for  five  brick  flats;  cost,  §146,000.  J.  A. 
Hamilton  has  plans  for  four  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §48,000.  O. 
Steut  has  plans  for  ten  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §120,000.  A.  B.  Og- 
den &  Son  have  plans  for  two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §49,000.  J.  C. 
Burne  has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  §40,000.  R.  Berger  has 
plans  for  a  brick  store;  cost,  $80,000.  Radebold  &  Wenz  have 
plans  for  seven  brick  flats;  cost,  §125,000.  H.  A.  Thornton  has 
plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  §36,000;  M.  C.  Merritt  has  plans  for 

a  four-story  extension;  cost,  §140,000.  Brooklyn:  M.  J.  Morrill 

has  plans  for  a  brick  factory ;  cost,  §25,000.  W.  O.  Tait  has  plans 
for  two  frame  dwellings;  cost,  §48,000.    F.  B.  Langston  has  plans 

for  two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §26,000.  Boston,  Mass.:  Samuel 

D.  Kelley  has  plans  for  two  brick  apartments;  cost,  §100,000.  

Canton.  O.:  The  Trinity  Reformed  church  will  erect  an  edifice  to 
cost  §20,000.    A.  C.  Varney  &  Co.  have  plans  for  a  three-story 

brick  laboratory;  cost,  §50,000.  Galveston,  Tex.:  N.  J.  Clayton 

&  Co.  have  plans  for  a  four-story  brick  building;  cost,  §25,000. 
 Milwaukee,  Wis.:  H.  C.  Koch  &  Co.  have  plans  for  a  store- 
house to  cost  §25,000.  Zanesville,  O.:  The  American  Encaustic 

Tile  Co.  will  erect  a  new  building  to  cost  §55,000.  Akron,  O.: 

Jacob  Snyder  has  plans  for  a  brick  school  building  to  cost  §20,000. 

 Allegheny,  Pa.:  Alston  &  Hechert  have  plans  for  a  two-story 

building;  cost,  §25.000.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  St.  Patrick's  Catholic 

church  will  erect  a  sandstone  church  building  to  cost  §75,000.  Ad- 
dress Father  Angelus  O'Connor,  pastor.  Cincinnati,  O.:  John 

H.  Boll  has  plans  for  a  brick  planing  mill;  cost, §30,000.  Cleve- 
land, O.:  George  H.  Smith  has  plans  for  a  brick  power-house; 

cost,  §20,000.  Clifton  Forge,  Va.:   E.  D.  Rogers,  Richmond, 

Va.,  has  plans  for  a  §30,000  hotel.  Denver,  Col.:  \'ariens  & 

Sternes  have  plans  for  a  new  athletic  club-house  to  cost  §40,000. 

 Des  Moines,  la.:  James  J.  Egan,  Chicago,  has  plans  for  a 

§70,000  church  edifice.  Dubuque,  la.:  An  office  building  will 

be  erected  at  a  cost  of  §100,000.  Address  W.  T.  Bradley.  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.:  Plans  for  a  §30,000  church  have  been  adopted  by 
the  Andrew  Presbyterian  church.  Charles  R.  Chute  can  give  par- 
ticulars. Laramie,  Wyo.:  An  office  building  will  be  erected 

here  at  a  cost  of  §20,000.    Address  Wm.  Thomas.  Lawrence, 


58 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  330 


Mass.:  A  $25,000  building  will  be  erected  here.  For  details  ad- 
dress G.  S.  Adams,  architect.  Lima,  O.:  Plans  have  been  pre- 
pared for  the  erection  of  a  §15,000  school  building  at  this  place. 

Address  J.  A.  Chapin,  architect.  Lincoln,  Neb.:  A  hotel  will  be 

erected  here  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.    Address  Secretary  Lincoln 

Hotel  Co.  Manchester,  N.  H.:    A  $23,000  building  will  be 

erected  here.    For  particulars  address  John  Bryson.  Meriden, 

Conn.:  Warren  R.  Briggs  has  plans  for  a  new  church  edifice;  cost, 

$60,000.  Montclair,  N.  J.:   The  Baptist  society  will  erect  a  $30,- 

000  building.  Ogden,  N.  J.:  J.  Egan  has  plans  for  a  brick  and 

stone  school  building;  cost,  $40,000  Phillipsburg,  N.  J.;  John 

M.  Stewart  has  plans  for  a  brick  school  building;  cost,  $20,000, 
Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  Mendelshon,  Fisher  &  Lawrie  have  plans  for 

a  six-story  stone  hotel;  cost,  $35,000.  Sioux  City,  la.:  Charles 

P.  Brown  has  plans  for  a  new  corn  palace  structure;  cost,  $50,000. 

 Spring  Grove,  Pa.:^  J.  A.  Dempwolf  has  plans  for  a  brick  and 

stone  building;  cost,  $100,000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Alex.  Enston  will 

erect  a  brick  dwelling  to  cost  $25,000.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  Archi- 
tect Mix  has  plans  for  a  large  store  building;  cost,  $200,000.  St, 

Paul's  Episcopal  church  will  erect  a  $25,000  edifice.  Topeka, 

Kan.:  H.  M.  Hadley  has  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  business 

block;  cost,  $30,000.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  La  Belle  &  Hazelle 

have  plans  for  an  office  building  to  cost  $30,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.: 

Alston  &  Heckert  have  completed  plans  tor  an  elegant  stone 
house  to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Penn  and  Manhattan  streets. 
Allegheny;  cost,  $25,000.  T.  D.  Evans  has  completed  plans  for  a 
new  factory;  cost,  $40,000.  F.  C.  Sauer  has  completed  plans  for  a 
large  machine  shop;  also  plans  for  a  large  brick  four-story  build- 
ing. Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  A.  W.  Rush  &  Sons  have  plans  for 

the  First  Holland  Reform  church.    The  building  will  cost  about 

$30,000  Chicago,  111.:  John  Simeau  is  preparing  plans  for  a 

five-story  store  and  flat  building  to  cost  $50,000;  also  plans  for  a 
six-story  store  and  flat  building  to  cost  $40,000;  also  plans  for 
three  two-story  residences  to  cost  $22,000. — —White  Hall,  111.: 
The  Baptist  congregation  will  erect  a  $45,000  church.  San  An- 
tonio, Tex.:  Giles  &  Guindon  are  preparing  plans  for  a  $25,000 

office  building.  Cedar  Rapids,  la.:  A  high-school  building  will 

be  erected;  cost,  $40,000.  Sioux  Falls,  Dak.:  A  $23,000  school- 
house  will  be  built.  Macon,  Ga.:  A  hotel  to  cost  $150,000  will 

be  erected.  Dallas,  Tex.:  A  $200,000  court-house  will  be  con- 
structed. Bridgeport,  Ala.:  A  $750,000  hotel  will  be  erected. 

 Indianapolis,  Ind.:  $100,000  will  be  spent  in  the  construction 

of  a  six-story  store.  Seattle,  Wash.:   A  five-story  store  will  be 

built,  and  cost  $125,000.  Hot  Springs,  Ark.;  A  hotel  to  cost 

$30,000  will  be  erected.  San  Antonio,  Tex.:  The  Alamo  Fire 

Insurance  Company  will  build  a  §40,000  store  and  office  building. 

 Augusta,  Ga.:   An  orphan  asylum  to  cost  $55,000  will  be 

erected.  Macon,  Ga.:  A  Catholic  church  to  cost  $100,000  is 

contemplated;  also  a  bank  building;    cost,  $60,000.  Boston, 

Mass.:  The  Elysium  club  will  erect  a  $75,000  cluh-house.  Chi- 
cago, 111.:  H.I  Cobb  is  preparing  plans  for  a  club-house  to  cost 
$500,000.  Alfred  Smith  has  made  plans  for  a  residence  to  cost 
$40,000.  A.  L.  Schellinger  is  finishing  plans  for  a  three-story  flat 
building  to  cost  $15,000.  Ortling  Bros,  are  preparing  plans  for  a 
four-story  and  basement  apartment  building  to  cost  $50,000. 
Swen  Linderoth  is  preparing  plans  for  six  two-story  dwellings  to 
cost  $20,000;  a  three-story  and  basement  flat  building  to  cost  $12,- 
000;  a  seven-story  factory  to  cost  $100,000.  Oliver  W.  Marble  has 
plans  for  a  block  of  four  three-story  and  basement  residences  to 

cost  $50,000;  also  a  three-story  flat  building  to  cost  $20,000.  

Detroit,  Mich.:  A  new  union  depot  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$250,000.  Wheeling,  West  Va.:  The  Winsor  hotel  will  be  en- 
larged by  a  six-story  addition.  Bridgeport,  Conn.:  Longstaff  & 

Hurd  have  prepared  plans  for  a  large  office  building  to  cost  $100,- 

000.  Lansing,  Mich.:  An  exposition  building  to  cost  $50,000 

will  be  erected  on  the  State  Fair  grounds.  Marquette,  Mich.: 

Is  to  have  an  opera-house.  Boston,  Mass.:  McKim,  Mead  & 

White  have  prepared  plans  for  a  large  building  to  contain  stores 

and   apartments.-  Hastings,   Mich.:    The   Hastings  National 

Bank  will  erect  a  new  building,  brick  with  cut-stone  trimmings. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Joplin,  Mo.:    This  place  is  to  have  electric  lights.  Kansas 

City,  Mo.:  The  Southwestern  Electric  Light  and  Water  Power 
Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this  place.    For  particulars 


address  Edward  L.  Martin.- — Brinkley,  Ark.:  An  electric  light 
plant  is  to  be  established  here.-  Woodstock,  Vt.:  Extensive  im- 
provements will  shortly  be  made  to  the  plant  of  the  local  gas  com- 
pany. Lonaconing,  Md.:    An  electric  lighting  plant  is  to  be 

established  at  this  place.  Burlington,  la.:    The  Citizens'  Fuel 

Gas  and  Lighting  Company  is  a  new  institution  at  this  place,  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $300,000.  W.  D.  Gilbert  can  furnish  informa- 
tion. Austin,  Tex.:    An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  established 

at  this  place  by  the  Waxahatchie  Electric  Light  Company.  The 
proposed  expenditure  is  $20,000.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  will  be  constructed,  at  a  cost  of  $27,000.  Long 

Island  City,  N.  Y.:  The  East  River  Gas  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated at  this  place,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000.  It  is 
proposed  to  furnish  gas  to  this  city  and  Newtown.    For  further 

information  address  Philip  Burkhard.  Orangeburg,  S.  C:  An 

electric  light  plant  is  to  be  established  at  this  place.  Morgan- 
ton,  N.  C:  Estimates  are  wanted  for  an  electric  light  plant.  Ad- 
dress T.  J.  Gillan.  Atlantic,  la.:    It  is  proposed  to  establish  an 

electric  light  plant.  Abilene,  Tex.:    A  franchise  will  soon  be 

granted  for  establishing  an  electric  light  plant.  Elgin,  111.:  The 

Elgin  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this 
place,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.    I.  C.  Townes  can  furnish 

particulars.  New  Britain,  Conn.:    Extensions  are  to  be  made 

to  the  plant  of  the  New  Britain  Gas  Company.  Alexander  City, 

Ala.:    Robinson  &  Thomas  will  purchase  an  electric  light  plant 

with  a  capacity  of  one  400  incandescent  and  five  arc  lights.  

Jacksonville,  Fla.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established. 

 Osage  City,  Kan.,  proposes  to  light  its  streets  by  electricity.  

East  Syracuse,  N.  Y.:  A  Westinghouse  electric  light  plant  is  con- 
templated. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Washington,  D.  C:  The  sewer  commissioners  have  received 
a  report  from  Captain  Lusk,  of  the  Engineer  Department,  regard- 
ing sewerage  matters  here,  of  which  the  following  is  an  abstract: 
"The  Engineer  Department  is  fully  aware  of  the  fact  that  the 
sewage  now  reaching  Rock  Creek  must  be  intercepted  as  soon  as 
practicable,  and  that  intercepting  sewers  must  be  provided  to  keep 
the  sewage  of  the  suburban  areas  tributary  to  the  Rock  Creek 
valley  from  reaching  the  stream.  An  approximate  estimate  indi- 
cates that  the  cost  of  a  system  of  intercepting  sewers  for  this  part 

of  Rock  Creek  valley  will  be  about  $230,000."  Walla  Walla, 

Wash.:  The  question  of  establishing  a  complete  system  of  sew- 
erage is  being  discussed  by  the  city  officials,  and  a  public  election 

will  probably  be  held  to  decide  the  matter.  Central  Falls,  R.  I.: 

Considerable  sewer  work  is  to  be  done  at  this  place.  Holyoke, 

Mass.:  The  sum  of  $15,000  is  to  be  expended  on  sewer  extensions 

at  this  place.  Geneseo,  N.  Y.:    The  people  of  this  place  have 

voted  in  favor  of  establishing  a  system  of  sewers.  Macon,  Ga.: 

The  question  of  issuing  bonds  in  the  sum  of  $200,000  for  addi- 
tional sewers,  which  was  defeated  at  a  recent  election,  will  proba- 
bly be  reconsidered.    Mayor  Price  can  furnish  particulars.  

Southington,  Conn.:    The  people  of  this  place  have  petitioned  for 

a  system  of  sevvers.^  Hastings,  Neb.,  has  voted  sewer  bonds  and 

advertised  for  sale  of  same,  and  also  has  engaged  O.  N.  Gardner,  of 
Lincoln,  Neb.,  to  draft  plans  and  superintend  construction  of  sys- 
tem. Crookston,  Minn.:    Engineer  A.  R.  Starkey,  of  St.  Paul, 

has  commenced  the  survey  for  a  complete  sewerage  system  for 
this  city.    The  work  of  putting  in  the  sewers  will  be  started  as 

soon  as  plans  are  made.  Putnam,  Conn.:    The  people  of  this 

place  are  agitating  the  question  of  establishing  a  complete  system 

of  sewerage.  Flushing,  L.  I.:    Considerable  sewer  work  is  to 

be  done.    Address  G.  A.  Roullier,  superintendent  of  streets. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 
Tennille,  Ga.,  has  voted  favorably  to  issue  bonds  to  build 
water-works.    Contract  for  the  works  complete  is  desired.  Ad- 
dress J.  C.  Harman.  New  Orleans,  La.:    Improvements  to  the 

local  water-works  system,  to  cost  $10,000,  will  soon  be  made. 
Address  Edward  Fenner.  Dallas,  Tex.:  A  new  pumping  en- 
gine, to  have  a  daily  capacity  from  8,000,000  to  10,000,000  gallons 
will  probably  be  purchased  for  the  water-works  at  this  place.  The 

mayor  can  furnish  information.  X'ermillion,  S.  D.:    This  town 

will  establish  a  system  of  water-works.  For  particulars  address 
Dr.  F.  N.  Burdick.  New  Lisbon,  O.:    A  large  quantity  of  water 


May  31,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


59 


pipe  and  hydrants  will  soon  be  wanted  at  this  place.  Battle 

Creek,  Mich.:  The  water-works  department  at  this  place  will 
soon  want  valves,  meters  and  pipe.     For  particulars  address  VV. 

W.  Rridgen.  Cattlettsburg,  Ky.,    will  have  a  new  system  of 

water-works  constructed  soon.  Reading,  Mass.:   $150,000  has 

been  voted  for  water- works.  Chadron,  Neb.:  The  water  mains 

will  be  extended.    Address  D.  Mears.  Circleville,  O.:  The 

water-works  department  will  soon  want  a  quantity  of  pipe.  Ad- 
dress  W.  E.  Bolin.  Riverside,  Cal.:    The  Las  Penasquitas 

Land  and  Water  Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this  place. 

Capital   stock,  $150,000.    Orin  Backus  can  furnish  details.  

Florence,  S.  C:    A  water-works  system  is  proposed  for  this  place. 

The  mayor  can  furnish  particulars.  St.  Charles,  Mo.:  The 

local  water-works  company  will  add  a  stand-pipe  to  its  plant. 
W.  L.  Wick  can  furnish  particulars.  Tacoma,  Wash.:  Im- 
provements, to  cost  $1,700,000,  are  to  be  made  to  the  plant  of  the 

Tacoma  Light  and  Water  Company.  Hiawatha,  Kan.:  The 

people  of  this  place  are  making  energetic  efforts  to  have  a  water- 
works system  established.  Fort  Sulty,  Dak.:    About  two  miles 

of  water  pipe  will  be  laid  at  this  place.  Bridgeport,  Ala.:  The 

Bridgeport  Land  and  Improvement  Company  will  build  a  water- 
works system.  Shelton,  Conn.:     Extensions  will  be  made  to 

the  water  mains.  Atlanta,  Ga.:    Bonds  in  the  sum  of  $250,000 

have  been  issued  for  water-works    purposes.  Lynn,  Mass.: 

Water-works  improvements,  to  cost  $75,000,  are  projected  for  this 

place.     Mayor  Newhall  can   furnish  particulars.  Monrovia, 

Cal.:    The  people  of  this  place  have  voted  the  sum  of  $40,000  for 

establishing  a  system  of   water-works.  Colville,  Wash.:  A 

plant  is  to  be  established  by  the  Spring  Mountain  Water  Com- 
pany.   Proposed  expenditure,  $50,000.    For  information  address 

J.  M.  Buckley.  Winsted,  Conn.:    Hull  &  Palmer,  Bridgeport, 

have  just  completed  plans  for  a  system  of  water-works.  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.:  The  work  of  extending  the  service  of  the  Monongahela 
Water  Company  to  a  few  of  the  suburban  towns  is  to  be  com- 
menced at  an  early  date.  The  locations  to  be  supplied  by  this 
service  are  Neville  Island,  Mansfield,  Crafton,  Chartiers  and  other 
small  places  in  the  district.  Walla  Walla,  Wash.:  It  is  pro- 
posed to  extend  the  water-works  system  at  this  place.  Gaines- 
ville, Ga.:    The  water-works  question  is  to  be  settled  at  public 

election  to  be  held  here  at  an  early  day.  Elizabeth,  N.  J.: 

The  question  of  adding  a  system  of  filtration  to  the  local  water- 
works system  is  being  discussed.  President  Brown  can  furnish 
particulars.  Berkley,  Va.:  Has  been  incorporated  two  or  three 
months,  and  the  councilmen  have  not  as  yet  decided  what  they 
will  do  about  water.  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.:  The  city  authori- 
ties have  been  waiting  some  legal  advice  before  proceeding 
further  with  their  water-works.  The  survey,  plans  and  specifica- 
tions are  all  complete,  and  if  no  statutory  or  constitutional  bar- 
rier interposes,  the  work  will  proceed  during  the  summer.  La 

Grange,  Ga.:    A  committee  of  business  men  have  been  appointed 

to  look  into  the  cost  of  establishing  a  water-works  system.  

Fargo,  N.  D.:  Plans  have  been  made  for  about  four  miles  of  ex- 
tensions to  the  water  distribution  system.  Fleetwood,  Pa.: 

Has  voted  to  build  water-works.  James  F.  Hill  can  give  inform- 
ation. Corsicana,  Tex.:    One  mile  of  4-inch  pipe  will  be  laid. 

 Brenham,  Tex.:    Five  miles  additional  pipe  will  be  laid.  

San  Angelo,  Tex.:  Six  miles  of  3-inch  mains  another  tower  and 
an  additional  large  pump  will  be  added  to  the  water-works  sys- 
tem. Calvert,  Tex.:    Seven  blocks  of  mains  and  four  hydrants 

will  be  added  to  the  water-works.  Cleburne,  Tex.:    Six  miles 

of  mains  and  30  hydrants  are  additions  to  be  made  to  the  water- 
works system.  Seattle,  Wash.:    Will  vote  June  4,  upon  the 

question  of  completing  the  purchase  of  the  Spring  Hill  Company's 
water-works  plant,  and  enlarging  and  improving  the  system  at  a 

cost  of  $845,000.  Blaine,  Wash.:    Will  put  in  water-works.  

Blacksbury,  S.  C:  A  water-works  system  will  be  constructed.  

Bucksport,  Me.:    The  water  supply  system  is  to  be  extended.  

Winside,  Neb.:  Will  have  a  water-works  system.  Niles,  Mich.: 

A  stock  company  is  forming  to  put  in  a  system  of  water-works. 

 Whitewood,  S.  D.:    A  new  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of  50,000 

gallons  will  be  built.  Howard  City,  Mich.:    The  water-works 

system  will  be  extended.  Greenville,  N.  Y.:    The  water-works 

question  is  being  agitated. 

"  What  do  you  find  is  the  first  requisite  in  business?"  "  Pluck," 
returned  the  dealer  in  live  goose  feathers.— //ar/^T^  Bazar. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the 
office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2 
o'clock  p.  M.  on  the  12th  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and 
materials  required  for  the  erection  and  completion  of  the  U.  S. 
Court-House  and  Post-Office  building  at  Greenville,  S.  C.  (except 
heating  apparatus),  including  the  approaches,  in  strict  accordance 
with  the  drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had 
on  ajjplication  at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  superintendent. 
Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  pro- 
posals will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect, 
Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  v.  m.  on  the  14th  day  of 
June,  i8go,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  build  com- 
plete the  basement  and  area  walls  and  retaining  walls  of  the  U. 
S.  Court-Housc,  Post-Office,  etc.,  building  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  in- 
cluding trench  excavation,  concrete  foundations,  footings,  etc. 

Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Manitou  Springs,  Col.:    Bids  are 

wanted  for  laying  6,000  feet  of  ten-inch  water  pipe.  Chicago, 

111.:    M.  E.  Bell  is  receiving  bids  for  a  three-story  residence  to  be 

erected;  cost,  50,000.  Waterbury,  Ct.:    City  engineer  F.  Floyd 

Weld  will  receive  bids  until  June  4,  for  the  construction  of  sewers 

and  appurtenances  in  Fuller  and  Washington  streets.  Chicopee, 

Mass.:  The  selectmen  will  receive  bids  until  June  2,  for  build- 
ing a  sewer,  in  Chicopee  Falls,  2,765  feet  long.    John  D.  White  is 

clerk  of  the  board.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:    Proposals  are  wanted 

until  June  3,  for  the  construction  of  certain  sewers  in  this  city. 

Address  John  P.  Adams,  Commissioner  of  city  works.  Jackson 

Barracks,  La.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  5,  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  hospital  building  at  this  place.    Address  J.  L.  Wil- 

son.^  Lynn,  Mass.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  3,  for  the 

erection  of  a  high  school  building  at  this  place.    Address  Asa  T. 

Newhall,   Chairman  Committee  on  Education.  Newark,  O.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  4,  for  the  erection  of  a  church 
and  chapel  for  Trinity  Parish,  also  for  the  necessary  building 
material  at  the  People's  National  Bank.  J.  W.  Yost,  of  Colum- 
bus, O.,  is  the  architect,  and  John  H.  Franklin,  Sr.,  of  Newark,  is 

Chairman  of  the  Building  Committee.  Lima,  O.:    Plans  are 

wanted,  no  date  specified,  tor  a  college  building.    Estimated  cost, 

$65,000.    Address  F.  P.  Graff,  Lutheran  Synod.  Lake  Charles, 

La.:    Plans  are  wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  a  court-house. 

Address  Adolph  Meyer.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals 

will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect, 
Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  M.  on  the  gth  day  of  June, 
1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  for  the  iron  furring, 
lathing  and  plastering  for  the  U.  S.  Court-House  and  Post-Office 
building  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Address  Jas. -H.  Windrim.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of 
the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  M.,  on  the  6th  day  of  June,  i8go,  for  all  the  labor  and  material 
required  to  fix  in  place,  complete,  the  low-pressure,  return-circula- 
tion, steam  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus,  and  power  boiler 
with  connections,  for  the  U.  S.  Post-Office,  Court-House,  etc., 
building  at  Witchita,  Kansas.    Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim. 


Andrew  D.  White  will  take  The  Antiquity  of  Man  and 
Egyptology  as  the  subject  of  a  chapter  in  the  "  Warfare  of  Sci- 
ence "  series,  to  appear  in  the  June  Popular  Monthly.  His  ac- 
count of  how  Egyptian  chronology  was  cramped  and  twisted  to 
make  it  agree  with  the  belief  that  the  first  man  was  created  just 
4,004  years  before  Christ,  shows  an  intellectual  servility  in  the 
past  that  can  hardly  be  realized  at  the  present  day. 


A  FACT  NOT  NEW. 
A  remarkable  epidemic  of  typhoid  fever  was  reported  by  AI. 
Fage  to  the  Paris  Academy  of  Medicine  at  their  meeting  on 
March  18.  It  occurred  in  the  college  of  Beaupreau,  and  from  the 
4th  to  the  6th  of  January  out  of  180  scholars,  76  were  attacked,  of 
whom  18  died.  The  only  persons  attacked  were  those  who  drank 
the  water  from  the  college  spring.  Of  the  professors  only  one  be- 
came sick,  and  he  drank  the  same  water  at  his  meals.  The  epi- 
demic was  ascertained  to  be  due  to  the  bad  condition  of  a  leaden 
pipe  passing  through  a  sewer  before  supplying  the  college.  This 
pipe  communicated  with  the  walls  of  the  sewer,  thus  explaining 
the  infecvion  of  the  drinking  water. — Ex. 


60 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  330 


THE  GORTON  HOT-WATER  BOILER. 

The  boiler  illustrated  is  manufactured  by  the  Gorton  &  Lidger- 
vvood  Company,  New  York,  and  is  designed  for  heating  by  the 
hot-water  system,  and  is  so  constructed  that  it  has  a  very  high 
efficiency,  per  square  foot  (of  heating  surface,  and  very  little  in- 
ternal resistance  to  the  flow  of  the  water.  The  gases  enter  the 
tubes,  at  the  highest  temperature,  and  passing  through  return 
down  and  around  the  shell  before  going  out  of  the  smoke-pipe  at 
the  rear.  The  tubes  are  placed  as  thickly  in  the  boiler  as  will 
admit  of  proper  circulation,  thus  sub-dividing  the  water  space  and 
enabling  the  heat  to  act  most  effectually. 

The  boiler,  as  clearly  shown  in  the  illustration,  is  surrounded 
by  a  non-conducting  jacket  of  galvanized  iron  lined  with  asbestos 
sheeting.  The  main  or  tubular  part  of  the  boiler  is  supported 
directly  over  the  fire,  the  water  leg  or  lower  part  surrounds  the 
fire  and  is  connected  to  the  boiler  above  by  suitable  circulating 
pipes. 


GORTON  HOT-WATER  BOILER. 


The  circulation  of  water  through  the  Gorton  Hot-Water  Boiler 
is  positive  and  with  but  little  friction.  The  water  from  the  returns 
enters  the  boiler  on  both  sides  at  the  crown  sheet,  and  then,  in- 
stead of  being  forced  to  pass  horizontally  back  and  forth  through 
the  boiler,  passes  directly  up  to  the  flow  pipes,  thus  giving  it  an 
easy  and  free  circulation  through  the  boiler. 

The  coal  pockets  are  so  placed  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as 
easily  filled  as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range. 

The  reservoir,  which  is  annular,  is  between  the  lower  outer 
surface  of  the  boiler  and  the  Ufjper  part  of  the  water  leg,  and  will 
hold  enough  coal  to  last  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours. 

The  coal  in  the  reservoir  feeds  below  the  lower  edge  of  the 
boiler  shell,  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees  towards  the  centre,  and  the 
grate  being  lowest  in  the  centre,  the  coal  will  distribute  itself  at  a 
uniform  depth  over  its  surface,  thus  giving  a  surface-burning  fire 
with  ample  space  between  the  top  of  the  coal  and  the  shell  of  the 
boiler  for  perfect  combustion  of  the  gases  before  they  enter  the 
tubes. 

Economy  in  fuel  can  only  be  obtained  by  perfect  combustion 
of  all  the  gases. 

The  fingered  ring  wh'ch  surrounds  the  grate  allows  the  air  to 
pass  through  the  fire,  thus  keeping  up  a  bright,  sharp  fire  long 
after  the  grate  is  covered  with  ashes. 

There  is  no  escape  of  coal-gas  in  the  cellar,  for  the  reason  that 
whenever  a  pocket  door  is  opened  the  draft  in  the  boiler  causes 
the  air  to  pass  in  over  the  fire  and  up  the  tubes. 


DISINFECTION  BY  SULPHUR. 
The  Journal  of  the  A.  M.  A.  for  February  8th  calls  attention 
in  its  editorial  columns  to  a  circular  recently  issued  by  the  Ken- 
tucky State  Board  of  Health,  in  which  are  given  rules  for  the  pro- 
per use  of  sulphur  fumigations.  It  is  most  essential  that  moisture 
be  present  at  the  time  the  sulphur  dioxide  is  formed,  as  this  latter 
may  then  unite  with  the  hydrogen  to  form  sulphurous  acid,  with 


the  liberation  of  nascent  oxygen.  This  may  be  attained  by  thor- 
oughly dampening  the  floor,  walls  and  furniture.  For  a  room  ten 
feet  square  use  three  pounds  of  sulphur,  moistened  with  alcohol, 
in  an  iron  pan  placed  in  ^zX.^x.— Medical  Mirror. 


MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION  OF  CHICAGO. 

Chicago,  April  25th,  1890. 
To  their  Fellow  Craftsmen  and  Friends: 

Greeting: — The  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  of  Chicago, 
have  selected  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway  as 
their  official  route  from  Chicago  to  Denver,  to  attend  the  National 
Convention  of  Master  Plumbers  to  be  held  at  Denver,  June  17th, 
1890. 

Our  arrangements  with  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
Railway  are  such  that  the  very  best  accommodations  will  be 
given  members  who  travel  this  route.  A  solid  vestibule  train 
consisting  of  dining  cars,  Pullman  sleepers  and  reclining  chair 
cars  will  convey  our  people  over  this  line,  and  it  is  hoped  that  as 
many  of  the  plumbers  and  their  friends  as  can  join  this  special 
train,  will  arrange  to  meet,  either  in  Chicago  on  June  14th,  or  join 
our  party  in  Kansas  City  on  the  morning  of  June  15th;  and  by 
notifying  Mr.  Geo.  F.  Lee,  City  Passenger  Agent,  104  Clark  street, 
Chicago,  Illinois,  as  to  the  accommodations  in  the  way  of  sleeping 
car  berths  or  seats  in  reclining  chair  cars,  which  may  be  desired, 
care  will  be  taken  that  same  are  reserved.  It  is  necessary  that 
this  information  be  received  at  the  earliest  possible  time. 

For  complete  details  as  to  any  further  information  you  may 
desire  regarding  this  trip,  address  Mr.  Robert  Griffith,  Vice- 
President  National  Association  Master  Plumbers,  427  North 
Clark  street,  Chicago,  and  the  same  will  be  cheerfully  furnished. 
Yours  truly, 

Robert  Griffith, 

Vice-President  National  Association  Master  Plumbers. 

David  Whiteford, 

Chairman  Ex.-Oom.  of  Chicago  M.ister  Plumbers  Ass'n. 


Ask  for  tickets  via  C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  (Big  Four  Route),  on 
sale  at  principal  coupon  ticket  offices  throughout  the  United 
States.  It  costs  no  more  to  travel  via  this  popular  and  thoroughly 
equipped  line  than  via  other  inferior  routes. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  1:00  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


FORT  WORTH  AND  RETURN,  $26.95. 

On  account  of  the  Texas  Spring  Palace,  the  Wabash  line  will 
sell  tickets  to  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  and  return  at  one  fare — $26.95 
— for  the  round  trip  on  the  following  dates:  May  8,  12,  15,  19,  22, 
26  and  20.  Tickets  are  good  three  days  in  transit  in  both  direc- 
tions anci  will  be  honored  for  return  passage  up  to  June  3d,  in- 
clusive. For  full  particulars,  berths,  tickets,  etc.,  call  at  Wabash 
ticket  office,  201  Clark  street. 


CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD. 
Ladies'  palace  day  cars,  palace  reclining  chair  cars,  free  of 
extra  charge.  Pullman  palace  buffet  compartment  sleeping  cars, 
palace  dining  cars.  Pullman  vestibulea  trains,  free  of  extra 
charge  and  no  change  of  cars  of  any  class  between  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Chicago  and  Denver,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Pioneer  pullman  palace  sleeping  car. 
Palace  dining  car  and  free  palace  reclining  chair  car  line. 

iames  Charlton,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  210  Dear- 
orn  street,  near  corner  Adams  street,  Chicago,  111. 


CATARRH. 

catarrhal  deafness.— hay  fever.— a  new  home 
treatment. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B. — This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. — Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  carefully  read  the 
above. 


May  24,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


THE  "QORTON'BOILER 


Gorton  Boiler— Front  View. 


"Perfection  in  Rfiodern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUCHT-IRON,  TUBULAR.  AND  SECTIONAL. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 
GORTON  &   LIDGERWOOD  CO., 

34-  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York.  197-203  Congress  St.,  Boston. 

Gorton  Boiler— Sec'n  View 


L.  WOLFF  MFG.  CO., 


SUPPLIES 
SPECIALTIES 


General  Office: 

93  West  Lake  Street. 

Factories: 

93-1  13  West  Lake  Street. 

Carroll  and  Hoyne  Aves.  and  Fulton  St. 

Exhibit  Departivient: 

79  Dearborn  Street. 


CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


The  Monogram'' 

ITS  advantages: 

NOISELESS  IN  OPERATION! 


❖ 


POSITIVE  IN  ITS  ACTION! 


MOMENTARY   RETENTION  OF  THE  PULL  IS  ALL 


THAT   IS   NECESSARY  TO  OPERATE  IT, 


THE  WATER  SURFACE  OF  THE  BOWL  IS  BROAD 


AND  DEEP   (1^  Inches). 
THE  BOWL  IS  BEST  QUALITY   IMPORTED  WARE, 


AND 

POSITIYELY  WILL  NOT  CRAZE! 

CATALOGUE  AND   PRICE  LIST  CHEERFULLY  FUR- 
NISHED ON  APPLICATION. 


Fig.  6M3.    No.  27. 


F»LV7«VBERS'  SIGNS. 

GOLD  LEAF  FINISH. 

18  mch..$  6  50  I  42  inch. .$22  50 


9  50 
12  50 
16  50 


48 
60 


80  50 
88  00 
46  00 


802  W  12th  St 
CHICAGO 


ROOKS  ON  BUILDING  .  .  . 
"  AND  THE  ALLIED  ARTS. 

LA  TEST  P  UBLICA  TIONS. 

Palliser's  Court  Houses,  City  Halls,  Jails,  &c. 
Palliser's  Common  Sense  School  Architecture. 

Specifications  and  Contract  Blanks^  dc. 
Full  Descriptive  Lists  mailed  on  .ipplication ;  also  of 
all  American  and  Foreign  Building  Journals  with  club 

rates.  PA LLI S ER ,  PA LLI S ER  &.  CO . , 

24  E.  42d  St.,  NEW  YORK. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND  PRICES 
OF  LATEST 

PLUMBING  SPECIALTIES, 

Combination  Pipe  Vises,  H'liged  Self -Locklng^  Pipe 
Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Benders,  Lead  Pipe  Formers  and 
Sizers,  Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners,  Plumbers'  Estimate 
Book — office  and  pocket  size— to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

21  Church  Street,  Willimantic,  Conn. 


VI 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  329 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  o£  subsciilicrs  inserted  in  this  list  on  p.iy- 
nient  of  $3  jier  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvoek,  W.  II.,  88fi  Dudley  street. 

The  Whittaker  Snpjjly  Co.,  151  W.  Washing;ton  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wni.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baegot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
BUike,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  &  CuUoton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

Hickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas      Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  712  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  Jotin,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Movlan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 

Nacey,  P.,  339  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reillv,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  H.,  308  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders.  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  191  E.  Indiana  street. 

Sullivan,  John.  320  Division  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  <fe  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzert  &  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


TTENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate,  lieferences.  London  agent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  ordere and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitabt 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E  ,  M.  Inet.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton.  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Conetrnc- 
tion  Superintended. 


HELP  WANTED, 


GEO-  E.  WARING.  Jr..  M-  Inst  C-  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  &  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  K.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  ('onstruction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  alec 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 

gAML.  G.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Uialto  Building, 
Chicago. 


-[yM.  PAUL  GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc.. 
offers  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  an<l  sanitntion.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  deHirod.  O^rres- 
pondence  solicited  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City.  


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED 
at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury 
Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  ni., 
on  the  fith  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  mate- 
rial required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  Low-Pressure, 
Return-Circulation  .Stitani  Heating  and  Ventilating  Ap- 

garatus  and  Powcr-lJoiler,  with  connections,  for  the  V. 
.  Post  Office,  Court  House,  etc.,  building  at  Wichita, 
Kansas,  in  accordance  with  drawings  and  specification, 
copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office 
or  the  office  of  the  Superintendent.  E.ich  bid  must  be 
accompanied  by  a  certified  cl'.eck  for  $100.00.  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time  fixed 
for  opening  the  same;  also  bids  whicli  do  not  comply 
strictly  witn  all  the  reciuirements  of  this  invitiition. 

JAS.  II.  WINDRIM,  Supervising  Architect. 
May  U,  1890, 


r)l'R  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLr  INVITED 
^  to  ii^e  this  cohimn  •when  in  need  of  he!p  in  any  of  the 
professions,  trodes  or  businesses  to  vhirh  this  journal 
is  devoted.  Such  adverti-^ements  ■wilt  he  inserted  free, 
and  ansi'  ers  ran  be  addressed  care  o/'The  Sanitary 
News,  88  and  So  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


■RANTED.  —  THOROUGHLY  COMPETENT 
man  as  foreman  in  plumbing  shop.  Must  have 
had  experience  in  figuring,  overseeing  work,  etc.,  in 
Chicago,  and  give  first-class  references.  Address, 
with  full  statement  of  qualifications  and  present  posi- 
tion, "  H.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


TS/-ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
'"^     cago.    Ste.ady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 
Address,  "F.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


\\/-ANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
^  '  a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  take 
full  charge  of  -work,  make  estimates  and  anle  to  handle 
the  business  from  soliciting  and  making  bids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  W.  H.  S.,  1212 
Douglas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 


TXrANTED.— FIRST-CLASS  PLUMBERS  AND 
*  '  Steamfitters  for  Portland,  Oregon.  Four  dollars 
per  day  of  nine  hours.  Address,  A.  J.  Lawrence,  145 
Front  Street,  Portland,  Oregon. 


Ty  ANTED.  —  A  TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 
•"^  Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Wm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  iradtsor  businesses 
to  -which  this  journal  is  dei'Oted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  zvill  be  inserted  free, 
and  anszuers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  'I'hk  Sanitary 
.Sews,  88  and  90  Ln  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


qiTUATION  WANTED— AS  BOOKKEEPER  IN 
plumbing  business  in  Western  city.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  Sa.vitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
^  draughtsman  and  designer,  with  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  supervising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  Age,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Addrets,  "  E.  G.,'*^TiiE  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^  competent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.  Location  no 
object.    Address,  "  H.  E.,    The  Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


pOR  SALE.  — A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business,  located  in  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hand.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
Plumb,  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


pOR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
iness,  four  years  established  in  Chicago.  F'inc 
location  and  stock.    Reason  for  Veiling,  poor  health. 
Address  "  W.  F.  T.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


pOR  SALE.-PATENT  right.    ONE  OF  THE 

^  most  successful  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
Plumbing  and  CJarden  Hose  trade.  Owner  wishes  to 
retire  from  business.  For  further  particulars,  address 
Thos.  Burke,  188  N.  Pine  Street,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


r\AVlD  WniTEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 
-'^  bcr  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
372  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


p  It  A  H  VET.  S  CIEN  TIFIC  AND  PR  A  CTtCA  /- 
^  '  Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mi*  h- 
igan  and  I-  diana  Avcnue«,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 


C.J.  Hass,  8  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllgs,  52x65, 

Langley  av  and  68th  st;  a,  A.  G.  Terrea   $14,000 

Antonia  Roggia,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  fits, 

44x47,  3200-4  State  st;  a,  William  Corr   10,000 

C.  F.  Rasmussen,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  24x90, 

234  N.  Curtis  st;  a,  Lutken  &  Thisslen   10,000 

L.  &  J.  F'itzgibbons,  3  sty  brk  strs  and  fits,  833- 

35  W.  Taydor  st;  a,  J.  Spayes   10,000 

C.J.  Magee,  3  2  sty  and  ccl  brk  fits,  60x50,  W. 

Adams  and  Rockwell  sts;  a,  P.  H.  Dahl   10,000 

James  Fleming,  2  4  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

48x64,  .506-8  AV.  Indiana  sc;  a,  Lutken  & 

Thisslen   11,000 

A.  A.  Tee,  2  3  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  45x45,  257-9 
Austin  av;  a,  P.aber  &  Pagels   10,000 

Z.  ct  Z.  F.  Gubbins,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits 

27x74,  Western  av  and  Rebecca  st;  a,  Z.  &  Z. 

F.  Gubbins   10,000 

John  Egan,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x86,  202  N. 

Curtis  st;  a,  Lutken  &  Thisslen   10,000 

Geo.  Birkhoff,  6  1  sty  brk  cottages,  20x50,  380 

Jane  st   10,800 

Henry  Brauchmann,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  barn,  69x 

74,  o00-4  Dearborn  av;  a,  F.  Froommon   10,000 

Albert  Kakluska,  3  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and 

fits,  72x96,  595-9  Throop  st;  a,  S.  Tanrad   23,000 

Perry  A.  Hull,  3  3  sty  and  eel  brk  dweligs,  50x 

86,'3'221-5  S.  Park  av ;  a,  L.  B.  Dixon   11,000 

G.  Wilgenburg,  3  3  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 
60x95,  947-51  W.  Lake  st;  a,  Thiel  &  Land. ..  16,000 

B.  F.  Chase,  5  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  90x70,  3819- 

27  Vernon  av;  a,  H.  G.  Deere    23,000 

John  Spengler,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  50x 

90,  264-66  W.  14th  st ;  a,  Furst  &  Rudolph ....  18,000 
Heele  i  Wedeles,  2  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllgs,  28 

x69,  3121-25  Calumet  av;  a,  C.  Frost   24,000 

J.  L.  Hoerber,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  hall,  60x120,  710 

12  Blue  Island  av ;  a,  Grisner  &  M.iritver   30,000 

John  Bednarch,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  24x73,  593 

Dickson  st;  a,  Theo.  Leowandowski   7,000 

C.  P.  Mc.Avoy,  1  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  dwilg, 
i5xl00,  3000'Hanover  st;  a,  Baumm  A-  Co   6,000 

J.  D.  Long,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  25x78, 

1318  Wabash  av ;  a,  R.  Krouse   6,000 

Miss  Dasie  Holladav,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and 
fits,  29x50,  204  \V.  Adiims  st;  a,  J.  M.  Van 

Osdel   6,000 

Rise  &  BuUen,  elevator,  50x50,  Robinson  av.. ..  5,000 

Chas.  Taubman,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  strand  fits, 24 

xa5,  3.34  Hastings  st;  a,  Ruehl  &  Gommlich..  7,000 

Charles  G.  Dugan,  2  and  3  sty  and  bst  brk  .addn, 
35x25x5:3,  25x50x30,  357  Milwaukee  av;  a,  Lut- 
ken &  Thisslen   6,500 

Henry  E.  Rehman,  3  stv  brk  dwllg,  24x78,  4119 

Lake  st  .'   6,000 

D.  Mullannv,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  22.x66,  65  W. 

19th  st;  a,'T.  Pegers   5,000 

Geo.  Birkhoff,  3  1  stv  brk  cotUges,  20x50,  104-8 

-12  Rice  st     5,400 

Thomas  J.  Wells,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  27x60, 

111  S.  Lincoln  st;  a,'  D.  Herd   5,000 

H.  H.  Belding.  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  .-ind  halls, 
40x75,  4308-10  Cottage  Grove  av;  a,  W.  W. 

Clay   8,000 

Chas.  Zashringer,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  25x62, 

4420  Champlain  av;  a,  Doerr  Bros   5,000 

Allen  McCullough,  2  stv  and  eel  brk  dwilg,  25x 

66,  Michigan  av  and  56th  st;  a,  P.  Hale..   6,000 

Chicago  Cricket  Club,  2  sty  and  attic  frm  club 

hsc,  60x40,  71st  st  and  W.  Seipp  av;  a,  A. 

Foster   5,000 

Oliver  C.  Walcott,  2  2  stv  and  eel  brk  dwilg,  32 

x62,  4347  Champlain  av;  a.  It.  D.  Eams   6,000 

C.  D.  Snapp,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwilg,  26x50, 

Vale  and  73d  st;'  a,  Thomas  &  Rapp   6,000 

Henry  Cohlgart,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x57,  21 

Frank  st;  a,  H.  P.  Beiler   5,000 

The  Yassig  Bridge  ,t  Iron  Works,  1  stv  shop, 

100x114,  Wrightwc.od  and  Clybourn  avs   6,000 

Western  Wheel  Works,  1  sty  brk  power  hsc,  31 

x69,  150  Schiller  st;  a,  H.  Sierks   6,000 

Herman  Lcmke,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x5.3,  502 

N.  Robev  st;  a,  W.  Ohlhaler   6,000 

Alexander  Watson.  8  .sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x63, 

2415  Wabash  av;  a,  T.  Z.  Rvnoston   6,500 

B.  Stucker,  8  sty  and  bst  brk  sir  and  Hts.  22x75, 

2928  Wallwel  st;  a,  J.  F.  &  J.  P.  Doerr   6,000 


IRL.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^F=G  CO.  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

tra.otory,  SroolclyTi.  ST.  TT.]  OHIC-A-O-O. 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Qas  and  EUectric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KIXTINOS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  mak^ 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS, 

LARGEST  STOCK, 
LOWEST  PRICES. 


Orders  CABErULLT  Fillip. 


June  7,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS: 


61 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUIU.ISHKD  KVKIIV  SATUUDAY 

No.  IM)  La  Salle  Strket,      -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson,  ^        _        _        _        -        _  Puiii.isiikk. 

A.  H.  IIakkvman,  ______  Editok. 

llKNRY  R.  Al.LEN,  _____  LONDON  AgENT. 


Entered  as  sccoml-clsiss  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 


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CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  01 

Heating  -..-.._.-  63 

Heating  and  Ventilation  .._.-..  (J2 

Cold  and  Damp  Houses        ......  64 

Call  of  Inspectors  of  Buildings  Convention  -  -  ■  -  64 

Association  of  Public  Sanitary  Inspectors  -  -  -  .  65 

Germ  Antagonism  --------  65 

Draining  the  Valley  of  Mexico       -  .  -  .  .  .  71 

Rational  Architecture      .-_.....  71 

PLUMBING  

The  Exhibit  of  Plumbing  and  Plumbinff  Material  at  the  World's 
Fair  ........ 

Practical  Plumbers  for  Inspectors         -----  67 

Delegates  to  Denver  68 

Among  the  Plumbers  -  -  -  -  68 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  M''ork  will  be  Done    -----  -  69 

Heating  and  Lighting      -  -  .         .  -  70 

Water  Works  Notes  -         -         -         -         _  -         -  70 

Sewerage  Notes  70 

Bids  and  Contracts     --------  70 


A  LAW  was  passed  some  months  ago  by  the  Missouri  Legisla- 
ture calculated  to  make  voting  in  Kansas  City  compulsory.  The 
following  is  the  provision  relating  to  the  feature:  "Every  male 
person  over  the  age  of  21  years  who  shall  be  a  resident  of  Kansas 
City  shall  be  assessed  for  each  year  in  which  a  general  election  is 
held  a  poll  tax  of  $2.50,  which  shall  be  collected  and  paid  in  the 
same  manner  as  any  other  personal  tax;  provided,  however,  that 
if  the  person  so  assessed  shall  vote  at  the  general  city  election 
held  in  the  year  for  which  such  tax  is  levied,  and  shall  receive  a 
certificate  from  the  recorder  of  votes  that  he  has  voted  at  such 
election,  or  shall  otherwise  establish,  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
provided  by  ordinance  that  he  has  so  voted,  such  certificate  or 
proof  shall  operate  to  extinguish  such  tax  for  such  year.  All 


moneys  collected  under  this  section  shall  be  used  for  sanitary 
purposes."  The  law  does  not  state  whether  the  tax  so  collected 
from  those  not  voting  will  be  used  for  the  city  or  the  purification 
of  politics.  It  simply  says  " sanitary  purposes,"  but  we  presume 
the  money  is  to  be  used  for  the  sanitation  of  the  city  as  money  is 
a  bad  thing  for  the  purity  and  healthfulness  of  politics.  We  pre- 
sume the  money  is  needed  for  sanitary  purposes  or  it  would  not 
thus  be  {)rovided.  If  so,  we  have  this  situation:  Those  who  do 
not  vote  vote  in  favor  of  sanitation,  and  those  who  do  vote  vote 
against  sanitation,  and  politics  will  remain  about  the  same. 


Salt  Lake  City  has  at  last  passed  an  ordinance  creating  a 
Boatd  of  Health  and  defining  its  duties.  The  ordinance  will  go 
into  effect  the  24th  inst.  The  Board  will  be  composed  of  the 
Mayor,  ex-officio,  a  Health  (Commissioner,  a  city  physician,  and 
two  other  citizens,  the  four  to  be  appointed  by  the  council  June 
24th.  The  board  is  to  exercise  general  supervision  over  the 
health  of  the  city,  adopting  such  measures  therefor  as  are  neces- 
sary; abate  nuisances,  and  prevent  the  introduction  and  spread  of 
infectious  or  contagious  diseases.  It  shall  register  births  and 
deaths,  and  make  quarterly  reports  of  all  its  doings  to  the  city 
council. 

The  Health  Commissioner  shall  be  a  physician  in  good  stand- 
ing, and  be  the  executive  officer  of  the  board;  he  shall  enforce  all 
sanitary  ordinances,  and  is  given  the  power  of  entry  in  the  day 
time  to  any  premises,  and  may  command  the  aid  of  the  police  in 
his  duties  whenever  necessary. 

The  City  Physician  shall  prescribe  for  and  visit  city  prisoners 
and  such  poor  as  the  Health  Commissioner  shall  designate;  shall 
assist  in  public  vaccinations  and  in  quarantine  work. 

The  office  of  city  scavenger  is  abolished,  and  a  sanitary  in- 
spector called  for,  who  shall  hold  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
council.  His  duties  are  similar  to  those  now  performed  by  the 
city  scavenger.  He  shall  report  all  nuisances  to  the  Health 
Commissioner. 


A  PLAN  for  the  \  rainage  of  the  city  of  Puebia  is  under  dis- 
cussion, which  comprises  the  two  features  of  sewerage  and  water 
supply.  The  sewerage  system  is  to  be  improved  with  the  neces- 
sary conditions  for  a  quick  flow  of  the  sewage.  The  water  supply 
will  consist  of  a  reservoir  from  the  waters  of  the  Atoyac  river  to 
the  west  of  the  city  for  flushing  purposes.  The  design  is  approved 
in  general  by  Mr.  Carlos  Revilla,  but  he,  very  properly,  points  out 
two  conditions  that  must  be  fulfilled  to  make  the  plan  a  success. 
These  conditions  are  the  improvement  of  house  drainage  and  the 
utilization  of  the  water  of  the  reservoir  for  domestic  purposes. 
No  system  of  public  sewerage  will  avail  in  the  sanitation  of  a  city 
unless  private  buildings  be  supplied  with  running  water  for  drain- 
age and  flushing  purposes.  The  reservoir  will  serve  one  purpose 
in  its  use  for  flushing  the  sewers,  but  that  will  not  provide  for  the 
greater  sanitary  necessity,  and  that  is  domestic  drainage.  The 
water  should  be  carried  to  residences  in  order  that  they  may  be 
properly  drained  into  the  sewers.  This  would  also  serve  to  supply 
the  citizens  with  a  good  water  for  drinking  and  in  the  end  would 
afford  healthful  homes.  But  even  this  is  not  all  that  is  necessary 
to  secure  proper  sanitation  for  the  city.  With  the  water  supply  and 
sewer  system  comes  a  demand  for  proper  drainage.  The  most 
perfect  system  of  plumbing  should  be  obtained  and  the  latest 
regulations  of  sanitary  science  complied  with.  There  are  many 
places  in  Mexico  where  sanitary  improvements  would  be  a  great 
blessing.  Water  supplies,  sewerage  and  good  plumbing  are  three 
most  important  essentials  to  proper  sanitation,  and  while  the  cities 
of  that  country  are  going  to  the  expense  of  sewer  building  or 
water-works  construction,  they  should  not  overlook  the  important 
feature  of  doiivestic  drainage  and  plumbing  in  all  of  its  relations 
to  health. 


PLACARDING  FOR  CONTAGIOUS  DISEASES. 

In  many  of  our  cities  ordinances  require  that  when  a  case  of 
any  contagious  disease  is  found  to  exist  in  a  house,  the  house  shall 
be  properly  placarded.  This  is  in  aid  of  the  laws  of  notification 
and  isolation  in  carrying  out  these  important  measures  of  pre- 
vention. Notification  may  be  properly  made  and  yet  its  promulga- 
tion may  not  be  sufficient  information  to  the  public  to  prevent 
them  entering  houses  containing  contagious  diseases  unawares. 


62 


777^5-  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


But  the  placard,  placed  in  plain  view,  will  be  a  constant  warning 
to  the  public  of  the  contagion  within.  The  Evening  Wisconsin,  in 
speaking  of  the  failure  to  place  these  placards  properly  in  Mil- 
waukee, says:  "There  is  no  doubt  that  the  sanitary  police  force 
in  all  our  large  cities  is  among  the  most  beneficent  institutions  of 
modern  civilization,  except  where,  as  it  sometimes  does,  it  falls 
into  a  perfunctory  way  of  performing  its  duties,  and  then  it  is 
worse  than  nothing,  for  the  surveillance,  which  when  alert  and 
equitable  is  a  safeguard  and  a  blessing,  becomes  impertinent  and 
intolerable  interference  when  not  performed  in  all  cases  and 
without  distinction  of  persons. 

"  The  only  condition  upon  which  it  is  fair  to  placard  the  house 
of  any  man  when  it  contains  a  case  of  contagious  disease,  is  that 
the  same  precaution  will  be  taken,  for  his  own  protection,  when 
contagious  disease  cases  develop  in  the  houses  of  other  people. 
In  Milwaukee,  during  the  past  few  years,  it  has  several  times 
come  to  light  that  the  sanitary  inspectors  were  not  using  the  same 
vigilance  with  some  citizens  that  they  were  with  others.  There 
was,  for  instance,  one  case  in  which  it  appeared  that  a  scarlet 
fever  placard  had  been  nailed  to  the  outside  of  a  storm  door, 
which  was  kept  open  during  the  whole  of  the  time  that  the 
placard  was  there,  so  that  the  placarded  side  of  the  door  was  flat 
against  the  outer  wall  of  the  house,  where  nobody  could  see  it." 

Many  cases  of  this  character  have  come  under  our  notice.  In  a 
city  of  about  io,ooo  inhabitants  in  Indiana  a  violent  type  of  diph- 
theria made  its  appearance  in  the  family  of  the  proprietor  of  one 
of  the  prominent  hotels.  By  agreement  between  the  proprietor 
and  the  health  officers  the  placard  was  placed  above  a  portito  and 
so  near  the  floor  that  it  could  not  be  seen  at  all.  The  proprietor 
claimed  that  the  card,  if  seen,  would  injure  his  business.  Here 
was  a  case  where  the  health  officers  consented  to  a  means  by 
which  diphtheria  was  carried  into  several  families  in  order  to 
gratify  the  meanest  motives  of  a  hotel  proprietor.  If  there  is  one 
case  which  demands  placarding  above  another  it  is  the  place 
most  frequented,  as  a  hotel. 

The  meaning  of  the  law  in  providing  that  houses  containing 
contagious  diseases  shall  be  placarded,  is  that  the  public  may  be 
warned  of  the  dangers  within,  that  they  may  be  escaped.  This 
means  that  such  houses  shall  not  only  be  placarded,  but  that  the 
card  shall  be  placed  in  plain  view  where  it  can  be  seen.  Health 
officers,  by  a  strict  performance  of  duties,  can  become  a  great 
good  to  a  community;  but  by  a  neglect  of  their  duty  they  become 
a  great  evil — are  really  worse  than  none — for  the  people  rely  on 
such  officers  to  protect  them  and  do  not  take  the  personal  care 
they  would  did  no  board  exist.  Health  boards  should  understand 
that  as  disease  respects  no  person  or  calling  in  its  dire  visitations, 
neither  should  they,  in  the  prosecution  of  their  offices,  favor  one 
person  or  calling  above  another.  Disease  is  as  dangerous  in  the 
palace  as  in  the  hovel,  and  the  same  strict  measures  and  vigilance 
should  be  employed.  Health  officers  are  selected  and  paid  to 
protect  the  people  and  not  to  minister  to  the  desires  and  whims  of 
any  one.  We  are  glad  to  state  that  a  failure  ir  the  proper  dis- 
charge of  duty  on  the  part  of  these  important  officials  is  a  rare 
exception.  As  a  rule  they  are  faithful  and  true  to  their  trust, 
conscious  of  the  great  responsibilities  resting  upon  them,  and 
rarely  receiving  due  recognition  for  the  valuable  services  they 
render,  their  unselfish  labors,  and  the  sacrifices  they  make.  They 
should  receive  every  support  the  people  are  capable  of  giving 
them,  for  their's  is  a  hard,  sacrificing  and  poorly  remunerated 
toil,  bearing  with  its  proper  execution  the  greatest  blessing  we 
have. 


HEATING. 

Heating,  besides  its  great  importance  to  mechanical,  industrial 
and  commercial  interests,  is  among  the  most  important  agencies 
in  domestic  economy  in  its  relation  to  comfort  and  good  health. 
Notwithstanding  the  wonderful  advancement  the  last  few  years 
have  made  in  heating  apparatus,  the  portable  stove  is  yet  exten- 
sively used  in  the  houses  of  the  poorer  classes  and  the  well-to-do, 
menacing  health  and  even  life.  As  so  great  importance  Jwere 
the  evils  arising  from  this  source  considered  to  be  that  the  subject 
was  presented  before  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Paris  by  Dr. 
Lancereaux,  who  had  made  extensive  observations  on  carbonic 
oxide  poisoning,  due  to  defective  manufacture  or  placing  of  port- 
able stoves  in  residences  or  vehicles.   Dr.  Lancereaux  was  in 


favor  of  recommending  governmental  control,  aAd  proposed  the 
following  measures: 

1.  To  authorize  the  sale  of  stoves  only  on  condition  that  their 
draught  be  sufficient  to  convert  all  the  carbon  present  in  the  fuel 
into  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  prevent  the  formation  of  carbonic- 
oxide  gas. 

2.  To  require  an  examination  of  the  chimney  before  the  stove 
is  put  up,  in  order  to  ascertain  that  its  draft  is  sufficient  for  the 
disengagement  of  the  vapors  of  combustion,  as  well  as  an  examin- 
ation of  the  neighboring  chimneys,  in  order  to  prevent  filtration 
from  one  chimney  into  another,  and  to  protect  those  immediately 
interested,  or  their  neighbors,  from  poisoning  by  carbonic  oxide 
communicated  from  a  distance. 

3.  To  warn  the  public  of  the  danger  incurred  by  passing  the 
night  in  a  room  in  which  there  is  a  stove  of  slow  combustion,  or  in 
a  room  that  adjoins  one  in  which  such  a  stove  is  placed. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed  it  was  stated  by  the  friends  of 
the  measures  that  the  dangers  from  this  source  was  too  little 
understood.  M.  Armand  Gautier  said  that  five  millimetres  of  car- 
bonic oxide  in  the  surrounding  air  provoked  poisoning  in  one- 
eighth  of  the  total  blood.  According  to  M.  Laborde  the  presence 
of  carbonic  oxide  in  the  atmosphere  in  the  proportion  of  i  to  650 
is  injurious  to  life.  Arguments  were  made  against  supervision, 
but  the  friends  of  the  measure  succeeded  in  gaining  their  cause 
before  the  Academy,  and  the  following  resolutions  were  adopted: 

1.  The  use  of  economic  heating  apparatus  of  feeble  draught 
should  be  authoritively  prohibited  for  sleeping-rooms  and  apart- 
ments adjoining  sleeping-rooms.  The  use  of  portable  stoves  in 
general  should  be  avoided. 

2.  In  all  cases,  the  draught  of  an  air-tight  stove  should  be 
suitably  guaranteed  by  pipes  or  chimneys  in  one  section  and  of 
sufficient  height,  completely  air-tight,  presenting  no  fissure  com- 
municating with  adjoining  apartments,  and  discharging  above  the 
level  of  contiguous  windows.  It  would  be  well  to  have  the  chim- 
neys or  pipes  supplied  with  apparatus  for  indicating  that  the 
draught  is  in  the  normal  direction. 

3.  It  is  necessary,  especially  when  the  stove  is  at  a  low  rate,  to 
guard  against  atmospheric  disturbances  which  might  diminish  the 
draught,  and  even  cause  a  reflux  of  gas  into  the  interior  of  the 
room  in  which  the  stove  is  burning. 

4.  Every  stove  of  slow  combustion  which  has  hot-air  openings 
should  be  rejected,  as,  by  suppressing  the  utility  of  the  safety- 
chamber  made  by  the  interior  cylindrical  hollow  comprised  be- 
tween the  two  sheetings  of  cast  or  wrought-iron,  they  permit  the 
escape  of  carbonic  acid  gas  into  the  apartment. 

5.  The  openings  by  which  an  air-tight  stove  is  supplied  with 
fuel  should  be  hermetically  closed  and  ventilated  whenever  fresh 
fuel  is  put  in. 

6.  The  use  of  this  heating  apparatus  is  dangerous  in  rooms 
habitually  occupied  which  are  not  freely  ventilated  from  the  out- 
side.   It  should  be  prohibited  in  nurseries,  schools  and  colleges. 


HEATING  AND  VENTILATION.* 

The  subjects  of  heating  and  ventilation  should  always  be  in- 
separably considered  in  the  construction  of  any  edifice  designed 
to  be  inhabited;  and  the  reason  for  this  is  obvious,  since  one  sys- 
tem is  so  dependent  upon  the  other  for  its  action. 

We  do  not  find  the  essentials  which  insure  a  good  working  of 
both  systems  to  exist  always  together.  The  reason  of  this  maybe 
found,  sometimes,  in  the  misplaced  idea  of  economy  of  a  proprie- 
tor, but  most  often  it  results  from  the  difficulty  experienced  with 
some,  of  applying  a  properly  selected  system  to  suit  each  particu- 
lar case. 

We  may  conclude  that  the  object  of  the  two  systems  being  not 
only  to  provide  comfort  for  the  home,  but  above  all  to  make  it 
healthy,  the  selection  of  a  proper  mode  is  most  important,  and  that 
the  qualities  necessary  to  secure  the  above  ends  are:  that  the  ap- 
paratus should  be  docile  of  management,  permitting  to  obtain  at 
will  any  degree  of  heat  required;  also,  that  notwithstanding  the 
variations  of  temperature  which  may  result  therefrom,  the  air  in 
the  room  should  maintain  an  even  standard  of  purity  with  the  ab- 
sence of  any  discomfort  from  draughts  of  air. 

*  Canadian  ArchitedH't  and  BuilJtr  <:om^K\\\\it\\  cssav  on  Heating  ;>iul  \\'n- 
tiliition,  bv  "  Zvb," 


Junk  7,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


63 


Every  system  has  its  friends  as  well  as  its  enemies;  only,  some 
would  have  fewer  opponents  if  a  bad  application  of  them  was  not 
so  often  made. 

No  particular  system  will  give  scientifically  perfect  results,  but 
some  get  nearer  to  it  than  others. 

Owing  to  the  climate  in  this  country,  little  difficulty  has  ever 
been  experienced  in  constructing  a  chimney  which  will  act  well. 
The  section  of  a  chimney  should  be  square  or  perfectly  round,  as 
such  forms  insure  a  more  even  warming  of  their  inner  walls,  and 
prevent,  thereby,  counter  currents  of  cold  air  descending  the  flue,  as 
happens  sometimes  when  the  section  has  the  form  of  a  parallelo- 
gram and  is  too  large.  We  need  not  insist  that  a  tall  chimney 
will  draw  better  than  a  short  one.  The  diameter  of  a  flue  for  an 
ordinary  room  need  not  exceed  six  or  eight  inches,  and  the  velo- 
city of  the  draught  should  not  be  more  than  six  feet  per  second; 
Galton  recommends  that  one  square  inch  be  allowed  for  every  50 
or  60  cubic  feet  of  space. 

With  inlets  for  fresh  air,  chimneys  will  always  draw  well. 

Fire-places  will  always  be  popular,  but  the  mam  drawback 
with  them  is  the  difficulty  of  renewing  the  fresh  air  in  the  room  to 
replace  that  carried  up  by  the  chimney  in  sufficient  quantity  with- 
out causing  some  draughts  of  air.  To  obviate  this  inconvenience 
many  forms  of  chimneys  have  been  invented,  the  best  known  of 
which  is  that  of  "  Gallon's  "  constructed  with  a  false  back,  form- 
ing an  air  chamber,  communicating  with  the  outer  air  which  per- 
mits it  of  delivering  in  the  room  about  the  same  amount  of  fresh 
warmed  air  that  escapes  by  the  chimney.  This  form  is  more  eco- 
nomical also  than  the  common  one,  as  giving  with  the  same 
amount  of  fuel  about  30  per  cent,  more  heat. 

STOVES  AND  FURNACES. 

These  two  modes  have  prevailed  at  one  time  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent than  they  ever  will  again.  One  of  the  greatest  objections  to 
their  use  is  that  they  provide  air  at  an  excessive  temperature  on 
its  entering  the  room.  An  even  and  constant  temperature  is  also 
difficult  to  obtain  with  the  hot  air  system,  for  the  least  change 
in  the  intensity  of  the  fire  is  instantly  felt  at  the  register,  either  by 
a  diminution  in  temperature  or  an  excess  of  it,  as  the  case  may  be. 
True,  in  the  latter  case,  the  heat  can  be  checked  by  closing  the 
register,  but  the  supply  of  air  is  affected  and  ventilation  ceases. 
General  Morin  suggests  as  a  cure  to  this  objection  that  the  regu- 
lation of  the  temperature  of  air  before  entering  the  room  may  be 
obtained  by  having  a  mixing  chamber  where  cold  air  is  admitted 
when  necessary,  thus  giving  more  comfort  without  affecting  ven- 
tilation. But  the  main  drawback  with  this  system  is  the  difficulty 
of  accomplishing  an  even  distribution  of  heat  throughout  the 
house.  It  has  been  observed  (Michel  Levy,  Traite  Hygiene  Pub- 
lique,  i8jq)  that,  "  in  places  where  furnaces  are  used,  the  inmates 
show  unmistakable  signs  of  anemia,  and  that  such  a  fact  has  also 
been  observed  among  all  classes  in  those  countries  where  porce- 
lain and  iron  stoves  are  in  use."  How  far  this  may  be  true  in  re- 
gard to  this  country  we  are  not  prepared  to  say.  It  is  conjectured, 
however,  that  the  nature  of  the  air  is  changed  by  coming  in  con- 
tact with  an  intensely  heated  metal  surface,  but  the  precise  nature 
of  such  a  change  has  not  been  yet  explained,  but  it  is  known  that 
the  uncomfortable  feeling  resulting  from  the  aspiration  of  such 
air  is  due  in  a  measure  to  the  fact  that  its  power  of  absorbing 
moisture  is  then  greatly  increased  (which  is  equivalent  to  its  be- 
ing made  dryer).  Hot  air  is  disagreeable  when  it  contains  less 
rrioisture  than  50  per  cent,  of  its  point  of  saturation  (Peclet), 
though  this  standard  may  vary  according  to  circumstances. 

STEAM  HEATING. 

This  system  is  no  doubt  superior  to  stoves  and  furnaces  in 
many  ways,  but  it  is  not  without  possessing  some  disadvantages, 
too.  One  of  them  is,  that  no  heat  is  obtained  in  the  radiator  until 
the.  water  in  the  boiler  has  reached  the  boiling  point  (212  degrees). 
This  in  itself  is  no  serious  objection,  but  the  fact  that  the  temper- 
ature of  the  radiators  must  always  be  that  of  steam  is  a  decided 
objection  in  some  particular  cases.  Then  a  vigorous  fire  must 
always  be  kept  up  so  long  as  any  heat  is  needed,  otherwise,  the 
temperature  lowering,  the  supply  of  steam  ceases,  and  the  radi- 
ators cool  instantly.  The  noise  in  the  pipes  resulting  from  the 
condensation  of  steam  can  be  pretty  well  overcome  by  the  use  of 
automatic  valves. 

It  has  been  observed  by  an  author  (Dr.  Billings,  Boston),  that 
"  more  constant  and  skilled  supervision  is  necessary  with  this  ap- 


paratus than  with  the  hot  water  system."  The  rapidity  with 
which  heat  can  be  radiated  and  the  great  power  of  the  system 
certainly  favors  its  adoption  in  many  cases  in  preference  to  the 
other  systems. 

It  can  also  be  applied  to  ventilation,  but  as  such  application  is 
costly  and  extensive  its  adoption  will  scarcely  ever  be  made  out- 
side of  large  establishments.  We  have  read  of  such  an  applica- 
tion to  a  theater  in  Hamburg,  if  we  mistake  not.  It  consists  in 
having  all  the  radiators  placed  in  a  large  chamber  situated  below 
the  pit  of  the  house;  the  hot  air  from  this  room  is  supplied  to 
different  parts  of  the  theater  above  by  ducts  and  orifices  in  the 
floor.  The  temperature  is  regulated  below  by  partly  controlling 
the  inlet  of  cold  air,  and  also  by  having  a  greater  or  less  number 
of  radiators  in  operation  at  a  time,  as  circumstances  may  require. 
A  system  analagous  to  this  is  in  operation  in  the  Johns  Hopkins 
hospital  in  Baltimore. 

HOT  WATER  SYSTEM. 

This  is  the  system  par  excellence,  and  which  is  growing  in  favor 
every  day;  though  it  is  not  recent,  for  the  first  apparatus  used  for 
this  kind  of  heating  w;as  invented  in  France  by  Bonnemain  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

The  circulatory  movement  of  water  through  which  heating  is 
secured  by  this  system,  depends  upon  the  difference  in  density 
between  hot  and  cold  water;  thus  it  is,  that  water  after  being 
heated  in  the  boiler  ascends  the  pipes,  and  as  it  cools  in  its  course 
through  the  radiators,  returns  to  the  boiler  and  enters  it  at  the 
base.  The  chief  advantage  of  this  system  lies  in  furnishing  a 
more  constant  and  milder  temperature,  with  less  fire  and  care 
than  is  possible  with  any  other  mode.  Its  facility  for  regulating 
the  temperature  by  simply  controlling  the  flow  of  water  in  the 
radiators  is  no  less  in  its  favor.  The  system  is  less  fickle  than 
any  other  in  its  action  on  account  of  the  great  mass  of  water  con- 
tained in  the  pipes  being  once  heated,  does  not  cool  very  rapidly 
if  the  fire  should  get  low,  for,  once  hot,  it  will  require  a  compara- 
tively small  fire  to  keep  up  a  good  temperature.  It  is  calculated 
by  some  that  after  the  fire  is  out  the  temperature  of  the  room  will 
be  maintained  five  or  six  times  longer  than  is  possible  with  steam 
under  similar  circumstances. 

We  may  summarize  as  follows:  That  every  system  possesses 
some  bad  points  as  well  as  advantages.  The  improved  form  of 
chimney,  such  as  already  mentioned,  is  a  great  adjunct  to  ventila- 
tion, besides  its  heating  qualities,  but  it  would  be  best  in  some 
cases  to  have  some  other  means  of  heating  at  command  besides  it. 

Of  the  hot-air  system  we  cannot  say  much  beyond  the  fact 
that  its  promptness  and  vigorous  power  may  recommend  it  in 
some  cases,  but  the  difficulty  of  distributing  heat  evenly,  already 
mentioned,  may  sometimes  prove  a  great  objection. 

The  steam  system  possesses  the  advantages  of  the  hot-air  sys- 
tem without  some  of  its  faults.  Its  application  commends  itself 
to  those  large  edifices  which  require  to  be  well  heated  at  short 
notice  and  for  short  intervals. 

Hot  water  should  in  general  be  preferred  to  any  other  system, 
especially  for  the  home,  it  being  considered  less  costly  and  more 
easy  of  management  than  any  other. 

Pure  air  is  an  absolute  necessity  for  the  maintenance  of  good 
health.  We  will  not  cite  any  example  in  support  of  this  beyond 
the  fact  that  "  a  deprival  of  fresh  air  produces  phthisis."  Parke 
says  that  "  the  practical  limit  of  purity  will  depend  on  the  cost 
which  men  are  willing  or  able  to  pay  for  it,"  and  that  "  it  may 
be  fairly  assumed  that  the  quantity  of  fresh  air  sup- 
plied to  every  inhabited  room  should  be  great  enough  to  re- 
move all  sensible  impurity,  so  that  a  person  coming  from  the  ex- 
ternal air  should  perceive  no  trace  of  odor  or  difference  between 
the  room  and  the  outside  air  in  point  of  freshness." 

We  might  here  relate  how  air  becomes  contaminated  by  car- 
bonic acid  gas  from  human  respiration,  or  the  many  other  causes; 
also  of  experiments  which  have  been  made  in  endeavoring  to  es- 
tablish some  standard  of  purity  which  internal  air  should  have, 
and  the  widely  different  results  arrived  at  by  different  authors. 
We  might  also  cite  tables  giving  the  cubic  amount  of  fresh  air  per 
head  which  should  be  allotted  under  different  circumstances;  but 
all  data  on  this  point  is  within  the  reach  of  any  one,  in  the  numer- 
ous treatises  on  hygiene,  and  we  consider  it  unnecessary  to  repeat 
it  here.  It  will  suffice  to  say  that  hospitals,  theatres,  or  any  edi- 
fice where  a  large  number  of  people  assemble  at  a  time,  require 


64 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


per  head  a  greater  amount  of  fresh  air  per  hour  than  is  necessary 
in  an  ordinary  dwelling — in  which  latter  case  is  fixed  by  DeChau- 
mont  as  one  cubic  foot  per  second  for  each  man  as  the  minimum 
allowance;  but  we  think  this  might  be  reduced. 

A  very  large  apartment  is  more  difficult  to  heat  and  ventilate 
than  a  small  one,  but  a  moderate-sized  one  will  give  the  best  re- 
sults all  round.  We  know  that  when  air  is  changed  more  rapidly 
than  three  times  an  hour,  it  occasions  draughts  in  the  room,  though 
this  is  somewhat  dependent  upon  the  degree  of  temperature  at  the 
time. 

It  is  evident,  after  all  the  above  considerations,  that  in  order  to 
have  a  comfortable  and  healthy  room  we  must  harmonize  the 
workings  of  the  heating  apparatus  with  that  of  the  ventilating 
system,  and  both  of  these  to  the  size  of  the  room,  in  relation  to 
the  number  of  its  inmates. 

The  introduction  of  fresh  air  should,  in  preference,  be  made  at 
the  ceiling  rather  than  at  the  floor-line  (Morin),  though  the  oppo- 
site mode  has  been  known  to  give  good  satisfaction.  All  air  en- 
tering a  room  should  be  filtered  through  a  fine  gauze,  to  remove 
its  coarse  impurities  before  its  introduction  in  the  room.  Ducts 
should  be  designed,  that  the  air  will  have  an  equal  distance  to 
travel  in  them  all. 

MODES  OF  VENTILATION. 

There  is  the  artificial  and  natural  mode.  The  latter  is  the 
natural  operation  of  a  change  of  air  which  is  due  to  a  difference 
in  density  between  internal  and  external  air.  The  mode  is  very 
good  in  winter,  but  it  should  not  be  altogether  relied  upon  in  the 
summer  season,  when  the  outside  temperature  is  often  that  of  the 
house.  Natural  ventilation  is  obtained  in  many  ways  which  are 
well  known;  but  the  most  common  is  by  depending  upon  the  open- 
ing and  shutting  of  doors,  cracks  around  windows,  etc.  It  is  mainly 
achieved,  and  better,  by  chimneys  and  shafts  constructed  for  the 
purpose.  One  good  way,  of  many,  of  getting  window  ventilation 
is  by  lowering  the  top  sash  a  little  and  lifting  the  lower  one  a  few 
inches.  The  upper  layers  of  air  in  the  room,  being  lighter  in 
density,  escape  at  the  top  opening,  while  it  is  replaced  by  a  fresh 
supply  entering  at  the  bottom,  where  the  draught  is  checked  by  a 
board  put  in  front  of  the  opening  to  change  the  direction  of  the 
current. 

We  can  say  that  hot-air  heating  is  a  mode  of  natural  ventila- 
tion. Astonishing  results  in  ventilation  are  obtained  by  burning  a 
gas-jet  in  a  chimney-shaft.  Morin  says  that  with  seven  feet  cubic 
of  gas  burned  per  hour,  in  a  flue  ii  inches  square  and  66  feet  high, 
13,300  cubic  feet  of  air  will  be  drawn  from  the  room. 

ARTIFICIAL  VENTILATION. 

This  mode  is  accomplished  either  by  pulsion  (forcing  air  in  the 
room)  or  extraction  (aspiring  the  air).  In  both  cases  the  action  can 
be  secured  in  different  ways,  such  as  a  jet  of  steam,  etc.,  but  most 
commonly  by  the  use  of  a  "fan,"  put  in  rapid  motion  by  some 
motive  power.  These  modes  are  used  only  where  the  space  to  be 
ventilated  is  very  considerable,  where  natural  ventilation  would 
not  be  sufficient.  When  only  one  of  these  modes  is  used,  prefer- 
ence is  to  be  given  to  pulsion;  but  they  are  sometimes  combined, 
as  was  the  case  in  the  "  Palais  du  Trocadero  "  during  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1871,  where  ventilation  was  most  perfect.  The  main 
point  of  excellence  of  natural  ventilation,  and  which  is  not  pos- 
sessed by  any  other  system,  is  that  it  can  be  depended  upon  for  a 
given  result  per  hour,  independently  of  outside  temperature  or  the 
direction  of  prevailing  winds. 

Competency  in  putting  in  a  system,  either  of  ventilation  or 
heating,  is  not  possessed  by  all  those  who  lay  claim  to  it;  and  this 
results  in  good  apparatus  failing  to  give  all  the  satisfaction  which 
it  otherwise  might,  whereas,  if  the  work  were  properly  executed, 
it  would  often  effect  not  only  an  increase  of  comfort,  but  also  a 
saving  of  expense  in  working  the  system. 

We  have  answered  sufficiently,  we  think,  the  spirit  of  the  com- 
petition for  which  this  "essay"  has  been  written,  in  restricting 
ourselves  to  treating  simply  of  the  principles  on  which  the  differ- 
ent systems  are  dependent  for  their  action,  and  of  the  nature  and 
value  of  the  results  as  given  by  each  under  ordinary  management, 
as  compared  to  what  should  constitute  good  heating  and  ventila- 
tion, leaving  out  the  question  of  the  varied  rules  of  application 
which  can  be  made  of  each  system  according  to  circumstances. 
For  example,  as  in  hospitals,  cjuarantine  stations,  schools,  etc., 
etc.,  it  would  require  ([uite  a  series  of  articles  to  treat  of  these 
questions  separately. 


COLD  AND  DAMP  HOUSES. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  colds  and  ailments  of  the  respiratory 
organs,  says  The  Building  News,  suffered  during  this  season  of 
the  year,  are  attributable  to  the  want  of  proper  measures  being 
taken  by  builders  in  laying  foundations  and  in  executing  the  base- 
ments of  our  houses.  Hundreds  of  houses  let  in  the  suburban 
districts  of  London  are  built  upon  clay  and  marshy  ground,  often 
of  "  made  earth  "  and  rubbish.  We  may  point  now  to  a  few  of  the 
causes  which  contribute  to  cold  and  uncomfortable  houses.  First 
and  foremost  is  the  imperfect  arrest  of  dampness  from  the  soil. 
The  only  way  of  securing  a  healthful  house  is  to  cut  it  off  as  much 
as  possible  from  the  soil  on  which  it  stands.  Ideally,  one  may 
imagine  a  house  standing  on  stilts  or  pier,  having  a  free  current 
of  air  below,  and  a  stair  up  to  the  floor;  but  this  would  be  unattain- 
able under  existing  arrangements.  The  next  best  thing  is  to 
obtain  a  well  ventilated  cellar,  or,  what  is  almost  as  good,  a  suf- 
ficient air  space  between  the  ground  and  the  floor,  this  space  be- 
ing well  ventilated  by  bricks,  and  the  ground  covered  with  asphalt 
or  concrete.  Neither  of  these  essentials  is  found.  There  is  an 
air  space  below  the  floor;  but  it  is  generally  a  rough  and  unleveled 
surface  of  rubbish,  with  the  air  bricks  so  scantily  introduced,  and 
they  often  clogged  up  by  earth  or  dirt,  that  the  air  is  in  a  state  of 
stagnation,  and  the  emanations  from  the  soil  are  sucked  up  into 
the  house  by  the  warmth  and  fires.  Another  danger  is  added  if  a 
disused  cesspool  or  a  drain  is  beneath  the  house,  and  who  knows 
how  many  of  our  houses  are  built  over  these  receptacles  of  a  past 
civilization?  The  many  houses  and  tenements  built  almost  level 
with  the  ground  are  particularly  open  to  suspicion.  A  fast  decay- 
ing floor  or  a  mildewed  appearance  of  dampness,  or  a  musty 
smell  under  oilcloth  or  linoleum  in  the  hall  or  passage  will  reveal 
the  evil.  On  examination  it  is  found,  on  taking  the  rotten  boards 
up,  that  the  joists  are  close  to  or  rest  on  the  ground,  that  the  bond 
timber  is  rotten,  or  no  damp  proof  inserted.  Hundreds  of  small 
houses  are  found  yearly  in  this  condition  of  incipient  decay,  which 
often  begins  under  the  passage  floor,  near  the  staircase  or  back 
door.  The  only  remedy  is  to  excavate  the  soil,  underpin  the 
walls,  and  lay  a  damp  course  over  soil,  replacing  the  timber  on 
sleeper  walls  of  proper  construction.  The  want  of  ventilation  is 
usually  found  to  be  the  cause. 

Houses  having  half  basements  or  parlors  below  the  ground 
floor  are  very  common  in  the  metropolis;  but  these  as  living  rooms 
are  highly  objectionable,  with  the  exception  of  those  which  have 
not  been  excavated,  and  are  built  up  from  the  lower  natural  level 
in  the  rear,  in  which  case  the  lower  story  becomes  the  ground 
floor  story  of  the  house  behind.  Then  it  becomes  necessary  to 
form  a  good  area  or  retaining  wall  in  front  to  give  light  to  the 
front  room,  or,  if  there  is  no  front  room,  to  well  line  the  wall  form- 
ing the  back  of  the  room  in  the  rear  with  some  bituminous  com- 
pound. It  is  better,  perhaps,  to  make  it  thick  and  hollow,  venti- 
lating the  space.  And  speaking  of  half  basements  leads  us  to 
dwell  on  one  or  two  points  connected  with  dry  areas.  Walls  built 
against  earth  ought  to  have  an  area  formed  along  it  of  its  whole 
height.  On  the  return  side  of  semi-detached  houses  the  side  wall 
must  be  built  often  without  any  area,  and  in  this  case  the  space 
next  the  wall  for  a  foot  or  more  should  be  filled  in  with  broken 
stone,  and  a  drain  be  placed  at  bottom  just  below  the  level  of 
footing.  An  asphalt  coat  on  the  outer  face  of  wall  returning  in 
the  joint  at  the  floor  level  should  invariably  be  put.  A  more  effi- 
cient protection  would  be  an  area  covered  over  next  the  outer 
wall,  called  a  "French  intercepting  drain,"  or  a  concealed  area. 
Sometimes  an  impervious  tile  facing  has  been  placed  against  the 
outer  surface  of  a  wall  so  built;  but  of  all  these  plans  the  open 
ventilated  area  is  the  best.  We  have  here  referred  chiefly  to 
foundation  and  basement  measures;  but  the  dry  wall  and  well- 
protected  roof  arc  other  necessaries  of  warm  and  healthful  dwell- 
ing houses. 


CALL  FOR  INSPECTORS  OF  BUILDINGS  CONVENTION. 

Pursuant  to  a  general  desire  on  the  part  of  a  large  number  of 
the  building  inspectors  of  the  United  States,  a  convention  iscal'ed 
to  meet  at  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  in  Chicago,  on  Wednesday, 
June  18,  iBqo,  at  2  o'clock  p.  m.,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a 
National  Association  of  Building  Inspectors,  appointing  commit- 
tees, and  mapping  out  our  work,  after  which  we  will  adjourn  to 


June  7,  ISOO.) 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


65 


meet  at  some  future  time  and  place,  to  be  at  this  time  decided 
upon. 

A  general  invitation  is  extended  to  all  inspectors  of  buildings 
in  the  United  States,  with  an  earnest  desire  that  you  be  present  at 
our  initial  meeting. 

Every  city  that  has  now,  or  contemplates  havmg  in  the  near 
future,  buildint^  laws,  should  be  represented. 

COMMITTEE. 

Inspectors  of  Buildings. — J.  .M.  Hazen,  Minneapolis,  Minn.; 
Gates  A.  Johnson,  St.  Paul,  Minn.;  George  C.  Whitlock,  Omaha, 
Neb.;  J.  M.  Dunphy,  Chicago,  111.;  Arthur  Bates,  Milwaukee,  Wis.; 
E.  W.  Simpson,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Frank  H.  Jackson,  Denver,  Colo.; 
Emil  G.  Rucckert,  Cincinnati,  O.;  Spencer  B.  Hopkins,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.;  Roy  McDonald,  Louisville,  Ky.;  L.  W.  Hanson, 
Portland,  Me.;  G.  T.  Woodward,  Lowell,  Mass.;  J.  Theo.  Oster, 
Baltimore,  Md.;  John  S.  Damrell,  Boston,  Mass.;  Geo.  Wharton, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.;  M.  A.  Lytle,  St.  Joseph,  Mo.;  T.  J.  Brady,  New 
York  city. 


ASSOCIATION  OF  PUBLIC  SANITARY  INSPECTORS. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Association  of  Public  Sanitary 
Inspectors,  recently  held  at  Carpenters'  Hall,  a  paper  was  read  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Lowther,  deputy  inspector  of  Bristol,  on  "The  Drain- 
age of  Buildings  and  its  Relation  to  Health."  The  paper,  as  ex- 
tracted by  the  London  Biiilder,  was  as  follows: 

The  existence  of  so  many  systems  of  drainage,  and  the  great 
diversity  of  opinion  among  experts,  made  it,  in  the  lecturer's 
opinion,  highly  necessary  that  "  public  officers"  administering  the 
laws  of  health  should  be  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  correct 
principles  upon  which  the  drainage  of  buildings  should  be  carried 
out.  Even  where  such  work  was  intrusted  to  professed  sanitary 
engine'ers,  satisfactory  results  were  not  always  obtained;  for  gen- 
erally some  local  plumber  or  builder,  possessing  perhaps  but  little 
knowledge  of  this  particular  branch  of  sanitary  work,  was  called 
upon  to  do  it.  House-drainage,  properly  carried  out,  was  the  com- 
pletion of  a  perfect  system  of  sewerage.  A  town  might  be  pos- 
sessed of  otherwise  perfect  drainage,  but  health  would  not  be 
greatly  improved  if  house-drains  were  left  in  their  old  dilapidated 
state.  The  serious  danger  incurred  by  individuals  continually  in- 
haling foul  gases  from  defective  drains  would  not  be  endured  but 
for  hygienic  and  physiological  ignorance.  Drams  in  former  times 
were  vast  in  volume,  and  in  them  the  velocity  of  passing  sewage 
was  so  reduced  as  to  lead  to  a  rapid  deposit  of  solid  matter.  They 
were  thus  converted  into  cesspools  that  produced  gas  laid  on  to 
the  houses  as  completely  as  coal-gas  could  be  from  the  company's 
mains.  Unfortunately,  in  modern  houses,  a  similar  state  of  things 
too  often  still  prevailed.  Drainage  systems  were  devisible  into 
four  classes,  viz.:  the  ordinary,  sectional,  manhole-chamber,  and 
iron  connecting-pipe  systems.  In  the  first,  where  no  means  for  in- 
specting drains  below  ground  were  provided,  and  where  it  was 
impossible  to  test  any  portion  from  a  trap,  it  was  difficult  to  tell  in 
case  of  a  stoppage  where  to  look  for  it,  and  expensive  excava- 
tions had  often  to  be  resorted  to.  In  such  systems  fresh-air  inlets 
should  be  carried  up  above  the  main  roof.  To  assist  ventilation, 
powerful  exhaust  cowls  should  always  be  fixed  on  outlet  vent- 
pipes  to  assist  circulation.  In  systems  like  those  of  Hellyer,  Ban- 
ner, Buchan  and  others,  belonging  to  the  "  sectional  "  class,  inter- 
cepting-traps  were  placed  at  the  foot  of  each  soil-pipe,  and  the 
air  inlets  being  generally  fixed  right  over  them,  all  portions  were 
separately  ventilated.  Such  a  system  was  subject  to  serious  de- 
fects, and  in  the  lecturer's  opinion  it  should  not  be  applied  to  pri- 
vate dwellings,  but  should  be  confined  to  infirmaries  and  similar 
institutions,  particularly  infectious  hospitals.  He  would  advise  the 
use  of  lead  traps  and  connecting-pieces  with  wiped  lead  joints. 
In  any  good  system  the  only  joint  in  a  house  would  be  that  con- 
necting water-closets  with  a  soil-pipe  outside.  The  lecturer  had 
for  many  years  practiced  the  "manhole  chamber  system,"  to  which 
he  gave  a  preference,  as  did  nearly  all  advanced  sanitarians  now. 
In  this  class  drains  were  laid  out  in  straight  lines  from  manhole  to 
manhole,  these  being  constructed  with  intercepting-traps  at  angles 
and  at  other  necessary  points.  Good  workmanship  in  construct- 
ing such  drains  must  be  insisted  on,  and  if  either  stoneware  or  cast- 
iron  pipes  were  used  they  should  be  truly  laid  in  a  uniform  gradi- 
ent.   Stoneware  pipes  should,  further,  be  laid  on  beds  of  concrete. 


their  numerous  joints  being  particularly  liable  to  get  started  by 
vibration  resulting  from  heavy  traffic  in  adjacent  streets.  In  the 
Scott-Moncrieff  system  iron  pipes  were  used  in  connection  with 
manhole  chambers,  fitted  in  this  system  with  cast-iron  manhole 
frames.  Cast-iron  pipes,  which  had  been  in  partial  use  many  years, 
possessed  many  advantages,  but  they  were  costly,  were  liable  to 
interior  fouling;  and  a  fear  was  expressed  with  regard  to  the  Mon- 
crieff  frames  that,  unless  inspections  were  frequent,  the  bolts 
would  become  immovable,  and  thus  render  this  system  useless. 
On  account  of  its  simplicity  and  other  advantages,  the  lecturer 
considered  the  manhole  system  better  than  any  previously  brought 
forward,  whether  in  conjunction  with  cast-iron  or  stoneware  pipes. 
Among  intercepting-traps,  Winser's,  Rogers  Field's,  Crapper's 
and  Buchan's  were  described  as  fairly  good — W^inser's  4  by  6  feet 
taper  traps  being  thought  particularly  worthy  of  mention.  Damp 
sites  were,  in  conclusion,  touched  upon — diphtheria,  consumption 
and  other  preventable  diseases  being,  in  Mr.  Lowther's  opinion, 
very  frequently  induced  by  constantly  breathing  air  charged  with 
watery  particles.  Such  sites  should  be  carefully  prepared  by 
effectual  drainage,  distinct  (if  possible)  from  the  house-drains,  and 
the  whole  site  should  be  concreted. 


GERM  ANTAGONISM.* 

We  shall  not  use  the  term  geim  in  accordance  with  the  strict 
definition  of  the  same,  but  in  accordance  with  its  generally  ac- 
cepted use  in  relation  to  disease,  meaning  to  embrace  the  source 
of  all  organic  life  in  its  various  forms,  from  the  embryo  up  through 
the  progressive  stages  of  development,  through  which  it  may  in- 
fluence other  living  organisms. 

The  term  life  is  a  very  comprehensive  one  when  applied  to  the 
species  or  individual,  for  the  known  species  of  the  universe  visible 
to  the  naked  eye  alone  in  the  fauna  and  flora  are  numbered  by  the 
hundreds  of  thousands.  Then,  the  species  of  the  microscopical 
world  are  equally  numerous,  only  they  have  not  all  received  their 
name. 

Then,  as  we  grope  on  into  that  great  and  mysterious  darkness 
into  which  the  microscope,  endowed  by  human  ingenuity,  has,  as 
yet  been  unable  to  fathom,  and  there  count  the  untold  influences 
which,  when  combined  under  right  circumstances,  give  distinct 
results  as  specific  as  any  of  the  species  of  the  visual  world,  then 
can  we  begin  to  comprehend  the  extent  of  life. 

These  so-called  unseen  combined  influences,  which  are  the 
cause  of  the  specific  results,  when  summed  up  are  but  germs  with 
another  name,  either  in  their  development  in  the  grades  upward 
in  life  or  downward  in  death.  Thus,  as  we  contemplate  life,  we 
dwell  upon  death;  for  out  of  life  comes  death,  and  from  death  life 
gathers  sustenance. 

Is  it  not  so  that  life  devours  life?  or,  in  other  words,  feeds  upon 
what  has  been  created  by  life,  and  the  cycle  is  completed  where 
death  joins  life? 

Let  us,  then,  divest  ourselves  of  the  thoughtless  idea  that  there 
is  no  life  beyond  our  present  power  to  examine;  for  who  is  pre- 
pared to  say  but  that  there  is,  and  may  yet  be  found,  in  the  pre- 
microscopic  world  or  the  mystic  realm  unseen,  the  germ  peculiar 
to  itself  and  distinct  in  its  nature,  that  gives  rise  to  certain  effects 
denominated  disease? 

We  say  not  that  all  germs  produce  disease,  any  more  than  all 
seeds  produce  thistles  or  other  noxious  weeds;  but  as  the  micro- 
scopical world  is  opened  to  us  we  become  aware  that  we  are  con- 
tinually surrounded  by  germs  of  many  varieties. 

Miquel,  for  instance,  has  found  that  the  ordinary  atmosphere 
of  a  large  city  contains  over  2,000  bacteria  per  cubic  yard,  while 
the  air  of  the  room  of  an  old  house  in  winter  will  show  bacteria  to 
the  amount  of  4,500  per  cubic  yard,  and,  again,  that  the  wards  of 
a  long-used  hospital  will  hold  as  many  as  90,000  germs  in  the  same 
space. 

Observation  seems  to  show  that  the  different  varieties  require 
different  conditions  for  development,  each  species  varying  in  its 
susceptibility  to  different  influences. 

That  certain  diseases  are  epidemic  or  endemic  undoubtedly  de- 
pends upon  the  local  and  atmospherical  influences  which  favor  the 
development  of  those  specific  germs,  and  also  on  some  influences 
producing  in  the  system  a  condition  of  soil  especially  favorable 

*Read  before  Ihe  Vermont  Medical  Society,  by  H.  R.  Wilder,  M.  D. 


66 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


for  their  reception.  Or  it  may  be  that  the  local  influences  have 
multiplied,  or  permitted  to  multiply,  the  specific  poisons  or  germs, 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  myriads  in  defiant  hosts  settle  down 
upon  and  infect  the  unfortunate  being,  giving  rise  to  the  special 
symptomatology.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  we  must  have 
both  the  presence  of  the  specific  germs  and  also  a  fit  condition  of 
the  system  for  their  development. 

For  persons  of  good  constitutions,  and  sometimes  constitutions 
not  entirely  healthy,  may  pass  through  epidemics  untouched,  while 
others  of  a  debilitated  or  of  a  certain  condition  will  be  quick  to 
receive  or  develop  the  disease. 

It  would,  no  doubt,  astonish  us  if  we  could  know  how  exten- 
sively the  poisons  that  exist  around  and  come  in  contact  with  us 
in  different  ways  are  resisted,  rejected  and  overcome  by  the  human 
organism. 

That  these  poisonous  influences  are  of  a  specific  kind,  and  give 
rise  to  a  specific  disease,  is  just  as  probable  as  that  the  germ  of 
an  oak  acorn  will  grow  an  oak  instead  of  a  pine,  or  that  the  germ 
of  the  wheat  will  produce  wheat  instead  of  oats. 

What  are  the  diseases  scarlatina,  pertussis,  diphtheria,  but  the 
infested  human  system  overpowered  by  the  rapidly-reproduced 
specific  poison  peculiar  to  each  respectively,  and  that  these  germs 
have  only  to  exhaust  the  soil  to  become  extinct,  or,  in  other  words, 
terminate  the  disease?  Facts  have  been  adduced  which  prove 
conclusively  that  the  morbid  poisons,  whatever  their  form  or  class- 
ification may  be,  act  in  all  cases  not  capriciously,  but  according  to 
certain  definite  and  fixed  laws.  Mingled  with  the  blood  yesterday; 
to-morrow,  after  having  had  a  period  of  latency,  swarming  into 
innumerable  myriads;  possessing  the  whole  field  as  a  pest,  devour- 
ing everything  before  them;  in  short,  passing  through  the  various 
stages  of  transition,  germination,  growth,  maturity,  and  finally 
death. 

Such  are  the  remarkable  laws  of  morbid  poisons  that  many  of 
them  possess  the  extraordinary  property  of  exhausting  the  consti- 
tution of  all  susceptibility  to  a  second  action  of  the  same  poison, 
as  is  the  case  with  syphilis,  scarlatina,  measles,  typhoid  fever, 
small-pox,  whooping-cough,  and,  indeed,  with  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  others.  And,  in  fact,  temporary  protective  influence  is  im- 
parted by  most  all  morbid  poisons;  for  few  persons  suffer  a  second 
attack  of  the  same  specific  epidemic  disease,  and  at  least  the  sus- 
ceptibility of  the  constitution  is  temporarily  impaired. 

These  morbid  poisons  or  epidemic  influences  are  now  nearly, 
and  soon  probably  will  become  entirely,  synonymous  with  the  term 
germ,  as  used  in  its  ordinary  broad  meaning. 

But  that  some  of  the  numerous  organic  forms  are  actually  nec- 
essary cannot  be  intelligently  disputed;  for,  as  Sir  William  Roberts 
says:  "  Without  saprophytes  there  could  be  no  putrefaction;  and 
without  putrefaction  the  waste  materials  thrown  off  by  the  animal 
and  vegetable  kingdoms  could  not  be  consumed.  Instead  of  be- 
ing broken  up,  as  they  are  now,  and  restored  to  the  earth  and  air 
in  a  fit  state  to  nourish  new  generations  of  plants,  they  would  re- 
main as  an  intolerable  incubus  on  the  organic  world.  Plants  would 
languish  for  want  of  nourishment,  and  animals  would  be  hampered 
by  their  own  excreta,  and  by  the  dead  bodies  of  their  mates  and 
predecessors.  In  short,  the  circle  of  life  would  be  wanting  an 
essential  link.  A  large  proportion  of  our  food  is  prepared  by  the 
agency  of  saprophytes.  We  are  indebted  to  certain  bacteria  for 
our  butter,  cheese  and  vinegar.  Our  daily  bread  is  made  with 
yeast,  and  to  the  yeast-plant  we  also  owe  our  wine,  beer  and  spir- 
ituous liquors." 

This  tiny  cell,  as  a  generator  of  alcohol,  plays  a  larger  part  in 
the  life  of  civilized  man  than  any  other  tree  or  plant. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  look  to  that  extreme  of  spontaneous  pro- 
duction, for  these  germs  readily  enough  multiply  when  they  find 
the  desired  soil.  They  may  exist  either  upon  or  in  plant  or  ani- 
mal, and  be  transmitted  or  communicated  indifferently  from  ani- 
mal to  man,  or  man  to  animal,  or  from  vegetable  to  animal.  F'or 
plants,  as  well  as  animals,  have  their  peculiar  parasites  and  para- 
sitic diseases.  They  may  be  either  vegetable  or  animal.  The 
oak-apple  or  gall-nut  is  a  familiar  example  of  the  large  animal 
parasite  affecting  a  plant.  Then  there  are  the  blights,  mildew, 
smut,  brand  and  other  forms  of  fungi  that  are  capable  ot  propaga- 
tion and  transmission. 

Yet  each  species  is  affected  more  particularly  by  its  particular 
parasites,  and  these  are  themselves  affected  by  their  own  parasites, 


and  so  on  almost  indefinitely,  each  one  antagonized  by  some  other. 
This  series  might  be  continued  on  down  through  the  microscopic 
field  into  that  which  has  not  yet  been  explored,  and  mcluding 
those  influences  or  germs  that  effect  the  human  organism  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  cause  the  condition  we  call  disease;  for  who  can 
dispute  but  that  all  infectious,  epidemic,  endemic  and  malarial 
diseases  are  but  the  result  of  a  special  multiplying  parasite  or 
microphyte  infecting  the  blood  or  tissues  of  the  body?  That  these 
special  germs  do  not  always  multiply  or  develop,  causing  disease, 
is  no  more  a  cause  of  wonderment  than  that  germs  of  a  higher 
order  of  life  do  not  always  find  lodgment  in  a  soil  adapted  for  their 
development. 

The  seed  of  fire-weed,  for  instance,  may  pass  over  hundreds  of 
acres  of  tilled  soils  and  miles  of  forest  before  it  finds  a  suitable 
place  prepared  by  fire  for  its  growth.  So,  too,  small-pox  germs 
may  be  present  and  some  systems  be  very  indifferent  to  their  re- 
ception, because  the  soil  is  not  just  right.  So,  also,  there  is  the 
inherent  power  of  all  organized  life  to  resist  oppression. 

The  power  of  the  human  system  to  resist  poisonous  influences 
is  something  remarkable;  yet,  when  infested  by  rapidly  multiply- 
ing hordes  of  life,  it  often  succumbs  for  a  time,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  system  is  overpowered  until  the  soil  is  exhausted  and  the  germ 
dies  for  want  of  food,  or  is  swallowed  up  by  other  germs. 

And  so  we  are  only  to  stop  and  reflect  on  the  many  ways  in 
which  the  body  is  beset  by  these  antagonizing  germs — the  air  we 
breathe  swarming  with  its  clouds  of  life,  the  food  we  eat  and  the 
water  we  drink  permeated  in  every  particle,  and  the  -primordial 
cells,  whenever  uncovered  by  accident  or  the  surgeon,  sought 
after  with  an  insatiable  and  rapacious  appetite  by  these  mysteri- 
ous beings — then  we  may  begin  to  comprehend  the  unlimited 
power  that  relentlessly  antagonizes  back  to  the  mother  dust. 


PLUMBING 


THE  EXHIBIT  OF  PLUMBING  AND  PLUMBING  MA- 
TERIAL AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR.* 
This  is  a  question  that  should  interest  not  only  plumbers  but 
state  legislatures  and  city  councils,  as  well  as  persons  who  are  in- 
terested in  plumbing  and  drainage  of  dwelling  houses,  tenements, 
factories  and  business  buildings. 

Nothing  is  more  intimately  related  to  the  enjoyment  of  energy 
and  wealth-producing  powers  of  a  people  than  good  health,  and 
good  health  is  an  impossibility  under  present  conditions,  without 
good  plumbing,  and  the  immediate  removal  of  all  wastes  as  far  as 
possible  from  places  of  human  habitation. 

The  word  plumber  means  literally  a  worker  in  lead;  but  plumb- 
ing is  generally  accepted  in  urban  districts  as  embracing  every- 
thing directly  connected  with  supplying  from  city  mains,  hot  and 
cold  water  to  dwelling  houses,  tenement  houses,  [)ublic  buildings, 
factories,  work-shops  and  other  buildings,  and  the  construction  of 
the  waste  conducts  and  drains  from  these  places  to  the  public 
sewers.  In  country  districts,  i)lumbing  means  all  this  and  some- 
thing more,  inasmuch  as  the  original  supply  of  water  must  be  ob- 
tained, and  a  proper  disposal  of  all  wastes  provided  for,  while  the 
good  health  of  the  people  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  public 
welfare. 

Good  plumbing  is  a  prerequisite  to  good  health;  and  anything 
that  would  tend  to  diffuse  a  knowledge  of  the  best,  or  promote  a 
spirit  of  emulation  among  plumbers,  should  be  hailed  with  delight 
by  all  sanitarians,  and  receive  the  approval  and  favorable  con- 
sideration of  our  state  legislators,  city  councils,  and  town  boards, 
to  the  end  that  diseases  which  are  primarily  due  to  unsanitary 
surroundings,  such  as  sewer  air,  and  the  like,  may  be  entirely 
eliminated  from  the  vicinity  of  our  cities,  towns,  villages  and 
country  residences. 

The  World's  Fair,  which  is  to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Chicago  in 
1893,  will  afford  an  opportunity  to  compare  the  systems  of  plumb- 
ing m  vogue,  in  the  different  states  of  the  Union,  and  those  that 
are  most  used  in  Europe.  Such  an  opportunity  ought  not  to  be 
presented  in  vain.  The  master  plumbers'  of  Chicago  should  work 
indefatigabiy  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  all  associations  of 

♦Paper  read  before  the  C'liieago  Master  Pliiinliers'  A^isocia^il)n  Iiy  J.  K.  ncvcnrv, 
May  32,  18«0. 


June  7,  1890.] 


67 


plumbers,  to  the  end  that  such  an  exhibition  of  practical  plumb- 
ers' work  be  made  as  will  tend  to  diffuse  a  knowledge  of  the  art 
of  plumbing,  and  spread  a  desire  to  secure  the  best,  and  at  the 
same  time  practically  demonstrate  what  is  best. 

The  good  to  be  accomplished  by  such  an  exhibition  of  plumb- 
ers' work  is  incalculable.  But  the  burden  of  making  such  an  ex- 
hibit ought  not  to  be  left  entirely  to  the  plumbers  of  the  United 
States.  This  is  a  World's  Fair,  an  exhibit  of  things  that  are  the 
best  in  the  world,  and  when  held  in  any  country  it  is  incumbent 
upon  the  people  of  the  country  in  which  it  is  held  to  make  the 
best  showing  possible,  not  only  for  their  own  edification  but  also 
for  the  information  and  advantage  of  the  visiting  people  of  the 
world. 

Such  undertakings  are  so  important,  and  the  people  as  a 
whole  are  so  vitally  interested  that  the  whole  people  should  bear 
the  necessary  expense.  I  am  at  a  loss  to  find  any  better  method 
whereby  this  can  be  done  than  for  the  political  organization  of 
the  people,  known  as  the  state,  to  appropriate  the  necessary  funds 
and  intrust  the  expenditure  of  the  same  to  the  authorized  com- 
mittees of  the  various  industrial  organizations  of  the  people,  so 
that  a  proper  and  full  exhibit  of  the  industries  of  the  United 
States  may  be  had. 

Each  state  legislature  might  be  induced  to,  and  I  have  no 
doubt  each  state  legislature  will,  appropriate  a  sufficient  sum  of 
money  to  secure  the  products  of  each  state  an  adequate  repre- 
sentation at  the  World's  Fair. 

Plumbers'  work,  while  performed  in  each  state  of  the  Union, 
cannot  be  said  to  be  an  industry  of  any  one  state,  so  that  unless 
the  plumbers  of  our  country  bestir  themselves  and  properly  in- 
form the  members  of  each  state  assembly,  our  trade  is  apt  to  be 
overlooked  when  the  appropriations  in  aid  of  an  industrial  ex- 
hibit are  made  by  the  different  state  legislatures,  and  thus  the 
plumbing  craft  be  left  without  any  representation  at  this  great  ex- 
position, unless  we  accept  an  exhibition  of  some  manufacturers' 
patented  contrivances  used  in  plumbing,  but  which,  in  no  sense, 
could  be  called  an  exhibit  of  plumbers'  work. 

Private  firms,  engaged  in  the  plumbing  business,  may  make  an 
exhibit  of  their  work,  and  should  they,  or  any  of  them,  decide  to 
do  so,  they  will  doubtless  make  a  display  that  will  be  creditable 
to  themselves  and  at  the  same  time  redound  to  their  advantage. 
They  would  and  should  very  properly  refuse  to  appropriate 
money  to  aid  such  an  exhibit. 

However  the  case  is  different  when  we  come  to  consider  the 
making  of  an  exhibit  of  plumbers'  work,  and  how  the  trade  has 
progressed  in  this  country  for  the  last  one  hundred  years.  No 
firm  engaged  in  business  would  be  likely  to  make  such  an  ex- 
hibit, and  associations  of  practical  men  would  hardly  be  able  to 
do  so  for  lack  of  funds.  Nor  can  any  good  reason  be  given  why 
private  parties  or  associations  should  be  expected  to  donate  their 
time  and  money  for  the  public  good. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  a  committee  of  representative,  experi- 
enced, competent  men  could  be  selected  to  gratuitously  map  out 
and  superintend  the  construction  of  an  appropriate  exhibit  of 
plumbers'  work  at  the  World's  Fair,  the  manner  and  form  of 
which  ought  to  be  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  committee  selected. 
The  cost  of  construction  and  rental  of  space  ought  to  be  defrayed 
by  the  people  benefited,  which  in  my  opinion  is  but  just;  and, 
therefore,  the  legislature  of  each  state  should  be  asked  to  make  a 
reasonable  appropriation  of  money  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  the 
cost  of  such  an  exhibit.  It  would  hardly  be  proper  for  me  to 
say  in  what  manner  this  committee  to  which  I  have  referred 
would  proceed,  but  I  cannot  forbear  making  the  suggestion  that, 
if  the  legislatures  of  the  different  states  can  be  prevailed  upon  to 
appropriate  the  money  necessary  for  making  a  proper  exhibit  of 
plumbers'  work  at  the  World's  Fair,  that  the  plumbers  of  the 
United  States  will  raise  a  sum  of  money  sufficient  to  defray  the 
expense  of  a  complete  and  authentic  history  of  plumbing  and 
plumbers'  work,  from  the  earliest  period  up  to  the  present  time, 
with  engravings  showing  the  work  exhibited  at  the  Fair,  and,  as 
far  as  practical,  plumbers'  work  as  performed  in  former  times. 

"  I  HAVE  observed,"  remarked  a  mean  old  bachelor,  trying  to 
be  funny,  "that  when  one  has  fortune  and  adds  Miss  to  it  he  has 
misfortune  thereafter."  "  Then  you  ought  to  marry  a  widow,"  re- 
sponded a  lady  in  black,  and  the  funny  man  went  into  his  shell. — 
Washmgton  Star. 


PRACTICAL  PLUMBERS  FOR  INSPECTORS. 

The  following  was  adopted  last  Monday  night  by  a  committee 
of  the  Journeymen  Plumbers'  Protective  and  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion of  Chicago,  and  issued  to  the  people  of  this  city: 

The  Journeymen  Plumbeks'  Protective  and  Benevo- 
lent Association  to  the  Owners  and  Occupants  of  Build- 
ings IN  Chicago  :  Read  the  following  and  see  if  it  is  not  for  your  own 
interest,  as  well  as  in  the  interest  of  public  safety  and  health,  that 
practical  plumbers  be  appointed  as  Factory  and  Tenement-house 
Inspectors,  and  to  lend  a  hand  to  the  securing  of  same: 

The  World's  Fair  in  Chicago  will  cause  a  vast  amount  of  new 
buildings,  and  the  renovating  and  repairing  of  old  buildings. 
There  are  over  100,000 buildings  in  Chicago,  and  10,000  new  build- 
ing will  be  erected  annually  during  the  next  two  years.  Our  habi- 
tations will  be  overcrowded  by  visitors  to  the  World's  Fair,  and, 
therefore,  an  ordinance  should  be  passed  by  the  City  Council  di- 
recting the  appointment  of  experienced  plumbers  as  sanitary 
inspectors  of  all  places  of  habitation  and  employment. 

The  Chicago  Journeymen  Plumbers  Protective  and  Benevo- 
lent Association, 

By  This  Committee. 

From  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Health  Department  : 

Public  opinion  approves  of  a  periodical  examination  of  all 
places  of  habitation  and  employment  by  properly  qualified  in- 
spectors to  rectify  the  errors  in  construction  of  plumbing,  drain- 
age, ventilation,  etc  We  found  whole  rows  of  blocks  with 

sinks  which  had  never  been  provided  with  traps,  and  there  are 
thousands  of  costly  residences  whose  waste-pipes  and  soil-pipes 
were  never  ventilated.  The  neglect  of  former  health  officers  is 
responsible  for  this  serious  defect  With  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  practical  plumbing  inspectors  to  cover  the  170  square  miles 
of  territory,  the  state  law  and  city  ordinances  relating  to  sanitary 
arrangements  of  buildings  could  be  generally  enforced.  The  en- 
forcement of  the  rules  is  a  boon  to  the  poor  man,  whether  pur- 
chasing or  building  a  house;  for  he  could  not  himself  superintend 
the  plumbing  and  drainage  of  a  house  in  course  of  construction 

and  would  be  at  the  mercy  of  any  dishonest  contractor  The 

half  million  inspections  alleged  in  the  reports  up  to  May  i,  1889, 
did  not  much  improve  the  plumbing  in  the  houses  of  the  working 
people,  nor  even  of  the  middle  classes;  and  the  labor  organiza- 
tions which  caused  the  passage  of  the  factory  and  tenement  in- 
spection ordinance  never  intended  that  the  inspections  should  be 
made  by  any  others  except  skilled  and  practical  plumbers,  who 
should  get  a  fair  salary  for  their  responsible  position.  I  find  that 
it  requires  special  ability  and  conscientious  attention  to  duty  to 
discover  violations  and  to  abate  them. 

Andrew  Young,  Chief  Inspector. 
Health  Department,  January  i,  1890. 

From  the  Plumbers'  Trade  Journal,  Feb,  /j,  i8qo. 

Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  Department  of  Health, 

Chicago,  Feb.  12,  1890. 
Your  letter  dated  February  7,  1890,  has  been  referred  to  me. 
I  was  statistician  of  the  factory  and  tenement  inspection  bureau 
of  the  health  department  for  years  under  Mayor  Harrison,  and 
was  again  placed  into  the  same  position  by  Mayor  Cregier.  I  was 
out  of  office  under  Mayor  Roche  from  May,  1887,  to  May,  1889, 
when  the  inspection  of  tenements  and  factories  was  a  mere  farce 
and  the  reports  of  some  inspectors  was  fictitious  as  to  place  and 
dates.  The  boss  plumbers  prevailed  upon  Mayor  Cregi  r 
to  appoint  a  practical  plumber  to  the  office  of  Chief  In- 
spector of  Tenements  and  Factories,  and  to  appoint  ten  practical 
plumbers  as  sanitary  inspectors  of  new  buildings  in  course  of 
erection  and  of  old  buildings  used  for  habitation  and  employments. 
According  to  the  figures  of  the  Chief  Inspector  from  1880  to  June, 
1889  over  half  a  million  examinations  had  been  made  of  old  and 
new  buildings  and  incalculable  amount  of  improvements  effected. 
But  our  plumbing  inspectors  were  sent  into  some  of  these  districts 
and  found  that  they  had  never  been  benefitted  by  the  visits  of 
alleged  health  inspectors.  We  found  whole  sections  with  primi- 
tive plumbing,  unventilated,  untrapped,  and  unsound.  Some 
blocks  were  reported  as  containing  tenements  and  working-places 
which  in  fact  had  never  been  improved  from  their  original  condi- 
tion of  prairie  or  cabbage  garden.  The  plumbing  of  new  build- 
ings was  wretched,  especially  among  the  immigrant  population 


68 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


and  in  the  buildings  erected  by  speculators  and  real-estate  agents. 
I  found  no  record  kept  of  the  violation  of  the  plumbing  ordinance 
in  new  buildings  in  course  of  erection,  and  from  the  unanimous 
statement  of  boss  plumbers  it  appears  that  no  thorough  inspec- 
tions had  ever  been  made  to  enforce  the  law  of  1881,  until  Mr. 
Young  sent  out  the  ten  newly  appointed  plumbing  inspectors. 

Three-fourths  of  our  working  population  are  immigrants  and 
their  families,  who  suffered  in  health  by  the  gross  neglect  in  the 
enforcement  of  the  health  ordinances  relating  to  plumbing,  drain- 
age and  ventilation,  and  they  are  now  getting  the  benefit  of  faith- 
ful sanitary  service. 

In  the  year  1889  2,996  buildings  in  course  of  erection  and  fin- 
ished were  examined  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  state  law; 
6,600  dwellings  and  480  work-places  were  examined  in  response  to 
complaints  of  occupants  or  employees,  also  12,854  other  dwelling 
houses  and  buildings  containing  about  40,000  business  firms  of  the 
several  wards;  11,113  notices  were  served  for  violations,  and  since 
July  I,  1889,  a  special  report  was  placed  on  file  and  recorded  for 
every  building  for  which  a  violation  notice  was  served.  Outside 
of  the  manufacturing,  commercial  and  trading  centers  families 
occupy  the  buildings,  whose  first  floor  fronts  are  used  as  business 
places,  and  the  inspectors  examined  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the 
whole  building  and  premises.  The  Complaint  Record  specifies 
the  violation  and  its  abatement  after  a  number  of  days;  10,163 
abatements  represent  the  same  number  of  buildings,  although  fre- 
quently several  defects  are  remedied  on  the  same  notice.  The 
principal  details  foot  up  as  follows:  Defective  plumbing,  2,097; 
defective  drainage,  1,507;  offensive  catch-basins  cleaned,  1,080; 
new  sewer  connections,  496;  traps  applied  to  sinks,  2,155;  plumb- 
ing work  ventilated,  201;  rooms  ventilated,  120;  leaky  roofs  re- 
paired, 75;  privies  cleaned,  4,131;  privy  vaults  abolished,  117;  new 
water-closets  constructed,  247;  miscellaneous  abatements,  431; 
yards  and  premises  cleaned,  1,450. 

These  records  are  correct  as  far  as  they  relate  to  the  time  since 
June,  1889.  This  statement  of  the  difference  between  plumbers 
and  mere  visitors  who  draw  a  salary  as  inspectors  is  a  simple 
statement  of  fact,  which  any  representative  of  the  Plumbers' 
Trade  Journal  may  verify  by  personal  examination  of  our 
records.  Yours  truly, 

Joseph  Gkuknhut. 


DELEGATES  TO  DENVER. 

The  following  are  the  Delegates  to  the  Denver  Convention  as 
far  as  reported: 

Milwaukee. — William  E.  Goodman,  Herman  Apel,  President 
Chas.  Polachek,  and  Phillip  H.  Murphy,  Chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee. 

Brooklyn. — George  B.  Tennis,  George  Cummings,  M.  J. 
Lyons,  William  J.  Fitzpatrick,  John  J.  Keenan  and  Paul  Ayers. 

CiNCiNNATL— President  Hugh  McCollum,  John  Douglas, 
William  F.  Wagner,  R.  Murphy,  N.  K.  Aylward,  Wm.  Allison, 
James  A.  Gibson. 

Philadelphia. — Wm.  McCoach,  Wm.  Harkness,  Jr.,  George 
F.  Uber,  John  J.  Weaver,  Enoch  Remick,  Wm.  M.  Wright,  Wm. 
H.  Doyle,  A.  G.  Bond,  F.  P.  Brown. 

Boston. — Delegates. — Thomas  J.  Tute,  Wm.  Lumb,  Isaac 
Riley,  Daniel  bhaimon,  Wm.  H.  French,  Henry  W.  Tombs,  D. 
A.  Horgan,  Jos.  H.  Baguley,  David  Smith,  J.  F.  Cronin,  Wm.  H. 
Mitchell,  Wm.  N.  McKenna.  Alternates.— C.  M.  Bromwich, 
Daniel  G.  Finnerty,  Frank  A.  Titus,  P.  H.  Winn,  John  W.  Cosden, 
James  F.  Dacey,  J.  Warren  French,  M.  F.  Davlin,  John  C.  Mc- 
Coole,  Wm.  A.  Daly,  Edward  Moore. 

St.  Louis.— President  Frederick  Abel,  W.  H.  Graham,  David 
Roden,  James  A.  Lynch,  Wm.  Morris,  Thomas  Cantwell,  Jos.  P. 
Gallagher,  Edward  Reardon,  M.  J.  Ward,  James  A.  Stidger,  S. 
Dooley,  Jos.  Tumalty,  Philip  Ring,  and  J.  Sheehan,  Treasurer  of 
the  National  Master  Plumbers'  Association. 

Denver.— President  M.  A.  Dolan,  W.  H.  McCarthy,  W.  F. 
McCarthy,  W.  T.  Crane,  Daniel  Frey,  James  Shannon.  Alternates: 
J.  E.  Jackson,  T.  J.  White,  W.  McKelvey,  M.  Mclntyre,  T.  P. 
Hughes. 

Pittsburg. — J.  J.  Kennedy,  James  O.  McGinness,  George 
Sands,  B.  F.  Coll,  Frank  McKnight,  Leo  McShane,  Allen  Mc- 
Fadden. 


Providence.— Thomas  Phillips  and  Wm.  L.  Whipple;  George 
R.  Phillips,  alternate. 

Buffalo.— Delegates:  L.  P.  Beyer,  Chas.  Geiger,  Fred'k  H. 
Yuhl,  Jacob  L.  Mensch,  C.  H.  Carey.  Alternates:  Jacob  Davis, 
Geo.  Irr,  Chas.  B.  Huck,  Chas.  F.  Mensch,  Robt.  T.  Eddy. 

Portland,  Ore.— President  Thos.  J.  Johnston,  Alex.  Muir- 
head,  J.  J,  Owens.    Alternates.— R.  Brady,  A.  R.  Churck. 

Davenport,  Ia.— James  Cameron,  Robert  Clayton. 

Des  Moines,  Ia.— James  Young,  John  Burnside. 

Washington,  D.  C— Ed.  J.  Hannan,  James  Ragan,  George 
A.  Green,  James  Lockhend. 

Chicago.— Hugh  Watt,  Robert  Griffith,  A.  W.  Murray,  David 
Whiteford,  J.  H.  DeVeney,  James  Reilly,  Charles  Herbert,  J.  P. 
Kalleen,  William  Bowden,  J.  H.  Roche,  Daniel  J.  Rock,  J.  R. 
Alcock,  James  J.  Byrne,  Henry  Breyer,  Jr.,  J.  J.  Hamblin,  J.  G. 
Weber. 

New  York.— J.  A.  Rossman,  Geo.  D.  Scott,  J.  A.  Macdonald, 
John  Byrns,  J.  N.  Knight,  John  Mitchell,  W.  R.  Bracken,  T.  J. 
Tuomey,  H.  G.  Gabay,  C.  Eraser,  Wm.  P.  Austin,  T.  J.  Cummins, 
T.  Sullivan,  Frank  Reynolds,  C.  H.  Kranichfelt,  Wm.  Young,  D. 
W.  Little,  James  Gilroy,  Ed.  J.  Brady,  Joseph  W.  O'Brien,  P.  J. 
Andrews,  Wm.  H.  Quick,  E.  J.  O'Conner,  John  Miller,  Charles 
Tucker,  David  Mackey,  Jr. 

AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 
The  New  York  Master  Plumbers  will  start  for  Denver  on  the 
thirteenth  and  will  meet  the  Chicago  delegation  in  this  city  on  the 
fourteenth. 

R.  S.  Kirtley,  Secretary  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association 
of  Kansas  City,  sends  us  a  list  of  the  delegates  who  will  represent 
them  at  Denver;  President  L.  B.  Cross,  Alexander  Gray,  Thos_ 
Farley,  D.  M.  Quay  and  R.  B.  Farley. 

Daniel  Frey,  Secretary  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  at 
Denver,  writes  that  the  supply  houses  have  been  very  generous 
in  their  donations  to  the  Master  Plumbers  of  Denver. 

The  Rock  Island  authorities  desire  all  those  going  to  Denver 
with  the  delegation  to  call  at  once  and  reserve  sleepers  for  the 
trip. 

The  Jackson  Plumbing,  Heating  and  Lighting  Company  at 
Jackson,  Mich.,  has  been  dissolved. 

Through  an  oversight  of  the  associate  editor  the  name  of  J. 
F.  Reilly  was  omitted  from  the  list  of  delegates  to  the  Denver 
Convention,  published  in  the  last  issue  of  the  Sanitary  News. 
The  name  of  Mr.  Reilly  should,  therefore,  be  added  to  the  list  of 
delegates  after  the  name  of  Mr.  De  V^eney. 

William  H.  Doyle,  Philadelphia,  has  taken  up  large  quarters 
on  i6th  street,  near  Walnut. 

The  Atlanta  Plumbing  Company  has  been  formed  at  Atlanta, 
Ga.    J.  A.  G.  and  S.  W.  Beach  are  interested  in  the  company. 

Morrell  &  Pond  have  formed  a  partnership,  and  will  engage 
in  the  plumbing  business  at  2025  Lexington  avenue,  New  York 
city. 

The  firm  of  Deverens  &  Gaghan,  Washington,  D.  C,  have 
moved  their  place  of  business  from  703  Thirteenth  street  to  717 
Eleventh  street. 

Bradley  &  Flannery,  New  York  city,  have  purchased  the  busi- 
ness of  the  late  Michael  Smith,  in  that  city. 

W.  H.  Matlack,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  has  left  the  old  Blue  Grass 
State,  and  is  now  located  at  Dallas,  Texas. 

William  Brenner,  of  New  York  city,  has  changed  his  business 
headquarters,  and  now  has  a  sign  at  81  Bleecker  street. 

Capt.  R.  C.  Koehler,  Erie,  Pa.,  has  retired  from  active  plumb- 
ing business. 

Gay  &  Culloton  have  several  large  contracts  on  hand  at 
present. 

John  H.  Taylor,  Bloomfield,  N.J.,  has  purchased  the  plumbing 
business  of  the  late  William  H.  Areson,  at  Montclair,  N.  J. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Birmingham,  Ala.,  have  formed  a  new 
organization. 

The  sad  news  announcing  the  death  of  the  wife  of  Major  Wm. 
E.  Foster,  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  was  received  last  week. 

Thos.  F.  Shehan,  New  York  city,  has  removed  his  place  of 
business,  and  now  may  be  found  at  703  Sixth  avenue. 

The  new  firm  of  Hargreaves  &  Meyn,  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  is 
doing  a  thriving  business. 


June  7,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


69 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.:  A  new  Federal  building  will  be  erected; 
cost,  $1,000,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  Chances  Hodgdon  has  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  private  residence  to  cost  $2S,ooo.  H.  Moeser  is 
architect  for  a  large  building  to  be  erected  by  Bindley  Hardware 

Co.;  cost,  $50,000.  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  E.  J.  Phelps  will  erect 

a  three-story  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $40,000.  F.  B.  Snyder  will 
erect  a  two-story  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $25,000.    S.  B.  Snyder  will 

erect  a  two-story  double  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $25,000.  Dallas, 

Tex.:  Orlopp  &  Kusener,  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  have  plans  for  a 
court-house;  cost,  $250,000.  Columbus,  O.:  The  Washington- 
avenue  Congregational  church  will  erect  a  handsome  edifice.  

Johnstown,  Pa.:  J.  W.  &  B.  Fry,  Philadelphia,  have  plans  for  a 
brick  and  stone  church  to  be  erected  by  the  congregation  of  St. 

John's  church.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  C.  E.  Jones  will  erect  fourteen 

two-story  brick  residences;   cost,  $28,000.  Mt.  Wilson,  Md.: 

The  Wilson  Sanitarium  will  undergo  extensive  alterations,  and 
also  be  enlarged  by  the  erection  of  seven  buildings,  including  a 
gas  plant,  new  quarters  for  patients,  steam  heating  facilities,  etc. 
The  plans  are  being  prepared  by  architect  Charles  L.  Carson, 

Lexington  and   Charles   streets,   Baltimore.  Pittsburg,  Pa.: 

Reid  Bros.,  of  Evansville,  Ind.,  are  preparing  plans  for  a  new 

theater  building  to  be  erected  by  Charles  L.  Davis.  Florence, 

Ala.:  Massachusetts  capitalists  will  erect  another  cotton  mill;  cost, 

$350,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The  Allegheny  Presbyterian  church 

will  erect  a  new  edifice  to  cost  $20,000.  Address  Rev.  Mr.  Hayes, 
pastor.  John  P.  Oeer  will  erect  eight  brick  buildings  on  Negley 
avenue;  cost,  $50,000.  T.  D.  Evans  has  prepared  plans  for  a  ten- 
room  school-house;  cost,  831,000.    Richard  Arthur  will  soon  let  a 

contract  for  the  erection  of  a  large  hotel.  Latrobe,  Pa.:  The 

Presbyterians  will  erect  an  edifice  to  cost  $25,000.  Portland, 

Ore.:  Plans  for  a  city  hall  to  cost  $500,000;  plans  for  a  chamber  of 
commerce  building  to  cost  $500,000,  and  plans  for  a  hotel  to  cost 

$1,500,000  have  just  been  completed.  New  Haven,  Conn.: 

Frank  Armstrong  will  erect  a  row  of  flats  to  cost  $21,000.  

Springfield,  Mass.:  Fuller  &  Delano,  of  Worcester,  have  com- 
pleted plans  for  a  large  business  block.  Holyoke,  Mass.:  A 

new  city  building  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $40,000  Newport, 

Ark.:  A  cotton-mill  will  be  erected  to  cost  $200,000.  Moorhead 

City,  N.  C:  A  saw-mill  will  be  erected  to  cost  $300,000.  Salt 

Lake  City,  U.:  Thompson  &  Weigle  have  plans  for  a  dwelling- 
house  to  cost  $28,000.  Denver,  Colo.:  H.  N.  Shannon  will  erect 

a  $22,000  residence.  W.  A.  Cherry  will  erect  a  -$25,000  residence. 
Charles  H.  Smith  will  erect  a  store  building;  cost,  $60,000.  W.  D. 
Snydam  will  erect  a  brick  and  stone  tenement  building;  cost, 
$20,000.  The  city  will  erect  a  brick  school  building;  cost,  $25,000. 
L.  M.  Wood  is  preparing  plans  for  a  new  office  building  to  cost 

$260,000.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  L.  D.  Evans  has  plans  for  a  new  glass 

factory  to  be  erected;  cost,  $40,000.  Hartford,  Conn.:  George 

H.  Gilbert  is  preparing  plans  for  a  new  library  building  for  the 

Theological  Seminary.  Meriden,  Conn.:  Warren  B.  Briggs  is 

preparing  plans  for  the  new  Universalis!  church.  Washington, 

D.  C:  A  three-story  brick  building  will  be  erected;  cost,  $20,000. 
B.  Patrick  has  plans  for  two  three-story  brick  buildings;  cost, 
$30,000.  W.  T.  Haller  has  plans  for  six  three-story  brick  build- 
ings; cost,  $45,000.  Jos.  W.  Hill  has  plans  for  a  nine-story  build- 
ing; cost,  $250,000.  C.  A.  Didden  has  plans  for  twelve  two-story 
buildings;  cost,  $30,000.  Hornerstown,  Pa.:  The  Baptist  congre- 
gation will  erect  a  new  church.  Pueblo,  Colo.:  Plans  have 

been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a  $32,000  school  building.  

Richmond,  Va.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a 
$70,000  building.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  A  six-story  office  build- 
ing will  be  erected;  cost,  $150,000.  Sumpter,  S.  C:  A  $35,000 

hotel  will  be  erected.  Waldo,  Tex.:  A  court-house  to  cost  $25,- 

000  will  be  erected.  Wytheville,  Va.;  The  Jackson  Park  Hotel 

Co.  will  erect  a  $40,000  hotel.  Bozeman,  Mont.:   Plans  have 

been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a  $100,000  hotel.  Buffalo,  N. 

Y.:  A  brick  club-house  will  be  erected;  cost,  $25,000.  Dayton, 

O.:  Peters  &  Burns  have  completed  plans  for  a  $250,000  school 
building;  are  also  preparing  plans  for  two  other  school  buildings 
to  cost  $21,000  each.  Houston,  Tex.:  O.  Kramer  has  plans  for 


a  $40,000  store  and  office  building.  Johnstown,  Pa.:  The  lohns- 

town  hospital  will  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  $35,000.  Oneida,  N. 

Y.:  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  a  $30,000  build- 
ing. Chicago,  111.:  J.  F.  «&  J.  P.  Doerr  are  preparing  plans  for  a 

four-story  apartment  building;  cost,  $30,000;  also  plans  for  three 

two-story  residences:  cost,  $15,000.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  A 

two-story  brick  engine-house  will  be  erected;  cost,  $25,000.  

Macon,  Ga.:   The  Southern  Cadets  of  this  place  will  erect  a  S35,- 

000  armory.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  A  brick  factory  to  cost  $20,000  will 

be  erected.    A  $90,000  brick  warehouse  will  be  erected.  St. 

Paul,  Minn.:  A  four-story  brick  building  will  be  erected;  cost, 
$35,000.  A  four-story  brick  and  stone  dwelling  will  be  erected; 
cost,  $20,000.  The  Summit  Lodge  will  erect  a  three-story  brick 
temple,  which  will  contain  a  large  hall,  commandery  lodge  and 

chapter  rooms.  Warren,  O.:  Weary  &  Kramer  have  plans  for 

a  three-story  brick  building;  cost,  $25.000.  Akron,  O.:  A  brick 

shop  to  cost  $20,000  will  be  erected.  Weary  &  Kramer  have 
plans  for  the  German  Reformed  church;  cost,  $25,000.  Ban- 
dera, Tex.:  A  $20,000  court-house  will  be  erected.  -Binghamp- 

ton'  N.  Y.:  A  brick  business  block  to  cost  $45,000  will  be  erected. 

 Birmingham,  Ala.:  A  $40,000  bank  and  office  building  will  be 

erected.  Chicago,  111.:  A  three-story  apartment  building  of  cut 

stone  and  pressed  brick  to  cost  $50,000  will  be  erected.  H.  S. 
Jaffray  is  making  plans  for  two  three-story  flat  buildings;  cost, 
$20,000.  C.  F.  Sorenson  is  preparing  plans  for  a  seven-story  ho- 
tel; cost,  $50,000.  R.  T.  Newberry  &  Co,  are  preparing  plans  for 
a  factory  to  cost  $20,000.  A  four-story  block  of  stores  and  flats 
will  be  erected;  cost,  $100,000.  H.  B.  Wheelock  is  preparing 
plans  for  a  four-story  printing  establishment;  cost,  $20,000.  Lam- 
son  &  Herrman  are  preparing  plans  for  six  two-story  dwellings; 
cost,  $30,000;  also  plans  for  a  two-story  flat  building;  cost,  $20,000 
W.  T.  Lesher  has  plans  for  brick  barn;  cost,  $22,000;  also  plans 
for  brick  store  and  flats;  cost,  $47,000.  F.  R.  Schack  has  plans 
for  a  brick  lodge  and  pavilion;  cost,  $35,000.  J.  H.  Huber  has 
plans  for  alterations  and  repairs  to  the  Chicago  Evening  Post 
building;  cost,  $110,000.  C.  J.  Frost  has  plans  for  two  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $20,000.  T.  Foehringer  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat; 
cost,  $35,000.  J.  D.  Houton  has  plans  for  brick  flats;  cost,  $25,000. 
A.  L.  Schellinger  has  plans  for  a  brick  store  and  flat;  cost,  $75,000. 

 New  York:  Wm.  Schickle  &  Co.  have  plans  for  a  four-story 

addition  to  St.  Vincent  hospital.  Hogan  &  Slattery  are  preparing 
plans  for  a  seven-story  and  basement  store  building;  cost,  $150.- 
000.  R.  S.  Townsend,  has  plans  for  an  eleven-story  fire-proof 
hotel;  cost,  $500,000.  F.  Tyrell  has  plans  for  three  brick  flats; 
cost,  $54,000.  W.  B.  Lubby  has  plans  for  a  brick  warehouse; 
cost,  $180,000.  E.  Wenz  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat;  cost,  $35,000. 
C.  Rentz  has  plans  for  four  brick  and  stone  flats;  cost,  $22,000 
each.  J.  C.  Burne  has  plans  for  a  brick  and  stone  flat;  cost,  $20.- 
000.  M.  V.  B.  Ferdon  has  plans  for  a  stone  flat;  cost,  $20,000. 
R.  S.  Townsend  has  plans  for  a  stone  flat;  cost,  $20,000.  J.  C. 
Burne  has  plans  for  two  stone  flats;  cost,  $21,000  each.  Ogden  & 
Sons  have  plans  for  a  brick  flat;  cost,  $45,000.  H.  J.  Harden- 
burgh  has  prepared  plans  for  a  hotel;  cost,  $2,000,000.  H.  David- 
son has  plans  for  a  flat  building  to  cost  $20,000.  G.  A.  Schillen- 
gerhas  plans  for  five  brick  flats;  cost,  $125,000;  also  plans  for 
brick  flat  building;  cost,  $30,000.  F.  Baylies  has  plans  for  a  brick 
store;  cost,  $70,000.  Cleverdon  &  Putzel  have  plans  for  a  brick 
dwelling;  cost,  $150,000;  also  plans  for  four  brick  and  stone  flats; 
cost,  $i6,030  each.  G.  F.  Pelham  has  plans  for  three  brick 
stables;  cost,  $33,000;  also  plans  for  brick  factory;  cost,  $18,000. 
Vaux  &  Radford  have  plans  for  a  brick  public  building;  cost, 
$56,000.  E.  Wenz  has  plans  for  four  brick  and  stone  flats;  cost, 
$113,000.  M.  Reilly  has  plans  for  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $38,000. 
F.  E.  Robinson  has  plans  for  three  stone  dwellings;  cost,  $30,000 

each.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  I.  H.  Hubert  has  plans  for  nine  brick 

dwellings;  cost,  $40,000.  J.  E.  Dwyer  has  plans  for  four  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $30,000.  J.  Henessy  has  plans  for  six  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $36,000.  E.  G.  Ellner  has  plans  for  three  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $100,000.  W.  M.  Coots  has  plans  for  six  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $30,000.  P.  A.  Margot  has  plans  for  brick  store; 
cost,  $30,000.  Oswald  Wirz  has  plans  for  two  brick  warehouses 
to  cost  $55,000  each;  also  plans  for  two  warehouses  to  cost  $50,000 

each.  Little  Rock,  Ark.:  Orlopp  &  Kusener  have  plans  for  a 

new  bank  building  to  cost  $25,000.  Fred  J.  H.  Rickon  is  prepar- 
ing plans  for  a  five-story  apartment  building;  cost,  $50,000.  


70 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


Fort  Worth,  Tex.:  Architect  Haggart  has  just  finished  designs  for 
a  $60,000  hotel,  and  also  plans  for  a  §40,000  hotel  to  be  erected  at 

Folsom,  Texas.  Washington,  D.  C:  A.  P.  Clark,  Jr.,  has  plans 

for  a  hotel,  which  will  be  erected  at  Covington,  Va.;  cost,  $25,000. 

 Waltham,  Mass.:    Hartwell  &  Richardson,  Boston,  Mass., 

have  plans  for  a  brick  court-house  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Am- 

mendale  Normal  Institute  will  erect  a  four-story  stone  building. 
 Minneapolis,  Minn.:  The  board  of  education  will  erect  a  two- 
story  brick  school  building;  cost,  $35,000  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  P. 

J.  Tanritzen,  N.  Y.,  has  plans  for  a  brick  warehouse  to  cost  $200,- 

000.  New  York:  A  large  hotel  will  be  erected.    Address  Geo. 

C.  Boldt,  of  Philadelphia,  for  information.— —Martinsburg,  Va.:  A 

new  pubilc  building  will  be  erected  to  cost  $125,000.  Marquette, 

Mich.:  A  $75,000  opera-house  will  be  erected.  Grand  Haven, 

Mich.:  A  new  hotel  will  be  erected.  Iron  Mountain,  Mich.:  A 

$50,000  hotel  will  be  erected.— — Muir,  Mich.:  A  $50,000  condensed 
milk  factory  will  be  erected.  Traverse  City,  Mich.:  A  new  de- 
pot will  be  erected.  The  Chicago  and  West  Michigan  railroad 
will  erect  new  depots  at  Bertners,  Frankfort  and  at  Southeastern 
Junction. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Port  Huron,  Mich.:    A  fuel  gas  plant  will  be  established  soon. 

 Blacksburg,  S.  C:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established. 

 Clinton,  N.  Y.:  The  citizens  here  have  voted  to  have  an  elec- 
tric light  plant.  Valdosta,  Ga.:    An  electric  light  plant  and  ice 

factory  will  soon  be  erected.  Address  M.  B.  Lane  for  informa- 
tion. Detroit,  Mich.:    The  Shawan  Motor  Company  has  been 

organized.  Capital  stock,  §2,000,000.  Oregon,  111.:  The  Ore- 
gon Electric  Light  Company  will  establish  a  plant  here.  Dow- 

agiac,  Mich.:    A  plant  is  to  be  established.  Bloomington,  111.: 

New  gas  works  will  be  established.  Madison,  Ga.:    The  city  is 

considering  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant  for  lighting  the 

streets.  Henderson,  Ky.:    The  city  gas  works  will  put  in  new 

machinery  and  lay  3,900  feet  of  additional  mains.  Austin,  Tex.: 

The  Gas  Light  and  Coal  Company  will  put  in  new  machinery  and 
lay  4,000  feet  of  3-inch  pipe.  Wallace,  Ind.:  An  electric  light- 
ing plant  of  650  lights  is  to  be  established.  Areata,  Cal.:  A 

plant  is  to  be  established  at  this  place  by  the  Areata  Gas  and  Fuel 

Company.  Johnson  City,  Tenn.:    An  electric  light  plant  is  to 

be  established.  Burlington,  Ga.:    The  Citizens  Fuel,  Gas  and 

Light  Company  will  establish  a  plant  at  this  place.  Jackson- 
ville, Ala.:     This  place  is  to  have  electric  lights.  Tacoma, 

Wash.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established.— — Wellsboro, 
Pa.:    The  Wellsboro  Electric  Light  Company  will  establish  a 

plant.  Sunbury,  Pa.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established. 

 Pensacola,  Fla.:    Extensive  improvements  will  be  made  to 

the  electric  light  plant.  Greenville,  Tex.:     This  place  is  to 

have  electric  lights.  Dublin,  Tex.:  A.  A.  Chapman  will  pur- 
chase an  electric  light  plant.  Brunswick,  Ga.:    The  Brunswick 

Light  and  Water  Company  contemplate  spending  $50,000  in  im- 
proving and  enlarging  its  electric  light  plant.  Birmingham,  Ala.: 

The  Vanderbilt  Steel  and  Iron  Company  will  put  in  an  electric 

light  plant  at  its  furnace.  Pensacola,  Fla.:    The  Pensacola 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  will  enlarge  its  plant. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 
Owosso,  Mich.:    Twenty  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended  in 

extending  the  water-works  system.  South  Pittsburg,  Tenn.:  A 

reservoir  of  2,000,000  gallons  capacity  will  be  constructed.  Ad- 
dress T.  Z.  Clute  for  information.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  New 

water  mains  will  be  constructed.  Madison,  Fla.:    The  people 

of  this  place  are  raising  a  fund  with  which  to  establish  a  system 

of  water-works.  Mansfield,  O.:    The  water-works  system  will 

be  extended.  Macon,  Miss.:  The  water-works  question  is  being 

agitated.  Shanibaugh,  Mich.:   A  system  of  water-works  will  be 

established.  Fresus,  Cal.:  The  Fresus  Water  Company  is  mak- 
ing arrangements  to  put  in  a  3,000,000-gallon  pump.  Melrose, 

Mass.:  Fjfty  thousand  dollars  additional  water  bonds  will  be 
issued.  Hermon,  N.  Y.:  A  water-works  system  will  be  estab- 
lished. Morna,  Neb.:  The  question  of  putting  in  a  $3,000  system 

of  water-works  is  being  agitated.  Freehold,  N.  J.:    An  election 

will  be  held  June  q,  to  decide  the  question  of  establishing  water- 
works. Madison,  Ga.:   The  officials  of  this  city  are  considering 

the  question  of  establishing  a  system  of  water-works.  Chey- 


enne, N.  Y.:    A  reservoir  of  1,900,000  gallons  capacity  is  to  be 

added  to  the  local  water-works  plant.  Rock  Springs,  Wyo.:  A 

number  of  improvements  will  be  made  to  the  water-works.  

Palestine,  Tex.:    About  600  feet  of  4-inch  pipe  will  be  laid.  

Picton,  Can.:    The  water  mains  will  be  extended.  Salem,  Ore.: 

Thirty  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended  in  improving  the  water- 
works. Florence,  S.  C:    J.  P.  Chase  desires  to  correspond  with 

builders  of  water- works.  Spring  City,  Tenn.:  The  Anglo-Amer- 
ican Association  can  give  information  concerning  the  water-works 

system  to  be  constructed.  Markham,  Ont.:    An  appropriation 

has  been  voted  for  water-works.  Eatonton,  Ga.:  A  water-works 

system  will  be  constructed.  Norfolk,  Neb.:  Extensive  im- 
provements to  the  water-works  system  will  be  made.  Stratford, 

Can.:    An  extension  of  the  mains  will  be  made,  and  a  new  pump 

of  3,000,000  gallons  capacity  will  be  added  to  the  water-works.  

Sherbrooke, Quebec:  Two  more  hydrants  will  be  added.to  the  \\ater- 

works.  Elroy,  Wis.:    The  common  council  has  appropriated 

$800  toward  a  system  of  water-works.  Helena,  Mont.:  About 

twelve  or  sixteen  miles  of  pipe  will  be  wanted  soon.  Donald 
Bradford  is  mayor. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Wilmington,  Del.:   $27,000  has  been  appropriated  for  sewers. 

 Petoskey,  Mich.:    The  city  is  to  have  a  new  sewerage  system, 

Professor  Green,  of  Michigan  University,  is  drawing  the  plans. 
 Rio  Grande,  U.:  A  sewer  is  wanted.  Columbus,  O.:  Ad- 
ditional sewers  are  to  be  constructed  in  this  city.  Gloversville, 

N.  Y.:  Extensions  to  the  sewer  mains  of  this  place  will  be  made. 
 Norristown,  Pa.:  A  sewer  main  to  cost  $4,000  will  be  con- 
structed. Middletown,  N.  Y.:  Sewer  extensions  are  to  be  con- 
structed at  this  place.  Dayton,  O.:  Plans  for  a  sewerage  sys- 
tem have  been  prepared.  Little  Rock,  Ark.:    Sewer  District 

No.  19  will  lay  one  and  one-half  miles  of  8-inch  and  lo-inch  pipe 
sewers.  Newark,  O.:  §29,000  bonds  will  be  issued  for  the  con- 
struction of  sewers.  Hornellsville,  N.  Y.:    A  sewerage  system 

will  be  constructed.  Putnam,  Conn.:    A  sewerage  system  will 

be  constructed.  Gainesville,  Tex.:    A  sewerage  system  is  to  be 

constructed.  Holley,  N.  Y.:  The  question  of  building  a  sewer- 
age system  is  being  strongly  agitated.  Crookstown,  Minn.: 

Plans  are  being  made  for  a  sewerage  system.  Walla  Walla, 

Wash.:   A  sewerage  system  will  be  constructed.  Grand  Forks, 

N.  D.:  A  citizens'  meeting  has  voted  in  favor  of  expending  $25,- 
000  for  a  sewerage  system  on  the  north  side. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Waycross,  Ga.:    Proposals  for  a  wrought-iron  or  steel  stand- 
pipe,  100  teet  high  by  20  feet  diameter,  are  invited  by  the  Board 
of  Sanitary  and  Water-Works  Commissioners  until  12  o'clock 
noon,  of  Thursday,  June  12,  next.    Address  all  communications 

and  bids  to  H.  Murphy,  Chairman.  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  Commissioners  of 
sewers  and  drainage  until  6  o'clock  i'.  m.,  June  14th,  1890,  for  the 
construction  of  sewers  and  drains  in  and  for  said  village  of  New 
Rochelle,  in  accordance  with  plans  and  specifications  on  file  with 
Horace  Crosby,  C.  E.,  Main  street,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  being 
known  and  designed  as  plans  and  specifications  for  Section  No.  3, 
of  sewers  and  drains  for  said  village.  Each  proposal  must  be  ac- 
companied by  a  bond  in  the  penal  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars, 
with  two  sureties,  conditioned  that  same  shall  be  forfeited  to  the 
commissioners  if  the  person  or  persons  to  whom  the  contract  may 
be  awarded  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  execute  the  same  within 
ten  days  after  being  notified  by  the  secretary  of  the  commissioners 
that  his  or  their  proposal  has  been  accepted.  The  contractor  will 
be  required  to  furnish  a  bond  in  the  penal  sum  of  twenty  thousand 
dollars,  with  two  or  more  sureties  approved  by  the  commissioners, 
conditioned  and  as  security  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the 
contract  and  as   indemnity  for  damages,  etc.,  as  provided  by 

Section  8,  Chapter  201,  Laws  of  1889.  Rock  Hill,  S.  C:  The 

Rock  Hill  Electric  Light  Company  will  soon  advertise  for  bids  to 

construct  an  electric  light  plant.  Denver,  Col.:    The  board  of 

public  works  invites  sealed  bids  for  the  furnishing  of  all  materials 
and  for  all  work  to  be  done  upon  and  necessary  to  complete  in 
place  the  sewers  and  their  appurtenances  in  the  Glenarm  street 
public  storm  sewer  of  the  city  of  Denver,  as  described  and  as  pro- 
vided for  in  ordinance  No.  66  of  the  series  of  1890,  signed  and  ap- 


June  7,  1890.] 


/THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


71 


proved  the  13th  day  of  May,  A.  D.  i8go,  and  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  said  ordinance  and  the  plans  and  specifications 
of  said  board  of  public  works  and  the  city  engineer  of  said  city. 
Bids  will  be  received  until  2  p.  m.  Monday,  June  16,  1890.  Each 
bid  must  be  made  upon  a  blank  form  provided  by  the  Board  of 
Public  Works  and  be  strictly  in  accordance  with  its  terms.  A 
cashier's  check  in  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  ($1,000),  drawn 
on  some  bank  in  the  city  of  Denver,  in  favor  of  the  city  treasurer 
of  the  city  of  Denver,  must  accompany  each  bid,  as  a  guarantee 
of  good  faith,  in  terms  more  fully  set  forth  in  said  specifications 
and  directions.  Plans,  specifications  and  blank  forms  of  bids 
may  be  obtained  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works.  The  city  re- 
serves the  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids.  Proposals  must  be  in- 
dorsed, "  Proposals  for  Glenarm  street  Public  Storm  Sewer,"  and 
addressed  to  "  The  Board  of  Public  Works,"  room  2,  City  Hall, 
Denver,  Colorado.    F.  B.  Crocker,  President  Board  of  Public 

Works.  Denver,  Col.:    The  Board  of  Public  Works  invites 

sealed  bids  for  the  furnishing  of  all  materials  and  for  all 
work  to  be  done  upon  and  necessary  to  complete  in  place  the 
sewers  and  their  appurtenances  in  the  Lawrence  street  public 
storm  sewer  of  the  city  of  Denver,  as  described  and  as  provided 
for  in  ordinance  No.  64  of  the  series  of  1890,  signed  and  approved 
the  13th  day  of  May,  A.  D.  1890,  and  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  said  ordinance  and  the  plans  and  specifications  of  said 
Board  of  Public  Works  and  the  city  engineer  of  said  city.  Bids 
will  be  received  until  2  p.  M.  Monday,  June  16,  1890.  Each  bid 
must  be  made  upon  a  blank  form  provided  by  the  Board  of  Public 
Works  and  be  strictly  in  accordance  with  its  terms.  Address  F. 
B.  Crocker.  Denver,  Col.:  The  Board  of  Public  Works  in- 
vites sealed  bids  for  the  furnishing  of  all  material  and  for  all 
work  to  be  done  upon  and  necessary  to  complete  in  place  the 
sewers  and  their  appurtenances  in  the  Stout  street  public  storm 
sewer  of  the  city  of  Denver,  as  described  and  as  provided  for  in 
ordinance  No.  65,  of  the  series  of  1890,  signed  and  approved  the 
13th  day  of  May,  A.  D.  1890,  and  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  said  ordinance  and  the  plans  and  specifications  of  said  Board 
of  Public  Works  and  the  city  engineer  of  said  city.  Bids  will  be 
received  until  2  p.  m.,  Monday,  June  16,  1890.  Address  F.  B. 
Crocker.  Ogden,  Utah.:  T.  A.  Perkins,  city  engineer,  will  re- 
ceive bids  for  the  construction  of  brick  and  pipe  sewers.  Mon- 
mouth, 111.:    The  fire  and  water  company  wants  bids  for  labor 

and  materials  for  extending  the  water-works  system.  Ashland, 

Ky.:    The  Ashland  water  supply  company  invites  proposals  for 

erecting  water-works.  Washington,  D.  C:    Proposals  will  be 

received  until  12  o'clock  noon  of  Tuesday,  the  ist  day  of  July, 
1890,  for  the  design,  the  specifications,  the  complete  construction 
and  equipment  and  the  temporary  maintenance  of  a  light  tower 
on  Diamond  Shoal,  off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C.  By  an  act  of  Con- 
gress the  total  cost  of  the  light  station  shall  not  exceed  the  sum 
of  $500,000.  Specifications  embodying  the  requirements  of  the 
structure,  forms  of  proposals  and  other  information  may  be  ob- 
tained on  application  to  this  office.  The  right  is  reserved  to  reject 
any  or  all  bids  and  to  waive  any  defects.   David  B.  Harmony,  Rear 

Admiral,  U.  S.  Navy,  Chairman.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect, 
Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.,  on  the  12th  day  of 
June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  for  the  erec- 
tion and  completion  of  the  U.  S.  court-house  and  post-office  build- 
ing at  Greenville,  S.  C.  (except  heating  apparatus),  including  the 

approaches.  Washington,  D.  C:    Proposals  for  all  the  labor 

and  material  required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  low-pressure, 
return  circulation  steam  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus  and 
power  boiler,  with  connections,  for  the  U.  S.  post-office,  court- 
house, etc.,  building  at  Witchita,  Kas.    Bids  received  until  June 

12.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. :    Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  11,  for 

the  construction  of  certain  sewers,  to  cost,  estimated,  $1,000,000. 

Address  the  City  Works  Department.  San  Francisco,  Cal.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  16,  for  the  erection  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Home  for  Feeble-minded  Children.  Address  Messrs. 
Copeland  &  Pierce,  architects,  126  Kearney  street. 


Mrs.  Fangle — "  Lizzie,  what  time  was  it  when  that  young 
man  left  last  night?"  Lizzie — "About  11,  mamma."  Mrs.  Fan- 
gle— "  Now,  Lizzie,  it  was  at  least  two  hours  later  than  that,  for  I 
distinctly  heard  him  say,  as  you  both  went  to  the  door,  'just  one, 
Lizzie.'    You  can't  fool  your  mother." 


DRAINING  THE  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 
The  drainage  of  the  great  valley  of  Mexico,  says  the  New  York 
Ledger,  which  has  at  last  been  definitely  undertaken,  will  be  one 
of  the  most  interesting  works  in  the  history  of  engineering,  whether 
we  look  at  the  stupendous  proportions  of  the  project  or  at  the 
magnitude  of  the  sanitary  advantages  which  will  accrue  from  its 
completion.  A  sanitary  engineer  would  say  that  the  capacious 
valley,  in  the  middle  of  which  lies  the  city  of  Mexico,  was,  not- 
withstanding its  fertile  soil  and  admirable  climate,  not  intended 
by  nature  for  the  habitation  of  a  teeming  population.  It  is  a  deep, 
cup-like  depression,  surrounded  by  a  mountain  rampart  and  pos- 
sessing no  natural  outlet  for  water  or  sewerage.  Nevertheless,  for 
many  centuries,  not  only  since  the  Spanish  conquest,  but  in  Aztec 
and  the  still  remoter  Toltec  times,  the  valley  has  been  densely 
peopled.  The  result  is,  the  ground  on  which  the  large  cities  stand 
reeks  with  corruption,  and  the  adjacent  stagnant  lakes  are  clogged 
with  age-long  accumulations  of  filth,  engendering  the  most  dan- 
gerous miasmatic  and  typhoidal  conditions.  If  the  masses  of  the 
Mexican  people  were  not  in  the  habit  of  drinking  pulche  instead 
of  water,  they  would  be  continually  decimated;  for  it  is  impossi- 
ble in  the  city  of  Mexico  to  procure  pure  drinking-water  except 
by  distillation.  Under  the  Spanish  viceroys,  an  attempt  was  made 
to  drain  the  valley,  and  a  tunnel  for  that  purpose  was  driven 
through  one  of  the  rocky  walls  that  hem  it  in.  But,  through  some 
miscalculation  ot  the  constructors,  the  opening  was  begun  at  too 
high  a  point,  and  is  now  useless.  The  new  boring  will  be  made  at 
a  level  low  enough  to  effectually  drain  the  lakes. 


RATIONAL  ARCHITECTURE. 
The  very  art  element  of  architecture  has  been  the  cause  of 
its  degradation.  From  the  most  useful  of  arts,  it  has  become 
mostly  ornamental.  From  meaning  and  expressing  the  utility  of 
an  edifice,  it  has  come  to  refer  to  its  appearance  only.  Peo- 
ple have  forgotten  that  it  arose  from  the  necessity  of  man  for 
shelter,  and  view  it  as  a  product  of  the  study  or  of  the  studio  in 
which  beauty  and  sesthetic  effects  are  the  only  ends  sought,  while 
utility,  convenience,  expression  of  intention,  have  all  become  sec. 
ondary  considerations.  Nothing  could  be  more  erroneous,  noth- 
ing more  fatal  to  the  production  of  sound  architecture. 

Architecture  is  not  the  product  of  the  imagination,  but  the  re- 
sult of  experience  and  foresight.  The  painter  in  his  studio,  or 
the  sculptor  in  his,  has  nothing  to  dictate  to  his  thoughts  or  force 
them  into  certain  channels.  His  fancy  is  free,  and  he  allows  it 
to  carry  him  where  it  will.  The  architect,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
limited  by  innumerable  requirements  and  difficulties,  all  of 
which  are  real  and  physical,  and  all  of  which  must  be  overcome 
before  his  work  can  be  a  success.  His  creations  are  intended  for 
the  decoration  of  a  gallery  or  to  be  preserved  under  glass,  but 
they  must  stand  the  test  of  time  and  of  climate,  must  bear  a  rela- 
tion to  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  day. — From  Utility  in 
AfcJiitecture,  by  Hakk  Ferree, i/ie  Popular  Science  Monthly  Jar 
June. 


The  State  Board  of  Health,  of  Louisiana,  has  issued  an  ad- 
dress to  the  people  of  the  Southern  States  and  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  in  which  the  important  location  of  Louisiana  in  a  sanitary 
sense  is  discussed,  together  with  the  question  of  quarantine.  Re- 
garding local  sanitation  the  board  recommends  the  following: 

Protection  from  overflow  by  a  system  of  well  constructed 
levees,  constructed  all  around  the  city,  elevated  at  least  four  feet 
above  the  higncst  water  mark. 

The  systematic  and  sanitary  cleaning  of  drainage  canals  that 
brings  the  waters  of  the  city  into  Lake  Pontchartrain  in  the  rear. 

The  flushing  of  all  the  ditches  and  gutters  by  means  of  a 
strong  current  of  water,  thrown  by  powerful  engines  or  furnished 
by  numerous  artesian  wells. 

An  extensive,  power! ul,  complete  system  of  water-works,  by 
which  every  house,  every  citizen  shall  be  supplied  with  the  re- 
quired quantity  of  watci. 

The  cleaning  of  streets  and  the  paving  of  same  with  suitable 
material. 

A  good  sysi  m  of  water-closets  and  continuous  removal  of 
fecal  matter. 

The  daily  removal  of  house  and  street  garbage. 
The  supply  of  fresh,  wholesome  food. 

The  boring  of  artesian  wells  for  flushing  and  watering  pur- 
poses and  for  public  baths,  such  as  has  been  proposed  by  Col, 
Fenner  and  others. 


72 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


Wood  pulp  is  now  being  used  as  the  basis  of  a  plastic  com- 
pound to  serve  as  a  substitute  for  lime  mortar  in  covering  and 
finishing  walls.  It  is  designed  to  possess  in  addition  to  all  the 
desirable  qualtities  of  ordinary  mortar  the  characteristics  of  being 
harder,  and,  when  applied  to  woodwork  in  a  thin  coat,  rendering 
it  both  fire  and  water-proof. —  Tiynberman. 

In  Carlisle,  Eng.,  tall  factory  chimneys  are  being  utilized  as 
sewer  ventilators  with  good  results,  twenty-nine  now  being  used. 
The  velocity  of  the  rising  air  has  been  measured  by  Surveyor 
Mekie,  and  it  is  found  to  be  1,202  feet  a  minute  in  ordinary  wea- 
ther. The  owners  of  the  factories  make  no  objection  to  this  use  of 
their  chimneys,  and  the  practice  seems  to  meet  with  general 
approval. 

THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 
of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hsndred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  III. 


NOTICE. 

The  Wisconsin  Central  Lines  are  now  selling  special  ten-ride 
club  tickets  between  Chicago  and  Fox  Lake,  embodying  rail- 
road, omnibus  and  steamer  coupons  for  ten  dollars  (Sio.oo).  City 
office,  205  Clark  street.  Depot,  Corner  Harrison  stieet  and  Fifth 
avenue. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

A  NEW  METHOD  OF  TREATING  DISEASES. 

What  are  they?  There  is  a  new  departure  in  the  treatment  of 
disease.  It  consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics  used  by  noted 
specialists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment  pursued  by  special  phy- 
sicans  who  treat  indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles  only,  was 
obtained  and  prepared.  The  treatment  of  other  physicians,  cele- 
brated for  curmg  catarrh  was  procured  and  so  on  till  these  incom- 
parable cures  now  include  disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility.  The  new  method  of 
"one  remedy  for  one  disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have  experienced  the  ill  effects, 
and  thoroughly  realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of  Patent  Med- 
icines which  are  guaranteed  to  cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle, 
and  the  use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined Jiiore  s/OMiac/is 
than  alcohol.  A  circular  describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by  Hospital  Remedy  Company, 
Toronto,  Canada,  sole  proprietors. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  1:00  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD. 
Ladies'  palace  day  cars,  palace  reclining  chair  cars,  free  of 
extra  charge.  Pullman  palace  buffet  compartment  sleeping  cars, 
palace  dining  cars.  Pullman  vestibuled  trains,  free  of  extra 
charge  and  no  change  of  cars  of  any  class  between  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Chicago  and  Denver,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Pioneer  pullman  palace  sleeping  car. 
Palace  dining  car  and  free  palace  reclining  chair  car  line. 
James  Charlton,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  210  Dear- 
born street,  near  corner  Adams  street,  Chicago,  111. 


MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION  OF  CHICAGO. 

Chicago,  April  25th,  i8qo. 
To  their  Fellow  Craftsjnen  and  Friends: 

Greeting: — The  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  of  Chicago, 
have  selected  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway  as 
their  official  route  from  Chicago  to  Denver,  to  attend  the  National 
Convention  of  Master  Plumbers  to  be  held  at  Denver,  June  17th, 
1890. 

Our  arrangements  with  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
Railway  are  such  that  the  very  best  accommodations  will  be 
given  members  who  travel  this  route.  A  solid  vestibule  train 
consisting  of  dining  cars,  Pullman  sleepers  and  reclining  chair 
cars  will  convey  our  people  over  this  line,  and  it  is  hoped  that  as 
many  of  the  plumbers  and  their  friends  as  can  join  this  special 
train,  will  arrange  to  meet,  either  in  Chicago  on  June  14th,  or  join 
our  party  in  Kansas  City  on  the  morning  of  June  15th;  and  by 
notifying  Mr.  Geo.  F.  Lee,  City  Passenger  Agent,  104  Clark  street, 
Chicago,  Illinois,  as  to  the  accommodations  in  the  way  of  sleeping 
car  berths  or  seats  in  reclining  chair  cars,  which  may  be  desired, 
care  will  be  taken  that  same  are  reserved.  It  is  necessary  that 
this  information  be  received  at  the  earliest  possible  time. 

For  complete  details  as  to  any  further  information  you  may 
desire  regarding  this  trip,  address  Mr.  Robert  Griffith,  Vice- 
President   National  Association   Master  Plumbers,  427  North 
Clark  street,  Chicago,  and  the  same  will  be  cheerfully  furnished. 
Yours  truly, 

Robert  Griffith, 

Vice-President  National  Association  Master  Plumbers. 

David  Whiteford, 

Chairman  Ex.-Oom.  of  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  Ass'n. 


^^li  Arcmitectukal.#% 


'ft{^ACTlCALDESlMs& 


Op  special  interegt  to  Arcliitects,  Contractors.Carpenters  and  Bnliaers,  Sash 
and  Blind  MaiiufacturerH,  9Iasoii  BulIUerH    Plasterers,  and  all  others  con- 
nected with  the  Architectural  and  Building  1'rades,  in  various  localities,  as  well  as  to 
those  intendinK  to  build. 

Each  number  will  contain  from  einht  to  twelve  9x12  plates  of  OrlKliial  Drawinics,  to 
scale.  During  the  year  there  will  be  shown  a  larRp  variety  of  Besljcns  auci  Details,  suited  to 
Cities,  Towns  and  Villajfes,  including  rubllc  and  I'rlvate  HiiiUllUKS,  medium 
and  low  cost  Cottajjes,  t*uburbaii  or  Country  Houses,  $»tat>les  and  Out-BulIdinKS, 
Street  and  Store  Pronts,  with  exterior  and  interior  Details.  Besiicns  for  I'urniture, 
and  a  variety  ofM  iscclla  DCOUH  Dct&ils  of  X?Voocl*  Brick.  Svtotic  aiul  I'l«iHt<fr  work. 

PRICE  $r>.()0  a  Yfar.   $3.75  fur  Si.v  Jlon/hs.   50  Cfs.  a  A'nmhcr. 

A.  J.BICKNELL  PuWlsber,  115  BROADWAY,  (P.O.  Box 560)  NEW  YORK. 
Everyone  should  read 

THE  Sanitary  news. 

Subscribe  now.    New  volume  just  begun. 


INSTANTANEOUS  WATER-HEATING  CO. 

MANUFA0TUBKH8  OF  THE 

DOUGLAS  PATENT 

nstantaneous  Water  Heater 

FOR 

Baths  and  Domestic  Purposes 

Can  be  ased  any  place  where  gas 
water  can  be  obtained. 

210  Illinois  St. 
CHICAGO- 


BIG  FOUR  ROUTE 


  m 

Finest  Trains  in  America,  run  daily  between 

CHICAGO,  LAFAYETTE, 
INDIANAPOLIS  CINCINNATI 

Vestibuled   sinrt   Steam  Heated 
Buftet  and  Cafe  Diniiijr  Serviee 
on  all  Through  Trains. 

The  Hill  KouK  is  the  only  ""e  from  CHicvdo 
that  takes  you  into  the  Ornnd  Central  Depot, 
Clncinnnil,  where  coniioctloiis  are  made  for  all 
points  East,  South  and  Southeast. 

For  further  informnllon  apply  to  City  Ticket 
Olllce,  121  Uandoliih  St.,  C'liic.vno. 

Dki'ots    Koet  of  Lake  St.,  VEind  and  3!'lh  Sts. 

D.B.MARTIN,  J.  C. Tucker, 

Gtu.  vkss  Otu.  HORtwtRH 

CINCINNATI.  CHICAGO. 


THE   SANIXAI^Y  NEWS.— Supplement. 


May  31,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


THreORTOrBOlLlR 


"Perfection  in  Modern  House  Heating." 
AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUGHT-IRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  sucii  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  CORTON~SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 

GORTON  &   I.IDGERWOOD  CO.,  ^ 

34  and  36  West  Monroe  St..  Chicago, 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York.  197-203  Congress  St..  Boston. 


Gorton  Boiler— Front  View. 


Gorton  Boiler— Sec'n  View 


L.  WOLFF  MFG.  CO., 


SUPPLIES 
SPECIALTIES 


General  Office: 

93  West  Lake  Street. 

Factories: 

93-1  13  West  Lake  Street. 

Carroll  and  Hoyne  Aves.  and  Fulton  St. 

ExHiBiT  Departiment: 

79  Dearborn  Street. 


CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


The  Monogram'' 


❖  ❖  ❖  ❖ 


ITS  advantages: 

NOISELESS  IN  OPERATION! 

POSITIVE  IN  ITS  ACTION! 


MOMENTARY   RETENTION  OF  THE  PULL  IS  ALL 
THAT   IS   NECESSARY  TO  OPERATE  IT. 

THE  WATER  SURFACE  OF  THE  BOWL  IS  BROAD 
AND  DEEP   {17/q  Inches). 

THE  BOWL  IS  BEST  QUALITY   IMPORTED  WARE, 
AND 


POSITIVELY  WILL  NOT  CRAZE! 

CATALOGUE  AND   PRICE  LIST  CHEERFULLY  FUR- 
NISHED ON  APPLICATION. 


Fig.  ()H3.  No. 


F=I-U7UVBERS'  SIGNS. 

GOLD  LEAF  FINISH 

18  inch..$  6  .W  I  42  inch.. $22  50 


9  50 
12  50 
16  50 


48 
60 
66 


30  50 
38  00 
46  00 


802  W  12th  St 

CHICAGO 


B 


OOKS  ON  BUILDING    .     .  . 

AND  THE  ALLIED  ARTS. 

LA  TEST  PUB  Lie  A  TIONS. 

Palliser's  Court  Houses,  City  Halls,  Jails,  i&c. 
Palliser's  Common  Sense  School  Architecture. 

Specifications  and  Contract  Blanks,  dc. 
Full  Descriptive  Lists  mailed  on  application;  also  of 
all  American  and  Foreign  Building  Journals  with  club 

rates.  PALLISER,  PALLISER  iCO., 

24  E.  42d  St.,  NEW  YORK. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND  PRICES 
OF  LATEST 

PLUMBING  SPECIALTIES, 

Combination  Pipe  Vises,  lling"ed  Self -Locking'  Pipe 
Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Benders,  Lead  Pipe  Formers  and 
Sizers,  Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners,  Plumbers'  Kstimale 
Book — office  and  pocket  size— to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

21  Church  Street,  Willlmantic,  Conn. 


vi 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  330 


DIRECTORY. 

Tlie  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  tliis  list  on  pay- 
ment of  $2  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  H.,  8Sfi  Dudley  street. 
The  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee, -Win.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wm.  M.,  1H4  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connellv,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  H9  Thirty -Fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing'  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Bajjgot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Bhike,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  73  W,  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogfden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  1.35  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  &  Culloton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue, 

Hickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas  it  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  712  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Moylan  it  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madfson  street. 

Xacey,  P.,  339  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  .300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  II.,  308  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders,  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  191  E.  Indiana  street. 

Sulli\'an,  Jolin.  320  Division  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  &  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatrert  &  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 

PROFESSIONAL. 


JJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  References.  Loudon  apent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  B.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitabt 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 

Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  M.  Inst,  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Constmc- 
tion  Superintended. 


GEO.  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M.  Inst  C  E. 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultura? 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  4,  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  K.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns. 

gAML.  a.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Iliaito  Building, 
Chicago. 

^M.  PAUL   GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc.. 
Oilers  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  Corres- 
pondence solicited.  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City.  


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


OEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED 
"■^  at  the  oflice  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury 
Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m., 
on  the  (ith  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  mate- 
rial rc(iuire<l  to  fix  in  place  connilete  the  Low-Pressure, 
Return  -Circulation  Steam  Heating  and  Ventilating  Ap- 
paratus and  Power- Boiler,  with  connections,  for  tlie  U. 
S.  Post  Oflice,  Court  House,  etc.,  building  at  Wichita, 
Kansas,  in  accordance  with  drawings  and  specification, 
copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  oflice 
or  the  oflice  of  the  Superintendent.  Each  bid  must  be 
accompanied  by  a  certified  check  for  $100.00.  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time  fixed 
for  opening  the  same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply 
strictly  witli  all  the  rcqiiirements  of  this  invitation. 

JAS.  H.  WINDRIM,  Supervising  Architect. 
May  14,  1890. 


HELP  WANTED. 


r)C'R  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLT  INVITED 
^  to  use  this  column  xvhen  in  need  of  help  in  any  of  the 
professions^  trades  or  businesses  to  -whifh  this  journal 
is  iiex-oted.  Such  advertisements  zvill  be  inserted  free, 
and  ansvers  can  be  addressed  tare  ofTws.  Sanitary 
News,  S8  and  9o  La  Salle  Street,  Chtcaoo. 


T^Z-ANTED.  —  THOROUGHLY  COMPETENT 
*  *  man  as  foreman  in  plumbing  shoj).  Must  have 
had  experience  in  figurini^:,  overseeing  work,  etc.,  in 
Chicago,  and  give  first-class  references.  Address, 
with  full  stixtenient  of  qualifications  and  present  posi- 
tion, "H.,"  The  S.\nit.\ry  News. 

T1/-ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 
Address,  "F.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 

■ry ANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
'  *  a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  take 
full  charge  of  work,  make  estimates  and  alile  to  handle 
the  business  from  soliciting  and  making  liids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  W.  H.  S.,  1212 
Douglas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 

TS/- ANTED.— FIRST-CLASS  PLUMBERS  AND 
'  ^    Steamfitters  for  Portland,  Oregon.    Four  dollars 
per  day  of  nine  hours.    Address,  A.  J.  Lawrence,  145 
Front  Street,  Portland,  Oregon. 


TTTANTED.  —  A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 

Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Wm,  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

SITUATIONS  WANTED. 

PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  tradesor  businesses 
to  ivhich  this  journal  is  derated  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  ivttl  be  inserted  free, 
and  anszuers  cati  be  sent  in  care  of  The  Sanitary 

N  Hws,  S8  ond  90  Ln  .Salle  Street,  Cliicago. 


CITUATION  WANTED— AS  BOOKKEEPER  IN 
plumbing  business  in  Western  city.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  Sa.mtary  News. 


cri  UATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
^  draughtsman  and  designer,  witli  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  supervising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  Age,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Address,  "  E.  G.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 

CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^    competent  heating  engineer.     Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing 
object.    Address,  "  II.  F:.,'' The  f 

CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 
^  collector  for  some  plumbing  house.  Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.  Address  "L,"  The 
Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES. 


work.  Location  no 
Sanitary  News. 


pOR  S.VLE.  — A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
^  business,  located  in  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hand.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
Plumb,  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


pOR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
•'■  iness,  four  years  established  in  Chicago.  I-'ine 
location  and  stock.  Reason  for  selling;  poor  health. 
Address  "  W.  F.  T.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 

■pOR  SALE.-PATENT  RIGHT.  ONE  OF  THE 
most  successful  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
Plumbing  and  Garden  Hose  trade.  Owner  wishes  to 
retire  from  business.  For  further  particulars,  address 
Thos.  Burke,  188  N.  Pine  Street,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


r\AVlD   WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLU.M- 
her  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
372  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

D  HA  RVEr,  S  CI  EN  TIFIC  AND  PRA  CTICA  L 
*    Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mich- 
igan and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


C.  C.  Wren,  3  sty  brk  barn,  148x125,  675-77  V«n 
Buren  st;  a,  Lampson  &  Nasmon  $  l.^.OOO 

Clancy  &  Clancv,  |5  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs, 

100x70,  4400-8  Ellis  av;  "a.  Marble   15,000 

Schniedewend  it  Lee  Co.,  2styandbst  brk  fcty, 
200x100,  2507-29  Leo  st;  a,  S.  B.  Eymdrath 

&  Co   20,000 

E.  D.  Morse,  3  sty  brk  barn,  75x117,  539-43  Van 

Buren  st;  a,  W.  L.  Lesher   20,000 

C.  B.  Williams,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits, 

50x110,  197-99  Wells  st;  a,  W.  L.  Lesher   45,000 

Geo.  C.  Chambers,  2  and  3  sty  and  bst  brk  pa- 
vilion, 40x120,  71x98,  77  .3lst  st;  a,  L.  R. 

Schock   30,000 

Chicago  Evening  Post,  alterations  and  repairs, 

164-66  Washington  st;  a,  J.  W.  Huber   100,000 

Marshall  Field,  2  3  siyand  eel  brk  d wigs, 40x26, 

58x40.  1931-33  Indiana  ave;  a,  C.J.  Frost   19,000 

E.  W.  Burg,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  41x47,  644- 

66  Franklin  st;  a,  F.  Foehringer   30,000 

E.  W.  Burg,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  41x59,  43-45 
Hamman  st;  a,  F.  Foehringer   30,000 

J.  A.  Coleman,  2,  3  and  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strs, 
fits  and  hams,  67x85x58,  4ix60x34,  5:36-38  Wa- 
bash ave;  a,  A.  L.  Schellenger   65,000 

H.  Braumoeller,  4  stv  and  eel  brk  str,  fits  and 
hall,  27x94,  255  W'.  Randolph  st;  a,  Fromann 

&  Fclsen   15,000 

Henn,'  Siegl.  4  and  2  sty  and  bst  brk  str.  and  ad- 
dn, '20x139x60,  25x26.\48,  213-15  State  st;  a, 

Furst  &  Rudolph   15,000 

Englis  &  Co.,  5  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  ;u-.d  flats, 

131x70  ,  2601-13  Calumet  av;  a,  H.  Massiner  ..  150,000 

Mrs.  C.  White,  4  3  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  114x;38, 

Morgan  and  Congress  sts;  a.  J.  H.  Morse   12,000 

W.  H.  Purcell  &  Co.,  1  sty  brk  elevator  and  en- 
gine hse,  50x30,   120x40,  121st  st  and  N. 

Western  Ind.  R.  R   25,000 

Chi.  City  Railway,  1  addit'nal  carbarn,  161x350, 

6108-18  Wabash  av   10,000 

A  Nord,2stvand  bst  brk  dwllgs  and  barn,  24x26, 
47x16,  Ford  and  W.  77th  st;  a,  P.  M.  Ander- 
son   10,000 

W.  H.  Prugn,  4  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  80x72, 

3.352-58  So.  Park  av;  a,  Wilson  &  Marble  ....  40,000 

G.  L.  Tyler,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  tits,  50x67,  2340-42 
Calumet  av ;  a,  R.  G.  Pentecost   16,000 

L.  Patterson,  2  3  sty  and  cel.  brk  strs  and  fits, 

33x75,  5761-63  Stale  st;  a,  Rob't  Rea,  Jr   8,000 

Shields  &  Cook,  2  2  stv  and  cel.  frm  dwllgs, 

24x32x25,  22x40x25,  Perry  and  72d  st   6,000 

C.  B.  Riley,  2  stv  brk  addn,  25x80,  43  Nebraska 

st;  a,  O.  W.  Marble   6,000 

F.  Frieburg,3  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits,  21x58, 

180  Henry  si;  a,  H.  Olsyewski   7,500 

F.  Westphal,  1  sty  and  bst  brk  wrehse,  30x120, 

125  Southport  av  ;  a,  A.  Werner   5,000 

A.  Collender,  a  sty  and  attic  frme  dwllg,  27x48, 

Goodwin  and  Ardmore  sts;  a,  W.  Ottis   6,0(X) 

E.  F.  Pulsifer,  4  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strand  fits, 

176x65,  222j-43  Cottage  Grove  av;  a,  W.  A. 

F'uthermuller   6,000 

H.  C.  Jorden,  3  sty  and  cel.  brk  Hts,  23x60,  122 
Lincoln  st   6,000 

C.  F.  Riltersh.au.s,  8  stv  and  bst  brk  str.  and  tits, 

2,5x100,  907  CIvbourri  av;  a,  A.  Woerner   6,500 

C.  A.  Stethlcr,  S  sty  and  bst  brk  str.  and  fits, 

23x64,  795  W.  12th  st;  a,  Bucb  *  (ioomrich.,  6,000 
Dr.  J.  S.  Young,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  barn,  50x100, 

393-95  Illinois  st;  a,  Alfred  Smith   85,00 

Henry  Bosch,  2  2  sty  and  cel.  brk  dwllgs,  21x45, 

5411-13  Ridgewood  park   5,000 

J.  M.  Rogers,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  28x53, 

Buena  and  Every'ster  s-t;  a,  N.  L.  B.  Lewy. ..  8,000 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7V^I=G  CO.  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

FIXTURES. 


BRASS  KIXTINGS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  P  R  OT  ECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES. 

 o  

Orders  Cabefuxj^y  Filled. 


June  14,  1890] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


73 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUBLISHED  EVERY  SATURDAY 
 AT  


No.  90  La  Salle  Street,     -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson, 

-------        -  Publisher. 

A.  H.  Harrvman, 

-------        -  Editou. 

Hknry  R.  Allen, 

-------        London  Agent. 

Entered 

iis  sccond-cliiss  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 

SUBSCRIPTION  RATES. 
The  subscription  price  of  The  Sanitary  News,  in  the  United  States,  Canada 
and  Mexico  is  $2.00  a  year,  pajable  strictly  in  advance;  foreign,  12s.  6d.  a  year. 
The  number  witli  which  the  subscription  expires  is  on  the  Address-Label  of  each 
paper,  the  change  of  which  to  a  subsequent  number  becomes  a  receipt  for  remit- 
tance. When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  the  old  address  should  accompany 
the  new. 

ADVERTISING  RATES. 
The  advertising  rates  are  reasonable,  and  will  be  furnished  on  application. 

"WANT"  ADVERTISEMENTS. 
Persons  so  desiring  may  have  replies  to  small  advertisements  sent  to  this 
office,  when  they  will  be  promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless  made  by  check,  express 
order,  money  order,  or  registered  letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 
Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the  office  of  its  London  agent, 
Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 
A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from  the  first  issue,  are  still 
left.    The  price  of  these  is  $3.00  a  volume,  except  for  the  first  volume,  which  is 
$3.00.     The  entire  fifteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  library    on  sanitary 
subjects. 


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LEGISLATION    REGARDING  PLUMBING. 

Plumbing  has  become  so  important  in  its  relation  to  sanitary 
science  that  its  interest  touches  every  phase  and  condition  of  life, 
individually  and  collectively.  Surprising  as  it  may  seem,  this  fact 
is  better  understood  and  appreciated  by  the  plumbers  themselves 
than  by  those  more  immediately  interested  in  the  healthfulness  of 
their  private  abodes  and  salutary  surroundings.  To  such  an  ex- 
tent is  this  true,  that  the  plumbers  are  the  first  to  move  in  the  di- 
rection of  securing  appropriate  legislation  governing  their  work, 
as  they  have  been  first  in  all  other  reforms  touching  their  relation 
with  the  public.  It  is  pretty  generally  understood  that  the  national 
convention  at  Denver,  next  week,  will  inaugurate  some  measures 
looking  toward  the  securement  of  suitable  laws  governing  plumb- 


ing work.  In  part  and  briefly  the  measures  will  demand  the  ex« 
amination  of  plumbers  by  a  competent  board  and  their  registra- 
tion, each  registered  plumber  being  given  a  certificate  of  registra- 
tion by  a  i)ropcrly  constituted  legal  authority.  Power  will  be 
vested  somewhere  to  revoke  the  certificate  on  violation  of  plumb- 
ing regulations  or  the  disregard  of  trade  requirements.  What- 
ever other  measures  the  convention  may  advocate,  this  one  fea- 
ture is  important  enough  to  demand  the  most  considerate  public 
attention;  and  as  legislation  is  the  outgrowth  of  popular  senti- 
ment, public  opinion  should  at  once  awaken  to  the  importance  of 
promoting  the  efficacy  of  this  valuable  sanitary  agency. 

Legislation  governing  this  department  is  demanded  by  the 
highest  interest  of  the  public  welfare.  Defective  plumbing,  the 
result  of  incompetent  workmen,  is  a  public  evil,  as  it  extends  its 
ills  beyond  the  private  dwelling,  and  menaces  the  entire  commu- 
nity in  which  it  is  placed.  This  proposition  will  not  be  disputed 
by  those  familiar  with  the  subject,  and  of  itself  it  is  a  strong  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  such  legislation  as  will  eliminate  the  incompe- 
tent plumber  from  the  trade.  It  might  be  well  for  the  convention 
to  outline  a  bill,  general  to  all  the  states,  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing uniformity.  Each  state  will  have  separate  control  of  the  mat- 
ter, yet  the  laws  should  be  so  uniform  in  the  different  states  that 
one  legally  qualified  to  do  plumbing  in  one  state  should  also  be 
permitted  to  follow  the  trade  in  any  other  state.  The  matter  for 
legislation'is  such  that  the  main  features  of  the  law  could  be  the 
same  for  all  states,  and  uniformity  in  such  matters  is  very  desira- 
ble. The  plumbers  of  the  country  are  in  favor  of  legislation  of 
this  character,  and  the  public  to  which  the  greatest  benefits  will 
flow,  should  give  them  a  hearty  support  in  order  that  the  neces- 
sary laws  may  be  enacted  at  the  earliest  possible  date. 


TRADE  PROTECTION. 

Although  trade  protection  may  now  be  considered  an  accom- 
plished fact,  there  continually  arise  protests  against  it  from  certain 
portions  of  the  press,  which  seem  to  ignore  a  similar  protection  to 
all  trades  except  the  plumber's.  If  other  trades  and  mercantile 
pursuits  are  protected  by  the  manufacturers  in  the  disposal  of 
their  products,  why  should  not  the  plumber,  simply  as  a  business 
proposition,  receive  the  same  protection?  The  demand  of  the 
plumbers  is  just  and  reasonable.  All  they  want  is  the  same  con- 
sideration extended  by  the  rules  of  business  to  other  industrial  in- 
terests. They  want  the  trade  discount  extended  fairly  to  them, 
and  not  given  to  Tom,  Dick  and  Harry,  to  the  demoralization  of 
business  and  the  impairment  of  the  credit  and  reputation  of  the 
plumbing  trade.  What  would  be  the  state  of  business  if  manu- 
facturers and  dealers  in  other  lines  should  extend  the  same  dis- 
counts and  credits  to  individual  consumers  that  they  do  to  retail- 
ers .''  Those  who  protest  against  the  same  protection  to  the  plumber 
are  continually  receiving  such  protection  in  their  lines  of  business, 
and  would  think  that  the  whole  industrial  world  was  going  to 
pieces  should  that  protection  be  denied  them.  The  plumber  is  a 
large  buyer,  as  any  other  retailer,  and  he  stands  between  the 
manufacturer  and  the  hazard  of  running  small  accounts  with  nu- 
merous unknown  consumers  without  credit  or  business  standing, 
and  is  entitled  to  some  consideration  for  his  services,  investment 
and  risks. 

But  there  is  another  reason  why  this  protection  should  exist — 
one  that  appeals  strongly  to  the  public — and  that  is  the  great  in- 
terest of  public  health.  From  a  sanitary  point  of  view,  no  plumb- 
ing material  should  be  allowed  to  be  purchased  for  use  by  any 
other  than  proficient  and  skilled  workmen.  It  would  be  better 
were  this  made  stronger,  and  the  manufacturer  and  dealer  allowed 
to  sell  only  to  plumbers  holding  a  certificate  of  registration  from 
a  legally  appointed  board  of  examiners.  The  defective  plumbing 
being  unearthed  in  this  and  other  cities  evidences  the  fact  that 
plumbing  material  is  sold  to  persons  in  whose  hands  it  becomes 
a  continued  source  of  danger.  The  public  have  an  interest  in 
demanding  that  plumbmg  material  be  made  impossible  of  pur- 
chase by  the  incompetent  and  irresponsible  would-be  plumber, 
who  makes  of  them  death-traps  in  the  homes  of  his  victims.  No 
contractor,  builder  or  building  owner  has  a  right  to  procure  plumb- 
ing material  with  the  object  of  getting  cheap  and  skin  work  done, 
in  order  to  avoid  payment  due  skilled  workmen.  This  is  an  out- 
rage against  public  interests,  and  public  sentiment  should  b? 
always  against  it, 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Legislation  Regarding  Plumbing  ...... 

Trade  Protection 
Purification  of  Water 

Membership  in  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association 

Lead  Soil,  Supply  and  Waste  Pipe  x>s.  Iron  Pipe — Which  are  the  More 

Valuable  in  the  Sanitary  Construction  of  Plumbing  Systems 
Chicago  Master  Plumbers 

Plumbing  Testing  Apparatus  ...... 

Plumbers'  Exhibits  at  the  World's  Fair  ..... 

Officers  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers— 1889-90 

Flushing  Apparatus 

Among  the  Plumbers  - 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done    -         -  .  .  . 

Heating  and  Lighting      -  -  .  ,  ... 

Sewerage  Notes 
Water  Works  Notes 
Bids  and  Contracts 


74 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


Letters  are  often  received  asking  for  a  copy  of  The  Sani- 
tary News  for  a  certain  month.  As  The  Sanitary  News  is 
published  four  and  sometimes  five  times  in  a  month  it  is  difficult 
to  guess  to  which  issue  reference  is  made.  It  should  be  remem- 
bered that  The  Sanitary  News  is  a  weekly  journal,  published 
every  week,  and  gives  in  one  month  as  much  or  more  reading 
matter  than  most  monthly  journals  do  in  three.  It  is  issued  fifty- 
two  times  to  their  twelve,  a  comparison  worth  while  remember- 
ing, as  its  subscription  price  is  only  two  dollars  a  year. 

Last  week's  issue  of  The  Sanitary  News  contained  an  arti- 
cle by  J.  E.  DeVeney  on  the  subject  of  exhibiting  plumbing  and 
plumbing  material  at  the  World's  Fair.  The  present  issue  con- 
tains an  article  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Murray  on  the  same  subject,  and 
next  week  will  be  given,  on  the  same  subject,  the  prize  essay  by 
Mr.  J.  J.  Wade,  which  has  been  deferred  till  then  on  account  of 
his  having  to  read  it  before  the  National  Convention.  All  the 
essays  are  good  and  full  of  valuable  suggestions  regarding  the 
subject. 

Plumbers  as  a  rule  are  good  sanitarians  in  the  wider  and 
more  general  signification  of  the  word.  Their  qualifications 
regarding  sanitary  matters  extend  far  beyond  the  science  of 
plumbing.  Their  labor  is  extended  in  a  direction  well  calculated 
to  make  them  familiar  with  the  principles  of  general  sanitation, 
and  it  has  done  and  is  doing  so.  The  Sanitary  News  has  con- 
tained many  articles  from  the  pen  of  plumbers  manifesting  an 
acquaintance  with  sanitary  science  far  beyond  that  of  some  of  our 
health  officers.  It  has  been  demonstrated  in  this  city  under  Chief 
Inspector  Young,  that  the  pJumbers  make  the  most  proficient 
inspectors.  His  annual  report  shows  that  beyond  a  doubt,  and 
the  judgment  of  the  master  plumbers  fully  confirms  it.  It  has 
been  fully  demonstrated  that  every  city  should  have  an  ordinance 
providing  for  the  appointment  of  plumbers  for  sanitary  inspect- 
ors. There  never  has  been  such  good  work  done  in  Chicago  as 
that  of  last  year,  and  the  appointment  of  plumbers  as  inspectors 
cannot  be  considered  as  coincident.    It  was  the  cause. 


There  is  one  plumber,  only  one  so  far  as  known,  who  does  not 
fully  accord  with  the  policy  of  The  Sanitary  News,  and  he 
sums  up  his  objections  by  saying:  "I  don't  go  much  on 
sanitary  plumbing."  Well,  The  Sanitary  News  is  not  pub- 
lished in  the  interest  of  any  one  who  does  not  "go  much 
on  sanitary  plumbing,"  or  the  correct  application  of  scientific 
principles  to  the  plumber's  art.  It  is  published  in  the  interest  of 
the  plumbers  of  to-day  who  keep  pace  with  new  discoveries  and 
the  triumphs  of  science,  and  their  name  is  legion.  The  day  of 
the  skin  plumber  is  about  gone.  The  plumbers  themselves, 
against  uncivil  and  unworthy  opposition,  have  made  a  progress 
that  is  marvelous,  and  have  simply  forced  the  great  benefits  of 
their  advanced  education,  higher  skill,  and  elevated  art,  upon  a 
more  than  indifferent  public;  and  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  inform 
this  lone,  deluded  man,  that  he  will  find  that  the  public  do  not 
"go  much  on  "  any  one  who  does  not  "go  much  on  sanitary 
plumbing."  Another  year  like  the  few  past,  and  he  will  be  with- 
out an  occupation. 

PURIFICATION  OF  WATER.* 
The  purifying  properties  of  the  metal  iron  and  its  beneficial  ac- 
tion in  the  natural  soil  are  well  known.  I  desire  this  evening  to 
explain  to  you  a  method  by  which  these  natural  properties  can  be 
artificially  applied  to  the  purification  of  water.  The  great  need 
of  some  practical  method  of  restoring  to  their  pristine  purity 
sources  of  water  supply  which  have  become  elements  of  dangers 
and  causes  of  disease  to  the  numerous  cities  and  po[)ulous  centers 
which  are  dependent  upon  them  for  the  first  and  greatest  of  their 
daily  requirements  is,  1  think,  sufficient  apology  for  bringing  the 
subject  of  my  paper  before  your  honorable  institute. 

Dr.  Medloch  was  probably  the  first  who  endeavored  to  make 
practical  use  of  metallic  iron  as  a  purifier  of  water.  He  took  out 
a  patent  in  1857  for  a  process  in  which  iron  wires  or  plates  were  to 
be  suspended  in  tanks,  through  which  the  impure  water  was  to 
pass.  In  1867  Dr.  Thomas  Spencer  brought  out  a  material  which 
he  named  magnetic  carbide,  in  which  iron  was  the  active  re-agent. 

,*Papcr  rc;i(l  lieforc  the  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  by  Easton  Devonshire, 
associate  niemlierof  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  of  England, 


Little,  however,  was  accomplished  on  a  practical  scale  previous 
to  the  invention  by  Professor  Gustav  Bischof,  of  the  material 
known  as  spongy  iron. 

Spongy  iron  is  produced  by  heating  hematite  ore  to  a  tempera- 
ture of  a  little  below  that  of  fusion,  and  thus  rendering  it  porous, 
or  spongy  in  form.  Dr.  Bischof's  material  has  long  been  utilized 
in  domestic  filters,  and  the  spongy  iron  filter  is  at  the  present 
time  second  to  none  in  its  remarkable  purifying  properties  and  in 
the  permanence  of  its  action  during  the  whole  period  that  the 
mass  of  the  material  remains  porous. 

In  1879,  when  a  concession  was  obtained  by  an  English  firm  for 
the  construction  of  water-works  to  supply  the  city  of  Antwerp,  in 
Belgium,  it  was  found  that  the  only  available  source  of  supply  was 
of  such  a  nature  that  some  method  would  have  to  be  adopted  to 
improve  its  appearance  sufficiently  to  compete  with  that  of  the 
shallow  well  waters  with  which  every  dwelling  in  Antwerp  was 
provided.  The  River  Nethe,  a  tributary  of  the  Scheldt,  was  the 
source  selected.  The  water  of  the  river  is  subject  to  various  del- 
eterious influences.  It  is  colored  with  a  yellow  color,  exceed- 
ingly difficult  to  remove,  by  the  peaty  nature  of  the  country 
through  which  the  river  flows.  It  carries  down  at  times  large 
quantities  of  silt  and  finely  divided  clay.  Being  subject  to  the  in- 
fluence of  the  tide,  it  is  affected  by  sewage  pollution,  both  above 
and  below  the  point  where  it  was  necessary  to  establish  the  intake 
of  the  water-works. 

The  commercial  value  of  such  water  in  a  city  so  amply  sup- 
plied with  wells  as  Antwerp  was  from  the  first  recognized  by  the 
concessionaires  of  the  water-supply  as  being  very  small,  and  it 
was  decided  to  endeavor  to  artificially  improve  the  water  before 
sending  it  into  the  city. 

Bischof's  spongy  iron  was  the  material  selected  as  the  most 
likely  to  give  the  desired  results,  and  in  1879  experimental 
spongy  iron  filter  was  erected  at  Waelhem,  the  site  of  the  pro- 
posed works.  Experiments  were  carried  out  on  a  considerable 
scale  for  several  months  and  gave  most  remarkably  successful 
results,  the  impure  and  discolored  water  of  the  Nethe  being 
changed  into  a  bright,  sparkling  and  chemically  pure  liquid.  As 
a  result  of  these  experiments  permanent  works  were  at  once  com- 
menced, embodying  Prof.  Bischof's  process. 

Three  pairs  of  filters  were  constructed,  each  pair  consisting  of 
an  upper  basin  containing  a  mixture  of  spongy  iron  and  gravel 
three  feet  in  thickness,  and  a  lower  basin  containing  a  bed  of 
river  sand  two  feet  thick.  The  river  water  was  pumped  into  the 
upper  basin,  flowing  through  a  bed  of  spongy  iron  onto  the  sand 
filter,  where  the  oxide  of  iron  was  retained.  The  chemical  results 
and  the  great  improvement  in  the  appearance  of  the  water  were 
all  that  could  be  desired,  and  for  nearly  two  years  it  seemed  that 
a  practical  process  of  purifying  foul  water  on  a  large  scale  had 
been  found. 

After  a  time,  however,  as  the  demand  for  water  increased  in 
the  city,  and  the  filters  were  required  to  approach  their  calculated 
output,  it  was  found  that  the  mass  of  the  spongy  iron  mixture  was 
caking  together  and  becoming  daily  less  porous.  Matters  at  length 
became  so  serious  that  it  was  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  suf- 
ficient filtered  water  could  be  obtained  to  meet  daily  requirements. 
The  spongy  iron  beds  had  to  be  dug  over  by  manual  labor  so  as 
to  loosen  the  material  and  restore  in  some  degrees  its  porosity. 

After  many  experiments  had  been  tried  to  overcome  the  me- 
chanical difficulty  of  working  these  otherwise  most  efficient  and 
valuable  filters,  it  was  pointed  out  by  Sir  Frederick  Abel  that 
means  should  be  sought  to  keep  the  particles  of  iron  in  movement 
so  as  to  prevent  their  cohesion,  and  also  to  maintain  their  surfaces 
clean  and  active. 

The  Consulting  Engineer  of  the  Works,  William  Anderson,  at 
the  present  time  Director  General  of  Government  Ordnance 
Factories  in  England,  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  England,  member  of  Council  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers  and  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  etc.,  after  many  ex- 
periments, hit  upon  the  simple  and  ingenious  jjlan  of  accomplish- 
ing the  desired  end  by  the  invention  of  the  apparatus  known  as 
the  Revolving  Purifier.  Instead  of  allowing  the  water  to  flow 
downward  through  a  motionless  mass  of  the  ])urifying  material 
Mr.  Anderson  adopted  as  the  principle  of  his  invention  thr  show- 
ering dinvn  of  finely  dn'idcd  particles  of  the  purifying  material 
through  a  fiowing  stream  of  water,   A  reference  to  the  diagram 


June  14,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


75 


will  render  the  explanation  of  the  apparatus  easy  of  comprehen- 
sion. 

The  apparatus  (Plate  I)  consists  of  a  cylinder  A,  supported  in 
a  horizontal  position  by  hollow  trunnions  Bi,  B2,  which  are  capa- 
ble of  revolving  in  pedestal  bearings  Ci,  C2.  Attached  to  the  in- 
ternal periphery  of  the  cylinder  are  a  scries  of  short  curved 
shelves  D,  D,  D,  arranged  either  in  horizontal  or  diagonal  rows  at 
equal  distances.  A  sixth  row  of  curved  shelves  is  replaced  by  a 
line  of  small  square  plates  H,  H,  H,  which  by  means  of  nuts  out- 
side the  cylinder  can  be  set  at  an  angle  with  the  axis  of  the  appa- 
ratus. By  regulating  the  inclination  of  these  plates  the  shower  of 
iron  can  be  directed  back  to  the  inlet  end  of  the  purifier,  and  the 
tendency  of  the  flow  of  water  to  carry  forward  the  purifying  ma- 
terial counteracted.  Inlet  and  outlet  pipes  E  and  F  enter  the 
hollow  trunnions  and  admit  and  discharge  the  water  to  be 
purified. 

As  the  water  enters  the  cylinder  it  strikes  against  the  circular 
distributing  plate  G,  and  is  caused  to  flow  rapidly  through  an  an- 
nular space>^  inch  or  }i  of  an  inch  in  width,  the  formation  of  a 
central  current  along  the  axis  of  the  purifier  being  prevented  by 
this  means.  The  inner  end  of  the  outlet  pipe  carries  an  inverted 
bell-mouth  K,  which  catches  the  fine  particles  of  the  iron  carried 


therefore  made  to  see  whether  the  contact  might  not  be  shortened, 

and,  to  the  surprise  of  all  concerned,  it  was  found  that  a  contact 
varying  from  three  and  a  half  to  five  minutes  was  sufficient  to 
effect  the  complete  purification  of  the  great  majority  of  waters. 

Under  these  altered  conditions  the  Revolving  Purifier  became 
of  practical  utility.  Further,  it  was  discovered  that  when  used  in 
the  Revolving  purifier  spongy  iron  had  no  special  merit;  any 
form  of  waste  iron,  such  as  cast-iron  borings  or  plate  punchings, 
gave  equally  good  chemical  results  and  were,  in  fact,  preferable 
to  spongy  iron,  the  irregularity  of  whose  form  interfered  with  one 
of  the  objects  aimed  at  in  the  invention,  viz.:  The  a2itomatic  and 
contitiuous  renewal  of  the  active  surfaces  of  the  particles  of  the 
purifying  material  by  causing  them  to  rub  one  against  atiother. 

As  a  result  of  this  invention  the  spongy  iron  filters  at  Ant- 
werp were  replaced  by  a  battery  of  revolving  purifiers,  three  cyl- 
inders of  a  medium  size,  and  contained  in  a  building  31  feet  long  by 
26  feet  wide,  being  found  capable  of  doing  twice  the  work  of  three 
spongy  iron  filters,  whose  united  area  was  24,000  square  feet,  and 
in  which  the  spongy  iron  alone  had  cost  $40,000.  The  theory  of 
what  takes  place  in  the  revolving  purifier  and  during  the  subse- 
quent stages  of  the  process  is  as  follows: 

The  action  on  the  iron  in  the  purifier  is  one  of  reduction,  the 


PLATE 


PLAN  AND  ELEVATION  OF  ANDERSON'S  REVOLVING  PURIFIER. 


forward  by  the  water  and  causes  them  to  fall  again  to  the  bottom 
of  the  cylinder.  One  end  of  the  cylinder  is  incircled  by  an  annu- 
lar spur  wheel  I,  working  into  gearing,  through  which  a  slow  ro- 
tary motion  is  given  to  the  apparatus.  On  being  started  to  work 
sufficient  metallic  iron  to  fill  ^one-tenth  of  the  cylinder  is  intro- 
duced through  the  man-hole,  the  iron  being  in  a  suitable  state  of 
subdivision.  The  purifier  is  then  filled  with  water  through  the 
sluice-cock  L,  the  air-cock  M  being  left  open  to  allow  the  cylin- 
der to  fill  completely.  The  apparatus  is  thenj  set  in  motion, 
the  rate  of  rotation  bemg  about  six  feet  per  minute  at  the  peri- 
phery. The  effect  of  the  rotation  is  to  scoop  up  the  iron  particles 
and  to  shower  them  down  through  the  flowing  water. 

When  designing  the  original  spongy  iron  filters  at  Antwerp, 
the  calculations  of  their  size  and  capacity  were  based  upon  the 
opinion  that  in  order  to  obtain  the  best  results  a  contact  of  45 
minutes  between  the  iron  and  water  should  be  allowed.  Follow- 
ing this  idea  Mr.  Anderson  commenced  by  placing  spongy  iron  in 
his  Revolving  Purifier  and  regulating  the  speed  at  which  the 
water  flowed  through  the  cylinder  so  as  to  obtain  a  contact  of  45 
minutes.  It  was  at  once  evident  that  under  these  conditions  the 
apparatus  would  have  to  be  of  such  a  size  as  to  render  it  imprac. 
ticable  for  any  but  small  bodies  of  water.    Experiments  were 


carbonic  acid  brought  by  the  impure  water  dissolving  a  minute 
portion  of  the  metal  and  forming  a  protosalt  of  iron.  On  issuing 
from  the  cylinder  into  the  open  air  the  protosalt  is  gradually  con- 
verted by  the  action  of  atmospheric  oxygen  into  the  insoluble 
form  of  ferric  oxide  (Fe.  2  Oz),  and  with  which  we  are  all  familiar 
under  the  name  of  iron  rust.  I  need  not  remind  any  of  my  audi- 
ence who  have  experience  of  housekeeping  what  are  the  destruct- 
ive effects  of  iron  rust  on  linen,  the  fibres  of  which  are  in  general 
highly  indestructible.  The  action  of  the  ferric  oxide  in  its  nas- 
cent state  in  impure  water  is  analagous  to  this  and  burns  up,  as  it 
were,  the  organic  matter. 

There  is,  however,  a  further  action  of  very  great  importance, 
that  of  coagulation.  In  its  formation  the  ferric  oxide  encases  in 
its  flakes  the  finely  divided  matters  held  in  suspension  by  the 
water,  in  many  cases  in  a  condition  of  such  minute  subdivision 
that  they  cannot  be  removed  by  the  most  efficient  of  mechanical 
filters.  These  matters  are  collected  together  or  coagulated,  and 
form  with  the  ferric  oxide  a  flocculent  precipitate  of  such  a  nature 
that  it  can  readily  be  removed  by  rapid  mechanical  straining. 
The  purification  of  the  water  is  accomplished  as  soon  as  the  whole 
of  the  protosalt  of  iron  is  converted  into  the  insoluble  form  of 
ferric  oxide,  but  to  complete  the  process  it  is  necessary,  in  the 


76 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


case  of  water  intended  for  supplying  a  city,  to  strain  out  the  pre- 
cipitate. This  is  done  by  passing  the  water  through  filters  com- 
posed of  sand. 

Such  filters  may  be  as  shallow  in  depth  as  will  insure  a  homo- 
geneous layer  of  sand.  In  the  laboratory  I  have  generally  found 
three  or  four  inches  ofj  sand  ample  to  retain  the  iron  precipi- 
tate, which  forms  a  thin  film  on  the  top  of  the  sand,  leaving  the 
lower  portions  of  the  filter  perfectly  clean.  With  large  filters  it 
would  be  impossible  to  maintain  a  homogeneous  layer  of  sand  as 
thin  as  this,  and  a  depth  of  eighteen  inches  is  desirable. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Revolvmg  Purifier  is  in  no  sense  a 
filter,  and  has  no  power  of  retaining  any  impurities  in  it.  On  the 
contrary,  mud  or  other  matters  in  suspension  in  the  water  pass 
freely  through  the  cylinder,  their  bulk  being  added  to  it  in  a  mi- 
nute degree  by  the  iron  dissolved  by  the  water.  It  is  therefore 
evident  that,  in  order  to  spare  the  sand  filter,  it  is  advantageous 
with  waters  of  this  description  to  retain  as  much  as  possible  of  the 
mud  and  finely  divided  matter  in  a  settling  trough  or  reservoir,  to 
the  bottom  of  which  they  will  fall  by  their  own  weight  when  col- 
lected together  into  coarse  flakes. 


yet  at  the  present  time  the  water  issuing  from  them  contains  no 
free  ammonia  at  all  and  less  than  i-io  of  a  part  in  a  million  of 
albumenoid  ammonia;  the  river  water  containing  on  the  average 
3-10  of  a  part  in  a  million  of  each  of  these  forms  of  ammonia. 

In  the  process  of  purification  the  aeration  of  the  water  as  it 
leaves  the  revolving  purifier  plays  a  very  important  part.  Purifica- 
tion can  hardly  be  said  to  commence  until  the  oxidizing  action  of 
the  air  begins  the  conversion  of  the  protosalt  into  ferric  oxide. 
To  aid  the  natural  aeration  it  is  frequently  advantageous  to  resort 
to  artificial  means  by  blowing  air  through  the  water.  On  plate  2, 
which  gives  a  view  of  the  general  arrangement  of  purifiers  at 
Antwerp,  is  shown  a  simple  method  by  which  artificial  aeration 
may  be  accomplished.  The  first  portion  of  the  shallow  trough 
which  receives  the  water  issuing  from  the  purifiers  is  provided 
with  a  perforated  false  bottom,  through  which  air  from  a  rotary 
blower  rises  in  countless  bubbles. 

Time  will  not  allow  of  describing  the  numerous  applications  of 
this  process  on  the  large  scale  to  waters  of  very  varied  composi- 
tions, but  I  may  state  that  the  average  results  obtained  are  as 
follows:    Firstly,  all  color  is  removed  from  water;  secondly 


PL.-\TE  II. — AKKANGKMENT  OF  REVOLVING  PURIFIERS  IN  USE. 


Until  the  spring  of  1889  the  purified  water  at  Antwerp  flowed 
direct  on  to  the  sand  filters  along  a  shallow  trough.  Under 
these  conditions  the  filters  had  to  be  cleaned  on  the  average  once 
a  fortnight.  Latterly  two  subsiding  reservoirs  have  been  utilized 
for  receiving  the  purified  water  before  the  filtration,  and  the  same 
filters  now  run  six  weeks  without  cleaning.  An  absolute  distinc- 
tion must  be  made  between  sand  filters  as  utilized  with  the  iron 
process  and  sand  filters  used  alone  in  the  ordinary  way,  as  at 
London  or  Berlin.  In  the  latter  case  the  sand-bed,  several  feet 
thick,  is  looked  to  to  effect  in  some  degree  the  jjurification  of  the 
water.  With  this  view  the  sand  has  to  be  frequently  cleaned  by 
washing  it  through  its  whole  depth  and  exposing  it  to  the  air. 
With  the  iron  process  the  sand  serves  only  as  a  support  to  the 
film  of  iron  oxide,  which  it  strains  out  of  the  water  at  its  surface. 

It  is  well  known  how  rapidly  an  ordinary  sand  filter  will  be- 
come foul  through  its  whole  depth;  how,  if  water  be  forced  through 
such  a  filter  after  a  certain  point  of  foulness  has  been  reached,  the 
filtered  water  will  be  worse  than  the  unfiltcred.  With  the  iron 
process  this  is  not  the  case.  Purification  is  completed  by  the  tmie 
the  water  reaches  the  sand.  As  a  proof  of  this  I  may  mention 
that  sand  filters  have  been  at  work  at  Antwerp  for  more  than  five 
years;  that  they  have  never  been  cleaned  below  the  surface,  and 


oxidizable  organic  matter,  as  measured  by  its  powers  of  reducing 
permanganate  of  potash,  is  reduced  in  proportions  varying  from 
45  to  QO  per  cent.,  according  as  the  organic  matter  is  principally 
of  vegetable  or  of  animal  origin;  thirdly,  free  ammonia  and 
nitrous  acid  are  entirely  removed;  fourthly,  albumenoid  ammonia 
is  reduced  from  70  to  go  per  cent.;  lastly,  but  in  the  opinion  of,  I  be- 
lieve, the  majority  of  scientific  men  of  the  present  day,  most  im- 
portant of  all,  micro-organisms  are  entirely  destroyed  or  removed 
by  this  process. 

As  resident  engineer  and  manager  of  the  Antwerp  water- 
works from  the  date  of  their  construction,  I  have  followed  both 
the  spongy  iron  process  and  the  Anderson's  Revolving  Purifier  in 
all  their  stages.  Knowing  what  a  remarkable  standard  of  purity 
we  had  reached,  I  a:sked  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  company 
to  appoint  a  commission  of  the  most  eminent  chemists  in  Belgium 
to  make  weekly  analyses  of  the  water  both  as  to  its  chemical 
purity  and  as  well  as  to  its  freedom  from  micro-organisms.  This 
was  done,  and  analyses  were  made  weekly  during  the  whole  of 
last  year  by  Professors  C.  Bias,  of  Louvain  University;  Jorisson, 
of  Liege  University,  and  Swarts  and  \'an  Ermcngcni,  of  Ghent 
University.  The  last-named  is  recognized  in  Europe  as  a  great 
authority  on  microbes.    The  examination  of  the  water  for 


June  14,  1890.] 


77 


microbes  was  made  by  Dr.  Koch's  celebrated  gelatine  test,  which 
is  no  doubt  familiar  to  most  present.  Quarterly  reports  were 
made  by  the  commission,  giving  the  results  of  the  weekly  anal- 
yses. Each  of  these  reports  stated  that  the  very  impure  and 
dirty  water  of  the  River  Ncthe  was  transformed  by  the  process  of 
purification  into  a  li((uid  ecjual,  from  a  hygienic  point  of  view,  to 
the  purest  and  most  healthy  spring  water. 

This  is  the  result  obtained  under  the  ordinary  conditions  of  the 
supply  at  a  large  city  and  after  the  process  has  been  continuously 
at  work  for  five  years.  I  think  it  may  be  claimed  for  the  Ander- 
son process  of  purification  that  it  has  proved  the  possibility  of 
overcoming  and  counteracting  in  a  practical  and  economical 
manner  the  great  objections  which  generally  exist  to  drawing  the 
water  supply  of  cities  from  the  most  convenient  and  abundant 
scource — that  furnished  by  the  rivers  on  whose  banks  the  cities 
have  grown  up. 

The  Revolving  Purifier  is  made  in  various  sizes  designated  by 
the  diameter  of  the  inlet  and  outlet  pipes.  These  range  from  the 
one-inch  apparatus,  capable  of  treating  5,000  gallons,  to  the  four- 
teen-inch  apparatus,  which  purifies  i,i;oo,ooo  gallons  per  twenty- 
four  hours.  The  power  required  for  rotating  the  cylinder  is  very 
small,  ranging  from  690  foot-pounds  per  minute  for  the  smallest 
purifiers  to  28,500  foot-pounds  for  the  largest.  The  quantity  of 
metallic  iron  used  up  in  the  process  varies  with  the  nature  of  the 
water  under  treatment,  and  with  the  form  of  iron  used.  At  Dord- 
recht, in  Holland,  where  a  fourteen-inch  apparatus  has  been  in  use 
since  1886,  the  consumption  of  iron  is  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  pounds 
per  1,000,000  gallons  purified,  "burrs"  from  punching-machines 
being  the  form  of  iron  used.  At  Antwerp  cast-iron  borings  are 
mostly  used,  being  readily  obtainable.  Owing  to  the  nature  of  the 
Nethe  water  more  iron  is  dissolved,  and  there  is  a  considerable 
waste,  due  to  the  breaking  up  of  the  friable  particles  of  the  metal 
in  this  form,  the  total  loss  being  about  six  times  that  of  Dordrecht. 
Cast-iron  borings  are,  however,  considerably  cheaper  than  plate 
punchings. 

When  sand  filters  already  exist,  as  in  the  case  with  the  great 
majority  of  European  cities  or  towns  where  the  water  supply  is 
drawn  from  a  river,  the  capital  outlay  involved  in  applying  the 
revolving  purifier  procees  is,  approximately,  $5,000  per  million 
gallons  required  per  day.  When  no  sand  filters  exist  the  further 
outlay  for  these  varies  considerably  with  local  conditions  and  with 
the  size  of  the  plant  required.  In  cases  where  no  settling  basins 
are  provided  to  catch  the  precipitate  formed  by  the  iron  oxide, 
shallow  filter  beds  are  required  of  sufficient  area  to  limit  the 
speed  of  filtration  to  100  gallons  per  square  foot  of  sand  surface 
per  twenty-four  hours.  If  the  heaviest  portions  of  the  precipitate 
be  arrested  in  settling  tanks  the  speed  of  filtration  may  be  in- 
creased up  to  200  gallons  per  square  foot,  or  more  with  some 
classes  of  water,  so  that  the  cost  of  sand  filters  will  be  reduced  in 
a  more  or  less  regular  ratio  to  the  extent  of  settling  basins  pro- 
vided. 

For  works  whose  output  is  small,  say  3,000,000  to  5,000,000  of 
gallons  per  day,  the  cost  of  sand  filters,  either  with  or  without 
settling  basins,  may  be  estimated  at  $15,000  per  1,000,000  gallons 
of  daily  consumption.  The  whole  capital  outlay,  therefore,  for 
applying  the  revolving  purifier  process  to  small  water-works 
would  be,  approximately,  $20,000  per  1,000,000  gallons  of  daily 
consumption.  For  larger  quantities  of  water  the  cost  per  1,000,000 
gallons  would,  of  course,  be  reduced. 

The  principal  item  of  expense  in  working  the  revolving  puri- 
fier process  is  the  periodical  removal  of  the  film  of  iron  oxide 
from  the  surface  of  the  sand  beds.  The  cost  of  this  may  vary  50 
per  cent,  or  more,  according  to  the  provision  made  for  arresting 
the  precipitate  by  settlement  in  an  open  channel  or  in  a  settling 
reservoir  before  the  purified  water  reaches  the  sand  filters.  It 
also  varies  somewhat  with  the  nature  of  the  water  treated,  the 
precipitate  being  of  a  finer  nature  in  some  cases  than  in  others. 
At  Dordrecht,  in  Holland,  where  the  river  water  is  charged  with 
very  finely  divided  clay,  the  precipitate  forms  with  great  readiness 
into  coarse  flakes,  easily  retained  in  an  open  trough  provided  with 
baffle  boards  placed  six  feet  apart.  There  is  no  settling  reservoir 
in  this  case,  but  the  sand  beds  require  cleaning  once  in  three 
months  only,  the  total  working  cost  being  slightly  under  §2  per 
1,000,000  gallons,  the  maximum  output  of  the  works  being  1,500,- 
000  gallons  per  diem. 


At  Antwerp,  previous  to  the  use  of  settling  reservoirs  before 
filtration,  the  cost,  including  supervision,  was  $4  per  1,000,000,  cal- 
culations being  based  on  an  output  of  2,000,000  daily.  Of  this 
sum  $1  was  for  supervision,  an  item  which  would  not  be  increased 
were  the  output  ten  times  as  great.  The  recent  introduction  of 
settling  reservoirs  has  more  than  douljled  the  life  of  the  filtering 
beds,  and  expenses  are  being  brought  down  proportionately.  It 
may  be  safely  estimated  for  quantities  of  5,000,000  gallons  per  day 
and  over  working  expenses  will  in  no  case  exceed  $2  per  1,000,000 
gallons. 

Various  methods  are  adopted  for  providing  the  small  power  re- 
quired for  the  rotation  of  the  apparatus.  At  Antwerp  motive 
power  is  given  by  a  steam  engine  bolted  to  the  wall  of  the  purifier 
house  and  driving  the  five  purifiers  through  a  counter  shafting 
carried  on  wall  brackets  ([ilate  2). 

At  Dordrecht,  where  there  is  a  single  purifier,  capable  of  treat- 
ing 1,500,000  gallons  per  day,  the  water  issuing  from  the  cylinder 
actuates  a  reaction  wheel,  which  in  its  turn  rotates  the  apparatus, 
and  at  the  same  time  drives  a  Roots  air-blower. 

Time  allows  me  to  give  but  a  general  description  of  this 
valuable  process;  more  detailed  information  may  be  found  by 
those  interested  both  in  the  practical  and  scientific  aspects  which 
it  presents  in  the  pamphlet  published  by  me  in  1888  and  in  the 
circular  issued  by  the  present  holders  of  Mr.  Anderson's  Patents, 
copies  of  which  I  have  had  the  honor  of  presenting  to  your  library. 
It  remains  for  me  to  express  my  most  sincere  thanks  for  the  great 
kindness  shown  by  the  officers  of  this  world-famed  institute  in  al- 
lowing me,  a  foreigner,  the  privilege  of  reading  this  paper,  and  to 
thank  you,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  for  the  kind  way  in  which  you 
have  listened  to  me. 


MEMBERSHIP   IN  THE    MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

There  is  not  only  strength  in  organization,  but  there  are  aid, 
sympathy,  inspiration  and  that  friendly  rivalry  and  emulation 
which  are  strong  incentives  to  improvement  and  progress.  A 
plumber  can  probably  do  as  much  work  and  as  good  outside  of 
the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  as  he  can  in  it,  but  the  advan- 
tages are  in  favor  of  those  who  are  members.  Regardless  of  the 
advantages  to  be  gained  directly  from  healthful  influences,  sym- 
pathy, inspiration,  and  mutual  aid  by  members  of  the  association 
there  is  a  public  sentiment  which  is  most  favorable  to  the  associa- 
tion with  a  preference  for  those  who  have  affiliated  themselves 
with  this  worthy  society.  This  is  true  of  all  other  similar  asso- 
ciations of  like  respectability  and  importance.  The  peculiar  and 
very  close  relations  the  plumber  sustains  to  public  health  in  the 
present  advancement  of  sanitary  science,  make  this  sentiment 
reasonable  and  natural  and  of  greater  strength  than  that  which  is 
generally  given  other  organizations  unless  it  be  that  of  physi- 
cians. 

This  sentiment  is  rational,  for  such  associations,  actuated  by  mo- 
tives and  purposes,  enlisted  in  the  promotion  of  the  public  welfare, 
are  naturally  supposed  to  contain  a  membership  of  the  best,  the 
most  proficient  and  advanced  men  in  that  line  of  business.  It 
can  logically  be  presumed  that  the  most  progressive  and  ad- 
vanced men  will  ally  themselves  with  an  association,  organized 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  welfare  of  its  members  by  car- 
rying their  work  to  a  higher  grade  of  proficiency,  and  protecting 
them  from  frauds  and  the  impositions  of  the  incompetent  and  dis- 
honest who  bring  discredit  upon  the  craft. 

In  this  respect  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association  is  different 
from  all  others,  and  it  is  to  be  expected  that  public  opinion  will 
support  it.  It  lies  too  near  the  highest  interests  of  the  people  to 
allow  them  to  ignore  its  kindly  offices  or  forget  its  important  ser- 
vices. Its  relation  to  the  health  of  the  community  brings  it  close 
to  the  highest  interests  of  the  people;  for  whatever  promotes  the 
qualifications  of  the  plumber  increases  the  security  of  the  public 
in  the  abodes  of  health.  Its  history  and  present  purposes,  the  ef- 
forts it  has  made  and  the  results  attained,  establish  it  among  the 
most  important  agencies  of  sanitation  we  have.  It  is  recognized 
as  such  by  boards  of  health,  and  in  many  cities  its  representatives 
fill  an  important  place  in  the  department  of  health.  Its  advance- 
ment in  public  favor  has  been  rapid  and  its  progress  in  the  profi- 
ciency of  work  has  made  the  advanced  position  it  has  obtained 
secure.    Considering  all  this  it  is  not  difficult  to  see  the  advan- 


78 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


tages  of  a  membership  in  this  association.  It  affords  the  member 
not  only  the  valuable  help  of  good  counsel,  the  enthusiasm  of  em- 
ulation and  the  inspiration  of  advanced  thought,  but  in  his  business 
relations  to  the  public  it  throws  about  him  a  kind  of  guarantee 
which  the  public  very  naturally,  although  perhaps  unconsciously, 
accept.  Through  meetings  and  conventions  the  member  is 
brought  before  the  public  in  ways  that  those  not  members  could 
not  be,  from  all  of  which  he  reaps  a  benefit.  The  member  is  not 
only  presumed  to  be  better  qualified  in  his  work,  but  in  truth  he 
really  is.  His  membership  acts  both  as  an  inducement  to  effort 
and  a  spur.  He  becomes  more  active  and  earnest,  his  investiga- 
tions and  researches  are  extended,  his  education  widened,  and  on 
all  sides  he  feels  incentives  to  stronger  and  more  earnest  and 
more  constant  effort.  He  is  traveling  with  the  advance  of  an  in- 
spiring company,  among  the  cheer  of  members,  and  is  not  loiter- 
ing along  by  himself.  He  becomes  more  public,  feels  more  keenly 
the  public  gaze,  and  recognizes  more  fully  his  responsibility.  All 
these  influences  tend  to  make  a  better  workman  and  a  better 
man,  and  they  cannot  be  obtained  outside  of  the  association. 
Therefore,  although  a  man  may  become  a  good  plumber  and  do 
good  work  outside  the  association,  the  chances  are  over-balanced 
in  his  favor  on  becoming  a  member  of  it.  The  refusal  of  a  man 
to  identify  himself  with  the  association  is  interpreted  as  a  tacit 
opposition  to  it,  and  as  a  protest  to  the  advancement  and  improve- 
ment it  seeks  to  secure.  The  individual  and  the  association  may 
not  view  the  matter  in  this  light, but  the  public,  who  set  the  stand- 
ard against  every  man's  business  stature  and  interpret  his  acts 
and  motives,  silently  regard  such  a  man  as  a  negative  quantity  in 
the  equation  of  the  great  problem  of  progressive  reform.  Every 
man  who  does  not  belong  to  the  association  may  not  oppose  the 
great  purposes  in  view,  but  the  public  know  that  those  who  are 
members  do  approve  and  support  the  efforts  to  attain  them. 
Their  membership  is  proof  of  this, and  no  man  can  give  better  evi- 
dence of  his  sympathy  with  this  movement  of  the  plumbers'  as- 
sociation than  by  joining  it.  As  the  association  is  approved  by 
the  public  the  members  thereof  must  stand  nearer  public  esteem 
than  those  who  are  not  members,  for  no  association  can  be  pub- 
licly approved  without  each  member  receiving  his  individual  por- 
tion. Thus  it  can  be  repeated  that  there  are  advantages  to  be 
obtained  through  a  membership  with  this  association  that  cannot 
be  gained  by  those  who  do  not  give  the  association  the  support 
implied  by  a  membership  therewith.  He  cannot  reasonably  be 
believed  to  be  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  liberal  reforms,  inves- 
tigations, inventions,  and  advancement  of  this  association  who  does 
not  ally  himself  with  the  immediate  forces  engaged  in  these  im- 
portant reforms,  and  become  an  associate  spirit  in  the  pursuit  of 
the  great  purposes  to  be  attained. 


LEAD  SOIL,  SUPPLY  AND  WASTE  PIPES  vs.  IRON  PIPE. 
WHICH  ARE  THE  MORE  VALUABLE  IN  THE  SAN- 
ITARY CONSTRUCTION  OF  PLUMBING  SYSTEMS?* 
There  is  doubtless  a  great  diversity  of  opmion  as  to  which  of 
the  two  kinds  of  metals  are  the  better  and  more  durable  for  plumb- 
ing purposes. 

If  you  should  ask  the  question  of  an  old-time  plumber,  he 
would  say  at  once,  "Lead;  there  is  nothing  like  lead."  I  do  not 
propose  to  go  back  to  the  time  of  Christopher  Columbus  to  prove 
this,  but  will  merely  give  you  a  few  points  that  have  come  under 
my  observation.  In  my  practical  experience  of  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury (there  were  no  sanitary  engineers  in  those  days  to  make  out  the 
plumber's  specifications),  the  plumber  was  allowed  to  use  his  own 
judgment  in  the  weight  of  lead  that  he  thought  was  necessary  for  the 
particular  job  he  had  in  hand.  He  would  take  the  raw  material 
(pig  lead),  cast  it  into  sheets,  and  then  make  the  pipe  for  4-inch 
soil  pipe,  and  never  thought  of  using  anything  lighter  than  8  or  10 
pound  lead;  such  pipe  when  properly  put  up  was  good  for  thirty 
years  at  least.  If  they  had  known  enough  to  have  had  ventilation 
through  the  roof,  it  might  have  lasted  much  longer.  "Sewer  gas" 
^  was  unknown  in  those  days,  consequently  ventilation  was  not 
thought  of. 

As  the  wheels  of  progress  rolled  along,  hydraulic  pressure  came 
into  use,  and  deprived  the  plumber  of  his  crack  job  of  casting 

*P;ipcr  preparcil  by  Mr.  Hugh  W;itt,  under  tlic  direction  of  tlie  S:init.nry  Com- 
mittee, and  rciul  before  the  Chicago  Master  I'lunibers'  Association  June  13,  1890. 


sheet  lead.  Although  very  hard,  laborous  work,  he  did  not  like  to 
give  it  up  to  be  beat  by  that  machine,  but  he  soon  had  to  acknowl- 
edge that  the  drawn  pipe  was  much  superior  to  the  hand-made 
pipe.  If  the  manufacturers  had  kept  up  the  proper  weight  it 
might  have  been  generally  used  to  this  day,  but  they  tried  to  see 
how  light  they  could  make  it,  and  destroyed  their  trade. 

In  1873  I  had  a  block  of  buildings  on  the  north  side.  I  sent  a 
load  of  soil-pipe  to  them,  and  when  I  arrived  at  the  buildings  the 
plumber  was  trying  to  make  an  offset  on  one  of  the  lengths.  He 
asked  me  what  kind  of  pipe  this  was  I  had  sent  him.  I  said  I  had 
ordered  six-pound  pipe  as  usual.  When  I  examined  it  I  found  it 
impossible  to  make  an  offset  of  12-inch  on  that  pipe,  so  I  had  a 
foot  cut  off  and  it  only  weighed  pounds;  I  ordered  the  pipe 
sent  back  to  the  factory  and  went  to  inquire  what  they  meant  by 
making  such  rubbish  of  pipe  as  that  was.  They  said  they  had  a 
demand  for  it,  and  some  of  the  plumbers  wanted  them  to  make  it 
still  lighter.  I  told  them  they  were  taking  a  good  way  to  ruin  their 
trade,  as  the  plumbers  would  be  forced  against  their  will  to 
adopt  the  cast-iron  soil-pipe.  Cast-iron  had  been  introduced 
quite  a  number  of  years  before  that,  but  the  plumbers  were  slow 
to  take  hold  of  it.  They  did  not  like  the  brittle  stufif;  the  lead 
was  so  nice  and  smooth  and  pliable,  they  could  bend  it  and  twist 
it  to  any  shape  they  wanted,  and  thought  there  was  nothing  like 
lead.  We  did  not  have  so  many  nice  iron  fittings  in  those  days, 
and  the  plumbers  had  to  do  a  great  deal  of  planning  and  schem- 
ing, with  the  few  fittings  they  had  at  hand. 

The  iron  pipe  manufacturers  were  very  apt  to  catch  on  and 
make  any  kind  of  fitting  the  plumber  wanted,  from  a  quarter 
bend  to  a  go  deg.  curve,  offsets  from  2-inch  to  i6-inch,  Y's,  half 
Y's,  sanitary  Tees  of  every  description,  so  that  any  mechanic  with 
very  little  head  work  can  select  such  fittings  as  he  may  need  for 
the  most  difficult  job  he  comes  in  contact  with. 

The  iron  pipe  makers  took  a  different  course  from  the  lead 
pipe  men.  Instead  of  making  their  pipe  lighter  they  doubled  it  in 
weight,  and,  making  all  the  necessary  fittings  to  correspond,  have 
now  a  standard  quality  of  pipe,  which,  if  properly  put  up  by  a 
good,  competent  man,  will  stand  a  water  pressure  of  twenty-five  or 
thirty  pounds  to  the  square  inch.  There  is  still  one  thing  more 
they  ought  to  do,  and  I  believe  some  manufacturers  are  now  doing 
it,  that  is  test  the  pipe  by  hydraulic  pressure  before  it  leaves  the 
foundry.  It  may  cost  a  few  cents  a  foot  more  for  the  pipe,  but  the 
plumber,  and  the  public  at  large,  will  be  benefitted  by  having  an 
article  which  when  properly  put  up  by  a  skillful  mechanic  is  good 
for  at  least  half  a  century. 

Well,  acknowledging  we  have  arrived  at  that  point  when  the 
plumber  can  do  a  good  job  and  warrant  it,  along  comes  the  civil 
engineer,  or  rather  as  he  calls  himself,  the  sanitary  engineer  or 
expert,  introduces  wrought  iron  pipe,  makes  out  the  plumber's 
specification,  and  undertakes  to  instruct  him  how  to  put  it  up  to 
rest  on  a  solid  foundation,  to  be  put  up  rigid,  plumb  and  true  to 
the  line,  no  matter  how  many  iron  beams  come  in  the  way  they 
cannot  be  moved,  cannot  be  cut,  and  the  poor  abused  plumber 
must  work  about  them  some  way.  Perhaps  a  joist  or  iron  beam 
is  right  in  the  center  where  the  bend  for  the  water  closet  must  sit. 
Raise  the  bath-room  floor?  Oh,  no!  that  cannot  be  done.  Well, 
the  plumber  with  the  various  fittings  at  his  hand,  with  a  great 
deal  of  scheming  gets  over  the  difficulty  with  crooks  and  curves, 
and  so  long  as  they  get  well  flushed  with  water  they  will  be  all 
right  for  a  time,  as  the  slime  that  collects  on  the  inside  of  the  soil 
pipe  preserves  it  from  rusting.  But  above  the  flush  there  comes 
the  trouble;  the  moisture  or  gas  from  the  sewer  very  soon  cuts  off 
the  coating  of  tar  or  asphaltum  in  strips  of  three  to  four  inches 
long,  which  drops  down  to  the  first  bend  or  offset,  lays  there  and 
stops  up  the  pipe.  The  three-inch  bend  lying  on  the  platform  is 
a  fair  sample  of  what  is  nearly  an  every-day  occurrence  to  many 
plumbers  in  this  city.  That  bend  I  took  out  of  a  dwelling  house 
a  few  days  ago.  For  three  feet  above  the  bend  it  was  solid  with 
rust,  as  solid  as  if  it  had  been  pounded  in  with  a  hammer.  This 
was  the  vent  on  top  of  a  four-inch  soil-pipe;  the'smaller  vents  to 
wash  basin,  which  were  xYz  pipes,  were  also  all  solid.  In  the  sub- 
cellar  a  branch  had  been  taken  off  the  main  sewer,  a  five-inch 
pipe  to  ventilate  the  sewer  was  carried  along  the  cellar  ceiling 
about  fifteen  feet,  then  up  and  connected  to  the  kitchen  flue  above 
the  range  smoke  pipe.  The  fifteen  feet  of  horizontal  pipe  was 
I  filled  the  full  length  with  rust  up  to  about  one  inch  of  the  top  of 


June  14,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


the  pipe.  That  was  all  the  ventilation  to  that  house.  No  wonder 
they  complained  'of  sewer  gas.  The  work  was  done  about  six 
years  ago,  under  the  supervision  of  a  so-called  sanitary  engineer. 
I  take  this  as  a  fair  sample  to  show  that  wrought  iron  pipe  is 
worthless  for  either  soil  or  vent  pipes,  especially  for  vent  pipes, 
and  it  is  only  a  question  of  time,  and  a  very  short  time  at  that, 
when  every  board  of  health  in  the  country  will  condemn  and  for- 
bid its  use.  The  question  then  comes  up,  what  will  you  recom- 
mend? Perhaps  some  other  great  expert  sanitary  engineer  will 
get  up  some  other  fad  to  gull  the  public  for  another  decade — till 
found  defective.  The  public  will  then  be  willing  to  acknowledge 
that  the  plumber  ought  to  be  the  best  judge,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
that  seventy-five,  yes,  ninety-nine  per  cent,  of  [those  within  reach 
of  my  voice,  will  say:  "  Lead;  nothing  like  lead." 

It  is  a  well  acknowledged  fact  by  all  scientists  that  lead  will 
stand  a  stronger  test  of  acid  than  any  other  metal  used  in  the 
plumbing  business,  and  sewer  gas  has  very  little  effect  if  any 
upon  it,  if  it  has  free'passage  through  the  roof.  So  much  for  soil 
and  vent  pipes. 

The  lead  has  so  far  kept  its  place  for  waste  pipes,  and  is  so 
likely  to  do  so  that  it  is  scarcely  worth  my  while  to  mention  it 
here.  Next  comes  supply  pipes.  I  think  I  hear  the  same  reply 
from  the  plumber:  "Lead;  nothing  like  lead."  Certainly,  for  cold 
water  there  is  nothing  equal  to  it;  even  for  hot  water  for  a  private 
dwelling,  if  properly  put  in,  it  will  last  nearly  as  long  as  for  cold 
water — certainly  longer  than  any  other  metal  that  has  been  tried, 
with  the  exception  of  brass.  We  will  start  at  the  kitchen  boiler 
placed  in  the  basement,  or  on  the  first  floor,  as  the  modern  houses 
have  it.  Now  start  the  pipe  from  the  top  of  the  boiler  up  through 
the  ceiling,  along  the  second-story  floor,  up  to  the  third-story  past 
all  fixtures,  and  return  back  to  the  bottom  of  the  boiler.  You  can 
draw  hot  water  the  minute  you  open  the  faucet.  The  pipe  is  kept 
at  an  even  temperature  with  very  little  contraction  or  expansion; 
consequently  very  little  strain  is  upon  it.  Then  for  cold  water, 
even  if  the  return  or  circulation  pipe  is  not  put  in,  and  the  hot 
water  starts  from  the  top  of  the  boiler  to  the  upper  floors,  as  the 
boiler  gets  hot  the  hot  water  will  gradually  move  along  so  that  in 
a  few  seconds  hot  water  can  be  drawn  at  any  of  the  fixtures  with- 
out making  a  sudden  or  severe  change  in  the  temperature  of  the 
pipe.  But  along  comes  the  sanitary  or  scientific  engineer  to 
instruct  the  plumber  how  to  run  his  pipes;  bring  the  hot  water 
pipe  down  to  the  kitchen  sink,  put  on  the  shower  cocks  for  the 
upper  stories,  five  and  a  half  feet  from  the  floor,  making  a  trap 
in  the  pipe  which  will  stop  all  circulation  and  take  several 
minutes  to  draw  off  the  cold  water,  before  hot  water  can  be 
had,  making  a  severe  change  in  the  temperature  of  the 
pipe.  Such  severe  change  will  eventually  make  it  give 
out.  I  find,  in  a  more  recent  date,  the  so-called  experts  will 
instruct  the  plumber  to  take  the  hot-water  pipe  to  the  basement 
ceiling,  carry  it  along  the  ceiling  with  galvanized  iron  pipe,  and 
raise  it  to  the  upper  floors,  making  a  still  deeper  trap  for  cold  water, 
and  several  minutes  longer  before  hot  water  can  be  got— a 
greater  change  of  temperature,  and  certainly  a  greater  strain  on 
the  pipe  to  make  it  give  out.  But  that  is  not  the  worst  of  it.  The 
lady  of  the  house  goes  to  the  wash-basin  when  she  wants  some  hot 
water  for  a  special  purpose;  she  opens  the  faucet  expecting  hot 
water,  and  has  to  let  it  run  perhaps  for  five  minutes  before  she 
gets  it.  She  then  thinks  there  is  something  wrong  with  the  plumb- 
ing, sends  for  the  plumber,  and  wants  to  know  why  she  cannot 
have  hot  water  when  she  wants  it.  The  plumber  explains  that  the 
hot-water  pipe  is  carried  down  to  the  basement  ceiling,  and  along 
to  the  point  of  rise  up  to  the  bath-room  that  pipe  lays  full  of  cold 
water,  which  has  to  be  drawn  off  before  hot  water  will  come. 

She  naturally  inquires,  "What  made  you  do  it  that  way?" 
"  Well,"  the  plumber  will  say,  "  the  specifications  called  for  it  to 
be  done  in  that  way,  and  I  had  to  carry  them  out.  If  I  had  been 
allowed  to  use  my  own  judgment,  I  would  have  done  it  differently, 
and  given  you  hot  water  in  two  seconds  after  opening  the  faucet." 
But  the  plumber  is  not  supposed  to  know  anything;  he  must  follow 
the  specifications  made  out  by  the  great  expert,  who  presumes  to 
know  all  about  hydraulic  and  sanitary  rules,  when,  to  come  right 
down  to  practical  experience,  he  does  not  know  the  first  principles 
of  either  hydraulics  or  sanitation,  and  the  poor,  abused  plumber 
has  to  take  all  the  blame.  If,  perchance,  the  plumber  should  make 
a  suggestion  to  make  a  change  that  he  thinks  would  be  an  im- 


provement, he  is  told  very  bluntly  to  "follow  the  specifications; 
you  have  no  right  to  think." 

So  far,  this  article  has  only  treated  on  private  dwellings.  Take 
hotels  and  public  buildings  that  are  supplied  from  a  hot-water  tank 
ill  the  basement,  frequently  heated  with  live  steam.  The  water 
will  get  so  hot  that  steam  will  blow  off  at  the  faucet  for  several 
minutes  before  the  water  will  come.  Lead  pipe  for  that  purpose 
would  be  of  no  use;  the  extreme  heat  would  pucker  it  up  and 
crack  it  all  to  pieces  in  a  very  short  time.  Galvanized  iron  has 
been  very  extensively  used,  but  its  life  is  very  short.  To  prove 
this,  I  will  state  a  case  that  came  under  my  observation  one  year 
ago.  I  had  to  make  some  alterations  in  a  building  which  1  had 
fitted  up  some  ten  years  previous;  had  to  put  in  a  branch  for  an 
extra  fixture  into  a  one-inch  galvanized  pipe,  which  was  under- 
neath the  floor  of  the  fourth  story  of  the  building.  When  cutting 
into  the  pipe  I  found  nothing  but  a  shell.  I  took  out  length  after 
length  for  a  stretch  of  loo  feet,  and  found  it  all  in  the  same  con- 
dition. I  had  to  replace  it  all  with  new  pipe  at  my  own  expense, 
having  a  contract  for  the  job  to  put  in  the  new  fixtures.  I  tried 
to  charge  for  it,  but  was  very  politely  told,  "No  extras  allowed." 
So  much  for  galvanized  iron  pipe,  and  the  evil  of  making  a  con- 
tract to  make  changes  in  an  old  building  when  it  is  impossible 
to  see  through  the  floor  to  find  out  what  condition  the  pipes 
are  in.  It  is  an  every-day  occurrence  for  the  plumber  to  be  asked 
to  do  so,  and  he  is  abused  for  it  if  he  refuses  to  do  it,  or  tries  to 
explain  why  he  cannot  make  an  intelligent  estimate  on  something 
he  cannot  see.  The  question  then  comes  up:  What  can  you  rec- 
ommend for  a  first-class  job  of  hot-water  piping?  I  would  say, 
for  the  past  twenty  years  I  have  used  brass  pipe  very  extensively, 
both  in  private  dwellings,  hotels  and  other  public  buildings,  and 
have  never  found  a  joint  or  piece  of  pipe  to  give  out  in  that  time. 
It  may  cost  three  times  the  cost  of  iron  pipe  to  put  it  in,  but  it  is 
the  cheapest  in  the  end.  When  properly  done,  it  is  there  to  stay. 
Oh!  for  the  day  to  come  when  the  public  will  put  the  same  con- 
fidence in  the  plumber  as  it  does  in  the  physician.  Yes,  I  should 
rather  say,  in  the  front  rank  ahead  of  him,  leaving  the  civil  en- 
gineer or  so-called  sanitary  expert  to  build  bridges  and  construct 
railroads,  and  trust  to  the  plumber  to  attend  to  his  legitimate 
business — the  construction  of  your  plumbing  and  sanitary  appli- 
ances of  your  dwellings.  Then  you  may  expect  healthy  homes, 
and  make  the  services  of  the  practicing  physician  a  drug  in  the 
market.  Give  the  plumber  your  confidence,  and  you  will  find, 
nine  times  out  of  ten,  he  will  prove  himself  to  be  the  man  for  "a' 
that  and  a'  that." 

THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 
The  Association  of  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  held  their  regu- 
lar bi-monthly  meeting  in  Grand  Army  Hall  on  Thursday  evening, 
June  12. 

A  large  number  were  in  attendance,  and  the  meeting  proved 
to  be  an  interesting  one  throughout  from  the  fact  that  the  subject 
of  delegates  to  the  Denver  convention  was  to  be  decided. 

The  President,  Mr.  Hugh  Watt,  presided.  The  minutes  of 
the  last  meeting,  after  some  discussion  and  corrections,  were 
adopted. 

The  Department  of  Health,  on  behalf  of  Dr.  Swayne  Wicker- 
sham,  presented  the  Association  with  a  handsome,  framed  copy  of 
the  rules  of  the  Health  Department  regulating  plumbing  and 
drainage,  and  a  bound  volume  of  its  last  report  for  the  year  1889. 

The  new  American  flag  recently  purchased  by  the  Association 
received  its  christening  in  the  most  approved  style. 

The  Sanitary  Committee  reported  that  Mr.  Hugh  Watt  and 
Mr.  F.  P.  CuUoton  would  read  the  papers  of  the  evening. 

Mr.  Watt,  as  a  practical  illustration  of  the  thought  in  his 
paper,  exhibited  a  piece  of  wrought  iron  pipe  which,  having 
been  laid  only  two  years,  was  found  to  be  entirely  choked  with 
rust. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  the  authors  for  their  able 
papers. 

The  Executive  Committee  reported  on  several  applications  for 
membership.  The  Visiting  Committee  reported  the  sickness  of 
Mr.  Mandable  on  the  South  Side. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  receive  the  visiting  delegations 
that  will  meet  the  Chicago  delegation  here  on  Saturday.  The 
Special  Committee  on  Badges  and  Flag  presented  its  final 
report. 

Mr.  J.  Emblen  was  voted  a  member  of  the  Association.  The  ' 
application  for  membership  of  Henry  Nagley  was  received. 

The  delegates  held  a  short  meeting  before  the  regular  evening 
session  and  arranged  for  the  trip  to  Denver. 


80 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


PLUMBING  TESTING  APPARATUS.* 
According  to  the  ordinance  of  the  city  of  Minneapolis,  "After 
all  of  the  fixtures  have  been  placed  in  position  and  the  work  com- 
pleted, a  final  test  equal  to  the  pressure  of  one  inch  of  water  shall 
be  applied,  and  if  found  tight  and  in  accordance  with  this  ordin- 
ance, the  inspector  shall  so  certify  on  the  face  of  the  permit,  and 


The  object  to  be  attained  is  the  absolute  safety  of  plumbing 
against  sewer  gas,  and  it  can  be  applied  to  an  old  job  as  well  as 
new  work. 

The  Minneapolis  rules  require  all  the  calking,  of  every  de- 
scription, to  be  done  on  a  run  of  soil  pipe  before  the  first  test  is 
applied,  which  is  five  pounds  of  compressed  air  per  square  inch. 
After  the  traps  and  fixtures  are  all  on,  the  traps  sealed,  running 
trap  filled,  and  top  of  stack  closed  tight,  then  the  light  air  test  is 
applied,  which  proves  the  seals  in  the  traps,  and  also  serves  as  a 
second  test  of  the  soil  pipe. 

A  DuBois  two-inch  trap  will  stand  a  pressure  of  3.2  inches 
and  then  blow  out;  an  inch  and  a  half  trap,  3.1  inches;  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  trap,  3  inches. 

All  that  is  required  for  this  test  is  an  air  pump  and  a  four-inch 
L.  P.  U  gauge;  the  boiler  to  be  set  in  kitchen  can  be  used  for  the 
air  chamber. 

After  a  test  of  this  description  has  been  applied  to  a  system  of 
plumbing,  and  the  gauge  shows  one  inch  or  more,  and  stands  at 
that,  the  occupant  may  retire  at  night  with  the  positive  assurance 
that  no  sewer  gas  can,  by  any  possible  means,  enter  the  prem- 
ises. 

The  manner  of  applying  this  test  is  to  pump  air  in  a  boiler,  or 
any  other  receptacle  capable  of  holding  compressed  air  enough 
to  fill  the  stack,  connect  your  tank  with  the  stack  by  y%  gas  pipe 


THE  HAZEN  TE.STING  APPARATUS. 


no  phaiibing  shall  be  used  taitil  such  certificate  is  made  by  the  in- 
spector T 

This  cut  represents  the  true  application  of  the  system  contem- 
plated in  the  ordinance,  and  as  is  now  set  up  in  the  office  of  the 
Inspector  of  Buildings  in  Minneapolis. 

*Tlie  accompany inj^  illustration  represents  a  lusting  apparatus  clcsijjneil  liyj. 
M.  Hazcn,  Inspector  of  liuildings,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


and  rubber  tubing,  placing  the  U  gauge  between  the  tank  and 
system  of  plumbing  to  be  tested.  Fill  the  gauge  with  water  to  0 
on  the. register,  let  the  air  in  slowly  from  the  tank  by  means  of  a 
small  cock;  if  tight  the  water  will  go  down  in  one  leg  of  the 
gauge  and  up  in  the  other.  The  distance  between  the  heightli  of 
the  water  in  the  two  legs  of  the  guage  shows  the  resistance  in  the 
traps. 


June  14,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


81 


PLUMBERS'  EXHIBITS  AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR* 
About  the  year  1436  there  was  born  to  the  world  Christopher 
Colunibiis,  whose  geographical  discoveries  were  destined  to  afford 
and  create  achievements  for  the  historian  to  record,  to  become  the 
haven  of  that  restless  spirit  for  universal  brotherhood,  ever 
praying: 

Tluit  man  the  world  o'er 
SIkiU  he  free  evermore. 

As  it  often  is  related  in  the  biographies  of  great  men,  cities 
and  nations  vie  with  one  another  to  claim  him  as  their  own.  We 
can  conceive  of  no  other  theory,  which  impressed  upon  the  intre- 
pid sailor's  mind,  that  by  sailing  west  he  must  reach  land,  other 
than  the  fact  that,  while  traveling  the  seas  he  had  observed,  as  he 
approached  the  shores,  or  other  maritime  vessels,  that  the  moun- 
tain tops,  church  steeples,  and  the  masts  were  first  to  come  in 
view.  In  so  logical  a  mind  and  acute  observer  this  must  have  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  world  was  round.  The  musings  of  this 
great  mind  would  therefore  naturally  be,  should  I  continue  to  sail 
westward  I  must  reach  land,  and  with  the  aid  of  that  valuable  in- 
strument, the  mariners'  compass,  and  a  generous  queen,  against 
the  most  trying  difficulties,  the  brave-hearted  sailor  entered  upon 
that  work  which  has  placed  his  name  on  the  roll  of  departed  he- 
roes. In  spite  of  the  uncertainties  that  beset  him  on  his  voyage 
he  persevered  until  the  new  world  was  discovered,  and  he  took 
possession  thereof  in  the  name  of  Christianity.  Oh!  for  the  voice 
of  a  poet  to  express  the  spirit  of  exultation  that  filled  his  breast, 
the  artist's  pen  to  portray  the  scene  of  the  landing,  the  Indians 
and  their  surroundings,  the  steady  growth  of  the  infant  settle- 
ments as  they  became  magnificent  cities,  the  pathway  of  the  iron 
horse  as  it  ploughs  its  way  through  this  vast  continent  to  the  bee- 
hive of  industry  where  the  minds  of  the  world  are  now  centered, 
Chicago  and  the  World's  Fair,  a  fitting  and  just  monument  to  one 
who  had  so  rugged  a  road  to  travel  through  life. 

Little  did  this  celebrated  navigator  imagine  what  benefit  the 
world  was  to  gain  by  his  sublime  faith  and  perseverance.  He 
had  found  a  home  of  shelter  for  the  persecuted  throughout  the 
world.  Here  was  to  germinate  that  spirit  of  freedom  and  enter- 
prise, ever  busy  in  fostering  inventive  genius,  developing  the 
mine,  farm,  building  halls  of  education  for  science,  art  and  litera- 
ture, all  tending  to  the  elevation  and  happiness  of  man.  And  now 
about  four  hundred  years  have  passed  and  he  looks  down  from  his 
celestial  home  and  beholds  the  expression  of  gratitude  from 
mankind. 

We  now  come  to  the  important  part  wherein  the  plumber  dis- 
plays his  art.  As  in  times  past,  he  keeps  step  with  the  march  of 
civilization,  his  brain  and  handiwork  are  ever  active  to  provide  for 
the  homes  of  the  people  such  sanitary  appliances  and  workman- 
ship that  are  essential  to  their  longevity.  It  is  fitting  that  the 
plumbers'  exhibition  shall  be  as  magnificent  as  it  is  important  to 
the  welfare  of  man.  The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  the 
world,  in  conjunction  with  the  manufacturer  of  plumbing  materi- 
als and  all  pertaining  thereto,  can  no  doubt  make  this  exhibition 
in  their  particular  line  both  an  attractive  and  educational  feature, 
in  the  interest  of  the  World's  Fair  and  its  visitors.  The  value  to 
man  of  these  exhibitions  of  the  best  of  their  kind,  or  the  raw  and 
manufactured  products  of  nature,  it  is  impossible  to  compute.  At 
a  glance,  so  to  speak,  a  visitor  becomes  conversant  with  the  pro- 
gress of  the  age — learns  in  a  week  what  would  otherwise  take 
years  of  travel  to  obtain,  and  returns  to  his  home  to  spread  the  in- 
formation to  his  less  fortunate  neighbors.  They  in  this  manner 
become  fruitful  channels  of  education,  and  bring  mankind  to- 
gether in  closer  ties  of  friendship,  and  will  pave  the  way  for  uni- 
versal peace. 

We  shall  not  call  this  a  Chicago  project  nor  a  United  States 
project,  but  a  World's  Exhibition  of  the  handiwork  of  the  plum- 
ber and  manufacturer  of  materials  pertaining  to  the  craft.  There 
we  shall  find  goods  that  will  portray  in  many  of  its  features  a  his- 
tory of  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  plumbing  art,  and  the  writer 
hopes,  at  the  opportune  time,  that  the  association  will  inaugurate 
a  world's  convention  of  the  plumbing  interests  during  the  exist- 
ence of  the  World's  Exposition  in  Chicago. 

The  programme  of  the  World's  Fair  commissioners  not  yet 
being  formulated,  it  is  impossible  to  outline  the  condition  under 


*Paper  written  bjr  A.  W.  Murray  for  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion May  33,  1890,  being  one  of  the  competing  essays  requested  by  the  Chicago 
Asj;ociation. 


which  the  plumbing  art  exhibition  can  be  arranged.  It  would 
therefore  seem  l^etter,  and  more  ec[uitable,  that  the  practical  de- 
tails of  display  should  lie  left  to  the  judgment  of  a  joint  committee 
composed  of  one  delegate  from  every  association  jjarticipating 
therein,  together  with  a  committee  of  the  manufacturing  interests 
represented.  Inducements  should  be  held  out  wherein  the  skilled, 
practical  mechanic  would  be  ambitious  to  place  in  the  hands  of  a 
committee  an  exhibition  of  his  handicraft.  As  a  reward,  aside 
from  the  diplomas  and  medals  given  by  the  United  States  Com- 
missioners of  the  fair,  separate  and  distinct  awards  of  merit  should 
be  given  the  exhibitors  of  the  plumbing  art,  emanating  from  the 
re|)resentatives  of  the  plumbing  craft,  and  each  award  might  con- 
sist of  diplomas,  medals  and  honorary  mention,  ranging  from  the 
first  to  the  fifth  degree  of  merit,  and  to  be  awarded  in  the  follow- 
ing manner:  That  for  the  manufacturers'  exhibition  of  materials 
to  be  voted  upon  by  every  visiting  master  plumber,  and  the  ex- 
hibition of  practical  workmanship  to  be  awarded  by  seven  practical 
men  appointed  by  the  committee  herein  before  mentioned.  As 
the  initiative  to  the  successful  issue  of  this  great  undertaking  it 
seems  proper  that  the  following  resolutions  be  presented  for  con- 
sideration at  the  National  Convention  of  Master  Plumbers'  to  be 
held  in  Denver  in  June  1890,  namely: 

Whereas,  The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  decreed  that  there  be  an 
exhibition  of  the  world's  material  interests  in  commemoration  of  the  discovery  of 
America,  by  Christopher  Columbus,  to  be  held  in  Chicago  in  1S92-3;  and, 

Whereas,  The  right  hand  of  fellowship  has  been  extended  to  the  world  to 
participate  therein;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  representatives  of  the  association  of  master  plumbers  here 
convtned,  do  invite  joint  action  of  sister  associations  of  the  world  together  with 
manufacturers  of  material  pertaining  to  the  plumbers  art,  to  the  end  that  such  ex- 
hibition may  place  a  prennum  upon  skillful  work  and  durable  materials,  and 
educate  the  public  mind  to  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  plumbing  art 
in  promoting  the  comfort  and  longevity  of  animal  life,  and  an  exhibition  of 
which  the  plumbing  craft  may  be  proud,  and  which  the  world  has  not  yet  seen. 

And  furthermore  be  it 

That  the  Executive  Committee  take  such  steps  as  are  necessary  to 
bring  about  the  desired  action. 

Should  this  exhibition  of  the  plumbing  art  be  such  as  the 
writer  knows  the  craft  are  capable  of,  it  would  be  the  means  of 
stimulating  the  ambition  of  the  apprentice  and  journeymen  to 
imitate  the  skill  therein  displayed,  thus  raising  the  standard  of 
skill  of  the  practical  workman,  which  in  turn  would  redound  to 
the  credit  of  the  master  plumber,  stimulate  the  manufacturer  to 
greater  perfection  in  the  utility  and  adornment  of  his  goods;  and 
these  together  would  create  a  greater  spirit  of  confidence  in  the 
sanitary  benefits  to  be_derived,  thereby  increasing  the  demand  for 
plumbing  work. 

Fellow  craftsmen,  it  is  to  your  interest,  material  and  honorary, 
to  leave  no  stone  unturned,  kind  invitation  unspoken,  to  make  this 
exhibition  a  grand  and  glorious  success. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF  MAS- 
TER PLUMBERS~-i889-90. 

EDWARD  J.  HANNAN. 

Mr.  Edward  J.  Hannan,  President  of  the  National  Association 
of  Master  Plumbers,  is  of  Irish  extraction.  He  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  his  parents  in  the  year  1850,  at  which  time  he  was  under 
two  years  of  age.  He  received  his  first  schooling  at  a  Catholic  in- 
stitution in  Baltimore,  and  later  took  a  course  in  -the  Maryland 
school  of  Design  and  Architecture. 

Having  served  his  apprenticeship  in  the  Monumental  City,  he 
concluded  to  go  to  Washington  and  enter  the  plumbing  business, 
which  he  did  with  a  younger  brother.  The  co-partnership  lasted 
but  five  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time  he  concluded  to 
carry  on  business  alone.  This  was  in  iS/q;  so  for  eleven  years  he 
has  conducted  his  business  on  his  own  account,  and  has  been  very 
successful  therewith. 

He  has  at  all  times  figured  prominently  in  the  W^ashington 
Association,  being  chosen  delegate  to  all  of  the  annual  conven- 
tions and  gatherings  of  the  National  Association. 

He  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  National  Association  to 
serve  during  '88  and  '89,  and  at  the  last  convention,  on  account  of 
his  executive  ability  and  popularity,  as  well  as  his  high  standing 
in  the  trade  and  his  geniality,  he  was  elevated  to  the  most  exalted 
position  of  all — President — which  office  he  has  filled  admirably 
well.  He  has  gained  the  good  will  and  respect  of  his  compatriots, 
which,  in  itself,  he  considers  ample  reward  for  his  services. 


82 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


Mr.  Hannan  has  been  largely  interested  in  building  operations' 
and  is  still  an  extensive  builder;  he  is  connected  with  the  Build- 
ers' Exchange,  of  VV.ishington,  holding  the  position  of  second 
Vice-President.  He  is  president  of  a  real-estate  investment  asso- 
ciation, and  also  of  a  cycle  manufacturing  company. 

The  Nationai  Builder  sz-ys  of  this  eminent  mechanic:  "Mr. 
Hannan  is  not  only  the  highest  official  in  his  particular  craft,  but 
he  is  a  mechanic  of  recognized  superiority  and  a  gentleman  of 
studious  and  scholarly  proclivities." 

In  conclusion,  he  is  a  highly  respected  citizen  of  Washington, 
and  a  thorough  business  gentleman. 

ROBERT  GRIFFITH. 

Robert  Griffith,  Vice-President  of  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers,  was  born  in  the  county  of  Monahan,  North  of 
Ireland,  March  3,  1848.  At  a  very  early  age  he  left  there  with  his 
parents,  and  was  brought  up  in  the  city  of  Glasgow,  Scotland. 
He  came  to  Chicago  April  27,  1867,  where  he  commenced  to  learn 
the  plumbing  trade  with  the  firm  of  Lothain  &  Griffith.  After 
working  a  short  time  at  that  business  he  left  it  and  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship of  three  years  with  the  Chicago  Steam  Boiler  Manu- 
facturing Company.  At  the  expiration  of  the  three  years  he  con- 
cluded that  he  had  experience  enough  in  this  line  of  business,  and 
he  returned  to  his  first  love,  plumbing,  and  continued  at  his  trade 
working  for  Watson  Griffith  until  the  spring  of  1876,  when,  like 
many  other  young  men  who  have  made  life  a  success,  he  became 
ambitious  to  conduct  a  business  for  himself,  and  he  embarked  on 
the  surging  sea  of  industry  with  himself  at  the  oars.  He  sought 
no  partner,  but  preferred  to  sail  alone. 

He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  As- 
sociation from  its  infancy;  has  served  on  committees,  held  sev- 
eral offices,  and  was  President  during  the  year  1887,  in  all  of 
which  he  was  efficient  and  faithful.  His  devotion  to  the  cause 
and  his  capabilities  as  a  man  have  placed  him  in  the  second 
highest  position  of  the  association.  His  is  an  example  of  a  well- 
rounded,  successful  life,  and  the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  is  a 
gratifying  reward. 

GEO.  A.  GREEN. 

Geo.  A.  Green,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation, was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  2,  1849.  He  received 
a  common  school  education,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years  was 
apprenticed  to  the  plumbing  trade  with  a  relative  and  others.  After 
serving  the  full  time  required  (five  years)  he  was  given  his  cer- 
tificate as  a  competent  man  to  work  at  the  plumbing  trade.  After 
working  two  years  as  a  journeyman  on  the  best  of  work,  it  was  his 
good  fortune  to  receive  a  government  position.  After  working 
about  two  years  he  was  appointed  the  expert  to  test  American  iron 
and  steel  under  a  board  appointed  by  Congress.  After  complet- 
ing this  duty,  which  required  about  five  years,  he  resigned  his 
position  (for  political  reasons),  and  started  the  plumbing  business 
with  a  partner.  The  partnership  was  dissolved  by  mutual  con- 
sent. He  has  from  that  time  conducted  the  business  alone  and  to 
his  entire  satisfaction,  doing  as  large  a  business  as  any  other 
plumber  in  Washington — doing  from  one  to  two  hundred  houses 
each  season,  some  large,  some  small.  His  connection  with  the 
National  Association  is  of  comparative  recent  date,  his  first  ap- 
pearance being  at  the  Pittsburg  convention,  being  elected  a  dele- 
gate. At  this  convention  he  was  selected  as  the  Recording  and 
Corresponding  Secretary.  He  has  made  an  excellent  officer,  as 
all  who  have  had  business  relations  with  him  in  his  official  capacity 
will  testify.  His  is  another  example  of  the  reward  given  for 
faithful  services,  ability  and  uprightness. 

JEREMIAH  SHEEHAN. 

Jeremiah  Sheehan,  Treasurer  of  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers,  was  born  in  Ireland,  June  10,  1840,  and  came  to 
this  country  in  1864.  His  first  employment  was  in  the  painting 
shop  of  Stephen  S.  Myers,  where  he  worked  for  one  year.  Not 
liking  the  business  he  became  an  apprentice  to  William  S.  Jeffs,  to 
learn  the  j)lumbing  trade,  where  he  served  a  term  of  five  years. 
After  acquiring  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  business,  he  went  to 
work  in  the  principal  plumbing  shops  of  St.  Louis.  In  1875  he 
began  business  for  himself  at  No.  1017  Washington  avenue,  where 
he  is  still  located.  Mr.  Sheehan  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
St.  Louis  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  which  at  its  first  organiza- 
tion elected  him  Vice-President,  and  re-elected  him  at  the  annual 
elections  of  1884-5.    I"  '886,  he  was  elected  President,  and  re- 


elected in  1887.  On  retiring  from  office  he  was  presented,  by  the 
members  of  the  association,  with  a  beautiful  gold  watch  and  chain. 
At  the  Baltimore  and  Chicago  conventions  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers.  At  the  convention  held  in  Pittsburg,  last  June, 
he  was  unanimously  elected  Treasurer  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion. He  is  prominent  not  only  in  the  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion, but  in  St.  Louis,  having  been  for  some  time  president  of  the 
leading  temperance  societies  of  that  city,  and  has  the  confidence 
and  esteem  of  all  who  know  him. 

ENOCH  REMICK. 

Enoch  Remick,  Financial  Secretary  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Master  Plumbers,  was  born  January  29,  1830,  and  is  now  in 
his  61  St  year.  He  was  given  a  common  school  education  until  15 
years  of  age,  when  he  went  to  work  and  served  his  apprenticeship 
with  Jacob  W.  Clark,  on  Third  street  near  Vine  street,  in  the 
district  of  the  Northern  Liberties  now  in  the  consolidated  city. 
He  had  full  charge  of  his  employer's  business  the  last  two  years, 
and  when  of  age  he  started  for  himself  the  next  day,  and  has  been  in 
the  business  ever  since,  with  the  ups  and  downs  the  same  as  all 
humanity  are  subject  to.  He  was  at  ttie  first  convention  of 
plumbers  in  New  York,  and  was  honored  by  being  one  of  its 
secretaries,  and  he  was  then  elected  as  Financial  Secretary,  which 
position  he  has  held  ever  since. 

The  master  plumbers  of  the  United  States  need  no  biography 
to  make  them  acquainted  with  Mr.  Remick,  for  no  one  enjoys  a 
wider  or  more  appreciative  acquaintance,  but  this  memento  will 
be  sacredly  held  by  all  who  esteem  the  many  virtues,  sturdy 
honesty  and  benefactions  that  have  characterized  his  life  and 
emphasize  those  redeeming  qualties  which  here,  and  there,  like 
oases,  dot  the  Sahara  of  humanity.  His  life  is  not  only  a  lesson 
but  an  example  worthy  of  study  and  emulation  by  all  who  value 
successand  the  calm  consciousness  of  well  spent  years. 


FLUSHING  APPARATUS. 
The  following  improved  flushing  apparatus  for  water-closets 
and  the  like  is  the  invention  of  John  Middlehurst,  Liverpool,  the 
patentee,  as  presented  in  the  Sanitary  Record,  London,  and  is 
published  because  the  importance  of  a  proper  flush  is  such  that 
any  suggestions  in  this  regard  are  of  interest  and  will  receive  due 
consideration: 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  dispense  with  the  ordinary 
syphon  or  valve  and  ball-tap,  and  to  substitute  a  movable  flushing 
tank  that  is  so  constructed  as  to  first  give  a  full  flush  of  water,  and 
afterwards  a  lesser  flush  for  sealing  the  basin  or  pan. 

The  figure  shows  a  section  of  the  apparatus  in  its  normal  or 

filled  condition.  When 
the  flush  is  retjuired, 
the  tank  is  released  by 
a  lever  N,  and  then 
over-turns,  so  that  the 
outlet  D  comes  oppo- 
site an  opening  K,  in 
a  trough  E,  and  after 
the  great  body  of  water 
has  escaped  a  small 
quantity  is  still  retain- 
ed in  the  narrow  cham- 
ber B  by  the  stop  Bi^ 
in  which  is  a  small 
hole  B2,  through  which  the  small  quantity  of  water  slowly  trickles, 
this  constituting  the  after  flush.  After  this  latter  has  escaped  the 
tank  again  by  gravity  recovers  its  normal  position,  and  in  doing 
so  raises  the  lever  L,  which  opens  the  water  supjily.  When  the 
tank  A  is  again  full,  it  falls  forward  a  slight  distance,  which  is 
regulated  by  a  stop  cast  on  it  coming  in  contact  with  the  lever  N; 
this  causes  the  lever  L  to  fall  sufficiently  to  close  the  water  supply, 
and  so  prevent  waste. 

Ci  is  a  waste  pipe,  and  overflow  water  escapes  through  it  to 
the  trough  E,  and  thence  through  the  outlet  J. 

This  apparatus  may  be  adapted  to  automatic  flushing  for 
urinals  and  the  like. 

A  third  of  the  deaths  in  the  P'rench  army  are  said  to  be  due 
to  typhoid  fever. 


June  14,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


83 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

At  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Federated  Trades  Council  last 
week  in  Milwaukee,  the  new  Plumbers'  Union  and  Carpenters' 
Union  No.  30  were  represented  for  the  first  time.  The  following 
officers  were  elected:  John  Stippich,  President;  Dan  Coughlin, 
Vice-President;  George  Walker,  Secretary;  Christ  Stein,  Finan- 
cial Secretary,  and  Samuel  Godfrey,  Treasurer. 

The  family  of  A.  W.  Murray  seems  to  be  quite  a  talented  fam- 
ily in  a  great  many  directions.  An  essay  of  Mr.  Murray's,  enti- 
tled Isabella,  appears  in  this  issue,  which  proves  the  father's  abil- 
ity in  essay  writing;  while  every  one  who  attended  the  Ladies' 
Auxiliary  entertainment  at  Grand  Army  Hall,  April  24,  can  vouch 
for  the  musical  attainments  of  his  two  sons.  Mrs.  Murray,  who  is 
treasurer  of  the  Ladies'  Auxiliary  Society,  now  comes  forward 
and  captures  first  prize  at  the  barn  storming  of  Alderman  D.  W. 
Mills,  last  week. 

P.  Nacey  will  do  the  plumbing  in  the  new  office  and  laboratory 
building  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Works  in  South  Chicago. 

Nash  &  Hama  have  a  contract  for  the  plumbing  work  in  the 
new  warehouse  of  John  McConnell,  on  Twenty-second  street. 

E.  Baggott  will  fit  up  the  new  Henning  and  Speed  building  on 
Clark  street. 

The  Indianapolis  delegation  will  be  composed  of  John  S.  Fer- 
rel,  Fred  Michaels,  W.  S.  Strong,  W.  J.  Freeny,  Peter  J.  Gald  and 
John  M.  Healy. 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  will  be  represented  by  Jas.  Madden. 

C.  J.  Prescott,  Secretary  of  the  Kansas  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation, writes  us  that  Kansas  will  be  jwell  represented  at  the  con. 
vention  outside  of  the  delegates  and  alternates. 

We  have  received  the  following  additional  list  of  delegates  and 
alternates  to  the  Denver  convention:  James  Foley  of  Leaven- 
worth, C.  J.  Prescott  of  Topeka,  R.  Mood  of  Topeka,  Thos.  Lloyd 
of  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  and  S.  J.  Stewart  of  Hutchison  will  repre- 
sent the  Kansas  Master  Plumbers'  Association  at  the  convention; 
while  Christian  States  of  Topeka,  A.  H.  Nooney  of  Topeka,  A. 
Buckridge  of  Wichita,  and  W.  H.  Hoffman  of  Leavenworth  will 
act  as  alternates. 

Ph.  H.  Gunderman's  "Royal  Check  and  Waste"  is  meeting 
with  wonderful  success,  and  is  coming  to  be  regarded  as  indis- 
pensable among  the  members  of  the  trade. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. :  Architect  Alden  lias  plans  for  building  at  Meadville,  for  Trinity 
Church.    Elmer  Miller  has  plans  for  a  large  warehouse  to  bo  erected  by  William 

Harbaugh,  Nantnieal,  Pa. :    Col.  John  Potts  will  erect  a  handsome  residence  to 

cost  $125,000.  Williamsport,  Pa.:    Tbe  Susquehanna  Trust  and  Safe  Deposit 

Company  will  erect  a  handsome  building  to  cost  $70,000.  Lima,  O. :  Ross  Cross- 
ley  will  erect  a  three-story  brick  and  stone  block  to  cost  $30,000.  Warren,  O.: 

Strong  ct  Lamb  will  erect  a  business  block  to  cost  $40,000.  Newark,  O.:  Archi- 
tect Yost  has  prepared  plans  for  a  new  church  building  to  cost  $30,000.  Akron, 

O. :   Weary  &  Kramer  have  prepared  plans  for  a  brick  business  block  to  cost  $50,- 

000;  and  also  plans  for  the  Citizens'  Savings  Bank  to  cost  $60,000.  Pittsburgh, 

Pa.:  The  L^nion  Ice  Manufacturing  Compan}-  will  erect  a  manufacturing  house  to 
cost  $78,000.  Bickel  &  Brennan  have  plans  for  a  four-story  building  to  cost  $23,- 
000.  Newport,  R.  I. :  Col.  George  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  can  give  information  con- 
cerning the  erection  of  a  l.irge  hotel  at  Cumberland  Gap,  Tenn.  Milwaukee, 

Wis.:  A  large  hotel  will  be  erected  to  cost  $500,000.  Address  the  Mayor  for  in  - 
formation. Greenville,  Miss.:  A  new  court-house  will  be  erected  soon.  Wil- 
mington, Del.:  The  congregation  at  Kingswood  will  erect  a  new  church.  Yazoo 

City,  Miss.:  A  new  school  building  will  be  erected;  cost  $20,000.  Address  G.  A. 
Spengler  for  information.    H.  B.  Lightcap  can  give  information  concerning  a  new 

business  block.  New  Haven,  Ct. :   A  new  Y.  W.  C.  A.  building  will  be  erected. 

Address  the  Women's  Christian  Association  for  information.  Colorado  Springs, 

Col.:   Plans  are  being  prepared  for  a  $150,000  hotel.  Ogden,  U.:   A  $65,000 

business  block  will  be  erected.  Denver,  Col.:    L.  M.  Wood  is  preparing  plans 

for  a  business  block;  cost  $262,000.  Robert  Roeschlaub  is  preparing  plans  for  an 
addition  to  a  store;  cost  $42,000.  Balcomb  &  Rice  are  preparing  plans  for  forty 
residences,  cost  $120,000;  also  plans  for  a  $95,000  double  residence.  Varian  A- 
Stearns  have  plans  for  three  residences;  cost  $30,000,  $25,000  and  $15,000.  O.  Bulow 
has  plans  for  a  business  block;  cost  $142,600.  G.  W.  Roe  is  preparing  plans  for  a 
school  building;  cost  $32,000.  F.  C.  Eberly  has  plans  for  a  hotel,  cost  $60,000;  also 
plans  for  a  club  house,  cost  $20,000.  R.  A.  Wilson  has  plans  for  a  business  block; 
cost  $3.5,000.  F.  C.  Eberly  has  plans  for  a  store;  cost  $90,000.  Edbrooks  &  Co.  are 
preparing  plans  for  a  block  cost  $35,000;  also  plans  for  a  residence,  cost  $25,000; 
also  plans  for  two  business  blocks,  cost  $50,000  and  $40,000;  also  pl.ins  for  a  school 
building,  cost  $175,000.    Rockville,  Conn.:    The  New  York  and  New  England 

Railroad  Company  will  erect  a  new  depot.  Havelock,  Neb. :   A  depot  and  shops 

will  be  erected;  cost  $300,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Chicago,  111.:  The  Worrall  electric  construction  company  has  been  incor- 
porated;  capit;il  stock,  $500,000.    E.   Gaylord  Is  one  of  the  Incorporators.  

Elgin.  III.:   The  Elgin  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated, 

with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  Crestline,  C).:    The  electric  light  question  is  being 

agitated.  -Sigourney,  la.:  The  electric  light  system  will  be  adopted.  Greens- 
burg,  Pa.:   The  Citizens'  Natural  Gas  Company  has  been  incorporated.  Capital 

$150,000.  Summit,  N.  J.:    An  electric  light  system  will  be  established.  

Osage,  Kas.:    An  electric  light  system  will  be  established.  Rockford,  Mich.: 

An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  Columbus,  O. :   The  Board  of  Public 

Works  will  take  steps  to  secure  a  new  service  for  lighting  the  city.  Chicago, 

III.:  The  Fort  Dearborn  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated.  Cap- 
ital stock,  $35,000.    A.  L.  Baker  is  one  of  the  incorporators.  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y., 

One  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  has  been  appropriated  for  electric  lighting  pur- 
poses. Denver,   Col.:   The  Portable  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has 

been  incorporated.  Capital  stock,  $1,500, 0(K).  Henry  R.  Wolcott  is  one  of  the  in- 
corporators. Brunswick,  Ga. :    An  electric  lighting  plant  will  be  erected.  

Anderson,  8.  C. :  The  Anderson  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated.   Capital  stock,  $10,000.  .-\lbany,  N.  Y.:   The  Erie  and  Niagara 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated.  Capital  stock,  $30,000.  Lewis- 
ton,  Del  :   The  Lewiston  Water  and  Light  Company  h.as  been  incorporated,  with 

a  capital  stock  of  $30,000.  Fredonia,  N.  Y.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

established.  Chicago,  111. :   The  Michigan  Fuel  Company  has  been  organized, 

with  a  capital  stock  of  $2,000,000.    George  B.  Kidder  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 

 Gordon,  Pa. :    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established;  cost,  $18,000.  

Rutland,  Vt.:   The  electric  light  company  is  to  increase  its  plant.  Huntington, 

Ark.:  The  Huntmgton  Cotton  Company  will  establish  a  750  incandescent  electric 
light  plant.  Cincinnati,  O.;  The  Edison  Electric  Light  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated, with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  Samuel  Emerson  is  one  of  the  incor- 
porators. Richmond,  Va. :    Seventy-five  thousand  dollars  has  been  appropriated 

for  the  establishment  of  an  electric  light  pl.ant.  Middlebury,  Vt.:    An  electric 

light  plant  will  be  est.ablished.  St.  Joseph,  Mo. :   The  St.  Joseph  Light  and  Fuel 

Company  has  been  incorporated.    Capijal  stock,  $500,000.  Burlington,  la.:  The 

Citizens'  Fuel,  Gas  and  Lighting  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
of  $300,000.    Gilbert  is  one  of  the  incorporators. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

Newport,  R.  I.:  Geo.  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  has  plans  for  several  large  sewerage 
contracts,  among  which  are  plans  for  the  sewerage  system  of  Kingston,  in  the 
Island  of  Jamaica;  plans  for  the  intercepting  sewer  for  the  city  of  Columbus,  Ohio, 
and  plans  for  a  general  scheme  of  interior  sewerage  for  the  same  city;  plans  for 
the  sewerage  system  in  a  new  town  near  Greensboro,  S.  C.  Address  the  N.  C. 
Steel  and  Iron  Company,  of  Greensboro,  for  information;  plans  for  a  sewerage 
system  in  Middlesborough,  Ky.  Address  the  Harrogate  Land  Company  for  in- 
formation. Clinton,  la.:  The  city  engineer  is  preparing  plans  for  the  construc- 
tion of  numerous  stoneware  sewer-pipe  extensions.  Port  Huron,  Mich.:  Num- 
erous cile  sewers  are  to  be  constructed.    Address  Alderman  O'Sullivan,  Chairman 

of  the  Sewer  Committee.  Norristown,  Pa.:    Sewer  mains  are  to  be  constructed 

in  numerous  streets  of  this  city.  Williamsport,  Pa.:    Plans  are  being  prepared 

for  a  sewerage  system.  Springfield,  Mo.:    One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 

dollars  bonds  will  be  issued  for  constructing  a  complete  sewerage  system.  ■ 

Butte,  Mont.:    Thirteen  thousand  five  hundred  feet  of  new  sewers  will  be  laid.  

\'icksburg.  Miss.:    A  sewerage  system  will  be  constructed.  Ishpeming,  Mich.: 

A  complete  sewerage  system  will  ^e  established.  Key  West,  Fla. :  The  sewer- 
age question  is  being  agitated.  Wausau,  Wis.:    A  sewerage  system  will  be 

constructed.  Troy,  N.  Y.:    Numerous  sewer  extensions  have  been  ordered  by 

the  Public  Improvement  Commission.  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.:   Three  miles  of 

sewers  will  be  laid. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

Monravia,  Cal.:  A  system  of  water-works,  to  cost  $40,000,  will  be  established. 

 Needham,  Mass.:    Seventy-live  thousand  dollars  have  been  appropriated  for  a 

system  of  water- works.  Genoa,  III. :  The  water- works  question  is  being  dis- 
cussed. Waxahachie,  Tex.:    H.  M.  Rhodus  will  receive  propositions  for  the 

construction  of  water- works.  Pierre,  S.  D.:   Twenty-five  thousand  dollars  will 

be  expended  in  extending  the  water  mains.  Lacomia,  N.  Y.:   a  water-works 

system  will  be  established.  Watkins,  N.  Y. :  Bids  for  constructing  the  water- 
works will  be  invited.  Glen  Falls,  N.  Y.:    Forty-five  thousand  dollars  bonds 

will  be  issued  for  water  mains.  Denver,  Colo.:    The  Mountain  Water-Works 

Company  has  increased  its  capital  stock  from  $500,000  to  $1,000,000.  Eureka 

Springs,  Ark.:    A  system  of  water- works  will  be  constructed.  Superior,  Wis.: 

Thirty-four  miles  of  water  mains  will  be  laid.  Manchester,  N.  H.:  A  reservoir 

of  5,000,000gallons  capacity  will  be  built.  Northfield,  Minn.:  The  water-works 

question  is  being  discussed.  Berlin,  N.  H.:    A  committee  has  the  water- works 

question  under  discussion.  Beatrice,  Neb. :  The  water  mams  are  to  be  extended. 

 Newberry,  Mich.:  A  system  of  water- works  will  be  established.  Circleville, 

O. :   Extensions  will  be  made  to  the  water  mains  of  this  pl.ace.  Oconto,  Wis.: 

A  system  of  water-works  will  be  established;  cost,  $125,000.  Xenia,  O.:  An 

extension  to  the  water  mains  will  be  made.    G.  F.  Cooper  is  superintendent  of  the 

water-works.  St.  Marys,  O.:  A  system  of  water- works  will  be  established.  

Oshkosh,  Wis.:   The  water-works  system  is  to  be  remodeled.  Lynn,  Mass.: 

The  common  council  has  allowed  an  appropriation  of  $75,000  to  be  used  in  the 

water- works  department.  Lowell,  Mass.:   A  filtering  plant  and  new  pumping 

engine  .are  among  the  proposed  improvements  in  the  water-works  system;  esti- 
mated cost,  $40,000.  Hamburg,  N.  Y. :    Extension  and  improvements  will  be 

made  in  the  plant  ot  the  Hamburg  Water  and  Electric  Light  Company.  Calvert, 

Tex.:   The  water  mains  at  this  place  are  to  be  extended.    For  particulars  address 

L.  T.  Fuller,  Antwerp,  N.  Y.:   Ten  thousand  dollars  have  been  appropriated 

for  a  system  of  water- works.  Zanesville,  O. :  Bonds  will  be  issued  to  the  amount 

of  $50,000  for  the  improvement  of  the  water-works  of  the  city.  Bentonville, 

Ark.:  Mayor  W.  D.  Mauck  writes:  "The  matter  of  water-works  has  been  post- 
poned until  Octolvr,"^=^CIevelrtnd,  O, :    It  is  proposed  to  extend  the  water-works 


84 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


tunnel  two  miles  further  under  tlie  Like.  Address  City  Engineer  Force  Tren- 
ton, Tenn.:    A  system  of  water-works  will  be  established:  cost,  $30,000.  Cedar 

Rapids,  la.:    Twelve  or  fifteen  new  meters,  five  hydrants  and  ten  valves  will  be 

placed,  and  8,000  feet  of  six-inch  cast-iron  pipe  will  be  laid.  Bloomington,  111.: 

Seven  thousand  feet  of  six-inch  pipe  will  be  laid,  and  fourteen  hydrants  and  four 

valves  will  be  set.  Lansing,  Mich.:    Six  miles  of  six  and  four-inch  pipe  will 

be  laid,  and  fifty  hydrants,  sixteen  valves  and  twelve  meters  will  be  set.  Shel- 

ton,  Wash.:  This  place  is  to  have  a  system  of  water- works.  Bristol,  Pa.:. Forty- 
seven  hundred  feet  of  six-inch  pipe  will  be  laid,  and  four  new  hydrar'ts  and  e  ght 

new  valves  will  be  set.  Council  Bluffs,  la.:  A  10,000,000 gallon  reservor  is  being 

constructed.    Two  to  four  nules  of  pipe  will  be  laid  this  season,  and  twenty-five 

to  fifty  new  hydrants  will  be  set.  Marshalltown,  la.:   Thirty-six  hundred  feet 

of  six-ihch  pipe  will  be  laid;  six  new  hydrants  and  five  new  valves  will  be  set; 

a  new  2,000,000  Gordon  pumping  engine  is  to  be  erected.  Rockford,  111.:  Anew 

6,000,000  gallon  engine  is  to  be  placed;  two  miles  of  six  and  four-inch  mains  will 

be  laid,  and  ten  hydrants  set.  Rock  Island,  111. :   The  Rock  Island  (III.)  Water 

Company  will  lay  3,000  feet  of  six-inch  pipe,  and  set  si.x  hydrants  and  six  valves. 

 Jaeksonville,  111.:    Twelve  hydrants  and  twelve  valves  will  be  set,  and  5,700 

feet  of  six-inch  pipe  will  be  laid.  Quincy,  111. :  Fifty  meters,  twenty-four  valves 

and  twelve  hydrants  will  be  set,  and  two  miles  of  six-inch  pipe  will  be  laid. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Washington,  D.  C. :  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Su- 
pervising Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  18th  day  of 
June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  material  required  to  fix  in  place,  complete,  the  low- 
pressure  steam  heating  apparatus  required  for  the  U.  S.  Custom-House  and  Post- 
OIHce  building  at  Plattsburgh,  New  York.  Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. :  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  21st  day  of  June,  1890, 
for  the  erection  and  completion  (except  approaches  and  healing  apparatus),  of  the 
U.  S.  Court-House  and  Post-Office  building  at  Statesville,  N.  C,  in  .iccordance  with 
drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office 

or  the  office  of  the  Superintendent.    Address  Jas.  II.  Windrim.  Washington,  D. 

C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect, 
Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  28th  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the 
labor  and  materials  required  in  the  erection  and  completion  of  the  U.  S.  Court- 
House  and  Post  Office  building  at  Texarkana,  Ark.-Tex.  (heating  apparatus  and 
approaches  not  included),  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specification,  copies 
of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Superintend- 
ent.   Addressjas.  H.  Windrim.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until 

]uly  1,  for  furnishing,  erecting  and  maintaining  300  or  more  electric  lights,  for  a 

term   of  3   years.    Address     Fred    F.    Wilde,    Deputy    Comptroller.  Peru, 

Ind.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  17,  for  the  erection  of  a  brick  school  build- 
ing at  this  place.    Address  C.  E.  Emsviler,  .Secretary  .School  Board,  as  above.  

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. :  Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  16,  for  constructing  sewers  at 

this  place.    Address  A.  St.  Clair  Smith,  Chairman  Committee  on  Sewers.  Ur- 

bana,  O.:   The  City  Council  is  advertising  for  bids  for  the  new  City  Hall  to  be 

built  at  a  cost  not  exceeding    $25,000.  East  Liverpool,  C:     Proposals  are 

wanted  until  June  25,  for  furnishing  additional  pumping  machinery.    Address  East 

Liverpool  Water  Works.  Nebraska  City,  Neb.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until 

lune  20,  for  the  construction  of  a  vitrified  clay  pipe  sewer.  Address  A.  F.  Mines, 
City  Engineer.  Camden,  N.  J.:  Proposals  arc  wanted  until  June  23,  for  light- 
ing the  streets  of  this  city  for  a  term  of  3  years.  Address  City  Cltrk.  Milwau- 
kee, Wis.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  until  Friday,  June  20,  1890,  at  10:30 
o'clock  a.  m.,  for  furnishing  all  materials  and  doing  all  the  work  necessary  and  re- 
quired to  construct  a  water  works  txmnel  seven  and  one-half  (7J^)  feet  in  diameter 
out  three  thousand  (3,000)  feet  under  Lake  Michigan,  including  two  (2)  shafts, 
wells  and  crib,  according  to  plans  and  specifications  on  file  in  this  office.  Address 

G.  A.  Benzenbcrg.  Providence,  R.  I.:    Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  this 

office  until  11  o'clock  a.  m.  Thursday,  June  20,  1890,  for  building  Sections  1,  5,  6,  7,  8 
and  9  of  the  "Improved  Sewerage  System"  of  the  city  of  Providence,  in  accord- 
ance with  tlie  form  of  contract  and  specification  to  be  furnished  by  the  Commis- 
sioner. Washington,  D.  C. :    Seale<l  projjosals  will  be  received  at  the  ofiice  of 

the  Supervising  Architect,  'J'reasury  Dep;irtment,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  2d  day 
of  July,  1B90,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  erect  Dompletc  the  build- 
ings of  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital  at  Evansville,  Ind.    Address  J.  H.  Windrim. 

 Columbus,  O. :    Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  24,  for  furnishing  and  putting 

in  place  two  steam  water-tube  boilers  at  the  Ohio  State  University.  Address  Alexis 

Cope,  Secretary  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees.  Mohawk,  N.  Y. :    Proposals  will 

soon  be  wanted  for  the  construction  of  a  system  of  water-works.  Address  Valen- 
tine Brown,  Chairman  Water  works  Committee.  Davenport,  la.:    The  water 

company  has  decided  to  jnit  in  a  filtration  plant  of  six  million  gallons  daily  capacity. 

 (Jreenville,  Miss.:    Bids  for  the  erection  of  a  court-house  will  be  received  the 

first  Monday  in  July.  New  Haven,  Conn.:  Contracts  will  soon  be  let  for  build- 
ing the  new  electric  light  station.  Ottawa,  Onl.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until 

June  27,  for  furnishing  the  pumping  plant  at  the  Kingston  dry  dock.    Address  A. 

Gobeil,  Secretary  Dejiartment  of  Public  Works.  Carthage,  III.:    Proposals  are 

wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  4,000  feet  additional  water  mains  and  ten  fire  hyd- 
rants.   Address  S.  W.  Merrill,  City  Clerk. 


June  15  the  Wabash  Railroad,  in  connection  with  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad  from  Detroit,  will  inaugurate  their  through  train 
service  between  Chicago  and  Montreal.  Those  desiring  to  attend 
the  Carnival  at  Toronto  should  bear  in  mind  that  this  line  will 
sell  excursion  tickets  June  28  and  29  at  one  fare — $14 — for  the 
round  trip,  Chicago  to  Toronto  and  return;  tickets  good  going  on 
the  above  dates,  and  good  to  return  to  July  5  inclusive.  For 
tickets  and  general  information  ai)i)ly  at  Wabash  Office,  201  Clark 
Street. 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 

of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  htsndred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 


NOTICE. 

The  Wisconsin  Central  Lines  are  now  selling  special  ten-ride 
club  tickets  between  Chicago  and  Fox  Lake,  embodying  rail- 
road, omnibus  and  steamer  coupons  for  ten  dollars  ($10.00).  City 
office,  205  Clark  street.  Depot,  Corner  Harrison  stieet  and  Fifth 
avenue. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  i  :oo  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD. 

Ladies'  palace  day  cars,  palace  reclining  chair  cars,  free  of 
extra  charge.  Pullman  palace  buffet  compartment  sleeping  cars, 
palace  dining  cars.  Pullman  vestibuled  trains,  free  of  extra 
charge  and  no  change  of  cars  of  any  class  between  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Chicago  and  Denver,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Pioneer  pullman  palace  sleeping  car. 
Palace  dining  car  and  free  palace  reclining  chair  car  line. 
James  Charlton,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  210  Dear- 
born street,  near  corner  Adams  street,  Chicago,  111. 


MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION  OF  CHICAGO. 

Chicago,  April  25th,  i8go. 
To  their  Fellow  Cra/tsincn  and  Friends: 

Greeting: — The  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  of  Chicago, 
have  selected  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway  as 
their  official  route  from  Chicago  to  Denver,  to  attend  the  National 
Convention  of  Master  Plumbers  to  be  held  at  Denver,  June  17th, 
1890. 

Our  arrangements  with  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
Railway  are  such  that  the  very  l)est  accommodations  will  be 
given  members  who  travel  this  route.  A  solid  vestibule  train 
consisting  of  dining  cars,  Pullman  sleepers  and  reclining  chair 
cars  will  convey  our  people  over  this  line,  and  it  is  hoped  that  as 
many  of  the  plumbers  and  their  friends  as  can  join  this  special 
train,  will  arrange  to  meet,  cither  in  Chicago  on  June  14th,  or  join 
our  party  in  Kansas  City  on  the  morning  of  June  15th;  and  by 
notifying  Mr.  (ieo.  F.  Lee,  City  Passenger  Agent,  104  Clark  street, 
Chicago,  Illinois,  as  to  the  accommodations  in  the  way  of  sleeping 
car  berths  or  seats  in  reclining  chair  cars,  which  may  be  desired, 
care  will  be  taken  that  same  are  reserved.  It  is  necessary  that 
this  information  be  received  at  the  earliest  possible  time. 

For  complete  details  as  to  any  further  information  you  may 
desire  regarding  this  trip,  address  Mr.  Robert  Griffith,  Vice- 
President   National   Association   Master   Plumbers,  427  North 
Clark  street,  Chicago,  and  the  same  will  be  cheerfully  furnished. 
Yours  truly, 

Robert  Gkh  fith, 

Vice-President  National  Association  Master  Plumbers. 

David  Whitefokd, 

Chairman  Ex.-Oom.  of  Chicago  Master  Plumbers  Ass'n. 


CATARRH. 

CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS.— HAY  FEVER.— A  NEW  IIO.ME 
TREATMENT. 

Sufferers  arc  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  arc  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  arc  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  I?. — This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postage,  by  A.  II.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. —  Christian  Advoeaie. 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  carefully  read  the 
above. 


June  7,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


THE  "GORTON  "BOILER 


Gorton  Boilei — Front  View. 


"Perfection  in  Modern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUGHMRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  CORTONSOFT-COAL  BOILER. 
GORTON  &   LIDGERWOOD  CO., 

34-  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago, 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York.  197-203  Congress  St..  Boston. 

Gorton  Boiler— Sec'n  View 


L.  WOLFF  MFG.  CO., 

SUPPLIES 
SPECIALTIES 

General  Office: 

93  West  Lake  Street. 

factories: 

93-1  13  West  Lake  Street. 

Carroll  and  Hoyne  Aves.  and  Fulton  St. 

Exhibit  Department: 

79  Dearborn  Street. 

CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


The "  Monogram'' 


❖  ❖ 


ITS  advantages: 

NOISELESS  IN  OPERATION! 

POSITIVE  IN  ITS  ACTION! 


MOMENTARY   RETENTION  OF  THE  PULL  IS  ALL 
THAT   IS   NECESSARY  TO  OPERATE  IT. 

THE  WATER  SURFACE  OF  THE  BOWL  IS  BROAD 
AND  DEEP  (1^  Inches). 

THE  BOWL  IS  BEST  QUALITY   IMPORTED  WARE, 
AND 


POSITIVELY  WILL  NOT  CRAZE! 

CATALOGUE  AND   PRICE  LIST  CHEERFULLY  FUR- 
NISHED ON  APPLICATION. 


Fig.  6!»3.    No.  27. 


F=»LU7UTeERS'  SIGNS. 

GOLD  LEAF  FINISH. 

18  inch . .  $  6  .50  I  42  inch . .  $22  50 
24     "    .,    9  50  I   48     "  ..  30  50 
30     '■    ..  12  50   I  60    '•    ..  88  00 
16  50  I  66    '•  ..  46  00 

802  W  12th  St 
CHICAGO 


B 


OOKS  ON  BUILDING    .    .  . 

AND  THE  ALLIED  ARTS. 

LA  TEST  PUBLIC  A  TIONS. 

Palliser's  Court  Houses,  City  Halls,  Jails,  &c. 
Palliser's  Common  Sense  Scliool  Architecture. 

Speaficatioiis  and  Contract  Blanks,  dc. 
Full  Descriptive  Lists  mailed  on  .application;  also  of 
all  American  and  Foreign  Building  Journals  with  club 

rates.  PALLISER,  PALLISER  ACQ., 

24  E.  42o  St.,  NEW  YORK. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND  PRICES 
OF  LATEST 

PLUMBING  SPECIALTIES, 

Combination  Pipe  Vises,  Hing:ed  Self-Locking  Pipe 
Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Benders,  Lead  Pipe  Formers  and 
Sizers,  Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners,  Plumbers'  Estimate 
Book — office  and  pocket  size— to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

21  Church  Street,  Willimantic,  Conn. 


vi 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  331 


•  DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  tliis  list  on  pay- 
ment of  $2  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  H.,  886  Dudley  street. 
Tlie  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  15-1  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wm.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourtli  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
Babcock  Phnnbing-  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  73  W.  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  &  CuUoton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

Hickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas  it  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  712  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 

Nacey,  P.,  3:39  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  88  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  H.,  208  Thirty  lirst  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Rub,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders,  P.  <t  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T..  191  E.  Indiana  street.  ■ 

Sullivan,  John.  320  Division  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  &  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzert  &  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


JJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  Keferencps.  London  agent 
for  The  SAriiTARY  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitary 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING, 
Mem.  Am.  8oc.  C.  E.,  M.  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Construc- 
tion Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M-  Inst  C-  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricnltnral 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPMAN  A.  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  H.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 

SAML.  O.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  liiaito  Building, 
Chicago. 

ff/'M.  PAUL  GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER, 
author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitjiry  llouse  lnHiH>ction,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitjition.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired. 


HELP  WANTED. 


pondence  solicited 
York  City. 


Corres- 

39  Union  Square,  West,  New 


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED 
at  the  oflice  of  the  Supervising;  Architect,  Treasury 
Department,  Washiiigtfjn,  D.  C,  xintil  2  o'clock  p.  m., 
on  the  18tli  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  mate- 
rial required  to  fix  in  place  complete  the  Low-Pressure, 
Steam  1  leatinf;  Apparatus  required  for  the  U.S.  Custom 
House  and  Post  Oflice  Iniilding  at  Plattsburgh,  New 
York,  in  accordance  with  the  drawin<;s  and  specification, 
copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office 
or  the  oflice  of  the  Superintendent.  Each  bid  must  be 
accomp.'inicd  by  a  certified  cl'.eck  for  $100.00.  The  De- 
partment will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the  time  fixed 
for  openinf'  the  same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply 
strictly  witli  all  the  requirements  of  this  invitation. 

Bids  must  I'e  enclosed  in  an  envelope,  scaled  and  en- 
dorsed "  PROPO.SAL  for  Low- Pressure  Steam  Heat- 
ing Apparatus  for  the  U.  .S.  Custom  House  and  Post 
Office  Building  at  Plattsburgh,  N.  V.,"  and  addressed 
to  JAS.  H.  WINDRIM,  Supervising  Architect. 

June  4,  1890. 


/^UR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLT  mVITED 
^  to  uat  this  column  luheti  in  need  of  help  in  any  of  the 
professions^  trades  or  businesses  to  -whirh  this  Journal 
is  devoted.  Such  advertisements  -will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  ran  be  addressed  care  ^The  Sanitary 
News,  88  and  9o  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


■ryANTED.  —  THOROUGHLY  COMPETENT 
man  as  solicitor- in  plumbing  shop  in  Chicago. 
Must  have  had  experience  in  estimating  work,  etc.,  and 
give  first-class  references.  Address,  with  full  statement 
of  qualifications  and  present  position,  "H.,"  The 
S.\NiTARY  News. 


w 


ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 


Address,  "F.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


\X7ANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
'  a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  take 
full  charge  of  work,  make  estimates  and  able  to  handle 
the  business  from  soliciting  .and  making  bids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  W.  H.  S.,  1212 
Douglas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 

'i;yANTED.— FIRST-CLASS  PLUMBERS  AND 
'  '    Steamfittcrs  for  Portland,  Oregon.    Four  dollars 
per  day  of  nine  hours.    Address,  A.  J.  Lawrence,  145 
Front  Street,  Portland,  Oregon. 


-V/TTANTED.  —  A  TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 
*'  Give  refi'rence,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Wm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
to  zvhir/i  tliis  jt>urnali<  devoted  are  cordially  inx-ited  to 
use  this  rn/umn,  Adz-erttsements  vjill  be  inserted  free, 
and  an-^zuers  cati  be  sent  tn  care  of  'I'he  Sanitary 
News,  88  fnd  90  T.n  Salle  Street,  Ch'icai^o. 


CITUATION  WANTED— AS  BOOKKEEPER  IN 
^  plumbing  business  in  Western  city.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
*^  draughtsman  and  designer,  with  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  supervising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  Age,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Address,  "  E.  G.,"'Tiie  Sanitary  News. 


CI  rUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^  competent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.  Location  no 
object.    Address,  "  H.  E.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 
^  collector  for  some  plumbing  house.  Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.  Address  "  L,"  The 
Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES. 

pOR  SALE.  — A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
^  business,  located  in  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. -Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hand.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
I'l.UMB,  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


pOR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
^  iness,  four  years  established  in  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.  Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
.\ddress  "  W.  F.  T.,"  The  Sanitary  New.s. 
pOR  SALE. -PATENT  R I G I ItT'ONE  OF  THE 
most  successful  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
Plumbing  and  (Jarden  Hose  trade.  Owner  wishes  to 
retire  from  business.  F'or  further  jjarticulars,  adtlress 
Thos.  Burke,  188  N.  Pine  Street,  Indianapolis,  Iiul 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


ryAVlD  WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 
■'-^  ber  and  Gas-fitter.  .Sanitary  pliiiiibing  a  specialty. 
372  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


p  II A  R  VEr,  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PR  A  CTICA  L 
^  '  Plumber,  B40  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mirh- 
iiran  and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicairo.    Residence,  3629 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


David  S.  Bain,  2  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  50x51, 

1262-64  Wilcox  av;  a,  D.  S.  Pentecost  $13,000 

H.  Pattic,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits,  25x78, 

887  W.  North  av ;  a,  J.  Yrtly   12,000 

William  Ruhl,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  25x 

85,441  California  av;  a,  Ruhl  &  Gormlich. . . .  12,000 
Jno.  A.  Larson,  4  5  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

S5xS5,  303-9  Wells  st;  a,  L.  G.  Hallberg   45,000 

O.  Adams,  8  3  sty  frm  fits,  22x30,  Emerald  av 

and  53d  st;  a,  L.  G.  Hallberg   10,000 

Mahla  &  Chappell,  7  2  and  1  sty  brk  and  frm 

fcty,  248x80x42,  60x120x28,  52x110x16,  22d  st 

east  of  C.  &  W.  I.  R.  R. ;  a,  Raeder  &  Coffin .  32,000 
C.  A.  Shaw,  3  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  50x70, 

4447-51  Ellis  av;  a,  J.  E.  O.  Predmore   15,0t)0 

E.  Hendrickson,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  23x54, 

5510  Cornwell  av  ;  a,  O.  N.  Marble   8,000 

Henry  F.  Billings,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  wrhse,  60x 

78,  2  W.  Washington"  st;  a,  Thomas  &  Rapp.  26,000 
E.  Grace,  2  stv  brk  addn,  50x103,  241-45:Clark 

st;  a,  J.  M.  Osdel  &  Co   20,000 

C.  A.  Webb,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  84x74,  78-80- 

86-88  S.  Sangamon  st;  a,  J.  M.  Van  Oster....  15,0(K) 
Chas.  B.  Foot,  3  and  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg, 

34x34,  40x24,  2601-7  Prairie  av;  a,  Chas.  Frost  30,000 
Henning  &  Speed,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and 

strge,  73x95,  299-303  S.  Clark  st;  a,  W.  L.  B. 

Jenm-   60,000 

Mrs.  E.  Williams,  3  and  1  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg 

and  rear  addn,  21x24x44  ,  20x24x20,  21x38x12, 

2131-3:?  Dearborn  av;  a,  Snyder  &  Co   13,000 

J.  F.  Cabbat,  2  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  40x64, 

568-70  Washington  boul;  a,  C.  L.  Stiles   17,000 

W.  B.  Packard,  2  2  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

47x60,  69th  and  Dickey  sts   5,000 

A.  E.  Kessler,  2  2  sty  dwllgs,  30x44,  Wright 

and  69th  sts   6,000 

Fred  Max,  4  stv  and  eel  brk  fits,  28x63,  111 

Walton  pi;  a,  Beltinghoffer  A-  Herman   6,000 

Kund  it  Bolstad,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  28x70. 

130  Barclev  st;  a,  Lutkin  &  Thesslen   6,000 

C.  S.  Corwiii,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  24x57, 

1066  Warren  av;"a,  C.  S.  Cor  win   5,000 

C.  A.  Webb,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  21x58,  182  S. 

Green  st;  a,  J.  M.  Van  Oster   7,000 

Frank  Lindsten,  4  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits, 

25x80,  177  Larrabee  st;  a,  Ortling  Bros   7,000 

A.  Ambuster,   2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  25x62, 

1016  Park  av;  a,  P.  Foehringcr   7,000 

Iver  Anderson,  7  1  stv  and  bst  brk  cott.ages,  aOx 

30,  32lX)-4  Leavitt  st   5,000 

A.  R.  Dacosta,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  22x58, 

645  Cleveland  st;  a,  H.  N.  Hansen   5,0()0 

J.  H.  Osborn,  2  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  22x44  ,  940 

-42  Trumbcll  av ;  "a,  J.  H.  Osborn   5,600 

M.  E.  Swartz,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  25x72,  3306 

Indiana  av   9,000 

R.  Ruzkowski,  4  stv  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  84 

x62,  145  Fry  st;  -.i,  L.  Meistcr   7,000 

C.  F.  Hallman,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  addn  to  fctv, 
41x45,  3.30-38  N.  Wood  st;  a,  C.  Hulka   5,600 

Mrs.  Mana  B.  Haskins,  3  stv  and  eel  l)rk  barn, 

25x20,  3846  Prairie  av;  a,  Ilolabird  &  Roch. ..  8,500 
P.  H.  Pearson,  3  sty  brk  fits,  22x()5,  499  W.  Eric 

st;  a.  S.  Linderath   6,000 

II.  C.  lohnson,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  22x!>8, 

215  4"2d  st;  a,  I'atton  *  Fisher   5,000 

J.  T.  Hanna,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits,  24x50 

79th  st  near  Wright;  a.  Perry  Hale   5,000 

W.  O.  Budd,  3  2  stv  and  eel  fr'in  dwllgs,  20x30, 

58th  .st  near  Wright   6,500 

D.  H.  Harden,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  31x58,  216 
Seminary  av   5,000 


WM.  E.  DEE, 

Sewerage 


LICENSED  FOR  ALL  SUBURBAN  TOWNS. 

Portland  Cement   Paving,  Windguard 
Chimney  Tops. 

TELEPHONE  NO.  128 

Office,  164   La  Sallo  Street,  Chlca«o. 


W.  C.  VOSBURGH  7VYI=G  CO.  limited. 

184  and  186  Wabash  Avenue, 

[^•atctory,  Srooklyn,  XT.  "ST.]  OHIC^CjO- 


GAS  FIXTURES. 


ELECTROLIERS. 


COMBI  NATION 

(Gas  and  Electric) 

fixtures: 


BRASS  KITTINQS. 


All  of  our  own  superior  make 


We  supply  the  TRADE 
and  PROTECT  them 
when  they  send  their 
Customers  to  us 


BEST  GOODS. 

LARGEST  STOCK. 
LOWEST  PRICES. 


Ordkbs  Carefully  Filled. 


June  21,_  1890.1 


a^HE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


85 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  I'UIU.ISHED  EVERY  SATURDAY 

No.  90  La  Salle  Street,     -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson,       ________  Publisher. 

a,  ii.  ilarryman,  editor. 
Henry  R.  Ai.i.en,  London  Agknt. 


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CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  (Short  Notes)  -  ____-^85 

Private  Rights  and  Inspection  85 

Health  from  an  Economic  Standpoint  -----  86 

Wise  and  Otherwise  -  S7 

How  Diphtheria  is  Spread  by  Corpses         -----  87 

The  Chicago  River  in  its  Relation  to  Commerce  and  the  Health  of  the 

People    --------         -  88 

Specifications  for  Gas  Piping  -         --          --          --  90 

Columbia         -  91 

Defective  Plumbing         -  --          --          --  -92 

Trade  Schools     -       --  --          --         --  (13 

The  Trip  to  Denver        -  --          -          -          --  -93 

The  Bundy  Defiance  Radiator  ------  93 

Electricity  Direct  from  Heat  -         --         --  --96 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done      ....  -  94 

Heating  and  Lighting       ------  95 

Sewerage  Notes  .......  95 

Water  Works  Notes  95 

Bids  and  Contracts  96 


There  is  a  stibject  worthy  of  much  study  by  the  plumbing 
fraternity  which  is  of  interest  to  plumbers  and  to  the  public 
health.  It  is  how  can  the  public  be  educated  regarding  the  im- 
portance and  value  of  good  plumbing?  While  much  progress  in 
this  direction  has  been  made  during  the  last  few  years,  there  still 
remains  too  much  ignorance  of  this  matter.  It  is  not  proposed  to 
educate  every  one  in  the  art  of  plumbing,  but  to  teach  all  the 
value  of  efficient,  sanitary  work.  There  are  many  persons  who 
do  not  know  that  there  are  such  things  as  good  and  bad  plumb- 
ing. They  give  the  matter  no  thought,  and  are  not  con- 
cerned about  it  in  the  least.  It  is  necessary  to  inform 
such  people  that  plumbing  may  be  perfect  and  that  it  may  be 
worse  than  useless.  As  a  rule,  people  who  are  ignorant  of  this 
matter  do  not  read  a  paper  devoted  to  this  interest,  and  from  no 


other  can  they  obtain  information  of  a  subject  of  which  they  are 
wholly  ignorant.  If  they  have  a  house  to  build  the  subject  of 
plumbing  receives  no  further  consideration  than  the  cost,  and  the 
less  the  cost  the  more  favor  it  receives.  If  such  persons  purchase 
or  rent  a  dwelling,  about  everything  else  receives  careful  consid- 
eration, while  they  do  not  know  whether  there  is  a  trap  in  the 
whole  plumbing  system  or  not.  They  will  sjjend  hours  hanging 
pictures  and  not  a  minute  in  inspecting  the  plumbing.  They  will 
pay  a  decorator  fancy  prices  for  his  work  and  will  not  even  think 
of  a  plumber.  All  this  is  more  owing  to  ignorance  than  to  indif- 
ference regarding  health.  They  have  articles  of  ornamentation 
and  luxury  stand  about  in  the  way  and  a  death  trap  in  the  closet. 
This  is  the  result  of  ignorance,  which  can  be  removed  by  proper 
education. 

The  Sanitary  News  next  week  will  contain  the  report  of  the 
Master  Plumbers'  Convention  being  held  this  week  at  Denver. 
Desiring  to  have  the  complete  report  appear  in  one  issue,  that  part 
which  could  have  appeared  in  this  is  deferred  till  the  next. 


Supreme  Court  decisions  were  filed  the  12th  inst.,  at  Ottawa 
declaring  the  constitutionality  of  the  Drainage  or  Sanitary  Dis 
trict  act.  There  is  nothing  in  the  way  now  of  the  trustees  elecfed 
to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  that  act,  as  the  decisions  covered  all 
the  points  raised,  which  were  all  that  could  be  suggested.  The 
trustees  have  before  them  a  great  work,  and  while  extravagance 
will  be  condemned,  a  miserly  spirit  in  the  prosecution  of  this  un- 
dertaking will  result  almost  in  a  total  loss.  The  work  is  not  only 
for  Chicago  of  to-day,  but  must  meet  the  wants  of  a  rapidly  grow- 
ing city  in  the  years  to  come.  An  expenditure  now  ample  to  pro- 
vide for  the  present  and  future  demands  will  be  the  best  economy 
that  can  be  exercised. 


It  seems  that  the  city  inspectors  have  caught  a  quantity  of  dis- 
eased meat  on  its  way  to  consumers.  The  meat  consisted  of  cer- 
tain portions  of  the  carcasses  of  lumpy-jaw  cattle,  and  it  was  im- 
mediately seized  and  placed  out  of  the  reach  of  the  market.  The 
vigilance  of  the  city  inspectors  is  to  be  commended,  for  no  action 
can  be  too  severe  in  dealing  with  diseased  meat  or  those  who  at- 
tempt to  place  it  on  the  market. 


PRIVATE  RIGHTS  AND  INSPECTION. 

There  is  scarcely  a  movement  inaugurated  in  the  interest  of  the 
public  welfare  but  that  there  is  opposition  urged  on  the  grounds 
of  its  invasion  of  "  private  rights."  Such  opposition  generally 
comes  from  those  who  have  no  idea  of  what  private  rights  consist, 
and  who  are  not  conscious  of  any  duty  to  furnish  their  individual 
shares  to  the  welfare  of  the  general  public.  Whatever  exists  of 
private  rights  in  this  country  must  be  found  in  such  individual  im- 
munities as  do  not  conflict  with  the  public  good,  or  retard  general 
progress.  Inspection,  in  a  sanitary  sense,  means  the  procurement 
of  intelligent  information  of  existing  conditions,  in  order  that 
proper  measures  may  be  employed  in  providing  for  the  public 
safety.  Sanitary  inspectors  are  selected  with  regard  to  their  pro- 
ficiency in  matters  with  which  they  have  to  do,  and  of  which  the 
public  may  be  considered  ignorant.  It  is  claimed  by  some  few 
that  inspection  by  these  agencies  should  be  confined  to  public 
places,  and  that  an  entrance  to  a  private  residence  is  an  infringe- 
ment of  private  rights.  This  is  a  theory  that  can  have  no  footing 
in  fact,  or  respectful  standing  from  a  legal  or  constitutional  view. 
The  nature  of  the  dangers  that  may  arise  from  contagion,  induced 
by  defective  domestic  sanitation,  may  be  such  that  it  is  of  public 
moment,  and  an  imminent  menace  to  public  health. 

Conceding  for  the  present  that  a  man  has  the  right  to  place 
cheap  skin-plumbing  in  his  house,  and,  with  polluted  water  and 
contaminated  air,  poison  his  family,  no  one  will  claim  that  he  has 
the  right  to  endanger  the  health  and  life  of  his  neighbors.  It 
seems  useless  to  argue  that  the  unsanitary  conditions  which  either 
breed  disease  or  give  lodgment  to  it  in  a  house  may  extend  their 
evils  to  other  residences,  and  cause  a  single  case  of  contagion  to 
become  a  deadly  epidemic.  This  fact  has  been  so  long  and  so  re- 
liably established  that  to  dispute  it  is  simply  to  acknowledge  a 
want  of  argument  or  data  against  it.  It  is  thus  seen  that  the  un- 
sanitary conditions  of  a  single  residence  may  become,  and  usually 
is,'of  public  concern.    This  being  the  case,  no  one  has  the  right 


86 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  333 


to  bar  his  doors  against  official  inspection.  It  cannot  be  presumed 
that  the  owner  or  occupant  of  a  house  is  a  proper  judge  of  the  san- 
itary arrangements  and  conditions  of  it.  The  determination  of 
such  matters  must  necessarily  be  left  to  those  who  are  appointed 
for  the  discharge  of  such  duties,  on  account  of  their  special  fitness 
properly  to  discharge  them.  The  fact  that  so  many  families  are 
found  in  houses,  the  condition  of  which  is  not  fit  for  human  habi- 
tation, is  proof  sufficient  that  occupants  are  not  capable  judges  of 
their  domestic  surroundings;  and,  under  these  circumstances,  they 
can  have  no  "  private  rights  "  which  they  can  set  up  in  opposition 
to  the  inspection  of  their  dwellings  by  duly  appointed  public  offi- 
cers. These  inspections  are  made  in  the  interest  of  public  health, 
and  science  has  established  the  fact  that  they  are  essential  to  it. 

What  would  it  avail  if  inspection  were  confined  to  public  high- 
ways or  byways  or  buildings?  The  streets  and  alleys  and  public 
buildings  and  places  might  be  kept  in  a  thoroughly  sanitary  con- 
dition, and  yet  an  epidemic,  with  its  origin  in  a  single  private  resi- 
dence, may  afflict  an  entire  city  with  its  suffering  and  woe.  A 
recent  case  is  reported  from  a  village  in  Europe,  where  an  epi- 
demic of  typhoid  fever  was  caused  by  the  defective  plumbing  in 
a  private  dwelling.  Secretary  Baker,  of  the  Michigan  State  Board 
of  Health,  took  the  typhoid  fever  from  breathing  the  air  over  the 
entrance  of  the  sewer  in  the  state  prison,  in  1888.  A  bottle  was 
exposed  over  the  same  sewer-entrance,  and  afterward  Dr.  Vauhn 
found  typhoid-fever  germs  in  the  bottle.  No  public  inspection 
will  ever  be  able  to  effect  sanitation  in  the  private  residence,  or 
arrest  the  public  dangers  that  arise  therefrom.  Public  interests 
demand  official  inspection  of  private  dwellings,  from  the  hovel  to 
the  palace,  and  there  can  exist  no  "  private  rights"  in  conflict  with 
such  great  interests  as  the  public  health.  No  man  is  isolated  in 
the  midst  of  a  populous  city.  His  habitation  is  a  part  of  the 
thronging  community  in  which  he  lives.  The  offices  and  courtesies 
of  society  open  his  doors  to  the  errands  of  mercy  and  the  friendly 
intercourse  of  social  obligations;  and,  in  a  measure,  society  is  ex- 
posed to  whatever  dangers  may  lurk  in  the  house.  This  is  not  all. 
Man  may  carry  the  germs  of  disease  on  his  person  from  his  own 
home,  and  afflict  his  neighbor  or  those  with  whom  he  comes  in 
contact.  Inspection  will  lessen,  if  not  entirely  obliterate,  these 
dangers,  and  no  "  private  rights  "  can  be  urged  against  so  great  a 
public  good. 

Should  there  be  no  public  danger  arising  from  the  unsanitary 
condition  of  private  residences,  has  any  man  the  right  to  poison 
or  cause  the  sickness  of  his  own  family  or  himself?  Does  public 
sentiment  or  law  allow  the  maiming  or  murdering  of  a  single  in- 
dividual, under  whatever  secluded  or  retired  conditions  the  deed 
may  be  done?  The  law  looks  upon  every  such  act  as  a  crime 
against  the  state.  It  is  the  guardian  and  protector  of  each  indi- 
vidual, and  must  protect  all  from  every  danger,  of  whatever  na- 
ture, except  the  "  visitations  of  God."  The  whole  civil  and  mili- 
tary powers  of  the  state  are  available  for  the  protection  of  its 
humblest  citizen.  What  difference  does  it  make  if  this  protection 
is  directed  against  an  armed  foe,  or  the  more  deadly  and  insidious 
disease-laden  air,  induced  by  the  ignorance  or  recklessness  of  a 
householder?  The  preservation  of  life  is  as  important  to  the  state 
in  the  one  case  as  in  the  other,  and  the  right  of  the  individual  to 
the  enjoyment  of  life  and  health  is  equally  the  sam- .  The  laws 
controlling  the  sale  of  drugs,  the  practice  of  medicine,  the  dispo- 
sition of  inflammable  and  explosive  substances,  have  for  iheir 
object  the  preservation  of  the  health  and  lives  of  the  people.  Can, 
then,  the  same  protection  be  withheld  from  the  citizen  against  the 
dangers  of  polluted  water,  contaminated  air,  defective  plumbing, 
and  the  poisons  of  drainage-pipes  and  sewers?  Should  they  not 
be  enforced  in  the  one  case  as  well  as  in  the  other? 


HEALTH  FROM  AN  ECONOMIC  POINT  OF  VIEW. 

It  costs  something  to  gain  and  retain  health,  but  it  costs  more 
to  be  sick.  All  the  conditions  required  by  hygienic  demands,  in 
the  present  state  of  humanity,  cannot  be  gathered  as  gifts  or  sought 
as  legacies.  Man  has  so  obstructed  and  so  violates  the  natural 
laws,  which  should  minister  to  his  necessities,  that  he  must  resort 
to  more  or  less  costly  artificial  means  of  restoring  the  forces  that 
he  has  abused  and  rendered  inoperative.  He  was  created  sur- 
rounded with  certain  natural  forces,  a  portion  of  which  were  essen- 
tial to  his  existence,  while  another  portion,  uncontrolled,  would 


work  his  extinction.  Fire  alone  would  destroy  him,  yet  he  cannot 
live  without  some  warmth.  Floods  can  annihilate  him,  yet  he  can- 
not exist  without  water.  Storms  could  sweep  him  from  earth,  yet 
he  could  not  survive  without  air. 

Thus  it  is  that  man  must  protect  himself  against  those  elements 
that  would  destroy  him,  and  provide  an  adequate  supply  of  all  that 
maintains  a  healthful  existence.  If  he  crowd  himself  into  some 
"  Black  Hole  "  where  the  currents  of  air  cannot  naturally  circu- 
late, he  must  provide  some  artificial  means  for  their  entrance.  If 
he  pollute  the  natural  sources  of  water  about  him,  he  must  resort 
to  purification  or  supply  his  necessities  from  some  source  natur- 
ally pure.  If  he  fill  his  home  with  filth,  decomposition  and  pois- 
onous emanations,  he  must  provide  some  means  for  their  secure 
and  innoxious  escape. 

Man  cannot  escape  the  penalty  for  his  violations  of  natural 
laws  and  the  hygienic  regulations  demanded  by  his  environment. 
He  must  either  suffer  the  results  of  his  folly  or  provide  some 
means  of  escape  from  the  evils  he  has  made  possible.  The  in- 
crease of  population  and  the  demands  of  commerce  and  industry 
have  builded  cities  and  crowded  them  with  an  ever-increasing 
population.  Here  the  natural  conditions  that  surrounded  man  in 
his  creation  are  necessarily  changed.  In  his  new  environment  he 
meets  with  new  elements  in  the  economy  of  life,  and  is  confronted 
with  sanitary  problems,  the  solution  of  which  he  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  leave  to  nature,  but  of  which  nature  is  no  longer  capable. 
Man's  ingenuity  must  supply  the  waste  he  has  created,  and  restore 
the  forces  he  has  destroyed.  The  spring  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  no 
longer  supplies  his  necessities  with  its  sparkling  waters.  The  air, 
laden  with  the  richness  and  sweetness  of  the  landscape,  no  longer 
refreshes  and  invigorates  life.  The  soil,  bountiful  in  extent  and 
capacities,  no  longer  absorbs  the  refuse  and  waste  of  the  house- 
hold, and  man  is  left  to  restore  unto  himself  that  of  which  he,  in 
his  crowded  condition,  has  robbed  himself.  No  one  need  expect 
that  all  this  can  be  secured  without  the  expenditure  of  money.  It 
costs  something  to  construct  water-works,  sewers,  and  to  dispose 
of  garbage  and  the  accumulations  of  refuse.  But  health  is  de- 
pendent upon  the  successful  prosecution  of  these  sanitary  meas- 
ures, and  whatever  is  expended  for  the  securement  of  health  be- 
comes a  good  investment.  There  is  no  argument  against  the 
statement  that  it  is  cheaper  to  maintain  health  than  to  provide  the 
cost  and  losses  of  sickness.  It  is  difficult  to  get  people  to  look  at 
this  question  in  this  light,  but  it  is  susceptible  of  no  other  view; 
and,  in  considering  the  procurement  of  all  the  agencies  of  sanita- 
tion, the  only  question,  from  an  economic  point  of  view,  is:  Is  it 
cheaper  to  enjoy  health  than  to  suffer  sickness? 

An  example  found  in  the  experiences  of  every-day  life  may  not 
be  too  familiar  to  furnish  an  instructive  lesson  on  this  point.  The 
home  may  well  be  said  to  be  man's  castle.  He  is  there  under  his 
own  vine  and  fig-tree,  and  none  dare  molest  or  make  afraid.  The 
meanest  vandal  pauses  at  the  desecration  of  the  sanctity  of  the 
home,  or  the  intrusion  of  the  sacredncss  of  the  household.  The 
home  is  man's  tabernacle,  the  pantheon  of  his  household  gods,  his 
sanctum  sanctorum,  and  should  be  made  the  sweetest,  brightest, 
happiest  spot  on  earth.  In  it  should  be  found  no  hint  of  neglect, 
no  suggestion  of  decay,  disease  or  death.  This  is  man's  abiding- 
place,  his  earthly  paradise,  to  which  he  ascends  in  a  chariot  of 
glory  after  the  crosses  and  crucifixions  of  the  day's  toil.  To  this 
place  should  be  devoted  man's  earnest  solicitude  and  religious 
care.  The  surroundings  may  be  all  that  sanitary  science,  engin- 
eering skill  and  municipal  resources  can  provide,  and  yet  the 
dwelling  become  the  source  of  disease,  suffering  and  loss.  It  may 
be  filled  with  pure  air  and  flooded  with  light,  and  yet  from  unseen 
sources  may  come  the  ills  of  affliction  and  the  scourge  of  disease. 

The  environment  of  man,  as  here  considered,  makes  it  neces- 
sary for  him  to  employ  artificial  means  to  restore  the  natural  forces 
which  he  has  obstructed.  The  perfectly  constructed  sewers  and 
the  adequate  water-su|)ply  are  not  all.  The  water  must  be  brought 
into  the  dwelling  and  drained  into  the  sewer.  There  is  no  harm 
in  a  proper  supply  of  pure  water.  But  it  is  not  allowed  to  remain 
pure.  By  the  necessities  of  the  household,  it  becomes  polluted 
and  filled  with  poisonous  gases;  and  the  pipes  that  lead  it  to  the 
sewer  can  be  made  open  avenues  for  the  entrance  of  still  other 
foulness  and  poisons  rising  from  the  contaminations  of  others. 
Domestic  sanitation,  with  whatever  care  it  may  have  been  attended, 
will  prove  of  no  avail  if  the  important  feature  of  drainage  is  neg- 


June  21,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


87 


lected.  On  this  one  feature,  more  than  any  other,  depends  the 
healthfulness  of  the  habitation.  Economy,  practiced  here  to 
stinginess,  can  become  the  most  expensive  saving  possible.  He 
who  neglects  the  plumbing  of  his  dwelling  invites  all  the  ills  that 
can  arise  from  the  violated  laws  of  nature.  He  shuts  out  the  puri- 
fying forces  that  nature  has  provided,  and  opens  up  direct  connec- 
tions with  the  accumulated  filth  of  a  crowded  city.  This  outcry 
against  sewers  as  being  dangerous  is  not  groundless.  They  are 
filled  with  poisons  and  the  seeds  of  disease.  But  they  are  neces- 
sary and  must  exist,  and  fortunate  it  is  for  the  people  that  the  art 
of  plumbing  has  made  it  possible  to  render  them  perfectly  safe, 
and  secure  the  public  from  the  least  danger.  But  this  cannot  be 
done  for  nothing.  It  costs  something,  and  it  is  an  item  of  expense 
that  should  not  be  stingily  met.  Man  can  better  afford  to  expend 
less  in  other  directions,  that  he  may  be  able  to  expend  more  in 
order  to  secure  faultless  plumbing.  It  is  a  plain,  simple  question 
of  the  expense  of  plumbing  or  the  cost  of  sickness.  That  is  all 
there  is  of  it,  and  the  sensible  and  wisely  economical  man  will  not 
hesitate  between  the  two.  He  will  recognize  that  money  paid  out 
on  plumbing  is  many  times  the  amount  saved  in  the  prevention  of 
the  loss  and  cost  of  sickness.  The  cheap  plumber  and  lowest 
bidder  can  be  looked  upon  with  suspicion.  Good  material  and 
good  workmanship  must  cost  more  than  poor  material  and  poor 
workmanship,  and  this  is  one  of  the  cases  wherein  the  most  ex- 
pensive is  the  cheapest.  All  things  considered,  viewed  in  every 
light  possible,  it  is  better,  from  a  purely  economic  point  of  view, 
to  provide  all  the  means  for  the  security  of  health  than  to  meet 
the  expenses  and  loss  of  sickness. 


WISE  AND  OTHERWISE. 

With  a  law  governing  the  examination  and  registration  of 
plumbers,  the  skin  plumber  will  find  himself  without  an  occupation. 

A  soil-pipe,  however  well  disconnected  from  the  sewer,  may 
become  the  nesting  place  of  micro-organisms  causing  disease. 
The  flush  and  ventilation  are  the  preventive  measures  and  should 
receive  careful  consideration. 

The  latest  device  for  a  slot  machine  is  the  skin  plumber. 
Drop  a  nickel  in  the  slot  and  get  sewer  gas. 

John  Thomas,  of  Birmingham,  Eng.,  has  such  a  marvelous 
power  of  vision,  that  he  is  known  as  the  "  living  microscope."  He 
can  distinguish  animal  life  in  water  and  so  "  takes  his'n  straight." 

One  million  dollars  of  gold  coin  weighs  3,865  pounds  avoirdu- 
pois; of  silver  coin,  58,920.9  pounds.  This  is  from  hearsay.  We 
have  not  had  time  to  pile  up  our  change  and  prove  it. 

It  is  computed  that  an  adult  laboring  wastes  five  ounces  of 
muscle  in  the  course  of  his  daily  labor.  Does  this  account  for  the 
police  being  all  big  men? 

Each  city  should  have  an  ordinance  providing  for  plumbers 
for  inspectors,  as  such  an  important  matter  should  not  be  left  to 
the  whims  of  succeeding  administrations. 

A  new  ornament  for  the  feminine  waist  is  a  tiny  hour  glass 
containing  fine  gold  dust  instead  of  sand.  But  how  is  the  poor 
dude,  with  a  glass  in  one  eye,  going  to  distinguish  the  hour  glass 
from  some  waists? 

A  plan  for  the  ventilation  of  the  sewers  at  Arbroath,  about  the 
condition  of  which  there  had  been  complaints,  has  been  approved 
of.  In  carrying  it  out  the  burgh  surveyor  will,  as  far  as  possible, 
make  use  of  factory  stalks,  chimneys  and  special  air  shafts. 

The  latest  strategy  of  a  Paris  paper  for  attracting  readers  is 
the  engagement  of  two  eminent  physicians  to  attend  gratuitously 
upon  its  annual  subscribers.  Recently  the  manager  of  the  paper 
gave  notice  to  one  of  the  physicians  "  not  to  prescribe  for  B.  any 
more;  his  subscription  has  expired."  The  doctor  replied:  "So 
also  has  B." 

On  account  of  the  height  and  sheer  descent  of  the  surrounding 
mountains,  the  sun  does  not  rise  on  Mirror  Lake,  Yosemite  Valley, 
until  1 1 :3o  o'clock  in  the  morning.  This  is  a  hint  to  strikers  for 
shorter  hours. 

The  wife  of  a  cabinet  minister,  at  Washington,  has  formed  a 
class  of  young  women  who  meet  at  her  house  twice  a  week,  where 
a  professor  of  physical  grace  from  abroad  teaches  them  how  to 
walk,  go  up  and  down  stairs,  bow,  smile,  and  how  to  dispose  of 


their  hands,  This  is  good  news,  for  it  seems  that  some  of  our 
American  ladies  do  not  know  "how  to  dispose  of  their  hands" 
from  the  way  they  give  them  to  dissolute  princes  and  counts. 

The  women  of  Brooklyn  have  united  to  form  a  Ladies'  Health 
Protective  Association,  similar  to  one  which  has  for  years  been  so 
useful  in  New  York  City.  The  lines  of  its  work  will  be  in  the  direc- 
tion of  such  nuisances  as  offensive  pursuits,  uncared-for  tenement 
houses,  and  filthy  streets.  The  wives  of  physicians  form  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  the  organization. 

A  proposal  has  been  made  to  form  a  limited  liability  company 
to  purchase  the  main  buildings  of  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  carry 
on  the  place  after  October  as  a  recreation  ground  and  place  of 
amusement.  It  is  said  that  the  buildings  would  stand  good  for  at 
least  ten  years. 

According  to  a  scientist,  who  has  investigated,  the  color  of 
water  is  blue.  We  publish  this  for  the  benefit  of  those  whose 
knowledge  of  water  is  limited  from  some  cause  or  other,  probably 
the  other. 

The  Boston  Board  of  Health  has  added  membranous  croup  to 
its  list  of  contagious  diseases. 

A  subscriber  asks:  "What  will  render  wine  transparent?" 
Now,  that  is  going  a  little  beyond  our  province.  We  are  not 
president,  secretary,  treasurer,  or  member  of  any  temperance 
society,  but  we  cannot  aid  a  fellow-man  in  taking  the  color  out  of 
wine  in  order  that  he  may  "look  upon  "  it. 

A  London  confectioner  has  placed  on  the  market  a  menu  card 
made  of  sweetened  dough  rolled  out  very  thin.  The  bill  of  fare 
is  printed  on  this  in  ink  made  from  colored  sugar.  Having 
ordered  the  dishes  you  want,  you  amuse  yourself  while  waiting 
for  them  by  eating  the  bill  of  fare,  which  acts  as  an  appetizer. 

The  day  of  the  nude  in  art  has  dawned  upon  us  with  a  vengeance. 
The  fronts  of  most  of  our  buildings  are  of  undressed  stones,  and 
must  present  a  very  naked  appearance. 


HOW  DIPHTHERIA  IS  SPREAD  BY  CORPSES. 

The  following  shows  how  diphtheria  is  spread  by  corpses 
through  carelessness  in  one  locality,  and  promptly  restricted  by  a 
faithful  health  officer  in  another  locality: 

April  25,  1890,  a  copy  of  the  Atlanta  Tribtme,  Atlanta,  Mont, 
gomery  County,  Mich.,  April  17,  1890,  reached  the  office  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  in  which  appeared  the  following  item: 
"Reported  to  be  over  twenty  cases  of  diphtheria  in  and  around 
Vienna." 

Vienna  being  an  unincorporated  village  in  Albert  township, 
Montgomery  County,  a  letter,  asking  report  and  urging  prompt 
restriction  of  the  alleged  diphtheria,  was  immediately  sent  to  J.  T. 
Dimmick,  health  officer  of  Albert  Township,  May  8,  and  the  fol- 
lowing reply  was  received: 

Sir — This  is  to  inform  you  that  the  item  in  the  Atlanta  Tri- 
bu7ie  was  false.  There  has  not  been  a  case  of  diphtheria  at  or 
near  Vienna.  Dr.  Warner,  of  Gaylord,  said  it  belonged  to  la 
grippe,  and  was  not  contagious.    Yours  truly, 

"J.  T.  Dimmick,  Health  Officer." 

"P.  S. — Sulphur  was  burned  as  a  disinfectant." 

Just  why  disinfection  was  attempted,  if  the  disease  was  not 
communicable,  remains  to  be  explained.  But  that  there  was  a 
fatal  throat  disease  in  or  near  Vienna,  that  communicated  diph- 
theria in  Lapeer  County  was  subsequently  proved. 

June  4  there  was  received  from  C.  A.  Wisner,  M.  D.,  health 
officer  of  Marathon  Township,  Lapeer  County,  a  final  report  of  an 
outbreak  of  diphtheria  in  his  jurisdiction,  and  in  reply  to  the 
question  as  to  "source  of  contagium  and  mode  of  introduction  of 
the  disease,"  he  sent  two  certificates  of  death,  given  by  F.  C. 
Buchner,  M.  D.,  Atlanta,  Montgomery  County,  which  certificates 
were  from  the  coffins  of  two  corpses  brought  into  Lapeer  County. 
The  certificates  are  as  follows: 

"Office  of  F.  C.  Buchner,  Physician  and  Surgeon,  Atlanta, 
Mich.,  3-23,  1890.  To  whom  it  may  concern: — This  is  to  certify 
that  Mrs.  Dell  Putman  of  Vienna  died  of  suppurative  tonsillitis, 
and  that  it  is  a  disease  not  dangerous  to  the  public  health. 

"Frank  C.  Buchner,  M.  D." 

"Atlanta,  Mich.,  3-23,  1890.    This  is  to  certify  that  I  was  called 


88 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  333 


to  see  the  little  girl,  Flossie  Putman,  and  that  it  died  of  spas- 
modic croup,  a  disease  not  dangerous  to  the  public  health. 

"Frank  C.  Buchner,  M.  D." 

That  a  man  capable  of  practicing  medicine,  and  especially 
one  writine:  "M.  D."  after  his  name,  could  bring  himself  to  sign 
two  such  certificates,  the  same  day,  relative  to  two  persons  in  one 
family,  hotli  dead  of  throat  disease,  certifying  that  it  is  "a  disease 
not  dangerous  to  the  public  health,"  and  thus,  without  precautions, 
permit  such  dead  bodies  to  go  across  the  state  to  endanger  the 
lives  of  innocent  persons  who  rely  upon  such  certificates,  is,  to  say 
the  least,  deplorable. 

Dr.  Wisner's  report  said:  "The  corpse  of  Mrs.  Dell  Putman, 
also  that  of  her  little  girl,  were  brought  from  Vienna,  Montgom- 
ery County,  on  the  24th  of  March,  1890,  to  her  father's  home  here. 
Mary  Tibbits,  a  step-daughter,  was  present,  and  helped  to  open 
the  cof¥ins  and  attend  to  the  care  of  the  dead,  until  the  funeral, 
which  occurred  on  the  26th  of  March.  I  knew  nothing  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  disease  that  had  caused  their  death  at  this  time,  but  on 
talking  with  Mr.  Putman  on  Tuesday,  the  25th  of  March,  I  be- 
came convinced  that  it  was  diphtheria,  but  as  I  did  not  know  pos- 
itively, and  they  had  a  certificate  from  Dr.  Buchner  stating  that 
the  disease  which  caused  their  death  was  not  contagious,  I  could 
not  very  well  prevent  them  holding  a  funeral.  1  notified  them  of 
my  suspicions  about  the  case,  told  the  neighbors  not  to  let  any  of 
their  children  go  there  at  all,  that  the  coffins  should  be  closed 
tight,  and  not  opened  the  next  day  at  the  funeral,  which  was  held 
at  their  private  residence,  one  mile  north  of  this  village.  I  was 
censured  some  for  the  stand  I  took,  but,  as  subsequent  events 
proved,  I  think  I  was  right,  for  on  the  31st  of  March,  1890,  just 
one  week  from  the  day  she  helped  open  the  coffin  of  Mrs.  Dell 
Putman  she,  Mary  Tibbits,  was  taken  sick  with  diphtheria  and 
confined  to  her  bed  eight  days.  I  inclose  to  you  the  certificate 
which  came  on  each  coffin.  Please  do  not  destroy  them,  as  they 
might  be  wanted,  to  be  referred  to,  some  time.  I  promptly  quar- 
antined this  case,  which  happily  was  the  only  one  which  occurred. 
I  think  that  by  warning  the  neighbors,  and  the  funeral  being  held 
privately,  we  prevented  a  greater  spread  of  the  disease. 

"C.  A.  WiSNER,  M.  D.,  Columbiaville,  Mich." 

In  this  instance,  through  the  care  of  the  health  officer,  the  out- 
break of  this  very  dangerous  disease  was  promptly  restricted,  so 
that  such  fearful  consequences  as  occurred  from  the  similar  in- 
stance at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in  the  spring  of  1890,  were  here 
averted. 

This  is,  therefore,  one  more  instance  enforcing  the  importance 
of  requiring,  in  every  case,  a  permit  from  the  health  officer  0/  the 
locality  into  which  any  dead  body  is  to  be  brought,  and  such  notice 
of  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  corpse  as  will  enable  the  health 
officer  to  take  any  precautions  which  he  may  deem  to  be  nec- 
essary. 

Any  corpse  dead  from  any  disease  is  conclusive  proof  of  the 
presence  of  a  fatal  disease;  therefore  one  which,  under  certain  cir- 
cumstances, may  be  dangerous  to  the  public. 

Every  local  board  of  health  in  Michigan  is  authorized  by  law 
to  make  such  a  regulation  as  would  provide  for  such  notification, 
and  to  enforce,  against  any  person  or  persons,  the  penalty  for  its 
violation.  And  as  the  people  of  any  locality  are  liable,  at  any 
time,  to  be  at  the  mercy,  in  this  regard,  of  an  ignorant,  careless  or 
culpaljle  doctor  in  some  distant  place,  ordinary  prudence  would 
seem  to  dictate  that  every  local  board  of  health  should  make  and 
enforce  a  regulation  requiring  notice  to  the  local  health  officer  of 
the  arrivals  of  every  corpse.  Henry  B.  Baker, 

Secretary. 

Office  of  the  Michigan  State  Board  of  Health,  Lansing,  June  7, 
1 890.   

THE  CHICAGO  RIVER  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  COM- 
MERCE AND  THE  HEALTH  OF  THE  PEOPLE.* 
Very  early  in  the  history  of  Chicago,  the  attention  of  citizens 
was  called  to  the  sluggish  nature  of  the  river,  and  ordinances  were 
enacted  by  the  town  and  municipal  authorities  against  polluting 
its  waters.  The  very  same  question  is  agitating  the  citizens  to- 
day. A  short  review  of  the  river  will  convey  an  idea  as  to  its 
condition. 

*  I'.iper  rc.ld  before  the  Chicago  Master  IMiimbers'  Associ.ition,  June  12,  IHIH), 
liy  T.  P.  Culloton. 


The  Chicago  river  originally  discharged  into  the  lake  over  a 
bar  of  sand  and  gravel  in  a  rippling  stream  ten  to  fifteen  yards 
wide  and  only  a  few  inches  deep,  a  short  distance  south  of  the 
present  harbor,  and  branched  off  in  what  were  known  as  the  North 
and  the  South  Forks.  The  South  Fork  took  its  rise  about  six  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  a  swamp  which  communicates  also  with  the 
Desplaines,  one  of  the  head  branches  of  the  Illinois  River.  A 
division  of  water  takes  place  here,  starting  from  the  same  source, 
and  running  in  different  directions,  so  as  to  become  the  feeder  of 
streams  that  discharge  into  the  ocean,  a  great  distance  apart.  The 
North  Fork  extends  but  a  short  distance  in  a  northwesterly  direc- 
tion, with  water  hardly  sufficient  to  allow  the  smallest  boat  to  pass. 
But  by  the  building  of  the  harbor,  the  dredging  and  straightening 
of  the  river,  and  the  building  of  docks  and  wharves  for  the  con- 
venience of  .the  immense  commerce  which  the  improved  means 
of  land  transportation  had  centered  in  the  city,  it  kept  even  pace 
with  those  enterprises. 

In  the  summer  of  1833  the  first  pier  was  built,  and  in  the  spring 
of  1834  the  first  sand-bar  had  disappeared,  and  thereafter  Chicago 
was  open  to  commerce,  which  has  increased  each  year  until  the 
present  time,  and  the  river  has  been  made  to  conform  to  a  uniform 
width  of  200  feet,  a  depth  of  16  feet,  with  some  40  miles  of  dockage. 
As  the  improvements  of  the  river  were  progressing,  so  were  the 
evils  arising  therefrom,  until  1845  'he  stream  became  terribly 
offensive  in  consequence  of  blood  and  other  refuse  from  slaughter- 
houses being  thrown  into  it,  when  the  authorities  imposed  the  pen- 
alty of  a  fine  upon  anybody  who  should  throw  refuse  into  the  river. 
But  a  greater  evil  existed  than  the  polluting  of  the  river,  namely: 
the  running  along  the  gutters  of  the  streets  of  the  drainage  and 
sewage,  which  brought  forward  the  great  question  (which  is  agi- 
tating the  people  of  our  city  to-day)  of  how  we  should  dispose  of 
our  sewage.  Plans  were  submitted  and  adopted  in  1855  for  drain- 
ing directly  into  the  river,  evidencing  that  there  never  was  a  city, 
perhaps,  with  features  better  fitted  for  drainage  than  this.  The 
peculiar  shape  of  the  river,  with  its  two  branches,  gave  easy  and 
short  access  to  it  from  every  section  of  the  town,  while  there  is 
from  every  square  rod  of  its  surface  a  gradual  and  sufficient  in- 
clination to  the  adjacent  bank.  But  the  public  became  alarmed 
at  the  speedy  current  caused  by  the  great  flow  of  sewage  into 
the  river,  leading  directly  into  the  lake  and  contaminating  the 
public  water-supply,  which  is  taken  from  the  bottom  of  the  lake 
some  three  miles  distant  from  the  shore.  To  prevent  this  is  the 
end  to  which  all  operations  have  been  directed — the  changing  of 
the  natural  current  of  the  south  branch  of  the  river  so  it  shall  set 
down  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  instead  of  flowingtoward  the 
lake,  and  continuing  the  water  of  the  north  branch  past  its  junc- 
tion with  the  main  river  down  to  the  canal  outlet.  For  this  pur- 
pose immense  pumping  works  have  been  erected  at  Fullerton  ave- 
nue on  the  north  branch,  intended  to  force  water  from  a  lake 
tunnel  into  the  river  basin,  thereby  creating  a  strong  current  to  the 
south.  Twin  pumping  works  have  been  erected  m  Bridgeport,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  canal  on  the  south  branch  of  the  river,  which 
takes  the  polluted  water  from  the  river  and  pours  it  into  the  sup- 
plementary basin  of  the  canal,  creating  a  vacuum  in  the  river  and 
inducing  a  strong  current  in  a  southernly  and  wcsternly  direction. 
The  ojjeration  of  these  pumping  works  has  been  measureably  suc- 
cessful, and  are  adequate  perhaps  for  ordinary  seasons;  but  when- 
ever a  freshet  sets  in,  it  is  invariably  the  case  that  the  country  on 
the  line  of  the  Desplaines  river,  from  the  city  line,  all  along  the 
river  valley  from  twelve  to  twenty  miles  distant,  is  entirely  sub- 
merged, the  water  often  covering  an  area  of  twenty  or  thirty  square 
miles.  In  the  vicinity  of  Twenty-second  street,  during  a  heavy 
freshet,  the  water  in  the  south  branch  not  infrequently  rises  six  or 
eight  feet,  while  in  the  basin  of  the  main  river  north  of  Van  Buren 
street  the  rise  is  generally  from  eighteen  inches  to  two  feet. 

During  the  prevalence  of  a  fteshet  continuing  two  or  three 
days,  not  less  than  150,000  cubic  feet  of  water  a  minute  empty  from 
the  Desplaines  into  the  south  branch  of  the  Chicago  river.  The 
flow  of  water  from  the  Desplaines  is  much  greater  now  than  in 
former  years,  primarily  because  of  the  clearing  up  and  ditching 
of  swampy  lands  and  acres  of  marshy  country  that  for  years  have 
been  covered  with  thick  underbrush — the  removal  of  these  nat- 
ural obstructions  affording  the  periodical  rains  an  uninterrui)ted 
course;  so  that  a  fall  of  rain  which  formerly  was  days  in  finding 
its  way  to  the  city  now  sweeps  in  upon  it  in  a  flood  in  the  Course  of 


June  21,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


89 


a  few  hours.  The  Desplaines  river  is  decidedly  mercurial  in  its 
tendencies,  being  down  to-day  and  up  to-morrow.  It  will  this 
week  be  nearly  dry,  so  as  to  be  fordable  at  many  points,  and  a 
week  later  it  will  be  so  swollen  with  rain  and  freshets  as  to  over- 
flow its  banks  and  sweep  everything  before  it.  To  guard  against 
these  overflows  the  city  constructed  a  dam,  but,  notwithstanding 
the  existence  of  this  dam,  it  was  found  atone  of  the  above  freshets 
that  the  Desplaines  river  was  so  swollen  that  125,000  cubic  feet  of 
water  a  minute  found  its  way  over  the  top  of  the  dam  into  the 
Chicago  river,  while  the  volume  of  water  coming  down  the  north 
branch  was  27,000  cubic  feet  a  minute,  causing  a  rise  in  the  main 
river  of  nearly  two  feet.  Yet  this  fall  of  water  was  only  about  one- 
half  the  quantity  which  usually  enters  the  city  during  the  height 
of  the  flood  season.  At  such  times,  every  effort  of  engineering 
skill  and  mechanical  invention  has  thus  far  proved  inadequate  to 
cope  with  the  action  of  the  refractory  elements,  and  the  entire 
body  of  water  in  the  main  branches  and  tributaries  is  swept  into 
the  lake.  Now,  what  are  the  results  of  this  water  sweeping  into 
the  lake?  Why,  it  carries  with  it  the  entire  volume  of  sewage  of 
the  city.  With  a  large  lake,  full  of  as  good,  pure  and  wholesome 
water  as  can  be  found  on  earth,  a  citizen  of  Chicago  cannot  get  a 
cupful  of  drinkable  water  unless  he  buys  it  from  a  distant  spring,  or 
boils  the  contaminated  stuff  that  comes  through  the  water-pipe. 
All  this  is  due  to  the  penny-wise,  pound-foolish  policy  of  the  city 
government,  which  seems  to  regard  the  health  of  the  people  of 
Chicago  as  a  matter  to  be  attended  to  after  everything,  else  has 
been  provided  for.  Both  reason  and  experience  should  show  the 
city  administration  that  the  health  of  the  people  is  the  first  con- 
sideration— that  it  is  the  first  thing  to  be  provided  for.  This  is 
not  a  matter  of  sentiment;  it  is  one  of  dollars  and  cents.  With  a 
given  number  of  deaths  from  disease,  it  is  a  simple  arithmetical 
proposition  to  tell  what  the  disease  costs  the  community,  and,  with 
a  given  number  of  deaths  from  preventable  disease,  it  is  a  simple 
matter  to  tell  what  a  community  loses  by  neglect  of  preventive 
measures. 

Typhoid  fever  is  a  distinctly  preventable  disease;  it  is  a  filth 
di^ase.  There  never  was  and  never  will  be  a  case  of  typhoid 
fever  due  to  anything  but  filth,  and  the  filth  is  always  traceable 
directly  or  indirectly  to  drinking  water.  In  1889,  there  were  453 
deaths  from  typhoid  fever  in  Chicago,  representing  in  round  num- 
bers about  3,700  cases,  as  the  mortality  is  a  little  more  than  8  per 
cent. 

A  death  costs  the  community  on  an  average  $1,200,  the  actual 
value  of  the  average  human  life  being  S795.  Then  453  deaths  from 
typhoid  fever  in  i88q,  due  to  filthy,  sewage-contaminated  drinking 
water,  cost  Chicago  $543,600.  Add  to  this  the  cost  of  3,247  cases 
of  the  fever  that  recovered  and  we  have  $1,517,700  that  the  pre- 
ventable disease,  typhoid  fever,  cost  Chicago  in  1889.  Nor  is 
there  any  prospect  that  the  cost  for  1890  will  be  in  any  way  di- 
minished. The  deaths  from  typhoid  fever  in  Chicago  in  January 
were  53,  in  February  136,  representing  a  death  loss  for  the  two 
months  of  $226,800,  which,  added  to  the  sickness  loss  of  $399,300, 
makes  a  total  loss  of  $626,100  from  typhoid  fever  in  the  first  two 
months  of  this  year. 

In  the  past  fourteen  months,  then,  typhoid  fever  alone  has  cost 
Chicago  $2,143,800.  The  above  figures  do  not  include  the  loss  to 
the  city  due  to  sickness  and  deaths  from  other  diseases'  arising 
from  the  use  of  contaminated  water.  The  diluted  sewage  that  we 
are  drinking  is  costing  Chicago,  at  a  very  low  estimate,  $2,500,000 
a  year,  or  more  than  $200,000  a  month.  If  we  were  to  spend,  in 
perfecting  the  disposal  of  our  sewage,  what  it  costs  us  to  drink 
the  vile  stuff,  we  could  save  ten  times  the  amount  in  due  course 
of  time,  and  add  one  hundred  times  to  the  comfort  of  our  people. 
Nothing  is  so  distasteful  to  the  average  man  as  to  have  his  pocket 
book  or  bank  account  hurt.  Sickness  or  death  may  occur  which 
apparently  seems  to  cost  nothing  compared  with  expense  of  im- 
provements. But  sickness  and  death  are  reducable  to  dollars  and 
cents.  Seeing  that  this  is  the  case,  and  knowing  now  what  it  costs 
to  drink  diluted  sewage,  let  the  city  government  take  immediate 
and  active  measures  towards  perfecting  the  disposal  of  our  sew- 
age. And  whatever  departments  of  the  municipal  government 
have  to  suffer  for  it,  we  must  have  a  remedy  for  the  evils  of  the 
Chicago  river. 

While  the  highest  engineering  skill  obtainable  has  been 
brought  to  bear  on  the  question  of  the  disposal  of  the  public  sew- 


age of  Chicago,  and  while  money  has  been  s[)ent  lavishly  in  build- 
ing the  most  improved  machinery  for  rendering  the  river  an  avail- 
able and  efficient  agent  for  the  purpose,  it  must  be  conceded  that 
thus  far  only  indifferent  results  have  been  attained,  and  as  the 
population  of  Chicago  shall  double  and  quadruple,  it  will  be 
found  imperatively  necessary  to  push  to  a  successful  solution  this 
perplexing  problem. 

A  review  of  the  commerce  of  Chicago,  however  hasty  and  im- 
perfect, would  be  essentially  incomplete  without  some  reference 
to  the  basis  of  that  trade,  and  the  reasons  that  may  be  adduced 
for  its  rapid  growth  and  development.  First  of  all  may  be  noted 
the  broad  expanse  of  matchless  agricultural  territory,  dotted  with 
farm-houses,  villages,  and  cities,  stretching  hundreds  of  miles 
northward,  westward  and  southward,  all  more  or  less  dependent 
upon  the  city,  both  as  a  market  for  its  surplus  productions  and  a 
source  of  supply  for  those  necessaries  and  luxuries  that  tend  to 
make  life  enjoyable,  and  that  are  produced  or  manufactured  in 
other  portions  of  this  or  of  foreign  countries.  But  scarcely  less 
important  than  supply  and  demand  are  the  means  of  speedy  trans- 
portation demanded  by  an  extended  commerce ;  and  this  nature  has 
supplied  to  a  degree,  and  only  wants  art  to  finish  it  for  Chicago  to 
be  unequaled  by  any  city  in  the  world,  so  that,  with  lines  by  water 
and  by  rail,  the  city  will  come  to  be  a  center  from  which  diverge 
in  all  directions  ample  avenues  for  conducting  an  almost  limit- 
less traffic,  through  the  influence  of  which  the  commerce  of  the 
city  has  been  nourished  and  built  up,  by  means  of  which  the  great 
northwest  has  become  popular,  and  the  hitherto  cheerless  prairie 
has  been  converted  into  a  paradise  of  happiness,  prosperity  and 
substantial  wealth. 

The  states  most  intimately  connected  with  Chicago,  whose 
products,  in  a  large  degree,  find  a  market  here  and  whose  wants 
are  here  principally  supplied,  cover  an  area  of  some  725,000 
square  miles,  which,  as  compared  with  the  same  population  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  such  adjacent  states  as  find  an  outlet  for 
its  commerce,  there  is  but  105,000  square  miles,  while  the  land  of 
our  states  is  of  far  more  productive  value  than  the  eastern  states. 
Now  if  we  reflect,  even  for  a  moment,  upon  the  productive  power 
of  all  this  vast  domain,  and,  moreover,  that  it  has  as  yet  scarcely 
begun  to  be  peopled,  we  must  stand  amazed  at  the  future  which 
is  spread  out  before  this  favored  city,  leaving  out  of  the  calcula- 
tion the  important  trade  of  Chicago  with  the  southwest,  which  is 
growing  every  year.  The  number  of  vessels  arriving  at  and  de- 
parting from  this  port  annually  is  20,000,  a  larger  number  than 
clears  from  any  port  of  this  continent.  Their  total  tonnage  is 
9,000,000  tons.  There  is  needed  for  the  immense  ships  that  carry 
this  tonnage  at  least  twenty  feet  of  water,  while  there  is  scarcely 
sixteen  feet  in  the  river  at  present.  When  the  agricultural  and 
mining  wealth  contained  in  the  vast  regions  lying  north  and  west 
of  the  metropolis  is  thoughtfully  considered,  and  when  it  is  borne 
in  mind  that  an  immense  population  is  destined  to  occupy  those 
fields,  and  that  unequaled  facilities  for  transportation  will  be  re- 
quired to  the  great  lakes,  it  will  be  plainly  seen  that  the  Chicago 
river  will  be  inadequate,  situated  as  it  now  is,  passing  through  the 
very  heart  of  the  city. 

The  river  has  been  a  great  benefit  to  Chicago  in  the  days  of 
the  past,  and  has  done  much  toward  building  up  our  city.  But 
will  it  answer  in  the  future  when  the  population  will  have  in- 
creased to  five  million  in  the  next  half  century,  two-thirds  of  them 
doing  business  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  from  where  they 
live,  and  have  to  cross  and  recross  the  river  several  times  each 
day  during  the  year?  Many  times  vexations  and  damaging 
delays  to  business  is  the  result.  The  immense  business  transacted 
has  outgrown  the  old  river  and  its  facilities  for  doing  the  shipping 
business.  A  new  Chicago  river  is  needed,  large  and  long  enough 
to  do  the  business  of  a  city  of  five  million  population,  and  located 
where  it  will  not  damage  but  advance  the  value  of  all  property  in  the 
city.  This  river  could  commence  at  the  north  side  of  Lake  Calumet 
and  connect  with  Lake  Michigan,  and  continue  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  around  the  west  part  of  Chicago,  and  connect  again 
with  Lake  Michigan  somewhere  about  Evanston,  with  a  uniform 
width  of  300  feet,  and  a  depth  of  at  least  twenty  feet,  with  its  side- 
walks laid  in  solid  stone  made  durable  and  permanent,  which 
would  last  for  generations  with  very  small  expense  for  repairs. 
A  canal  could  be  made  connecting  this  river  at  the  northern  term- 
inus with  the  Mississippi  river  on  a  direct  line,  where  the  water  in 


90 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol,  XVI.   No.  333 


the  river  is  but  a  few  feet  below  the  surface  water  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan. This  descent  would  give  a  steady  flow  of  a  large  quantity  of 
water  from  the  lake  into  the  Mississippi  river,  which  would  make 
it  possible  for  ocean  steamers  to  ascend  the  river  with  their  car- 
goes unbroken  from  all  parts  of  the  world  into  the  seaport  of  Chi- 
cago. The  capacities  of  all  the  industries  of  Chicago  will  have  to 
be  increased  during  the  next  few  years,  and  trade  in  many 
branches  of  business  will  double  and  treble,  and  with  this  new 
improvement,  which  is  the  most  needed  to-day  in  Chicago  (save 
the  abatement  of  the  sewage  nuisance)  it  will  be  the  great  incen- 
tive to  increase  business,  not  only  in  Chicago,  but  the  whole  West 
and  South  will  feel  the  good  effects  of  this  internal  improvement; 
property  will  advance  all  along  the  line,  real  estate  alone  will 
startle  the  whole  civilized  world,  everybody  will  want  to  get  an 
interest  in  Chicago,  and  will  want  to  buy  a  corner  lot.  All  rail- 
roads and  streets  could  pass  under  this  river  through  tunnels. 
There  would  be  sixty  miles  of  dockage  property,  every  foot  of 
which  Chicago  will  need  during  the  next  fifty  years  for  her  five 
million  people. 

The  building  of  the  new  river  would  necessitate  the  closing  up 
of  the  old  river  and  the  building  of  a  new  system  for  the  disposal 
of  sewage,  which  could  be  done  by  building  a  great  canal  or  tunnel 
in  the  bed  or  center  of  the  old  river.  As  most  of  the  sewer  mains 
now  discharge  into  the  river,  they  could  very  easily  be  connected 
with  this  tunnel,  and  carried  to  some  unoccupied  land  far  away, 
there  deodorized,  and  the  solids  separated  and  used  for  fertiliz- 
ing purposes,  and  the  liquids  drained  off.  The  pumps  now  in  use 
at  Bridgeport  and  the  North  Branch  could  be  used  for  perfecting 
this  new  work  of  sewerage,  for  furnishing  the  city  with  plenty  of 
pure  water,  and  keep  the  great  sewer  canal  well  cleaned  out  and 
the  city  forever  healthy  and  prosperous.  The  present  river  bed 
could  be  transformed  into  a  great  thoroughfare  for  railroads,  both 
surface  and  elevated,  with  branches  to  all  the  different  parts  of 
the  city,  which  would  secure  to  our  people  the  rapid  transit  they 
are  so  badly  in  need  of.  The  entire  bed  could  be  laid  with  heavy 
permanent  stone  foundations,  with  side  walls  and  iron  roof  sup- 
ported by  iron  columns  resting  securely  upon  the  stone  founda- 
tions, sufficiently  strong  to  build  business  blocks  and  streets  upon, 
with  sufficient  space  for  lights,  air  and  ventilation.  The  world's 
great  passenger  depot  could  be  built  over  the  mouth  of  the  Chi- 
cago river  bed,  to  be  the  terminus  of  the  surface  and  elevated 
railroads,  and  the  landing  of  all  passengers  by  steamboat  from  all 
over  the  world. 

The  Lake  Shore  Grand  boulevard  could  then  be  completed  by 
connections  from  north  to  south,  which  would  be  the  grandest 
drive  in  the  world.  Then  could  we  exclaim.  Hail,  Chicago!  metro- 
polis of  the  great  West!  vast  in  her  resources,  fortunate  in  her  cit- 
izens, whose  genius,  industry,  and  integrity  secure  to  us  the  use 
of  all  those  advantages  and  blessings  which  are  vouchsafed  to  us 
by  the  Creater  and  Dispenser  of  all  the  things  which  we  have — 
the  healthy  winds  of  our  boundless  prairies,  the  life-sustaining 
bread  of  our  perfectly  cultivated  fields,  the  pure  refreshing  waters 
of  our  mighty  lake,  all  of  which  tend  to  make  Chicago  the  health- 
iest of  cities. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  GAS  PIPING.* 

*From  .in  article  on  "  Notes  on  (ias-Lifjlitinfj;  and  Gas-Fitting,"  by  Wm.  Paul 
Gerhard,  C.  E.,  in  the  Builder,  Decorator  and  Wood-  Worker  for  May,  1890. 

In  General. — The  gas-fitting  work  must  conform  to  the  gen- 
eral rules  and  regulations  of  the  gas  company  supplying  the  dis- 
trict in  which  the  building  is  located  with  gas. 

The  plumber  is  to  notify  the  gas  company  and  is  to  obtain  the 
largest  possible  gas  service  pipe,  run  by  the  company  into  the 
cellar  of  the  building.  The  supply  pipe  leading  from  the  street 
main  shall  be  provided  with  a  stop  valve  placed  in  the  sidewalk 
near  the  curb,  so  arranged  that  the  gas  may  be  turned  off  at  this 
point  from  the  building.  The  gas  company  will  furnish  and  set 
the  meter  and  make  the  connections  of  same  with  the  street  ser- 
vice and  the  house  pipe.  The  plumbuig  contractor  shall  pipe  the 
whole  building  for  gas  in  the  most  apjiroved  manner,  and  all  his 
work  must  be  in  strict  accordance  with  the  following  detailed  spe- 
cifications. The  whole  piping  is  to  be  completed  before  plaster- 
ing is  commenced. 

Pipes. — Best  quality  wrought  iron  welded  gas  pipe  of  sizes  to 
conform  to  the  scale  given  below  shall  be  used.    All  jiipe  up  to 


I -inch  diameter  to  be  butt  welded,  larger  pipe  to  be  lap  welded. 
All  pipe  to  be  free  from  splits,  flaws,  or  other  defects,  and  to  be 
of  a  true  and  uniform  section.  All  pipe  must  be  tested  at  the 
mills  by  hydrostatic  pressure.  [State  if  pipe  is  to  be  of  plain 
wrought  iron,  or  galvanized  or  made  rustless  by  the  Bower-Barff 
process.] 

Fittings. — All  the  fittings,  such  as  sockets,  elbows,  bends, 
tees,  crosses,  reducers,  etc.,  under  two  inches  diameter,  shall  be 
extra  heavy  malleable  iron  fittings.  Fittings  of  larger  diameter 
to  be  cast  fittings.  [State  if  fittings  are  to  be  plain,  or  galvanized 
or  Bower-Barffed.] 

Joints. — All  piping  and  fittings  are  to  be  put  together  with 
screw  joints  and  red  lead.  All  joints  to  be  made  perfectly  gas- 
tight. 

Valves  and  Stopcocks. — In  smaller  buildings  use  brass  lever 
handle  stopcocks  to  shut  off  gas  at  meter.  In  larger  buildings  use 
fuUway  brass  finished  stop  valves  on  all  rising  lines  and  on  each 
floor  to  control  and  shut  off  separately  the  flow  of  gas  to  the  vari- 
ous floors  and  separate  wings  of  the  building. 

Sizes  of  Pipes. — All  rising  and  distributing  pipes  and  all 
branches  to  brackets  and  centrelights,  shall  be  of  ample  and  suffi- 
cient size  to  supply  the  total  number  of  burners  indicated  on 
plans.  No  pipe  shall  be  less  than  Y%  inches  in  diameter,  and  this 
size  shall  be  used  only  for  not  more  than  one  or  two  bracketlights. 
No  pipe  for  chandeliers  shall  be  less  than  K-inch  inside  diameter 
up  to  four  burners,  and  it  shall  be  |4^-inch  in  diameter  for  all 
chandeliers  with  more  than  four  burners. 

The  gasfitter  shall  proportion  the  sizes  of  risers,  distributing 
lines  and  service  branches  by  the  following  scale  for  gas  piping, 
which  scale  calls  for  piping  slightly  larger  than  that  ordinarily  put 
in: 

table. 


Size  of  Pipe. 
y%  inch. 

Yz  " 

YAt  " 

1  " 

IX  " 

2  " 

lYz  " 

3  " 

4  " 


Greatest  Length 
Allowed. 

20  feef. 

30  " 

50  " 

70  " 

100  " 

150  " 

200  " 

300  " 

400  " 

500  " 


Greatest  Number  of  Rurners 
to  be  Supplied 


4 
15 
25 
40 
70 
140 
225 
300 
500 


Main  Pipe  and  Risers. — Run  main  iron  service  pipe  in 
cellar  wherever  best  or  where  directed,  and  put  up  as  many  risers 
as  may  be  necessary  for  the  proper  distribution  of  gas-piping  in 
the  building. 

Outlets. — Provide  all  outlets  for  gas  where  shown  on  gasfit- 
ter's  plans.  The  foreman  gasfitter  must  verify  the  exact  position 
of  all  outlets  for  brackets,  mirror  and  centrelights. 

Note. — Here  insert  a  detailed  list  of  outlets  to  be  provided  in 
each  room,  also  a  list  of  burners  at  each  outlet,  and  give  key 
explaining  the  different  marks  used  on  plans,  showing  location  of 
outlets. 

Location  and  Manner  of  Running  Distributing  Pipes. 
— All  main  risers  are  to  be  carried  exposed,  wherever  practicable, 
and  where  concealed  in  wall  recesses  or  in  stud  partitions  they 
should  preferably  be  rendered  accessible.  All  other  service  and 
distribution  pipes  are  to  be  carried  in  walls  and  partitions  and 
between  floor  beams.  No  gas  pipes  are  on  any  account  to  be 
placed  at  the  bottom  of  floor  beams  which  are  to  be  lathed  and 
plastered,  where  they  would  be  inaccessible  in  case  of  leaks  or 
alterations.  All  pipmg  is,  as  far  as  practicable,  to  be  laid  so  as  to 
be  got  at  in  case  of  repairs.  Where  pipes  under  floors  run  across 
wooden  beams,  the  latter  are  to  be  cut,  notched  or  bored,  at  no 
greater  distance  than  two  feet  from  their  bearings,  and  on  no 
account  shall  pipes  be  let  into  the  beams  more  than  two  inches  in 
depth.  All  the  cutting  which  the  gasfitter  needs  shall  be  done 
for  him  by  the  carpenter. 

Droplights  must  in  all  cases  be  supplied  from  special  branches 
taken  from  the  running  lines. 

All  pipes  shall  be  run  as  direct  as  possible,  and  with  a  true 
grade  and  fall  toward  the  rising  lines  and  the  gas  meter  (or  the 
gas  generator  where  the  house  is  supplied  with  an  air  gas  ma- 


June  21,  1890.] 

chine),  so  as  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  condensed  vapor  or 
water  and  consequent  trapping.  Where  needed  special  drip- 
pipes,  closed  tightly  with  screw  plugs,  must  be  provided.  Long 
runs  of  horizontal  distribution  pipes  are  to  be  firmly  and  strongly 
supported,  at  short  intervals,  so  as  to  prevent  the  pipe  sagging  in 
the  center  and  becoming  trapped  by  water  from  condensation. 

Side  Outlets,  Bracket  Pipes  and  Drops. — All  branch  out- 
let pipes  shall  be  taken  from  the  sides  or  tops  of  running  lines, 
never  directly  from  below.  Bracket  lines  shall  always 
run  up  from  below,  and  must  never  be  dropped  from  over- 
head. Droplights  shall  have  branches  taken  from  the  side  or  top 
of  the  pipe,  never  from  the  bottom  of  a  running  line.  The  fore- 
man gasfitter  must  pay  particular  attention  to  these  requirements, 
and  must  constantly  bear  in  mind  that  the  whole  pipe  system 
shall  be  free  from  any  low  places  or  traps,  and  that  every  pipe  in 
the  building  shall  be  so  inclined  that  all  condensation  will  flow 
back  to  the  rising  pipe  or  pipes  and  thence  to  the  gas  meter  or 
gas  generator.  Before  any  pipe  is  put  into  position,  it  should  be 
blown  and  looked  into  as  a  precaution  against  obstructions. 

IMethod  of  Fastening  Outlet  Pipes. — All  outlet  pipes 
shall  be  securely  and  rigidly  fastened  in  position  with  hooks,  gal- 
vanized iron  straps  or  holdfasts,  secured  with  screws,  so  that  there 
vk'ill  be  no  possibility  of  their  moving  when  the  gas-fixtures  are 
attached. 

Centre  pipes  shall  rest  on  a  solid  support  fastened  to  the  floor 
beams  near  their  top.  The  pipes  shall  be  securely  fastened  to 
the  support  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  any  lateral  movement. 

All  droppipes  shall  be  perfectly  plumb  and  shall  pass  through 
a  guide  fastened  near  the  bottom  of  the  floorbeams. 

Height  of  Bracket  or  Side  Lights.— Outlets  for  bracket 
lights  shall  be  placed  five  feet  six  inches  high  from  finished  floor 
in  rooms,  six  feet  six  inches  high  in  halls,  and  five  feet  in  bath- 
rooms, unless  otherwise  directed.  Mirror  light  outlets  shall  be 
eight  feet  above  finished  floor,  except  where  such  lights  are  to  be 
droplights. 

Length  of  Nipples  and  of  Drops. — All  upright  branches 
shall  be  plumb,  and  the  nipples  projecting  from  walls  or  par- 
titions shall  be  perfectly  level  or  perpendicular  to  the  wall  from 
which  they  project.  All  nipples  shall  be  of  the  exact  length  for 
putting  on  fixtures,  and  shall  project  not  more  than  |^-inch  from 
the  face  of  the  plastering. 

Outlets  which  come  in  connection  with  any  cabinet  work  are 
to  be  made  temporary,  and  must  be  brought  to  their  exact  posi- 
tion, at  such  time  as  the  cabinet  work  is  put  up. 

Drop  centre  pipes  shall  project  i  ^  inches  below  the  furrings 
where  no  stucco  or  centre  pieces  are  used.  Where  the  latter  are 
used  the  drop  shall  be  left  about  one  foot  below  the  furring.  All 
drops  must  be  exactly  perpendicular. 

Pressure  Test  and  Inspection.— All  outlets  shall  be  tightly 
capped,  and  the  whole  system  of  gaspiping  shall  be  tested  by 
pressure  or  mercury  gauge  and  forcepump,  and  proved  to  be  air 
and  gas  tight  under  a  pressure  of  air  that  will  raise  the  column  of 
mercury  fifteen  inches  in  the  glass  tube.  The  system  of  piping 
shall  remain  under  test  at  least  one  hour,  and  any  leaks  indicated 
by  the  falling  of  the  mercury  in  the  glass  gauge  must  be  at  once 
repaired  and  made  good,  and  the  test  repeated  until  all  leaks  have 
been  made  tight,  and  the  whole  made  absolutely  and  perfectly 
gas  tight.  In  the  stopping  of  leaks  at  joints,  or  of  sand  holes  in 
fittings,  the  use  of  gasfitter's  cement  should  be  avoided,  for  when 
cold  it  is  liable  to  crack,  and  when  near  hot-air  flues  or  steam 
pipes  it  is  liable  to  melt. 

When  the  pressure  test  has  proved  the  system  to  be  tight,  the 
caps  should  be  removed  for  the  gas  outlets  in  different  parts  of 
the  building,  to  observe  if  the  whole  of  the  system  has  been  under 
pressure.  This  test  will  at  the  same  time  reveal  if  all  pipes  and 
branches  are  clean  and  free  from  obstruction. 

After  the  test,  all  outlets  are  to  be  left  capped  and  tight  at  the 
completion  of  the  work. 


A  sculptor  in  Paris,  named  Frederick  Beer,  has  discovered  a 
process  for  making  marble  fluid  and  moulding  it  as  metal  is 
moulded.  The  new  product,  called  beryt,  costs  but  little  more 
than  plaster,  and  is  especially  well  adapted  to  the  ornamentation 
of  houses  and  the  construction  of  floors,  baths,  etc. 


91 


COLUMBIA.* 

[The  Kxhibition  of  Plumbing  Materials  and  Workmanship  at 
the  World's  Fair  in  1893.  What  Method  Can  Be  Adopted  to 
Make  it  an  Attractive  Feature,  and  of  General  Benefit  to  the 
Plumbing  Interest?] 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen : 

There  is  no  topic  so  popular  at  the  present  time  as  the  subject 
of  the  World's  Fair.  It  absorbs  the  interest  of  the  greatest  busi- 
ness men  of  the  day.  It  is  the  theme  of  conversation  on  the 
street,  is  hourly  discussed  at  the  clubs;  it  forms  the  stanzas  of  the 
topical  songs  that  entertain  our  theatre-goers,  and  has  invaded  the 
realms  of  the  family  circle,  whose  members  gather  around  the 
festive  boards  and  discourse  on  the  resources  and  possibilities  of 
our  mammoth  exhibition.  In  fact,  this  intense  interest  has  be- 
come so  general  that  it  has  even  entered  the  domain  of  religion 
and  flutters  around  the  minds  of  our  ministers,  who,  in  turn,  call 
upon  the  votaries  of  heaven  to  join  with  the  forces  of  earth,  and 
insure  success  for  this  grand  enterprise.  Judging  from  this  un- 
deniably universal  agitation,  we  must  believe  that  the  subject  of 
the  World's  Fair  is  a  consideration  of  no  common  magnitude,  and 
that  the  honorable  committee  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Associa- 
tion should  select  this  as  the  theme  to  be  enlarged  upon  by  the 
Chicago  organization  is  certainly  most  laudable  and  praiseworthy. 

Chicago,  as  the  chosen  site,  receives  the  distinction  with  feel- 
ings of  pride  and  gratitude.  Of  pride,  because  she  has  been 
selected  as  the  city  of  cities  where  such  a  master  undertaking 
could  be  happily  accomplished.  And  yet,  was  it  not  just  and 
right  that  it  should  be  selected? 

Chicago  stands  without  a  peer  as  a  truly  representative  city. 
It  is  the  synonym  of  success,  of  perseverence,  of  fearlessness,  of 
energy,  and  of  advancement.  In  truth,  "it  doeth  all  things  well." 
It  is  a  characteristic  American  city.  It  fully  portrays  the  Ameri- 
can ideas  in  commerce,  wealth  and  manufacture,  and  will  soon 
achieve  another  victory,  when  an  admiring  universe  will  acknowl- 
edge the  wisdom  of  the  choice  that  made  Chicago  the  site  of  the 
greatest  exposition  of  modern  times.  We,  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Master  Plumbers,  embrace  this  opportunity  to  express 
the  hopes  and  manifest  the  talents  that  are  centered  in  this  or- 
ganization. This  organization  may  be  likened  to  an  army,  whose 
ranks  are  filled  with  enthusiastic  volunteers  pledged  to  advance 
in  the  march  of  progress  as  behooves  the  promoters  of  a  patriotic 
movement,  which  will  gild  the  American  name  in  arts,  in  litera- 
ture, in  science  and  in  manufactures. 

Sanitation  is  a  noble  theme.  It  has  commanded  the  attention 
of  the  leading  scientists  and  most  enlightened  men  of  our  age. 
In  all  the  branches  of  modern  science  no  improvement  has  been 
so  marked  as  in  the  science  which  devotes  itself  to  the  sanitation 
of  cities.  People  realize,  at  last,  that  it  is  cheaper  and  safer  to 
prevent  disease  than  to  cure  it,  and  as  good  plumbing  is  the  pre- 
ventative, they  will  be  naturally  drawn  to  inspect  what  will  allay 
the  ills  which  the  flesh  is  heir  to.  The  eyes  of  the  world,  there- 
fore, will  be  largely  directed  towards  the  sanitary  exhibition 
(since  health  is  above  all  the  important  factor  that  is  conductive 
to  happiness,  wealth,  or  prosperity),  and  whether  or  not  this  sani- 
tary display  meets  with  the  approbation  such  exhibitions  should 
call  forth,  rests  largely  with  this  association.  We  must  profit  by 
the  inventions  and  experience  of  the  past  century,  that  the  unique 
and  useful  improvements  now  employed  may  be  properly  placed 
and  duly  appreciated. 

Would  we  could  depict  in  all  its  horrors,  sanitation  as  it  existed 
in  the  past,  compared  with  the  present  almost  perfect  methods; 
but  the  picture,  faithfully  portrayed,  would  be  too  loathsome  for 
public  gaze.  To  carry  out  the  scheme  of  making  this  exhibit  a 
strikingly  attractive  feature  of  the  exposition,  we  must  first  solicit 
the  co-operation  of  all  civilized  nations.  I  would  suggest  that 
the  secretary  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  be 
empowered  to  extend  invitations  to  all  parts  of  the  civilized 
world  requesting  plumbers  to  send  their  wares  to  the  Garden 
City,  where  they  will  be  received  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
appointed  for  this  purpose.  We  should  urge  them  to  favor  us  in 
this  request.  Suitable  and  ample  space  will  be  allotted  them  in 
the  building  devoted  to  the  sanitary  appliances;  and  when  the  ex- 

*Prize  essay  by  J.  J.  Wade,  read  "before  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation May  22,  1890,  and  at  the  National  Convention  at  Denver,  Col.,  June  18, 1890. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


92 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  333 


hibitors  visit  our  shores,  we  will  accord  them  a  hearty  American 
welcome  to  the  land  whose  banners  wave  in  the  atmosphere  of 
freedom  and  independence,  where  industry  is  encouraged,  piety 
respected,  and  ambition  animated  without  distinction  to  class  or 
race. 

To  our  friends  in  the  United  States  we  can  speak  more  fratern- 
ally. You  who  grasp  the  immensity  of  the  situation,  will  probably 
approve  of  the  advisability  of  having  the  Vice-President  of  each 
state  become  the  overseer  of  his  state's  display.  Thus  each  state 
will  practically  control  her  own  wares,  and  I  am  sure  will  make  it 
a  matter  of  competition  as  to  which  will  excel  in  originality  of 
ideas  in  placing  her  exhibit.  The  workmanship  necessary  for  the 
fitting  up  of  these  displays  should  be  only  of  the  most  approved 
character.  All  apparatus,  however,  should  be  located  above 
ground,  so  that  the  beneficial  functions  can  be  seen  and  impart 
instructions  to  the  enquiring  world.  So  much  would  I  consign  to 
our  local  organizations. 

Now,  cannot  this  great  association  do  something  magnificent 
as  a  body — something  that  will  redound  to  her  glory  as  an  associa- 
tion— that  has  fostered  the  growth,  spread  and  inculcation  of  sani- 
tation in  the  homes  of  our  vast  republic?  Surely  you  will  agree 
that  such  an  undertaking  is  compatible  with  the  principles  of  this 
organization.  But  to  convince  the  incredulous  ones  let  us  glance 
at  the  by-laws  and  find  out  what  were  the  motives  that  inspired 
that  enthusiastic  band  to  meet  in  the  city  of  New  York  June  27, 
1883.  As  we  read  we  find  that  the  fundamental  principles  of  this 
association  as  laid  down  in  the  constitution  is  summed  up  as  fol- 
lows: "This  Association  has  for  its  special  object  the  advance- 
ment of  the  trade  in  all  the  latest  discoveries  of  science  pertain- 
ing to  sanitary  laws;  encouraging  inventions  and  improvements, 
to  foster  an  interchange  of  thought;  to  create  and  maintain  a  san- 
itary code  at  as  high  a  standard  as  the  progress  of  science  (chem- 
ical, philosophical  and  mechanical  knowledge)  teaches;  and  we 
agree  to  carry  forward  with  tireless  zeal  this  great  work."  This, 
gentlemen,  is  your  code.  Will  you  shrink  from  your  duty?  Will 
you  let  this  occasion  pass  without  making  use  of  this  great  event 
to  show  the  world  the  sentiments  which  bind  us  together,  and  the 
philanthropic  mission  we  have  to  perform? 

Therefore,  as  the  attractive  feature  of  the  exhibition  of  plumb- 
ing materials  and  workmanship  at  the  World's  Fair  in  1893,  I 
would  propose  that  a  portion  of  the  building  over  which  Hygeia 
will  preside  be  divided  into  a  series  of  apartments,  each  in  itself 
being  fitted  up  not  only  with  all  the  improved  novelties  of  the  day, 
but  with  the  most  elaborate  and  costly  designs  ever  conceived  in 
the  history  of  plumbing.  The  kitchen,  bath  room,  laundry,  etc., 
representing  in  themselves  the  fullest  development  of  the  pro- 
gress of  the  times.  Here  will  be  shown  the  benefits  of  ventila- 
tion, the  value  of  a  correct  sewerage  system,  the  beauty  of  seem- 
ingly awkward  and  unsightly  aiapurtenances,  and  above  all,  the 
superior  mechanism  of  the  artisans  engaged  in  the  plumbing 
business. 

This  would  entail  but  a  nominal  expense  on  this  association, 
as  manufacturers  would  be  but  too  anxious  to  have  their  wares  so 
advantageously  displayed  and  so  universally  advertised.  This 
method  would  decidedly  attract  the  public,  and  the  plumbing  fra- 
ternity would  become  inestimably  benefitted. 

We  must  acknowledge  that  to  the  ignorance  of  sanitary  laws 
that  prevailed  in  the  past,  may  be  attributed  the  frightful  plagues 
that  visited  our  cities  and  cut  down  many  of  our  noblest  and  best 
inhabitants;  but  since  the  birth  of  this  organization  the  master 
plumbers  have  sought  to  proj^agate  the  advantages  of  good  sani- 
tation, and  hence  an  era  of  comparative  health  has  ensued.  One 
of  the  aims  will  be  to  show  the  benefits  derived  from  good  work- 
manship. Many  assert,  and  sometimes  justly,  that  the  cost  of 
correct  appliances  deters  the  public  from  investing  in  oftentimes 
much  needed  improvements.  But  Americans  are  not  naturally  an 
avaricious  race.  Convince  your  patrons  of  the  advantages  and 
worth  of  your  suggestions,  and  you  will  have  conc(uered.  Cost 
will  then  be  a  secondary  consideration  and  of  no  moment. 

That  the  plumber  might  conveniently  and  at  all  times  illus- 
trate his  ideas,  would  it  not  be  wise  to  make  this  exhibition  a  per- 
manent institution?  There  could  assemble  architect  and  patron, 
builder  and  ])lumber,  to  avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  of 
good  fixtures,  belitingly  mounted  and  in  complete  working  order. 
This  idea  1  submit  for  your  future  consideration. 


Gentlemen,  in  conclusion,  I  would  beg  that  the  fire  of  etithusi- 
asm  that  consumed  the  minds  of  our  forefathers  in  founding  the 
■most  wonderful  country  of  the  earth,  enkindle  in  your  hearts  a 
flame  of  patriotism  which  will  give  you  credit  not  only  as  plumb- 
ers but  as  sanitarians,  whose  highest  ambition  is  to  protect  our 
noble  heritage  against  the  evils  coming  from  laxity  in  plumbing  in- 
terests. Let  us  show  the  world  the  capabilities,  the  intelligence, 
and  the  skill  that  is  centered  in  our  midst.  The  grand  opportunity 
has  arrived  when  we  may  prove  most  forcibly  that  we  are  not  the 
ignorant  band  toward  whom  the  slurs  of  caustic  pens  or  cynical 
minds  have  been  directed;  that  we  are  the  equals  to  any  in  the  land, 
with  motives  upright  and  honorable,  just  and  sincere.  Let  us 
show  that  we  are  humanitarians,  who  have  the  welfare  of  our 
fellowmen  conscientiously  at  heart.  Let  us  not  be  like  those  who 
caused  the  poet  Burns  to  exclaim: 

"Man's  inhumanity  to  man 

Makes  countless  thousands  mourn." 

However  diverse  our  opinions,  our  ways  and  means,  let  us  as- 
sure the  public  that  the  sanitary  exhibition  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Master  Plumbers  will  be  an  ornament  to  the  exposition 
and  of  intrinsic  value  to  all  interested  in  the  work  of  sanitation. 


DEFECTIVE  PLUMBING. 

The  following  descriptions  are  of  but  a  small  portion  of  the  de- 
fects found  by  the  inspectors,  but  they  serve  as  examples  of  what 
has  been  permitted. 

The  plumbers  of  the  Health  Department  have  found  many 
kinds  of  defective  plumbing  which  had  been  allowed  as  satis- 
factory by  the  former  tenement  and  factory  inspectors,  for  in- 
stance: 

At  a  very  large  factory  on  the  West  Side,  employing  about  fifty 
people,  the  employers  put  in  three  urinals  for  use  of  men  employed 
there.  They  furnished  the  material  and  did  the  work  themselves. 
The  soil-pipe  comes  through  the  floor  iustback  of  the  water-closet, 
and  from  there  it  is  run  on  an  angle  of  4^  degrees  into_the  chimney- 
breast,  about  five  feet  away.  About  16  inches  above  the  floor  it  is 
tapped  for  a  ^'-inch  street  ell,  into  which  is  entered  a  3^-inch  hori- 
zontal pipe  with  three  openings  about  two  feet  apart,  said  openings 
fitted  with  tin  funnels  and  used  as  urinals.  There  is  no  trap  on  the 
pipe  or  funnels. 

At  one  of  the  large  reformatories  in  this  county,  there  is  a  very 
bad  case  of  ventilation.  The  cells  are  arranged  back  to  back, 
with  a  space  between  of  two  feet  for  local  ventilation.  Each  cell 
contains  one  water-closet.  The  soil-pipe  from  said  water-closet 
opens  into  the  attic  of  building,  as  does  also  the  local  ventilating- 
flues.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  sewer-air  finds  its  way  back  into 
the  cells.  At  the  same  building  it  was  found  that  the  safe-wastes 
from  twelve  fixtures  were  connected  with  the  main  sewer  by  means 
of  ^4'-inch  iron  pipe  with  tin  funnel  attached  to  the  upper  end  to 
catch  the  drip  from  the  lead  safe-waste.  There  are  many  cases  of 
so-called  re-ventilation,  where  the  basin  or  bath-tub  in  a  bath- 
room runs  into  the  closet-trap  inside  of 'the  water-line,  and  the  re- 
vent  for  the  basin  or  bath-trap  is  connected  to  the  revent-pipe  for 
water-closet. 

In  a  very  fine  residence  on  the  north  lake-shore,  one  of  the 
plumbing  inspectors  found  the  revent  from  the  closet-trap  and 
drum-trap  on  the  second  floor  connected  and  used  as  local  vent 
for  the  slop-sink  on  the  third  floor.  The  connection  was  in  plain 
sight,  and  had  been  overlooked  by  as  many  as  three  jerry  con- 
tractors. In  the  same  house  it  was  found  that  the  ventilating- 
pipes  were  reduced  from  one  and  one-half-inch  pijjc  at  the  fixtures 
to  one-inch  pipe  at  the  roof. 

At  one  of  the  lodging-houses  on  Clark  street,  run  under  the 
auspices  of  one  of  the  best-known  temperance  societies  in  Amer- 
ica, there  is  a  bath-room  connected  with  the  place  and  occupying 
the  basement.  There  are  no  traps  on  the  tubs,  and  no  sewer  pro- 
vided for  the  waste-water.  It  is  allowed  to  run  under  the  floor, 
and  from  there  it  soaks  into  the  ground  and  gives  forth  very  foul 
odors.  The  second  floor  is  used  for  sleeping-rooms.  The  water- 
closets  are  out  of  order,  and  the  safes  under  them  are  filled  to 
overflowing  with  liquid  filth.  The  manager  of  the  house  knows 
that  this  state  of  affairs  exists,  but  has  made  no  effort  to  abate  the 
same. 

Notice  was  served  by  one  of  the  plumbing  inspectors  on  the 
owner  of  a  flat  building  near  the  Jones  School,  to  extend  the  soil 


June  21,  1890.] 


08 


and  waste  pipes  through  the  roof,  which  pipes  were  left  open  in 
the  attic.  The  owner  sent  an  ignorant  and  inexperienced  man, 
who  extended  the  waste-pipe  with  tin  tubing,  and  slipped  a  piece 
of  five-inch  wrought-iron  pipe  into  the  hub  of  the  soil-pipe,  with- 
out any  attempt  to  caulk,  or  in  any  way  make  the  joint  tight.  A 
two-inch  hole  was  found  in  the  roof,  covered  by  a  chamber-vessel 
to  prevent  the  rain  from  coming  into  the  living-rooms— a  very 
novel  way  of  stopping  a  leak. 

What  might  be  called  a  water-waste  preventing  urinal  is  on 
exhibition  in  a  West  Side  saloon.  It  consists  of  an  ice-box  with  a 
urinal  on  the  outside,  which  urinal  is  supplied  with  water  from  the 
exhaust  of  the  beer-pump  in  the  ice-box  and  the  drippings  of  the 
ice.    There  is  no  trap  on  the  premises. 

Complaint  was  made  at  the  office  of  the  Chief  Inspector  some 
weeks  ago  concerning  a  sewer  in  one  of  our  large  commercial 
houses.  Upon  examination,  it  was  found  that  the  area  in  the  rear, 
used  for  cold-storage  and  boiler-room,  was  13  inches  lower  than 
the  water  in  the  catch-basin — it  therefore  being  impossible  to  drain 
the  boiler-room.  The  rest  of  the  building  was  put  up  under  the 
direction  of  the  building  inspector,  but,  there  being  no  one  to  watch 
the  skin  plumber,  he  botched  the  job,  got  his  money,  and  now  the 
owner  of  the  building  will  have  the  pleasure  of  putting  in  a  new 
system  of  sewerage,  as  the  main  in  the  street  is  four  feet  lower 
than  the  area.  T.  J.  Barrows. 

THE  TRIP  TO  DENVER. 

The  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  depot,  at  Chicago,  on  June  14, 
presented  a  lively  appearance  about  6  p.  m.,  when  the  visitors  and 
Chicago  delegates  to  the  Master  Plumbers'  National  Convention 
boarded  their  chartered  cars  for  Denver.  The  members  of  the 
association  who  remained  at  home,  and  the  members  of  the  Ladies' 
Auxiliary  Society,  were  at  the  depot  to  bid  good-bye  to  the  de. 
parting  delegates  and  friends. 

Among  the  visitors  with  the  Chicago  delegation  were  Charles 
Polacheck,  Ph.  H.  Murphy,  W.  E.  Goodman,  H.  C.  Apel,  C.  A. 
Milsbrath,  of  Milwaukee;  J.  Schneeberger,  and  C.  C.  Dewstoe,  of 
Cleveland. 

The  delegates  and  friends  from  Chicago  were  President 
Hugh  Watt,  Robt.  Griffith,  David  Whiteford,  J.  H.  De  Veney,  J.  P. 
Killeen,  Wm.  Bowden,  J.  H.  Roche,  D.  J.  Rock,  J.  R.  Alcock,  C.  J- 
Byrne,  Andrew  Young,  J.  J.  Hamblin,  William  Gay,  M.  J.  Reilly 
D.  F.  Dewar,  Mrs.  De  Veney,  Charles  Herbert  and  family,  the 
Misses  Murphy,  C.  C.  Breyer  and  family,  and  his  sister-in-law. 
Miss  Kelley;  J.  G.  Weber  and  brother,  T.  F.  Geary,  William  T.' 
Geary,  E.  Smeeth,  William  Verity,  Jr.,  and  wife,  Mr.  Tracy,  Mr. 
Fleming  and  wife,  of  the  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  R.;  H.  W.  Culbertson, 
and  two  representatives  of  The  Sanitary  News.  Mr.  Mueller 
and  wife,  of  Decatur,  and  Alex.  Cameron,  of  Davenport,  joined 
the  party  on  the  road. 

The  party  arrived  in  Denver  on  the  i6th,  at  8  A.  M.,  and  were 
received  at  the  depot  by  the  local  association  and  escorted  to  the 
Windsor  Hotel,  the  headquarters  of  the  Western  delegations. 
Charlie  Herbert  led  the  procession  to  the  hotel,  with  the  beautiful 
new  silk  flag  of  the  Chicago  delegation  waving  over  his  head. 

The  Chicago  association  may  well  be  proud  of  the  delegation 
it  sent  to  Denver.  Notwithstanding  the  long  journey,  the  enthu- 
siasm of  the  members  continued  unabated,  and  when  they  stepped 
off  the  train  they  presented  as  fine  an  appearance  as  any  body  of 
men  seen  in  Denver  for  many  days. 

It  was  owing  to  the  courtesies  of  the  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  R.  that 
the  delegation  had  such  a  pleasant  journey.  The  officials  of  this 
road  looked  after  the  comforts  of  the  tourists  in  their  usual  per- 
fect manner.  There  were  no  mishaps  on  the  journey,  except  one 
man  lost  a  boot,  another  his  best  suit  of  clothes,  and  several  more, 
umbrellas,  etc.  These  articles  were  found,  however,  before  we 
reached  Denver.  Whenever  one  of  the  party  became  too  warm, 
his  friends  came  to  the  rescue  and  poked  ice  down  his  neck.  One 
of  the  delegates  thoughtlessly  promised  to  make  a  member  of  the 
party  a  present  of  a  fine  "  pup,"  which  offer  was  promptly  ac- 
cepted, and  the  whole  delegation  will  probably  insist  upon  having 
the  promise  fulfilled.  The  party  is  now  resting  at  the  hotel,  and 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  Eastern  delegations,  which  were  de- 
layed on  account  of  storms,  and  will  not  arrive  until  Tuesday 
forenoon.  The  convention,  therefore,  will  probably  not  be  called 
to  order  until  Tuesday  afternoon. 


THE  BUNDY  DEFIANCE  RADIATOR. 
Much  attention  is  being  directed  to  the  A.  A.  Griffing  Iron  Com- 
pany, Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  and  a  new  style  of  steam  and  hot-water 
radiator  which  they  have  just  brought  out.    The  accompanying 
cut  shows  the  utility  of  the  radiator: 


The  special  features  of  the  Bundy  Defiance  Radiator — for  that 
is  the  name  given — are  its  adaptation  for  use  under  windows,  in  a 
recess,  or  wherever  a  low  radiator  is  required,  and  also  its  com- 
pactness. The  maximum  of  service  can  be  placed  in  a  limited 
space.  In  placing  the  Bundy  Defiance  under  windows,  the  win- 
dow-sill often  will  serve  as  a  top-finish  for  the  radiator;  then  again 
a  marble  slab,  resting  on  brackets  over  the  radiator,  produces  a 
handsome  effect. 

There  are  two  sizes  of  Defiance  sections — 8x13  and  i  Ixi8  inches 
respectively;  the  former  figures  representing  the  widths  of  the 
sections  or  radiators,  while  the  latter  show  the  heights;  but  the 
height  varies.  It  increases  when  the  radiator  is  set  on  legs,  and 
here  a  special  feature  is  observed  in  the  great  variety  of  heights 
in  which  the  legs  are  furnished.  They  can  be  had  Y^,  i,  lYz,  2, 
2K.  3i  VA'  4'  4K.  5  and  ^Yz  inches  high,  so  the  radiators  can 
be  furnished  in  different  heights,  varying  by  half  inches  from  13^^ 
to  23^^  inches  high.  When  no  height  is  specified  in  ordering,  the 
one-inch  height  is  always  shipped. 

The  larger  section  has  seven  square  feet  of  heating  surface, 
the  smaller  one  four;  and  in  either  case  each  section  increases  the 
length  of  the  radiator  four  inches.  As  all  sections  are  exact  du- 
plicates, they  are  interchangeable,  and  can  be  conveniently  added 
to  or  subtracted  from  a  radiator  with  very  slight  expense,  and  pro- 
duce a  radiator  of  precisely  the  size  wanted. 

Further  information  regarding  the  Bundy  Defiance  Radiator 
can  be  had  from  the  manufacturers,  the  A.  A.  Griffing  Iron  Co., 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

TRADE  SCHOOLS. 
From  the  prospectus  of  the  trade  schools  of  the  Philadelphia 
Master  Builders'  Exchange,  we  select  the  following  relating  to 
plumbing: 

There  will  be  two  evening  classes  in  plumbing,  limited  to 
twenty-five  (25)  young  men  in  each.  Manual  instruction  will  be 
given  to  class  No.  i  on  Monday  and  Thursday  evenings,  and  to 
class  No.  2  on  Tuesday  and  Friday  evenings,  from  7:30  until  9:30 
o'clock,  the  course  of  instruction  being  the  same  in  both  classes. 


94 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  333 


Scientific  instruction  will  be  given  to  both  classes  every  Wednes- 
day evening,  frona  7:30  to  9:30  o'clock. 

The  manual  instruction  will  consist  of  lead  seams,  overcast 
joints,  cup  joints,  S  traps,  horizontal  wipe  joints,  horizontal  branch 
joints,  upright  wipe  joints  and  joints  on  pipe  placed  at  various 
angles,  upright  branch  joints,  wiping  on  a  stop-cock,  wiping  a 
flange  on  a  two-inch  pipe,  wiping  on  a  ferrule,  caulking,  putting 
an  overflow  pipe  in  a  safe  waste.  At  the  conclusion  of  this 
course,  miscellaneous  and  fancy  work,  sandbends,  etc. 

The  scientific  instruction  will  be  upon  the  proper  arrangement 
of  service  and  waste  pipes  and  upon  drainage  and  ventilation,  as 
follows:  Soil  and  drain  pipes,  trapping  and  ventilation  of  soil 
and  drain  pipes,  supply  pipes,  boilers,  tanks,  fixtures,  trapping 
and  ventilation  of  fixtures,  mistakes  in  plumbing,  pumps,  etc. 

The  classes  are  intended  for  young  men  between  sixteen  and 
twenty-one  years  of  age. 

Terms. — For  the  entire  course  of  nine  months,  $18,  payable 
when  name  is  entered.  The  charges  for  instruction  include  the 
use  of  tools  and  materials.  Names  can  be  entered  for  the  differ- 
ent classes  after  June  i. 

All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Master  Build- 
ers' Mechanical  Trade  School,  18  to  24  S.  Seventh  St.,  Philadelphia. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich.:  Plans  are  now  completed  for  Tappan  Hall. 
Address  Henry  Wade  Boggers  for  information.  The  Chi  Psi  Fra- 
ternity will  erect  a  large  club-house  to  cost  §25,000.  Cheyenne, 

Wyo.:  A  new  hotel  will  be  erected;  cost,  $150,000.  Ellensburg, 

Wash.:  A  city  hall  will  be  erected.-  Ogden,  U.:  A  new  opera- 
house  will  be  erected.  Address  Joseph  Fife,  of  Riverdale,  for  in- 
formation.   A  new  hotel  building  will  be  erected.    Address  A.  M. 

Blakesley  for  information.  New  York:  47-49  Morton  street, 

brick  flat;  cost,  §100,000.  F.  Ebeling,  architect.  436-38  E.  121st 
street,  two  brick  flats;  cost,  §22,000  each.  H.  Horenburger,  archi- 
tect. Park  avenue  southwest  corner  93d  street,  five  brick  and 
stone  flats;  total  cost,  about  §110,000.  A.I.  Finkle,  architect. 
Second  avenue,  e  s,  75th  n  Both  street,  two  brick  and  stone 
flats;  cost,  §20,000  each.  A.  Spence,  architect.  77th  street 
s  s  115,  w  loth  avenue,  brick  stable;  cost,  §10,000.  R.  S.  Towns- 
end,  architect.  124th  street,  s  s,  75  w  Lenox  avenue,  three  stone 
flats;  total  cost,  §42,000.  F.  S.  Barus,  architect.  S  s  95th  street, 
100  w  9th  avenue,  two  brick  flats;  cost,  §32,000  all.  F.  G.  Butcher, 
architect.  S  s  99th  street,  225  w  8th  avenue,  two  brick  flats; 
cost,  §44,000  all.  J.  C.  Burne,  architect.  S  e  cor.  Willis  avenue 
and  138th  street,  brick  flat;  cost,  §18,000.  J.  A.  Webster,  archi- 
tect. N  e  cor.  Madison  avenue  and  23d  street,  brick  office 
building;  cost,  §750,000.  L.  E.  Brun  &  Son,  architect.  194 
Chrystie  street,  brick  store;  cost,  §14,000.  Schneider  &  Herter, 
architects.  S  s  133d  street,  335  w  8th  avenue,  six  brick  flats;  cost, 
§1 14,000  all.  E.  Wenz,  architect.  Bainbridge  street,  240  Southern 
boul.,  brick  convent;  cost,  §70,000.  T.  H.  Poole,  architect.  88 
Cortlandt  street,  brick  hotel;  cost,  §18,000.  J.  Kastner,  architect. 
173  Madison  street,  brick  flat;  cost,  §17,000.  R.  S.  Pollock,  archi- 
tect. Waverly  place,  n  e  cor.  Green  street,  brick  store;  cost, 
§285,000.  Buchman  &  Disler,  architects.  N  s  85th  street,  90 
West  End  avenue,  three  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §45,000  all.  R.  S. 
Townscnd,  architect.  125th  street,  s  s  250th  e  7th  avenue,  brick 
store;  cost,  §200,000.  W.  H.  Heume,  architect.  N  s  43d  street, 
bet  5th  and  6th  avenues,  brick  club-house;  cost,  §250,000.  C.  L. 
W.  Eidletz,  architect.  Broad  street,  n  e  cor.  Pearl  street,  brick 
office  building;  cost,  §250,000.  Metropolitan  Telegraph  and  Tele- 
phone Co.,  owners.  27th  and  28th  streets  and  nth  and  13th  ave- 
nues, brick  storage  building;  cost,  §650,000.  G.  B.  Malory,  archi- 
tect. Central  avenue,  b  s,  34  n  Cornelia  street,  eight  brick  dwell- 
ings; cost,  §56,000  all.    F.  Holmberg,  architect.  Brooklyn,  N. 

Y.:  N  s  Monroe  street,  200  e  Patchen  avenue,  five  brick  dwell- 
ings; cost,  §55,000  all.  H.  Vollweiller,  architect.  E  s  Central  ave- 
nue, 24  n  Cornelia  street,  eight  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §56,000  all. 
F.  Holmberg,  architect.  E  s  Broadway,  27  n  Vandeveer  street, 
two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §30,000  all.  W.  M.  Coots,  architect.  N 
e  cor.  Vandeveer  avenue  and  Broadway,  brick  dwelling;  cost. 


§30,000.  W.  M.  Coots,  architect.  S  s  Macon  street,  22  w  Ralph 
avenue,  ten  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §53,000  all.  W.  F.  Clayton, 
architect.  S  s  First  street,  100  w  7th  avenue,  four  brick  dwell- 
ings; cost,  §20,000  all.  R.  Dixon,  architect.  N  s  St.  Marks  avenue, 
100  e  Nostrand  avenue,  brick  dwelling,  cost,  §20,000.  G.  P.  Chap- 
pell,  architect.  N  s  Jefferson  avenue,  95  w  Stuyvesant,  four  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  §24,000  all.  J.  E.  Dwyer,  architect.  N  s  Macon 
street,  222  w  Ralph  avenue,  ten  brick  dwellings;  cost,  §45,000  all. 

W.  F.  Clayton,  architect.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:   Cor.  ist  avenue 

and  Washington  street,  church;  cost,  §10,000.  J.  Douglas,  archi- 
tect. Michigan  and  Milwaukee  streets,  alteration  of  theater; 
cost,  §14,000.  W.  A.  Holbrook,  architect.  Bids  will  be  advertised 
for  in  a  few  days  for  work  on  a  new  §400,000  hotel.  H.  C.  Koch, 
architect.    The  Hanover-street  Congregational  church  will  erect 

a  new  building.   Address  Rev.  Theo.  Clifton.  Minneapolis, 

Minn.:  738-48  E  i8th  street,  three-story  brick  tenement;  cost, 
§30,000.  A.  Berg,  owner,  architect  and  builder.  1113-15  Wash- 
ington avenue  N,  brick  store  and  tenement;  cost  §12,000.  F.  A. 
Clarke,  architect.  700-04  Marshall  street,  n  e,  frame  stores  and 
flats;  cost,  §15,000.  Mr.  Barber,  architect.    1412  Yale  place,  frame 

dwelling;  cost,  §10,000.    Geo.  M.  Goodwin,  architect.  Sioux 

City,  la.:  N  w  cor.  Douglas  and  13th  streets,  row  of  brick  houses; 
cost,  §45,000;  Joseph  Sampson,  owner.  4th  street,  cor.  Jennings, 
5-story  office  building;  G.  G.  Baldwin,  architect.  Pearl  street,  cor. 
9th  street,  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church;  cost,  §40,000;  Jas.  P.  Wall, 
builder.  Pearl  street,  cor.  i6th  street,  frame  residence;  cost,  §18,- 
000;  R.  J.  Chase,  owner.  Douglas  street,  frame  residence;  cost, 
§21,000;  C.  P.  Brown,  architect.  Three-story  livery  stable;  cost, 
§25,000;  Geo.  Westcott,  owner;  G.  G.  Baldwin,  architect.  Flour- 
ing mill;  cost,  §28,000;  G.  Y.  Brown,  owner.  An  English  syndi- 
cate will  build  a  beef  and  pork  packing-house  on  the  Floyd,  to  cost 

§100,000.   Joseph  Nicholson,  architect,  Chicago.  Avondale,  O.: 

A  vote  will  be  taken  on  June  16  for  an  appropriation  for  an  addi- 
tional school-building.  Baltimore,  Md.:  229  North  Green  street, 

brick  warehouse;  Jos.  P.  Dunphy,  owner;  54-56  Forrest,  near  Eu- 
taw  street,  two  4-story  brick  buildings;  Fred'k  Eigenrang,  owner. 

 Boston,  Mass.:   504  Beacon  street,  brick  dwelling;  cost,  §28,- 

000;  Rotch  &  Tilden,  architects.  Dacia  street,  cor.  Brookford  St., 
three  frame  dwellings;  cost,  §20,000;  C.  A.  Russell,  architect;  732- 
734  E.  Broadway,  brick  hall  and  stores;  cost, §12,000;  J.H.  Besarick 
architect.  Congress  street,  cor.  Farnsworth  street  (S.  B.),  brick 
manufactory;  cost,  §35,000;  M.  D.  Safford,  architect.  65-66  Beacon 
street,  cor.  Charles  street,  bachelors'  apartments  and  stores;  cost, 

§125,000;  McKim,  Mead  &  White,  architects.  Canton,  O.:  A 

§100,000  public  building  is  to  be  erected  here.    Plans  and  location 

not  decided.  Carbondale,  Pa.:  Brick  and  stone  railroad  station, 

cost,  §25,000;  O.  C.  &  S.  R.  R.,  owner;  E.  G.  W.  Dietrich,  archi- 
tect. Chicago:  3306  Indiana  avenue,  brick  flats;  cost,  $1 1,000; 

Appel  &  Rider,  architects.  4609  W.  Lake,  brick  flats;  cost,  §12,. 
000;  Geo.  Beaumont,  architect.  303-09  Wells,  brick  store  and 
flats;  cost,  §55,000;  L.  P.  Hallberg,  architect.  473-75  Western 
avenue,  brick  store  and  flats;  cost,  §25,000;  T.  Hawkes,  architect. 
3733-37  Prairie  avenue,  brick  dwelling;  cost,  §18,000;  J.  F.  &  J.  P. 
Doerr,  architect.  Columbus,  O.:  Broad  street,  n  w  cor.  Cham- 
pion, brick  dwelling;  cost,  §12,000;  F.  L.  Packard,  architect.  Long 
street,  cor.  Lexington  avenue,  brick  dwelling  and  business  block; 

cost,  §14,000  all;   H.  A.  Liuthwaite,  architect.  Chattanooga, 

Tenn.:  Hamilton  county  court-house  to  be  enlarged;  cost,  §25,000. 

 Cincinnati,  O.:   Park  avenue  and  Windsor  street,  2>^-story 

brick  dwelling;  cost,  §8,000;  J.  B.  Harlow,  architect.  Chapel- 
street  and  Park  avenue,  2>^-story  brick  dwelling;  cost,  §12,000; 
W.  W.  Franklin,  architect.  8th  and  Plum  streets,  remodeling 
two-story  brick  tenements;  cost,  §10,000;  L.  Plympton,  architect. 

 Dennison,  O.:     The   German   Lutheran   Congregation  of 

Canal  Dover,  O.,  have  decided  to  build  a  §20,000  church.  

Detroit,  Mich.:  Joseph  Campau  avenue,  nr  Gratiot  avenue,  two- 
story  brick  school  house;  cost,  §30,000.  R.  W.  Wallace,  architect. 
 Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  Three-story  brick  factory  and  ware- 
house.   W.  G.  Robinson,  architect.  Hamilton,  Ont.:  Water 

and  Second  streets,  brick  and  stone  tour-story,  all  improvements, 

bark  building.    R.  A.  Waite,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  architect.  

Hurley,  Wis.:    Brick  store;  cost,  $7,500.    W.  G.  Potter,  owner; 

Conover.  Porter  &  Padley,  of  Ashland,  architects.  Joliet,  111.: 

Plans  have  been  prepared  for  an  $8,000  building  to  be  erected. 
Address  H.  Boehme.  Kewanne,  Ind.:    Two-story  brick  school 


June  21,  1890.] 


95 


house;    cost,  $7,000.    Joseph   Mills,   Detroit,  architect.  La 

Grange  Tex.:  Court-house;  cost,  $100,000.  J.  R.  Gordon,  archi- 
tect. Windsor,  Ont.:     Park  street,  bet  Church  and  Bruce 

streets,  two-story  brick  school  house;  cost,  $16,000.  J.  G.  McLean, 

architect.  Tomahawk,  Wis.:    Plans  have  been  prepared  for 

the  erection  of  an  opera  house  at  this  place  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

Address  E.  V.  Koch  &  Co.,  architects,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Salt 

Lake  City,  U.:    Cor.  S.  Temple  and  Main  streets,  six-story  stone 

and  brick  building;  cost,  $125,000.    D.  C.  Young,  architect.  

Reading,  Pa.:  Franklin  and  Peach,  three-story  brick  building; 
cost,  $6,800.    H.  Goodman,  owner.    Fifth  and  Butterworth,  stone 

church;  cost,  $65,000.   Mr.  Landsonn,  architect.  Pottsville,  Pa.: 

401  Market  street,  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $12,000.    H.  F.  Bertolet, 

architect.  Piqua,  O.:  Orr  &  Statler,  of  the  Piqua  Lumber  Co., 

of  this  place,  have  decided  to  build  a  hotel  to  cost  about  $100,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
EUensburg,  Wash.:     An  electric  light  plant  will  be  con- 
structed. Oldtown,  Me.:   An  electric  light  plant  will  soon  be 

constructed.  Chicago:    The  Garden  City  Electric  Lighting 

and  Power  Company  has  been  incorporated.  The  capital  stock  is 
$25,000.  Dayton,  Tenn.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  contem- 
plated. Vosburg,  Miss.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  estab- 
lished. Beattyville,  Ky.:    An  electric  light  company  is  being 

organized.  Gadsden,  Ala.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  es- 
tablished.  Address  Banks,  Arnold  &  Co.^  Augusta,  Ky.:  A 

charter  has  been  asked  for  the  Augusta  Electric  Light  and  Gas 

Company.  Anderson,  S.  C:    J.  E.  Roddy  and  W.  C.  Witner 

have  organized  the  Anderson  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company; 

capital  stock,  $10,000.  Telluride,  Col.:    Electric  lights  are  to 

be  established.  Lebanon,  Mo.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be 

established.  Shelton,  Wash.:    This  place  is  to  have  an  electric 

light  plant.  Algona,  la.:  Electric  lights  will  soon  be  estab- 
lished. Montgomery,  Ala.:    D.  P.  West  will  erect  an  electrical 

light  plant.  Wallace,  Idaho:    An  electrical  light  plant  will  be 

established.  Markham,  Ont.:  $2,000  has  been  appropriated  for 

electrical  lights.  Riverton,  Ala.:    An  electric  light  plant  will 

be  ereated.  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,  will  be  lighted  by  electricity.  

Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  will  vote  upon  the  question  of  electric  lighting. 

 Baltimore,  Md.:    The  City  Council  has  passed  the  ordinance 

authorizing  a  contract  for  city  lighting  by  electric  arc  lights,  and 

the  invitation  of  proposals  for  the  same.  Yazoo,  Miss. :  The 

idea  of  lighting  by  electiicity  finds  favor,  and  correspondence 
upon  the  subject  is  wanted.  Charles  A.  Collins,  chairman  of  com- 
mittee on  street  lighting,  may  be  addressed.  Lonaconing,  Md.: 

The  American  Coal  Co.  contemplates  putting  in  an  electric  light 
plant  at  its  mines.  J.  H.  Parrott  can  give  information.  Madi- 
son, Ga.:  E.  W.  Butler,  Mayor,  desires  propositions  for  the  erec- 
tion of  an  electric  light  plant.  Nashville,  Tenn.:    The  city  is 

investigating  as  to  the  advisability  of  erecting  gas  works.  The 
Mayor  can  give  information.  Cullman,  Ala.:  The  city  has  re- 
ceived a  proposition  for  the  erection  of  an  electric  light  plant. 
The  Mayor  can  give  particulars. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Wilmington,  Del.:  The  engineer  in  charge  of  sewers  was  in- 
structed, at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Sewer  Department,  to  pre- 
pare plans  for  covering  Shipley  run  sewer  between  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  streets,  and  to  give  an  estimate  of  the  same.  Instruc- 
tion was  also  given  to  prepare  plans  and  specifications  for  the  in- 
tercepting sewer  branches  on  West  fourteenth  and  Clayton  streets 
and  on  Crooked  run.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  latter  is  $15,000. 
 EUensburg,  Wash.:  A  large  number  of  sewers  will  be  con- 
structed.  Address  the  Mayor  for  information.  LaSalle,  111.: 

About  $15,000  will  be  spent  this  summer  on  sewer  construction. 
Wm.  P.  Rounds,  engineer.-  Columbus,  O.:  Address  Civil  En- 
gineer H.  C.  Babbit  for  particulars  concerning  sewerage  construc- 
tion. Detroit,  Mich.:    Several  miles  of  main  sewers  will  be 

built.    Address  Board  of  Public  Works.  South  Hampton,  N. 

Y.:  The  question  of  sewerage  is  being  agitated.  Address  Wal- 
ter R.  Burling.  New  Glasgow,  N.  S.:    A  system  of  sewers  will 

be  constructed.  Homeville,  N.  Y.:    City  Clerk  H.  C.  Sawyer 

can  give  information  concerning  sewer  construction.  The  city 
will  probably  issue  $100,000  bonds  for  the  work.  Scranton,  Pa.: 


Additional  sewers  have  been  authorized  by  the  City  Council.  The 

City  Engineer  can  furnish  particulars.  Cincinnati,  O.:  Clifton, 

a  suburb  of  Cincinnati,  wants  sewerage  connection  with  the  latter 
city.  Isaac  M.  Jordan  and  Mayor  Bowler  of  Clifton  are  inter- 
ested in  the  matter.  Akron,  O.:    Sewer  extensions  are  to  be 

established.   Address  the  City  Engineer.  Middlesborough, 

Ky.:  Col.  Waring  is  making  plans  for  the  sewerage  of  Middles- 
borough,  which  presents  features  of  peculiar  difficulty.  The 
town  is  about  ■}>%.  miles  long,  is  practically  level,  with  no  point  of 
outlet  sufficiently  low  to  obviate  the  necessity  for  pumping,  and 
with  quicksand  of  bad  character  about  ten  feet  below  the  surface. 
Contracts  have  not  yet  been  let.  Mobile,  Ala.:  Colonel  War- 
ing has  been  engaged  by  the  City  Council  to  visit  this  city  and  ad- 
vise as  to  the  arrangement  of  a  plan  of  sewerage.  Boston, 

Mass.:  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  City  Council  the  City  Engineer 
was  authorized  to  at  once  begin  the  construction  of  a  brick 
conduit  from  Squantum  to  Moon  Island,  in  place  of  the 
present  wooden  flume  connected  with  the  main  drainage  system, 

and  authorized  to  spend  the  sum  of  $100,000  for  the  purpose.  

Flushing,  N.  Y.:  The  officials  have  authorized  the  construction 
of  numerous  new  sewers.  Address  Judge  Clinton  B.  Smith,  Vil- 
lage Clerk.  Ishpeming,  Mich.,  has  voted  to  bond  itself  to  build 

new  sewers.  Ashtabula,  O.:  Colonel  Waring  has  been  em- 
ployed by  this  city  to  advise  concerning  a  system  of  sewerage. 

 Marion,  O.:    It  is  reported  that  the  people  have  decided  to 

establish  a  system  of  sewers.   The  City  Clerk  is  B.  F.  Davis.  

Crookston,  Minn.:  A  complete  system  of  sewers  is  to  be  estab- 
lished.   Address,  A.  R.  Starkey,  Civil  Engineer,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

 Butler,  Penn.:    A  plan  of  sewerage  has  just  been  completed 

by  Col.  George  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  of  Newport,  R.  I.  Chicopee 

Falls,  Mass.:  The  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  new  sew- 
ers has  been  awarded  to  C.  B.  Cadwell,  of  New  Britain,  Conn.,  at 
90  cents  per  linear  foot,  and  $48  each  for  manholes.  Menomi- 
nee, Mich.,  and  Iron  Mountain,  Mich.,  have  employed  Mr.  Rudolph 
Heriiig,  C.  E.,  of  New  York,  to  report  upon  sewerage  plans  now 
being  prepared.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a  number  of  sewers  this 
season.  City  Clerks  for  each  town  can  give  particulars.  Bev- 
erly, Mass.:  E.  W.  Bowditch,  C.  E.,  of  Boston,  has  been  employed 

to  prepare  plans  for  a  sewerage  system.  Lakeside,  Minn.: 

The  contract  for  the  sewer  system  and  Lester  Park  has  been 

awarded  to  H.  E.  Stevens  of  Duluth  for  $26,500.  Albany,  Ore.: 

The  city  contemplates  putting  in  a  complete  system  of  sewerage 
in  1891.  Nothing  will  be  done  in  the  matter  until  after  the  Legis- 
lature meets,  which  will  be  in  January,  i8gi,  at  which  session  the 

right  will  be  granted  the  city  to  issue  bonds.  Knoxville,  Tenn.: 

R.  F.  Hartford  of  Chattanooga  will  prepare  plans  for  a  sewer  sys- 
tem. Grand  Forks,  N.  D.:  A  sewer  system  will  be  constructed 

to  cost  about  $50,000.  Ashtabula,  O.:  A  sewerage  system  is  to 

be  established.  Ishpeming,  Mich.:    A  sewerage  system  will  be 

constructed..  Taunton,  Mass.:    Sewerage  is  being  talked  of, 

and  steps  in  the  matter  will  be  taken  at  an  early  day.  Cheboy- 
gan, Mich.:  A  sewerage  system  to  cost  $25,000  is  to  be  con- 
structed. Peru,  111.:    The  estimate  for  sewer  construction,  as 

planned  by  Chester  B.  Davis,  is  $75,000. 

WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

EUensburg,  Wash.:  New  water-works  will  be  constructed.  

Chicago:  The  Mayor,  Commissioner  Purdy  and  City  Engineer 
Northway  have  recommended  an  expenditure  of  three-quarters  of 

a  million  for  the  Hyde  Park  water-supply.  Homestead,  Pa.: 

The  city  officials  have  issued  a  circular  asking  information  con- 
cerning water-works  construction.  Macon,  Ga.:  Water-works 

construction  is  being  discussed.   Address  Chairman  Cox,  of  the 

city  council.  Oceanside,  Cal.:  The  Oceanside  Water  Company 

is  being  formed,  to  develop  a  water-supply  for  irrigation  and  other 

purposes.  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y.:    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

propose  to  appropriate  $6,000  for  sinking  additional  wells.- — —Cal- 
gary, Can :  The  people  have  decided  to  expend  the  sum  of  $60,000 

in  establishing  a  system  of  water- works.  Carthage,  O.:  The 

water-works  trustees  have  contracted  with  the  Bradford  Well 

Company  to  dig  a  test  well.  Lebanon,  O.:    The  citizens  want 

water-works,  but  as  yet  no  decided  action  has  been  taken.  

Pottstown,  Pa.:  It  is  understood  that  the  contract  awarded  to  Max 
Tyson,  of  Reading,  for  the  new  water-basin,  has  been  declared  off, 
and  is  therefore  open  again.  Gainesville,  Ga.:    This  place  has 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  333 


voted  the  sum  of  $40,000  in  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 

a  system  of  water-works.  New  Utrecht,  N.  Y.:    The  New 

Utrecht  Water  Company  has  been  incorporated.  Its  objects  are 
to  accommodate,  store,  conduit,  sell,  furnish  and  supply  water  for 
mining,  domestic,  manufacturing,  municipal  and  agricultural  pur- 
poses.   For  particulars  address  Jas.  A.  Townsend,  of  Bay  Ridge, 

N.  Y.  Livermore,  Cal.:    The  proposed  water-works  extension 

IS  zyi.  miles  of  six-inch  pipe  from  the  Livermore  Springs  to  reser- 
voirs close  to  the  town,  with  a  pumping  station  at  those  springs, 
and  the  completion  of  a  large  reservoir.  Goffston,  N.  H.:  Sur- 
veys have  been  made  and  the  water  analyzed.  There  will  proba- 
bly be  nothing  more  done  this  season.  Kendrick  Kendall,  chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Fire  Wards,  can  furnish  particulars.  

Statesville,  N.  C:  The  city  has  submitted  the  matter  of  water- 
works to  the  people  and  voters  of  the  town,  which  will  take  place 
on  July  7.  It  will  need  five  or  six  miles  of  mains  and  pipe,  and 
from  45  to  50  hydrants.  If  ratified  by  the  voters,  will  be  ready  im- 
mediately for  contracts.  Blacksburg,  S.  C:    The  city  council 

has  granted  the  Blacksburg  Land  and  Improvement  Company 
the  privilege  of  establishing  water-works,  and  they  will  be  the 
proper  parties  to  contract  with  for  the  work,  as  the  council  has 
given  that  company  the  privilege.    Work  will  be  commenced  at 

an  early  date.  East  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  This-place  is  to  have 

a  system  of  water-works.    Address  S.  Thompson  for  details.  

Florence,  S.  C:    Information  regarding  water-works  construction 

is  wanted  by  J.  P.  Chase.  Boulder,  Colo.:  A  new  water-works 

system  is  to  be  established.  Tallapoosa,  Ga.:  The  Tallapoosa 

Water  Co.  will  establish  a  plant.  Address  for  particulars  J.M.Crane. 

 Ashland,  Ky.:  A  water-works  system  is  to  be  established  by  the 

Ashland  Water  Supply  Company.  Monrovia,  Cal.:    The  sum 

of  §40,000  bonds  have  been  voted  to  purchase  water,  water-bear- 
ing lands  and  develop  and  conduct  same.  Cattaraugus,  N.  Y.: 

A  water-works  system  is  to  be  established  by  the  Cattaraugus 
Water  Company.    Estimated  cost,  §25,000.   Address,  for  details, 

Jessie  B.  Conway,  Secretary.  Spring  Valley,  Cal.:    The  Spring 

Valley  Water  Company  intends  constructing  immediately  a  large 
reservoir.    The  establishment   of  several  pumping  stations,  to 

supply  the  reservoir,  is  also  to  begin  soon.  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

The  movement  to  supply  Germantown  and  other  suburbs  is  about 
to  be  realized,  and  work  will  be  commenced  at  an  early  day 

Chief  Engineer  Ogden  can  furnish  particulars.  Ellicottville, 

N.  Y.:  A  water-works  plant  is  to  be  established  by  the  Ellicott- 
ville Water  Company,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $10,000.  Address 
for  details  C.  P.  Vedder.  Carthage,  111.:  About  4,000  ad- 
ditional feet  of  water  mains  will  be  laid  and  proposals  will  soon 

be  wanted.    Address  George  W.  Payne,  City  Engineer.  

Nicholasville,  Ky.:    The  town  is  now  building  a  reservoir,  and  if 

able  to  get  a  water  supply  will  build  water-works.  Maryville, 

O.:  Ordinance  has  been  passed,  contracting  with  Messrs.  Fulling- 
ton,  Zwerner,  Davis  &  McPeck,  a  home  company,  to  put  in  a 
water-works  system  of  a  7-milc  plant.  Election  will  be  held  on 
Monday,  June  23,  for  the  purpose  of  ratifying  contract  by  the 
electors.  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.:  The  question  of  obtaining  an  im- 
proved water  supply  is  under  discussion.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.: 

There  is  a  strong  movement  in  favor  of  building  a  new  system  of 

water-works  to  be  owned  by  the  city.  Newberry,  Mich.:  A 

system  of  water-works  is  to  be  built.  Louisville,  Ky.:  Plans 

and  specifications  are  being  prepared  for  improvements  to  the 

water-works  system.  Goshen,  Ind.:    The  water  trustees  will 

probably  take  steps  soon  for  the  water- works  construction  for 

which  §12,000  have  been  api)ropriatcd.  Albany,  Ga.:  Work 

will  soon  be  begun  on  the  water-works  system.  Waxahachic, 

Tex.:  Water-works  will  be  built.  Woodstown,  Pa.:  Water- 
works will  be  constructed.  McDonough,  Ga.:  Water-works 

will  be  constructed.  Seattle,  Wash.:     The  city  has  voted 

$955,000  for  water-works  and  sewerage.  Independence,  Mo.: 

Improvements  to  the  water-works  are  to  be  made.  Coydon, 

Ind.:    The  water-works  question  is  being  discussed. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Harsh  man,  O.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until  June  30,  for  the 
erection  of  a  school  house.    Address  Otto  Gemin,  Clerk  of  the 

Board  of  Education.  West  Cleveland,  O.:     Proposals  are 

wanted  until  July  3,  for  the  erection  of  a  school  building.  Ad- 


dress G.  T.  Brooks,  Clerk  Board  of  Education.  V ermillion,  S. 

D.:  Proposals  are  wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  constructing  a  sys- 
tem of  water-works.    Address  F.  M.  Burdick,  Mayor.  Evans- 

ville,  Ind.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  July  18,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  wrought-iron  bridge  over  Pigeon  Creek.  Address  James 
D.  Parvin,  Auditor. — -Brooklyn  Village,  O.:  Proposals  are 
wanted  until  June  30,  for  constructing  sewers  in  certain  streets. 
Address  C.  N.  Collins,  Village  Clerk.  Hughesville,  Pa.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  constructing  a  complete 
system  of  water-works.  Address  J.  K.  Reshel,  President  Hughes- 
ville Water  Company.  Dennison,  O.:    Proposals  are  wanted 

until  June  30,  for  the  improvement  of  numerous  streets.  Address 

James  Spruceband,  Council  Clerk.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  Public  Works  until 
Tuesday,  July  i,  1890,  at  10.30  o'clock  a.  m.,  for  furnishing,  erect- 
ing and  maintaining  300  or  more  electric  lights  of  2,000  nominal 
candle  power,  for  lighting  the  streets  of  the  City  of  Milwaukee  for 
a  term  of  three  years,  commencing  December  15,  1890.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of 
the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  m.  on  the  2d  day  of  July,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  re- 
quired to  erect  complete  the  buildings  of  the  U.S.  Marine  Hospital  at 
Evansville,  Ind.  (except  heating  apparatus),  in  accordance  with  the 
drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  Superintendent.- — —Eureka, 
Cal.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  July  15  for  constructing  a  bridge 
over  Eel  river  at  Alder  Point.  Address  O.  D.  Stern,  Supervisor's 
Clerk. 


ELECTRICITY  DIRECT  FROM  HEAT. 
A  dispatch  from  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  2,  makes  the  following 
remarkable  statement :  "  The  conversion  of  heat  directly  into 
electricity  without  the  intervention  of  steam  boilers,  engines,  or 
dynamos  is  said  to  have  been  accomplished  by  a  young  Maine 
inventor,  H.  B.  Cox.  His  experiments  have  proved  so  successful 
as  to  lead  Boston  and  Hartford  capitalists  to  organize  a  company 
with  a  cnpital  of  §1,000,000  to  put  the  discovery  into  practical 
operation.  If  the  claims  of  Mr.  Cox  prove  true  the  value  of  his 
discovery  is  enormous,  but  as  yet  the  experiments  have  been  only 
on  a  small  scale.  His  method  of  changing  heat  to  electricity  is 
as  simple  as  the  changing  of  water  to  steam,  the  current  coming 
right  direct  from  the  glowing  coals  of  a  furnace  without  the  aid  of 
any  machine.  No  power  has  ever  been  discovered  that  is  half  so 
cheap  as  would  be  electricity  obtained  by  this  process.  He  has 
experimented  with  a  furnace  at  his  home,  using  a  number  of  elec- 
tric lights,  and  it  now  remains  to  be  seen  whether  his  experiments 
will  hold  on  a  large  scale.  His  discovery  would  multiply  by 
three  at  least  the  effective  value  of  every  ton  of  fuel  used  for 
generating  power." 


June  15  the  Wabash  Railroad,  in  connection  with  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad  from  Detroit,  will  inaugurate  their  through  train 
service  between  Chicago  and  Montreal.  Those  desiring  to  attend 
the  Carnival  at  Toronto  should  bear  in  mind  that  this  line  will 
sell  excursion  tickets  June  28  and  29  at  one  fare — §14 — for  the 
round  trip,  Chicago  to  Toronto  and  return;  tickets  good  going  on 
the  above  dates,  and  good  to  return  to  July  5  inclusive.  For 
tickets  and  general  information  apply  at  Wabash  Office,  201  Clark 
street. 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 

of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hundred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  .St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 


THE  WABASH  MAKES  HALF  RATES. 

For  the  Fourth  of  July,  the  Wabash  line  will  sell  tickets  at  one 
fare  for  the  round  trip  to  all  stations  on  the  system.  These  tickets 
will  be  on  sale  July  3  and  4,  and  good  for  return  passage  until 
Monday,  July  7,  inclusive,  thus  enabling  the  public  to  spend  not 
only  the  Fourth,  but  Saturday  and  Sunday  with  friends.  Ticket 
office,  201  Clark  street, 


June  14,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


THE  "GORTON  " BOILER 


Gorton  Boiler— Front  View 


"Perfection  in  IModern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUCHT-IRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 

IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!     THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 
GORTON  &   I^IDGERWOOD  CO., 

34  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago, 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York.  197-203  Congress  St..  Boston. 

Gorton  Bollei — Sec'n  View 


BUNDY  RADIATORS. 


OVER 


TWENTY  MILLION 

SQUARE  FEET  IN  USE. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 


OUR  CLAIMS  OF  SUPERIORITY  ARE: 

Full  measure  of  surface. 

Greatest  efficiency  and  compactness. 

Largest  variety,  comprising  5,000  styles  and  sizes. 

Durability,  simplicity,  no  j^ocket  joints,  no  leaks. 


Endorsed  by  leading  architects,  steam  and  hot  water  fitters,  and 
more  than  20,000  persons  who  have  them  in  use. 

SEND  FOR  CATALOGUE. 


A.  A.  GRIPPING  IRON  CO,  ^ 

478  Coniniiinipaw  Ave.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

CHICAGO  BRANCH:  130  Dearborn  Street. 
PHILADELPHIA  BRANCH:  319  Walnut  Street. 

NEVER   BREAK  WROUGHT  STEEL. 

Combined  Pipe  Hooks, 
Expansion  Plates, 

And  Ring  Plates. 
THE  BRONSON  SUPPLY  CO. 

 ^     Cleveland  and  New  York, 

y  SOLE  MANUFAOTUREHS. 

f      HALL  &  NEAR,  Agents, 


FOR  SAI  E  BY  ALL  SUPPLY  HOUSES. 


New  York  Office:  51  Cliff  Street 


BARRY'S  PATENT 
VENTED 

TRMP 

MANUFACTURED  BY  THE 

BARRY  MANUFACTURING  CO..  MUSCATINE,  IOWA. 


INSTANTANEOUS  WATER-HEATING  CO. 

MANUFAOTOBEBS  OF  THE 

DOUGLAS  PATENT 

nstantaneous  Water  Heater 

FOR 

Baths  and  Domestic  Purposes 


Can  be  used  any  place  where  gas 
water  can  be  obtained. 

210  Illinois  St. 

iiilillltliiliiililiiiiiliiiii  CHICAGO.. 


THREE  RADMTORS  IN  ONE! 


partition  I^adiatoi' 

Saves  Fuel.    Insures  Great  Comfort. 

T.  H.  BROOKS  &  CO. 
CLEVELAND  O. 


"STAR"  TRAP  MT'G  CO., 

Successors  to  .S.  E.  THOMAS, 

PATENT  SEAMLESS 

"STAR"  TRAP! 


prices: 

2  inch  65  ots  55  cts. 

1  ^   "   55    "       55  cts.     50  " 

"   50   "       50   "        4-5  " 

1       "  Running  Trap  70 

IX   "  "  "   65  " 

IHnsti-ated  Cards  on  application.  For  sale 
by  all  dealers. 

"STAR"  TRAP  M'F'C  CO., 

5th  Ave.  and  31st  St.,         BROOKLYN,  N.  T. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND  PRICES 
OF  LATEST 

PLUMBING  SPECIALTIES, 

Combination  Pipe  Vises,  Iliiiired  Self-Locking  Pipe 
Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Benders,  Lead  Pipe  Formers  and 
Sizers,  Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners,  Plumbers'  Estimate 
Book — office  and  pocket  size— to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

21  Church  Street,  Willimantic,  Conn. 


VI 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  332 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  pav- 
iiient  of  $2  i)er  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  IL,  88(i  Dndlev  street. 

The  Whittalier  Siii)i)ly  Co.,' 151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dec,  Wm.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wni.  M.,  Iti4  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
B.abcock  Plunibinif  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  4"-J  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  AI.,  135  W.  Van  Bnren  stiect. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

G.ay  &  Culloton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gunderni.ann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

Hickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas  >t  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  712  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Movlan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 

Xacey,  P.,  339  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  IL,  208  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders,  P.  A:  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  191  E.  Indiana  street. 

Sullivan,  John,  .320  Division  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  it  \Veppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  .372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  ^^'m.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzert  it  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


JJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  References.  London  agent 
for  The  S.\nitaiiy  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  D.  8.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitart 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING, 
Mem.  Am.  Sec.  C.  E.,  M.  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Construc- 
tion Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M-Inst  C-  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricnltnra} 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  &.  FARQUHAR, 
C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  H.  1. 

Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  (Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 


RAML.  O.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage. 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Itialto  Building, 
Chicauo. 


J^M.  PAUL   GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  Buporinti'ndenre  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  PlninbinK  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  Corres- 
pondence solicited  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City. 


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


CE.M.IiD  PROPOS.XLS  WILL  HE  RECEIVKD 
at  the  oflice  of  the  Supervisinff  Architect,  Treasury 
Dejiartmcnt,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m., 
on  tlic  18th  day  of  June,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  mate- 
rial required  to  fix  in  ])lace  coimilete  the  Low-Pressure, 
Steam  Heating  Apparatus  required  for  the  I'.S.  Custom 
'Mouse  and  Post  Oflice  building  at  Plattslnirgh,  New 
York,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specification, 
copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  oflice 
or  the  oflice  of  the  Superintendent.  liacli  bid  must  be 
accompanied  by  a  certified  d  eck  for  $100.00.  The  De- 
partment will  1  eject  all  bids  received  after  the  time  fixed 
for  opening  the  same;  also  bids  which  do  not  comply 
strictly  with  all  the  requirements  of  this  invitation. 

Bids  mnsi  be  enclosed  in  an  envelop<',  sealed  and  en- 
dorsed "  PROPOSAL  for  Low-Prcssure  Steam  Heat- 
ing Apparatus  for  the  U.  S.  Custom  House  and  Post 
Office  Building  at  Pl.attsburgh,  N.  Y.,"  and  addressed 
to  JAS.  II.  WINDUIM,  Supervising  Architect. 
June  i,  1890. 


HELP  WANTED. 


r)UR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLT  INVITED 
^  to  use  this  column  iv/ien  in  7ieed  of  kelp  in  any  of  the 
professions,  trades  or  businesses  to  ■wliirli  this  journal 
is  dex'oted.  Such  advertisements  ivill  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  of  TiiE  Sanitary 
News,  88  and  9o  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


■\A/'ANTED.  —  THOROUGHLY  COMPETENT 
'  ^  man  as  solicit{>r  in  jilumbing  shop  in  Chicago. 
Must  have  had  experience  in  estimatino^  work,  etc.,  and 
give  first-class  references.  Address,  with  full  statement 
of  qualifications  and  present  position,  "H.,"  The 
Sanit.vry  News. 


w 

Address,""  F.,"  The  Sanit.^ry  News. 


ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 


TS;r ANTED.— TO  SECURE  THE  SERVICES  OF 
'  '  a  first-class  steam  heating  man  competent  to  take 
full  charge  of  work,  make  estimates  and  able  to  handle 
the  business  from  soliciting  and  making  bids  to  practi- 
cally performing  the  work.  Address,  H.  S.,  1212 
Douglas  Street,  Omaha,  Neb. 


^X/'ANTED.— FIRST-CLASS  PLUMBERS  AND 
'*    .Steamfitters  for  Portland,  Oregon.    Four  dollars 
per  dav  of  nine  hours.    Address,  A.  J.  Lawrence,  145 
Front  Street,  Portland,  Oregon. 


TA/'ANTED.  —  A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 

•  '  Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Win.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
at  ions  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
to  -which  this  journal  is  devoted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  ansTvers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  The  Sanitary 
.V  Kws,  88  and  90  Ln  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


CITUATION  WANTED— AS  BOOKKEEPER  IN 
^  plumbing  business  in  Western  citv.  Thoroughly 
posted  and  accustomed  to  make  estimates.  Address 
"O  S,"  care  of  S.vxitarv  News. 


CriUATION  WANTED  —  ARCHITECTURAL 
draughtsman  and  designer,  with  seventeen  years' 
varied  experience,  desires  a  situation.  Is  strictly  tem- 
perate, steady  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  specifica- 
tions, estimating  and  supervising  construction  of  all 
classes  of  buildings.  Age,  40  years.  Specimens  and 
references.    Address,  "  E.  G.,"'  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITl'ATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^  competent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
fr(im  soliciting  to  pnicticallv  doing  work.  Location  no 
object.    Address,  " H.  K.,"  The  .Sanitary  News. 

CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 

^  collector  for  some  plumbing  house.  Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.  Address  "L,"  The 
.Sanitary  News. 


CrnrATION  WANTED.— BY  A  YOl'NCi  M.\N, 
^  20  years  of  age,  as  salesman  for  a  wholesale  plumb- 
ing house,  or  to  sell  some  specialty  in  the  plumbing  line. 
Has  had  four  years  experience  with  plumbing  goods. 
Address  "Sale's,"  care  The  Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


pOR  SALE.  — A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business,  located  in  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Mis- 
souri. Stock  valued  at  $7,000.  Some  contracts  on 
hand.  Reason  for  selling  the  business.  Address 
Pi.uMU,  care  of  The  Sanitary  Nbws. 


POR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
incss,  four  years  est;iblished  in  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.     Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
Address  "  W.  F.  T.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


POR  SALE.-PATENT  RIGHT.  ONE  OK  THE 
most  successful  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
Plumbing  and  (iarden  Hose  tra<le.  Owner  wishes  to 
retire  from  business.  For  further  jjarticulars,  address 
Thos.  Burke,  188  N.  Pine  Street,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


rpOR  SALE.— A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
^  business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.  Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "  Stock,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


NOTICE  TO  CONTRACTORS. 


CEALED  PROPOSALS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED 
up  to  the  hour  of  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  on 
Monday,  the  twenty-third  day  of  June,  1890,  as  follows: 
I'or  the  rectification  of  Yellow  Creek  at  Middlesbor- 
ough,  Ky.,  consisting  of  excavation,  widening,  straight- 
ening, grading  and  planking.  It  is  estimated  that 
147.205  cubic  yards  of  excavation  will  be  required,  and 
1,716, '229  feet1)oard  measure  of  lumber  to  be  furnished 
and  put  in  place.  Plans  and  speciticalions  may  be 
examined  at  the  office  of  the  Middlesborough  Town 
Company,  or  at  the  oflice  of  Waring,  Chapman  it 
FarqiihaV,  Mitldlesborough,  Ky.,  whrre  conies  may  be 
obtained.  Each  bidder  must  present  his  bid  in  the  form 
ret|uired  by  the  specifications,  and  must  enclose  with 
his  bid  a  certified  check  for  $5,000,  drawn  to  the  order 
of  the  Middlesborough  Town  Company,  as  a  guaran- 
tet^  of  good  faith.  The  checks  of  the  unsuccessful 
bidders  will  be  returned  within  ten  days  from  the  date 
of  the  opening  of  the  bids.  The  check  of  the  bidder  to 
whom  the  ctintract  is  awar<Ied  will  be  deposited  to  his 
credit  to  be  drawn  against  by  said  contractor  upon  the 
certificate  of  the  en^jineer  that  work  has  been  done 
under  these  specifications  to  the  extent  of  such  drafts. 
Proposals  to  be  sealed  and  endorsed  "Proposals  for 
Kectification  of  Yellow  Creek,  Middlesborough,  Ky.," 
and  to  be  addressed  to  the  .Middlesborough  Town  Co., 
Middlesborough,  Ky. 

The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  or  all  bids.  Bid.s 
will  be  opened  publicly  at  the  oflice' of  the  Middlesbor- 
ough Town  Company  on  Monday,  June  2.'id,  ISilO,  at 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

JOHN  M.  BROOKS,  Uqsidcnl  Mansiger. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


C.  O.  Gleason,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  fits,  40 

x!)0,  313-15  Milwaukee  av;  a,  C.  Nelson  $10,000 

Tolman  &  Londelires,  3  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs, 

50x66,  733-37  Prairie  av;  a,  J.  F.  &  J.P.  Doerr.  15,000 
Charles  F'rauly,  3  2  sty  brk  fits,  21x44  each,  888 

and  996  Turner  av;  a,  J.  F.  &  J.  P.  Doerr   10,500 

Francis  Dew-es,  2  4  stv  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

38x66,  66x>t2,  587-9  Market  st  and  378-82  North 

av;  a,  Bettinghoffer  A-  Herman   35,000 

James  L.  Campbell,  6  sty  and  bst  brk  fcty,  .'iOx 

62,  418-20  Dearborn  st;  a,  D.  S.  Cleveland....  60,000 
John  M.arcott,  2  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  48x60, 

433-35  Madison  av';  a,  F.  N.  Perkins   1.5,000 

V.  C.  Price,  2  4  .and  3  sty  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

40x36,  55x53,  473-75  Western  av;  a,  Thomas 

Hawkes   22,000 

Wm.  H.  Doake,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

52x75,  3.500-2  Halsted  st;  a,  W.  H.  Doake....  14,000 
J.  H.  Woolev,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  22x18, 

197  44th  st;   5,000 

Vopicka  >V:  Kubin,  7  1  sty  frm  cottages,  20x28, 

1514-42  50th  st   5,000 

S.  Domby,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  24x.50, 

7i)th  and  Wallace  sts;  a,  P.  Ilale   7,000 

Mrs.  Pavne,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  79th 

and  Wallace  sts;  a,  P.  Hale   7,000 

C.  Y.  French,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  23x 

60,  647  46th  st   5,700 

K.  Brower,  2  2  sty  and  bst  frm  dwllgs,  30x40, 

Lafayette  st   8,000 

M.  C.  Tremin,  3  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  66x60, 

1248-54  Wilcox  av;  'a,  M.  A.  Fremin   15,000 

Mrs.  Miller,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  27x70,  4609 

W.  Lake  st:  a,  Geo.  Bowman    11,000 

W.  E.  Martiner,  3  and  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg 

and  barn,  25x58,  25x38x20,  1261  Washington 

boul;  a,  W.  W.  Bovington   10,(KX) 

The  Wright  Hill  Oil 'Co.,  1  sty  and  brk  eleva 

tor,  .50.\150,  2216-18  Lumber  st   51,000 

E.  Philmann,  2  sty  and  eel  and  attic  brk  dwllg, 

28x58,  1822  Serf  st;  a,  H.  Sierke   20,000 

E.  Brown,  20  2  sty  frm  dwllgs,  '20x4.Jeach,  San- 
gamon bet.  55th  and  ,57111  sts:  a.  E.  Brown. . . .  50,000 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Hudson,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg  and 

barn,  26x52x28,  2Ox30.\''.3O,  6560  Harvard  st;  a, 

Thomas  i\:  Rapp   10,000 

Henry  Flembve,  4  stv  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits. 

30xi20,  63x75,  98-100  Wells  st;  a,  Froman  & 

Jehson   7,000 

M.  G.  Gabel,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits,  22x 

68,  Taylor  and  HermiUige  sis;  a,  Ruehl  & 

Gomml>ler   7,0(H) 

Wm.  Hainmerstorm,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  flts,  23x 

67,  343  Burling  st;  a,  A.'Wcrner   5,000 

Augt.  Johnson,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  flts,  22x78,50 

Milton  av ;  a,  Ostling  Bros   5,000 

C.  O.  Gleason,  2  3  stv  and;bst  brk  flts,  23x70,  77 

75  29th  st;  a,  Charles  Nelson   8,00(1 

Mrs.  J.  A.  Trask,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  flts,  22x58, 

171  Jay  st;  a,  Sch.aub'A  Beslin   7,000 

James  Gaynor,  4  2  sty  frm  dwllgs,  22x4'2,  40th 

pi  near  Park  av;  a,  .\.  M.  Nelson   6,400 

Raymond  Ringwald ,  2  and  1  stv  brk  fcty,  7.>x 

111x21,  26x7.5x10,481-93  W.-22J  st;  a,  R.  Ring 

wald   6,000 

A.  E.  Shankland,  2  2  stv  and  eel  brk  dwllgs,  38 

x64,  48th  near  Chainplain  st;  a,  T.  Starrett.  ..  6,500 
J.  J.  Shea,  2  stv  and  bst  6rm  dwllg,  30x48,  Edg- 

erton  av  and  61st  st;  a.  ».  B.  Beman   6,0(K) 

C.  T.  Morse,  3  sly  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  30.x40, 

Kimbark  near  48th  st   5,090 

C.  B.  Shourds,  2  sty  and  eel  frm  dwllg,  30x4'J; 

104-8  45lh  st;  a,Jno.  Clifford   6,(X)0 

Clark  \-  Findlev,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  25x71, 

33.52  S.  Park  iv;  a,  Burnham  \-  Root   5,000 

R.  F.  Conway,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  strs  and  flts, 

21x68,  973  W.  Lake  st   5,000 

Alfred  Blondin,  3  sly  brk  str  and  dwllg;  25x65, 

189  S.  California  a'v;  a,  E.  A.  Blondin   5,(XX) 

A.  R.  ^'arian,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  flts,  21x70,  (i,37 

Fullerton  av;  a,  John  Otto   5,000 

Peter  M.  Mallcy,  1  sty  brn  addn,  42x50,  l'2«6-70 

W.  12thst   .5,000 

Jno.  Scannell,  2  sty  and  cel.  brk  fits,  2'2x64,  6!H» 

Hinman  st;  a,  T.  M.  Nuly   5,(KX) 

Herman  Heinge,  4  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and  flts, 

21x54,  200  W  ells  st;  a,  Bcttcnghoffer   5,000 

.Mrs.  M.  Keil,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strand  flts,  25x 

60,  388  E.  North' av   8,000 


C.  S.  OSBORNE  &  C0=, 


NFWARK  N  T  standard  Manu- 
i\       VV  i-Vl\.I'\.,  J.    faoturers  of  PLUIVIB- 


ERS'  TOOLS.  Send  for  Price  List, 
er  for  our  make  and  take  no  other. 


Ask  your  deal- 


PLUTU^eERS'  SIGNS. 

GOLD  LEAF  FINISH. 

18  inch  .  $  6  50  I  42  inch  .  $22  ,50 
9  50  4,S  "  . .  30  .5t) 
12  ,W  \  m  "  ..  38  IK) 
16  50  I  66     ••   ..  48  00 

I».  AUI^IK, 

802  W  IZIh  St 
CHICAGO 


June  28,  1890] 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  I'UIU.ISIIF.D  KVKKV  SATURDAY 


No.  90  La  Salle  Strket,      -       -       -  Chicacjo. 


Thomas  Hudson, 

-  PUHI.ISIIKK. 

A.  IL  IIarryman, 

IIknky  R.  Ai.len, 

Entered  a 

s  second-class  mutter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 

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CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial     ----------  'JT 


MASTER  PLUMBERS'  CONVENTION— 


Tuesday  Afternoon  Session      -         -        -  - 

97 

Mr.  M.  A.  Dolan's  Address           -         -         -  _ 

97 

Mayor  Londoner's  Welcome     -          -          -  - 

98 

Report  of  Committee  on  Credentials         -         -  - 

99 

Wednesday  Forenoon  Session            -    .  - 

99 

Report  of  the  Apprenticeship  Committee 

99 

State  Vice-Presidents'  Reports 

100 

Wednesday  Akternoon  Session 

104 

President  Hannan's  Address 

104 

Report  of  Mr.  Andrew  Young 

105 

Report  of  Executive  Committee  - 

107 

Wednesday  Evening  Sessio.v         -  - 

108 

TiiUBSDAY  Morning  Session 

IDS 

New  Business  ----- 

108 

Resolution  of  J.  R.  Alcock                 -         -  - 

108 

Thursday  Afternoon  Session 

108 

Nomination  and  Election  of  Officers 

-              -  V 

Selection  of  Place  for  Next  Meeting 

Y 

Social  Features  of  Convention            -         -         -   .  - 

-             -  V 

We  have  devoted  this  issue  to  the  report  of  the  Denver  Con- 
vention. It  was  a  great  convention,  and  Vi'e  congratulate  the 
master  plumbers  on  their  progress  and  prosperity.  This  report  is 
a  good  one,  and  well  worth  a  perusal  and  preservation  for  refer- 
ence.   The  papers  read  will  follow  in  other  issues. 


The  Denver  master  plumbers  have' proven  themselves  royal 
entertainers,  and  the  hospitality  of  that  fair  city  is  placed  beyond 
all  dispute. 

Chief  Inspector  Young  creates,  wherever  he  goes,  an  en- 
thusiasm amounting  almost  to  a  sensation.  His  report  as  delegate 
to  the  American  Public  Health  Association  electrified  the  Master 
Plumbers'  Convention  at  Denver,  and  it  will  be  read  all  over  this 


tJ7 


country  to  the  great  benefit  of  ail  who  peruse  it.  Mr.  Young  has 
I)een  a  prominent  figure  m  the  Master  I'Uimbers'  Association 
since  its  organization  in  1883.  In  1884-5  he  was  [iresident  of  the 
National  Association,  and  made  the  great  fight  for  trade  protec- 
tion. He  is  now  Chief  Ins[)ector  of  the  great  city  of  Chicago,  and 
when  the  general  director  of  the  sanitary  exhibition  for  the 
World's  Fair  is  needed,  it  is  hoped  that  serious  attention  will  be 
directed  to  Mr.  Young. 


MASTER  PLUMBERS'  CONVENTION. 

[Eighth  Annual  National  Convention,  held  at  Denver,  Colo.,  June  17,  18,  19,  1890.  J 

The  Eighth  Annual  Convention  of  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States  of  America  was  called  to 
order  Tuesday,  June  17,  at  five  minutes  after  2  o'clock,  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  by  Mr.  Edward  J.  Hannan,  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  president  of  the  National  Association;  Mr. 
George  A.  Green,  secretary.  The  President,  in  opening  the  pro- 
ceedings, said: 

"Gentlemen  of  the  convention:  We  will  open  our  meeting  on 
this  occasion  with  prayer,  and  I  have  the  honor  of  introducing  to 
you  the  Rev.  Father  Carr,  of  Denver." 

Father  Carr  pronounced  the  following  invocation:  "  May  Al- 
mighty God  direct  the  deliberations  of  this  convention,  and  may 
He  inspire  this  occasion  to  a  salutary  issue  for  the  convention  and 
for  its  members.  May  wisdom  rule  in  its  councils,  and  peace  and 
unselfishness  in  its  conclaves;  and  may  the  richest  blessings  of 
Heaven  descend  on  all  present.  Which  we  ask  through  Jesus 
Christ,  through  the  Father,  and  through  the  Son.  Amen." 

The  President  then  introduced  Mr.  M.  A.  Dolan,  president  of 
the  Denver  Association,  who  was  greeted  with  a  storm  of  applause. 
Mr.  Dolan  said: 

Gentlemen  and  delegates  of  the  Master  Plumbers  of  the  National 
Association  : 

As  a  representative  of  the  Denver  Association,  it  becomes  my 
duty,  and  I  esteem  it  a  privilege,  to  welcome  you  to  our  city. 
Coming  as  the  representatives  of  the  most  important  as  well  as 
the  most  scientific  branch  of  the  building  industry,  from  all  the 
great  cities  of  the  country,  your  visit  is  unselfish  and  a  noble  one, 
and  cannot  result  otherwise  than  for  the  public  good.  The  posi- 
tion and  the  standing  in  society  of  the  plumber  should  be  closely 
allied  to  that  of  the  physician.  An  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth 
a  pound  of  cure,  and  the  services  of  a  competent  plumber,  if  em- 
ployed in  time,  will  often  save  two  or  three  times  his  charges  in 
the  bills  of  doctors,  and  sometimes  of  undertakers.  I  venture  to 
say  that  one-third  of  the  sickness  of  our  cities  is  caused  by  em- 
ploying incompetent  plumbers  for  the  purpose  of  not  seeing  that 
the  sewerage  is  in  a  perfect  condition.  The  plumbers  should  see 
that  the  drainage  system  of  a  house  is  in  an  elegant  condition 
The  plumber  has  long  been  an  unappreciated  guardian  of  public 
health,  and  let  us  hope  thai  these  yearly  gatherings  of  the  craft 
will  be  the  cause  of  placing  him  in  a  position  of  independence. 

Gentlemen,  as  I  was  not  aware  of  the  fact  that  I  had  to  address 
you  on  this  occasion  to-day,  I  am  certainly  not  prepared  to  make 
you  any  long  speech;  for  in  the  first  instance  I  am  not  a  speech- 
maker;  I  am  a  plumber.  I  have  the  honor  to  introduce  to  you  to- 
day the  honorable  Mayor  of  this  city,  who  has  joined  us  in  inviting 
you  to  this,  our  glorious,  magic  city  of  the  West — the  Hon.  Wolfe 
Londoner.  [Applause.] 

Mayor  Londoner  said: 
Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the  Convention : 

In  behalf  of  the  city  of  Denver  and  its  150,000  people — more 
or  less,  as  the  census  enumerators  will  be  pleased  to  give  us — I 
extend  to  you  to-day  a  hearty  welcome.  I  am  a  little  like  my 
friend  Dolan — quite  unprepared  to  give  you  a  speech.  I  see,  in 
looking  over  this  printed  card  of  the  order  of  exercises,  that  it 
says  an  address  of  welcome  by  M.  A.  Dolan;  and  I  understand, 
from  some  of  the  master  plumbers,  he  has  been  working  on  that 
address  he  delivered  to  you  for  the  last  two  weeks.  [Laughter.] 

Mr.  Dolan:    I  arise  to  a  point  af  order,  Mr.  President. 

Mayor  Londoner:  I  have  the  floor,  and  I  think  the  gentleman 
is  out  of  order.  I  almost  always  laugh  when  I  see  a  single 
plumber;  so  you  may  imagine  my  feelings  when  I  see  such  a  con- 
course of  plumbers  as  are  assembled  here  to-day.  It  puts  me  in 
mind  of  the  ready  wit  of  the  comic  journalist,  who  thinks  he  does 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


98 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  334 


not  earn  his  three  or  four  dollars  per  diem  unless  he  makes  fun  of 
the  plumbers;  and  he  makes  almost  as  much  making  fun  of  you, 
gentlemen,  as  you  do  in  making  out  your  enormous  bills.  [Laugh- 
ter.] It  has  been  taken  for  granted  for  all  time  that  the  plumber 
must  charge  a  large  price.  But,  as  the  gentleman  who  addressed 
you  on  behalf  of  the  Denver  Association  in  his  speech  of  welcome 
stated,  the  plumber  ranks  with  the  physician,  in  my  opinion,  and 
it  comes  with  a  great  deal  better  grace  for  me  to  give  you  a  little 
ice-cream  on  a  stick  than  from  this  gentleman,  who  arose  from  a 
boy,  when  he  was  getting  only  forty  or  fifty  cents  a  day,  and  can- 
not wipe  a  joint  yet.  But,  as  an  outsider,  I  can  flatter  you  a  little, 
and  I  am  pleased  to  do  so.  I  can  truly  say  that  a  poor  plumber  in 
a  man's  house  is  worse  than  a  plague,  and  we  owe  a  great  deal  for 
the  magnificence  of  Denver  to  the  intelligent  workmanship  of  our 
master  plumbers  and  their  help.  I  can  cite  you  a  job  of  plumb- 
ing in  the  city  hall  that  I  do  not  think  can  be  equaled  in  the  United 
States.  [Applause.]  It  was  done  by  a  man  who  unfortunately  is 
a  foreigner,  or  I  should  judge  so  from  his  name.  He  calls  himself 
Mclntyre  in  this  country.  He  is  a  very  old  man,  but  he  did  a  very 
good  job.  And  while  on  that  subject  I  want  to  ask  you,  on  behalf 
of  the  city  in  particular,  to  go  and  see  that  job  of  plumbing.  I 
want  you  to  see  it  so  as  to  tell  the  people  in  the  valley  what  kind 
of  work  we  do  in  the  Rockies,  and  I  want  you  to  see  our  public  in- 
stitutions, if  it  please  you,  some  afternoon,  and  you  have  the  time; 
and  we  would  like  you  to  see  our  fire  department.  We  will  turn 
out  everything  we  have.  And  remember  that  while  you  are  in  the 
city  you  are  not  only  guests  of  the  master  plumbers  of  Denver, 
but  you  are  the  guests  of  the  city.  [Applause.] 

You  visit  us  in  rather  a  bad  time  for  us  to  show  off  Denver. 
We  are  in  the  midst  of  a  great  strike.  It  was  thought  at  one  time 
that  it  would  not  amount  to  much,  and  I  do  not  think  myself  there 
was  any  particular  need  of  the  plumbers  striking;  but  in  conver- 
sation with  some  of  the  leaders  of  this  association,  they  told  me  it 
was  simply  an  excuse  to  get  them  free  so  as  to  be  able  to  entertain 
you  while  you  were  in  this  country.  [Laughter.]  And  I  know  they 
will  do  the  right  thing.  While  on  the  subject  of  strikes,  you  mas- 
ter plumbers  who  were  but  a  short  time  ago  apprentices,  who  were 
glad  to  get  $1.50  to  $1.75  per  day,  and  as  Dolan,  here,  was  not  able 
to  wipe  a  joint,  I  want  to  appeal  to  your  good  sense  in  this  matter. 
It  is  true,  as  one  of  you  gentlemen  told  mc  to-day,  there  always 
will  be  trouble  with  wage-workers  and  the  masters,  and  an  associ- 
ation and  the  men,  and  there  always  will  be  trouble  between  capi- 
tal and  labor;  and  no  human  mind  can  devise  a  way  to  make  the 
means  so  that  both  sides  can  be  satisfied.  There  is  one  thing  I 
want  to  call  your  attention  to:  that  the  average  workingman— and 
he  is  the  man  who,  in  his  opinion,  is  right,  and  the  workingman 
nearly  always  is  right — gains  [)ublic  sympathy,  especially  if  he  is 
willing  to  leave  his  affairs  to  a  committee  of  arbitration  and  abide 
by  the  decision  thereof.  I  want  further  to  state  that  this  strike  is 
looking  dangerous.  "S'ou  may  tliink  it  out  of  order  for  me  to  speak 
on  this  subject,  but  1  do  not  think  it  is.  1  think  it  is  proper  to  come 
before  you  as  master  plumbers,  meeting  from  all  over  the  Union. 
I  say,  I  think  it  is  perfectly  proper  for  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  the  Real  Estate  Exchange  of  Denver  to  immediately  call 
themselves  together  and  apjioint  committees  from  e.ich  of  these 
representative  bodies,  so  that  the  business  interests  of  this  city 
shall  be  maintained;  not  only  that  the  buildings  may  continue  to 
go  uj),  and  that  the  groceryman,  butcher  and  baker  may  be  able 
to  collect  their  bills,  but  that  the  workingman  may  get  to  his  work 
as  soon  as  possible,  and  care  for  his  wife  and  baby.  (Applause.) 
I  therefore  hope  that,  in  the  midst  of  your  pleasures,  you  will 
condescend  to  notice  this  strike  which  is  agitating  the  greatest  city 
west  of  the  Missouri  river,  give  us  timely  aid,  and  pour  oil  on  the 
troubled  waters;  and  1  hope  and  pray  that  before  you  leave  this 
city  and  state,  the  trouble  will  be  ended.  Before  you  leave,  I  hope 
that,  while  you  enjoy  your  visit  with  your  fellow-comrades,  you 
will  not  forget  to  visit  our  attractions,  our  churches,  our  schools, 
of  which  wc  have  the  best  system  in  the  United  States,  regardless 
of  any  city  in  the  Union.  I  invited  you  to  the  churches,  but  it 
seems  to  me,  from  the  opening  remark  of  your  National  Presi- 
dent when  he  said  that  upon  this  occasion  we  would  open  with 
prayer,  that  you  are  not  accustomed  to  be  at  prayer.  [Laughter.] 
The  President:    I  did  not  mean  that. 

Mayor  Londoner:  Well,  we  want  you  to  enjoy  yourselves,  and 
after  you  get  done  being  taken  care  of  by  your  comrades  in  Den- 


ver, I  understand  that  there  are  excursions  planned  for  the  mount- 
ains. Gentlemen,  notwithstanding  you  sit  here  in  the  heat  of  this 
building,  a  few  short  miles  from  here  we  can  and  will  show  you 
the  greatest  scenery  not  onl /  in  the  United  States,  but  in  the  known 
world;  and  you  will  be  received  heartily  all  over  Colorado,  where 
it  is  known  that  you,  as  a  convention,  have  come  to  hold  your 
meetings  in  the  city  of  Denver.  You  will  be  received  as  a  man 
who  lives  here;  not  only  yourselves,  but  your  wives,  your  children 
aud  your  sweethearts.  Now,  gentlemen,  I  do  not  wish  to  detain 
you  any  longer,  but  to  assure  you  that  you  are  welcomed  by  the 
people  of  Denver,  and  that  we  wish  you  to  enjoy  yourselves,  and,  ^ 
when  you  leave  here,  for  you  to  take  away  with  you  pleasant  recol- 
lections of  us  and  of  this  annual  session  of  yours.  [Three  cheers 
were  given  by  the  convention  for  Mayor  Londoner.! 

The  President: — Gentlemen,  the  next  business  in  order  is  the 
appointment  of  a  Committee  on  Credentials. 

Mr.  Harkness,  of  Philadelphia: — Mr.  President,  I  move  the 
appointment  of  a  committee  of  five  on  credentials.  Motion  was 
carried. 

The  Chair  appointed  on  this  committee — William  Harkness  of 
Philadelphia,  Robert  Foley  of  Kansas,  and  Dan  Shannon  of  Bos- 
ton, together  with  Secretary  Green  and  Treasurer  Sheehan. 

The  President  announced  that  W.  T.  Crean  of  Denver  had  an 
announcement  to  make  in  regard  to  the  entertainment  of  the  dele- 
gates while  in  the  city. 

Mr.  Crean  outlined  the  programme  that  had  been  adopted  by 
the  local  association  of  Denver.    He  spoke  as  follows: 

I  have  been  delegated  by  the  entertainment  committee  of  the 
Denver  association  to  state  to  you  the  arrangements  they  have 
made  for  your  entertainment  while  among  us.  This  may  seem  a 
little  previous  to  you  as  we  know  business  always  comes  before 
pleasure,  but  we  are  so  happy  in  having  the  convention  meet  here 
that  we  feel  we  cannot  but  do  it  to  show  our  gratification.  This 
evening,  I  will  state,  we  have  a  ball  and  reception.  To-morrow 
morning  your  ladies  will  be  attended  to  by  the  Denver  Ladies' 
Auxiliary,  and  will  be  taken  through  the  city  and  shown  the  prin- 
cipal {)laces  of  interest.  For  the  afternoon  the  Ladies'  Auxiliary 
have  prepared  for  the  matinee  at  the  Tabor  Opera  House.  On 
Thursday  morning  you  will  be  taken  through  the  city  again,  and 
you  have  been  kindly  invited  to  sto])  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Cress- 
well,  of  the  firm  of  Cresswell  &  Co.  In  the  evening  a  banquet 
will  be  tendered  you  at  the  Windsor  Hotel.  On  Friday  you  will 
be  given  an  excursion  through  Clear  Creek  Valley  and  over  the 
Loop,  and  Saturday  we  wish  you  to  go  with  us  to  Manitou,  where 
we  will  take  you  in  carriages  through  the  Garden  of  the  Gods, 
and  other  points  of  interest. 

I  wish,  however,  to  state  there  are  some  plumbers  in  the  city 
who  have  not  joined  our  association,  and  who  have  tried  their  ut- 
most to  misrepresent  us.  They  expect  to  get  tickets  for  these  ex- 
cursions and  we  cxjjcct  to  fool  them,  and  the  only  way  to  do  that  is 
to  get  the  tickets  through  the  delegates.  We  hope  all  the  dele- 
gates will  attend  these  excursions,  because  we  wish  to  show  you 
some  of  the  beauties  of  our  western  scenery.  I  remember  when 
I  attended  the  convention  at  Chicago,  three  years  ago,  I  was  asked 
by  a  delegate  from  the  neighborhood  of  New  York  what  city  I 
represented.  When  I  told  him  Denver,  he  said:  "What!  Arc 
you  from  that  God-forsaken  country?"  When  I  went  to  school  at 
Chicago,  Denver  was  marked  on  the  map  as  a  part  of  the  great 
American  desert.  Things  have  changed  since  then,  and  I  want 
you  to  see  this  change.  We  hope  to  have  the  national  convention 
here  again,  and  we  want  you  to  tell  the  members  there  that  they 
need  not  be  afraid  of  the  treatment  they  will  receive  at  the  hands 
of  the  master  plumbers  away  out  on  the  American  desert.  (Ap- 
plause.) 

The  President:— I  have  a  telegram  which  I  will  ask  the  secrc- 
retary  to  read  you. 

The  telegram  was  read  as  follows: 

Norfolk,  June  17,  1890.  E.  J.  Hannan,  President  Master 
Plumbers'  Association.  Virginia  sends  greeting,  invokes  harmony 
and  much  pleasure  to  all,  ladies  included.  W.  E.  Foster. 

A  recess  was  taken  until  4:30  p.  m.,  and  the  delegates  watched 
the  dis])lay  of  the  Denver  fire  department. 

At  4:30  the  President  called  the  meeting  to  order.  The  report 
of  the  Committee  on  Credentials  was  first  read,  and,  after  several 
corrections,  it  stood  as  follows: 


June  28,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


99 


KKPOKT  OF    COMMITTEE  ON  CREDENTIALS. 

Dknvfk,  Col.,  June  17,  18!K). 
To  the  President,  Officers  anil  Members  of  the  Eighth  National  Convention  of  the 
National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States: 

Gtntlemtn  :  Your  Committee  on  Credentials  present  the  following  as  thi  ir 
report: 

Number  of  states  represented,  19;  number  of  cities  represented,  number  of 
delcffates  as  per  crcdciilials,  180.  And  we  herewith  attach  the  following  list  of 
delegates.  Respectfully  submitted, 

Wm.  Harkness,  Jk.,  Chairman,  PhilacU  Ipliia. 

James  Foley, 

Daniel  Shannon. 

Z)c//;4'^n/«  .•— Huffalo,  N.Y.,  5;  Baltimore,  Md.,  (i;  Boston,  Mass.,  12;  Brooklyn, 
N.  v.,  11;  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  3;  Burlington,  Iowa,  1;  Chicago,  111.,  17;  Cleveland, 
O.,  ;};  Colorado  Springs,  Col.,  1;  Denver,  Col.,  6;  Davenport,  Iowa,  1;  DesMoincs, 
Iowa,  3;  Glenwood  Springs,  Colo.,  1;  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  2;  Kansas  City,  Mo,."); 
Kansas  Slate  Association,  5;  I-tadville,  Col  ,l;  Lowell,  Mass.,  1;  Milwaukee, 
Wis  ,  3;  New  York,  N.  Y.,  20;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  10;  Pueblo,  Col.,  2;  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  7;  Portland,  Ore.,  3;  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  4 ;  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  2;  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  3;  Springfield,  Mo.,  2;  St.  I.ouis,  Mo.,  14;  Washington,  D.  C,  5;  Bloom- 
ington,  Del.,  2;  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  3;  Decatur,  III.,  1;  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  2;  Columbus, 
Ohio,  2;  Duluth,  Minn.,  1 ;  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  2;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  2;  Ne- 
braska State  Association,  3;  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  3;  Bloomington,  III.,  1,— 3!t  cities,  19 
States. 

Baltimore,  Maryland. —  P.  T.  Barry,  James  Healy,  Wm.  Dnnnett,  Jno.  Frasier, 
W.  W.  Rowles,Jos.  C.  Mitchell. 

Boston,  Afassac/iiistlts. — T.  J.  Tute,  AVm.  Lamb,  Daniel  G.  Finncrty,  Daniel 
Shannon,  W.  II.  French,  Henry  W.  Tombs,  D.  A.  Hogan,  Jos.  H.  B.agley,  David 
Smith,  J.  F.  Cronin,  W.  H.  Mitchell,  Wm.  McKenna. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.— 11.  B.  Middlebrooks,  Alfred  Hopkins,  L.  H.  Mills. 

Broon/yn,  JVeif  York. — Geo.  B.  Lewis,  Wm.  Fallon,  Geo.  Cummmgs,  H.  H. 
Noble,  T.  W.  Kelley,  M.  Lyons,  Thos.  Hudson,  Wni.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  Theo.  Rad- 
cliffe,  Jno.  J.  Keenan,  Paul  Ayres. 

Buffalo,  New  I'ork. — L.  J.  Beyer,  Chas.  Geiger,  Fred  Yuhl,  C.  H.  Carey,  Jacob 
Mensch. 

Burlington,  Iowa. — Henry  Ewinger. 

Chicago,  Illinois.— n.  Watt,  R.Griffith.  D.  Whitcford,  J.  H.  DeVenev,  M.  H. 
Reilley,  C.J.  Herbert,  H.J.  Killian,  Wm.  Bowden,  J.  H.  Roche,  J.  R.  Alcock,  C. 
J.  Byrne,  C.  C.  Breyer,  D.  J.  Rock,  A.  Young,  T.  F.  Gay,  J.  J.  Ilamblin,  J.  G. 
^Veber. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.— ]no.  A.  Douglass,  AV.  F.  Wagner,  Richard  Murphy. 

Cleveland,  Ohio.—C  C.  Dewstoe,  W.  A.  Kelly,  J.  Schneeberger. 

Colorado  Springs,  Colorado.- — E.  S.  Bunsted. 

Columbus,  Ohio.—K.  A  F'uturer,  C.  A.  Klie. 

Decatur,  Illinois. — Philip  Mueller. 

Des  il nines,  lovja. —]os.  Laing,  Jno.  Burnside. 

Duluth,  Minnesota. — W.  H.  Dwyer. 

Glenwood  Springs,  Colorado. — Jos.  A.J.  Clowden. 

Indianapolis,  Indiana.— Jno.  S.  F'arrell,  Peter  J.  Gall. 

Kansas  City,  Missouri. — L.  B.  Gross,  Alex.  Gray,  If.  B.  Farley,  D.  M.  Quay, 
R.  B.  Farley. 

Kansas  Slate  Association.— }os.  Foley,  S.J.  Stewart,  ThoS.  Lloyd,  C.J.  Pres- 
cott,  U.  Wood. 

Lowell,  Massachusetts. — Thos.  Costillo. 

Leadville,  Colorado.-C.  M.  Priddy. 

Minneapolis,  Minnesota. — E.  C.  Cauvet,  A.  W.  Scott. 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin. — Chas.  Polechek,  W.  E.  Goodman,  Herman  Apell. 

Nebraska  State  Association.—}.  H.  O'Neill,  M.  A.  Free,  N.  B.  Hussey. 

New  C;/)'.— Jos.  A.  Macdonald,  Geo.  D.  Scott,  J.  M.  Knight,  Wm.  R. 
Bracken,  H.  G.  Gabay,  W.  P.  Austin,  F.  Sullivan,  Jas.  Gilroy,  D.  Mackay,  Jr.,  T. 
J.  Tourney,  G.  Eraser,  T.J.  Cummings,  Frank  Reynolds,  Wm.  Young.  E.  J. 
Brady,  W.  H.  Quick,  J.  W.  O'Brien,  D.  W.  Liltell,  George  B.  Brown,  Philip 
Smith. 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.— Jno.  E.  Eyanson,  Wm.  Harkniss,  Jr.,  Enoch 
Remick,  Wm.  M.  Wright,  W.  H.  Doyle,  F.  P.  Brown,  J.  J.  Weaver,  George  F. 
Uber,  A.  G.  Bond,  Wm.  McCoach. 

Portland,  Ore^'on.-T.  J.  Johnson,  J.  J.  Owens,  Alex.  Muirhead. 

Pueblo,  Colorado.— 'E.  P.  Fish,  G.  Geiser. 

Pittsburgh,  Pennsyh  'ania. — J,  J,  Kennedy,  B.  F.  Call,  James  McGinness, 
Frank  McKnight,  Leo  McShane,  Allen  McFadden,  Geo.  Sands. 

Rochester,  Ne^u  I'ork.— J.  H.  Howe,  Wm.  Barr,  I.  W.  Ford,  W.  G.  Reid. 
Sioux  City,  Iowa,—D.  W.  Fitts,  Jno.  F.  Gearen. 
Springfield,  Vlissouri. — W.  W.  Cronin,  Harry  Cooper. 

St.  Louis,  iWMonr/.— F.  Abel,  J.  Sheehan,Jos.  Fennalty,  AVm.  H.  Graham,  Jos. 
P.  Gallagher,  David  Roden,  Thos.  Cantwell,  Samuel  S.  Dorley,  Edw.  P.  Rearden, 
P.  C.  King,  M.J.  Ward,  Jos.  A.  Stidger,  Wm.  Morris,  Jas.  A.  Lynch. 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota.— J.  J.  Dunnigan,  J.  P.  Adamson,  P.  W.  Hudner. 

St.  Joseph,  Missouri.  — R.  F.  Connell,  M.  E.  Herbert. 

Syracuse,  New  Tork.—R.  C.  McClure,  Ed.  Jay,  Alfred  Tnilley. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.— J.J.  Farrell,  H.  C.James. 

Deliver,  Colorado.— M.  A.  Dolan,  W.  H.  McCarthy,  W.  T.  Crcan,  Daniel  F. 
Frey,  W.  F.  McCarthy,  Jos.  Shannon. 

Lowell,  Massachusetts. — Thos.  Costello. 
Bloomington,  Illinois. — Robert  Loudon. 
Harrishurg,  Pennsylvania.— Jno.  A.  Kramer. 

On  motion  of  J.  P.  Gallagher  of  St.  Louis  the  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Credentials  was  received  and  adopted,  with  a  few 
corrections. 

The  secretary  then  called  the  roll,  and  the  president  declared 
the  convention  legally  organized  to  transact  business. 


William  H.  McCarthy  of  Denver  was  appointed  .Scrgeant-at- 
Arms,  and  H.  G.  Gabey  of  New  York  was  appointed  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  convention.  The  state  vice-presidents  were  given 
the  privilege  of  the  floor  during  the  convention. 

Mr.  Gabey  of  New  York  moved  to  elect  an  auditing  commit- 
tee, and  the  motion  prevailed.  The  following  gentlemen  were 
appointed  on  this  committee:  George  Sands,  Pittsburgh;  H.  W. 
Tombs,  Boston,  and  Peter  J.  Gall,  Indianapolis. 

The  roll  was  next  called,  with  some  difficulty. 

A  telegram  from  James  Madden  of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  was 
read,  expressing  his  regrets  at  not  being  able  to  attend  the  con- 
vention, and  wishing  the  delegates  a  successful  and  pleasant  time. 
The  following  communication  from  the  Health  Department  of 
Chicago  was  read: 

City  of  Chicago,  Health  Department. — To  the  National  Con- 
vention of  Master  Plumbers,  to  be  held  at  Denver  June  17,  1890. 
This  is  to  certify  that  I  have  appointed  Mr.  Andrew  Young  to 
represent  the  Health  Department  of  Chicago  at  your  convention. 

SwAYNE  WiCKERSHAM,  Commissioner  of  Health. 

George  D.  Scott  of  New  York  moved  to  acknowledge  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  communication  and  place  the  same  upon  the  min- 
utes, which  motion  was  carried.  The  Executiye  Committee  had 
decided  before  the  meeting  to  allow  the  privilege  of  the  floor  to 
the  representative  of  the  health  department  of  any  city,  and  Mr. 
Young  was  accorded  said  privilege. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  to  9  o'clock  on  Wednesday 
morning.   

WEDNESDAY  FORENOON  SESSION. 

President  Hannan  called  the  meeting  to  order  shortly  after  9 
o'clock. 

The  grand  ball  and  reception  given  the  night  before 
by  the  Denver  Association,  no  doubt,  caused  some  of 
the  delegates  to  be  late  at  the  morning  session.  Owing 
to  the  absence  of  Secretary  Green,  the  Chair  appointed  W. 
H.  Mitchell,  of  Boston,  Secretary /r^;  ton.  After  roll-call,  the  re- 
ports of  select  committees  were  read.  Andrew  Young,  of  Chicago, 
was  given  further  time  to  read  his  report  on  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association. 

The  report  of  the  Essay  Committee,  consisting  of  Alex.  W. 
Murray,  M.  L.  Mandable,  C.  J.  Brooks,  Frank  E.  Ruh  and  P.  J, 
Laughlin,  was  read  and  adopted.  Mr.  Reid,  of  Rochester,  N.  ., 
moved  that  the  essays  be  passed  for  the  present,  and  that  an  extra 
session  be  called  on  Wednesday  evening  for  essay-reading.  The 
motion,  after  being  amended  so  as  to  include  an  invitation  to  the 
ladies  and  the  public,  was  adopted. 

An  invitation  from  the  committee  of  the  Colorado  Mining  and 
Stock  Exchange  was  next  read,  whereby  the  courtesies  of  the  floor 
were  extended  to  the  plumbers  while  in  the  city.  It  was  accepted 
with  thanks. 

The  Travelers'  Protective  Association  sent  a  written  invitation 
to  the  delegates  to  visit  their  club-rooms  while  in  the  city,  which 
invitation  was  accepted,  and  a  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  the 
T.  P.  A.  for  their  hospitality. 

The  next  in  order  was  the  report  of  the  Legislative  Committee. 
Mr.  Gilroy,  of  New  York,  stated  that  there  would  be  no  report  of 
this  committee  at  the  present  convention,  since  President  Hannan 
was  looking  after  the  legislative  question,  and  was  not  ready  to 
give  a  full  report. 

The  Apprenticeship  Committee  presented  their  report,  which 
was  adopted  by  the  convention: 

REPORT  OF  THE    APPRENTICESHIP  COMMITTEE. 

St.  Louis,  June  12,  ISiKl. — To  the  Officers  and  Members  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States  — Gentlemen :  The  apprentice- 
ship (iuestion  of  to-dav  is  one  of  the  most  important  that  we  have  to  discuss  at  our 
anniial  conventions.  A\'hat  the  foundation  is  to  the  building,  what  seed-grain  is 
to  the  f.armer,  the  apprentice  is  to  the  plumbing  profession. 

The  trade  has  in  the  past  employed  boys  to  run  the  business  without  regard  to 
their  mechanical  ability  or  tastes;  the  result  has  been  that  fifty  per  cent,  of  them 
quit  or  were  laid  off  in  one  or  two  years,  being  entirely  of  boys  unfit  for  the  trade, 
and  only  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  become  first-class  plumbers.  We 
must  put  belter  material  into  our  shops  in  the  future,  if  we  expect  to  make  per- 
fect plumbers. 

A  few  years  ago  apprentices  in  England  and  other  European  countries  were 
required  to  serve  seven  years,  and  then  often  h.ad  to  pay  for  the  privilege.  W'hen 
they  got  through  they  were  finished  mechanics,  if  not  artists.  Many  of  them  com- 
ing to  this  country  could  shape  anything  out  of  lead. 

The  average  time  for  an  apprentice  in  this  country  has  been  five  years.  \*erv 
often  boys  break  through  their  obligations  .and  quit  work,  and  proclaim  to  those 


100 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  334 


who  employed  them  that  they  are  journeymen.  It  does  not  take  long  to  prove  their 
assertion  false;  and  the  result  is  provoking  and  expensive,  as  it  frequently  happen^ 
that  they  are  put  on  first-class  work,  which  has  to  be  done  over.  And  the  trade 
imions  allow  these  men  to  select  the  task  or  grade  of  work  for  themselves,  without 
any  regard  for  their  experience  or  ability,  which  is  a  great  imposition  and  outrage 
on  the  business.  We  all  have  this  experience  sooner  or  later.  Boys  become  rest- 
less as  the  end  of  their  ajiprenticeship  apprtiaches,  and  often  demand  wages  they 
are  not  entitled  to.  They  become  filled  with  their  own  importance  and  give  a  great 
deal  of  trouble,  often  acquiring  expensi\  e  habits  which  their  limited  wages  will  not 
keep  up. 

A  case  of  this  kind  came  up  in  St.  Louis.  A  boy  quit  work,  and,  after  sev- 
eral weeks'  wandering,  found  a  man  who  wanted  a  plumber.  He  hired  as  a  jour- 
neyman, but  after  a  sliort  trial  his  employer  told  him  he  was  not  a  journeymen. 
The  3'oung  man  acknowledged  he  was  not,  and  admitted  the  deception.  His  em- 
ployer then  made  arrangements  to  employ  him  a  year  under  instructions,  at  a  small 
advance  over  his  former  wages,  and  the  boy  went  to  work  for  him.  His  former 
employer  had  circulars  jjrinted  informing  the  members  of  the  organization  that  this 
boy  had  not  finished  his  apprenticeship  as  agreed,  and  also  referring  to  an  article  in 
the  by-laws  which  prohibited  any  member  from  employing  an  ai)prentice  who 
worked  with  another  member,  without  his  consent.  The  young  man  was  laid  off, 
and  could  not  get  work  in  any  first-class  shop  in  the  city.  He  could  go  back  and 
finish  his  apprenticeship,  but  he  got  stubborn  and  refused  to  do  so.  He  tried  to  get 
work  under  an  assumed  name,  and  did  get  some  work  in  a  few  small  shops,  but 
finally  had  to  leave  the  city.  He  brought  suit  for  $5,000  damages,  which  was  de- 
murred to,  and  the  demurrer  sustained.  Then  he  amended  his  petition  and  sued  for 
$2,500,  and  his  employer  set  up  a  demurrer  to  that  also,  and  it  was  sustained.  The 
boy's  attorney  then  took  it  to  the  Court  of  Appeals,  where  they  ordered  the  case  to 
go  to  trial.  In  the  meantime  the  judge  who  sustained  the  demurrer  on  the  occasion 
failed  to  be  re-elected,  and  a  new  judge  tried  the  case.  Both  parties  fought  the 
case  zealously;  but  there  was  a  good,  common-sense  jury  trying  the  case,  and  they 
gave  a  verdict  against  the  apprentice  and  in  favor  of  the  employer.  Then  the 
Knights  of  Labor  and  other  labor  organizations  raised  a  howl,  claiming  to  have 
elected  t^e  judge,  and  that  he  had  made  pledges  and  promises  to  them.  They  were 
furious  because  the  boy  lost  the  case,  and  were  going  to  have  a  special  law  passed 
in  Jefferson  City,  protecting  workingmen,  etc.  The  boy's  attorney  applied  for  a 
new  trial,  and,  after  two  months'  waiting,  the  judge  granted  it  on  the  sole  ground 
that  the  verdict  was  not  in  accordance  with  the  evidence. 

The  employer  then  took  a  change  of  venne,  declaring  he  could  not  get  justice 
in  that  court;  that  he  had  fairly  won  the  case,  and  it  should  have  gone  up  to  the 
higher  court  on  its  merits.  It  was  assigned  to  an  associate  judge  of  the  one  before 
whom  it  had  been  tried,  who  viras  elected  on  the  same  ticket  and  indorsed  by  the 
I..abor  party.  This  time  ten  of  the  twelve  jurors  were  young  men,  employees, 
and  when  they  were  sworn  in  we  knew  the  case  was  lost.  The  case  was  discussed 
by  them  for  two  days,  and  they  finally  brought  in  a  verdict  for  the  boy  for  a  por- 
tion of  the  amount  claimed.  The  case  was  ap|)ealed.  The  Court  of  Appeals  con- 
firmed the  verdict  on  the  ground  that  the  boy  was  not  indentured  according  to  the 
law  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  which  says  that  an  apprentice  may  be  taken  before 
the  Probate  Court,  accompanied  by  his  parents  or  guardian  ;ind  two  witnesses,  and 
have  a  notary  certify  the  papers.  It  was  proved  that  five  years  was  the  customary 
time  for  a  boy  to  serve  at  the  business,  learning  the  trade.  The  Court  ruled  that 
when  there  was  a  written  law  governing  the  case,  custom  could  not  prevail.  The 
boy  had  been  well  treated,  was  paid  bis  wages  promptly,  and  had  no  other  ground 
for  complaint,  but  he  was  not  legally  apprenticed.  An  effort  was  m.adc  to  take  the 
case  to  the  Supreme  Court  on  constitutional  grounds,  but  the  amount  sued  for  lim- 
ited it  to  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

This  was  the  first  case  of  the  kind  ever  tried  in  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  it 
was  commented  on  by  the  daily  press  as  a  case  of  great  interest  to  employer  and 
employee.  The  lesson  learned  is,  to  take  no  apprentice  unless  properly  protected 
by  papers.  No  employer  wants  to  educate  a  boy  and  then,  when  he  is  able  to  do 
anytl-.ing,  have  him  quit  work,  often  when  he  needs  his  services  most.  What  our 
trade  wants  as  apprentices  is  young  men  about  sixteen  years  of  .igc,  strong  and 
sound,  physically  and  mentally— boys  who  arc  not  afraid  of  work.  Reading,  writ- 
ing and  arithmetic  is  all  the  education  they  need,  with  a  decided  taste  for  mechan- 
ics. If  they  have  not  this  taste  or  talent,  all  the  education  in  the  universe  will  not 
make  mechanics  of  them.  Too  nnich  education  unfits  a  boy  for  a  trade.  It  makes 
him  feel  that  work  is  degrading,  aiui  be  wants  some  work  that  will  not  soil  his 
hands. 

The  trade  schools  arc  very  po|)ular  in  New  York  and  I'hiladilphia.  In  about 
three  months  a  boy  gels  his  diploma,  and  can  make  a  joint,  bend  a  pipe  in  all  sorts 
of  shapes,  and  solder  ends  of  lead  together,  all  of  which  does  not  make  a  finished 
workman  by  a  great  deal.  If  a  boy  does  not  work  in  a  shop  in  addition  to 'the 
trade-school  lessons,  the  result  is  only  superficial,  and  is  only  a  veneering.  The 
promiscuous  education  of  boys,  without  regard  to  their  talents  or  tastes  for  me- 
chanical pursuits,  is  pernicious,  and  often  ruinous  to  the  boy's  future.  A  boy  whom 
nature  intendeil  for  a  minister  or  a  merchaat  can  never  be  made  a  mechanic.  We 
are  not  in  favor  of  short  methods  of  education;  they  are  not  durable.  Nature  takes 
the  usual  time  to  perform  ber  work,  and  it  is  done  well;  the  earth  takes  the  same 
timet.)  perform  its  revolutions;  the  sun,  the  stars  and  the  various  planets  revolve 
in  their  endless  orbits,  and  have  done  so  for  thousands  and  thousands  of  years; 
they  have  no  short  route  over  which  to  travel;  they  go  over  the  same  old,  beaten 
path.  What  would  the  public  think  if  Yale,  Harvard  or  Princeton  College  were  to 
announce  that  instead  of  four  years'  study,  as  of  old,  you  could  get  all  of  the  de- 
grees in  three  months,  under  the  direction  and  care  of  old,  experienced  teachers.' 
The  people  would  be  astonished,  and  would  think  it  impossible.  Docs  our  trade- 
school  enthusiast  think  to  overcome  the  laws  of  nature  by  crannning  into  a  boy's 
brain  in  three  nu)nths  what  it  usually  takes  as  many  years  to  accomplish?  We  ad- 
mit that  as  preliminary  training  for  a  boy,  before  going  to  learn  his  trade,  it  is  splen- 
did; but  of  itself  alone,  it  will  do  much  harm.  "  A  little  learning  is  a  dangerous 
thing." 

Kuclid,  the  world-renowned  mathematician,  was  asked  by  the  king  to  reveal 
his  knowledge  to  his  son  without  the  drudgery  of  the  labor  of  years'  studying  to 
acquire  it.  The  king  offered  him  a  large  sum  of  money  if  he  would  comply  with 
his  re(|uest.    ICucliil  said :  "  Siri-,  I  would  do  so  with  pleasure  were  il  iu>t  impos 


sible.  There  is  no  royal  road  to  knowledge.  Your  son  must  study  and  learn  like 
all  the  other  boys  in  your  dominion." 

The  same  great  truth  holds  good  to  day.  Look  at  our  successful  men  in  their 
various  pursuits.  They  were  poor  boys,  who,  by  untiring  exertions,  won  fame  and 
fortune.  Erickson,  Edison,  Morse,  Carnegie,  Fulton,  and  Stephenson — we  want  a 
few  boys  like  these  in  the  plumbing  business,  to  elevate  it  and  ennoble  it.  Andrew 
Carnegie  says  he  began  in  an  ofiice  using  a  broom.  All  boys  should  begin  low  and 
aim  high,  avoid  gambling,  drink,  and  other  bad  habits;  and  an  industrious,  perse- 
vering bo}',  with  good  habits,  can  and  does  work  his  way  to  the  head  of  his  pro- 
fession. 

Your  committee  recommends  the  trade-schools  in  connection  with  actual  work 
as  an  apprentice  in  a  plumbing-shop.  Experience  in  the  shop  and  technical  in- 
struction in  the  training-school,  combined,  will  make  a  first-class  mechanic  of  a 
boy;  but  trade-school  instruction  alone  will  f.ail  to  make  a  finished  mechanic.  We 
request  every  city  and  town  where  there  is  a  plumbers'  association  to  establish  and 
m.aintain  a  trade-school  in  connection  with  their  shops,  where  their  apprentices  can 
be  instructed  in  the  science  of  the  trade  one  or  two  evenings  a  week  bv  a  committee 
appointed  for  that  purpose,  and  to  establish  a  reading-room  in  the  same  building, 
if  possible.  In  this  way  the  trade  will  be  kept  in  its  proper  channel,  and  diplomas 
given  by  veterans  in  the  business  to  finished  plumbers  onlv. 

William  H.  Graham, 

James  A.  Lynch, 

Thomas  Cantxvell,  Committee. 

A  lively  discussion  followed  the  reading  of  this  report,  in  re- 
gard to  the  Philadelphia  trade-schools. 

The  reports  of  the  retiring  officers  and  of  the  retiring  vice- 
presidents  were  next  read. 

STATE  VICE  PRESIDENTS'  REPORTS. 
To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumb- 
ers of  the  United  States— Gentlemen  :  At  the  Tth  annual  convention  of  Master 
Plumbers,  held  at  the  city  of  Pittsburg  one  year  ago,  I  was  honored  by  being 
chosen  vice-president  for  the  state  of  Iowa.  It  therefore  becomes  my  duty  to  re- 
port the  progress  made  in  behalf  of  protection,  friendship  and  advancement.  My 
worthy  predecessor,  who  had  labored  bard  but  had  been  unable  to  accomplish 
much,  bad  given  me  an  intimation  of  the  diflicult  field  I  was  expected  to  cultivate; 
lack  of  harmony  and  friendly  relation  seems  to  have  engendered  a  spirit  of  "every 
man  for  himself,"  and  they  were  content  to  look  on  and  see  the  supply  house  sell 
to  any  one  because  no  one  opposed  it.  In  view  of  this  fact,  coupled  with  the  en- 
encouragement  I  received  from  our  worthy  President,  I  issued  the  following 
circular: 

To  THE  Master  Plumuers  ok  the  State  of  Iowa: 

Greeting: — Having  had  the  honorable  position  of  Vice-President  for  State  of 
Iowa  conferred  on  me  at  the  last  convention  of  that  honorable  body,  I  deem  it  my 
duty  and  also  a  pleasur.a  as  an  officer  to  advise  you  on  a  subject  of  importance  to 
every  master  plumber  in  the  state.  I  have  reference  to  organization,  and  I  hope  to 
be  able  to  prove  to  your  entire  satisfaction  that  it  is  for  your  benefit  and  will  repay 
you  for  any  time  or  trouble  which  it  may  demand  of  you.  It  is  often  asked,  why 
form  such  associations?  What  advantages  are  to  be  derived  from  them,  etc. 
Plumbers  require  legitimate  protection  in  their  every  day  business  from  the  manu- 
facturers and  jobbing  houses  in  plumbers*  supplies,  and  all  master  plumbers  are 
aware  of  the  injustice  being  done  us  by  these  people  selling  indiscriminately  at 
wholesale  prices  to  all  comers,  no  matter  whom.  The  remedj-  lies  in  our  own 
hands,  and  if  it  is  not  applied  the  fault  will  lie  on  our  own  shoulders.  Social  in- 
tercourse with  one  another  will  be  also  of  advant.igc,  and  in  friendly  discus- 
sion of  matters  pertaining  to  the  craft  each  of  us  may  learn  something  to  our 
advantage. 

I  am  pleased  to  say,  however,  that  a  liberal  distribution  of  the  above  circular 
over  tlu-  state,  and  through  the  active  co-ojieration  of  some  of  our  local  associa- 
tions, a  better  feeling  has  developed,  and  I  was  in  receipt  of  letters  every  day  giv- 
ing me  the  very  best  of  encouragement.  With  such  encouragement  I  at  once  set 
to  work  with  renewed  energy  and  issued  a  call  for  a  State  Convention,  to  be  held 
in  the  city  of  DcsMoines  May  5,  1890. 

This  was  the  first  convention  of  Master  Plumbers  ever  held  in  this  state,  and 
almost  every  city  in  the  state  was  represented.  The  meeting  was  characterizetl  by 
the  most  hearty  and  earnest  indorsement  of  all  the  fundamental  principles  as  set 
forth  in  the  National  platform.  We  had  an  attendance  of  "25  delegates,  holding  a 
two-and-one-half  tiays  session  after  adjournment.  The  delegates  were  tlriven 
over  the  city  in  carriages  and  escorted  through  the  stale  ca|>itol,  where  we  heard 
some  very  appropriate  remarks  from  our  governor  on  legislative  action  governing 
sanitary  plmnbing  in  the  state  of  Iowa.  The  governor  was  much  surprised  at 
learning  that  this  was  the  first  plumbers'  convention  ever  held  in  the  sUite,  and 
earnestly  hoped  it  would  rot  be  the  last.  In  the  evening  we  had  an  elaborate  han- 
ipiet  given,  at  which  we  were  addrested  by  the  city  olheers  of  DesMoines  and 
others. 

We  made  choice  of  the  following  for  officers  of  our  State  Association:  Presi 
dent,  James  Cameron,  Davenport;  VicePresidenl,  I).  \V.  I'"i(ts,  Siou.\  Cily;  He 
cording  and  Corresponding  Secretary,  John  E.  Allen,  DesMoines;  Treasurer,  K, 
H.  Walker,  DesMoines. 

Acltng  Commitlee  :  K.  II.  Mather,  Ol'umwa,  Iowa;  Wni.  Scoville,  DesMoines, 
low.a;  Henry  liwinger,  nurlington,  I(nva. 

In  reference  to  our  relation  with  the  inaiuifacturers  and  jobbers  in  supplies,  I 
am  pleased  to  report  that  we  are  in  harmony  with  one  another,  except  the  branch 
house  of  Messrs.  Crane  Brothers,  located  at  Omaha,  Nebraska.  During  the  past 
year  charges  have  been  preferred  against  them  for  violation  of  our  protective  regu- 
lations. I  would  refer  you  to  our  local  delegates,  wfio  will  enlighten  you  further 
as  to  the  existing  condition  of  matters  in  our  city.  Our  local  ineinl>ership  now  in 
chides  all  those  engaged  in  the  plumbing  business  except  one  shop,  which  Is  oper- 
ated bv  a  man  who  could  iu>t  be  kept  in  anything  except  an  iron  cage.  I  am  lead 
to  believe,  however,  that  he  claims  membership  in  the  National  Association,  and 
through  such  pretentions  he  is  quite  successful  in  obtaining  all  the  goods  he 
requires. 


June  28,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


101 


I  regret  very  much  that  I  am  unable  to  be  with  you  at  this  meeting,  but  owing 
to  a  lawsuit  which  comes  up  this  month,  in  which  I  am  interested  as  administrator 
of  an  estate,  I  am  unable  to  attend,  but  trust  I  shall  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
you  at  some  future  time.  I  desire  to  return  my  sincere  thanks  to  our  worlhy  Presi- 
dent for  his  timely  counsel  and  advice  received  from  him  durin;;  his  visit  to  Sioux 
City  in  the  month  of  January,  18!)().  In  conchisioii,  let  nic  thank  the  oflicers  and 
members  of  our  local  associations  throu};hout  the  state  of  Iowa  fnr  the'r  support. 
I  hope  they  have  all  seen  ths  necessity  of  orijani/.ation. 

With  my  best  wishes  for  the  success  and  future  welfare  of  our  National  Asso- 
ciation, I  am,  fraternally  yours,  Hugh  F.  IIogan, 

X'ictt  I'l esident  for -Slate  of  Iowa. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa,  June  1^,  1890. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.,  June  13,  18110.  Mr.  President  and  Members  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States,  in  convention  at  Den- 
ver, Colorado — Gentlemen:  I  have  the  honor  to  present  to  you  my  report  as  Vice- 
President  for  the  State  of  Connecticut  for  the  term  ending  June  10,  IS'.Hl; 

There  has  been  but  little  change  throughout  the  state  as  to  numbers  of  local 
associations,  there  being  bvit  two,  as  last  year.  One  is  located  in  New  IIa\-en  the 
other  in  Bridgeport.  I  have  urged  master  plumbers  in  sister  cities  throughout  the 
state  to  organize  and  affiliate  with  the  N.ational  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
of  the  United  States,  and  have  been  assisted  by  our  worthy  President,  Mr.  Edward 
J.  Hannan,  but  our  efforts  have  been  in  vain.  Relations  with  manufacturers  and 
master  plirmbers  in  regard  to  protection  is  satisfactory,  with  the  exception  of  one 
or  two  instances  where  contracts  were  violated  and  were  dealt  with  by  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  National  Association.  Through  the  efforts  of  our  local  asso- 
ciation sanitary  laws  have  been  passed  by  our  municipal  government,  and  are  in 
force,  with  inspectors  to  see  that  they  are  carried  out.  We  have  no  grievances  to 
bring  before  the  convention,  but  would  suggest  that  tlie  executive  committee  would 
urge  the  formation  of  local  associations  throughout  the  country,  that  our  National 
Association  m.ay  be  a  power  in  the  land,  and  your  humble  servant  would  do  all  in 
his  power  for  the  furtherance  of  the  same  and  execute  their  comm.and. 

Fraternally  yours,  L.  H.  Mills, 

Vice-President  for  Connecticut. 

Washington,  D.  C,  June  12,  18!)0.— To  the  Officers  and  Members  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States— Mu.  President  and 
Gentlemen:  In  submitting  my  report  as  your  Vice-President  for  the  District  of 
Columbia,  it  is  with  regret  that  business  engagements  debar  me  the  pleasure  of 
loining  you  in  convention  at  this  time,  believing  that  your  meeting  in  the  "Queen 
City  of  the  West*'  will  be  instructing  and  interesting  as  well  as  a  source  of  recre- 
ation to  its  participants  and  their  friends. 

The  past  has  been  an  eventful  year  as  it  relates  to  the  interests  of  our  trade  in 
this  District,  'i  he  strengtli  of  our  local  organization,  as  set  forth  in  the  report  of 
my  worthy  predecessor,  has  been  fully  maintained  and  liarmony  has  existed  within 
our  ranks.  We  have  in  good  standing  on  our  rolls  all  the  better  class  of  shops  in 
this  jurisdiction,  and  there  is  an  apparent  disposition  on  the  part  of  most  of  our 
members  to  aim  at  a  high  grade  of  work  rather  than  acceptthe  ordinary  as  a  stand- 
ard, but,  unfortunately,  competition  is  strong  and  profits  correspondingly  low,  and 
the  verdict  is  accepted  that  we  are  generally  doing  very  good  work  for  too  little 
money.  In  our  relations  with  employes  no  dissensions  or  impleasant  features  ha\  e 
arisen.  The  supply  of  labor  has  been  fully  equal  to  the  demand,  and  no  claim  for 
higher  wages  or  shorter  hours  has  been  insisted  upon  by  the  journeyman's  associa- 
tion. The  attitude  of  the  supply  houses  toward  the  District  Association  has  re- 
mained unchanged  the  past  year,  and,  so  far  as  we  know,  the  three  houses  who 
signed  the  Baltimore  resolutions  have  kept  their  covenant.  Our  association  has 
made  strong  eSoi'ts  to  secure  legislation  to  fortify  the  district  commissioners  in  en- 
forcing the  plumbing  regulations,  and  have  now  pending  in  Congress  a  bill  for  this 
purpose.  The  bill  has  the  endorsement  of  the  commissioners  as  well  as  the  heads 
of  the  interested  bureaus  under  them,  has  passed  the  Senate  and  is  now  on  the 
House  calendar,  and  has  beeii  opposed  only  by  the  "skin"  plumbing  estalilishments 
and  that  class  of  selfish  mortals  who  are  ever  ready  to  obstruct  legislation  for  the 
public  good,  whether  it  be  of  a  sanitary  nature  or  otherwise.  The  District  Asso- 
ciation feel  under  renewed  obligations  to  many  of  our  state  associations  for  the  as  - 
sistance rendered  in  this  legislation,  and  to  the  District  Committee  in  Congress 
and  especially  to  Representative  I.  E.  Burton  of  Ohio,  to  whom  this  bill  was  referred 
as  a  sub-committee,  are  the  thanks  of  this  association  tendered  for  their  careful 
and  patient  consideration  of  this  measure.  In  our  intercourse  with  the  District 
Commissioners  and  with  the  officials  under  them,  we  have  had  fair,  impartial  and 
courteous  treatment,  and  all  questions  submitted  to  them  have  had  prompt  consid- 
eration. 

I  cannot  conclude  without  attesting  to  the  attention  shown  our  local  organiza 
tion  by  the  worthy  President  of  our  National  Association  and  his  efficient  Secre- 
tary, who,  notwithstanding  their  arduous  official  duties,  have  taken  opportunity  to 
give  aid  and  comfort  in  divers  ways,  as  well  as  the  benefit  of  wise  counsel  to  the 
Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Respectfully  submitted,  W.  H.  ROTiiROCK,  Baltimore, 

Vice-President  for  the  District  of  Columbia. 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumb- 
ers' of  the  I'nited  States  of  America — Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen:  As  your 
Vice-President  from  the  State  of  Illinois  I  would  respectfully  submit  my  yearly 
report: 

During  the  past  year  we  have  been  unable  to  organize  any  new  associations  in 
this  state,  as  there  are  very  few  large  cities  in  Illinois,  Chicago  being  the  largest, 
and  has  the  only  association  in  the  state,  but  a  number  of  the  smaller  cities  are 
represented  in  your  National  .\ssocialion.  The  Chicago  Association  is  in  a  flour- 
ishing condition  and  has  a  membership  of  157.  The  relations  with  the  manufact- 
urers and  dealers  are  harmonious,  and  they  .are  all  living  up  to  the  Baltimore 
resolutions.  During  the  last  year  we  have  had  only  one  difference  with  them  and 
that  has  been  settled  satisfactorily.  We  also  had  a  strike  of  the  plumbers  and 
gas  fitters,  which  was  of  short  duration  and  settled  satisfactory  to  boi-h  parties. 
Chicago  has  been  fortunate  in  securing  as  Chief  Inspector  of  Plumbing  and  Sew- 
erage of  the  Health  Department,  Mr.  Andrew  Young,  Ex- President  of  this  Na- 
tional Association,  and  of  the  appointment  of  ten  practical  plumbers  as  inspectors 


of  plumbing  and  sewerage  in  reference  to  sanitary  laws,  under  his  juri.sdiction; 
also  the  enforcement  of  an  ordinance  regulating  plumbing  and  sewerage  as  lo 
sanitary  laws.  W.  II.  Reim.y,  Jr., 

State  Vice-President  of  Illinois. 

F"ORT  Wayne,  Ind.,  June  11,  18iK).— To  the  Eighth  National  Convention  of 
Master  Plumbers,  Denver,  Colo. — Gentlemen:  I  herewith  submit  my  report  as 
Vice-President  for  the  State  of  Indiana,  the  work  done  in  the  p.ist  year  anil  yet 
to  be  performed : 

I  wrote  numerous  letters  to  plumbers  throughout  the  state  setting  forth  the 
benefits  of  the  local  organizations,  and  urging  their  afliliation  with  the  National 
iiody,  but  the  rei)lies  I  received  were  few  and  lacked  sufTicient  interest  to  warrant 
further  correspondence.  About  the  first  of  October,  18K!I,  the  plumbers  of  Indian- 
apolis, seeing  the  necessity  of  having  a  local  organization  for  mutual  benefits  and 
the  regulation  of  their  business  affairs,  and  recognizing  the  growth  and  influ- 
ence of  the  National  Association,  wrote  me  of  their  desire  of  affiliating  with  us. 
Mr.  Heatherton,  of  ihe  Plumbers'  Trade  'Journal,  being  in  that  vicinity  on  busi- 
ness, called  the  first  meeting  and  organized  the  Indianapolis  Association  which  is 
here  represented  by  its  delegation.  On  the  27th  of  November,  1889,  business  pre- 
venting my  presence  at  the  meeting,  I  followed  Mr.  Heatherton  on  December  23d, 
ami  I  have  been  present  at  several  subsequent  meetings  assisting  the  new  associ- 
ation in  the  best  way  possible  to  secure  trade  protection  from  the  local  dealers  of 
Indianapolis.  And  in  this  we  have  been  in  a  measure  successful,  as  I  have  had  no 
complaints  from  that  quarter  recently.  But  the  plumbers  of  Indianapolis  and  Iiidi- 
an.a  generally  are  none  the  less  in  need  of  protection.  It  is  highly  essential  to 
their  best  interests,  and  we  look  upon  the  results  of  this  convention  to  have  a  strong 
and  beneficial  bearing  upon  this  important  subject. 

With  the  aid  of  the  Indianapolis  Association  and  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
we  hope  to  secure  at  the  next  session  of  the  State  Legislature  the  passage  of  a  bill 
for  the  licensing  of  plumbers.  This  our  state  very  much  requires,  as  the  present 
plumbers  or  sewer  builders'  bond  is  but  a  municipal  requirement,  having  no  san- 
itary considerations  whatever.  Any  irresponsible  party  who  choses  to  figure  on 
work  connected  with  the  ventilation  and  drainage  of  a  building  can  secure  the 
work,  providing  he  is  the  lowest  bidder  and  can  make  a  mason's  joint  or  fill  in  a 
street  excavation.    Very  respectfully  yours,  James  Madden, 

State  Vice-President  of  M.  P.  A. 

To  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States — Mr. 
President  and  Gentlemen:  Kansas,  in  extending  her  greeting  to  this  our 
eighth  annual  convention,  feels  a  thrill  of  delight  in  being  able  to  say  with  truth 
that  she  has  "protection,"  and  protection  that  protects.  There  is  not  a  plumbing 
shop  in  Kansas  that  is  not  a  member  of  our  State  Association,  and  there  is  not  a 
cloud  on  the  horizon  in  our  business  relations  with  the  manufacturers  and  dealers; 
for  this  we  have  to  thank  the  National  Association,  and  particularly  the  National 
Executive  Committee,  who  ably  assisted  us  in  removing  the  only  cloud  that  existed 
in  our  business  relations.  W'hat  we  lack  in  ciuantity  we  makeup  in  quality,  and 
our  work  in  Kansas  is  second  to  none  in  America.  In  view  of  the  existing  haiinony 
and  the  healthy,  vigorous  condition  of  our  association,  I  think  it  not  improper  to 
here  extend  a  vote  of  thanks  to  our  state  oflicers,  who,  by  their  promptness  and 
vigilance  in  looking  after  our  welfare,  have  reduced  the  duties  of  my  office  in  a  very 
marked  degree;  and,  in  conclusion,  it  is  a  great  pleasure  to  renew  again  our  pledge 
of  loyalty  to  the  Baltimore  resolutions,  and  the  welfare  of  our  National  Associa- 
tion. Very  respectfully,  T.  J.  Bransfield, 

State  \  ice- President  for  Kansas. 

To  the  Officers  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
— Fellow  Craftsmen:    As  Vice-President  for  the  State  of  Colorado  I  have  the 
,  honor  to  submit  my  report  for  the  year  ending  June  17,  1890: 

I  The  growth  of  the  local  association  since  the  close  of  the  last  year  has  not  been 
what  we  had  hoped  for.  While  our  members  fully  appreciate  the  advantages  of 
I  the  association  they,  as  .a  rule,  never  use  their  influence  to  extend  its  power,  and 
j  members  feeling  perfectly  secure  have  ceased  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  work, 
allowing  the  few  to  attend  to  the  duties  required.  Such  conduct,  if  persisted  in, 
begets  first,  indifference,  and  finally,  stagnation.  Is  it  fair  to  suffer  a  few  men 
in  each  local  association  to  do  all  the  work  while  a  large  majority  of  our  members 
enjoy  equal  privileges,  but  pay  no  attention  to  the  interests  of  the  association? 
Make  your  meetings  interesting.  In  conclusion,  I  extend  to  one  and  all  my  thanks 
for  the  assistance  rendered  me  during  my  term.  With  no  regrets,  except  for  errors 
committed,  and  for  such  infirmities  of  nature  or  education  as  may  have  prohibited 
a  complete  employment  of  every  opportunity  of  extending  its  good,  I  cheerfully 
surrender  for  your  acceptance  the  important  trust  with  which  I  have  been  honored. 

Yours  respectfully,  T.J.  Morgan. 

Mr.  President  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
of  the  United  States:  It  gives  me  pleasure  to  be  able  to  meet  you  all  here  in  this 
beautiful  city,  and  especially  the  resident  members,  whom  I  notice  are  not  only  able 
to  wear  tliamonils  but  are  in  the  midst  of  a  country  that  is  a  veritable  gold  mine. 

It  also  gives  me  i)Ieasure  lo  slate  that  our  local  association  is  looking  forward 
with  longing  eyes  to  the  time  when  we  can  be  in  the  same  situation.  If  our  rela- 
tions in  the  future  are  as  pleasant  and  harmonious  as  in  the  past  year,  the  time  is 
not  far  distant. 

We  at  present  have  no  co-oper.itive  shops  doing  work  at  less  than  cost,  and 
charging  the  different  unions  throughout  the  United  -States,  or  else  making  some 
poor  firm  stand  it,  as  was  the  case  in  our  city  during  the  last  four  or  five  years.  Co- 
operative shops  in  our  city  arc  past  and  gone.  They  have  died  a  death  that  is  sure 
and  they  leave  many  mourners.  The  survivors  (of  which  there  were  m.any)  have 
either  left  the  city  or  gone  into  business  for  themselves  here,  and  are  now  earnest 
working  members  of  our  association — an  association  of  which  our  members  are 
proud — everything  working  harmoniously,  all  members  pulling  together  with,  and 
having  the  support  of,  the  local  wholesale  dealers  and  manufacturers,  aid  us  materi- 
ally in  the  advancement  of  our  association.  At  the  present  time  we  have  27  mem- 
bers in  good  standing,  all  residents  of  our  city,  which  is  a  considerable  increase 
during  the  past  year.  We  have  organized  but  one  local  association,  that  at  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  the  other  cities  in  our  state  being  so  small  that  there  are  only  one  or 
two  shops  in  each,  and  they  not  generally  working  harmoniously,  it  is  hard  to  get  a 


102 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  334 


local  organization.  But  we  have  extended  an  invitation  to  a  sjreat  many  to  become 
mcmliers  of  the  association,  hnt  without  success.  At  the  present  time  we  are  look- 
ing forward  to  a  prosperous  year,  everything  is  going  along  so  well  now  after  such 
a  hard  struggle  that  we  trust  there  will  be  no  more  dissension. 

W.  E.  Goodman, 
State  Vice-President  for  Wisconsin. 
To  the  President  and  Mtmbers  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumb- 
ers—Gentlemen;  Owing  to  the  indisposition  of  our  Stale  Vice-President,  Mr. 
J.  T.  Holmes,  I  beg  leave  to  report  the  progress  of  organization  in  our  state.  Since 
your  last  convention,  the  St.  Paul  Association  has  doubled  its  membership.  'l"he 
Minneapolis  Association  has  been  reorganized,  with  a  large  majorit)'  of  the  jilumb- 
ers  in  their  city  on  the  roll,  and  Duluth  has  organized  a  local  association,  with  all 
the  plumbers  doing  business  there  as  members.  All  the  local  jobbers  have  very 
willingly  agreed  to  the  "  Baltimore  Resolutions,"  ,ind  made  other  agreements  sat- 
isfactory to  all  parties.  This  state  of  affairs  is,  to  a  large  extent,  due  to  the  visit 
of  our  President,  Mr.  E.J.  Hannan,  Mr.  Harkness  of  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Polachcck 
of  Milwaukee,  Mr.  Murray  of  Chicago,  and  Mr.  Khoden  of  St.  Louis.  These  gen- 
tlemen called  on  the  plumbers  together  in  lioth  cities  and  succeeded  in  interesting 
them,  with  the  above  happy  results.  During  the  last  session  of  our  Legislature  an 
act  was  passed  empowering  the  Building  Inspector  of  St.  Paul  to  appoint  a  Board 
of  Examiners  for  the  pnrpose  of  examining  any  one  who  ajjplied  for  a  plumber's 
license  in  St.  Paul.  A  board  of  three,  consisting  of  two  master  plumbers  and  one 
plumbing  inspector,  was  duly  appointed.  This  board  drew  up  a  list  of  questions 
and  a  number  of  diagrams,  which  all  the  plumbers  in  the  city  as  well  as  new  appli- 
cants were  required  to  answer,  and  to  point  out  errors,  if  any,  in  the  diagrams.  The 
result,  so  far,  has  been  to  keep  out  of  the  business  some  four  or  live  men  who  were 
incompetent,  and  who  wouUl  have  been  a  detriment  to  the  business,  and  certainly 
no  gain  to  the  communitv,  from  a  health  point  at  least.  Much  other  work  has  been 
done  of  which  I  am  not  in  position  to  give  details;  but  I  have  given  you  the  main 
features  of  our  advancement,  of  which  there  is  no  one  more  proud  than  your  hum- 
ble servant.  J.  J.  Dunnigan, 

Acting  State  Vice-President  for  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

To  the  Officers  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
of  the  United  States — Gentlemen:  As  State  Vice-President  of  Massachusetts,  I 
beg  leave  to  submit  the  following  report:  Shortly  after  the  adjournment  of  the 
Pittsburg  convention,  I  addressed  letters  of  inquiry  to  the  prominent  master  plumb- 
ers in  the  principal  cities  and  towns  of  the  state,  relative  to  the  trade  in  their  midst 
and  the  prospective  encouragement  for  forming  associations  in  their  respective 
localities.  My  experience  has  been  a  repetition  of  that  of  my  predecessors;  there 
seemed  to  be  an  ajiathy  and  indifference,  caused,  presumably,  through  lack  of 
knowledge  of  the  progressive  ideas  of  the  times.  This  apathy  and  indifference  are 
happily  being  dispelled;  the  see{l  we  have  sown  is  beginning  to  bear  good  frui*,  and 
there  is  a  general  waking  up  among  the  m.aster  plumbing  fraternity  of  the  Old  Bay 
State.  The  Boston  Association,  being  the  parent  organization  of  New  linglaiul, 
she  is  also  the  guardian  and  protector  of  the  plumbing  craft  of  New  England.  Iler 
Executive  Committee  have  investigated  and  adjusted  conijilaints  in  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Connecticut  and  Vermont.  Our  relations  with  the  wholesale  dealers 
have  been,  in  the  main,  satisfactory,  with  one  important  exception;  this  exception 
was  reported  by  me  in  my  semi-annual  report  to  the  National  Executive  Commit- 
tee, for  persistent  and  flagrant  violations  of  the  Baltimore  resolutions.  This  firm 
still  boast  of  their  ability  to  keep  up  the  fight.  Their  trade  is  confined  to  those 
outside  the  fold  and  in  remote  jilaccs,  where  the  educating  inlbiences  of  the  i)ro- 
gressive  master  plumber  are  unknown.  We  hereby  invoke  the  power  of  the  Na- 
tional Association,  and  especially  the  master  plumbers  of  New  England,  to  hum- 
ble this  arrogant  concern;  it  is  for  the  salvation  of  their  prerogative,  whether  they 
are  in  affili.ation  with  us  or  not.  If  they  do  not  give  their  pecuniary,  they  can  at 
least  give  us  their  moral  support,  and  refuse  to  patronize  a  concern  that  acts  so  con- 
temptible, even  if  they  offer  to  undersell  their  honest  competitor. 

We  have  perfected  an  agreement  with  the  marble  and  soapstone  manufacturers 
of  Boston,  by  which  they  are  to  sell  to  none  other  than  master  plumbers,  soapstone 
trays,  sinks,  urinal  stalls,  \vash-bowl  slabs  and  water-closet  floor  slabs,  except  in 
remote  places  where  there  is  not  a  resident  master  plumber.  In  order  that  there 
should  be  no  misunderstanding  of  our  position  regarding  protection,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year  our  Executive  Committee  waited  on  all  the  dealers  and  manufac- 
turers in  phnnbing  materials  in  Boston  and  vicinity,  with  one  exception,  .and  invited 
them  to  read  anew  and  sign  the  amended  Baltimore  resolutions.  Every  firm  invited 
readily  and  agreeably  comi>lied,  and,  with  one  notorious  exception,  all  are  working 
harmoniously  under  the  Baltimore  resolutions.  As  stated,  our  j)erscvering  efforts 
are  being  crowned  with  success.  Two  new  associations  have  been  formed  and 
added  to  the  national  body.  The  H»verhill  association  includes  every  master 
plumber  in  that  rapidly-growing  city.  They  are  an  able  aiui  influential  body  of 
men,  and  will  guard  and  strengthen  our  interests  in  that  section  of  the  state.  The 
oflicers  are:  I*resident,  Charles  Le  Bos(|uet;  treasurer,  Mark  S,  Holmes;  secre- 
tary, Albert  F.  Saunders.  That  great  shoe  emporium  of  the  world,  Lynn,  has 
risen  phirnix-like  from  her  ashes,  gre.ater  and  grander  than  before  the  recent  great 
calamity  had  befallen  her — her  undaunted  master  plumbers  h.Tving  swung  into  line 
with  an  unbroken  front  of  about  thirty  members.  This  is  an  important  acquisition, 
and  will  yield  an  immense  influence  in  protecting  the  craft  and  fostering  fraternity. 
The  oflicers  of  the  Lynn  Association  are — President,  John  F.  Morgan;  \'ice- 
President,  L.  A.  May;  Treasurer,  H.  F.  Poole;  Secretary,  II.  W.  Heath.  Good 
seed  has  been  sown  in  the  cities  of  Fall  Kivcr,  Taunton,  Brockton,  and  other  jjlaees 
in  the  state,  and  ere  long  another  convention  will  be  gathered  in  the  national 
fold. 

This  report  would  be  incomplete  without  acknowledging  the  kindly  assistance 
rendered  on  every  occasion  by  President  Tutc  ami  the  members  of  the  Boston  exec- 
utive committee.         l{esi)ectfully  submitted,  Oan'i.  Shannon, 

State  Vice-President  for  Massachusetts. 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  National  Associaticm  of  Master  Plumb- 
ers of  the  United  States.— Gknti.emen  :  As  '^ice-President  of  the  little  state  of 
Delaware,  I  desire  to  submit  a  report  as  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  my  jurisdic- 
tion. As  Wilmington  is  the  only  city  of  prominence  in  the  slate,  my  report  will 
relate  chiefly  with  matters  connected  with  the  W  ilmington  Master  Plumbers'  As- 


sociation. This  association  was  organi;;ed  on  the  5th  of  November,  1883,  and  has 
continued  in  existence  with  various  degrees  of  prosperity  since  that  time.  The 
most  important  event  affecting  the  plumbing  business  here  was  the  passage  of  an 
act  by  the  Legislature  at  its  last  session  authorizing  the  City  Council  of  Wilming- 
ton to  pass  an  ordinance  "  Creating  the  office  of  plumbing  inspector  for  the  city  of 
Wilmington,  and  to  ])rovide  rules  and  regulations  relating  to  ]>lumbing  and 
drainage."  The  City  Council  promptly  passed  an  ordinance  and  appointed  an 
inspector,  who  entered  upon  his  duties  June  1,  1889.  This  ordinance  and  the  rules 
and  regulations  were  prepared  under  the  supervision  of  a  committee  of  the  Mas- 
ter Plumbers'  Association,  and  the  result  is  we  have  a  very  good  set  of  rules  iind 
regulations,  and  a  very  satisfactory  inspection.  The  Inspector,  Mr.  IC.  F.  Kane, 
was  formerly  a  master  plumber  and  member  of  the  associ.ation,  and  he  is  a  good 
and  efficient  officer.  The  character  of  the  work  being  done  in  Wilmington  to-day 
is  very  much  superior  to  what  was  done  one  year  ago,  although  there  is  much  room 
for  improvement  yet.  The  journeymen  plumbers  and  steamfitters  of  the  city  have 
within  the  last  few  weeks  affected  an  organization,  and  have  asked  of  the  master 
plumbers  that  the  hours  of  labor  be  reduced  to  nine  hours  per  day  at  the  same 
wages  as  have  heretofore  been  paid  for  ten  hours.  The  master  plumbers  have 
passed  a  resolution  acceding  to  the  requests  of  the  journeymen,  providing  they  will 
require  all  employers  of  journeymen  plumbers  and  steamfitters  to  do  the  same. 
There  are  a  number  of  large  manufacturing  establishments,  such  as  ship  .and  car 
builders,  rolling  mills,  etc.,  who  within  the  last  few  years  have  been  buying  their 
own  materials  and  employing  journeymen  to  do  their  work,  and,  as  these  journey- 
men plumbers  and  steamfitters  are  members  of  the  journeymen's  association,  it 
would  be  very  unfair  discrimination  against  the  master  i>lumbers  to  jiermit  men  to 
work  for  these  manufacturing  companies  .at  a  less  price  than  the  master  plumbers 
are  paying,  One  or  two  conferences  have  been  held  between  the  masters  and  the 
journeymen,  and  the  matter  is  still  unsettled.  The  journeymen  do  not  bear  in  mind 
that  when  they  work  for  these  large  establishments  for  less  wages  than  they  will 
work  for  a  master  plumber,  that  they  are  holding  out  inducements  for  all  persons 
haying  plumbing  work  to  do  of  any  extent  to  buy  their  material  of  the  dealers  and 
employ  some  person  who  perhaps  has  worked  a  short  time  as  a  helper  and  has  no 
conscientious  scruples  in  hiring  as  a  journeyman  to  do  the  job,  thus  crippling  the 
master  plumbers  and  doing  great  injury  to  the  trade.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  mas- 
ter plumbers  should  combine  and  resist  all  such  movements  that  are  calculated  to 
break  up  the  business,  and  especially  to  insist  that  tlie  manufacturers  of  plumbing 
materials  shall  protect  the  plumber  by  not  selling  or  allowing  the  dealers  to  sell  to 
the  consumer  or  these  large  manufacturing  concerns  at  as  low  or  lower  rates  than 
they  sell  to  the  plumber.  A  few  years  ago  all  of  the  plumbing  and  steamfitting 
done  in  this  city,  including  that  done  in  the  ship  yards  and  car  shops,  was  done 
by  the  master  plumbers,  but  now  there  are  nearly  as  many  journeymen  plumbers 
and  steamfitters  in  the  ship  yards  and  car  shops  as  there  are  in  the  plumbing  shops, 
so  that  the  business  is  very  much  crippled  indeed  and  the  character  of  the  work- 
man and  the  work  is  not  impro\cd.  As  it  is  the  principal  object  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  master  plumbers'  association  to  guard  against  evils  such  as  I  have 
spoken  of  above,  I  have  thought  it  my  duly  to  speak  of  them  in  this  report.  Our 
association  is  in  a  fairly  prosperous  condition,  but  there  is  not  as  much  interest 
manifested  as  should  be.     Respectfully  submitted,      Alfred  Gawtiirop, 

Vice-President  for  Delaware. 

To  the  National  Association  of  .Master  Plumbers  of  U.  S.,  Edward  J. 
Hannan,  Pres't.— Dear  Sir  :  I  regret  very  much  that  I  cannot  meet  with  you  in 
convention,  but  will  try  to  give  you  a  short  account  of  what  we  are  doing  here  in 
Jacksonville.  We  have  the  direct  pressure  system  of  water  works,  get  our  water 
from  flowing  wells  U50  to  1000  feet  deep — three  of  them,  with  two  Worthiogton 
duplex  pumps  of  a  capacity  of  two  and  one  half  million  gallons  per  day — and 
fair  system  of  sewerage  for  the  princi|)al  part  of  the  city,  and  a  plumbing  ordi- 
nance that  will  compare  favorably  with  your  larger  cities,  which  I  succeeded  in 
getting  passed  while  I  was  in  the  council  one  and  one-half  years  ago.  But  the 
succeeding  council  have  failed  so  far  in  aj)pt)inting  a  plumbing  inspector,  and  in 
consequence  the  ordinance  is  not  being  enforced  at  present,  but  we  hope  it  will  be 
in  the  near  future;  so  work  is  not  being  done  so  well  as  it  ought  to  be,  and,  in 
some  cases,  sickness  has  been  the  result.  But  our  present  city  council  does  not 
see  the  necessity  of  an  insjieetor.  Wishing  you  success  in  your  meeting,  I  remain 
respectfully  yours,  Wm.  Clark,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

To  Mr.  E.J.  Hannan,  Pres't  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers. 
Dear  Sir  :  At  the  .Seventh  Annual  Convention  of  Master  Plumbers,  held  at 
Pillsburg,  Pa,,  a  year  ago,  I  was  honored  by  being  chosen  Vice-president  for  the 
state  of  Missouri.  It  therefore  becomes  my  duty  to  re|)ort  on  the  condition  of  trade 
relation,  sanitary  condition  and  fraternal  spirit  existing  in  this  jurisdiction.  So  far 
as  any  further  progress  is  concerned,  I  have  very  little  to  report,  but  am  pleased  to 
say  that  whatever  good  things  we  had  a  year  ago  we  have  with  us  still.  Business 
with  us  has  been  good,  trade  relations  almost  perfectly  satisfactory,  because  we 
have  been,  and  still  arc,  in  that  position  where  all  we  have  to  do  is  to  determine 
what  is  right  and  projier,  and  proceed  to  do  it.  The  explanation  of  this  condition 
is  that  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  St.  Joe,  Springfield  and  Joplin  occupy  the  same  trade  rela- 
tions, and  are  therefore  in  a  position  to  dictate  terms  with  supply  houses,  and  .so 
long  as  the  demands  are  just  and  reasonable,  and  according  to  the  Baltimore  reso- 
lutions, there  is  no  danger  of  our  losing  .my  of  the  privileges  we  have  gained  by 
reason  of  our  connection  with  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers. 
The  sanitary  laws  of  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City  are  still  with  us,  with  every  pros- 
pect of  remaining  in  force,  and  I  am  pleased  to  report  there  seems  to  be  an  in- 
creasing desire  on  th;  part  of  the  plumbers  of  the  state  to  improve  the  quality  of 
the  work  and  thereby  add  to  the  health  of  the  people.  The  fraternal  spirit  that 
exists  among  the  members  of  our  local  association  in  this  state  is,  it  .seems  to  me, 
worth  more  than  any  oilier  of  the  many  benefits  derived  from  a  membership  in  an 
association.  To  be  able  to  meet  one  another  in  a  good-hearted,  pleasant  aud  profit- 
able way,  as  our  members  do  where  an  association  exists,  as  compared  with  the 
envious,  sneaking  and  back  biting  way  where  there  is  no  association,  I  believe, 
speaks  for.itself.  I  have  not  been  able  to  visit  as  much  as  I  would  like  during  my 
term  of  office.  I  visited  St.  Louis,  but  found  cvcrythiug  so  satisfactory  that  I  had 
nothing  to  do;  I  also  visited  St.  Joe  with  one  or  two  others  from  Kansas  City,  and 
our  worthy  Treasurer,  W.  J.  Sheehan.    We  met  with  the  members  at  .St.  Joe,  who 


June  28,  1890.] 


had  in  some  way  become  drifted  apart  and  indifferent,  and  we  were  rewarded  by 
seeing  the  differences  settled  and  the  association  reor^janized  l>y  the  election  of  a 
new  set  of  oflicers,  and  everything;  is  now  as  it  should  be.  I  have  corresponded 
witli  many  of  tlie  small  towns,  and,  with  exception  of  one  instance,  have  received 
no  answer,  that  exception  beinifjoplin,  Mo.,  which  is  represented  and  belongs  to 
MS.  I  am  able  to  report  harmony  and  prosperity  throughout  the  state,  except  in 
one  instance,  perhaps  the  only  one.  One  of  the  members  of  the  Kansas  City  .asso. 
elation,  on  being  suspended  for  violation  of  rules  until  such  time  as  he  would  con- 
form to  said  rules,  was  weak  enough  to  take  the  matter  into  the  courts,  and  has 
surd  the  members  for  S.W.tKX)  damages,  alleging  injured  credit  and  inability  to 
procure  supplies,  lie  is  still  doing  business,  getting  all  the  goods  he  needs  by  In- 
direct means,  which  does  not  prove  his  having  been  injured  to  the  extent  of  the 
modest  sum  asked  for.  However,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  we  as  individuals  will 
not  be  liable  for  his  inability  to  procure  goods.  I  believe  that  a  State  Vice-Presi- 
dent, having  the  necessay  time  and  means  at  his  disposal  to  visit  the  cities  not  now 
represented,  would  be  able,  by  a  personal  interview,  to  gather  into  the  fold  of 
meiiibershi|)  many  worthy  and  useful  concerns  engaged  in  the  plumbing  business 
in  his  state  who  would  materially  add  to  our  usefulness  and  cajiacity  for  doing 
good.    Respectfully  sul-^mitted, 

F.  J.  Bkesi.ev,  Stiite  Vice- President  of  Missouri. 

Mr.  E.  J.  Ilannan,  Pres't  N.  A.  M.  P. — Mv  Dear  Sir  :  I  am  deeply  grateful 
for  the  sympathy  so  kindly  expressed  in  yours  of  the  9th  inst.,  and  beg  to  say  in 
reply  to  that  part  of  your  letter  referring  to  the  visit  to  Denver  that  I  cannot  get  my 
consent  to  make  the  trip.  I  should  like  to  and  would  be  with  you  if  my  sad  sur- 
roundings would  permit;  but  with  the  sable  drapery  of  death  around  me,  and 
gloom  and  distress  pervading  my  household,  I  should  be  but  a  poor  companion  for 
those  who  very  naturally  anticipate  so  mucli  pleasure.  To  say  that  I  shall  sadly 
miss  the  companionship  of  my  conferrees  but  feebly  expresses  my  feeling;  but  as 
an  All-wise  Providence  has,  in  His  inscrutable  dispensation,  visited  me  with  this, 
the  greatest  and  saddest  affliction  that  falls  to  man,  I  must  bow  to  His  Divine  will, 
and  drink  the  bitter  draught  alone. 

As  regards  my  official  connection  with  your  association,  which  has  always 
filled  so  large  a  place  in  my  consideration  and  affection,  I  regret  to  say  that  I  have 
no  report  to  make.  Since  the  last  session  of  the  National  Association,  I  have  vis- 
ited every  city  in  Virginia  where  water  has  been  introduced,  and  have  been  unable 
to  form  a  single  association  that  is  willing  to  incur  the  expense  of  joining  the 
National  Association  or  to  tax  the  individuals  for  the  expenses  of  a  delegate.  It 
therefore  appears  that  Virginia,  for  the  first  time,  will  not  be  represented  in  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  N.  A.  M.  P.,  and  I  cannot  convey  to  you  the  sorrow  1  feel 
at  the  omission.  And  now  let  me  repeat  the  battle-cry  "On  to  Richmond." 
When  the  time  comes  to  nominate  the  place  in  which  to  hold  the  next  convention, 
I  desire  Richmond,  Va.,  to  be  placed  before  my  brothers,  and  I  want  them,  to  a 
man,  to  go  to  that  ancient  yet  modern  city.  There  are  so  many  attractions  of  his- 
toric interest,  and  mournful  yet  glorious  memories  centering  around  the  former 
capital  of  the  confederacy — so  much  to  attract  the  attention  of  my  northern  and 
western  friends,  and  yet  so  little  to  wound  the  most  delicate  sensibilities  of  those 
who  wore  the  blue,  or  otherwise  stood  by  the  Union,  that  I  am  persuaded  they 
would  enjoy  a  visit  not  alone  to  that  city,  but  to  the  whole  state,  which  for  four 
long  years  was  the  tilt-yard  where  gladiators  in  blue  and  rusty  gray  astonished  by 
their  daring  deeds  the  modern  world,  and  left  our  glorious  country  a  legacy  of 
bravery  and  heroism  unequalled  in  any  land.  Then  "  On  to  Richmond,"  and  may 
you  all  live  to  be  tht re,  and  may  I  be  spared  to  meet  you.  I  am  fraternally  yours, 
W.  E.  Foster,  Vice-President  for  Virginia. 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumb- 
ers of  the  United  States. — Gentlemen  :  As  your  Vice-president  for  the  State  of 
Maryland,  I  have  the  honor  to  report  for  the  year  just  ending  that  the  Master 
Plumbers'  Association  of  the  City  of  Baltimore  (the  only  plumbers'  organization 
in  the  state)  is  in  good  condition,  though  less  in  number  of  members  than  hereto- 
fore. This  is  in  consequence  of  having  dropped  from  the  roll  a  number  of  delin- 
quents and  hangers-on,  who  were  a  burden  and  a  clog  to  the  wheels  of  progress, 
and  I  am  happy  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  present  membership  is  composed  of  good 
men  and  true,  wh  o  have  the  interest  of  the  craft  ever  in  view,  and  ready  at  all 
times  to  devote  their  time  and  energies  for  its  advancement.  The  relations  with 
manufacturers  and  dealers  are  harmonious  and  satisfactory,  there  having  been  no 
viol.ation  of  .agreements  reported.  It  may  be  of  some  interest  to  you  to  know  that 
the  state  law  to  prevent  incompetent  men  from  engaging  in  or  conducting  the 
plumbing  business  has  been  very  vigorously  attacked,  and  efforts  made  by  inter- 
ested parties  for  its  repeal  by  the  late  legislature,  but  by  prompt  action  on  the 
part  of  members  of  the  Baltimore  association  the  attempt  was  met  and  frustrated, 
though  the  bill  for  repeal  had  been  reported  favorably  by  the  committee  to  whom 
it  was  referred.  Vigilance  and  prompt  action  were  necessary  here,  as  the  repeal 
of  this  law  would  have  been  a  calamity.  I  say  so  because  as,  in  my  humble  judg- 
ment, in  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  similar  sanitary  laws  lie  the  best  pro- 
tection for  the  respectful  plumber,  in  a  social  and  commercial  point  of  view,  from 
the  effects  of  the  work  of  the  unscrupulous  incompetents— tinsmiths,  locksmiths, 
machine  workers,  and  above  all  the  skin  builder. 

Very  respectfully,       William  H.  Rotiirock. 

To  the  Officers  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers 
of  the  United  States. — Gentlemen  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report,  as  Vice-president  of  New  York,  during  the  past  year.  Since  the  last  con- 
vention there  has  been  organized  in  our  state  a  State  Association  whose  object  is 
to  draw  into  our  ranks  the  trade  in  smaller  cities  and  towns,  which  we  have  been 
unable  to  organize  directly  into  the  National  Association,  and  also  to  devise  and 
help  along  laws  for  the  benefit  of  the  profession  in  the  state.  The  first  meeting  of 
the  State  Association  was  held  in  Albany,  October  17,  1889,  and  was  attended  by 
delegates  from  the  following  cities  of  the  state  :  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Troy, 
Albany,  Utica,  Syracuse,  Buffalo  and  Rochester.  At  that  time  a  constitution  and 
by-laws  were  adopted,  and  the  following  officers  were  elected:  President,  Wm. 
J.  Fitzpatrick,  Brooklyn;  Vice  president,  J.  Edward  James,  Albany;  Financial 
Secretary,  H.  F.  Wescott,  Albany;  Recording  Secretary,  E.  Cogan,  Brooklyn; 
Treasurer,  J.  A.  Rossman,  New  York;  Delegates  at  large,  W.  G.  Reid,  of  Roch- 
ester; Edward  Joy,  of  Syracuse;  G.  B.  Lewis,  of  Brooklvn. 


104 


According  to  the  constitution  adopted,  the  first  State  Convention  was  held  in 
the  rooms  of  tli<-  Builders'  lixcliange  in  Albany,  'I'hiirsday,  March  1,  1890.  At 
this  convention  the  following  oHicers  were  elected  for  the  year:  President,  John 
A.  Creelman,  Kocliestcr;  Vice-president,  Win.  Tobin,  Syracuse;  P'inancial  Secre- 
tary, Thos.  II.  Hadcliff,  Brooklyn;  Recording  Secretary,  D.  If.  Sullivan,  Roches- 
ter; Treasurer,  J.  A.  Rossinan,  Nesv  York;  Delegates  at  Large,  George  B.  Lewis, 
Brooklyn;  C.  G.  Hancliett,  Syracuse;  J.  Edw.  Janes,  Albany.  At  this  session  it 
was  de<-ided  to  draft  and  have  presented  to  the  Legisl.iturc  a  state  law,  to  govern 
the  plumbing  in  the  different  cities  of  the  state.  The  following  is  tht  law  which 
passed  the  Senate,  but  I  am  sorry  to  say  reached  the  Assembly  too  late  for  passage: 

.Section  1.  .Section  one  of  said  act,  which  reads  as  follows,  "On  or  before 
the  first  day  of  March,  eighteen  hundred  aiul  eighty-two,  every  master  or  j^jurney- 
man  plumber  carrying  on  his  trade  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn  shall, 
under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  respective  Boards  of  Health  of  the  Health 
Department  of  said  cities  shall  respectively  prescribe,  register  his  name  and  ad- 
dress at  the  Health  Department  of  the  said  city;  and  after  the  said  date  it  shall  not 
be  lawful  for  any  person  to  carry  on  the  trade  of  plumbing  in  the  s.aid  cities  unless 
his  name  and  address  be  registered  as  above  provided,"  is  hereby  repealed,  and  the 
following  is  enacted  instead  and  in  lieu  thereof  : 

Section  1.  On  or  before  the  first  day  of  January,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety 
one,  the  Mayor  or  the  executive  officer  of  each  of  the  cities  of  this  state  shall  a|)- 
point  an  examining  board,  to  be  composed  of  the  Commissioner,  Secretary  and 
Chief  Inspector,  or  persons  acting  in  like  capacity,  and  two  employing  plumbers, 
the  last  two  mentioned  members  of  whom  shall  receive  the  sum  of  five  dollars  per 
day  for  each  day's  services  when  actually  engaged  in  such  examination;  said 
board  to  be  known  as  the  examining  board  of  plumbers,  all  of  whom  at  the  time(>f 
their  appointment  shall  be  actual  residents  of  the  city  in  which  they  are  ap])ointed. 
Any  person  desiring  to  eng.ige  in  the  trade,  business  or  calling  of  plumbing  in 
any  of  the  cities  of  this  stale,  as  employing  plumbers,  shall  first  submit  to  an  ex- 
amination before  said  board  as  to  their  respective  qualifications  as  plumbers,  and 
no  person  shall  engage  in  said  business,  trade  or  calling  unless  a  certificate  has 
been  issued  to  such  person  by  said  examining  board.  On  or  before  the  first  day  of 
March,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-one,  every  employing  plumber  carrying  on 
his  trade,  business  or  calling  under  a  certificate  issued  by  said  examining  board, 
shall,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  respective  boards  of  health  of  the 
Health  Department,  as  each  of  the  cities  of  this  state  shall  respectively  prescribe, 
register  his  name  and  address  .at  the  Health  Department  of  the  said  city;  and  said 
Health  Department  shall  not  register  any  employing  plumber  unless  he  shall  pro- 
duce a  certificate  of  the  examining  board;  and  after  said  date  last  mentioned  it 
shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  engage  in  or  carry  on  the  trade,  business  or 
calling  of  plumbing  in  any  of  the  cities  of  this  stale  as  an  employing  plumber  un- 
less his  name  and  address  be  registered,  as  above  provided.  Within  thirty  days 
after  the  appointment  of  said  examining  boards  the  Commissioners  of  Health  of 
said  cities  shall  appoint  a  corps  of  inspectors  of  plumbing,  of  such  number  as  the 
Commissioner  of  Health  of  said  city  shall  determine  necessary,  which  corps  of 
inspectors  shall  be  composed  of  practical  plumbers  who  shall  not  be  engaged  in 
the  business  of  plumbing,  directly  or  indirectly,  while  holding  the  position  of  such 
inspector,  and  they  shall  be  actual  residents  of  the  city  in  which  they  are  appointed 
and  holding  certificates  of  the  examining  board.  The  duty  of  said  corps  of  inspect- 
ors shall  be  to  inspect  the  construction,  alteration  and  repairs  of  all  plumbing  work 
performed  in  the  city  in  which  they  are  appointed,  and  report  their  inspections  to 
said  Commissioner  of  Health,  and  they  shall  also  report  to  said  Health  Commis- 
sioner any  person  engaged  in  or  carrying  on  the  business  of  employing  plumbers 
without  a  certificate  of  said  examining  board. 

Section  2.  Section  six,  which  reads  as  follows,  "Any  person  violating  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,"  is  hereby  re- 
pealed, and  the  following  is  enacted  instead  and  in  lieu  thereof  :  Any  person 
violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor, 
and  upon  conviction  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars,  or  thirty  days  imprisonment  in  a  county  jail  or  penitentiary,  or  by 
both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

3.  Section  7  of  this  act,  which  reads  as  follows,  "This  act  shall  take  effect 
immediately,"  is  hereby  repealed,  and  the  following  enacted  instead  and  in  lieu 
thereof  :  Any  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or 
providing  for  the  inspection  of  plumbing  by  any  board  or  authority,  is  hereby  re- 
pealed. 

4.  This  .act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

I  think  with  the  active  assistance  of  the  local  .associations  of  the  state,  the 
above  or  an  amended  law  can  be  pushed  through  early  in  the  next  session. 

Since  the  Pittsburg  convention  I  have  only  been  able  to  organize  one  city  in 
this  state.  On  Jan.  30,  last,  I  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Joseph  A.  Macdonald,  of 
New  York,  informing  me  that  the  trade  of  the  citj' of  Watertown,  this  state,  was 
ripe  for  organization.  I  immediately  opened  correspondence  with  the  parlies  he 
mentioned,  and  altera  time  arranged  for  a  meeting  of  the  trade  on  the  evening  of 
March  4,  which  I  attended.  After  stating  the  object  of  the  National  Association, 
and  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  organization  and  aftiliation  with  it,  they  formed 
a  local  organization  with  eight  members,  and  later  elected  the  following  officers  : 
President,  F.  B.  Davendorf;  Vice-President,  J.  Bragger;  Secretary,  E.  B.  Irvin; 
Treasurer,  H.  Morath.  They  have  joined  the  National  Association,  and  I  hope 
they  are  represented  with  us  here  to-day. 

During  the  past  year  the  motto  of  the  trade  in  this  state  has  been  ujiward  and 
forward.  There  have  been  no  complaints  reached  me  of  trouble  with  the  manufac- 
turers or  jobbers;  there  have  been  no  strikes  or  trouble  with  our  men,  and  all  the 
local  associations  of  the  state  have  been  adding  to  their  strength  and  reaching  out 
to  bring  the  entire  trade  into  the  fold.  We,  in  Rochester,  have  now  in  our  asso- 
ciation the  entire  trade  of  our  city.  Our  plumbing  inspector  is  a  pr.actical  plumber, 
and  we  are  represented  on  our  local  health  board  by  J.  Henry  Howe,  a  practical 
plumber  and  member  of  our  association.  So  it  can  be  seen  that  we,  in  the  Empire 
state,  are  advancing  in  a  safe  and  conservative  manner.  In  conclusion,  I  wish  to 
tender  my  thanks  to  the  officers  of  the  National  Association,  also  to  the  officers 
of  the  different  local  associations  of  this  state,  for  the  prompt  assistance  I  have  re- 
ceived from  them  during  the  past  year.    Respectfully  submitted, 

G.  W.  Reid,  Vice-President  for  New  York. 


T//B  SANITARY  NEWS. 


104 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  334 


To  the  National  Association  of  Plumbers  of  the  United  States  in  Convention 
assembled. — Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Convention  :  As  Vice- 
president  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  I  have  very  little  of  interest  to  report. 
Our  organization  in  I larrislnirg;  had  died  out  entirely,  but  was  revived  last  year, 
and  we  now  have  eleven  members  out  of  seventeen  firms  in  business.  Philadelphia 
reports  eijjhtv-tive  members  in  j^ood  stamling;  the  association  is  very  harmonious 
and  making  headway  financially.  The  trade  school,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Master  Plumbers'  Association,  is  to  open  September  1,  for  a  nine-months'  session. 
Pittsburg  reports  a  membership  of  fifty-seven  in  good  standing.  I  regret  exceed- 
ingly my  inability  to  report  from  more  cities  in  the  state.  I  had  hoped  to  report  new 
organizations  in  a  half-dozen  towns,  and  at  one  time  the  prospects  seemed  encour- 
aging, and  I  suggested  a  visit  in  company  with  one  or  two  of  the  executive  commit- 
tee to  help  orgajiize,  but  the  interest  shown  at  the  start  seemed  to  lag,  and  I  am  soi  ry 
to  say  that  where  I  had  hoped  for  the  best  results  I  was  disappointed.  If  I  may 
venture  a  suggestion  right  here,  I  would  say  that  I  believe  if  a  delegate  were  ap- 
jiointed  to  canvass  each  town,  some  good  results  might  be  accomplished. 

I  have  since  learned  that  Lancaster  has  organized,  but  I  could  not  secure  a 
report  from  them,  but  heard  they  would  not  join  the  National  Association.  I 
sincerely  hope  \vhen  this  convention  convenes  a  year  hence  that  our  state  will  be 
largely  represented.    Fraternally  submitted, 

John  A.  Kramer,  State  Vice-President  for  Pennsylvania. 

To  the  President,  Officers  and  Members  of  the  N.  A.  M.  P. — Gentlemen:  I 
have  the  honor  herewith  to  submit  to  you  my  second  semi-annual  report  of  the 
present  condition  of  our  local  association.  I  must  confess  that  my  observation  does 
not  extend  beyond  the  hmits  of  our  beautiful  forest  city  on  lake  Erie,  owing  speci- 
ally to  the  fact  that  I  felt  it  my  imperative  duly  to  sacrifice  much  of  iwy  time  to  the 
welfare  of  our  local  association,  and  to  assist  the  few  zealous  plumbers  to  build  up 
the  association;  and,  furthermore,  from  my  feeling  of  confidence  in  the  superior 
ability  of  our  brethren  of  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  and  other  Ohio  cities,  to  promote 
the  interests  of  the  craft  in  their  midst.  X  can,  however,  positively  state  that  the 
Cleveland  local  association  has  done  good  work  during  the  past  year,  materially  in- 
creasing our  membership  as  well  as  our  finances.  We  have  received  better  treat- 
ment from  the  public,  jobbers  and  manufacturers,  and  have  been  accorded  respect- 
ful consideration  at  the  hands  of  corporations,  municipal  governments  and  boards 
of  health;  therefore,  I  am  lead  to  believe  that  they  already  recognize  the  fact  that 
the  National  Association,  with  its  far-reaching  branches,  is  composed  of  the  most 
intelligent  and  best  tradesmen  of  the  craft,  whose  aim  is  to  elevate  the  grade  of 
workmanship  and  develop  the  best  improvement  and  quality  in  sanitary  goods, 
together  with  the  most  improved  and  effective  methods  in  their  application.  Not- 
withstanding all  I  have  said,  and  much  that  I  have  omitted,  there  exists,  in  my 
opinion,  need  for  further  improvement,  a  few  items  of  which  I  will  take  the  liberty 
to  quote  : 

1st.  Cannot  the  boards  of  health  be  prevailed  upon  to  employ,  as  inspectors 
of  plumbing  and  house  drains,  none  but  practical  plumbers  and  drain  layers?  For 
with  competent  and  honest  inspectors  the  skin  contractor  could  not  line  his  pockets 
with  good  money  at  the  expense  and  danger  to  health  of  his  customers.  3d.  Why 
should  not  proficiency  in  an  inspector  have  more  weight  in  his  selection  than  his 
influence  in  party  politics?  3d.  Why  can  not  representatives  in  the  legislature  of 
each  state  be  persuaded  to  pass  laws  for  the  government  and  licensing  of  only 
competent  phnubers  to  fix  the  sanitary  fixtures  and  drains  in  a  dwelling? 

The  above  are  only  a  few  of  the  many  suggestions  that  might  be  made,  and  I 
mention  these  merely  hoping  that  for  the  good  of  all  the  people,  the  different  local 
associations  will  co-operate  to  bring  about  these  much  needed  reforms  wherever 
they  may  exist.  I  would  also  suggest  that  either  by  means  of  an  increase  of  per 
capita  tax,  or  other  ways,  a  national  fund  be  created  to  defray  the  expenses  of  an 
able  exponent  of  the  sanitary  cause,  whose  duty  would  be  to  visit  the  different  local 
associations  at  least  once  in  six  months  and  there  infuse  life  in  the  members  there- 
of, and  organize  new  associations  where  none  now  exist.  I  think  the  expense  of 
this  course  would  be  incomparable  to  benefits  to  be  derived.  In  conclusion,  I  freely 
express  my  hope  that  you  will  elect  a  better  qualified  person  than  myself  to  repre- 
sent the  great  state  of  Ohio  the  coming  year.  Thanking  all  for  past  favors,  I 
consider  myself.  Fraternally  yours, 

Pkter  Df^snovers,  S.  V.  P.  for  Ohio,  'K!). 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumb- 
ers.— Gknti.emkn  :  One  year  ago,  at  our  convention  in  Pittsburg,  Omaha  pre- 
sented her  report  burdened  with  an  account  of  a  determined  and  persistent  strike 
on  the  part  of  the  journeymen  plumbers,  and  a  complaint  against  certain  supplv 
houses  in  our  city.  This  year  we  are  able  to  say  that  we  were  successful  in 
maintaining  our  position.  To-day  the  master  plumbers  of  <Jmaha,  and,  indeed,  of 
the  entire  state  of  Nebraska,  are  not  hampered  in  conducting  their  business  bv 
any  set  of  rules  laid  down  by  any  class  of  men.  The  result  has  proved  no  hard- 
ship to  the  journeymen,  but,  on  the  contrary,  a  benefit  to  all  concerned.  We  stand 
upon  the  broad  platform  that  we  are  in  full  sympathy  with  the  well-meaning  and 
industrious  mechanic,  and  will  co-operate  with  such  in  all  legitimate  efforts  to 
maintain  a  high  standard  of  workmanship  and  a  just  and  equitable  standard  of 
wages  for  services  performed.  Any  position  other  than  this  is  uti- American,  con- 
trary to  the  spirit  of  our  institution,  and  will  certainly  sooner  or  later  work  harm 
to  both  employer  and  employe.  We  are  not  disposed  t<»  sit  in  judgir.ent  upon  the 
actions  of  those  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  but  must  say  we  seriously  doubt 
the  wisdom  of  any  comliination  that  sets  up  the  principle  that  no  man  will  work 
for  any  but  members  of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  and  that  they  in  turn 
will  employ  none  but  those  belonging  to  the  Journeymen's  Union.  This  strike  at 
"liberty  of  o|)inion,"  is  "class  legislation,"  and  contains  the  element  of  disrup- 
tion. It  cannot  stand  the  test  of  application.  Our  trade  relations  are  not  as  satis- 
factory. What  we  demand,  and  have  a  right  to  expect,  it  this  :  The  retail  dealer 
should  be  protected  by  the  manufacturer  and  jobber.  We  are  largely  the  consum- 
ers and  purchasers  of  their  gootls,  have  our  capital  and  ability  devoted  to  our  busi- 
ness, and  it  is  a  fair  proposition  that  the  retailers'  profit  belongs  to  the  retailer. 
The  National  Association  is  wedded  to  this  |)rinciple  by  all  of  its  past  actions,  and 
if  it  prove  that  it  has  now  the  power  to  deal  with  this  matter,  the  question  arises 
as  to  the  profit  of  assembling  yearly,  appointing  committees  and  passing  resolu- 
tions to  this  end.    Those  present  at  the  last  convention  will  remember  that  the 


complaints  made  by  the  Omaha  association  concerning  certain  supply  houses  in 
the  city  were  flatly  denied  in  the  convention  by  the  parties  comjjlained  of,  they  de- 
manding an  investigation.  Through  the  President  and  Executive  Committee  of 
the  National  Convention  this  investigation  took  place,  the  result  of  which  will 
l)robably  form  a  part  of  their  official  report  for  the  year.  The  condition  of  the 
master  plumbers  in  this  state  during  the  year  has  undergone  no  marked  change. 
We  held  a  state  convention  in  February,  the  state  being  fairlv  represented.  Out- 
side of  Omaha  and  Lincoln  the  plumbing  interest  is  confined  to  one  or  two  men  in 
each  of  the  smaller  cities  and  towns,  but  we  had  a  good  convenlion.  Its  tnterest 
was  enhanced  by  the  presence  of  our  worthy  national  President,  who  entered  into 
our  delilierations,  and  made  useful  and  timely  suggestions,  giving  us  a  good  speech 
at  our  banquet.  We  trust  that  the  importance  of  our  state  organization  will  be- 
come more  and  more  apparent  from  year  to  year,  until  every  plumber  doing  busi- 
ness in  the  state  will  be  enrolled  as  a  member.  The  Omaha  and  Lincoln  associa- 
tions are  merged  into  the  state  association  as  far  as  their  representations  in  the 
National  Association  is  concerned.  The  Omaha  association  has,  we  regret  to  say, 
lost  in  membership,  during  the  past  year.  The  strike,  with  its  attendant  expenses 
caused  some  to  become  delinquent  in  their  dues,  and  they  were  consequently 
dropped  from  the  roll.  Little  petty  and  personal  dis.affections  were  allowed  to 
lessen  the  interest  of  some.  New  firms  haue  sprung  up  as  an  outcome  of  the 
strike,  former  journeymen  having  gone  into  business  for  themselves.  Therefore 
our  numbers  are  less  than  they  should  be.  We  have  just  now  no  special  common 
interests  at  stake,  hence  the  apathy;  but  be  it  said  to  the  credit  of  the  master 
plumbers  of  Omaha,  with  one  exception,  that  in  the  great  struggle  a  year  ago  they 
stood  as  one  man  and  vindicated  the  principle  for  which  we  contended.  At  that 
time  was  demonstrated  the  importance  and  efficacy  of  organization.  To  take  the 
average  master  plumbers  as  we  find  them  in  any  given  city,  with  their  different 
conception*  of  business,  the  small  and  petty  prejudices  that  arise  in  their  minds,  to 
make  them  realize  that  what  is  for  the  good  of  all  is  for  their  individual  good  re- 
quires the  patience  of  a  Job  and  the  wisdom  of  a  Solomon.  In  closing,  pardon  the 
suggestion  that  we  deem  it  the  paramount  duty  of  this  National  Assocc.atitm  to  so 
legislate  as  to  foster  more  general  information  as  to  the  true  principles  of  conduct- 
ing an  honorable  business,  the  elements  of  success,  a  broader  and  more  compre- 
hensive appreciation  of  the  necessity  of  elevating  our  business  to  its  true  position 
among  the  mechanical  branches.  Much  has  already  been  done  to  the  credit  of  the 
association,  but  let  us  not  be  satisfied  until  we  have  lifted  ourselves  out  of  the  em- 
barrassing conditions  with  which  we  find  oursel  es  surrounded  at  present. 

Respectfully  yours,        N.  B.  HissEV,  Omaha,  Nebraska. 

A  communication  was  read  from  the  Master  Builders'  Asso- 
ciation of  Denver,  inviting  the  master  plumbers  to  visit  their 
rooms.  The  invitation  was  received  and  spread  upon  the  minutes. 
The  convention  then  adjourned  until  i  :3o  P.  u. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON  SESSION. 

After  the  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  President  Hannan, 
the  vice-president  of  Massachusetts  gave  his  annual  report,  which 
was  followed  by  a  report  from  the  vice-president  of  Colorado. 

This  completed  the  reports  from  state  vice-presidents,  and  the 
ne.xt  order  of  business  was  the  president's  report. 

The  Financial  Secretary,  Enoch  Remick,  of  Philadelphia,  next 
read  a  lengthy  report,  which  was  adopted  as  read.  The  report 
showed  a  total  of  S3, 138.50  on  hand,  with  an  increase  of  S95  over 
last  year. 

\'icc-president  Griffith  was  called  to  tlie  chair  while  President 
Hannan  addressed  the  convention  as  follows: 

To  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  of  tlie  I'nitcd 
States  in  Convention  Assembled. 

Gentlcmcti: — It  now  becomes  my  pleasant  duty  to  render  an 
account  of  my  stewardship  for  the  past  year.  I  am  happy  to  in- 
form you  that  a  misunderstanding  which  existed  between  a  man- 
ufacturer and  one  of  our  local  associations  when  I  was  elected  has 
been  investigated  by  a  committee  of  three  state  vice-presidents 
appointed  by  me.  After  receiving  their  report,  which  unanimously 
sustained  our  members,  the  case  was  amicably  settled.  Entire 
harmony  prevails  between  the  better  class  of  manufacturers  and 
dealers  and  the  trade.  Where  there  are  any  violations  of  our 
protective  resolutions  they  are  on  the  part  of  the  small,  mean 
tricksters  who  are  com[)elled  to  resort  to  all  manner  of  devices  to 
secure  trade.  They  are  engaged  in  an  illegitimate  pursuit;  pre- 
tending to  be  doing  a  wholesale  business,  while  in  reality  they  are 
retailing.  I  must  confess  that  in  a  great  many  cases  the  plumber 
is  to  blame,  for  such  dealers  could  not  exist  long  if  they  depcndetl 
on  their  illegitimate  trade.  Names  of  those  so  engaged  and  de- 
tails will  be  given  in  executive  session. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that,  to  a  certain  extent,  we  have  con- 
tinued to  carry  out  the  objects  for  which  we  organized;  our  special 
objects  being  for  sanitary,  commercial  and  social  purposes.  The 
states  and  cities  having  sanitary  laws  are  about  equal  to  the  num- 
ber of  associations  represented  here  to-day,  which  is  proof  that  we 
have  attained  the  object  for  which  we  are  banded  together,  as  far 
as  the  sanitary  feature  is  concerned.  The  sanitary  laws  whit  h 
arc  in  effect,  as  well  as  the  vast  improvement  in  the  class  of  work 


June  28,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


105 


being  done  at  the  present  time,  have  been  secured  ihroujjh  the 
efforts  of  our  members. 

Need  I  say  anything  about  the  social  feature?  The  l)an(iuets, 
Ijalls,  excursions  and  picnics  of  the  past  year,  which  liave  served 
to  bring  our  members  together,  speak  for  themselves. 

We  should  now  turn  our  attention  to  'the  commercial  feature, 
for  we  have  not  improved  financially  in  proportion  to  our  advance- 
ment in  other  directions.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  every 
community  unscrupulous  men,  who,  without  mechanical  skill  or 
technical  ability,  are  conducting  a  business,  and  come  into  com- 
petition with  respectable,  intelligent  members  of  the  craft.  They 
receive  all  the  advantages  of  trade  discounts,  and  the  benefits  ol 
organization,  although  not  affiliated  with  any  association  for  pro- 
tective measures.  The  remedy  seems  to  be  found  in  urging  the 
passage  of  state  sanitary  laws  to  prevent  any  but  competent 
persons  from  engaging  in  the  business. 

Thanks  are  due  Colonel  Richard  Auchmutty  for  inaugurating 
trade  schools,  for  they  are  doing  an  excellent  work  throughout 
the  country,  and  they  should  continue  to  receive  the  indorsement 
of  every  good  and  patriotic  citizen.  Educating  the  young  men, 
technically  and  practically,  will  solve  the  question  of  competency. 

During  the  year  I  traveled  about  7,800  miles  in  tlie  interest 
of  our  association.  I  visited  Milwaukee,  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis, 
Sioux  City,  Omaha,  Chicago,  New  York,  Albany,  Rochester  and 
Buffalo.  The  increase  in  membership  here  to-day,  furnishes 
proof  as  to  whether  the  time  and  money  were  well  spent.  The 
receptions  given  and  the  treatment  received  on  those  occasions 
more  than  paid  me  for  the  time  spent  in  the  interests  of  our 
association. 

While  in  Chicago  I  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  the  Hon.  De 
Witt  C.  Creiger,  mayor  of  the  city,  and  extending  to  him  the  thanks 
of  this  association,  as  passed  by  vote  at  the  last  convention,  for 
appointmg  our  honored  ex-president,  Andrew  Young,  to  the  posi- 
tion of  chief  sanitary  inspector  for  Chicago.  By  so  doing  he 
honored  our  trade  and  proved  our  argument,  that  practical  men 
should  be  appointed  on  all  health  boards,  and  as  inspectors. 

During  the  year,  we  have  organized  and  received  into  the  na- 
tional association,  eight  associations,  as  follows:  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee; Duluth,  Minnesota;  Indianapolis,  Indiana;  Watertown, 
New  York;  Birmingham,  Alabama;  Erie,  Pennsylvania;  La 
Crosse,  Wisconsin,  and  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  In  addition,  we 
have  received  individual  members  as  follows:  Texarkana,  Ar- 
kansas; Jacksonville,  Florida;  Fargo,  North  Dakota;  Barre, 
Vermont;  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and  Huron,  South  Da- 
kota. By  referring  to  the  secretary's  report,  it  will  be  seen  that 
our  membership  has  increased  each  year. 

The  plan  of  employing  an  executive  clerk,  I  found  to  be  an 
excellent  one;  for  by  so  doing,  I  was  enabled  to  answer  all  corre- 
spondence promptly,  as  well  as  to  send  our  personal  letters  to 
gentlemen  in  our  business  who  were  not  members,  urging  them  to 
organize.  If  I  did  not  succeed  in  all  cases  in  getting  them  to  or- 
ganize and  unite  with  us,  I  think  I  have  sown  seed  which  may 
take  root  and  grow  under  a  future  administration. 

I  would  urge  upon  all  associations  in  affiliation  with  the  Na- 
tional, the  necessity  of  living  up  to  our  constitution  and  by-laws, 
and  platform  of  principles,  as  adopted  at  Pittsburg. 

The  success  of,  and  good  example  set  by  our  association,  has 
been  followed  by  all  the  building  trades,  in  organizing  associa- 
tions, and  the  forming  of  Builders'  Exchanges.  But  we  must  not 
let  them  excel  us;  neither  can  they  take  the  place  of  oar  organi- 
zation. I  would  recommend  that  our  local  associations  in  cities 
which  have  no  statutes  governing  plumbing,  continue  to  agitate 
the  question  until  such  laws  are  enacted;  not  only  for  the  benefits 
which  they  will  derive  from  such  legislation,  but  for  the  good  of 
the  public  health. 

I  know  it  would  be  a  great  tax  for  my  successor  to  visit  our 
local  associations,  but  much  good  can  be  accomplished  by  a  per- 
sonal visit,  especially  where  differences  exist.  A  visit  to  the 
localities  which  are  unorganized  would  be  productive  of  better 
results  than  a  year's  correspondence. 

The  National  Association  is  not  an  organization  separate  from 
the  individual  societies — it  is  an  amalgamation  of  them  all.  Its 
direct  object  is  to  build  up  and  strengthen  every  association  which 
enjoys  its  membership,  thereby  strengthening  itself.  New  York 
state  by  herself  would  be  a  small  and  insignificant  nation.  Rhode 


Island  would  be  of  less  importance  still,  but  as  parts  of  the  great 
American  commonwealth  each  obtains  a  new  power  and  majesty 
and  acquires  a  voice  m  deciding  the  destinies  of  the  world. 

It  is  very  imijortant  to  know  at  all  times  who  our  members 
are,  and  when  we  receive  new  ones  or  any  drop  out,  it  should  be 
made  known  either  through  the  trade  papers  or  by  circular. 

There  arc  a  few  traitors  in  our  camp,  who  must  be  sought  out 
and  driven  from  the  ranks  when  found.  The  time  has  come  when 
the  executive  committee  should  be  empowered  to  weed  out  all 
such,  and  to  take  away  the  certificate  of  membership  from  any 
association  violating  our  constitution  or  rules. 

I  congratulate  all  the  local  associations  on  their  progress  dur- 
ing the  past  year.  It  seems  as  though  all  had  adopted  the  motto^ 
"  Excelsior."  I  wish  to  thank  the  officers  of  the  several  associa- 
tions for  their  promptness  in  answering  all  communications,  and 
their  willingness  to  co-operate  with  me  in  advancing  the  good 
work  of  our  organization.  I  also  tender  my  heartfelt  thanks  to 
the  trade  press  for  the  assistance  rendered  by  the  willingness  to 
publish  all  matters  of  importance. 

In  conclusion,  I  desire  to  thank  my  colleagues  of  the  executive 
committee  for  the  good  advice  and  assistance  rendered  me  during 
the  year,  the  successful  termination  of  which  has  been  due  to  the 
good  will  manifested  at  all  times;  and  I  bespeak  for  my  successor 
that  same  good  will  and  co-operation  on  the  part  of  all,  in  order 
that  his  administration  may  be  as  successful  and  his  relations  as 
pleasant  as  mine  have  been. 

The  report  of  the  recording  secretary  was  next  read  and 
adopted  as  soon  as  the  document  was  signed  by  the  secretary. 
The  report  showed  that  the  association  had  increased  to  1,700 
members. 

A  resolution  was  passed  by  the  convention  expressing  the 
sympathy  and  unfeigned  sorrow  of  the  delegates  for  their  brother, 
W.  E.  Foster,  of  Virginia,  on  the  death  of  his  beloved  wife. 

Mr.  Andrew  Young,  of  Chicago,  presented  his  report  of  the 
American  Public  Health  Association.  This  able  paper  was  better 
received  than  anything  else  during  the  convention.  Mr.  Young's 
appearance  was  a  signal  for  applause,  and  at  the  close  of  his  re- 
port, which  follows,  he  received  almost  an  ovation: 

REKORT  OF  MR.  ANDREW  YOUNG. 

Officers  and  Members  of  the  National  Association  of  Master 
Plumbers — Gentlemen:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  you  in 
national  convention,  assembled  at  Denver,  Colorado,  June  17,  1890, 
my  report  as  your  delegate  to  the  seventeenth  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association,  convened  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  October  22,  23,  24  and  25,  1889. 

It  was  gratifying  to  me  to  be  able  to  meet  this  gathering  of  rep- 
resentative, liberal,  public-spirited  men,  labormg  with  some  sacri- 
fices and  encouraging  and  inspiring  enthusiasm  in  the  great  cause 
of  public  health— engaged  in  promoting  the  highest  interest  of  the 
human  race  this  side  the  common  heritage  of  us  all.  We  can 
point  to  no  sublimer  incident  in  all  the  history  of  our  great  coun- 
try, than  this  assemblage  of  men,  gathered  together  with  no 
thought  of  pecuniary  reward,  to  enhance  the  common  welfare  of 
man;  to  present  and  discuss  the  best  means  of  preventing  the  rav- 
ages of  disease  with  its  resulting  misery  and  woe.  The  love  of 
liberty  and  the  blessings  of  self-government  have  made  patriots 
of  our  people,  and  opportunities  have  made  heroes  of  ourpatriots, 
but  here  is  an  association  of  men  loyal  to  the  highest  interest  of 
mankind,  who  have  made  their  own  opportunities  to  serve  their 
fellow  men.  Their  profession  has  made  them  philanthropists,  and 
their  love  for  mankind  has  made  them  benefactors. 

The  influence  that  grows  out  of  this  association  is  extensive, 
for  its  membership  embraces  every  section  and  part  of  the  coun- 
try. It  can  be  said  that  in  these  meetings  the  United  States  cen- 
ters its  expert  thought,  investigations  and  discoveries;  and  from 
this  center  go  out  to  all  parts  of  the  states  the  aid,  strength, 
moral  force,  and  the  collected  experience  and  wisdom  of  organi- 
zation. This  is  a  great  school  of  hygiene,  and  its  pupils  return  as 
teachers  to  our  cities,  villages  and  rural  districts  to  continue  and 
further  extend  the  great  lessons  of  preventive  medicine.  The  re- 
sult is,  from  this  center  radiate  the  influences  which  become  sev- 
erally potential  in  the  education  of  the  people  to  a  higher  plane 
and  a  Ijetter  understanding  of  the  importance  and  value  of  hy- 
gienic laws.    Not  only  this,  the  association  is  annually  making 


ion 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  334 


most  valuable  additions  to  the  literature  of  public  medicine,  the 
advancing  science  of  sanitation,  and  through  the  limitless  circu- 
lation of  the  press  this  literature  is  dropped  at  the  cottage  and 
the  mansion  and  along  the  highways  and  byways  throughout  the 
land.  The  great  need  in  the  progress  of  sanitary  reform  is  the 
proper  education  of  the  people.  They  have  not  yet  been  edu- 
cated up  to  the  necessities  of  hygienic  laws.  They  have  not 
been  tauglit  the  value  of  sanitation  and  the  importance  of  its 
practical  application.  But  education  is  progressing  in  this  direc- 
tion, and  while  this  association  has  not  yet  accomplished  this 
great  end,  it,  with  similar  agencies,  is  making  gratifying  progress 
in  this  direction. 

1  found  at  this  meeting  an  attempt  made  in  the  way  of  sani- 
tary exhibits.  It  was  a  rather  meagre  display,  yet  it  is  a  step  in 
the  right  direction.  There  is  no  greater  educator  in  this  work 
than  an  exhibition  of  sanitary  appliances.  It  not  only  serves  as 
an  object  lesson  to  impress  important  principles  in  the  proper  san- 
itation of  dwellings,  but  it  is  one  of  the  strongest  incentives  to 
improvement  and  invention  that  can  be  given.  In  this  feature  1 
found  great  room  for  improvement,  but  I  can  see  no  reason  why  it 
cannot  be  made  a  most  valuable  part  of  the  work  of  the  Ameri- 
can Public  Health  Association.  I  am  casting  no  reflection  on  the 
members  of  this  association  when  1  state  that  they  in  general  are 
not  familiar  with  the  commonest  sanitary  appliances  which  are 
such  important  quantities  in  the  great  problem  of  sanitation. 
Their  work  and  knowledge  lie  in  another  direction,  yet  no  effort 
will  prove  wholly  efficient  without  these  sanitary  appliances, 
which  not  only  guard  the  security  of  the  home  but  stand  as  senti- 
nels upon  the  outer  walls  of  communities.  Herein  we  find  the 
field  for  the  plumber,  co-extensive  with  mankind,  enriched  and 
adorned  with  the  fruits  of  genius,  and  filled  with  Ijoundless  possi- 
bilities. As  the  hearthstone  is  the  origin  of  the  great  thoughts 
that  have  revolutionized  the  world  and  founded  empires  and  re- 
publics, so  is  the  home  the  birthplace  and  nursery  of  that  science 
out  of  which  is  to  flow  the  beauty  and  strength,  the  happiness  and 
health  of  a  new  Eden  with  its  sweet  air,  glorious  sunshine  and 
pure,  refreshing  waters.  Give  us  healthful  homes  and  we  will  give 
you  a  nation  of  strong  men  and  fair  women. 

This  leads  me  to  suggest  to  you  a  great  service  which  we,  as 
plumbers,  can  render  the  cause  of  sanitation  in  its  more  rapid  and 
effective  advancement.  We  stand  nearer  the  health  of  the  home 
and  the  sanitation  of  man's  abode  than  any  others.  It  is  our  busi- 
ness to  provide  the  mechanical  and  scientific  agencies  to  secure 
the  healthfulness  of  human  habitations.  We  are  familiar  with  all 
the  sanitary  appliances  that  science  and  genius  have  produced, 
and  are  acquainted  with  the  offices  they  are  designed  to  fill.  No 
men  are  so  well  cjualified  to  give  a  perfect  exhibition  of  these  ap- 
pliances as  the  plumbers  are,  and  I  offer  the  suggestion  that  such 
an  exhibition  be  made  a  prominent  feature  of  our  annual  conven- 
tions; and  as  a  means  to  this  end  I  would  recommend  that  this 
convention,  when  the  place  is  selected  for  holding  the  next  con- 
vention, authorize  the  local  association  of  that  place  to  take 
charge  of  such  exhibition  and  proceed  to  make  such  arrangements 
as  will  result  in  an  exhibition  which  will  be  an  honor  to  the  associa- 
tion and  benefit  to  the  whole  country.  Each  local  association  can 
be  instructed  to  give  its  aid,  and  I  am  sure  manufacturers  will 
gladly  take  part  in  such  an  exhibition  as  it  is  possible  and  practi- 
cable for  us  to  give.  The  value  of  such  an  exhibition  has  been 
indorsed  by  high  authority  and  experience,  and  we  possess  the 
means  and  qualifications  to  give  the  greatest  exposition  of  san- 
itary appliances  the  country  can  afford. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  state  that  I  was  received  by  the  Amer- 
ican Public  Health  Association  most  cordially  as  the  representa- 
tive of  the  master  plumbers,  and  I  was  assured  of  the  high  value 
placed  upon  the  plumbing  fraternity  as  an  imi)ortant  aid  in  the 
advancement  of  sanitary  science.  During  my  stay  my  observa- 
tions led  me  into  a  comparison  of  the  sanatory  and  the  sanitary 
sciences,  and  more  particularly  of  the  practicing  physician  and 
the  plumber.  The  aim  of  the  one  is  to  cure  diseases,  that  of  the 
other  to  prevent  them. 

The  physician  drives  to  the  residence  in  broadcloth,  silk  hat 
and  gloves,  enters  at  the  front  door,  is  shown  into  the  parlor  or 
conducted  to  the  sick  chamber,  is  treated  with  great  consideration 
and  served  with  the  utmost  courtesy.  livery  aid  or  service  tliat 
can  be  commanded  is  rendered  him — all  that  money  can  jjurciiase 


or  love  and  sympathy  inspire  is  placed  at  the  service  of  the  physi- 
cian. Every  effort  of  the  family,  of  relatives  and  friends,  and 
even  of  strangers,  is  given  to  aid  the  doctor  to  soothe  and  comfort 
the  patient  and  rebuke  the  disease.  There  is  nothing  in  the  range 
of  human  possibilities  ever  denied  the  physician  in  his  efforts  to 
heal  the  unfortunate  sick. 

How  is  it  with  the  plumber?  He  walks  to  the  residence  dressed 
in  his  greasy  overalls  and  blouse,  carrying  his  bag  of  tools;  he 
enters  at  the  basement  or  the  servant's  door;  he  receives  no  wel- 
come, no  courtesy,  no  aid.  No  part  of  the  resources  of  the  family 
or  friends  is  given  him.  The  family  that  stood  sympathizingly 
by  the  doctor  in  the  luxurious  chamber,  are  now  in  the  parlor  or  at 
the  matinee  while  the  plumber  is  in  the  basement  fighting  with 
his  skill  and  scientific  knowledge  the  disease  germs  invading  and 
threatening  the  life  of  the  household.  And  what  is  the  difference 
between  the  two?  The  doctor  is  called  in  to  cure  probably  the 
same  disease  that  the  plumber  could  have  prevented;  yet  the 
plumber  is  in  a  dirty,  neglected  basement  or  water  closet,  and,  for 
a  meagre  and  grudgingly-paid  remuneration,  prevents  the  sick- 
ness and  suffering  which  the  doctor  seeks  to  cure  for  a  royal  and 
liberally  paid  consideration. 

But  they  tell  us  that  the  plumber  is  only  a  mechanic.  If  he  is 
a  mechanic  he  has  that  advantage  over  the  physician,  who  is  not- 
But  is  he  only  a  mechanic?  He  may  put  in  a  system  of  plumbing' 
mechanically  perfect  in  every  respect,  and  yet  it  would  annihilate 
a  family  in  six  months.  He  could  employ  only  his  mechanical 
skill  and  ruin  the  health  and  destroy  the  life  of  a  whole  city.  It 
is  his  scientific  knowledge  that  is  of  value.  It  is  that  knowledge 
which  not  only  makes  the  healthful  home,  but  contributes  so 
largely  to  the  advancement  of  sanitary  intelligence.  The  physi- 
cian spends  one,  two,  or  at  most,  three  years,  probably  six  months 
out  of  each,  in  the  study  of  his  profession  and  sets  out  a  full- 
fledged  doctor,  while  the  a[)prentice  at  plumbing  must  serve  five 
or  seven  years.  The  plumber  could  acquire  the  mechanical  skill 
of  his  trade  in  a  short  time,  but  to  gain  the  scientific  knowledge 
of  his  profession  he  must  devote  two  or  three  times  the  amount  of 
time  in  which  the  doctor  is  required  to  gain  his  knowledge. 

They  tell  us  the  work  of  the  doctor  is  intellectual.  I  cannot 
reflect  in  the  least  on  the  learning  and  intellectuality  of  the  noble 
profession  of  physicians;  but  who  can  stand  in  the  presence  of 
some  of  our  great  public  buildings  and  private  mansions  and  say 
that  the  agent  that  planned  them,  hung  their  drainage  and  placed 
their  sanitary  fixtures  was  not  intellectual?  It  is  not  only  the 
hands  but  the  head  of  the  plumber  that  places  about  the  home  its 
sanitary  safeguards.  The  plumber  is  not  a  machine.  He  is  of 
necessity  an  intellectual  being  with  a  brain  as  big  as  that  which 
directs  any  art,  science  or  profession  we  have.  -  Recently  I  had  a 
talk  with  the  managing  editor  of  The  Sanitary  News 
whose  correspondence  and  contributions  embrace  this  whole  coun- 
try and  parts  of  others,  and  he  informed  me  that  of  the  contribu- 
tions to  his  journal,  and,  as  he  believed,  to  the  general  literature 
of  sanitary  science,  those  from  plumbers  were  superior,  and  the 
most  important  means  for  the  promulgation  of  sanitary  knowl- 
edge. 

Encouragement  in  our  work  conies  from  every  hand,  and  we 
have  much  reason  to  continue  our  efforts  and  advance  our  cause. 
Let  us  continue  to  make  healthful  homes  and  public  health  will 
follow.  In  this  broad,  bounding,  youthful  land  of  ours  there  are 
12,000,000  homes.  Let  us  make  these  homes  healthful  and  happy, 
and  we  will  make  a  nation  of  60,000,000  healthful  and  happy  peo- 
ple, and  coming  generations  will  then  say  of  us  in  the  words  of 
our  motto,  "  They  builded  better  than  they  knew." 

The  discussion  of  the  paper  is  as  follows: 

On  the  conclusion  of  the  delivery  of  the  address  of  Mr.  Andrew 
Young,  of  Chicago,  who  resumed  his  scat  amid  prolonged  applause, 
Mr.  Weaver,  of  Philadcl[)hia,  moved  that  the  address  be  made  a 
part  of  the  j)rocecdings  and  spread  upon  the  minutes,  which  was 
seconded  by  several  delegates.  Mr.  Bunstead,  Colorado  Springs, 
Colo.,  moved  that  2,000  copies  of  the  address  be  printed  sepa- 
rately for  distribution  among  the  delegates,  and  sent  broadcast 
over  the  country.  Mr.  Gabay,  New  York  city,  said  he  thought,  as 
the  address  would  be  included  in  the  ])rinted  report  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  convention,  such  a  special  printing  and 
publication  would  be  an  unnecessary  expense.  Mr.  Hagley, 
Boston,  said  he  did  not  think  10,000  would  be  too   many  for 


June  28,  1890.1 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


107 


distribution.  Mr.  Mitchell,  Baltimore,  thought  that  neither  2,000 
nor  10,000  would  be  ample  to  meet  the  case.  It  would  require 
almost  half  a  million  to  send  broadcast  over  the  country.  If  they 
are  printed  in  our  Annual  Report,  each  member  of  the  local  asso- 
ciations can  get  them.  After  being  printed  in  our  proceedings, 
each  local  association  can  get  as  many  as  it  likes  printed  for  dis- 
tribution in  its  own  locality.  I  think  that  when  you  divide  the 
work,  it  makes  it  easy  for  a  good  many  to  do  it,  so  that  each  asso- 
ciation, after  it  gets  the  report,  can  have  as  many  printed  as  it 
likes,  and  distribute  them  in  its  own  neighborhood.  1  thought  Mr. 
Bunstead  simply  wanted  2,000  for  circulation  among  the  gentle- 
men present.  Mr.  President  suggests  that  each  association,  when 
it  has  it  printed,  should  have  it  printed  in  pamphlet  form,  so  that 
it  can  be  mailed. 

Mr.  bmith,  Boston,  Mass.:  There  is  no  doubt  that  each  trade 
paper  in  the  country  will  print  the  address,  and  it  will  go  all  over 
the  country  in  that  way.  Mr.  Bunstead,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo., 
said  the  address  embodied  more  worth  to  the  association  than  any 
one  thing  they  could  get,  and  if  it  were  printed  in  special  pam- 
phlet form  and  sent  out  with  the  report  of  the  proceedings,  it 
would  be  more  available. 

President  Hannan  finally  submitted  the  motion  that  the  Print- 
ing Committee  have  this  paper  separately  struck  off  at  the  time 
of  printing  the  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  convention,  to  any 
number,  for  local  associations  at  actual  cost,  which  motion  was 
unanimously  adopted. 

Mr.  Thos.  J.  Hennessy,  the  Supervisor  of  Plumbing  in  St. 
Louis,  gave  the  convention  a  short  talk  on  their  work  in  the  Mound 
City.  Mr.  Hennessy  said  that  the  supervisor  of  plumbing  in  St. 
Louis  was  not  hampered  by  any  other  department.  A  man  must 
be  a  practical  plumber,  and  must  pay  the  inspector  a  fee  of  one 
dollar  for  investigating  the  work.  In  this  way  the  department  is 
self-sustaining.  At  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Hennessy's  remarks,  a 
discussion  arose  as  to  the  desirability  of  passing  a  resolution  ask- 
ing the  House  of  Representatives  to  pass  Senate  bill  No.  1 1.  Mr. 
Weaver,  of  Philadelphia,  moved  that  a  resolution  of  this  kind  be 
passed  by  this  association,  and  telegraphed  to  Washington  at  the 
expense  of  the  National  Association.  The  motion  prevailed,  and 
the  following  telegram  was  forwarded: 

"  Denver,  Colo.,  June  18. — To  the  Members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled — 
(Gentlemen:  At  a  meeting  of  the  National  Association  of  Mas- 
ter Plumbers,  in  convention  assembled,  the  following  resolution 
was  unanimously  adopted:  Resolved,  That  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives be  and  are  hereby  requested  to  pass  Senate  bill  No.  11, 
authorizing  the  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia  to  make 
rules  and  regulations  governing  plumbing  in  said  district,  said  bill 
having  passed  the  Senate  and  now  upon  the  calendar  of  the 
House." 

The  Executive  Committee  announced  at  this  point  that  it  was 
ready  to  report,  and  the  following  report  was  read  to  the  conven- 
tion: 

REPORT  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

To  the  Delegates  of  the  Eighth  Annual  Convention  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Master  Plumbers'  of  the  United  States — 
Gentlemen:  At  this,  the  expiration  of  our  term  of  office  as  your 
Executive  Committee,  we  beg  leave  to  make  the  following  report 
of  our  labors  in  your  behalf,  for  the  year  ending  June  ig,  i8go: 
Your  committee  have  held  four  meetings  during  the  year — first, 
at  Pittsburg,  June  28,  1889;  the  second  at  New  York,  January  14, 
i8qo;  the  third,  aboard  the  train  in  the  State  of  Kansas,  on  June 
16,  1890,  and  the  fourth,  in  the  Albany  Hotel,  Denver,  Colo.,  June 
18,1 890.  At  the  first  meeting  the  sub-committees  for  the  year  were 
appointed.  The  Committee  on  Printing  was  directed  to  have  the 
necessary  printing  done,  which  consisted  of  letter-heads,  envel- 
opes, etc.;  also  2,000  copies  of  the  proceedings  of  the  seventh  an- 
nual convention,  for  distribution.  A  committee  was  appointed  to 
carry  out  the  instructions  of  our  seventh  annual  convention,  which 
was  done.  The  bonds  of  the  Financial  Secretary  and  Treasurer 
were  ordered  to  be  filed  with  the  proper  officers.  The  second 
meeting,  at  New  York,  was  held  at  the  Continental  Hotel.  All 
were  present  except  Messrs.  Scott  and  Geiger.  The  former  was 
detained  by  offtcial  business,  and  Mr.  Jos.  A.  McDonald  acted  as 
proxy  for  him.  Dr.  Geiger  was  unable  to  be  present  on  account 
of  sickness.    At  this  meeting  a  large  amount  of  business,  neces- 


sary for  the  good  of  the  association,  was  transacted.  The  re[)orts 
of  the  Financial  Secretary  and  Treasurer  were  read  and  approved. 
Reports  from  the  vice-presidents  for  Kansas,  Vermont,  Indiana, 
Massachusetts,  Iowa,  Virginia,  Ohio,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin  and 
Pennsylvania  were  read,  showing  that  the  associations  were  vigor- 
ous and  in  healthy  condition,  and  all  were  doing  active  work  for 
the  advancement  of  the  interests  of  the  plumbing  trade.  The 
matter  of  charges  jireferred  against  dealers  for  violations  of  their 
agreements  with  us  were  taken  up,  and  in  nearly  every  case  satis- 
factorily settled,  details  of  which  will  be  reported  in  executive  ses- 
sion. In  one  case,  in  the  West,  we  are  constrained  to  make  special 
mention,  as  the  firm  charged  proposed  to  have  a  committee  of 
three  of  our  members  appointed  to  investigate  the  charges,  on 
condition  that  they  would  pay  all  expenses  if  they  did  not  exhon- 
erate  themselves  from  all  blame  in  the  transaction  complained  of. 
The  President  appointed  a  committee  which  was  acceptable  to 
both  parties,  and,  after  a  thorough  investigation,  the  committee 
found  the  firm  in  question  guilty,  as  charged.  In  this  case  the 
committee  was  unanimous.  The  cost  of  this  investigation  was 
large,  as  the  committee  was,  by  request,  appointed  from  outside 
points.  The  President  notified  this  firm  of  the  committee's  action, 
and  furnished  them  a  copy  of  their  report,  but  they  still  appeared 
not  to  be  satisfied,  and  declined  to  pay  the  bills  of  expense,  where- 
upon the  President  entered  into  correspondence  with  them,  and 
conducted  it  in  such  a  dignified  and  business-like  manner  that  the 
bill  was  paid  in  full  and  the  case  satisfactorily  settled.  In  this  and 
other  cases  of  like  importance  the  action  of  the  President  received 
the  unanimous  indorsement  of  this  committee,  and  we  do  most 
earnestly  recommend  a  continuation  of  this  plan  of  settling  dis- 
putes of  like  character,  by  a  well-regulated  system  of  arbitration, 
as  the  merits  of  our  claims  can  be  better  explained  and  disputes 
more  promptly  and  equitably  settled  by  having  disinterested  busi- 
ness men  examine  into  the  merits  of  such  controversies.  There 
has  also  come  to  our  notice  the  fact  that  certain  dealers  are  intro- 
ducing the  practice  of  issuing  net  price-lists  of  plumbing  goods. 
This  unjust  and  outrageous  innovation,  that  would  not  be  tolerated 
in  business  circles  anywhere,  was  severely  condemned  by  the  Pres- 
ident. This  committee  approved  his  action,  and  we  would  rec- 
ommend that  this  convention  speak  its  sentiments  in  unmistakable 
tones  on  this  question.  The  usual  committees  on  transportation 
were  appointed  to  secure  the  best  possible  rates  to  Denver.  The 
president  of  the  Denver  association  was  requested  to  have  his  as- 
sociation make  the  necessary  arrangements  for  holding  the  con- 
vention, and  to  have  the  necessary  printing  done.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary for  the  committee  to  tell  you  how  we'll  that  duty  has  been 
performed;  you  can  see  for  yourselves.  The  committee  recom- 
mend that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  tendered  the  president  of  the  Den- 
ver association  and  his  co-laborers  for  the  efficient  manner  in 
which  they  have  served  the  members  of  this  convention.  The  list 
of  new  associations  and  members  received  will  appear  in  other  re- 
ports to  this  body.  Action  was  taken  at  this  meeting  requesting 
manufacturers  and  dealers  to  give  better  discounts,  and  that  all 
discounts  be  trade  secrets.  The  Financial  Secretary  was  directed 
to  call  for  the  second  half  of  the  per  capita  tax  March  i,  iSgo. 
The  Executive  Committee  unanimously  recommend  that  this  con- 
vention adopt  the  following  amendment  to -Article  IV.  of  the  Con- 
stitution: In  line  3,  after  the  word  "at,"  insert  the  words  "or 
before,"  so  that  the  article  will  read  as  follows:  "The  National 
Convention  shall  consist  of  representatives  from  local  associa- 
tions, one  for  every  ten  members,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  where 
such  associations  exist,  who  shall  be  elected  at  or  before  the  first 
meeting  in  May  of  each  year,  and  the  president  of  each  associa- 
tion to  be  a  member  by  virtue  of  his  office."  The  committee,  after 
completing  the  business,  visited  all  the  prominent  dealers  and 
manufacturers  in  New  York  and  urged  them  to  make  better  dis- 
counts, and  to  make  all  discounts  a  trade  secret,  which  they  prom- 
ised to  do  as  far  as  possible. 

The  business  of  the  third  and  fourth  meetings  was  of  a  routine 
character,  and  will  be  reported  jointly;  and  the  following  matter 
is  reported  for  your  action: 

There  has  been  a  second  attempt  made  to  use  the  good  name 
of  this  national  body  by  misrepresentation  in  an  advertising  scheme, 
this  time  in  connection  with  the  publication  of  the  proceedings  of 
a  state  convention.  This,  as  you  are  no  doubt  aware,  from  public 
print,  has  been  vigorously  condemned  by  our  President,  and,  in 


108 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  334 


our  judgment,  all  fillial  bodies  should  be  warned  by  this  conven- 
tion against  involving,  by  act  or  implication,  the  good  name  of  this 
body  in  any  schemes  so  far  beneath  the  dignity  and  honorable 
purposes  of  this  association.  After  mature  consideration,  we  have 
unanimously  decided  to  recommend  to  your  honorable  body  that 
all  the  ex-presidents  of  this  body  be  requested  to  furnish  the  in- 
coming President  a  copy  of  their  portraits,  and  that  they  be  print- 
ed in  the  proceedings  of  this  convention,  and  in  the  future  all  re- 
tiring president's  portaits  be  added.  This  we  believe  will  add 
additional  strength  to  our  organization  by  way  of  stimulating  our 
oilicers  and  members  alike  to  increased  acts  of  patriotism  to  our 
cause.  We  would  also  recommend  the  abolition  of  Article  V'lll. 
of  the  Constitution,  as  its  provisions  are  impracticable.  The  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  being  the  proper  body  to  make  such  appropri- 
ations for  the  annual  convention,  there  can  be  no  correct  knowl- 
edge of  what  may  be  the  needs  of  the  association.  We  also 
recommend  that  Article  V.  of  the  By-Laws  be  amended  by  strik- 
ing out  the  reference  to  the  Auditing  Committee  inspecting 
quarterly  the  Treasurer's  account,  as  the  Auditing  Committee  is 
no  longer  a  standing  committee;  hence  the  provision  becomes  in- 
operative. We  further  recommend  that  the  thanks  of  this  conven- 
tion be  tendered  to  the  Essay  Committee  for  the  able  manner  in 
which  they  performed  their  duties. 

Ed.  J.  Hannan,  Robert  Griffith,  George  A.  Green,  Jeremiah 
Sheehan,  Enoch  Remick,  John  Trainor,  Geo.  D.  Scott,  George  B. 
Lewis,  Charles  Geiger,  Daniel  G.  Finnerty,  Philip  Murphy,  Ex- 
ecutive Coinniittce. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  Executive  Committee's  report  the 
convention  resolved  itself  into  an  executive  session. 

WEDNESDAY  EVENING  SESSION. 

President  Hannan  called  the  meeting  to  order  and  stated  that 
there  would  be  four  papers  presented.  Most  of  the  delegates 
were  holding  caucuses,  but  the  ladies  came  to  the  rescue  and 
helped  swell  the  audience  to  a  very  respectable  size.  John  J. 
Weaver,  of  Philadelphia,  presented  the  first  paper  of  the  evening 
on  the  subject  "Inspection  of  Plumbing  and  House  Drainage: 
[a)  Benefits  to  Householder,  (/;)  Benefits  to  Plumbing  Interest." 
Mr.  Weaver  has  a  powerful  voice  and  there  was  no  trouble  to 
hear  what  he  had  to  say  on  any  subject. 

Joseph  Gallagher,  of  St.  Louis,  next  addressed  the  convention 
on  the  "  Best  System  of  Preventing  Back  Water  From  Sewers 
Entering  Buildings  Duririg  Severe  Rain  .Storms." 

In  the  absence  of  J.  J.  Wade,  of  Chicago,  J.  R.  Alcock  was 
called  upon  to  read  the  essay  on  the  "Exhibition  of  Plumbing 
Materials  and  Workmanshi])  at  the  World's  Fair  in  1893.  What 
Method  can  be  Adopted  to  Make  it  an  Attractive  Feature  and  of 
General  Benefit  to  the  Plumbing  Interests."  This  essay  was 
marked  for  its  thought  and  research  and  was  well  received  by  the 
audience. 

Mr.  Weaver,  of  Philadelphia,  read  the  essay  of  J.  J.  Adamson, 
of  St.  Paul,  on  "The  Proper  System  for  Controlling  the  Water 
Supply  of  Buildings  in  Cold  Climates." 

The  last  essay  of  the  evening  was  read  by  David  M.  Quay,  of 
Kansas  City.  His  subject  was  "Traps;  or  What  is  Known  of 
Them  as  at  Present  Known  in  the  Plumbing  Business." 

The  essays  were  all  productions  of  a  high  grade  and  were  well 
received  by  the  attentive  listeners.  It  was  moved  that  a  vote  of 
thanks  be  tendered  to  the  authors  and  readers  of  these  essays  and 
that  the  motion  be  spread  upon  the  records  of  the  convention. 
The  motion  prevailed,  and  the  convention  adjourned  until  9  A.  m. 
Thursday  morning. 

THURSDAY  MOKNING  SESSION. 

President  Hannan  rapped  down  his  gavel  at  9:35  a.  m.  The 
roll  call  showed  one  hundred  and  forty-two  in  their  seats.  The 
first  report  of  the  morning  was  from  the  sanitary  committee.  In 
the  absence  of  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  Geo.  W.  Kite,  of 
Fort  Worth,  Texas,  Mr.  Harry  Gabay,  of  New  York,  read  the 
paper.  Mr.  Kite  went  so  far  as  to  say  that  if  any  injury  is  done  to 
health  from  defective  plumbing,  imi)roi)cr  ventilation  and  drain- 
age, the  plumber  doing  the  work  should  be  held  criminally  liable. 
He  suggested  that  garbage  ought  to  be  burned  and  put  out  of  the 
way  as  quickly  as  possible.  He  urged  the  National  Association 
to  do  all  in  its  power  to  aid  the  cities  in  passing  sanitary  laws,  and 
thought  the  association  would  in  this  way  be  of  great  service  to 


the  plumbers.  The  author  dwelt  at  length  on  the  nature  and 
effect  of  sewer  gas.  The  report  was  received  and  spread  upon 
the  record. 

The  treasurer,  Jeremiah  Sheehan,  next  presented  his  report 
for  the  yiear.  His  report  showed  that  he  had  received  from  the 
ex-treasurer  $868.64  and  from  the  financial  secretary  $3,138.50, 
making  a  total  of  $4,007.14,  and  that  the  expenses  had  only  been 
$2,883. 26.  Thus  the  National  Association  now  has  in  its  treasury 
$1,123.88.    This  report  was  referred  to  the  auditing  committee. 

The  special  committee  which  was  appointed  to  approve  the 
report  of  the  executive  committee  made  their  report  as  follows: 
For  a  system  of  arbitration  of  troubles  by  members  with  jobbers, 
wherein  disinterested  merchants  should  settle  the  matter.  That 
a  vote  of  thanks  should  be  given  the  local  Denver  committee  for 
the  pleasant  time  enjoyed,  to  the  mayor  and  other  citizens,  and 
especially  to  the  press  for  courtesies.  That  certain  amendments 
to  the  constitution,  allowing  delegates  to  be  appointed  at  any 
meeting  prior  to  May  of  last  year  and  including  delegates  from 
states.  That  ex-presidents  furnish  their  portraits  on  retiring  to 
the  new  president  for  publication  in  the  proceedings.  The  aboli- 
tion of  article  eight  of  the  constitution  and  allowing  appropria- 
tions to  be  made  by  the  Executive  Committee.  That  from  article 
six  of  the  constitution  there  shall  be  abolished  the  provision  to 
have  a  quarterly  auditing  of  accounts  of  the  treasurer.  That  a 
vote  of  thanks  be  extended  to  the  essay  committee  and  readers. 
That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  convention,  that  the  custom  of  the  job 
bers,  issuing  net  price  lists,  be  severely  censured  as  unjust  to  the 
retailer.  The  report  was  received  and  the  committee  was  dis- 
charged. 

On  motion  of  Andrew  Young,  the  credential  committee  was 
discharged.  The  first  thing  under  new  business  was  the  reading 
of  a  telegram  from  Kansas  City,  as  follows: 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  June  18. — The  Board  of  Trade  of  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  respectfully  invite  you  to  hold  the  next  annual  conven- 
tion in  our  city.    W.  D.  Charde,  Secretary. 

The  mayor  of  Kansas  City  also  telegraphed  a  similar  invitation. 

Some  trouble  arose  over  the  term  local  association  in  the  con- 
stitution, and  after  a  great  deal  of  trouble  and  discussion  a  com- 
mittee of  three  was  appointed  to  change  the  meaning  of  the  term, 
or  rather  to  define  its  meaning.  Mr.  Fitzpatrick  of  New  York, 
Mr.  Tute  of  Boston,  and  Mr.  Husseyof  Kansas  were  appointed 
on  the  committee. 

A  communication  was  read  to  the  convention  at  the  request  of 
the  Pittsburg  delegation,  which  was  as  follows: 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Twin  City  Association,  No.  4,  of  Journey- 
men Plumbers  and  Gas  Fitters,  it  was  decided  that  after  the  ist  of 
May  no  member  of  the  association  should  receive  less  than  three 
dollars  per  day:  also  that  the  association  register  all  apprentices, 
and  that  the  term  of  apprentices  be  five  years,  three  years  to 
be  served  as  helping,  and  two  years  to  be  at  the  cmjiloyer's  dis- 
posal. 

After  a  great  deal  of  discussion  this  subject  was  referred  to  the 
Apprenticeship  Committee. 

Mortimer  J.  Lyons  of  Brooklyn  read  a  paper  on  the  agreement 
existing  between  the  Brooklyn  association  and  the  journeymen 
plumbers  in  that  city.  Owing  to  some  dissatisfaction  the  paper 
was  not  spread  upon  the  minutes  of  the  meeting. 

The  report  of  the  Auditing  Committee  was  received  and  the 
committee  discharged. 

J.  R.  Alcock  of  Chicago  introduced  the  following  resolution  in 
regard  to  the  World's  Fair: 

In  interest  of  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago  in  1893,  ^^'^  would 
offer  the  following  resolution: 

Resolved,  That  this  National  Association  appoint  each  associa- 
tion in  the  L^niled  States  a  day  of  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair;  the 
state  committee  to  commence  action  at  once;  said  association  in 
each  state  to  be  controlled  by  a  chairman,  who  shall  be  appointed 
at  this  convention,  and  who  shall  direct  the  display.  The  State 
Chairman  to  be  State  V'icc-Prcsiilent. 

The  convention  adjourned  to  have  the  members'  pictures 
taken. 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON  SESSION. 

The  session  was  called  to  order  by  President  Hannan  at  1 
p.  m.,  and  the  convention  was  opened  under  new  business. 

Mr.  Young  of  Chicago  moved  that  the  association  send  a  dele- 


June  28,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


gate  to  the  Public  Health  Association  meeting,  and  thai  said  del- 
egate be  the  president  elect  of  the  National  Plumbers'  Association. 
The  motion  was  carried  and  spread  upon  the  records. 

The  election  of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year  was  the  next  order 
of  business. 

Mr.  Hogan  of  Boston  moved  that  a  committee  of  five  be  ap- 
pointed to  act  as  tellers  and  inspect  the  ballots.  The  motion  car- 
ried and  the  xhair  appointed  on  this  committee,  Mr.  Hogan  of 
15oston,  Mr.  Tuney  of  New  York,  Mr.  Pollacheck  of  Milwaukee, 
Mr.  Noble  of  Sioux  City,  and  Mr.  Fitts  of  Nebraska. 

When  nominations  were  called  several  delegates  were  on  their 
feet  at  once,  but  the  chair  recognized  Mr.  Gabay  of  New  York, 
who  proceeded  to  nominate  Robert  Griffith  of  Chicago  as  Presi- 
dent. There  were  several  seconds  to  the  nomination,  and  as  no 
one  else  made  a  nomination,  Mr.  Hogan  of  Boston  moved  the 
nominations  be  closed,  and  that  the  secretary  be  instructed  to  cast 
the  unanimous  ballot  for  Mr.  Griffith.  The  motion  was  carried 
and  Mr.  Griffith  was  formally  declared  the  President  of  the  asso- 
ciation. Amid  cheers  for  Griffith  he  arose  and  replied  as  follows 
— Gentlemen:  The  hour  of  speech-making  is  nearly  gone.  I 
am  very  thankful,  in  my  weak  way,  for  the  honor  you  have  con- 
ferred. But  the  day  is  warm  and  you  are  all  tired,  and  I  will  only 
say  as  said  my  predecessor:  "  By  the  help  of  God  I  will  do  my 
duty." 

There  were  several  nominations  for  Vice-President.  Among 
the  number,  Mr.  Andrew  Young  of  Chicago  nominated  Jeremiah 
Sheehan  of  St.  Louis;  Mr.  Trainor  of  Baltimore  nominated  Jos. 
A.  Macdonald  of  New  York;  Mr.  Tute  of  Boston  nominated  Wil- 
liam Mitchell  of  Boston.  Mr.  Thomas  Hudson  of  New  York 
moved  that  nominations  be  closed.  The  motion  was  carried  and 
upon  count  Mr.  Sheehan  had  53  votes,  Mr.  Macdonald  105.  Mr. 
Sheehan  moved  that  the  nomination  be  made  unanimous.  The 
motion  was  carried  and  Mr.  Macdonald  was  declared  elected. 

The  office  of  Treasurer  was  contested  by  Mr.  Gilroy  of  New 
York,  Mortimer  J.  Lyons  of  Brooklyn,  and  William  H.  McCarthy, 
Denver.    Mr.  Lyons  was  the  successful  candidate. 

J.  J.  Hamblin  of  Chicago  had  a  walk-away  for  the  office  of  Fi- 
nancial Secretary. 

J.  R.  Alcock  of  Chicago  was  nominated  and  unanimously 
elected  Secretary  of  the  Association. 

A  recess  of  five  minutes  was  taken  to  allow  the  newly  elected 
officers  to  select  five  names  to  complete  the  executive  committee. 
After  the  recess  President  Griffith  presided  and  announced  the 
following  Executive  Cammittee:  W.  H.  McCarthy,  Denver;  Wm. 
Mitchell,  Boston;  N.  D.  Hussey,  Omaha.  W.  G.  Reid,  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  and  L.  B.  Cross  of  Kansas  City. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  President  Hannan  for  the  able 
way  in  which  he  presided  over  the  convention.  Three  cheers  were 
given  for  President  Hannan  and  the  old  war  horse  from  Phil- 
adelphia. 

The  election  of  state  vice-presidents  was  the  next  thing  in  or- 
der, and  the  following  gentlemen  were  elected:  Colorado,  M.  A. 
Dolan,  of  Denver;  Connecticut,  Lucius  S.  Mills,  Bridgeport;  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  James  Lockhead,  Washington;  Delaware,  Isaac 
Eaton,  Wilmington;  Florida,  Wm.  Clark,  Jacksonville;  lUinois, 
David  Whiteford,  Chicago;  Indiana,  James  Madden,  Ft.  Wayne; 
Iowa,  Wm.  Ellomund,  Sioux  City;  Kansas,  Thomas  Lloyd,  Kansas 
City,  Kan.;  Kentucky,  Simon  Shulhafer,  Louisville;  Maryland, 
Wm.Drummett,  Baltimore;  Michigan,  Ed.  Sterner,  Flint;  Minne- 
sota, S.  H.  Rothwell,  Duluth;  Missouri,  David  M.  Gray,  Kansas 
City;  Maine,  G.  L.  Learned,  Waterville;  Massachusetts,  Daniel 
Shannon,  Boston;  Nebraska,  Jas.  H.  O'Neill,  Lincoln;  New  Jersey, 
W.  F.  Blacksham,  Jersey  City;  New  York,  Martin  Fallow,  Brook- 
lyn; Ohio,  Richard  Murphy,  Cincinnati;  Pennsylvania,  B.  F.  Call, 
Pittsburg;  Rhode  Island,  W.  L.  Whipple,  Providence;  South  Car- 
olina, R.  L.  Long,  Charleston;  Tennessee,  T.  J.  Mooney,  Nash- 
ville; Virginia,  W.  E.  Foster,  Norfolk;  Vermont,  B.  F.  Lyons 
Montpelier;  Wisconsin,  E.  T.  Doyn,  Milwaukee;  Utah,  Jas.  Farrell, 
Salt  Lake  City;  Oregon,  J.  J.  Owens,. Portland. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Gabay,  of  New  York,  the  next  place  for  hold- 
ing the  convention  was  selected.  Kansas  City,  Cincinnati,  Salt 
Lake  City,  Philadelphia  and  Atlantic  City  were  the  places  consid- 
ered, but  it  was  finally  decided  to  hold  the  ninth  annual  conven- 
tion at  Cincinnati.  The  new  officers  were  escorted  to  the  platform 
just  before  the  adjournment,  and  were  initiated  into  their  respect- 
ive duties. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  Mayor  Londoner, 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Ex-President  Hannan  and  all  retiring 


officers;  also  to  all  the  people  of  Denver  who  had  entertained  the 
visitors,  and  especially  the  Ladies'  Auxiliary  and  the  Denver  As- 
sociation of  Master  Plumbers. 

A  resolution  was  introduced  by  Mr.  W.  F.  McCarthy,  that  the 
association  nominate  a  candidate  for  Sanitary  Su{)erintcndcnt  of 
the  World's  l''air.  This  resolution  was  referred  to  the  Executive 
Conmiittce,  with  power  to  act.  With  three  cheers  and  a  tiger  for 
the  Denver  association,  the  largest  National  Association  o?  Mas- 
ter Plumbers  ever  convened  adjourned  until  they  meet  again  on 
the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 


SOCIAL  FEATURES  OF  THE  CONVENTION. 

The  master  plumbers  did  not  go  to  Denver  for  business  alone, 
although  they  put  business  first  and  pleasure  afterwards.  The 
Denver  Committee  on  Arrangements  had  spared  no  time,  labor 
or  money  in  getting  ready  to  receive  the  delegates  and  friends. 
This  committee  consisted  of  M.  A.  Dolan,  W.  T.  Crean,  W.  H. 
McCarthy,  Daniel  Frey,  J.  P.  Ratican,  Archie  Davis,  James  Shan- 
non, Charles  Gunzart,  J.  F.  Bryan,  James  Johnson  and  J.  R.  Perry 
W.  T.  Crean  and  several  other  members  of  the  committee  worked 
night  and  day  to  make  the  pluinbers  enjoy  themselves  while  in 
Denver.  The  visiting  ladies  were  well  taken  care  of  by  the  La- 
dies' Auxiliary  Society. 

The  first  grand  social  event  of  the  convention  was  the  recep- 
tion and  ball  given  on  Tuesday  evening  at  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce Building.  Over  one  hundred  couples  enjoyed  the  rippling 
music  and  rhythmic  dance  until  a  late  hour,  while  a  large  number 
of  spectators  enjoyed  themselves  socially  in  the  spacious  hall 
until  the  evening's  entertainment  was  called  to  a  close  by  Koen- 
ingsberg's  orchestra  playing  "  Home,  Sweet  Home."  Every  one 
retired,  feeling  that  the  first  entertainment  of  the  Denver  plumb- 
ers had  been  a  grand  success. 

On  Wednesday  evening  the  visiting  plumbers  were  shown 
Denver  under  gas-light,  and  were  given  some  new  ideas  on  wiping 
joints. 

Thursday  evening,  the  work  of  the  convention  being  over,  was 
set  aside  for  the  grand  banquet  at  the  Windsor.  The  committee 
surprised  every  one  with  the  elaborate  preparations  made  for  the 
visitors.  There  were  about  four  hundred  covers  laid,  and  all  the 
appointments  were  replete  with  luxuries  and  beauty.  The  long 
tables  were  buried  under  roses  and  smilax.  Koeningsberg's  or- 
chestra and  the  Denver  quartette  furnished  the  music  for  the 
occasion.  After  the  elaborate  repast,  a  number  of  excellent  toasts 
were  given  by  the  different  delegates.  Robert  Griffith  was  called 
upon  at  the  last  moment  to  give  the  toast  assigned  to  Ex-President 
Hannan.  Notwithstanding  the  want  of  preparation,  Mr.  Griffith 
made  a  very  fine  speech,  and  one  which  would  have  been  a  credit 
to  any  man  after  plenty  of  tmie  for  meditation. 

The  visitors  left  the  banquet-table  about  2  A.  M.  Friday,  and 
hurried  to  their  couches  to  try  to  get  some  sleep  before  the  special 
train  started  up  the  mountains;  for  the  visiting  plumbers  were 
bent  on  losing  no  part  of  the  grand  entertainment.  Notwithstand- 
ing this  precaution,  several  members  were  found  wanting  when 
the  special  left  the  Union  depot  at  g  A.  m.  The  majority  of  the 
delegates  and  friends  started  for  the  moimtains  over  the  Union 
Pacific  at  the  above-mentioned  time.  It  was  not  long  before  we 
were  among  the  Rockies,  and  the  delegates  were  exclaiming: 
"  Isn't  that  grand?  "  "  There  is  nothing  in  the  East  that  will  com- 
pare with  this  beautiful  country,"  etc.,  etc. 

When  the  famous  loop  was  reached  the  fear  of  the  tourists 
was  overcome  by  the  beauties  of  the  scene  before  them.  The 
mining  tower  of  Silver  Plume,  9,050  feet  high,  was  reached  about 
2  o'clock,  where  an  elegant  repast  was  served  in  the  shady  grove 
beside  the  ice-cold  stream  that  rushed  down  the  mountain  side, 
from  the  snow-clad  peaks  above.  At  3  o'clock  the  train  started 
down  the  mountains  for  Denver,  at  such  a  rapid  rate  that  the 
visiting  plumbers  became  deathly  sick  before  level  ground  was 
reached.  A  happy  lot  of  plumbers  departed  from  the  old  mount- 
ain flyer  at  seven  p.  m.,  and  retired  to  their  various  hotels  in  order 
to  regain  strength  enough  to  take  the  trip  to  Manitou  and  the 
Garden  of  the  Gods,  on  Saturday.  At  g  o'clock,  June  21,  the 
finely  equipped  train  on  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  pulled  450 
plumbers  out  of  the  Union  depot  at  Denver.  The  trip  was  a 
delightful  one  throughout.  When  the  party  reached  Maniton 
carriages  were  waiting  to  take  the  crowd  to  the  delightful  springs 
and  the  Garden  of  the  Gods.  Luncheon  was  served  under  the 
shadow  of  the  Cathedral  rocks.  After  a  short  stay  among  the 
rock  formations,  the  party  drove  over  to  Colorado  Springs  where 
some  of  the  party  took  the  train  for  Denver,  some  for  the  East 
and  others  remained  at  the  springs  over  Sunday.  This  terminated 
the  entertainment  of  the  Denver  master  plumbers,  and  every  one 
voted  that  the  Denver  delegation  had  far  surpassed  any  other 
delegation  in  entertaining  the  National  Association.  All  left 
Denver  well  pleased  with  her  hospitality,  and  firmly  resolved  to 
bring  their  wives,  their  sisters  and  their  sweethearts  to  visit  the 
Queen  City  of  the  Plains  at  no  far  distant  day. 


VI 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS.  lvol.  xvi.  No.  334 


CATARRH, 

CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS. — HAY  FEV-ER. — A  NEW  HOME 
TREATMENT. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B. — This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. — Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  carefully  read  the 
above. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  i  :oo  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.    Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.   Direct  con- 


nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 

of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hundred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 


THE  WABASH  MAKES  HALF  RATES. 

For  the  Fourth  of  July,  the  Wabash  line  will  sell  tickets  at  one 
fare  for  the  round  trip  to  all  stations  on  the  system.  These  tickets 
will  be  on  sale  July  3  and  4,  and  good  for  return  passage  until 
Monday,  July  7,  inclusive,  thus  enabling  the  public  to  spend  not 
only  the  Fourth,  but  Saturday  and  Sunday  with  friends.  Ticket 
office,  201  Clark  street. 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  suliscribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  pay- 
ment of  $3  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  IL,  88fi  Diullcy  street. 

The  Whittaker  Supjily  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wni.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wni.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  H!i  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plinnbing  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breycr,  E.,  73  W.  Kandol|>h  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue, 
lirooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  f)S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  Jolin,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Rurcn  street. 

Dennislon,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  iV  Culloton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Cjundermann  Bros.,  1H2  North  avenue. 

Hickey,  A.  C,  7'5  .S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  IL,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas  it  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  .Stephen,  712  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  Jfmn,  .5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Moylan  <V  AlcocU,  103  Twentv-.Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madi'son  street. 

Naeey,'  P.,  33!)  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  SH)  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  30  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Keillv,  Joseph  Si  Bro.,  517  \V.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  II.,  208  Thirt^y  tirst  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street, 

Sanders,  P.  &  Son,  505  Stale  street. 

.Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  101  E.  Indiana  street. 

Sulli\-an,  John.  32t)  Division  street. 

Turnultv,  )•  W.,  2251  Cottage  (irove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  j.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  iV  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wni.,  3iH)7  Cottage  CJrove  avenue. 

Voung,  (iatzert  &  Co.,  !)i)5  \V.  Madison  street. 


HELP  WANTED. 


r)UR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLr  INVITED 
^  to  use  this  loliimn  ivhen  in  need  nj  hflf>  in  any  of  the 
profi-ssions,  trades  or  businesses  to  w/iirJt  this  joHrnal 
is  dei'oted.  Such  advertisements  mill  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  o/  TiiE  Sanitaky 
News,  S8  and  So  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


TirANTED.  —  THOR<)i:(;HI.V  COMPETENT 
*  *  man  as  solicitor  in  plumbing  shop  iu  Chicago. 
Must  have  had  cxi)erience  in  estinjalinjj^  work,  etc.,  and 
give  tirst  class  references.  Address,  with  full  statement 
of  >|ualifications  and  present  position,  "II.,"  TiiK 
Sanitary  Nkws. 


-IS7ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  w(trk  for  solier,  industrious  men. 
Address,  "  F.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 


-TYTANTED. 
*  '  (iivc  reference,  experience  and  Balar^  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  VVm.  CJ. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  Iradesor  businesses 
to  which  this  Journal  is  dfToted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  TiiB  Sanitary 

Nf.ws,  m  and 90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 

CITUA TION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 

competent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.    Location  no 

rihinrf       Ail.lr,.ii.i     "11    V    "  Tll  1.  S  A  Ml  r  A  u  v  N  Pws. 


eiTUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 
collector  for  some  plumbing  house.    Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.    Address  "L,"  The 
Sanitary  News. 


ClTUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  Y  OUNG  MAN, 
^  20  years  of  age,  as  salesman  for  a  wholesale  plumb- 
ing house,  or  to  sell  some  specialty  in  the  plumbing  line. 
Has  had  four  years  experience  with  plumbing  goods. 
Address  "Sales,"  care  The  Sanitary'  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


TfOR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
iness,  four  j'ears  esUiblished  in  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.     Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
Address  "  W.  F".  T.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 

POR  SALE. -PATENT  RIGHT.  ONE  OF;  THE 
most  successful  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
Plumbing  and  (Jarden  Hose  trade.  Owner  wishes  to 
retire  from  business.  For  further  particulars,  address 
Thos.  Burke,  188  N.  Pine  Street,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


POR  SALE.— A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBINc; 
"  business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.  Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "Stock,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


TJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  .50  Fiusbury  Square,  and  819  Victoria 
Park  Hoad,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
housee  and  furniBhos  reportH  of  their  Bauitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  Heferenoes.  Loudon  aRent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  iiublishod  at  88  and  W  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  ordercand 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  Thk  Banitabi 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 
Mem.  Am.  See.  C.  E.,  M.  Inet,  C.  B. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Constmo- 
tion  Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M-  Inst.  C-  E- 

Consi;lting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultora? 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  &  FARQUHAR, 

C  IVIL  ENaiNCERS.  Newport,  K.  1. 
Plans  tor,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Uisposiil,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 


SAML.  O.  ARTllSOSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Rialto  I3uildiDK, 
Chicago.  

PAUL  GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 
author  of  "House  Drninnge  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection."  etc., 
offers  advice  and  superintendence  in  works  of  sower- 
age,  water  supply,  ventilation,  and  snnilntion.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desire<l.  Corres- 

?ondence  solicited  SB  Union  Square,  West,  New 
ork  (;ity.  


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


T\AVID  WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 
^  her  and  Gas-htter.  Sanitary  plumbing;  a  specialty, 
araw.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. 


p  II A  R  VEr,  SCIENTIFIC  A  ND  PR  A  CTICA  L 
•    I'himber,  640  Thirty  -Ninth  Street,  between  Mich- 
igan and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


E.  D.  Ellis,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  22x68,  412 

AV.  Jackson  st;  a,  Ostting  Bros  $  12,000 

H.J.  Morton,  K  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  48x65,  40- 

42  Campbell  pk;  a,  C.  A.  Veary   12,(XK) 

Chicago  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  5  1  and  3  2  sty  brk 

addn,  388x40,  38  48  W.  Taylor  st   50,000 

Bartholoniae  Roesing,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strg,  58 

xlOO,  339-341  W.  Twelfth  st   10,000 

Rice  Bullen  Malting  Co.,  6  sty  brk  mlt  hse,  75x 

150,  Robinson  and  North  ave;  a,  Burlington 

&  Whiletoon   20,000 

Rudolph  Brandt,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  side  addn, 

13x4!l,  53  Cedar  st   lO.lXXI 

Hill  Bros  A-  Co.,  1  and  2  sty  brick  elevator  and 

engine  house,  36x62x80,  32x30x22,  39tliand  \V. 

L  R.  R.;  a,  N.  H.  Tcaty   12,000 

Skandinaviaii  Workingincn's  Association,  4  sty 

and  bst  brk  strs  and  hall,  60x116,  !I6-100W. 

Ohio  st;  a,  O.  Isaacson   35,000 

F  rancis  Bartlctt,  16  sty  and  bst  brk  office  bldg, 

73x72,  265-71  Dearborn  st;  a,   Ilolibird  A- 

Roach   S.'iO.OOO 

Andrew  \'eiieina,  4  2  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and 

Hts,  44x47x28,  40x3»ix28,  607  13  S.  Wood  st;  a, 

Andrew  Venenia   H,U00 

H.  Sandmever,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  24x60,  SS-t 

Oakwood  Boul;  a,  L.  Karles   ll.OOp 

Mrs.  T.  Spofford,  3  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs, 

50x64,  48,  30,  32  F:vans  'avc;  a,  D.  S.  Pentecost  12,000 
|os.  Duplicn,  6  3  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

■  116x40,  339  43  43rif  st,  4250-54  Langley  ave. ...  16,000 
William  Wilson,  4  3  stv  and  bst  brk  sirs  and 

fits,  70x80,  379  85  43d  it;  a,  Cass  A  Chapman.  14,000 
C.  F.  Johnson,  3  and  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs, 

44x39x40,  44x38x30,  231-;«  Hampdon  av;  a, 

Ostling  Bros   12,000 

The  Baker  and  Vatter  Co.,  4  sty  brk  fclry,  75x 

118,  1102-6  Idinana  st;  a,  J.  W.  Ashley   12.000 

B.  D.  Si>rangle,  4  2  sty  bst  frin  fits,  88x58,  6Sd 

st  and  Mintcs   12,000 

J.  1>.  Allen,  3  and  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwilg,  25x60, 

;V1H  Michigan  av  ;  a,  Halibird   10.000 

Swan  .V  Nelson,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  sir  and  fits, 

28x107,  183  Belden  .-iv;  a,  Ostling  Bros   13,000 

Hintzc  \  Wcise,  5  stv  and  bst  brk  wrehsc,  60x 

64,  Brown  and  21st  ';  a,  (ico.  iieamont   15,000 

R.  E.  RcH-nor,  1  stv  and  bst  brk  fctrv,  15xStO,  99- 

101  Bunker  st ;  a,  H.  N.  Nuehl   5,000 

Jas.  S.  Kupa,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x46,  32  N. 

Ashland  av;  a,  A.  Charrat   6,500 

(»eo.  Thoiiison,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  church,  45x55, 

3409-11  Dearborn  st   5,000 

Merchants  Building  Co.,  2  sly  brk  addn  slrge, 

96x112,  Washington  and  La  Salle;  a,  A.  M. 

F.  Colton     6,000 

W.  W.  Kimball,  1  stv  brk  addn,  24x80,  26tli  st 

and  W.  Rockwell  st;  a,  Wm.  Strippleman.  ..  5,000 
W.  H.  Winslow,5  and  2  stv  brk  addn,  47  x  40x84, 

56x40x25, 376  86  Carroll  av   6,500 

Thomas  Morrison,  8  stv  and  bst  brick  fits,  25x65, 

3961  Langlev  av;  a,  T.  C.  Von  Hipper   6,500 

Skceles  Bros. '2  sty  and  ccl  brk  livery  stbic,  !>3x 

161,  5127-29  State  .st   8,000 

John  Schneider,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  24x50, 

5918  W.abash  av;  a,  Troman  A  Jehsen   5,01X) 

M.  P.  Cumniings,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  22x50, 

."WHO  Wabash  st     5,000 

lobn  O'Neill,  2  2  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  fits, 

"  44x70,  4501-3  Wallace  st   7,600 

The  F'irst  Primitive  M.  F^  Church,  1  stv  and  bst 

brk  church.  40x80,  14  16  N.  May  st;  a,  M. 

P.astar    5,000 

Martin  \Vaish,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  fits,  25x64,  4.'<2 

Robcv  st;  a,  J.  A'.  Butts   6,600 

Jas.  K.  ■McC.ill,2stv  and  bst  brk  dwUg,  28x61, 

828  Adams  st;  a,  Wm.  Thomas   6,000 

W.  O.  Illslcy,  2  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  49x66, 

8738-30  Stanton  av;  a,  Tiilkin  A-  Tliesslen  ....  6,000 
J.  L.  Kiloin,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  25x35x46, 

18x44x40,  3-1,32 'Michigan  av;  a,  C.  M.  Palmes,  S,000 
C.  Bush,  2  2  stv  andcel  frm  strs  and  fits,  48x 

70,  6.3d  and  Carpenter  sts;  a,  1.  Soninion  A 

Jekcs  !   B.OOO 

J.  M.  Sodler,  2  stv  and  bst  frnie  Hals,  '26x64,  726 

67th  st;  a,  W.  Trones   7,600 

P.  I.  O'Brien,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  522x66,  960 

Warren  av;  a,  W.  L.  Lesches   6.000 


July  5,  1890.]^ 


^THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


109 


The  Sanitary  News 

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CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Kditorial    -__---____  109 

Sub-Contracting        ______          ^          ^  10<j 

Plumbers'  Work  as  Applied  to  the  Duties  of  Sanitary  Inspectors             -  110 

Syphon  Water  Closets        _-_-__-  118 

The  Kitchen  Sink          __--____  113 

Which  is  the  Best  System  of  Preventing  Back  Water  from  Sewer  Pipes 

Entering  Buildings  During  Rainstorms           ^          _          _  113 

Traps       __--______  114 

The  Master  Pluml)ers'  Associatiim          _____  115 

Convention  Rumblings             _______  115 

Liability  of  the  Owner       _______  11(5 

^Vsbestos  Lead  Joint  Runner              ______  ng 

Madden's  Automatic  Water  Closet         _         _         _         -         _  119 

Healthful  Homes  -         -  -----120 

Sterilization  of  Water        -         -         -         -         -         -         -  ^  120 

Light  for  Evening  Hours        -         -         -         -         -         -       '  -  120 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done         _____  ng 

Heating  and  Lighting         ______  II7 

Sewerage  Notes   -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -  11" 

Water  Works  Notes           ______  ng 

Bids  and  Contracts         _______  118 


An  ARTICLE  is  published  in  this  issue  on  "Plumbers'  Work  as 
Applied  to  the  Duties  of  the  Sanitary  Inspectors,"  and  no  argu- 
ment can  be  found  stronger  in  favor  of  that  which  The  Sanitary 
News  has  long  advocated,  namely,  practical  plumbers  for  plumb- 
ing inspectors.  In  England  it  is  deemed  that  seven  years  is  the 
proper  length  of  time  an  apprentice  should  serve  to  become  pro- 
ficient enough  in  plumbing  to  become  a  journeyman,  and  it  is  rea- 
sonable to  suppose  that  but  a  small  portion  of  this  time  was 
necessary  to  acquire  proficiency  in  handling  tools  and  perform- 
ing the  mechanical  work;  the  rest  of  the  time  is  employed  in 
acquiring  the  technical  and  scientific  knowledge  entering  so 
largely  into  the  work  of  the  plumber.  No  one  will  put  in  one- 
seventh  of  this  in  qualifying  himself  for  a  sanitary  inspector,  and 
yet  ask  the  public  to  believe  they  are  fully  competent.  The 


plumber  is  already  qualified  for  an  inspector,  and  there  is  nothing 
more  natural  or  reasonable  in  the  world  than  to  appoint  him  as  an 
inspector  of  plumbing. 


From  reports  regarding  plumbing  in  government  buildings,  it 
seems  as  if  the  government  must  be  classed  with  the  "jerry" 
builder  and  "skin"  plumber.  It  proceeds  in  this  manner  when  any 
plumbing  is  to  be  done  in  the  public  buildings  at  Washington. 
The  government  buys  the  material  and  sets  to  work  journeymen 
plumbers  who  are  in  its  employ,  and  everybody  or  nobody  in- 
spects the  work.  The  result  is  poor  work  and  extravagant  expend- 
itures. If  the  government  does  not  know  any  better  than  this,  it 
should  put  the  whole  matter  in  the  hands  of  some  reputable  and 
responsible  plumber  who  knows  what  good  plumbing  is  and  how 
to  procure  it.  We  do  not  demand  that  the  government  should  be 
a  first-class  plumber,  but  we  would  humbly  suggest  that  it  have 
an  efficient  plumber  at  the  head  of  this  part  of  building  con- 
struction. 

Many  reports  are  received  from  health  officers  of  smaller 
towns  in  which  attention  is  called  to  the  dangers  arising  from 
cesspools.  These  nuisances  have  been  the  subject  of  much  dis- 
cussion and  experiment.  They,  under  certain  circumstances,  are 
a  necessary  evil,  and  must  be  borne  with  until  a  better  arrangement 
can  be  placed  in  their  stead.  During  the  terms  of  their  use  no  care 
too  great  can  be  bestowed  upon  them.  The  plan  of  constructing  them 
so  as  to  allow  their  contents  to  be  absorbed  by  the  soil  is  an  erro- 
neous one.  The  soil  itself  will  in  time  become  one  extensive  cess- 
pool spreading  out  underneath  the  city.  This  contaminated  soil 
will  remain  dangerous  to  health  until  the  slow  process  of  decay 
evaporation  and  assimilation  has  rendered  it  inoxious.  Whenever' 
it  is  necessary  to  resort  to  the  cesspool  it  should  be  closed  in, 
made  tight  and  cleaned  out  at  frequent  intervals. 


Every  governor  is  supposed  to  be  good  for  something,  but  all 
are  not  good  for  everything.  They  are  not  expected  to  be.  But 
in  everything  they  could  act  upon  the  best  information  and  advice 
they  can  obtain.  Now,  there  is  the  governor  of  Minnesota,  who 
discovered  in  some  way  that  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  insane 
asylums  of  the  state  was  very  bad.  He  proceeded  to  have  the 
matter  investigated,  and  to  this  end  he  appointed  a  commission  of 
three  to  make  an  inspection  and  report  to  him.  That  was  all  very 
well,  but  when  it  is  learned  that  the  commission  consisted  of  three 
physicians  the  judgment  of  the  governor  will  be  called  in  ques- 
tion. Physicians  are  all  right  in  their  special  profession,  and  we 
could  not  get  along  without  them,  but  as  a  general  thing  the  prac- 
ticing physician  is  not  a  sanitarian  and  an  expert  inspector  of 
buildings.  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten  the  sanitary  condition  of 
buildings  is  because  of  defective  or  old,  worn  out  plumbing. 
Thase  doctors  could  have  diagnosed  disease,  but  the  asylums 
were  not  sick.  They  had  no  disease  themselves,  but  contained 
the  source  of  it.  It  is  not  every  doctor  who  can  diagnose  the  ori- 
gin of  disease  through  defective  plumbing.  The  plumber  can. 
That  is  his  business,  and  at  least  one  good  plumber  should  have 
been  appointed  on  that  commission.  What  was  done  in  this  city 
when  certain  city  buildings  were  inspected?  Why,  Chief  In- 
spector Young  sent  his  practical  plumbers  over  to  the  buildings  to 
nspect  them.  The  result  was  not  only  a  report  of  defective 
plumbing  but  the  defects  were  definitely  described  and  located. 
All  the  doctors  in  the  world,  without  a  knowledge  of  plumbing, 
could  not  have  done  that.  A  building  has  no  pulse,  no  tongue,  no 
temperature  for  the  doctors  to  examine.  It  has  pipes,  traps, 
water-closets,  urinals,  basins,  etc.,  and  the  plumber  knows  all 
about  these  things,  and  just  how  they  should  be  constructed. 


SUB-CONTRACTING. 

The  Revieiv  and  Record,  on  having  the  question  of  sub-con- 
tracts in  connection  with  plumbing  work  submitted  to  it,  says: 
"We  reply  that  the  plan  of  one  man  taking  the  contract  for  build- 
ing and  then  sub-letting  the  different  parts  of  it  out  to  different 
mechanics,  is  not  in  our  opinion  a  good  system  as  far  as  relates  to 
plumbing  work.  In  the  other  branches  it  is  not  a  difficult  matter 
to  supervise  the  work  according  as  it  goes  on  for  few  men  of  any 
judgment  are  to  be  found  who  will  not  be  able  to  see  whether  the 
carpenter  and  the  masoji  and  the  plasterer  are  properly  fulfilling 


110 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  335 


their  contracts.  But  when  it  comes  to  the  plumber  the  contractor 
is  liable  in  street  parlance  to  "get  left."  He  cannot  tell  whether 
the  plumber  is  using  the  proper  material — whether  his  joints  in 
iron  pipe  are  tight — whether  his  pipes  are  so  run  as  to  produce  the 
desired  sanitary  effects — whether  his  lead  is  of  the  required 
weight,  and  much  more  that  it  would  be  necessary  for  him  to 
know  is  as  a  sealed  book  to  him.  How  then  can  he  know  what 
class  of  plumbing  work  he  is  getting  in  his  house  under  these  cir- 
cumstances? In  the  same  manner  the  plumber  is  at  a  disadvan- 
tage, for  if  the  contractor  fails  in  his  payment  he  has  but  a  scant 
chance  at  redress.  In  the  interest  of  the  prospective  purchaser 
of  such  a  house  we  should  also  condemn  this  practice,  for  as  the 
plumbing  work  is  in  the  main  concealed,  the  purchaser  has  to 
take  everything  on  trust.  He  may  see  a  very  elaborate  and  showy 
system  of  piping  in  the  kitchen;  handsomely  fitted  up  bath  rooms; 
will  probably  be  told  of  the  perfect  system  of  hot  water  circula- 
tion, etc.,  but  this  is  all  he  will  know  at  the  outside.  He  will  not 
be  told  that  in  order  to  reduce  the  number  of  lines  of  vertical 
pipes  there  may  be  found  lead  waste  pipes  carried  under  floors 
and  above  ceilings  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  the  prospect  of 
discovering  a  leak  under  some  of  these  floors  at  sometime  in  the 
future  a  thing  to  be  dreaded.  He  will  be  assured  that  the  plumb- 
ing work  is  in  every  respect  faultless,  and  has  to  accept  the  state- 
ments so  made  without  any  means  of  verifying  it  until  the  Sani- 
tary Inspector  later  on  is  called  in  and  the  glaring  defects  of  cheap 
plumbing  are  made  known. 

"With  all  of  this  in  view  we  would  offer  an  advice  to  property 
owners  contemplating  building  to  have  their  plumbing  contracts 
made  direct  with  the  plumber,  and  hold  him  to  the  letter  and  the 
spirit  of  the  specifications." 

It  cannot  be  presumed  that  all  plumbers  would  slight  their 
work  simply  because  they  had  a  contract  under  a  contractor  who 
knew  nothing  about  plumbing.  There  are  many  men  in  the 
plumbing  trade,  as  in  all  other  trades,  who  have  made  reputations 
for  doing  good  work,  and  who  could  not  afford  to  do  anything 
else;  yet  a  rule  or  law  that  is  intended  for  the  dishonest  or  crimi- 
nal class  must  necessarily  govern  all  others,  but  docs  not  work 
a  hardship  where  it  does  not  need  enforcement.  So,  if  doing 
away  with  the  sub-contract  system  will  have  the  tendency  to  j)rc- 
vent  defective  plumbing,  then  it  should  be  put  aside.  The  sub- 
contract system  is  bad  for  many  reasons.  No  man  should  become 
the  judge,  overseer,  or  responsible  for  something  he  knows  noth- 
ing about.  A  plumber  working  under  such  a  man  is  embarrassed 
and  will  find  difficulties  in  his  way  simply  on  account  of  the  ignor- 
ance of  the  contractor.  A  contractor  in  sub-letting  the  plumbing, 
cither  from  miserliness  or  necessity,  offers  such  a  small  sum  for 
the  work  that  it  becomes  impossible  for  any  man  to  do  good  work. 
The  lowest  bidder  gets  it,  if  his  bid  is  low  enough,  and  the  "coat 
is  cut  according  to  the  cloth."  The  contractor  contracts  for  the 
plumbing  work  to  make  a  profit  on  it,  and  the  money  that  sliould 
be  put  in  good  plumbing  goes  into  his  pockets. 


PLUMBERS'  WORK  AS  APPLIED  TO  THE  DUTIES  OF 
SANITARY  INSPECTORS.* 

In  dealing  with  the  subject  before  us,  I  hardly  think  it  would 
approach  completion  without  a  few  words  on  plumbers  and  sani- 
tary inspectors;  these  two  classes  of  men  greatly  resemble  each 
other  in  one  particular,  /.  c,  they  have  been  and  are  greatly  ma- 
ligned. Robbers  and  various  other  choice  epithets  are  not  consid- 
ered too  strong  to  use  towards  the  plumber  and  sanitary  inspector, 
yet,  under  the  present  system  of  living,  no  two  classes  of  men  are 
more  useful  in  their  way.  But  perhaps  we  have  not  far  to  seek 
for  a  reason.  The  work  executed,  or  the  greater  portion  of  it,  is 
hidden  away  in  ceilings,  behind  casings,  under  floors,  <S:c.,  so  that 
when  the  bill  is  presented  for  payment  there  is  very  little  to.  show 
for  the  time,  labor,  and  material  charged  for.  No  doubt  unprinci- 
pled plumbers  have  made  gain  by  this  fact,  and  charged  for  ma- 
terial never  used,  or  it  may  be  brought  about  by  the  fact  that  often 
when  a  plumber  is  called  in  to  do  some  repairs  he  has  to  pull 
down  half  a  wall,  or  tear  down  a  long  length  of  casing,  through 
no  fault  of  his  own,  but  because  when  the  pipes  were  laid  they 
were  given  to  the  cheapest  contractor,  who  naturally  laid  his  pipes 

♦Read  before  the  menibers  of  the  Association  of  I'liblic  Sanitary  Inspectors  of 
Great  Britain  by  A,  E,  Adams,  U.  P.  C,  Asso,  San.  lii.s. 


SO  as  to  take  shortest  length  and  shortest  time  to  lay,  without  any 
regard  for  the  repairs  to  follow,  so  that  the  present  plumber  is 
very  often  blamed  for  the  sin  of  his  fathers.  The  sanitary  in- 
spector is  often  maligned  by  people  who  are  quite  unaware  of  the 
duties  he  has  to  perform,  but  because  they  see  him  walking  about 
apparently  doing  little  or  nothing,  they  imagine  he  has,  to  use  a 
vulgar  expression,  "a  fine  tack;"  but  perhaps  the  greatest  cause 
of  the  plumbers'  trade  being  brought  into  such  disrepute  is  the 
"handy  man"  of  the  landlords  and  agents  who  have  the  care  of 
property.  Not  only  does  he  bring  the  plumber  into  disrepute,  but 
he  is  the  bane  of  the  inspector's  life;  to-day  he  is  a  plumber,  to- 
morrow a  painter,  the  next  day  a  slater,  and  so  on;  like  the  color- 
changing  chamelion,  you  never  can  be  sure  under  what  guise  you 
next  see  him.  What  a  blessing  he  is  to  his  employer.  He  can 
dab  a  bit  of  mortar  on  an  open  drain,  he  can  hang  a  sash,  he  can 
patch  a  water-pipe;  and  what  a  knowing  chap  he  is,  he  can  just 
do  as  much  work  and  no  more,  on  a  "notice  job,"  that  a  sanitary 
inspector  cannot  proceed  against  his  master.  It  is  these  men  who 
have  brought  discredit  on  plumbers'  and  every  one's  work.  My 
advice  is,  beware  of  the  handy  man.  Again,  botched  and  bad 
work  is  often  due  to  the  very  low  price  paid  for  having  w'ork  done 
— a  job  often  has  to  be  done  according  to  the  price  given, 
that  price  being  quite  inadequate  to  have  a  good  and  thorough 
job. 

We  have  good  hopes  that  in  a  few  years  time  jobbery  will  be 
done  away  with  in  plumbers'  work,  for  the  Worshipful  Company 
of  Plumbers  are  extending  their  crusade  all  through  the  country, 
and  every  man  professing  to  be  a  plumber  will  have  to  produce 
his  certificate  of  registration. 

Thanks  to  the  City  and  Guilds  of  the  London  Institute,  who 
are  trying  to  teach  our  plumbers  not  only  the  way  to  do  their  work 
in  a  workmanlike  manner,  but  also  the  scientific  way  of  doing 
such  work,  and  the  reason  why  it  should  be  so  done.  When  the 
plumber  has  reached  the  stage  of  perfection  aimed  at  by  these 
kindred  institutions,  we  shall  find  our  duties  considerably  light- 
ened; but  there  is  not  much  to  be  done  in  the  way  of  technical 
education  for  the  plumber,  but  there  is  room  and  great  room  for 
technical  education  in  the  sanitary  inspector,  and  the  best  techni- 
cal education  we  can  have  is  that  of  plumbers'  work.  We  ought 
to  be  thoroughly  conversant  with  every  detail  of  the  work  we  take 
in  hand;  that  some  of  us  are  not  conversant  with  details  I  feel 
perfectly  assured.  I  could  give  numerous  instances  to  prove  my 
assertion,  but  it  would  neither  be  fair  or  just,  and  beyond  the  mark 
of  the  subject  before  us.  Just  to  show  you  what  I  mean  by  detail, 
1  will  cite  one  instance.  A  friend  of  mine  a  short  time  since  had 
occasion  to  consult  an  inspector  (of  many  years  experience)  with 
regard  to  a  pan  water-closet.  The  nuisance  complained  of  was  a 
foul  smell  from  the  aforesaid  water-closet,  caused  by  the  water, 
every  time  the  closet  was  flushed,  running  through  the  hole  in  the 
iron  container  (made  for  the  lever  of  the  pan  to  pass  through)  and 
lodging  in  the  lead  tray  or  safe;  the  remedy  given  by  this  learned 
inspector  was  to  pour  molton  lead  into  the  opening.  Had  this 
course  been  pursued,  the  plumber  might  still  be  pouring  molten 
lead,  and  Ijc  no  nearer  the  remedy.  But  he  tried  the  true  remedy, 
and  1  believe  it  was  effectual,  viz.  a  little  putty  and  paint  applied 
in  a  workmanlike  manner. 

Having  thus  far  tried  to  show  how  nearly  we  are  allied  to 
plumbers  and  their  work  in  a  part  of  our  duties,  I  will  endeavor  to 
deal  with  a  few  details  in  which  plumbers'  work  bears  directly 
upon  that  part  of  a  sanitary  inspector's  duties  where  he  has  to 
examine,  condemn  and  refix  drains,  water-closets,  baths,  etc.  I 
consider  our  first  and  chief  duty  is  the  prevention  of  disease; 
when  disease  appears,  to  trace  its  source,  also  to  remedy  the  cause 
(if  [)ossible)  so  that  it  may  not  recur  again.  In  this  duty  we  are 
constantly  brought  into  contact  with  plumbers'  work  in  the  shape 
of  waste,  soil,  rain-water  pipes,  drains,  &c.  Although  the  latter 
may  not  be,  strictly  speaking,  the  work  of  the  plumber,  yet  on 
many  large  and  good  jobs  the  plumber  is  held  responsible,  and 
has  the  superintending  of  the  laying  of  the  drains;  especially  is 
this  the  case  where  drains  of  this  kind  have  to  be  brought  to  meet 
his  soil  or  waste  pipes;  at  any  rate,  a  plumber  ought  to  be 
able  to  know  what  size  drain  his  pipes  will  reciuire,  and  why  such 
size. 

Before  we  proceed  any  further,  1  think  we  ought  to  consider  what 
system  of  drainage  is  best,  viz.,  the  "trap"  or  the  "Iraplcss  sys- 


July  5,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Ill 


tem."  In  a  very  able  paper  read  before  this  association  in  Sep- 
tember, 1888,  a  gentleman  gave  as  his  opinion  that  the  latter  was 
the  perfection,  or,  to  be  more  correct,  the  acme  of  perfection  in 
house  drainage.  I  have  my  doubts  about  this  matter,  for  reasons 
which  I  will  not  try  to  explain.  I  do  not  wish  or  intend  to  set  up 
my  knowledge  or  experience,  which  are  both  very  small,  against 
the  knowledge  or  experience  of  the  reader  of  that  paper,  but 
there  were  one  or  two  points  not  dealt  wdth  which  I  think  come 
entirely  within  the  subject  of  my  paper. 

In  the  first  place,  the  "trapless  system"  is  a  misnomer,  for  a 
trap  is  used  to  intercept  or  disconnect  the  drains  from  the  sewer; 
secondly,  I  think  the  great  objection  to  it  is  that  there  is  no  check 
to  prevent  the  disagreeable  odors,  waste  pipes,  &c.,  from  entering 
the  house.  Experience  seems  to  show  that,  be  the  waste  pipes  of 
lead  of  the  best  workmanship,  laid  with  the  greatest  care,  all 
burrs  and  sharp  bends  avoided,  in  fact  a  perfect  job,  so  far  as  the 
making  and  laying  of  the  pipes  are  concerned,  in  a  few  years 
time,  if  not  before,  there  will  be  complaints  of  disagreeable  smells 
arising  from  the  scented  or  other  soap  which  has  congealed  to  the 
sides  of  the  bath  and  lavatory  waste  pipes,  or  from  the  soil  which 
has  found  a  resting  place  on  the  sides  of  the  soil  pipe.  For  the 
first  few  months  all  will  go  well,  but  by  degrees  the  smooth 
bore  of  the  pipe — to  use  a  plumber's  phrase — would  be  "eaten 
into,"  /.  e.  the  water  and  air  acting  alternately  on  the  lead  would 
have  a  chemical  effect,  causing  the  smooth  bore  to  become  rough; 
then,  instead  of  cleansing  themselves  they  would  become  more 
and  more  fouled. 

This  is  what  suggested  itself  to  me  if  the  pipes  were  of  lead. 
But,  if  the  pipes  were  iron,  it  seems  to  me — from  what  I  have 
read — that  they  would  become  foul  in  a  much  shorter  time.  An 
experiment  was  made  in  the  room  by  the  same  gentleman  to  show 
that  sewer  air  will  pass  through  any  number  of  water  barriers; 
this  seems  to  be  a  greater  reason  why  the  "trapless  system"  should 
find  little  favor.  I,  and  I  am  sure  all  of  us  are,  open  to  convic- 
tion, and  if  any  gentleman  in  the  room  will  try  and  show  us,  from 
experience  and  otherwise,  that  the  "trapless  system"  is  the  best, 
we  will  use  our  poor  influence  to  bring  about  this  "acme  of  per- 
fection." With  regard  to  the  "trap  system,"  I  think  the  old  fal- 
lacy that  because  a  pipe  is  trapped,  therefore  there  can  be  no 
danger,  is  fast  dying,  else  why  disconnect  soil-pipes  and  waste- 
pipes  at  the  foot.  We  claim  for  traps  that  they  can  keep  out  any 
sewer-gas  that  may  escape,  and  certainly  they  keep  out  any  disa- 
greeable odors  of  soap  and  soil  that  may  lodge  in  the  pipes.  If 
the  soil  and  waste-pipes  are  well  and  properly  ventilated,  there 
can  be  no  danger  of  a  pressure  upon  the  traps,  and  if  the  traps 
are  regularly  flushed  out,  there  can  be  no  danger  of  the  water  in 
them  becoming  foul.  No  doubt  there  is  much  to  be  said  for  and 
against  both  systems,  but  on  these  I  do  not  intend  to  enter;  it  is 
too  large  a  subject  for  a  paper  like  this  is  intended  to  be. 

Having  thus  briefly  touched  upon  the  trap  and  trapless  sys- 
tems, it  devolves  upon  me  to  say  something  about  traps  in  general. 
Trap-making  is  one  of  the  great  arts  in  connection  with  the 
plumber's  handicraft.  In  many  large  shops  they  keep  what  are 
called  "bench  hands,"  who  are  engaged  upon  nothing  else  but  the 
making  of  traps,  bends,  etc.  Traps  and  trap-making  is  a  part  of 
plumbers'  work  which  has  a  direct  bearing  upon  a  portion  of  our 
duties;  for  how  often  are  we  called  upon  to  examine  the  traps  of  a 
house  where  typhoid  or  diphtheria  has  made  its  appearance.  Per- 
haps, in  the  whole  history  of  sanitary  matters,  no  article  can  be 
found  which  has  more  perplexed  the  British  householder  than  the 
article  known  as  a  trap.  Each  inventor,  vender  and  fitter-up  has 
lauded  some  such  contrivance.  The  essentials  of  a  good  trap 
are,  that  it  should  be  self-cleansing;  that  the  water  should  be 
changed  every  time  of  using;  that  it  should  be  free  from  any 
working  parts  likely  to  get  out  of  order  or  become  fouled;  that  it 
should  hold  enough  water  to  prevent  the  escape  of  any  noxious 
vapors,  and  not  too  much  surface  exposed  to  the  air.  For  ordinary 
purposes  the  lead  S  or  P  trap,  properly  made,  fulfills  all  the  above 
conditions.  No  doubt  this  is  the  reason  why  patents  of  various 
other  sorts  find  so  little  favor.  There  has  been  put  into  the  mar- 
ket cast  and  drawn  lead  pipes  of  the  shapes  mentioned,  but  it  has 
been  found  that  they  will  not  last  as  long  as  the  hand-made  trap. 
For  some  reason  or  other,  they  collapse  completely.  Then,  there 
are  other  makes  of  lead  traps  in  the  market — e.  g.,  the  old  D  trap, 
which  we  rightly  condemn  for  reasons  upon  which  I  need  not 


dilate;  and  yet  the  old  D  tra[)  has  its  good  quality,  which  is  such 
a  good  one  that  it  has  been  jiroduced  in  a  new  form,  and  finds 
much  favor  in  the  south,  I  mean  the  "geometrically  formed  trap." 
It  is  almost  the  same  shape  as  the  old  D  trap,  but  so  constructed 
that  it  conforms  to  the  requirements  of  a  good  trap.  The  good 
quality  of  the  D  trap  is  that  it  is  not  so  easily  syphoned  as  the 
pipe  trap;  this,  when  a  number  of  water-closets  or  sinks  are  fixed 
on  a  length  of  pipe,  is  a  great  consideration.  This  syphonage  can 
be  obviated  to  a  great  degree  by  fixing  a  number  of  relief  (or  ven- 
tilating) pipes;  but  in  every  case  the  fixing  of  these  is  an  impossi- 
bility. I  need  not  enter  into  the  merits  or  demerits  of  the  different 
kinds  and  makes  of  traps.  We  are  all  familiar  with  Buchan's, 
Bowers',  &c.  Our  duty  lies  not  in  the  making  of  the  traps,  but  in 
the  fixing.  I  do  not  for  a  moment  wish  to  imply  that  we  ought 
not  to  know  the  advantages  and  the  disadvantages  of  the  various 
makes  of  traps,  for  it  ought  to  form  part  of  our  duty  to  acquaint 
ourselves  of  all  the  different  forms  and  makes.  With  regard  to 
the  fixing  of  traps  (for  the  present  I  exclude  water-closet  traps), 
the  trap  ought  to  be  fixed  perfectly  level,  or  on  such  a  slope  that 
the  water  seal  is  not  too  much  diminished  or  done  away  with  alto- 
gether. It  ought  to  be  fixed  as  near  the  bath  or  sink  as  can  be. 
Sometimes  we  get  complaints  of  unpleasant  smells  from  the  fact 
that  the  trap  has  been  fixed  too  far  away — perhaps  two  or  three 
feet  away — from  the  inlet,  leaving  this  length  of  fouled  pipe  to 
cause  the  smell  complained  of.  This  happens  most  often  when  a 
"  running,  horizontal  or  U  "  shaped  trap  has  to  be  fixed.  For  the 
convenience  of  making  the  joints,  the  plumber  will  leave  two  or 
three  feet  more  pipe  than  he  has  need  to  do.  This  kind  of  trap  is 
rarely  used  where  a  P  or  S  trap  can  be  fixed. 

I  think  it  will  be  obvious  to  us  that  a  trap  is  better  if  made  in 
one  piece,  but  as  they  take  a  longer  time  in  making,  they  are  more 
expensive;  consequently  we  generally  find  traps  made  in  two 
pieces  and  soldered  together.  The  great  art  in  trap-making  is  to 
get  the  lead  equal  in  every  part;  there  is  a  tendency  for  the  lead 
to  get  thin  at  the  edges  and  thick  at  the  center.  If  a  trap  is  fixed 
in  this  state,  the  hot  water  will  cause  it  to  expand,  the  cold  water 
to  contract,  and  the  trap  will  give  in  the  weakest  or  thinnest  place, 
viz.:  the  seams.  No  doubt  we  have  seen  traps  that  have  given 
way  in  this  manner.  Another  reason  for  traps  giving  way  at  the 
seams  is  the  galvanic  action  set  up  by  the  two  metals  used  in  the 
solder,  and  the  water  and  air  acting  upon  them  alternately;  so  that 
when  we  are  examining  lead  traps  we  ought  to  carefully  examine 
the  seams,  for  although  the  defect  may  only  be  enough  to  allow 
a  drop  of  water  to  escape  every  minute,  yet  that  drop  will  cause  the 
trap  to  become  unsealed. 

Now,  a  few  words  on  water-closets  and  the  fixing  of  them,  for  it 
is  in  this  part  of  our  duty  that  we  need  a  good  knowledge  of 
plumbers'  work.  The  first  thing  we  require  to  know  in  the  altera- 
tion or  carrying  out  a  system  of  the  disposal  of  f^cal  matter  by 
the  water  carriage  system,  is  what  kind  of  a  water-closet  apparatus 
we  are  going  to  fix.  There  are  such  a  number  of  "perfect  sanitary 
closets"  that  the  difficulty  is  to  pick  out  the  most  perfect.  The 
valve  water-closet  finds  great  favor  with  many  of  the  leading 
sanitarians  of  the  day;  there  is  no  doubt  it  possesses  advantages 
over  many  of  the  water-closets  now  put  into  the  market,  but  there 
are  several  drawbacks  to  its  general  use,  /.  e.,  it  is  too  expensive 
for  common  use;  there  are  too  many  working  parts  about  it,  and 
it  is  not  so  cleanly  as  the  earthenware:  therefore,  I  think  we  can 
divide  water-closets  into  two  divisions,  viz.,  the  wash-out  (manu- 
factured in  one  piece)  and  the  hopper  and  trap.  Personally,  I 
have  great  objection  to  the  wash-out.  It  offers,  to  my  mind,  sev- 
eral objections;  first  and  foremost,  it  is  not  as  clean  as  it  might 
be.  I  have  taken  particular  notice  of  several  that  have  been  fixed, 
and  I  find  that  the  back  part  of  the  outlet  of  the  basin  is  ofiener 
than  not  covered  with  filth.  Several  have  told  me  that  this  is  due 
to  inefficient  flush,  but  to  my  mind  it  is  due,  not  to  the  inefficient 
flush,  because  I  have  noticed  that  it  is  not  only  in  the  back  and 
Side  of  the  flush  wash-out,  but  in  those  with  a  flushing  rim  where 
the  water  drops  direct  on  the  part  complained  of,  but  it  is  due  to 
the  water  not  being  able  to  scour  the  back  part  of  the  trap.  An- 
other drawback  is  that  if  it  is  used  as  a  urinal,  as  a  water-closet 
ought  to  be  used — for  urinals  are  objectionable  in  private  houses 
— the  urine  trickles  over  the  basin  and  causes  not  merely  the 
staining  of  the  basin,  but  in  time  an  objectionable  odor;  this  will 
be  especially  noticeable  if  the  closet  is  used  by  a  number  of 


112 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  335 


females.  Again,  if  the  water-closet  happens  to  become  choked, 
the  whole  apparatus  has  to  be  taken  up  to  unstop  it,  and  I  can  tell 
you  from  experience  that  it  is  anything  but  a  pleasant  job.  In  the 
hopper  and  trap  none  of  these  objections  offer  themselves,  pro- 
viding we  get  a  good  form  of  basin  with  a  good  scouring  flush; 
the  best  I  have  seen  in  the  market  was  a  pattern  made  by  Dodd 
(late  of  Cable  street).  The  hopper  and  trap  can  be  used  as  a 
urinal  if  fitted  with  an  earthenware  top,  without  any  fear  of  objec- 
tionable odors  arising  therefrom,  for  it  can  be  scrubbed  every  day 
with  a  brush,  and  each  and  every  part  can  be  so  cleansed  if  the 
seat  is  hinged  so  as  to  allow  of  it  being  raised  for  this  purpose.  I 
assisted  to  fix  this  form  of  water-closet  in  the  Hospital  for  Women, 
Shaw  street,  and  they  gave  the  greatest  satisfaction.  Now,  as  to 
the  mode  of  fixing  water-closets  in  general,  the  soil-pipe  is  the 
first  part  to  be  fixed;  this  ought  to  be  fixed  outside  the  premises, 
disconnected  at  the  bottom  by  a  trap  made  specially  for  that  pur- 
pose, and  carried  by  a  continuous  line  of  pipes  to  a  safe  distance 
above  the  roof.  The  branch-piece  that  attaches  the  water-closet 
to  the  soil-pipe  ought  to  receive  our  particular  attention,  for  I  am 
sorry  to  see  many  plumbers  using  the  iron  branch-piece;  this 
branch-piece  is  too  short  to  receive  the  outlet  of  the  earthenware 
trap,  which  means  that  a  piece  of  lead  pipe  has  to  be  inserted 
into  the  iron  socket  and  over  the  outlet  of  the  trap,  making  two 
joints  in  place  of  one,  and  one  of  these  joints  buried  very  likely  in 
the  wall.  This  joint  being  made  with  putty  or  red-lead  is  apt  to 
crack  or  break;  if  this  happens  we  have  the  whole  fumes  of  the 
soil-pipe  escaping  into  the  house,  and  where  the  soil-pipe  is  not 
disconnected,  sewer-gas  finds  only  too  ready  an  entrance. 

Let  us  discourage,  as  far  as  we  can,  the  use  of  iron  branch- 
pipes;  the  branch-pipe  ought  to  be  made  of  lead,  with  an  arm 
sufficiently  long  to  reach  the  earthenware  trap.  This  branch 
piece  is  better  made  of  three  pieces  of  lead  than  soldered  on  to 
the  perpendicular  piece,  as  is  most  common,  for  a  reason  which  I 
will  give  later  on.  The  joint  between  the  earthenware  trap  and 
lead  ought  to  be  fixed  by  means  of  a  lead  flange,  bolted  on  to  the 
flange  of  the  trap,  packed  with  red-lead,  paint  and  tow.  The 
joints  of  the  soil-pipe,  presuming  them  to  be  iron,  ought  to  be 
rusted  together,  which  rust  is  made  by  mixing  iron  fillings,  sal- 
ammoniac,  water,  and  a  pinch  of  sulphur;  the  joints  are  packed 
with  tow,  hemp,  or  rope;  the  rusting  is  then  driven  tight  into  the 
joints  by  tools  made  specially  for  the  purpose.  Before  the  trap  is 
finally  placed  in  position,  it  ought  to  be  tested  as  to  whether  It  is 
a  trap,  for  I  remember  a  large  house  being  fitted  up  with  new 
sanitary  arrangements,  and  the  last  state  was  worse  than  the  first 
— owing  to  the  water-closet  traps  being  no  traps — for  when  the 
job  was  done  it  was  discovered  that  the  water  seal  in  the  water- 
closet  traps  formed  no  barrier  to  the  escape  of  sewer-gas,  and 
new  water-closets  had  to  be  substituted  at  the  cost  of  the  firm 
carrying  out  the  work.  Various  cisterns  are  used  for  the  various 
patterns  of  water-closets,  but  perhaps  the  best  is  the  simplest 
form  of  syphon  system  we  can  get,  for  the  reason  that  persons 
very  often,  when  using  a  water-closet,  neglect  to  hold  the  handle 
long  enough  to  ensure  a  sufficient  flush.  In  making  the  selection 
of  a  cistern,  we  ought  to  try  and  get  a  ball  tap  that  will  allow  of 
the  cistern  being  filled  as  quickly  as  possible  after  it  has  been 
used.  If  we  get  a  slow-filling  cistern,  the  probability  is  that  the 
next  time  the  water-closet  is  used,  there  will  only  be  a  partial 
flush.  The  cistern  ought  to  be  fixed,  if  possible,  directly  over  the 
water-closet,  so  as  to  allow  the  full  weight  and  force  of  water  to 
cleanse  the  basin  and  trap;  if  we  cannot  get  above  four  feet  of  a 
drop  from  the  bottom  of  the  cistern  to  the  basin,  a  i^-'ri.  pipe 
ought  to  be  used;  if  over  four  feet,  a  iX-in.  pipe  will  generally  be 
sufficient.  There  is  a  great  knack  in  the  way  the  flush-pipe  enters 
the  basin  so  as  to  obtain  a  good  scouring  flush.  I  cannot  enter 
into  the  various  methods  employed,  or  the  various  shapes  the 
mouth  of  the  pipe  is  made  to  ensure  such  a  flush,  for  their  name 
is  "  legion,"  except  to  say  that  cork  or  wood  should  not  be  em- 
ployed, for  in  time  these  temporary  methods  will  come  out  of  the 
placej  and  the  flush  perhaps  be  worse  than  ever.  The  putty  joint 
is  made  as  follows:  The  arm  of  the  basin  and  the  flush-pipe  is 
painted  just  around  the  arm;  the  putty  is  then  laid  around  the 
two,  over  this  is  carefully  wrapped  a  piece  of  rag,  which  has  also 
received  a  coat  of  paint,  and  then  to  bind  the  whole  together  a 
long  piece  of  string  is  tied  in  a  peculiar  manner  known  only  to  the 
craft.    The  joint  is  thus  made,  and  may  receive,  if  thought  neces- 


sary, a  coat  of  paint,  which  will  tend  to  bind  them  all  together. 

A  tew  remarks  on  the  water-closet  branch-piece,  and  then  I 
have  finished.  I  stated  that  the  branch-piece  was  better  made 
out  of  three  pieces  of  lead  and  soldered  together  than  the  branch- 
pipe  soldered  on  to  the  perpendicular  soil-pipe;  but  even  this 
plan  is  better  than  an  air- pipe  taken  from  the  top  of  a  bend— the 
first-named  plan  is  the  best  for  several  reasons,  (i.)  We  get  the 
full  bore  of  the  pipe  both  for  the  soil  and  air-pipe.  (2.)  There  is 
no  chance  of  any  solder  to  form  a  burr  or  projection  into  the  pipe. 
(3.)  The  danger  of  allowing  the  branch-piece  to  the  socket  into 
the  perpendicular  pipe  too  much,  or  the  air-pipe  to  socket  too  far 
into  the  soil-pipe,  is  obviated.  A  few  of  the  mistakes  that  may 
occur— unless  the  greatest  care  is  exercised — in  the  two  last- 
named  systems  of  branching  air-pipes  on  to  soil-pipes  are:  The 
solder  in  making  the  joint  may  run  inside  and  form  an  obstruc- 
tion to  the  soil  and  paper;  the  branch-piece  may  be  socketed  too 
far  into  the  perpendicular  pipe,  and  so  allow  an  accumulation  of 
filth  to  gather;  the  branch-pipe  may  get  moved  from  its  angle 
before  soldering,  and  thus  cause  a  bad  joint  at  its  upper  end. 
Those  of  you  who  know  the  mode  of  getting  the  angle  and  fixing 
these  pipes  will  understand  what  I  mean.  The  soldering  of  an 
air-pipe  on  to  the  top  of  a  bend  coming  from  a  water-closet  is  the 
worst  plan  of  all.  Oftener  than  not,  the  top  of  the  bend  is  only 
opened  out  to  2^  or  3  inches  diameter,  then  a  4-in.  socket  is 
planted  on  the  top  of  the  opening  and  soldered,  so  that  really  we 
only  have  a  2>^  or  3-in.  air-pipe.  Again,  this  socket-pipe  may  be 
lowered  too  far  in  the  bend,"  thus  forming  a  barrier  to  the  passage 
of  the  soil,  and  if  it  does  not  actually  cause  a  stoppage,  it  allows 
the  accumulation  of  filth,  which  is  far  from  desirable. 

There  are  several  items  I  would  like  to  have  pointed  out  to 
you  in  connection  with  this  part  of  my  subject,  but  I  think  I  have 
said  enough  to  show  you  that  there  are  many  small  details  which 
we  would  do  well  to  study. 


SYPHON  WATER-CLOSETS. 

In  the  frantic  endeavors  to  get  something  new  in  the  sanitary 
(?)  line,  it  seems  likely  that  the  good  name  and  reputation  of  that 
most  excellent  sanitary  apparatus,  the  "  Syphon  water-closet," 
must  necessarily  suffer,  independent  of  the  fact  that  they  have 
been  used  and  tried  for  the  past  few  years  and  found  to  be  good 
workers,  efficient  in  operation,  comparatively  noiseless  in  use,  and, 
above  all,  economical  users  of  water,  and  as  near  water-waste 
preventing  as  any  apparatus  can  be  made,  consistent  with  the 
work  performed.  Therefore  we  cannot  understand  why  it  is  that 
our  trade,  as  a  rule,  can  not  or  do  not  appreciate  the  tried  and 
really  good  things  in  our  business, but  must  be  everlastingly  reach- 
ing out  and  embracing  the  new,  regardless  of  alter-costs,  or  even 
exercising  that  care  and  forethought  that  should  be  expended  upon 
all  sanitary  appliances.  Is  it  because  the  ship  that  has  carried  us 
across,  which  we  have  no  more  use  for,  must  be  despised  as  soon 
as  we  are  safely  landed?    It  seems  so. 

Water-closets,  like  fashions,  seem  to  have  a  period  in  which 
they  are  the  "  go."  The  "  style,"  and  no  other  consideration,  is 
thought  of;  not  a  thought  is  ever  given  to  the  future.  No  one 
seems  to  be  anticipating  the  tiine  that  is  surely  coming  to  us,  as  it 
has  come  to  nearly  all  continental  countries,  where  water  is  me- 
tered and  every  gallon  paid  for,  whether  wasted  or  not.  Already 
we  hear  ot  threatened  water-famines  in  our  larger  cities,  and  we 
know  enough  of  the  general  short  supplies  elsewhere  to  cause 
some  uneasiness;  but  does  the  plumber  and  the  architect  take  this 
into  consideration  in  the  selection  of  a  water-closet?  We  doubt 
it.  In  fact,  we  venture  the  assertion  that  there  are  not  in  our  en- 
tire city  ten  persons,  in  or  out  of  the  trade  or  profession,  who  can 
tell  within  a  liberal  fraction  the  quantity  of  water  that  any  three 
of  the  now  prevailing  kinds  of  closets  used  take  for  a  single  flush. 
Still  we  go  ahead  blindly  endorsing  this  thing  and  that,  more  be- 
cause it  is  new  than  for  anything  else  to  commend  it,  or  because 
it  enters  into  a  popular  class. 

We  find  closets  being  endorsed  and  put  forward  as  "  world- 
beaters  "  because  they  are  called  "syphons,"  which  take  at  the 
rate  of  three  out  of  every  four  gallons  to  be  forced  into  the  soil- 
I)ipe  to  draw  out  one  gallon  from  its  bowl.  Common  sense  (which 
seems  to  be  very  rare  with  some  of  our  trade)  teaches  us  that 
every  drop  of  the  flush-water  allowed  for  a  service  to  a  closet 
should  be  allowed  to  pass  through  the  flush-rim  of  the_  earthen- 


July  5,  1890.] 


118 


ware  bowl,  to  thoroughly  cJease  and  scour  that  part  of  the  ware 
that  is  exposed  and  likely  to  become  defiled  by  use.  Yet,  in  spite 
of  this  apparent  truth,  we  find  plenty  of  fanatics  eager  to  adopt 
and  endorse  a  class  of  syphons  which,  in  addition  to  being  prima- 
rily extravagant  users  of  water  to  at  all  operate  them,  waste  more 
than  three-fourths  of  their  allotted  flush-water,  which  is  forced  in  a 
jet  either  up  or  down  through  the  trap  of  a  closet,  that  might  just 
as  well  be  poured  into  the  sewer  at  the  "catch-basin,"  for  all  the 
cleansing  that  this  volume  of  wasted  water  does  to  the  closet. 

How  ridiculous  and  absurd  to  expect  a  stream  of  water  to  scour 
and  clean  the  soiled  sides  of  a  bowl,  when  it  is  introduced  as  a 
motive  power  at  the  bottom  of  a  closet  six  to  seven  inches  below 
the  water-level,  and  forced  up  the  first  leg  of  the  trap!  But  even 
more  silly  it  is  when  this  stream  is  brought  in  at  the  crown  of  the 
down  leg  of  the  trap  to  force  it  down,  and  with  the  same  insane 
idea  of  expecting  it  to  scour  the  sides  of  the  closet. 

No;  we  would  better  abandon  an  apparatus  that  requires  so 
much  fuel  to  feed  the  fire.  Straining  at  "gnats,"  etc.,  seems  to  be 
the  rule  in  order  to  get  something  new,  and  a  gullible  public  to  in- 
flict it  upon. 

^  We  fear  our  architect  friend  is  too  easily  impressed  with  this 
popular  craze  in  water-closets,  or  else  he  can't  be  thoroughly 
posted  in  what  he  specifies.  First  cost  will  not  be  the  least  cost 
with  many  of  our  new  appliances  when  we  come  to  a  meter  serv- 
ice which,  sooner  or  later,  will  be  put  onto  every  supply,  however 
small.    Observer. 

THE  KITCHEN  SINK. 

The  Mechanical  News  discourses  as  follows  on  a  fixture  of 
much  importance  in  domestic  economy,  cleanliness  and  health. 

First  as  to  the  material — we  all  know  by  heart  the  undeniable 
statement  which  appears  on  so  many  prominent  signs,  that  "Cast 
Iron  Sinks."  The  same  remark  might  be  made  of  lead,  earthen- 
ware, and  even  of  wood,  in  the  same  connection. 

Each  material  has  its  peculiar  merits  and  demerits. 

Items  for  cast  iron:  It  is  cheap  and  non-porous.  Against  it: 
It  gets  rusty  and  unsightly,  unless  zinc-coated  by  that  process  so 
inappropriately  termed  "galvaniz'ing." 

A  lead  sink  of  course  means  a  lead-coated  sink — generally  of 
wood.  It  does  not  get  rusty;  but  it  does  get  wrinkled  like  unto 
the  visage  of  Methuselah  during,  say,  the  last  goo  years  of  his 
life.  Fewer  dishes,  etc.,  are  broken  in  a  lead-lined  sink  than  in 
one  of  iron,  for  obvious  reasons. 

A  non-lined  wooden  sink  is  an  abomination.  It  gets  foul  in 
spite  of  soap,  sand  and  scalding,  and  is  not  durable. 

Nearly  every  sink  in  every  fifty  houses  you  may  name  is  too 
small  to  take  in  a  self-respecting  dish  pan.  It  might  be  laid  down 
as  a  broad  general  principle  that  sheep  and  beeves  grow  about  of 
certain  sizes;  that  roasts  of  mutton  and  beef  come  of  about 
certain  sizes;  that  dishes  have  to  be  big  enough  to  hold  them;  and 
that  sinks  should  be  big  enough  to  take  in  the  dish  pans  which 
are  to  hold  those  dishes. 

Next  memorandum:  The  average  servant  girl  will  choke  up 
any  sink  outlet  on  the  market.  We  must  circumvent  her  by 
either  making  a  non-chokable  outlet,  or  providing  easy  means  of 
removing  the  obstacles  once  in  them. 

Some  day,  some  bright  dealer  will  put  on  the  market  a  sink 
trap  which  can  be  removed  by  the  average  kitchen  servant,  or  at 
any  rate  by  her  bond  servant,  the  alleged  master  of  the  house  — 
and  which  can,  when  so  removed,  be  opened  out  lengthwise,  and 
flushed  free  from  grease  coatings  and  from  anything  which  may 
have  lodged  in  the  way  of  an  obstruction. 

The  entire  strainer  device  needs  to  be  reorganized  on  a  divi- 
dend paying  basis.  There  should  be  quite  a  deep  and  long  recess 
between  the  bottom  of  the  sink  and  the  trap;  and  the  upper 
strainer  should  be  flush  with  the  bottom  of  the  tank;  flat  and 
level;  readily  removable,  and  strong  enough  not  to  be  in  danger  of 
breakage.  The  under  strainer  should  have  very  fine  holes;  should 
thoroughly  protect  the  trap  from  the  entrance  of  solid  matter; 
and  should  be  screwed  in  as  not  to  be  removed  without  some  little 
trouble. 

I  am  not  sure  but  that  the  sink  should  have  faucets  like  those 
of  stationary  wash-stands,  to  swing  back  out  the  way.  One  thing 
is  certain:  If  there  is  a  pump  at  the  sink  it  should  be  so  arranged 
that  its  barrel  should  not  take  up  half  the  sink  and  its  handle 


about  one-quarter  of  the  kitchen.   The  pump  should  be  set  at  the 

end  of  the  sink  next  the  wall,  or  most  out  of  the  way;  this,  prefer- 
ably at  the  right  hand  side,  because  most  people  arc  only  right- 
handed  mstead  of  both  handed;  and  the  handle  should  swivel  out 
of  the  way.  The  contrary  extreme  is  sometimes  gone  to;  the  han- 
dle is  so  close  to  the  wall  that  the  operator  barks  his  or  her  knuck- 
les three  times  out  of  a  possible  four. 

If  the  sink  pump  is  also  arranged  with  a  by-pass  so  that  it  sup- 
plies or  forces  the  water  to  the  tank  in  the  attic  then  it  should 
surely  be  so  arranged  that  the  soloist  can  change  hands  while  exe- 
cuting an  adagio. 

There  are  two  things  which  can  be  done  with  the  space  under 
the  sink. 

One  is  to  fill  it  in  and  thereby  offer  a  premium  on  the  closet 
thus  formed,  with  a  choice  selection  of  wet  house  cloths,  cinque- 
cento  scrubbing  brushes,  saucers  of  stove  polish,  back  number 
gaiters,  etc. 

The  other  is  to  leave  the  space  clean  and  open,  without  even  a 
projecting  leg  to  support  the  sink. 

I  think  that  good  housewives  will  vote  for  the  open  space. 

I  am  not  certam  but  that  the  sink  should  stand  out  from  the 
wall  half  an  inch,  for  anti-croton-buggian  reasons. 

Its  anterior  angles  should  be  rounded  to  a  gentle  radius  to  pre- 
vent the  lodgment  of  greases  and  to  facilitate  cleaning. 


WHICH  IS  THE  BEST  SYSTEM  OF  PREVENTING  BACK- 
WATER FROM  SEWERS  ENTERING  BUILDINGS 
DURING  RAIN-STORMS?* 

Mr.  President  and  Fellow-Craftsmen  of  the  National  Association 
of  Master  Plumbers  of  the  United  States: 

The  selection  of  subjects  for  essays  to  be  read  before  the  mem- 
bers of  a  national  congress  of  master  plumbers  should  be  one  of 
the  most  important  matters  coming  before  that  body.  For  in- 
stance, an  essay  is  read  without  comment,  and  it  is  then  handed 
over  to  the  Secretary  and  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Na- 
tional Association,  and  it  is  accepted  as  the  proper  method  of 
solving  the  problem,  and  there  the  matter  ends.  We  contend  that 
this  is  not  as  it  should  be.  There  bem:,  so  many  scientific  men 
gathered  together  who  have  studied  cause  and  effect  in  many  very 
important  matters,  by  giving  theii  experience  in  the  observation 
of  these  cases,  much  light  might  be  shed  upon  various  subjects 
which  would  otherwise  remain  a  mystery.  It  was  recognized  as  a 
fundamental  principle  by  the  founders  of  this  American  republic 
that  the  human  race,  crippled  by  sin,  was  incapable,  individually 
considered,  of  self-government;  that  a  congregation  of  individuals, 
however,  might,  through  the  medium  of  their  chosen  representa- 
tives, secure  a  great  degree  of  personal  liberty,  and  yet  be  subject 
to  useful  and  wholesome  restrictive  laws;  and  to  this  end  a  re- 
publican form  of  government  was  established.  Therefore,  we 
consider  that  this  national  congress  of  master  plumbers  should  be, 
to  a  certain  extent,  held  responsible  for  the  general  diffusion  of 
knowledge,  which  should  pertain  strictly  to  the  advancement  of 
sanitary  science,  as  many  things  are  becoming  known  which  have 
heretofore  not  been  thought  of. 

I  have  read  with  much  interest  a  very  able  article  upon  the 
relative  merits  of  wrought  and  cast  iron  pipe  and  fittings.  There 
are  very  many  valuable  points  in  this  essay,  and  yet  practical  ex- 
perience demonstrates  that  Mr.  Beesley  is  mistaken  in  one  point 
at  least.  He  states  that  standard  pipe  should  not  be  used  except 
for  vents  above  the  highest  fixtures.  I  herewith  present  a  photo- 
graph of  a  pipe  which  was  put  in  use,  and  I  believe  it  was  the 
first  soil-pipe  carried  through  a  roof  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  I 
put  this  pipe  up  myself  in  the  spring  of  1871,  there  being  about 
thirty  feet  of  it  above  the  highest  fixture,  all  of  which  could  be 
seen  through  as  a  sieve  when  I  took  it  out  in  the  spring  of  i88g. 
The  pipe  when  put  in  was  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and 
the  decayed  pipe  was  all  above  the  water-line  of  the  highest  fix- 
ture. The  pipe  below  was  of  the  same  quality,  leading  down  four 
stories  below,  with  sinks  and  water-closets  connected  on  each  floor; 
showing  that  the  pipe  through  which  the  water  passes  will  last 
much  longer  than  the  pipe  carrying  off  the  vapor,  as  there  is  not 
the  slightest  defect  in  any  of  the  pipe  below  the  fixtures.    I  men- 

*  Essay  presented  in  behalf  of  St.  Louis  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  by 
Joseph  P.  Gallagher,  and  read  at  the  Denver  Convention  of  Master  Plumbers,  June 
18, 1890. 


114 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  335 


tion  this  case  before  this  association,  knowing  as  I  do  that  very 
many  of  these  vent-pipes  are  placed  in  partition  walls  entirely  out 
of  sight,  and  if  not  closely  watched  our  last  condition  will,  in  a  few 
years,  be  worse  than  the  first.  My  opinion  is  that  no  iron  pipe 
should  be  used  for  back-air  or  for  soil-pipe  above  the  highest 
fi.\ture- 

I  mention  these  facts  as  a  matter  of  interest  to  the  craft — the 
matter  having  come  under  my  personal  observation;  and  I  hope 
I  may  be  pardoned  tor  my  divergence  from  the  subject  assigned 
to  the  St.  Louis  Master  Plumbers'  Association — that  being: 
"  Which  is  the  Best  System  of  Preventing  Back-Water  trom  Sew- 
ers Entering  Buildings  During  Severe  Rain-Storms?" 

This  subject  should  have  been  assigned  to  some  of  the  local 
associations  where  sewer-water  troubles  prevail,  such  not  being 
the  case  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  only  in  very  rare  instances;  there- 
fore the  St.  Louis  plumbers  have  given  this  subject  but  very  little 
consideration,  they,  as  a  rule,  believing  that  the  proper  time  to 
overcome  difficulties  is  when  they  encounter  them.  Our  sewerage 
system  is  believed  to  be  the  best  of  any  city  in  the  United  States, 
our  drainage  being  as  near  perfect  as  it  can  be  made.  There  are 
many  cities  throughout  this  country  that  are  troubled  very  much 
with  this  backing  up  of  sewer-water  into  the  cellars  of  buildings, 
and  thousands  of  dollars  of  valuable  property  is  annually  de- 
stroyed. There  have  been  many  devices  invented  and  patented 
in  the  way  of  automatic  back-water  valves  that  are  said  to  over- 
come this  trouble.  These  valves  may  prevent  the  trouble,  and 
they  may  not.  They  are  usually  placed  in  the  house-drain,  out  of 
sight,  and  in  many  cases  out  of  reach,  making  it  very  difficult  to 
make  an  examination  of  the  device  after  it  is  put  in  position;  and 
as  sewers  are  usually  filled  up  with  all  sorts  of  garbage,  and  in 
many  cases  rags  are  thrown  into  soil-pipes  and  drains  which  are 
liable  to  be  caught  in  these  back-water  valves  and  thereby  destroy 
its  workings,  these  are  contingencies  which  may  occur  at  any  mo- 
ment, and  might  not  occur  for  years.  Much  depends  upon  the 
manner  in  which  these  valves  are  used. 

There  are  other  ways  in  which  back  sewer-water  may  be  pre- 
vented from  entering  buildings.  One  way  is  certain  to  work  well 
at  all  times  and  under  all  circumstances,  which  is  to  have  a  sepa- 
rate system  of  drainage  tor  the  storm-water  from  that  of  the  house- 
drainage.  This  method  is,  of  course,  expensive  in  the  first 
construction  of  the  system,  but  it  avoids  all  trouble  from 
back-sewerage  for  all  times.  Another  way  to  prevent  back- 
water from  sewers  damaging  buildings,  where  the  separate  system 
of  sewerage  does  not  exist,  is  to  use  heavy  iron  pipe  of  the  proper 
.size,  laid  from  the  main  sewer  in  the  street  through  under  the  cel- 
lar-bottom to  the  rear  of  the  building;  there  run  a  stand-pipe  of 
the  same  material  to  a  point  a  few  feet  above  the  level  of  the  street 
manhole.  The  iron  drain-pipe,  to  be  lasting,  should  be  of  special 
extra  strong,  and  all  joints  should  be  calked  with  the  same  care 
that  street-mains  are  calked.  Never  leave  a  possibility  or  a  doubt 
in  your  mind  that  a  joint  could  be  defective;  place  in  your  drain 
at  proper  distance  handholes  with  Y  branches  and  brass  screws; 
calk  therein  and  place  in  such  a  position  that  if  any  stoppage 
should  occur  a  wire  rope  could  be  inserted  for  the  purpose  of 
cleansing,  with  but  little  trouble,  at  any  point  the  stoppage  may 
occur. 

We  would  not  recommend  the  common  stone  pipe  to  be  used 
in  any  locality  where  back-water  is  liable  to  give  trouble,  as  we 
do  not  believe  that  a  perfect  job  could  be  made  with  that  kind  of 
material;  and,  in  addition  to  what  I  have  already  said,  I  would 
recommend  for  basements,  where  sinks  and  laundry-tubs  are 
placed,  a  valve  to  be  placed  under  each  fixture,  with  a  rubber 
ball,  which  would  immediately  close  up  the  apperture  of  the 
waste-pipe  or  water-closet  in  the  basement  the  moment  the  drain 
had  any  back  pressure  applied.  I  believe  that  this  system  is  per- 
fection. I  believe  that  this  system  is  perfection  in  relation  to  the 
subject  for  essay,  but  St.  Louis  plumbers  were  never  known  to 
take  back-water  under  any  circumstances. 


THii  Electrical  Improvement  Syndicate  of  Boston  control  the 
output  of  a  new  zinc,  the  important  feature  of  which  is  its  amal- 
gamation, the  mercury  being  incorporated  into  one  homogeneous 
mass;  making  its  life  three  times  as  long  as  ordinary  amalgamated 
zinc.  The  internal  resistance  is  very  much  less,  while  the  electro- 
motive force  is  increased.  The  zinc  will  be  made  in  all  sizes  and 
forms,  and  can  be  ap|)lied  to  any  liattery. 


TRAPS.* 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen : 

It  would  require  a  longer  article  than  we  would  be  permitted  to 
present  here  to  tell  all  that  is  known  of  traps  to-day.  Neither  do 
we  aim  to  instruct  you,  members  of  this  National  Association,  on 
the  construction  or  the  proper  use  of  traps,  for  we  are  aware  that 
you  are  familiar  with  this  subject  and  all  realize  the  importance 
of  traps  and  their  proper  use  in  the  plumbing  business.  Neither 
do  we  aim  to  advertise  the  manufacturer  of  any  special  trap,  nor 
to  recommend  the  use  of  one  kind  of  trap  above  another. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  traps  in  use  to-day,  and  they 
are  not  all  used  for  the  same  purposes.  A  gentleman  remarked 
yesterday,  after  being  in  our  convention,  that  he  knew  of  no  better 
choice  for  their  daughters  than  to  catch  a  handsome  plumber,  so 
beware  lest  some  of  these  fair  ones  have  traps  set  for  you,  and  you 
be  compelled  to  pay  for  an  extra  ticket  in  order  to  get  home. 
And  we  heard  one  of  the  delegates  request  your  Hon.  Mayor  that 
if  any  of  the  members  of  his  delegation  should  get  in  the  police 
station,  to  see  that,  when  he  was  released,  he  would  be  properly 
labeled  and  sent  to  New  York,  so  it  is  one  thing  to  get  into  a  trap 
and  another  to  know  how  to  get  out.  But  these  traps  are  foreign 
to  our  subject,  and  we  will  proceed  to  consider  traps  used  in  the 
plumbing  business. 

A  prominent  writer  has  said  that,  "  when  we  extend  the  soil- 
pipe  full  size,  through  the  roof,  with,  an  inlet  for  fresh  air  on  the 
line  of  the  house  drain,  we  have  established  a  circulation  of  fresh 
air,"  and,  we  think,  in  addition  to  this,  by  placing  a  proper  trap  on 
the  house  drain  outside  the  fresh  air  inlet,  we  not  only  protect  the 
house  from  the  sewer  air  in  the  sewer  but  provide  for  a  circulation 
of  purer  air  than  without  this  trap. 

We  will  not  wait  here  to  answer  objections  that  are  raised  to 
the  use  of  this  trap  by  some.  There  is  one,  however,  that  is 
raised  on  the  ground  that  the  soil-pipe  should  be  a  ventilator  for 
the  sewer,  but  we  do  not  think  that  it  is  proper  to  ventilate  the 
sewer  through  the  house  in  this  way. 

There  is  nothing  more  important  than  the  proper  use  of  traps 
in  the  plumbing  business,  and  as  they  are  used  to  prevent  sewer 
air  from  entering  our  homes,  and  as  was  stated  in  the  address  of 
welcome,  made  at  the  opening  of  our  convention  by  our  worthy 
member,  "that  an  ounce  of  preventive  is  worth  more  than  a  pound 
of  cure,"  I  would  advise  you,  gentlemen  and  ladies  of  Denver, 
who  are  having  plumbing  done  in  your  homes,  to  employ 
a  competent  and  reliable  man  to  see  that  the  traps  arc  pro- 
perly placed,  and  of  the  proper  construction,  and  don't  kick  when 
your  plumber  presents  his  bill  for  his  services,  for  it  is  much 
cheaper  to  pay  the  plumber's  bills  to  prevent  sickness,  than  to  pay 
the  doctor's  bill  to  cure  you  and  your  family  when  sick,  or  the 
undertaker  for  funeral  expenses.  While  we  do  not  wish  to  injure 
the  business  of  the  worthy  physician  or  the  undertaker,we  would  like 
to  impress  on  your  minds  the  importance  of  having  your  houses  in 
a  good  sanitary  condition,  and  prevent  sickness  which  is  often 
caused  by  bad  plumbing. 

A  man  in  the  plumbing  business  to-day,  in  order  to  be  success- 
ful, must  be  familiar  with  the  sanitary  appliances  and  the  laws  of 
sanitation,  and  there  are  so  many  journals  on  these  subjects  be- 
fore us  that  there  is  no  excuse  for  the  man  in  this  business  not 
being  familiar  with  these  modern  methods  and  appliances  in  use 
to-day.  And  we  consider  it  absolutely  necessary  that  the  master 
plumber  give  the  sanitary  part  of  his  business  his  special  atten- 
tion, as  well  as  in  seeing  that  the  proverbial  plumber's  bill  is  made 
out  properly. 

The  necessity  of  traps  being  self-cleansing  and  having  a  proper 
seal,  being  properly  placed,  and  that  each  fixture  have  a  separate 
trap,  is  a  matter  with  which  you  are  all  familiar.  The  question  of 
securing  traps  against  losing  their  water  seal  by  syphonage,  back 
pressure,  momentum,  capillary  attraction  or  evaporation,  is  a 
very  important  one  and  is  demanding  the  attention  of  the  ablest 
minds  on  the  subject  of  sanitation,  and  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant questions  in  relation  to  traps. 

There  are  some  non-syphon  traps  made  and  used  to-day,  and 
their  manufacturers  claim  that  they  arc  perfect  safe-guards 
against  sewer  air,  without  the  necessity  of  back  venting,  and  I 
have  no  doubt  some  of  these  at  least  can  be  used  safely  under 

*P;iper  re.id  by  Mr.  D.  M.  (iuiiy,  of  K.iiisas  City,  Mo.,  before  the  M.ister 
I'himbers'  Convention  at  Denver,  June  18,  IHiH). 


July  5,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


Wo 


certain  circumstances.  The  most  of  our  plumbing  ordinances  re- 
quire that  all  traps  shall  be  properly  ventilated  and  that  this  is  the 
best  means  to  prevent  their  being  emptied  by  syphonagc. 

The  traps  on  cellar  drains,  where  there  is  danger  of  them 
losing  their  water  seal  by  evaporation,  on  account  of  unfrcquent 
use,  are  requiring  a  good  deal  of  thought,  and  valve  traps  are  be- 
ing recommended  for  this  purpose. 

There  are  also  a  number  of  grease  traps  in  use  to-day  and 
they  are  beneficial  when  properly  set  and  properly  cared  for. 
And  I  would  say  here  that  while  the  necessity  of  having  proper 
traps  and  having  them  properly  set  in  connection  with  your 
plumbing,  is  very  important,  yet  it  is  important  that  the  person 
using  these  traps  and  system  of  plumbing  should  use  care  and 
judgment  that  is  often  overlooked. 

You  never  heard  of  a  man  putting  in  a  line  of  machinery  and 
turning  it  loose  to  run  itself,  and  then  finding  fault  with  the  ma- 
chinery or  machinist  who  put  it  up  because  he  does  not  get  the 
desired  results,  but  you  often  hear  a  man  say  that  the  job  of 
plumbing  you  put  in  my  house  is  worthless  and  does  not  work 
right,  because  the  sink  trap  will  not  carry  off  all  the  extra  dish 
rags,  potato  skins,  and  in  fact  all  the  garbage  which  accumulates 
in  the  kitchen  of  a  careless  cook,  or  the  trap  on  the  house  drain 
stopped  up,  and  there  was  nothing  in  it  to  interfere  with  its  work- 
ing properly  but  an  old  pair  of  rubber  boots,  and  that  he  won't 
pay  your  bill  until  you  make  this  job  work  better  and  guarantee 
that  he  will  never  have  any  trouble  with  it. 

So  that  when  you  have  a  good  job  of  plumbing  put  in  your 
house  it  is  necessary  to  see  that  it  is  properly  cared  for. 

Now,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  have  only  given  a  few  hints  on 
traps  and  what  is  known  of  them,  in  this  article;  and,  thanking 
you  for  your  kind  attention,  I  will  leave  the  floor  to  others. 


THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

For  want  of  space,  the  following  report  was  omitted  from  our 
last  issue: 

The  master  plumbers  of  Chicago  met  in  Grand  Army  Hall  on 
Thursday  evening,  June  26th,  at  8  o'clock,  for  their  regular  monthly 
meeting.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  a  great  many  of  the  members 
had  not  returned  from  their  trip  to  the  Convention  of  the  National 
Association  at  Denver,  only  a  small  number  was  present,  and 
very  little  busmess  was  transacted. 

Mr.  Hugh  Watt,  with  his  regular  punctuality,  was  present,  and 
called  the  meeting  to  order. 

The  Secretary,  A.  F.  Irons,  read  the  minutes  of  the  last  meet- 
ing, and,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Sanders,  they  were  adopted. 

F.  J.  Kendrick,  a  new  member,  was  introduced  to  the  associa- 
tion, and  welcomed  to  the  fold. 

The  committees  had  no  reports  to  make. 

J.  J.  Hamblin  thought  the  Visiting  Committee  was  neglecting 
its  duty,  since  he  was  sick  one  day  and  the  Committee  did  not 
visit  him. 

Under  new  business,  the  committee  that  had  been  appointed 
to  examine  the  credentials  of  Henry  C.  Nagle  made  a  favorable 
report,  and,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Sanders,  the  Secretary  was  instruct- 
ed to  cast  the  unanimous  ballot  of  the  association  for  Mr.  Nagle. 

Mr.  Sanders  made  a  motion  that  Robt.  Griffith,  the  President 
of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers,  give  his  experi- 
ence to  and  from  the  Rockies. 

□  Mr.  Griffith,  in  his  usual  modest  way,  arose  and  stated  to  the 
association  that  he  thought  this  subject  should  first  be  treated  by 
the  secretary  of  the  Chicago  delegation,  and,  after  such  a  report 
by  the  secretary,  he  would  freely  give  his  experience  on  this  noted 
trip.  It  was  finally  decided  to  let  this  subject  go  over  until  the 
next  meeting,  when  the  secretary,  J.  R.  Alcock,  will  present  his 
impressions  of  the  visit  to  Denver. 

Mr.  Murray  stated  that  the  Entertainment  Committee  intended 
to  have  a  picnic  at  South  Park  when  the  Chicago  delegation 
returned  from  Denver  with  the  visiting  delegation  from  neighbor- 
ing cities,  but  so  far  he  had  been  unable  to  see  half  of  the  Chicago 
delegation,  much  less  any  visitors.  The  committee,  therefore,  had 
abandoned  the  idea  of  having  a  picnic  very  soon. 

J.  J.  Hamblin  moved  that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  tendered  the 
Denver  Association  for  the  kind  reception  and  delightful  enter- 
tainment afforded  the  Chicago  delegation  while  in  Denver. 


Mr.  Sheehan,  of  the  new  firm  of  Sheehan  &  Harry,  moved  to 
amend  the  motion  of  Mr.  Hamblin  so  as  to  include  the  city  offi- 
cials of  Denver. 

Mr.  Griffith  stated  that  the  association  could  not  do  or  say  any- 
thing that  would  fully  express  the  gratefulness  and  thanks  of  the 
Chicago  delegation  to  the  Denver  people  for  the  delightful  visit 
just  enjoyed  in  Denver.  He  therefore  moved'to  amend  the  motion 
of  Mr.  Hamblin  so  as  to  include  the  press  and  Denver  people. 
The  Chair  appointed  Alex.  W.  Murray,  J.  J.  Hamblin  and  Robert 
Griffith  as  a  committee  of  three  to  draft  a  suitable  vote  of  thanks, 
and  send  a  copy  to  the  Denver  Association,  city  officials  and  the 
people  of  Denver. 

Mr.  Murray  suggested  a  picnic  the  latter  part  of  July,  or  the 
first  of  August. 

Mr.  Griffith  suggested  and  finally  moved  that  the  .Secretary  in- 
corporate, in  his  next  regular  notice  of  meeting,  the  fact  that  the 
secretary  of  the  Chicago  delegation  to  Denver  would  read  a  re- 
port on  the  Western  trip;  the  Warehouse  Committee  would  sub- 
mit its  semi-annual  report,  and  the  subject  of  picnic  would  be 
discussed. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  at  an  early  hour,  to  talk  about  the 
great  time  at  Denver. 


CONVENTION  RUMBLINGS. 
The  Chicago  flag  was  a  dandy. 
W.  H.  McCarthy  made  a  good  bouncer. 
The  ladies  were  all  pleased  with  Denver. 

The  Denver  Local  Committee  takes  the  cake  on  entertain- 
ment. 

The  light  air  in  Denver  made  the  boys  dizzy.  Of  course  it  was 
the  air. 

Chicago  got  there  with  both  feet  when  the  offices  were  passed 
around. 

The  Chicago  boys  will  soon  be  singing — "Where  Did  You  Get 
that  Pup?" 

The  Chicago  delegation  can  sing  "Saw  My  Leg  Off"  to  the 
queen's  taste. 

Harry  Black  was  one  of  the  most  popular  young  plumbers  at 
the  convention. 

W.  T.  Crean  sets  about  handling  a  convention  as  he  would  a 
job  of  plumbing. 

Robert  Griffith  made  a  good  speech  at  the  banquet  on  the  sub- 
ject— "The  National  Association." 

The  Brooklyn  delegation  was  composed  of  very  genteel  look- 
ing men,  but  they  were  full  of  ginger  just  the  same. 

President  E.  J.  Hannan  is  an  excellent  presiding  officer.  He 
did  not  lose  control  of  the  convention  for  a  single  moment. 

James  Cameron  and  James  Lockhead  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
shook  hands  at  the  convention  for  the  first  time  in  thirty-one 
years.  They  were  journeymen  together  in  Washington  during  the 
fifties. 

H.  C.  James  and  J.  J.  Farrell  represented  the  Salt  Lake  City 
association  at  the  convention,  in  a  very  efficient  manner.  They 
are  both  young  men  and  were  decided  favorites  among  the  dele- 
gates and  ladies. 

The  newly  varnished  chairs  at  the  banquet  made  fast  friends 
with  some  of  the  plumbers. 

Col.  Geo.  D.  Scott  and  H.  G.  Gabay  of  New  York  City,  made  a 
flying  visit  to  Salt  Lake  City  before  they  returned  to  the  Empire 
state. 

J.  R.  Alcock  was  the  handsomest  man  at  the  convention. 

The  lemonade  stand  in  the  rear  of  the  convention  hall  was  a 
very  acceptable  feature  of  the  convention. 

D.  A.  Hogan  of  Boston  was  formerly  an  alderman  at  the  Hub. 
He  is  now  conducting  a  flourishing  plumbing  business,  and  is  also 
the  author  of  several  very  valuable  inventions. 

The  letters  N.  A.  M.  P.  were  interpreted  by  some  to  mean  No- 
ble And  Mighty  People. 

The  Denver  people  thought  that  the  flies  did  not  linger  on  the 
Chicago  delegates. 


110 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  335 


A  great  number  of  master  plumbers  advocate  employing  a 
man  who  can  devote  his  entire  time  to  the  needs  of  the  trade 
throughout  the  country.  No  doubt  great  benefits  would  be  de- 
rived from  such  an  arrangement,  and  the  next  convention  will 
probably  consider  the  matter. 

The  Miners'  Exchange,  the  Builders'  Exchange  and  the  Trav- 
elers' Protective  Association,  extended  the  courtesies  of  their 
halls. 

J.  J.  Weaver  of  Philadelphia  was  surprised  to  find  such  luxu- 
ries as  bath-tubs  in  Denver.  The  "wild  and  wooly  west"  surprised 
him  and  is  not  so  slow,  after  all. 

William  Bowden  of  Chicago  seemed  destined  to  get  the  worst 
of  everything  while  on  the  trip  to  Denver.  The  carriage  which 
bore  him  to  the  Garden  of  Gods  was  smashed  to  pieces,  and  the 
doctor  was  on  the  bottom  of  the  heap  when  assistance  arrived. 
The  results  were  a  skinned  ankle  and  a  soiled  suit  of  clothes. 

H.  G.  Gabay  of  New  York  was  the  must  pleasing  speaker  at 
the  convention.  His  words  were  like  music  in  the  ears  of  the  del- 
egates. 

Some  of  the  Milwaukee  plumbers  decided  to  invest  in  Denver 
real  estate,  and  purchased  several  acres  in  the  best  part  of  the 
city. 

A  number  of  people  insisted  upon  calling  the  plumbers  pipe 
doctors  instead  of  sanitary  physicians. 

E.  D.  Cauvet  of  Minneapolis  was  the  funny  man  of  the  conven- 
tion. Ed  is  the  man  who  won  laurels  by  his  big  plumbing  job  on 
the  West  hotel  in  his  city. 

David  M.  Quay  warned  the  public  concerning  the  slugging 
faculties  of  the  master  plumber  when  he  said — "Don't  kick  when 
the  plumber  presents  his  bill  or  you'll  have  to  pay  the  undertaker 
a  bigger  one." 

Real  estate  has  quite  a  boom  in  Denver,  and  the  sign  repre- 
senting this  business  maybe  seen  on  almost  every  man's  dooi* 
We  have  selected  one  of  the  signs  seen  on  Stout  street  to  give  our 
readers  some  idea  of  the  "up  and  coming,"  "hustling"  enterprise 
of  the  Queen  city  of  the  plains.  The  sign  is  as  follows:  "Reel 
Estait.    Renten  a  specaltie." 

Among  the  exhibits  at  the  convention  were  Clayton,  Lambert  & 
Co.  of  Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  Richardson  &  Boynton  Co.,  Detroit  Heat- 
ing and  Lighting  Co.,  Detroit  Sanitary  Supply  Co.,  John  Douglas 
&  Co.,  G.  C.  Blackmore  and  F.  &.  L.  Kahn  &  Bros. 

Among  the  supply  houses  represented  at  the  convention  were 
James  B.  Clow  &  Son,  L.  M.  Rumsey  &  Co.,  N.  O.  Nelson  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  Western  Brass  Co.,  Western  Valve  Co.,  Ph.  H.  Gun- 
derman,  E.  D.  Hornbrook  «&  Co.,  The  McGann  Sanitary  Supply 
Co.,  and  the  Columbus  Closet  Co.,  L.  Wolff  Manufacturing  Co. 


LIABILITY  OF  THE  OWNER. 

The  law  is  well  settled  that  the  owner  does  not  accept  a  build- 
ing by  taking  the  keys  and  living  in  it,  nor  does  he  thereby  waive 
in  the  slightest  degree  his  right  to  have  the  contract  fulfilled  to 
the  letter  before  he  pays  the  contractor.  His  visits  to  the  building 
while  in  progress  do  not  alter  the  contract  or  put  him  under  any 
obligations  to  accept  work  not  in  accordance  with  it;  and  if  he  or- 
ders changes  at  those  visits,  he  only  makes  himself  liable  to  pay 
a  reasonable  price  for  them  if  they  increase  the  actual  cost  of  do- 
ing the  work.  Whether  after  moving  into  the  house  he  can  have 
changes  made  by  other  parties,  without  notifying  the  original  con- 
tractor, and  charge  them  to  the  contractor's  account  is  a  different 
matter.  If  the  changes  are  altogether  outside  the  contract,  he  is, 
of  course,  not  entitled  to  make  the  contractor  pay  for  them.  If 
they  were  necessary  to  bring  the  building  into  conformity  with  the 
contract,  he  ought  to  have  notified  the  contractor  that  they  were 
required  and  have  given  him  reasonable  opportunity  for  making 
them  himself,  before  employing  other  persons  to  make  them,  and 
it  has  been  held  abroad  that  where  this  notice  was  not  given  the 
contractor  was  not  liable  for  the  expense.  Aside  from  the  legal 
technicalities,  however,  it  would  probably  be  fair  to  both  parties 
to  have  the  contractor  pay  what  it  would  have  cost  him  to  make 
the  work  conform  to  the  contract  as  nearly  as  this  can  be  esti- 
mated and  let  the  owner  pay  whatever  it  .actually  costs  beyond 
this. — Ex. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

New  Haven,  Conn.:  A  new  fire  headquarters  station  will  be 
erected  and  cost$5o,ooo.  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  Wenstrom  Con- 
solidated Dynamo  and  Motor  Company  will  expend  Sioo.ooo  in 

erecting  a  plant  at  Calverton.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    The  Samuel 

Cupples  R.  E.  Co.  will  erect  a  warehouse  to  cost  $180,000.  

Binghamton,  N.  Y.:  A  new  depot  is  to  be  built  by  the  D.  L.  &  W. 

Railroad  Company.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.:    The  people  of  Los 

Angeles  County  have  voted  to  issue  $300,000 .  worth  of  bonds  to 

complete  the  Court  House.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:    F.  Velguth  has 

plans  for  a  business  block  to  cost  §24,000;  Crane  Barkhausen 
have  plans  for  a  school  building  to  cost  $30,000;  J.  E.  Peege  has 

plans  for  a  business  block  to  cost  $20,000.  Springfield,  O.:  C. 

A.  Cregar  has  plans  for  a  boiler  shop  to  cost  $25,000.  Plymouth, 

Mass.:    This  place  has  voted  to  erect  a  new  high  school  building, 

at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  Rochester,  N.  Y.:    A  hotel  to  cost  $20,000 

is  to  be  erected  here  from  plans  by  Architect  William  C.  Walker 

of  this  place.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    F.  S.  Greene  will  erect  a  brick 

dwelling  to  cost  $25,000;  Wiert  &  Merz  will  erect  a  brick  flat 
building  to  cost  $22,000;  the  Samuel  Cupples  Real  Estate  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  brick  building  to  cost  Si8o,ooo.  Allentown, 

Pa.:    T.  S.  Jacoby  has  plans  for  a  new  brick  factory  to  cost  S22,- 

000.  Boston,  Mass.:    Winslow  &  Wetherell  have  plans  for  a 

brick  mercantile  building  to  cost  $35,000;  James  T.  Kelley  has 
plans  for  a  brick  dwelling  to  cost  $40,000;  Fehmer  &  Page  have 
plans  for  a  brick  dwelling  to  cost  $35,000;  Winslow  &  Wetherell 
have  plans  for  a  brick  office  building  to  cost  $200,000;  McKay  & 
Smith  will  erect  a  brick  apartment  building  to  cost  $60,000;  T.  M. 
Clark  has  plans  for  four  brick  dwellings  to  cost  $50,000;  Gold- 
smith &  Co.  have  plans  for  five  frame  dwellings  to  cost  S28,ooo. 

 Buffalo,  N.  Y.:    The  Manhattan  Land  Company  will  erect 

twenty-four  dwellings  to  cost  §150,000.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  J. 

C.  Breeding  has  plans  for  a  frame  hotel  to  cost  $40,000.  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  Hardman  &  Williams  have  plans  for  alterations  in  a 
hotel  to  cost  §30,000;  C.  J.  Schweinferth  has  plans  for  a  brick  and 

stone  college  building  to  cost  $150,000.  Columbus,  O.:    H.  A. 

Linthwaite,  architect,  has  prepared  plans  for  the  interior  decora- 
tion of  the  residence  of  Charles  Hayden,  to  cost  $20,000;  the  same 
architect  will  also  make  plans  for  another  residence  foi  Mr.  Hay- 
den. Danville,  \'a.:    Architect  Poindexter  of  Washington,  D. 

C,  has  plans  for  a  $30,000  building;  also  an  addition  to  the  M.  E. 

Church,  to  cost  $20,000.  Denver,  Colo.:    J.  J.  Huddart  has 

plans  for  a  $50,000  bri^k  building.  East  St.  Louis,  111.:  The 

three  lodges  of  Odd  Fellows  will  erect  a  $50,000  building.  

P'indlay,  O.:  The  Corey  Brewing  Company  will  erect  an  addition 
to  cost  $100,000;  address  for  information,  Jackson  Stark,  president 
of  company.— — Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  The  V.  M.  C.  A.  will  erect 

a  $50,000  building.  Henderson,  Ky.:  A  $40,000  building  will  be 

erected;  Address  C.  F.  Kleid  for  information.  Leominster, 

Mass.:    H.  M.  Francis  of  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  has  plans  for  a  brick 

business  block  to  cost  $40,000.  Lowell,  Mass.:    F.  W.  Stickney 

has  plans  for  a  stone  library  to  cost  $130,000;  Merritt  &  Cutler 
have  plans  for  a  stone  city  hall  building  to  cost  $270,000.  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.:    The  Minneapolis  Club  will  build  a  $70,000  club 

house  at  the  corner  of  ist  avenue  and  6th  street.  Newton, 

Mass.:    A  memorial  building  will  be  erected  here  at  a  cost  of 

$70,000;  address  City  Clerk.  Roanoke,  Va.:    A  business  block 

will  be  erected  here  at  a  cost  of  $75,000;  address  City  Clerk.  

Salem,  Va.:  A  $55,000  hotel  will  be  erected;  address  N.  Hock- 
man.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:     R.  Kleething  has  plans  for  a 

$60,000  building.  Scranton,  Pa.:     Wilson  Bros.  &  Co.  have 

plans  for  a  freight  house  to  cost  $20,000;  J.  J.  Williams  has  plans 

for  a  school  building  to  cost  $25,000.-  West  Superior,  Wis.;  The 

Keystone  Investment  Company  will  erect  a  large  hotel  to  cost 

$75,000.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:    The  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 

will  erect  a  large  addition  to  their  works  at  a  cost  of  $225,000.  

Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The  Dispatch  Publishing  Company  will  erect  a 
large  building  to  cost  $57,000;  the  Liberty  sub-school  district  will 

erect  a  $30,000  building.  Bozeman,  Monta.:     Plans  have  been 

prepared  for  the  erection  of  a  hotel  to  cost  $100,000.  Folsoni, 

Tex.:  Two  hotels  to  cost  $100,000  will  be  erected;  address  for  in- 
formation Architect  Haggart,  Kearney,  Nebraska.-  Little  Rock, 


JuuY  5,  1890.] 


117 


Ark.:    Orlopp  &  Kusener  have  plans  for  the  new  court  house 

which  will  cost  $250,000.  -Pittsburg,  Pa.:    Adolphus  Druiding, 

Chicago,  has  plans  for  the  new  Roman  Catholic  Church,  to  cost 

Sioo,ooo.  Waverly  Mills,  Minn.:    St.  John's  Church  will  erect 

a  $30,000  building;  address  A.  Druiding,  Chicago,  for  information. 

 Philadelphia,  Pa.:    The  Presbyterians  will  erect  a  handsome 

edifice;  address  for  information.  Rev.  Mr.  McCaughey.  Rosen- 

ville,  N.  J.:  The  Crescent  Watch  Case  Company  will  erect  a 
large  building;  address  for  information,  (ieissenger  &  Hales,  102 
S.  1 2th  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.:  The  Central  Dis- 
trict and  Printing  Telegraph  Company  wdl  erect  an  office  build- 
ing to  cost  $140,000.- — Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  A  new  theatre  will 
be  erected  to  cost  $100,000;  address  for  information,  George  W. 

Wheat.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:    H.  C.  Koch  &  Co.  have  plans  for  a 

large  hotel  building.  -Moorestown,  N.  J.:  Moses,  King  &  Fer- 
ris, 226  Walnut  street,  Philadelphia,  have  plans  for  the  new  Epis- 
copal church  at  this  place.  McKeesport,  Pa.:    Moses,  King  & 

Ferris,  Philadelphia,  have  plans  for  a  new  office  building  at  this 

place.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:    John  F.  Stuckert  has  plans  for  a 

new  office  building.  Johnstown,  Pa.:  Addison  Hutton,  Phila- 
delphia, has  plans  for  the  Cambria  Library  Association  building 

here.  New  Haven,  Conn.:    A  brick  and  stone  gymnasium 

building  will  be  erected  for  Yale  College  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.  

Bridgeport,  Conn.:    Longstaff  &  Hurd  are  preparing  plans  for  a 

large  building  to  cost  $80,000.  Wilmington,  Del.:    The  Board 

of  Public  Education  will  erect  a  new  school  building.  Buffalo, 

N.  Y.:  Cyrus  K.  Porter  &  Son  have  plans  for  a  new  church  build- 
ing to  cost  $92,000.  Waltham,  Mass.:    The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  will 

erect  a  $20,000  building.  Westfield,  Mass.:  A  large  hospi- 
tal will  be  erected  to  cost  $45,000.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.:  Anew 

hotel  will  be  erected  to  cost  $300,000;  address  for  information,  D. 

Freeman.  Stockton,  Cal.:    S.  W.  Newell  will  erect  a  $40,000 

hotel.  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.:    W.  M.  Coots  has  plans  for  three  brick 

dwellings  to  cost  $23,000;  D.  Ferry  will  erect  a  $27,000  residence- 
J.  D.  Reynolds  &  Son  have  plans  for  four  brick  dwellings  to  cost 
cost  $20,000;  R.  Dixon  has  plans  for  seven  brick  dwellings  to  cost 

$34,000.  New  York,  N.  Y.:    R.  S.  Townsend  has  plans  for  a 

brick  hotel  to  cost  $500,000;  T.  Bayliss  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat 
building  to  cost  $22,000;  Dr.  Burgess  has  plans  for  a  brick  factory 
to  cost  $30,000;  A.  J.  Horgan  and  V.  J.  Slatterly  will  erect  two 
brick  store  buildings  to  cost  $160,000,  and  also  a  single  store  build- 
ing to  cost  $142,000;  H.  L.  Harris  has  plans  for  nine  brick  dwell- 
ings to  cost  $162,000;  Andrew  Spence  has  plans  for  a  brick  flat 
building  to  cost  $30,000;  J.  G.  Prague  has  plans  for  eight  brick  flat 
buildings  to  cost  $128,000;  C.  A.  Eidlitz  has  plans  for  a  brick 
dwelling  to  cost  $45,000;  G.  A.  Schillinger  has  plans  for  five  brick 
dwellings  to  cost  $100,000;  O.  Wirz  has  plans  for  two  brick  store 
buildings  to  cost  $80,000;  C.  Rentz  has  plans  for  three  brick  flat 
buildings  to  cost  $54,000;  S,  D.  Hatch  has  plans  for  a  brick  church 
to  cost  $25,000;  R.  L.  Pollock  has  plans  for  a  brick,  stone  and  ter- 
ra-cotta  flat  building  to  cost  $23,000;  G.  Robinson,  jr.,  has  plans 
for  a  brick  and  stone  flat  to  cost  $25,000.  Chicago,  111.:  Burn- 
ham  &  Root  have  plans  for  the  Northern  Hotel  to  cost  $1,000,000; 
Theodore  Karl  has  plans  for  machine  shop  to  cost  $15,000;  A. 
Smith  has  plans  for  an  eight-story  office  building  to  cost  $150,000; 
Burnham  &  Root  have  plans  for  an  18-story  office  building  to  cost 
$2,000,000:  W.  T.  Lesher  has  plans  for  a  brick  store  and  flat 
building  to  cost  $18,000;  Alf  Smith  has  plans  for  a  brick  store  and 
flat  building  to  cost  $14,000;  L.  Martins  has  plans  for  a  brick  store 
and  flat  building  to  cost  $45,000;  Burling  &  Whitehouse  have  plans 
for  a  malt  house  to  cost  $25,000. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Tecumseh,  Mich.:  An  electric  light  company  has  been  formed, 

with  a  capital  stock  of  $30,000.  Beverly,  Mass.:    The  Beverly 

Electric  Light  Company  will  erect  a  new  station.  Shoshone, 

Ind.:  The  Shoshone  Falls  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 
has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Address 

A.  S.  Senter  for  information.  Jersey  City,  N.  J.:   The  American 

Gas  Investment  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $50,000,000.  Address  George  S.  Bixby  and  Hector  W. 
Thomas,  of  New  York  city,  for  information;  also  Wm.  Talcott,  of 

Patterson,  N.  J.  Madison,  N.  J.:    $75,000  will  be  expended  for 

electric  lights  and  water-works.  Fort  Payne,  Ala.:    The  Fort 


Payne  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  will  put  in  another 

dynamo.  Basic  City,  Va.:  Gas  and  water  works  will  be  con- 
structed. The  Basic  City  Mining,  Manufacturing  and  Land  Co. 
can  give  information.  Elkins,  W.  Va.:  The  Ohio  Valley  Im- 
provement Company  has  been  incorporated,  and  will  erect  gas 
and  water  works.  Address  H.  G.  Davis  for  information. — — Law- 
renccburg,  Tcnn.:    The  Lawrenceburg  Land  Company  will  erect 

an  electric  light  [>lant.  Elgin,  111.:  The  Elgin  Watch  Company 

will  construct  a  complete  electric  light  plant.  Dubuque,  Iowa: 

A  system  of  tower-lighting  is  proposed  for  the  public  streets  of 

this  place.  Oregon,  111.:    The  Oregon  Electric  Light  Comjiany 

will  establish  a  plant  at  this  place. — — Brookline,  Mass.:  At  the 
recent  town  meeting,  called  for  the  consideration  of  public  light- 
ing by  electricity,  it  was  voted  that  the  selectmen  be  required  to 
look  into  the  subject,  and  the  sum  of  $35,000  was  appropriated  for 
the  erection  of  a  town  plant.  Seattle,  Wash.:  The  Seattle  Elec- 
tric Light  Company  has  been  reorganized,  with  a  cajfital  stock  of 
$500,000,  and  will  proceed  to  erect  an  additional  plant.  Messrs. 
T.  H.  Tyndall,  James  A.  McWilliams  and  others  are  interested. 

 Webb  City,  Mo.:  The  Jasper  County  Electric  Power  Company 

will  establish  a  plant  here.  Port  Huron,  Mich.:    A  gas  plant  is 

to  be  established  at  this  place.  Austin,  Tex.:    The  Austin  Gas- 

Light  and  Coal  Company  will  add  new  machinery  and  4,000  feet 

of  3-inch  pipe.  Rahway,  N.  J.:    Articles  of  incorporation  have 

been  filed  by  the  Rahway  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,^ 
whose  capital  is  $50,000.  The  incorporators  and  stockholders  are 
John  B.  Simonson  of  New  York  city,  Welles  P.  Ayer  of  Boston, 

Mass.,  and  others.  Brandon,  Man.:  The  Brandon  Electric  Light 

Company  contemplate  the  following  additions  to  its  plant:  85- 

horse-power  engine,  two  dynamos  and  1,200  lights.  Chatham, 

N.  Y.:  The  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  local  electric  light  company 
has  voted  to  increase  the  capacity  of  the  plant,  and  will  enlarge 

the  building  and  add  machinery.  Passaic,  N.  J.:    The  electric 

light  company  will  increase  the  facilities  of  its  plant  and  add  new 
machinery.  Two  engines — 125-horse  power  and  loo-horse  power — 
8o-horse-power  generator,  and  1,300  lights,  are  among  the  contem- 
plated additions.  Johnson  City,  Tenn.:    Architect  R.  W.  Hill, 

of  Waterbury,  Conn.,  is  preparing  plans  for  an  electric  light  plant 
to  be  built  at  this  place,  under  the  direction  of  A.  M.  Young,  elec- 
trical engineer,  also  of  Waterbury.  The  plant  includes  a  fire- 
proof brick  building  one  story  high,  97x64,  with  wing  17x37.  A 
600-horse-power  engine  will  be  put  in.  Tampa,  Fla.:  The  Flor- 
ida Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated  here,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $50,000.  J.  R.  Ritter,  Howard  C.  Lewis,  S.  Giglio  and 
others  are  interested.  Quincy,  111.:  A  number  of  Chicago  cap- 
italists have  formed  a  joint  stock  company,  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $400,000,  to  put  up  an  electric  light  and  gaslight  and  fuel  plant 
in  this  city. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Marlborough,  Mass.:    Sixty-two  thousand  dollars  will  be  spent 

on  the  city  sewerage  system.  Charleston,  S.  C:    A  complete 

and  permanent  system  of  sewerage  will  be  constructed.  Day- 
ton View,  O.:    The  sewerage  system  of  Dayton  will  be  extended 

to  this  place.  Knoxville,  Tenn.:    A  sewerage  system  will  be 

constructed  very  soon.  Saco,  Me.:    The  sum  of  $10,000  has 

been  appropriated  at  this  place  for  the  continuation  of  the  Wood- 
bury brick  sewer  extension.  Brunswick,  Ga.:    Reports  say  that 

at  the  recent  election  the  people  of  this  place  voted  the  sum  of 

$300,000  for  the  purpose  of  doing  additional  sewerage  work.  

Troy,  N.  Y.:  The  common  council  has  authorized  the  construc- 
tion of  numerous  additional  sewers.  Address  the  Public  Improve- 
ment Commission  for  details.  Hartford,  Conn.:    It  is  proposed 

to  construct  a  main  sewer  on  Pearl  street,  this  city.    The  City 

Clerk  can  furnish  particulars.  Revere,  Mass.:    McClintock  & 

Woodfall,  C.  E.,  Boston,  are  working  over  a  system  of  sewers  for 

this  place.    Some  action  is  expected  from  this  town  soon.  

Columbus,  O.:  George  E.  Waring,  C.  E.,  is  investigating  the 
plans  of  a  main  intercepting  sewer,  eight  miles  long,  and  intended 
to  convey  the  sewage  of  the  city  about  four  miles  south  of  the 

same,  where  it  is  discharged  into  the  Sclote  River.  Stockton, 

Cal.:    The  sum  of  $85,000  has  been  voted  by  the  taxpayers  of  this 

place  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  system  of  main  sewers.  

Davenport,  la.:  Gordon  H.  Nott,  C.  E.,  of  Chicago,  111.,  has  sub- 
mitted his  report  regarding  the  proposed  system  of  sewers  for  this 


118 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  335 


city,  and  it  is  probable  that  he  will  be  engaged  to  prepare  work- 
ing plans  with  necessary  details  for  its  construction.  St.  Stephen, 

N.  B.:  McClintock  &  Woodfall,  C.  E.,  Boston,  are  making  sur- 
veys for  a  partial  system  of  sewers  for  this  place.  Calais, 

Mass.:  McClintock  &  Woodfall,  C.  E.,  Boston,  are  making  sur- 
veys for  a  system  of  sewers  for  Calais.  Hoboken,  N.  J.:  The 

following  resolution  has  been  passed  by  the  mayor  and  council  of 
this  city:  "  Resolved,  That  City  Surveyor  Thomas  H.  McCann  is 
instructed  to  prepare,  in  co-operation  with  A.  Fteley,  Chief  Engin- 
eer of  the  New  York  Aqueduct  Commission,  a  general  sewerage 
plan  of  the  city,  to  be  presented  to  this  board  with  their  report  as 

soon  as  possible."  Wilmington,  Del.:    The  street  and  sewer 

department  met  June  23rd,  and  continued  the  consideration  of 

specifications  for  building  sewers.  Philadelphia,   Pa.:  The 

following  amounts  have  been  set  apart  for  sewers:  Tasker  street. 
Fifth  to  Thirteenth  streets,  §75,000;  Mill  Creek,  Market  to  Haver- 
ford  St.,  $65,000;  Westmoreland  street,  east  of  Clarion,  $30,000; 
Clearfield  street,  Sixth  to  Ninth,  §20,000;  Penn  street,  Ridge 
avenue  to  Norristown  Railroad,  $15,000;  Courtland  street,  Broad, 
to  Old  York  road,  $20,000;  Tenth  street  and  Germantown  avenue, 
$4,000;  Monoshone  branch,  intercepting  sewer,  $11,000,  amounting 

to  $240,000.  Dallas,  Tex.:    One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 

dollars  will  be   expended   on  the  sewerage    system.  Para, 

Brazil:  According  to  what  the  law  No.  135,  of  April  11,  of  the 
present  year,  determines,  and  by  order  of  the  citizen  director  of 
this  department,  I  made  known  to  be  in  competition  for  four 
months'  time,  counting  from  the  date  of  said  law,  the  establish- 
ment of  a  complete  line  of  sewerage  for  the  capital  of  this  state. 

 Kansas  City,  Mo.:    Six  miles  of  sewers  will  be  constructed. 

Menominee,  Mich.:  Mr.  Rudolph  Herring  can  give  information 
concerning  the  new  sewerage  system  here  and  at  Iron  Mountain. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

Freehold,  N.  J.:  A  new  system  of  water-works  will  be  con- 
structed.    Address  Joseph  Blakely  for  information.  Hoosic 

Falls,  N.  Y.:'  A  new  system  of  water-works  is  contemplated. 
Address  the  Board  of  Village  Trustees  for  information.— — Hun- 
ter Village,  N.  Y.:    A  system  of  water-works  will  be  constructed. 

 San  Diego,  Cal.:    Three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars 

will  be  expended  on  water-works.  Crystal  S[)rings,  Miss.:  The 

water-works  system  will  be  extended.  Silver  City,  Neb.:  The 

water-works  question  is  being  discussed.- — Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  A 
stand-pipe  to  cost  $65,000  will  be  erected  at  Prospect  Heights. 

Address    Commissioner    Adams.  Springfield,    Mass.:  One 

hundred    thousand   dollars   will    be    expended    on    the  new 

water-works   system.  Lincoln,  Neb.:     Four  miles  of  mains, 

fifty  additional  hydrants  and  a  filtering  system  will  be  constructed. 
Address  the  Lincoln  Water  Committee  for  information.  Union- 
town,  Ala.:    A  stand-pipe  will  be  erected.    Address  the  mayor 

for  information.  Lane  Park,  Fla.:    A  stand-pipe  will  be  erected 

by  A.  Muir.  Jackson,  Tenn.:    The  water-works  system  will  be 

extended.   Address  the  mayor  for  information.  Shelbyville, 

Ky.:  L.  C.  Willis  can  give  information  concerning  the  new  water- 
works system.  Phillipsburg,  Kas.:    Twenty  thousand  dollars 

has  been  voted  for  water-works.  Albany,  Ga.:    A  system  of 

water-works  will  be  constructed.  Address  Nelson  Tift,  Super- 
intendent. Washington,  D.  C:    A  stand-pipe  will  be  erected 

at  the  Freedman's  Hospital  and  Asylum.    Hon.  J.  W.  Noble  wUl 

shortly  let  contract  for  the    work.  Waxahachie,  Tex.:  O. 

Goodwin  can  give  information  concerning  the  new  water  com- 
pany. Evanston,  111.:    A  30-inch  inlet  pipe  will  be  laid.  

East  Aurora,  N.  Y.:  A  vote  will  be  taken  July  ist  on  the  water- 
works question.  Mound  City,  Mo.:    Fourteen  thousand  dollars 

in  bonds  has  been  voted  for  the  construction  of  water-works.  

Ipavia,  111.:  The  Ipavia  water-works  company  has  been  incor- 
porated to  construct  a  system  of  water-works.    Capital,  $7,000. 

 Norma,  Neb.:    Three  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended  on 

water-works.  Glendale,  Mass.:    A  system  of  water-works  will 

be  constructed.- — St.  Louis,  Mo.:  The  Board  of  Public  Improve- 
ments, on  June  20,  declared  the  contract  of  O'Donnell  &  Brothers, 
for  the  construction  of  section  "A,"  of  the  water-works  conduit 

forfeited,  and  a  new  letting  will  be  advertised.  West  Rutland, 

Vt.:  A  water-works  system  will  be  established.  Address  Dr.  J. 
D.  Hanrahan  for  information.  Greenville,  Ala.:    A  system  of 


water-works  will  be  established.  Jackson,  Tenn.:  Extensions 

will  be  made  at  the  local  water-works  plant.    Address  the  mayor 

for  information.  Stockbridge,  Mass.:    It  is  proposed  to  expend 

the  sum  of  $150,000  on  a  new  system  of  water-works.  Sandy 

Creek,  N.  Y.:  The  people  of  this  place  are  discussing  the  water- 
works question.  Estimates  made  give  the  probable  cost  of  a 
suitable  system  at  $18,000.    Engineer  E.  D.  Smalley  can  furnish 

particulars.  Berlin,  N.  Y.:    The  Berlin  Water  Company  has 

been  incorporated  at  this  place  with  a  cash  capital  of  $5,000.  For 

particulars,  address  William  F.  Fay.  Palmyra,  Mo.:  This 

place  has  decided  in  favor  of  establishing  a  system  of  water-works. 

Address  Frank  Sosey  for  particulars.  Olympia,  W'ash.:  The 

Olympia  Water- Works  Company  has  been  incorporated  at  this 

place,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $150,000.  Pine  Plains,  N.  Y.:  The 

question  of  expending  the  sum  of  $20,000  on  establishing  a  system 
of  water-works  is  being  considered  by  the  taxpayers  of  this  place. 

 Freehold,  N.  J.:    The  people  of  this  place  have  voted  to 

establish  a  water-works   plant.  Grand   Forks,  Dak.:  The 

Grand  Forks  Water,  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  incor- 
porated at  this  place  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Lan- 
caster, Pa.:  As  a  temporary  relief  to  the  citizens  of  West  End, 
who  complain  of  a  scarcity  of  water,  it  is  proposed  to  lay  a  20-inch 
water  main,  in  connection  with  the  stand-pipe,  to  that  portion  of 
the  city.    As  soon  as  possible  permanent  measures  will  be  taken. 

Address  Mayor  Clark  for  details.  Trenton,  N.  J.:    One  million 

dollars  in  bonds  will  be  issued  to  improve  the  water  supply. — — 
Wellston,  O.:  It  is  proposed  to  build  water-works  here.  Man- 
chester, N.  H.:  The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  this  place  are 
considering  plans  for  an  extension  of  the  water  supply  and  for  the 
building  of  a  new  reservoir.  Providence,  R.  I.:  It  has  been  as- 
certained that  the  necessary  repairs  to  Fruit  Hill  reservoir  will- 
cost  $75,000.    The  matter  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Committee  on 

Highways.  Springfield,  Mass.:    The  city  council  has  finally 

passed  the  measure  to  issue  bonds  in  the  sum  of  $125,000  for  the 
purpose  of  making  necessary  improvements  to  Ludlow  Reservoir. 

 Zanesville,  O.:    The  water-works  have  been  authorized  to 

issue  $50,000  worth  of  bonds  to  build  a  stand-pipe  and  lay  a  30- 
inch  main  over  a  mile  in  length.    There  will  also  be  an  additional 

12-inch  main  two  miles  in  length.  Madison,  Ind.:    This  place 

is  agitating  the  question  of  water-works.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.: 

The  city  of  Los  Angeles  is  agitating  the  question  of  owning  and 
constructing  her  own  water-works.  The  water  would  have  to  be 
taken  out  of  the  river  about  five  miles  above  the  city.  The  ex- 
pense of  the  works  would  be  about  $150,000,000.  Perth  Amboy, 

N.  J.:  Mr.  Buel  can  give  information  concerning  the  water-works 
question.  Stockton,  Cal.:  The  sum  of  $35,000  has  been  appro- 
priated for  the  completion  of  the  water-works  system  at  this  place. 

 Salem,  Ore.:    Thirty  thousand  dollars  will  be  expended  in 

improving  the  water-works  system. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Wilson,  N.  C:  The  Wilson  cotton  mills  desire  bids  for  fur- 
nishing an  incandescent  electric  light  plant.  Henderson,  Ky.: 

C.  F.  &  L.  P.  Kleiderer  desire  bids  for  an  electric  light  plant.  

Pulaski  City,  Va.:    Bids  will  soon  be  wanted  for  the  construction 

of  a  water-works  system.  South  Orange,  N.  J.:    Proposals  for 

supplying  and  laying  a  large  quantity  of  water-pipe  are  wanted 
by  the  Water  Committee.  The  services  of  an  engineer  are  also 
wanted  to  lay  out  the  route  for  the  mains  and  supervise  the  work. 

 Cleveland,  O.:  Bids  for  the  wrought-iron  pipe  for  the  St.  Clair 

tunnel  are  wanted.  Address  the  Board  of  Water-Works  Trus- 
tees.-— Dallas,  Tex.:  Bids  for  erecting  a  court-house,  to  cost 
$300,000,  are  open  until  July  15.  Address  E.  G.  Bower  for  infor- 
mation. South  Omaha,  Neb.:    Bids  are  open  until  July  30  for 

1,400  feet  of  sewers.    Address  W.  N.  Barcock.  Lake  Charles, 

La.:    Bids  are  open  until  July  7  for  building  a  court-house.  

Goshen,  Ind.:  Scaled  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  under- 
signed, at  the  office  of  Lew  Wanner,  Superintendent,  until  10 
o'clock  A.  .M.,  July  7,  1890,  for  one  compound  non-condensing  du- 
plex pump,  capacity  1,500,000  gallons  in  twenty-four  hours;  also 
heater,  feed  pump,  steam  and  water  connections,  in  accordance 
with  the  specifications  now  on  file  in  office  of  Superintendent, 

W.  R.  Ellis.  Hoquiam,  Wash.:    Bids  for  a  water-works  plant 

for  a  town  of  2,000  inhabitants  will  be  received  by  the  undersigned. 


July  5,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


\\\) 


The  cost  of  plant,  about  $30,000  or  $40,000,  is  to  be  paid  in  bonds. 
For  further  information  apply  to  John  Richardson,  Lock  Box  39. 

 Key  West,  Fla.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  City 

Clerk  until  1st  of  September,  i8go,  for  furnishinj;  the  necessary 
material  and  putting  in  an  underground  system  of  sewerage;  also 
for  grading  and  paving  the  streets  of  said  city  and  furnishing  the 
material  for  same;  also  for  furnishing  and  laying  of  water-mains. 

Address  Wm.  T.  De  Laney,  City  Clerk.  Athens,  Ga.:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  until  July  20  for  building  4,000  feet  of 
"separate-system"  sewer  in  this  city;  also  bids  for  furnishing 
1,500  feet  15-inch  S.  W.  piping,  2,000  feet  12-inch  S.  W.  piping,  and 
550  feet  16-inch  iron  piping.  Blank  proposals  on  which  bids  must 
be  made,  together  with  specifications,  will  be  furnished  on  appli- 
cation.   The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  or  all  bids.  Address 

David  C.  Barrow,  Jr.  Imlay  City,  Mich.:    Sealed  proposals  will 

be  received  by  the  President  and  Board  of  Trustees,  until  i  p.  M. 
Friday,  July  11,  i8go,  for  the  construction  of  a  system  of  water- 
works, according  to  plans  and  specifications  for  the  same,  which 
may  be  seen  at  the  office  of  the  village  clerk  of  said  village  on  and 
after  June  27,  or  at  the  office  of  the  engineer,  Geo.  Cadogan  Mor- 
gan, 15  Major  Block,  Chicago.  All  proposals  must  be  sealed  and 
marked  "  Proposal  for  Water-works,"  and  must  be  filed  with  the 
village  clerk  of  said  village  on  or  before  the  time  slated.  Address 
Chas.  S.  Marshall.  Marion,  O.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  re- 
ceived at  the  office  of  the  Mayor  until  r2  o'clock,  noon,  on  Friday, 
the  i8th  day  of  July,  iSgo,  for  constructing  17,300  feet  of  18-inch 
outfall  sewer  for  the  Marion  (Ohio)  sewerage  system.  Address 

Chas.  W.  Teffler.  Ashland,  Wis.:    Proposals  are  wanted  for 

the  erection  of  a  water-works  system.  Address  the  Ashland  Wa- 
ter Supply  Company.  Vermillion,  S.D. :  A  liberal  franchise  will 

be  given  to  any  party  or  corporation  who  will  put  in  a  system  of 
water-works.  We  have  over  2,000  people,  and  the  State  University 
with  400  students.  Artesian  water  can  be  obtained  in  the  city  to 
any  amount.    Correspondence  solicited.    F.  N.  Burdick,  Mayor. 

 Somerset,  Ky.:    Sealed  proposals  for  the  construction  and 

operation  of  a  system  of  water-works  on  the  franchise  plan,  to  run 
for  twenty  years,  city  taking  fifty-five  hydrants.  Bids  received 
until  July  13,  1890.    Address  A.  M.  Parsons,  Chairman,  Box  159. 

 Hughesville,  Pa.:    The  Hughesville  (Pa.)  Water  Company  is 

about  to  build  a  gravity  water-works  plant,  consisting  of  a  masonry 
dam,  about  4>2  miles  of  cast-iron  main  pipe,  with  intersections  to 
supply  the  towns  of  Hughesville  and  Picture  Rocks;  fire-plugs, 
etc.,  for  public  use.  Contractors  are  invited  to  write  for  plans  and 
specifications,  and  bid  upon  the  work,  the  company  reserving  the 
right  to  reject  any  or  all  bids.  Address  all  communications  to 
J.  K.  Reshel,  President.  Mohawk,  N.Y.:  Proposals  will  be  re- 
ceived until  12  o'clock  m.,  July  16,  for  pump,  hydrants  and  other 
material  for  water-works.    Specifications  may  be  had  of  the  Board 

of  Water  Commissioners.  Keokuk,  Iowa:    This  place  wants 

proposals  for  public  lighting,  either  with  gas  or  electricity.  

Zanesville,  O.:  The  city  desires  bids  for  the  construction  of  a  new 

hose-house.  Cincinnati,  O.:  Bids  are  wanted  for  an  addition  to 

St.  Xavier's  College.  Samuel  Hannafords  has  plans,  consisting  of 
class-rooms,  lecture-rooms  and  chapel;  estimated  cost,  §80,000. 
Bids  are  also  wanted  for  the  addition  to  St.  Nicholas  Hotel.  Ad- 
dress for  information  A.  C.  Nash.    Estimated  cost,  $85,000.  

Danville,  Va.:  Bids  are  wanted  for  a  military-academy  building. 
Address  Geo.  C.  Moser  for  information.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  July  15  for  furnishing  all  materials,  con- 
structing and  erecting,  at  the  Chain  of  Rocks,  two  pumping  en- 
gines and  appurtenances  complete.    Address  Emory  S.  Foster, 

Secretary  Board  of  Public   Improvements.  Hicksville,  O.: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  Trustees  of  Water-works 
at  their  office,  in  said  city,  until  12  o'clock  noon  of  Wednesday, 
the  i6th  day  of  July,  1890,  for  furnishing  materials  and  construct- 
ing water-works  in  and  for  said  city,  approximately  as  follows: 
The  furnishing  of  1,170  lineal  feet  (35.9  tons)  of  lo-inch  pipe,  960 
lineal  feet  of  8-inch  pipe  (24  tons),  7,050  lineal  feet  (116.5  tons)  of 
6-inch  pipe,  13,980  lineal  feet  (160.8  tons)  of  4-inch  pipe;  also  the 
furnishing  of,  approximately,  5  tons  of  special  castings;  also  one 
lo-inch  valve,  one  8-inch  valve,  eleven  6-inch  and  seventeen  4-inch 
valves;  also  30  valve-boxes  and  covers;  also  35  fire-hydrants;  also 
the  furnishing  of  all  other  materials,  tools  and  labor,  and  laying 
said  pipe  and  setting  said  valves  and  hydrants;  also  the  sinking, 
tubing  and  completing  of  four  or  more  supply-wells;  also  the  fur- 


nishing and  erecting  of  two  pumping  engines,  each  with  a  capacity 
to  pump  1,000,000  gallons  of  water  per  24  hours.  Bids  will  also  be 
received  for  two  pumping  engines  of  lesser  capacity,  the  Trustees 
reserving  the  right  to  accept  either,  all  as  set  forth  in  specifica- 
tions; also  two  return  tubular  steam-boilers  and  fixtures,  each  ap- 
proximately 54  inches  diameter  and  12  feet  long;  also  one  build- 
ing, to  be  subdivided  into  an  engine-room  approximately  20  by  20 
and  a  boiler-room  20  by  32  feet  in  plan.  Bids  will  be  received  in 
any  aggregate  or  detail,  at  the  option  of  bidders. 


ASBESTOS  LEAD  JOINT  RUNNER. 

The  accompanying  cut  represents  a  useful  tool,  in- 
vented and  pantented  by  William  Vanderman,  of  21 
Church  St.,  Willimantic,  Conn.  It  will  supply  a  want  long 
felt  in  running  a  joint  for  soil,  water  or  gas  pipe,  or  bell 
pipes  of  any  kind,  where  a  joint  is  poured  with  molten 
lead.  It  is  easy  to  handle,  convenient  to  apply,  and  is 
adapted  to  different  sizes  of  pipe.  The  inventor  claims 
the  following: 

It  cannot  be  destroyed,  no  matter  how  hot  the  lead, 
as  it  can  be  thrown  into  a  fire  and  made  red-hot  without 
injuring  it.  It  is  strong  and  elastic,  and  will  adapt  itself 
to  any  unevenness  in  the  joint.  It  consists  of  a  specially 
woven  asbestos  rope  with  a  specially  constructed  safety- 
chain  in  the  center,  with  tapered  ferrules  on  the  ends, 
strongly  fastened  to  chain,  with  hook  on  one  end  and 
extension  of  chain  and  spring  on  the  other  end  to  quickly 
and  easily  fasten  around  pipe.  This  tool,  once  used,  will 
be  appreciated  and  its  usefulness  admitted.  As  it  is 
strongly  constructed  and  not  affected  by  the  hot  metal 
that  you  pour  on  it,  it  will  last  a  lifetime.  There  is  always 
more  or  less  trouble  with  putty  or  clay,  which  has  here- 
tofore been  largely  used  in  running  lead  joints  in  soil, 
water  or  gas  mains.  A  putty  or  clay  gasket  is  never 
ready  when  wanted  for  use.  They  are  either  too  hard 
or  too  soft,  and  after  making  one  joint  become 
so  heated  and  soft  that  they  cannot  be  used  im- 
mediately for  another  joint.  There  is  always  considera- 
ble waste  where  putty  is  used,  and  many  imperfect  joints 
are  caused  by  the  soft  putty  working  into  bell  of  the  pipe 
and  getting  into  the  joint.  If  the  putty  or  clay  is  a  little 
soft,  it  will  work  into  the  joint,  and  will  prevent  the  lead 
from  flowing  and  making  a  good  joint,  or  if  the  pipe  is 
a  little  wet  or  damp  the  putty  will  not  stay  around  the 
pipe. 

In  making  the  joint,  make  the  lap  on  top  of  pipe  with 
the  tapered  end  under;  draw  tight,  pass  chain  under  pipe 
to  opposite  side,  draw  on  spring  enough  to  take  up  any 
slack,  and  attach  to  hook.  Be  sure  that  there  is  no  open- 
ing except  where  lap  is  made  for  pouring  lead.  If  there 
is,  press  the  joint  runner  up  close  against  hub  or  lap. 

Good  tools  are  great  aids  in  all  kinds  of  work  and  it 
is  often  worth  while  to  investigate  late  inventions. 
Whatever  saves  time  and  labor  makes  money,  provid- 
ing the  work  is  good.  This  invention  seems  to  be 
adapted  to  fill  a  want  that  has  been  felt  among  trades 
where  pipes  are  to  be  joined.  Particulars  will  be  sent 
J  on  application  to  the  above  address. 


MADDEN'S  AUTOMATIC  WATER-CLOSETS. 
The  Genesee  Iron  and  Brass  Works,  167  to  171  West  avenue, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  have  issued  a  convenient  and  unique  catalogue 
of  Madden's  patented  automatic  hopper  wash-out,  syphon-jet, 
and  pneumatic  water-closets;  also  his  frost-proof  stop  and  waste 
cocks,  time,  noiseless  and  syphon  tank-valves,  and  other  improved 
sanitary  appliances  of  which  they  are  the  manufacturers.  The 
stop  and  waste  is  simple  in  construction,  seems  to  be  durable,  and 
is  closed  with  the  pressure  which  tends  to  prevent  it  from  leaking. 
The  same  principle  is  applied  to  their  automatic  flushing  closets, 
and  the  following  are  some  of  its  chief  features:  The  action  of 
the  seat  operates  the  supply  to  and  discharge  from  the  tank 
through  one  valve  and  one  pipe,  as  follows,  viz.:  When  the  seat 
is  occupied  and  the  supply  side  of  the  valve  opens  and  the  dis- 
charge or  closet  side  closes,  thus  allowing  water  from  the  main  to 


120 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


tVoL.  XVI.    No.  335 


pass  through  the  pipe  into  the  air-tight  tank,  compressing  the  air, 
and  when  the  seat  is  released  from  occupancy  the  supply  side  of  th§ 
valve  closes,  cutting  off  the  water  from  the  main  and  the  discharge 
or  closet  side  opens  allowing  the  water  now  in  the  tank  to  rush, 
forced  by  the  compression  attained,  down  into  the  bowl  of  the 
closet.  There  is  never  any  water  in  the  tank  except  when  in 
actual  use.  Immediately  after  releasing  the  seat  all  substances 
will  have  disappeared  from  view,  being  driven  off  by  the  flush  of 
water  which  thoroughly  cleanses  the  closet,  the  trap  and  soil-pipe. 
-The  supply  of  the  valve  may  be  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  while 
the  discharge  side  is  equal  in  capacity  to  a  pipe  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter  from  the  street  main  to  the  closet  direct. 
These  fixtures  cannot  be  used  without  being  discharged.  They 
have  no  chains,  pulls  or  weights  to  operate  the  seat  or  valve,  no 
valve  section  fouling  spaces,  and  no  plunger  to  catch  and  hold 
excrement.  The  tank  cannot  become  air-bound.  The  valve,  be- 
ing located  above  the  level  of  the  flushing  rim,  cannot  form  a 
trap  between  the  bowl  and  the  tank,  thus  overcoming  the  possi- 
bility of  the  air-tight  tank's  taking  up  and  holding  fast  in  the 
flush-pipe  a  quantity  of  water  at  every  discharge  by  which  the 
tank  would  eventually  become  filled  with  water  that  cannot  be 
discharged  without  disconnecting  it.  These  closets  require  no 
casing  in,  no  seats  to  be  fitted,  no  carpenter  work — seat,  slop-safe, 
bowl  and  tank  all  go  together.  They  are  simple,  durable  and 
cheap.  The  valve  of  these  closets  closes  with  the  water  pressure 
and  therefore  cannot  leak  and  the  pressure  being  equal  on  both 
sides  cannot  create  a  water  hammer. 


HEALTHFUL  HOMES. 

A  cemented  floor  under  the  whole  area  of  a  house  is  a  sanitary 
necessity,  because  the  "air  in  soils"  is  more  or  less  impure  at  best. 
There  is  no  excuse  for  building  underground  apartments  in  the 
country;  they  are  never  wholesome  anywhere,  and  if  families  are 
compelled  by  stringent  reasons  to  live  in  the  city,  where  basement 
dining-rooms  and  underground  kitchens  are  the  rule,  they  should 
endeavor  to  have  an  upper  sitting-room  and  live  in  it  as  much  as 
possible.  The  very  placing  of  a  house  on  any  ground  and  living 
in  it  under  ordinary  circumstances  causes  suctions  into  its  interior 
of  impure  soil-air,  because  the  air  of  the  house  is  warmer  than 
the  air  beneath  it,  and  this  induces  a  rush  of  the  cold  air  to  the 
warmer  house  atmosphere.  The  concreted  floor  will,  in  a  great 
measure,  do  away  with  this  difficulty,  but  not  altogether.  Venti- 
lation of  cellars  must  therefore  be  attended  to  faithfully,  no  matter 
how  clean  and  perfectly  built  they  may  be,  in  town  or  country. 
Annual  lime  whitewashing,  an  old  custom,  is  decidedly  a  whole- 
some precaution,  and  every  cellar  should  thus  be  treated,  espe- 
cially in  the  autumn,  as  the  cellar  will  be  kept  closed  more  than 
in  spring  and  summer. 

Very  important  are  the  floors,  woodwork,  walls  and  ceilings  of 
a  house;  their  condition  influences  in  a  greater  degree  than  might 
be  imagined  the  health  of  the  family.  There  cannot  be  a  doubt  that 
papered  walls  are  not  wholesome — that  is,  if  the  paper  is  of  the 
ordinary  kind  in  use,  which  is  highly  absorbent.  There  is  a  paper, 
made,  I  think,  in  England,  called  "sanitary  paper,"  which  has  a 
finely  glazed  surface  which  may  be  scrubbed  without  injury  to  its 
texture  or  colors;  this  paper  is  probably  as  free  from  the  objec- 
tion named  as  any  texture  could  be.  It  is  much  wider  than  the 
ordinary  wall-paper,  and,  as  it  is  very  strong  and  durable,  does 
not  cost  more  in  the  long  run  than  ordinary  wall-paper,  even  if 
the  first  outlay  is  more  than  that  expended  for  the  less  expensive 
grades  of  ordinary  wall-paper.  Painted  walls  are  the  best  for  all 
living-rooms — that  is,  sitting-rooms  and  bed-chambers;  they  are 
also  best  for  dining-rooms,  where  there  are  always  so  many  odors 
of  food  to  absorb.  Stained  and  varnished  woodwork  or  else  painted 
woodwork  should  rule,  as  neither  are  absorbent.  The  floors,  es- 
pecially, should  never  be  left  in  the  natural  state,  and  I  should 
advise  all  builders  of  houses  to  have  their  floors  painted 
before  living  over  them,  where  they  are  to  be  carpeted  or  other- 
wise covered,  and  stained  and  varnished  where  the  intention  is  to 
show  a  portion  or  all  the  surface.  These  measures,  renewed  as 
wear  necessitates,  will  prevent  your  house  attaining  that  peculiar 
smell  which  is  associated  with  old  boards  almost  invariably,  no 
matter  how  often  or  how  vigorously  they  have  been  scrubbed  by 
the  neatest  housewife,    Part  of  this  smell,  indeed  all,  is  due  to  the 


decay  of  absorbed  matters,  which  in  some  cases  include  disease- 
germs.  Paper  may  be  varnished,  however,  and  thus  rendered 
non-absorbent. 

As  it  is  not  the  privilege  of  every  one  to  move  into  a  perfectly 
new  house  and  do  just  as  they  please,  one  must  say  a  word  to 
those  who,  unhappily,  are  obliged  to  live  in  houses  of  other  peo- 
ple's building  and  ownership.  To  ensure  healthy  conditions  in  an 
old  house,  go  to  work  and  do  all  possible  cleaning  with  soap  and 
soda  and  water.  Strip  down  all  old  papers  from  the  walls;  some- 
times there  will  be  found  as  many  as  six  different  layers  of  dilapi- 
dated paper  of  different  colors  and  designs.  To  remove  old 
paper,  wet  it  all  over  with  a  damp  cloth  from  time  to  time,  so  that 
the  water  will  soak  through,  and  in  an  hour  or  two  it  will  be  so 
loosened  that  one  may  peel  off  the  layers  with  comparative  ease. 
The  walls  should  all  be  washed  down  with  soda  and  water,  and  it 
will  be  well  to  add  a  little  carbolic  acid  to  ensure  the  better 
purification  of  the  apartment.  The  ceilings,  too,  are  very  im- 
portant, and  should,  if  possible,  be  painted,  or  at  any  rate,  thor- 
oughly cleaned  and  given  a  fine  coat  of  tinted  lime-wash. 

Loosely  laid  floors  become  a  scource  of  evil  smells,  and  a  hid- 
ing place  for  vermin  and  disease  germs;  hence,  it  is  well  worth 
the  expense  to  have  new  floors  tongued,  and  grooved,  and  blind- 
nailed,  and  old  floors  taken  up,  planed  and  re-laid,  blind-nailed, 
then  painted  with  two  coats  of  paint.  Old  floors  having  finished 
their  shrinking,  will  not  again  give  any  trouble  by  reason  of  open 
seams  to  collect  dirt  and  noxious  substances. — Exchange. 


STERILIZATION  OF  WATER. 

The  conclusions  of  Charles  C.  Currier,  M.  D.,  in  a  paper  on 
the  above  topic,  are  as  follows: 

L^nless  extraordinarily  resistant,  water  becomes  sterilized  if  it 
be  at  or  near  the  boiling  temperature  for  fifteen  minutes.  If  the 
same  degree  of  heat  be  maintained  for  five  minutes,  all  harmful 
micro-organisms  will  have  been  destroyed.  Still  less  time  serves 
to  distroy  the  disease-producing  varieties  which  are  recognized  as 
liable  to  occur  in  water.  Thus  merely  raising  to  the  boiling  point 
a  clear  water  containing  the  micro-organisms  of  malarial  dis- 
orders, typhoid,  cholera,  diphtheria,  or  of  suppurative  processes, 
and  allowing  it  to  gradually  cool,  insures  the  destruction  of  these 
germs.  They  are  also  destroyed  by  keeping  the  water  from  a 
quarter  to  half  an  hour  at  a  temperature  of  70  degrees  C. 

Occasionally,  however,  very  resistent  but  harmless  bacteria 
may  get  into  water.  The  brief  heating  renders  them  safe  for 
drinking  purposes;  but  when  it  is  desired  to  destroy  every  micro- 
organism that  may  be  present  in  a  contaminated  w-ater,  it  should 
be  heated  for  one  hour  and  allowed  to  cool  slowly.  Then  it  may 
be  used  for  cleansing  wounds  or  for  alkaloidal  solutions  which 
will  keep  indefinitely  if  no  germs  be  introduced  after  the  solution 
has  been  heated. 

"LIGHT  FOR  EVENING  HOURS." 

Under  this  title,  the  Detroit  Heating  and  Lighting  Company 
have  issued  a  beautifully  illustrated  catalogue,  setting  forth  the 
merits  of  their  Combination  Gas  Machine.  The  accompanying 
illustrations  and  cxi)lanations  will  make  clear  the  construction  of 
this  machii.e  and  the  claims  its  manufacturers  put  forth: 

The  Combination  Gas  Machine  consists  of  a  blower,  or  air- 
pump,  and  a  carbureter,  or  generating  tank.    The  carbureter  is 


July  5,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


over  the  surface  of  which  air  may  pass  and  become  "  carljureted," 
or  impregnated  with  the  vapors  of  the  gasoline.  In  order  to  in- 
crease the  evaporating  surface,  partitions  of  absorbent  material 
are  so  placed  in  each  cell  as  to  form  a  narrow,  coil-shaped  i)assage, 
on  every  side  of  which  is  gasoline.  The  air  passes  through  each 
of  the  cells  in  turn,  and,  following  the  convolutions  of  the  coil,  is 
made  to  traverse  a  greater  distance  in  going  through  our  carbu- 
reter than  any  other  of  the  same  size.  No  other  gas  machine  pre- 
sents even  an  approximate  evaporating  surface.  The  carbureter 
is  placed  outside  the  building,  and,  with  its  connecting  pipes,  is 
buried  in  the  ground  at  a  depth  that  precludes  possibility  of  acci- 
dent, and  prevents  the  temperature  of  the  gasoline  or  the  gas 
being  affected  by  the  weather. 

The  motive  power  of  the  blower  is  a  weight  which  must  oc- 
casionally be  wound  up.  The  blower  takes  in  air  from  the  room 
in  which  it  stands,  or  by  an  induction  pipe  from  out  of  doors,  and 
forces  it  through  the  air-pipe  to  the  carbureter.  Here  the  air 
passes  over  the  surface  of  the  gasoline  in  the  several  cells  and, 
enriched  with  its  illuminating  properties,  returns  through  the  gas 
pipe  to  the  riser  in  the  building,  and  is  conducted  to  the  various 
burners.  When  the  lights  are  shut  off  the  pump  is  at  rest  and  no 
gas  is  made.    Turning  on  one  or  more  lights  starts  the  machine 


cently  reported  to  the  Paris  Academy  the  results  of  their  joint 
experiments  conducted  during  the  past  ten  years  to  determine  the 
antiseptic  and  destructive  effects  ot  a  constant  galvanic  current 
on  disease  producing  germs  and  microbes,  and  particularly  uj)on 
the  anthrax  bacillus.  These  experiments  seem  to  be  of  the  great- 
est interest  in  the  medicine  of  the  future,  especially  for  the  treat- 
ment of  maladies  in  which  no  drug  can  kill  or  remove  the  para- 
site, f'or  the  present  it  is  sufficient  to  add  that  if  galvanic  currents 
can  be  made  to  destroy  the  bacillis  tuberculosis,  which  is  supposed 
to  be  the  exciting  cause  of  pulmonary  consumption,  the  greatest 
medical  discovery  of  this  or  any  other  age  will  have  been  accom- 
plished.   It  will  pay  to  wait,  however,  just  a  little  while. 


r.SSCOLTOH 
HEATER 


I^fi'lDEhCE  OP 
JULIUJ  jTROn.EiQ. 

JCrrERiOHAVE, 

X  §0  Light 

-v-x  CO/iBIMATlOH 


_  ^   .       ^    RfilDE-hCE  OP 

'n?f^  James AJoriEi.EiQ. 
Bolton  Heater  p^'^^^e ) 

30LlGhT  COnBIMATION  OAJ  MACniME. 


A  NEW  process  for  the  manufacture  of  gas  from  petroleum  has 
been  put  into  practice  at  Kittarwiing,  Pa.,  by  which  it  is  claimed 
gas  can  be  manufactured  at  one-half  the  cost  of  the  old,  and  is 
much  better  for  illuminating  purposes.  The  method  is  a  very 
simple  one,  consisting  of  a  feeder  and  a  system  of  retorts.  These 
retorts  are  kept  at  a  certain  heat  and  the  oil  forced  through  them 
into  a  receiving  tank  filled  with  water.  When  the  heated  oil 
strikes  the  water  it  turns  into  gas  and  is  conveyed  from  there  to 
the  supply  tank  ready  for  use.  It  is  said  that  4,000  feet  of  gas  can 
be  manufactured  from  one  barrel  of  Lima  oil. 
— Chicago  -Joiirna  lof  Conuncrce. 

A  NUMBER  of  capitalists  of  Seattle,  Wash- 
ington and  Minneapolis  contemplate  the  build- 
ing of  an  immense  flume  or  tunnel  from  Lake 
Washington  to  the  shores  of  Seattle  harbor  for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  water  power  for 
manufacturing  purposes. 

A  NEW  company  recently  incorporated  in 
Baltimore,  with  a  capital  stock  of  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars,  is  the  Ventilating  and  Motor 
Company,  which  will  engage  in  the  business  of 
manufacturing  and  selling  motors,  blowers  and 
ventilating  fans. 


in  motion.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  apparatus  is  purely  au- 
tomatic, making  only  as  much  gas  as  is  wanted  and  only  as  fast  as 
it  is  used.  The  lights  may  be  turned  out,  the  machine  left  unused 
for  a  year,  and  it  will  then  be  found  ready  to  light. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  size  and  brilliancy  of  the  lights, 
it  may  be  safely  said  that  no  artificial  light  has  ever  been  pro- 
duced that  will  compare  with  this  in  cheapness.  The  cost  of  each 
light,  equal  to  an  ordinary  city  gas  burner,  averages  about  half  a 
cent  per  hour.  Coal  gas  usually  costs  from  $2  to  $5  per  thousand 
cubic  feet,  while  the  gas  manufactured  by  our  machine  will  not, 
in  most  cases,  exceed  $1.00  per  thousand.  Five  gallons  of  gas- 
oline will  produce  about  one  thousand  cubic  feet  of  gas,  so  that  in 
localities  convenient  to  gasoline  markets  our  machines  will 
furnish  gas  at  about  70  to  80  cents  per  thousand  feet. 

As  compared  with  oil  lamps,  the  cost  is  about  the  same,  for  an 
equal  number  of  lights;  but  if  the  estimate  is  based  on  the  quan- 
tity of  light  furnished  our  gas  is  materially  cheaper. 

Some  of  our  customers,  having  used  both  our  machine  and 
electric  light,  have  found  our  gas  considerably  cheaper  and  quite 
as  satisfactory. 

GALVANISM  AS  A  MICROBE  KILLER. 

France  is  a  land  of  scientific  theories,  discoveries  and — fail- 
ures, says  the  Chicago  'Journal  of  Coinmerce.  A  few  years  ago 
one  of  her  scientists  was  going  to  cure  consumption  of  the  lungs 
by  injections  of  carbonic  acid  gas  administered  in  fluids.  The 
proposition  was  favorably  received,  tried,  and  pronounced  a  fail- 
ure, all  within  a  few  months.  Pasteur  originated  vaccination  with 
mad-dog  virus  for  the  cure  of  hydrophobia,  but  his  system  has 
never  attained  the  eclat  of  a  complete  success.  Dr.  Brown  Se- 
quard's  method  of  rejuvenating  old  persons  by  injecting  "the 
elixir  of  life"  into  their  bodies  was  nothing  but  a  fiasco. 

Under  all  these  circumstances,  one  hears  of  any  other  new 
French  medical  discovery  with  the  utmost  composure,  willingly 
waiting  for  its  development  into  a  full-fledged  reality  before  dar- 
ing to  bestow  upon  it  more  than  a  hope  that  it  may  prove  equal  to 
its  desirability.  At  this  particular  juncture  it  is  announced  that 
two  French  savants  (M.  M.  Apostoli  and  Laquerrierre)  have  re- 


"The  Southwestern  Limited"  via  the  C.  C. 
C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  (Big  Four  Route)  from  St.  Louis, 
Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  to  New  York  and 
Boston  is  the  finest  train  in  America,  and  pro- 
vides the  best  and  quickest  service  ever  offered  between  the  East 
and  West,  landing  passengers  in  the  heart  of  New  York  City  with- 
out ferry  transfer.  "  The  Southwestern  Limited  "  is  a  solid  vesti- 
buled  train,  heated  by  steam,  lighted  by  gas  and  provided  with 
an  elegant  dining  car  service. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  1:00  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 

of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hundred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 


HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

A  NEW  METHOD  OF  TREATING  DISEASES. 

What  are  they?  There  is  a  new  departure  in  the  treatment  of 
disease.  It  consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics  used  by  noted 
specialists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment  pursued  by  special  phy- 
sicans  who  treat  indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles  only,  was 
obtained  and  prepared.  The  treatment  of  other  physicians,  cele- 
brated for  curing  catarrh  was  procured  and  so  on  till  these  incom- 
parable cures  now  include  disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility.  The  new  method  of 
"one  remedy  for  one  disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have  experienced  the  ill  effects, 
and  thoroughly  realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of  Patent  Med- 
icines which  are  guaranteed  to  cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle, 
and  the  use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruined  more  stomachs 
than  alcohol.  A  circular  describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by  Hospital  Remedy  Company, 
Toronto,  Canada,  sole  proprietors. 


V 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  335 


THE  "GORTON"  BOILER 


"Perfection  in  IModern  House  Heating." 

AUTOMATIC,  SELF-FEEDING,  WROUGHT-IRON,  TUBULAR,  AND  SECTIONAL. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  filled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modem  House-Heating,  furnished  upon  application. 


IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE! 
GORTON  & 


THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 
I.IDGERWOOD  CO., 

34-  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago, 
96  Liberty  St.,  New  York.  197-203  Congress  St.,  Boston. 

Gorton  Boilei — Front  View.  Gorton  Boiler— Sec'n  View 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  pa)  - 
ment  of  $2  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  H.,  886  Dudley  street. 

The  Whittalter  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  1.54  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Win.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  42  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  *  Culloton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

Ilickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  H.,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas  Ik  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  .Stephen,  712  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Me.any,  John,  5745  VVentwortli  avenue. 

Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twentv-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madfson  street. 

Nacey,  P.,  3:39  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  11.,  208  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders.  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T..  191  E.  Indiana  street. 

Sullivan,  John.  320  Division  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  &  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  CJatzert  it  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


HELP  WANTED. 


\UR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLY  INVITED 
to  use  iliis  column  ■when  iti  need  oj  help  in  any  of  the 
professions,  trades  or  businesses  to  which  this  journal 
is  devoted.  Such  advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  o/TiiE  Sanitaky 
News,  8S  arid  9o  La  'Salle  Street,  Chicago.  

TIT  ANTED.  —  THOROUGIILV  COMPETENT 
*  '  man  as  solicitor  in  plumbing  shop  in  Cliicago. 
Must  have  had  experience  in  estimating  work,  etc.,  and 
give  first-class  references.  Address,  with  full  statement 
of  (jualiticatians  and  present  position,  "II.,"  The 
Sanitaky  Nkws. 


ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 


w 

Address,  "  F.,"  The  Sanitaky  News. 

TSTANTED.  —  A  TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 
*  '  Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Win.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  tradtsor  businesses 
to  which  this  journal  is  devoted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  TiiK  Sanitary 

News,  88  and  go  La  .Salle  Street,  Chicago. 

CI TUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^  coinjjetent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.  Location  no 
object.    Address,  " II.  E.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


qiTUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  YOUNG  MAN, 
^  20  years  of  age,  as  salesman  for  a  wholesale  plumb- 
ing house,  or  to  sell  some  sjjecialty  in  the  plumbing  line. 
Has  had  four  years  experience  with  plumbing  goods. 
Address  "  Sales,"  care  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 

^  collector  for  some  plumbing  house.  Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.  Address  "L,"  The 
Sanitary-  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


POR  SALE  CHEAP.— GOOD  PLUMBING  BUS- 
iness,  four  years  established  in  Chicago.  Fine 
location  and  stock.     Reason  for  selling,  poor  health. 
Address  "  W.  F.  T.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


pOR  SALE.-PATENT  RIGHT.    ONE  OF  THE 

most  successful  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
Plumbing  and  Garden  Hose  trade.  Owner  wishes  to 
retire  from  business.  For  further  particulars,  address 
Thos.  Burke,  188  N.  Pine  Street,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


P'OR  SALE. -ONE  10-HORSE  VERTICAL 
■T^  Steam  Boiler;  complete.  One  9  ft.  x  3  ft.  Wilks 
Hot  Water  Boiler,  with  105  ft.  1  in.  br,ass  heating  coil 
inside.  Been  used  30  days  only-  Apply  to  R.  P.  Pro. 
UASco,  38  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


pOR  SALE.— A     PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.     Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "Stock,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


TJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  f  nrnislies  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  Hcferences.  London  agent 
for  Thk  Sanitary  New.s,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  ordersand 
checks  shoald  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitabt 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E..  M.  Inst,  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  ConBtrac> 
tion  Superintended. 

GEO-  E.  WARING,  Jr..  M.  Inst  C-  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitarj'  and  Agricultu^a^ 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  OH APvTaN  A.  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  R.  1. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  ths  Laying  out  of  Towns. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


QAML.  O.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 
Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 


Bridges  and  Municipal  Works. 
Chicaao. 


28  Kialto  Building, 


lyM.  PAUL  GERHARD.  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  superintondoncp  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  Corres- 
pondence  solicited  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City^  


PROPOSALS. 


Office  of  Hinton  Water  Works  Company. 

HiNTON,  W.  Va.,July  1,  1890. 
PROPOSALS  FOR  THE  I:RECTI0N  OF  A 
system  of  Water  Works  will  be  received  by  the 
undersigned  until  August  1,  18iK1.  Plans  can  be  seen 
on  personal  application.  Specifications  furnished  if 
desired.  It  is  preferred  that  j>arties  bidding  make  a 
personal  examination.  The  right  to  reject  any  or  all 
bids  is  reserved. 

F.  R.  Van  Antwerp, 
Prest.  Hinton  Water  Works  Company. 


JJAVID   WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 
ber  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
373  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. 


p  HARVET,  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PRACTICAL 
'    Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mich- 
igan and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


Robt.  D.  Elder,  7  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  125x 

50,  113-15  Evanston'ay;  a,  Ostling  Bros  $  28,000 

Thompson  Taylor  Spice  Co.,  6  sty  and  bst  brk 

mill,  88x130,  Lake  and  Michigan  av;  a,  H.  B. 

Seeley  

C.  M.  Hildretli,  6  sty  brk  fctry,  70x165,  467-81 

Carroll  av;  a,  H.  B.  Wheelock  

St.  Vincent  School,  3  sty  .and  bst  brk  school  hse, 

iK)x40,  182-90  Osgood  St;  a,  A.  Druiding  

P.  A.  Bonfig,  4  and  2  sty  and  bst  brk  str,  fits  and 

brn,  34x63x64,  22x24x22,  375  N.  State  st;  a,  J. 

H.  Huber  

Henry  Brown,  2  3  sty  and  eel  brk  sirs  .and  fits, 

.52x70,  35th  and  Prairie  av;  a,  Flanders  & 

Zimmerman  

Dr.  Farncy,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  flts,  48x62,  938-40;" 

a,  C.  A.'Wcary  

W.  D.  Bishopp,  2  3  sty  and  bst  brk  flts,  51x90, 

3647-49  Calumet  av;  a,  G.  B.  Dixon  

A.  E.  Buchlen,  6  sty  and  bst  brk  Ibtry,  64.\76, 

10-14  Peck  ct;  a,  Oscar  Cobb  

Henry  Sweet,  5  3  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  Hts, 

105x60,  31st  and  Bonfield  sts;  a,  R.  G.  Pente- 
cost   

Western  Bank  Note  Eng.  Co.,  8  sty  and  bst  brk 

office  bldg,  82x109,  Madison  and  Michigan  av; 

a,  C.  S.  Frost  

Wm.  Ohlhaher,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

42x80,  3.53-5  North'  av;  a,  Wm.  Ohlhaher  

Coon  A-  Lester,  2  3  sty  brk  flts,  45x!)8,  24-26 

Francisco  st;  a,  Hammond  \'  Chapin  

Jno.  B.  Drake,  1  sty  brk  addn,  81x120,  96  Wabash 

av;  a,  J.  M.  Vai\  Osdel  &  Co  

E.  Mandel,  3  sty  and  bst  brick  dwUg,  35x82, 

;i40l)-02  Michigan  av;  a,  L.  B.  Dixon  

W.  C.  T.  U.,  X2sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  offices, 

96x189;  Monroe  and  La  Salle  Sts.;  a.  Burn. 

ham  iV  Root  1 

William  Nadler,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  flts, 

24x62;  292  Sedgwick  St. ;  a,  Schank  &  Berlin 


Ed.  Mandel,  2  and  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  25x 
3r)\  16,  2,5x35x30;  3930  Grand  Boul.;  a,R.  r 
Pcnleeost. 


'  3.5  \  If),  25x35x30;  3930  CJrand  Boul. 


Bricc  A.  Miller,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  34.x44; 

40  Roslyn  PI.;  a,  Swiiln  

W.  l  lier,  3  stv  bst  and  brk  flts,  21x50;  22  Ash- 
land Ave.;  ii,  Anton  Chervost  

N.  C.  Bnicshaber,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  flt, 

25.\<t();  947  W.  21st  St.;  a,  C.  Mehler  

John  M.  Conrov,  5  sty  bst  brk  addn,  -40x40;  411- 

13  S.  State  St,;  a,  A.J.  Kinnev  

G.  \V    Williams,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  flts,  22x71; 

106  l''lournoy  St.;  a,  )as.  M.  C.  Watts  

Aiigl.  Brejcha,  4  sly  and  eel  brk  Ills,  25x47;  516 

Niarslifield  Ave.;  a,  Anton  Charvat  

John  Newberry,  3  sly  and  bst  brk  fits,  22x80; 

2835  5th  Ave.;  a,  F.  Lindstrom  

J.  Taylor,  2  2  sty  and  eel  brk  flts,  40.\57i  4334-6 

I.anglevAve;  a,  H.  S.Jeffray  

John  Heakiilv,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  flts  and  addn, 

2.5x64x42,  25x60.\9;  711  W.  21st  St.;  a,  Z. 

O.'  'carson,  "2  sty  'and  eel'  bV'k  tits,'  'sO-xliO;  5299 

Campbell  Ave.;  a,  O.  Carson  

BoyceB-akery  Co.,2sty  brk  bkry,  60x90;  Lin- 

coin  and  Walnut  Sts  

John  B.  Carl.son,  5  sty  and  bsl  brk  flts,  34x45. 

226  N.  Market  St.,  a,  John  Otter  

Reynart  Rcynerlson,  3  sly  and  bst  brk  str  and 

tits,  21x68;  736  W.  14lh  St  •  •  ■ 

A.  li.  Soderstrome,  S  stv  and  bst  brk  flts,  22x71); 

375  W.  Erie  St.;  a,  C.  Oberg  

L.  P.  Sykes,  Ss'y  and  bst  brk  Ills,  22x56  ;  227 

Sangamon  St  V/ 

Chas.  Mertens,  2  3  stv  and  eel  brk  (Its,  60x54; 

4311-13  Wabash  Ave.;  a,  C.  Mertens  

Armour*  Co.,  2  sty  and  bsl  brk  wrehsc,  97x146 ; 

Center  Ave.  and  43d  St  i V.V 

M.  A.  Varrett,  2  stv  and  bsl  brk  dwllg,  32x44; 

Vale  and  Harvard  Sis.;  a,  John  Long  


75,000 
65,000 
18,500 

15,OOo 

14,000 
16,000 
20,000 
80,000 

16,000 

125,000 
15,000 
10,000 
10,000 
100,000 

,000,000 
11,000 

12,000 
14,000 

5,000 

T.OlH) 
6,000 
5,5(K) 
6,000 
5,000 
5,01K) 

5,000 
5,rt)0 
5,000 
8,000 
6,000 
5,fllKI 
5,000 
3,600 
8,000 
6,000 


July  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


121 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUni.ISIIKD  EVERY  SATURDAY 


No.  90  La  Salle  Street,     -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson,       -       --       --       --       -  Pubmsiiek. 

a.  11.  Harkyman,  -       --       --       --       -  Editou. 

Henky  R.  Allen,      -------        London  Agent. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 


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"WANT"  ADVERTISEMENTS. 
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olHce,  when  they  will  be  promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless  made  by  check,  express 
order,  money  order,  or  registered  letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 
Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the  office  of  its  London  agent, 
Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 
A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from  the  first  issue,  are  still 
left.    The  price  of  these  is  $2.00  a  volume,  except  for  the  first  volume,  which  is 
$3.00.     The  entire  fifteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  library    on  sanitary 
subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  ----------131 

Yellow  Fever  and  Key  West         ------  122 

The  Best  Means  of  Controlling  the  Water  Supplv  in  Buildings  in  a  Cold 

Climate             -         -         -         -     '-         -'      -         -  123 

A  New  Method  of  Sewer  Ventilation      -         _         _         -  123 

A  Few  Simple  Suggestions  as  to  Water  and  Water  Supply          -         -  125 

Inspection  of  Plumbing  and  House  Drains           _         -         _         -  127 

Health  in  Michigan        -         --         --         --         -  12" 

Extracts  from  Building  Ordinance  of  Mmncapolis  Relating  to  Plumbing  127 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers   -------  132 

Among  the  Plumbers     -         --         --         --         -  12y 

Granite  Not  a  Fire  Proof  Material         ------  v 

The  Cause  of  Diphtheria  v 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done         -----  12!) 

Heating  and  Lighting         ------  130 

Sewerage  Notes   -----         -         -         -  131 

Water  Works  Notes           ------  131 

Bids  and  Contracts         -------  132 


The  suggestion  made  by  Mr.  Andrew  Young  to  the  Denver 
Convention  regarding  an  exhibition  of  sanitary  appliances  at  the 
Master  Plumbers'  Annual  Convention,  is  one  worthy  of  considera- 
tion. As  he  stated,  there  is  no  class  better  qualified  to  make  such 
exhibitions  profitable  than  the  plumbers.  They  have  every  means 
any  others  have,  and  a  great  many  more,  of  making  a  display  of 
sanitary  appliances  a  most  instructive  object  lesson  in  providing 
information  on  sanitary  matters.  Such  an  exhibition  would  result 
in  a  benefit  to  the  public  and  to  the  plumbing  trade  in  general. 
It  must  be  acknowledged  that  the  public  is  not  well  informed  re- 
garding this  branch  of  service  in  its  important  relations  to  public 
health.  The  people,  as  a  general  thing,  accept  whatever  the 
plumber  supplies  without  question,  all  on  account  of  their  ignor- 
ance of  the  best  sanitary  appliances  that  are  provided.  We  must 
also  confess  that  there  is  a  class  of  plumbers  which  takes  advan- 
tage of  this  ignorance  in  imposing  on  their  patrons  the  cheapest. 


and  often  the  most  worthless,  material.  This  ignorance  on  the 
part  of  the  people  arises  from  their  lack  of  opportunity  to  learn 
of  that  which  is  most  desirable  in  sanitary  matters.  On  this  ignor- 
ance the  jerry  plumber  largely  subsists,  and  the  better  education 
of  the  people  would  be  the  most  efficient  means  of  eliminating  the 
jerry  plumber  from  the  trade.  There  is  no  question  about  a  dis- 
play of  sanitary  fixtures  being  a  good  educator.  It  is  a  demon- 
stration visible  to  all,  and  would  have  a  great  influence  in  advanc- 
ing the  interest  of  master  plumbers  as  well  as  promoting  the  cause 
of  health.  We  believe  this  subject  should  receive  the  careful  at- 
tention of  all  master  plumbers. 

The  essays  read  at  the  Denver  convention  were  rightly  devoted 
to  the  interest  of  plumbing  and  the  public  welfare.  They  all 
should  be  read  by  not  only  the  plumbers  but  the  people  generally, 
and  The  Sanitary  News  will  do  its  share  in  getting  them  before 
the  laity.  Extra  editions  will  be  sent  to  those  who  would  other- 
wise fail  to  see  them.  The  enlightenment  of  the  general  public 
is  the  means  through  which  sanitary  interests  must  be  advanced, 
and  the  spread  of  such  literature  as  this  will  contribute  strongly 
to  that  end.  At  present  a  large  quantity  of  the  best  reading  on 
this  subject  is  coming  from  the  plumbers,  and  it  comes  freely  and 
liberally,  and  cannot  fail  to  produce  good  results.  While  this  is 
serving  directly  the  public  good,  it  will  benefit  the  competent 
plumber  whose  work  will  be  advanced  with  the  advancement  of 
the  education  of  the  people. 


The  results  of  the  Denver  Convention  are  already  becoming 
manifest.  From  all  quarters  come  most  refreshing  information 
resjarding  the  new  impetus  given  the  plumbing  trade  and  the  re- 
newed resolves  to  advance  the  cause  of  sanitation.  The  result 
will  be  the  more  rapid  advancement  of  all  plumbing  interests  and 
the  higher  and  better  qualifications  of  plumbers.  When  we  con- 
sider that  this  advancement  touches  the  highest  interest  of  man- 
kind and  will  prove  a  national  blessing,  we  can  to  some  extent  con- 
ceive the  importance  of  this  last  and  greatest  convention  of  the 
master  plumbers.  All  encouragement  and  support  possible 
should  be  given  them  in  their  efforts  to  improve  their  art,  for  on 
their  work  depend  largely  the  public  health  and  human  happi- 
ness. It  is  time  to  shake  off  fossils,  fogies,  and  all  obstacles,  and 
leave  the  advanced  and  progressive  plumbers  of  to-day  free  and 
unshackled  in  the  attainment  of  their  high  ideal. 


Improvements  at  Duluth  are  practically  at  a  standstill.  Last 
Tuesday  the  street  laborers  struck  for  an  advance  in  wages  from 
S1.75  to  $2.00  per  day,  and  this  called  out  other  laborers  in  their 
support.  The  carpenters  also  struck,  not  that  they  had  any  griev- 
ances themselves,  but  to  bring  pressure  to  bear  through  the  eight- 
hour  contractors  on  the  three  or  four  ten-hour  contractors.  In 
support  of  the  carpenters  the  plumbers  struck,  and  all  business  in 
these  several  lines  is  practically  abandoned.  Here  again  we  have 
an  example  of  how  the  unoffending  contractors  and  employers  are 
made  to  suffer  according  to  the  whims  and  fickleness  of  the  em- 
ployes. Those  who  make  any  pretensions  of  having  a  wrong  to 
redress  are  greatly  in  the  minority,  yet  the  great  interests  of  a  city 
are  made  to  suffer  for  the  sake  of  a  few  who  may  have  the  right 
to  quit  work  for  an  objectionable  employer,  but  who  have  no 
shadow  of  a  right  to  influence  others  in  that  direction. 


According  to  a  special  from  New  York  the  plan,  which  has 
been  repeatedly  urged  to  prevent  undesirable  immigrants  from 
coming  to  this  country,  and  to  protect  the  country  more  thoroughly 
against  the  invasion  of  contagious  diseases,  is  at  last  tobe  adopted. 
Dr.  Hamilton,  United  States  Surgeon-General,  will  sail  for  Europe 
on  the  i6th  inst.,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  physicians  at 
every  port  in  Europe  from  which  immigrants  embark  to  this 
country,  in  connection  with  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital 
service. 

The  physicians  will,  in  every  case,  work  under  the  supervision 
of  the  United  States  Consul  at  the  port  where  they  are  stationed. 
It  will  be  the  duty  of  these  doctors  to  examine  emigrants  intend- 
ing to  sail  for  this  port  and  to  prevent  the  embarkation  of  the 
great  army  of  the  lame,  the  halt,  and  the  blind  people  who  for 
years  have  been  pouring  into  this  country,  only  to  fill  up  the  coun- 
try and  state  pauper  institutions. 


122 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


Particular  attention  will  be  given  to  rejecting  people  suffering 
from  contagious  diseases  and  all  complaints  of  a  scrofulous 
nature.  The  plan  proposed  has  been  successfully  carried  out  in 
connection  with  the  Marine  Hospital  service  in  West  Indian  and 
South  American  ports,  and  the  effect  of  this  protection  to  the 
United  States  in  the  exclusion  of  contagious  diseases  is  considered 
inestimable  by  the  members  of  the  service.  Thus,  while  yellow 
fever  is  raging  at  Santos  and  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  there  is  little 
danger  of  its  getting  into  New  York,  even  in  the  summer  season. 
In  connection  with  this  work  the  European  Consuls  are  expected 
also  to  make  examinations,  particularly  with  regard  to  criminal 
cases. 


YELLOW  FEVER  AND  KEY  WEST. 

The  abstract  of  sanitary  reports,  submitted  by  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral Hamilton  last  March,  contains  a  report  from  Dr.  J.  L.  Pasey 
on  the  sanitary  condition  of  Key  West,  Fla.,  the  following  ab- 
stracts of  which  were  published  recently  in  the  Scientifc  American  : 

The  city  of  Key  West  covers  an  area  of  i  %  square  miles  of  the 
island,  which  is  seven  miles  in  length  and  two  miles  in  breadth, 
and  is  between  latitude  24  deg.  32  min.  58  sec.  and  longitude  81 
deg.  48  min.  4  sec,  80  miles  distant  from  the  city  of  Havana  and 
230  miles  from  the  port  of  Tampa,  Fla.  The  entire  island  is  a 
coral  rock  formation  (oolitic  limestone)  rising  at  a  slight  elevation 
out  of  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  constantly  swept  by 
strong  and  varying  winds,  and  its  atmosphere  tempered  by  the 
Gulf  Stream.  The  products  of  the  soil  are  tropical  in  character, 
lofty  cocoanut  and  date  palms,  cactus  trees,  wild  fig,  and  Indian 
laurel  and  many  handsome  flowering  shrubs  thrive  in  the  gar- 
dens; low  brush  thickets  of  buttonwood,  acacia,  and  mango  cover 
the  uninhabited  area.  The  climate  of  this  island  is  delightful, 
and  is  unexcelled,  I  think,  in  any  section  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  with  an  average  winter  temperature  of  70  deg.,  and  85 
deg.  in  summer.  The  surface  of  the  island  is  generally  level,  with 
slight  undulations  north  and  south,  east  and  west.  The  estimated 
population  is  20,000  souls,  comprising  Anglo  Saxons,  Cubans 
(Spanish  Creoles),  negroes,  and  mulattoes,  the  Cubans  and  negroes 
predominating.  The  manufacture  of  cigars  and  the  sponge  fish- 
eries constitute  the  most  valuable  industries.  After  a  thorough 
and  systematic  sanitary  survey  of  this  city,  covering  some  weeks, 
and  in  which  1  was  materially  assisted  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Sweeting,  port 
physician,  I  find  that  there  are  many  evils  to  condemn,  and  very 
few  features  in  municipal  sanitation  to  commend.  The  general 
condition  of  the  principal  streets  is  cleanly,  but  badly  graded  and 
imperfectly  drained,  and  during  the  rainy  season  most  of  them 
are  flooded,  making  it  impossible  for  pedestrians  to  get  about  dry 
shod.  On  many  of  the  streets  there  are  no  sidewalks  and  no 
drains.  The  average  condition  of  premises,  as  seen  from  the 
streets,  is  among  the  intelligent  and  better  classes  of  Americans 
and  Spanish  Creoles  clean  and  well  kept,  and  contrasts  forcibly 
with  the  filthy  yards  aiid  alley  ways  where  the  negro  and  Cuban 
population,  employes  of  the  cigar  factories,  are  huddled  together 
in  small  huts  and  shanties,  and  whose  stolid  apathy  and  utter  in- 
difference to  even  ordinary  personal  cleanliness  and  domestic 
hygiene  and  sanitation  is  apparent.  In  the  majority  of  instances 
the  garbage,  refuse  of  kitchens,  and  a  variety  of  offensive  mate- 
rial, when  not  cast  loose  into  the  narrow  streets  or  alleys,  is 
heaped  under  their  wretched  hovels  to  undergo  a  slow  process  of 
moist  decomposition.  The  yards  of  many  of  these  dwellings  after 
the  heavy  tropical  rains  are  inundated,  the  contents  of  the  shal- 
low cesspools,  mingling  with  the  festering  garbage,  are  floated 
abroad  to  be  subjected  to  the  rays  of  a  tropical  sun,  which 
promptly  distils  an  abundance  of  mephitic  vapors,  whose  baneful 
influence  is  in  part  happily  diminished  by  the  constant  disinfec- 
tion of  the  winds  from  the  sea  that  sweeps  over  the  isle. 

One  of  the  main  forces  of  atmospheric  pollution,  as  well  as  of 
the  soil  (which,  though  rocky,  is  more  or  less  porous),  is  the  privy 
vault  system  which  is  in  vogue  here.  These  vaults  are  dug  to  a 
depth  of  4  to  6  feet,  3  to  6  feet  in  length,  and  about  2^  feet  wide. 
I  have  ascertained  that  where  the  premises  are  small,  the  house 
occupying  the  greater  portion  of  the  lot,  after  the  cesspool  was 
filled  it  was  covered  over  with  sand  and  broken  rock  and  a  new 
one  dug,  and  the  practice  repeated  until  many  small  yards  were 
honeycombed  with  these  fecal  pools,  and  the  important  question 
to  tenant  or  owner  arose  where  to  locate  the  ne,\t  receptacle  for 


human  dejecta.  This  is  certainly  a  deplorable  system,  and  must 
be  productive  of  foul  atmospheric  Conditions  in  dwellings  in  a 
latitude  where  the  thermometric  markings  range  from  60  deg.  to 
90  deg.  Fahrenheit  the  entire  year.  The  water  supply  for  do- 
mestic purposes  is  obtained  from  underground  reservoirs  exca- 
vated in  the  rock  and  cemented,  which  receive  the  washings  from 
the  roofs  of  dwellings  during  the  prevalence  of  heavy  tropical 
showers  of  the  spring  and  summer  months.  In  the  poorer  classes 
of  premises  the  privy  vaults  are  not  many  feet  distant  from  these 
subterranean  cisterns,  and  during  periods  of  drought  and  in  badly 
cemented  reservoirs  it  is  possible  that  by  seepage  from  the  clos- 
ets the  water  may  become  contaminated  with  organic  matter.  I 
am  of  opinion  that  during  the  dry  season  water  obtained  from 
these  reservoirs  bears  some  close  relation  to  the  production  of 
types  of  continued  fever  (non-malarial  in  character),  presenting 
some  typhoidal  symptoms.  There  are  several  large  covered 
drains  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  one  on  Simonton  street,  lead- 
ing from  the  head  of  Eaton  street  to  the  sea,  and  another  on  An- 
gela street,  extending  to  a  salt  pond  in  the  rear  of  quarters  used 
by  the  sergeant  in  charge  of  Fort  Taylor.  The  history  of  sick- 
ness along  the  course  of  these  drains  is  well  known  to  many  old 
residents. 

The  history  of  yellow  fever  in  Key  West  (being  the  most  ex- 
posed point  in  the  Linited  States)  dates  from  a  very  early  period. 
The  frequent  occurrence  of  epidemics  of  this  disease,  the  recur- 
rence of  isolated  cases  between  epidemic  periods,  its  recent  reap- 
pearance in  October,  1889,  and  during  the  month  of  January,  1890, 
point,  in  my  opinion,  to  but  one  rational  conclusion — that  the  dis- 
ease has  finally  become  endemic  in  Key  West.  What  constitute 
the  principal  factors  involved  in  the  production  of  this  condition 
of  matters  are  of  the  first  consideration:  First,  the  very  unsani- 
tary conditions  of  the  city  yield  a  favorable  nidus  for  the  propaga- 
tion and  preservation  of  the  germs  of  this  disease;  second,  cer- 
tain classes  only  of  the  population  furnish  the  pabulum  which 
evinces  the  presence  of  the  apparently  inactive  and  latent  poison 
of  yellow  fever.  I  believe  that  only  a  thorough  and  vigorous 
cleansing  of  the  city  will  rid  it  of  the  strongholds  of  disease,  which 
will  otherwise  increase  in  number,  and  during  the  summer  season 
develop  the  epidemic  state,  unless  the  municipal  government  of 
Key  West  begins  at  an  early  date  to  rid  their  rich  and  growing 
city  of  this  "pest  of  the  tropics,"  which  was  originally  introduced 
on  their  island  by  infected  vessels  and  by  their  Creole  industrial 
classes,  but  which,  owing  to  years  of  criminal  apathy  and  sordid 
indifference  to  the  simplest  laws  of  sanitation,  has  become  (find- 
ing a  congenial  nidus  in  the  filthy  inhabited  areas)  at  last  domes- 
ticated. 

The  city  of  Key  West  is  the  only  point  in  the  United  States 
that  continues  to  harbor  this  "dreaded  infection,"  and  is  coming 
to  be  noted  as  a  great  manufacturing  center  of  the  fragrant  "con- 
chas, principes,  and  regalias,"  and  also  the  distributing  focus  of 
yellow  fever  fomites.  A  formidable  rival  of  Havana  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  tobacco,[she  will  soon  enjoy  the  unenviable  reputation, 
from  the  view  of  the  sanitarian,  of  an  equally  active  competition 
in  the  production  of  the  "microbe."  As  long  as  her  citizens  are 
willing  to  live  without  the  adoption  and  execution  of  such  modern 
sanitary  reforms  as  scientific  sewerage,  good  drainage,  abundant 
and  pure  water  supply,  cremation  of  garbage,  well-graded  and 
clean  thoroughfares,  public  parks,  improved  domestic  hygiene,  so 
long  will  her  sister  cities  on  the  mainland  secure  the  dollars  of 
the  tourist,  invalid  and  capitalist.  A  system  of  sewerage,  which 
seems  entirely  practical  and  efficient,  is  contemplated  by  the  pres- 
ent municipal  council,  who  were  especially  appointed  to  carry  out 
the  needed  sanitary  reforms,  and  the  taxpayers  should  demand 
that  the  work  be  commenced  and  completed  as  soon  as  the  funds 
voted  for  that  purpose  are  obtained.  The  city  has  issued  bonds 
to  the  amount  of  a  half  million,  which  is  to  be  devoted  to  this  gen- 
eral sanitary  improvement. 

In  concluding  this  report  I  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  as 
my  conviction  that  yellow  fever  is  a  preventable  disease,  and  that 
its  intimate  relation  to  foul  and  filthy  conditions  of  soil  in  towns 
and  cities  is  no  longer  a  surmise,  but  a  fact,  and  that  this  city  has 
become  temporarily  an  endemic  center  from  such  conditions,  and 
will  so  remain  until  they  are  removed. 

The  people  of  the  United  States  cannot  permit  the  city  of  Key 
West  to  remain  a  center  of  infection  of  the  "ficbrc  amarilla"  or 


July  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


123 


"fiebrc  perniciosa,"  the  prevalence  of  which  among  the  infantile 
population  of  the  island  city,  and  the  strangers  within  their  gates, 
excites  no  alarm  or  fear  among  the  heterogeneous  inhabitants  of 
this  island.  The  state  and  national  health  authorities  will,  if  this 
condition  prevails  much  longer,  be  forced  to  adopt  the  same 
measures  against  Key  West  as  are  enforced  against  the  infected 
ports  of  the  island  of  Cuba. 


THE  BEST  MEANS  OF  CONTROLLING  THE  WATER 
SUPPLY  OF  BUILDINGS  IN  A  COLD  CLIMATE.* 

The  subject  allotted  to  St.  Paul  for  an  essay  to  be  read  at  the 
National  Asssciation  of  Master  Plumbers,  while  it  may  be  most 
appropriate  in  that  we  St.  Paul  plumbers  are  supposed  to  know 
all  about  such  things,  and  have  oftentimes  to  explain  to  the 
resident  of  less  favored  climes  how  we  keep  our  Ice  Palace  from 
melting  in  the  summer,  and  while  we  may  be  supposed  to  have 
solved  for  ourselves  the  whole  problem,  yet  it  not  being  free  from 
the  nature  of  it,  a  subject  of  universal  importance,  it  will  not  be  of 
such  general  interest  as  to  demand  that  much  of  your  time  be 
taken  up  in  its  discussion,  so  I  will  endeavor  to  be  brief. 

As  a  first  proposition  I  would  say  that  in  a  properly  constructed 
steam  heated  building  the  controlling  of  the  water  supply  is  little 
or  no  more  difficult  in  a  cold  climate  than  in  a  warm  one.  The 
only  mistake  that  is  liable  to  occur  in  such  a  building  is  the  put- 
ting of  the  pipes  in  exposed  parts  of  the  building — in  a  recess  of 
an  outside  wall,  or  crossing  an  attic  with  nothing  but  the  roof  to 
protect  from  the  weather.  I  have  in  my  mind  a  very  prominent 
building  in  St.  Paul  where  the  pipes  froze  last  winter  in  a  recess 
of  a  stone  wall  three  feet  thick,  and  were  only  kept  from  bursting 
by  the  diligence  of  the  engineer  in  charge;  by  putting  steam  up 
through  the  rain  conductors  which  are  in  the  same  box.  This 
difficulty,  along  with  many  others,  will  be  avoided  when  the 
architect  will  recognize  the  importance  of  having  a  place  pro- 
vided in  a  building  for  the  plumbing  pipes,  and  more  attention 
made  when  he  makes  his  plans,  instead  of  accepting  the  impossible 
of  the  plumbers. 

I  have  sometimes,  when  seeing  the  plumber  chiseling  down 
half  of  the  brick  wall  to  get  his  pipes  in,  been  reminded  of  the 
man  who  builds  without  any  plans  at  all,  but  puts  up  the  walls 
and  cuts  out  for  windows  and  doors  afterwards. 

It  is  related  of  a  worthy  president  of  the  town  of  my  boyhood, 
that  on  one  occasion  the  father  and  son  being  engaged  in  building 
a  small  house  after  this  primitive  method,  got  the  brick  all  laid 
and  the  father  on  the  inside  with  the  roof  nearly  completed,  the 
son  asked  the  father  how  he  was  going  to  get  out  if  he  finished  the 
roof.  The  old  man  looked  down  over  the  wall  struck  with  the 
new  idea,  a  steady  eye  on  the  boy,  and  exclaimed,  "  Lord,  man, 
Jock,  ye'll  be  an  architect  yet  as  sure  as  ye'r  father's  a  mason!" 
But  I  am  digressing. 

As  a  second  proposition,  I  would  say  that  in  a  poorly  con- 
structed, poorly  heated  building,  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  keep 
your  water  supply  in  order  in  such  a  climate  as  ours.  In  an 
ordinary  self-contained  dwelling  in  a  climate  where  the  ther- 
mometer takes  an  occasional  dip  to  forty  degrees  below  zero, 
with  your  water  pipes  of  extra  strong  lead,  seven  feet  below  the 
surface  on  the  outside,  and  two  feet  below  the  basement  floor  on 
the  inside  of  the  house,  with  stop  and  waste  at  same  depth  at  foot 
of  each  riser,  with  a  rod  for  convenience  reaching  to  kitchen  sink 
with  proper  drainage  for  said  wastes,  your  pipes  that  are  above 
ground  throughout  the  house  graded  to  empty  when  shut  off,  and 
all  placed  on  inside  walls,  not  under  floors,  if  possible,  exposed  to 
view  or  easily  accessible,  and  you  have  done  all  you  reasonably 
can  do  for  the  successful  working  of  the  job. 

There  is  a  third  class  of  buildings  which  is  commonly  met 
with  and  uncommonly  difficult  to  handle  in  the  matter  of  water 
supply,  that  is,  the  unhealed  tenement,  or  block  of  stores  with 
flats  over,  often  well  built,  but  each  tenant  to  furnish  his  own 
heat,  and  probably  one-third  of  the  stores,  or  apartments  unoc- 
cupied. This  is  where  your  troubles  are  at  an  end  as  the  Quaker 
preacher  told  the  young  man  when  he  married  the  shrew,  but  for- 
got to  mention  which  end,  as  the  young  man  soon  discovered  to 
his  sorrow. 

♦Paper  read  by  J.  P.  Adamson,  of  St.  Paul,  before  the  National  Convention  of 
Master  Plumbers'  at  Denver,  June  18,  1890. 


Now  let  us  sec  what  is  commonly  done,  what  is  occasionally 
done,  and  what  ought  to  be  done  to  get  this  job  to  run  with  some 
degree  of  comfort  and  credit  to  all  concerned,  more  especially  to 
the  man  who  gets  blamed  for  all  the  mischief  arising  from  having 
executed  the  cheapest  kind  of  a  contract  taken  under  the  keenest 
competition. 

It  is  not  a  common  occurrence  to  see  a  job  of  the  kind  with  a 
single  line  of  pipe  run  up  along  the  stack  to  supply  every  fixture 
from  cellar  to  garret,  and  under  the  conditions  above  mentioned, 
that  is  partly  occupied,  and,  of  course,  partly  heated  with  the 
mercury  meandering  among  the  twenties,  how  is  it  possible  under 
such  circumstances  to  control  the  water  supply?  Well,  very 
often  the  water  is  allowed  to  run  a  good  stream  night  and  day, 
that  is,  doubtless,  occasionally  effective,  but  entirely  inadmissable 
for  reasons  so  apparent  I  need  not  mention  them  here. 

Then  let  us  consider  the  best  method  of  fitting  up  such  a 
building,  and  the  first  important  consideration  in  this  connection 
is,  to  run  a  separate  riser  from  a  point  two  feet  underground  of 
basement  to  each  and  every  flat  or  store  or  apartment  that  is  to 
be  occupied  as  a  separate  tenement;  next,  to  have  each  line  con- 
trolled by  the  occupant  at  a  convenient  point  in  their  apartment, 
by  means  of  the  usual  rod  for  stop  and  waste,  or  slide  with  chain 
and  cranks  for  three  way  valves  or  cock  placed  as  before  stated, 
below  the  freezing  point,  and,  lastly,  all  pipes  to  be  exposed  to 
view,  and  away  from  outside  walls.  You  will  readily  observe  the 
advantages  of  the  separate  supply,  as  in  the  case  of  a  vacant  apart- 
ment, the  water  is  drained  off  completely,  all  fixtures  emptied  and 
the  traps  filled  with  salt,  when  all  danger  from  freezing  is  avoided 
in  that  quarter,  with  the  exception  of  the  supply  pipe,  which  may 
be  passing  up  through  for  the  floor  above.  This  will  have  to  be 
taken  care  of.  Many  details  suggest  themselves  as  to  the  best 
method  of  arranging  the  shut-o£fs,  etc.,  but  I  draw  this  paper  to  a 
close  by  emphasizing  my  last  proposition;  that  the  pipes  be  ex- 
posed to  view,  and  would  recommend  that  the  riser  be  of  galvan- 
ized iron,  standing  out  from  the  wall  in  the  same  manner  as  you 
would  run  a  steam  pipe.  You  will  find  on  reflection  much  in 
favor  of  this  system.  For  example,  they  can  be  made  to  look 
well,  no  breaking  of  walls  or  ceiling  in  case  of  a  freeze  up,  and 
they  are  in  position  for  being  thavi'ed  out,  or  for  large  rough  tem- 
porary boxing,  or  packing,  if  thought  desirable,  in  an  unoccupied 
flat.  I  mean  to  say  that  the  wrapping  of  water  pipes  with  hair, 
felt  or  asbestos  covering,  resorted  to  in  the  temperate  zone  is 
comparatively  useless  in  the  frigid;  as  intimated  at  the  outstart, 
they  want  to  be  wrapped  with  a  good  house  well  heated. 


A  NEW  METHOD  OF  SEWER  VENTILATION.* 

Successful  as  have  been  the  works  of  sanitary  engineers  in 
most  respects,  it  must  be  admitted  that  they  have  hitherto  failed 
to  solve  the  apparently  difficult  problem  of  sewer  ventilation,  and 
untold  numbers  of  sewer  gratings,  constantly  emitting  offensive 
and  dangerous  vapors  into  the  roads  of  every  sewered  town  and 
village  under  the  breathing  organs  of  the  population,  unpleasantly 
proclaim  the  fact;  it  is  therefore  universally  felt  that  the  subject 
is  one  demanding  the  earnest  attention  of  sanitary  authorities  and 
their  responsible  officers. 

A  very  important  and  interesting  experiment  in  sewer  ventila- 
tion is  now  being  made  by  the  Portsmouth  corporation  on  one  of 
the  main  sewers  of  the  borough,  under  Mr.  Murch,  the  Borough 
engineer.  The  Drainage  Committee  ordered  the  experiment  to 
be  made  some  months  ago,  upon  the  advice  of  Mr.  Boulnois, 
President  of  the  Association  of  Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineers, 
the  late  Borough  Engineer  of  Portsmouth,  who,  we  understand, 
holds  a  favorable  opinion  of  the  invention;  but,  owing  to  his  ap- 
pointment as  city  engineer  of  Liverpool,  he  has  been  obliged  to 
leave  the  investigation  and  reports  upon  the  system,  as  far  as 
Portsmouth  is  concerned,  to  be  made  by  his  successor.  The 
section  of  main  sewer  chosen  for  the  experiment,  and  which 
borders  on  the  Canoe  Lake  at  Southsea,  was  selected  by  Mr. 
Boulnois  as  being  in  need  of  ventilation,  and  therefore  as  impos- 
ing a  severe  test  upon  the  invention,  the  object  of  which  is  not 
only  to  ventilate  the  sewers,  but,  at  the  same  time,  to  obviate  the 
nuisance  and  danger  to  the  public  health  which  arise  from  the 
foul  emanations  escaping  from  the  sewer  gratings  in  the  roads. 

♦Reproduced  from  The  Sanitary  Record,  London,  May  15,  1890. 


124 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


Although  all  sewered  towns  suffer  alike,  the  importance  of  the 
question  as  affecting  the  prosperity  of  a  watering-place  like  South- 
sea  cannot  be  overestimated,  especially  as  a  low-level  main 
sewer  of  this  borough  passes  all  along  the  sea  front  from  Ports- 
mouth to  Eastney. 

Mr.  Archibald  Ford,  Asso.  Mem.  Inst.  C.  E.,  the  consulting 
engineer  to  the  Fareham  Union  Rural  Sanitary  Authority,  and 
Mr.  E.  G.  Wright,  ventilating  engineer  of  Portsmouth,  are  tiie 
joint  inventors  and  patentees  of  the  arrangement  adopted;  the 


the  outer  air  are  at  the  uptake  and  downtake  shafts,  which  are 
directly  connected  to  the  "  special  air-passage,"  and  not  to  the 
sewer;  the  carefully  noted  records,  extending  over  three  months 
(which  we  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining),  conclusively 
show  that  the  only  effect  of  the  wind,  whatever  the  direction,  was 
that  as  its  force  increased  the  ventilation  of  the  sewer  in  the  re- 
quired direction  was  proportionately  greater.  Referring  to  our 
illustrations  of  the  system.  Fig.  i  shows  a  form  of  the  "special 
air-passage "  as  applicable  to  large  sewers,  and  Fig.  2  to  pipe 


Fio.  3  — Elevation. 


SEWER 


Km.  1.— Section 

pith  of  which  consists  in  the  provision  to  the  sewer  of  a  special 
air  passage  which  is  disjointed  at  intervals,  and  by  means  of 
which  the  air  currents  is  sejiarated  from  the  sewerage  flowing 
along  the  sewer;  the  friction  of  the  water  on  the  air  current  being 
thus  obviated,  the  air  current  is  found  to  be  under  certain  control 
as  to  its  direction,  whatever  may  be  the  volume  or  velocity  of  the 
sewerage  flow;  and,  further,  the  powerfully  disturbing  influence 
to  systematic  sewer  ventilation  which  Mr.  Santo  Crimp's  import- 
ant experiments  have  shown  to  be  caused  by  the  varying  force 
and  direction  of  the  w  inds,  is  ob\  ialcd,  as  the  only  connections  to 


sewers. 

The  ap])lication  to  the  Portsmouth  main  sewer,  which  is  4  feet 
diameter  and  about  10  feet  below  the  surface,  is  similar  to  Fig.  i; 
the  system,  as  it  is  being  adopted  for  the  complete  sewerage  of  a 
new  building  estate  on  Portsdown  Hill,  Cosham,  Hants,  is,  with 
the  "  Patent  ventilating  pipe,"  similar  to  Fig.  2. 

In  the  application  to  the  Portsmouth  main  sewer  the  "special 
air-passage  "  is  formed  of  galvanized  steel  tubes,  averaging  S/'^ 
inches  diameter  and  2  feet  6  inches  long,  which  are  suspended 
irom  the  crown  of  the  sewer,  and  sccuretl  lirmly  thereto  by  a 


July  12,  1890.] 

simple  arrangement  specially  devised  by  the  patentees. 

The  air-passage  is  carried  along  the  toj)  of  the  sewer  (just  clear 
of  the  head  way)  for  a  distance  of  lOO  yards,  and  at  the  lowest  end 
it  is  connected  to  a  "  downtake  shaft"  6  inches  in  diameter  (of  the 
same  material  as  the  tubes  fitted  in  an  existing  manhole)  and  the 
out-air  connection  with  this  shaft  is  from  the  pit  under  the 
ordinary  road  grating,  so  arranged  that  all  air  passing  down 
through  the  grating  must  pass  into  the  air-passage.  At  the  higher 
end  (which,  however,  is  only  slightly  higher),  the  air-passage  is 
connected  by  a  Q-inch  stoneware  pipe  to  a  dwarf  brick  ventilating 
shaft  arranged  to  facilitate  the  taking  of  records,  this  shaft  stand- 
ing on  land  at  the  side  of  the  road  about  40  feet  laterally  from  the 
line  of  sewer;  the  arrangement  is,  in  fact,  similar  to  that  now 
usually  adopted  for  ventilating  house  drains,  viz.,  a  length  of  pipe 
with  an  uptake  and  downtake  shaft,  but  in  this  system  the  pipe  is 
disjointed  at  intervals,  as  shown,  and  the  air  current,  instead  of 
relying  upon  the  comparatively  feeble  motive  power  caused  by 
the  difference  m  the  height  of  the  uptake  and  downtake  shafts 
only,  is  provided  for  by  the  more  powerful  and  certain  action  of  a 
small  jet  of  water,  fitted  in  and  discharging  down  the  downtake 
shaft,  the  jet  obtaining  its  supply  under  pressure  from  the  adjoin- 
ing water  main. 

Carefully-taken  records  show  that  with  a  jet  consummg  only  23 
gallons  of  water  an  hour  (as  recorded  by  meter),  a  uniform  and 
constant  down  current  of  air  is  maintained  in  the  downtake  shaft 
with  striking  uniformity,  at  velocities  varying  with  the  pressure  in 
the  water  main  from  330  to  390  feet  a  minute  (as  recorded  by  Ne- 
gretti  &  Zambra's  anemometer);  this  is  equivalent  to  from  about 
4,000  to  4,500  cubic  feet  of  fresh  external  air  passed  regularly  and 
continuously  into  the  air-passage,  and  distributed  thereby  along 
the  sewer  every  hour,  diluting  the  sewer  air  and  forcing  it  in  calm 
weather  in  its  diluted  state,  at  a  rate  varying  from  1,716  to  2,492 
cubic  feet  per  hour,  out  of  the  uptake  shaft,  which,  taking  into  ac- 
count the  depths  of  the  sewage  (which  has  varied  when  the  exper- 
iments were  taken  from  15  to  30  inches),  represents  approximately 
— and  with  little  variation — the  entire  change  of  the  air  of  the 
hundred  yards  of  sewer  once  in  every  hour. 

The  records,  which  had  extended  over  the  period  since  Janu- 
ary last,  covering  some  boisterous  days,  show  that  the  best  re- 
sults have  been  obtained  in  the  most  windy  weather,  and  that  on 
no  single  occasion  has  the  direction  or  force  of  the  wind,  or  other 
atmospheric  conditions  interfered  with  the  perfect  and  continuous 
action  of  the  system  of  ventilation;  an  automatic  ventilating  ac- 
tion, indeed,  appears  to  result  from  the  arrangement,  as,  except  in 
the  calmest  weather,  it  is  shown  that  the  system  acted  without 
resort  to  the  water  jet.  The  consumption  of  water  is,  however,  so 
trifling  that  if  its  use,  in  conjunction  with  the  special  air-passage, 
so  certainly  prevents  the  escape  of  the  sewer  air  at  the  road  grat- 
ing, and  increases  the  sewer  ventilation,  as  these  experiments 
show,  we  imagine  that  sanitary  authorities  would  gladly  avail 
themselves  of  such  a  generally  available  and  cheap  means  to  se- 
cure such  important  results,  and  especially  as  the  inventors  show 
that  the  water  can  often  be  further  utilized  for  flushing  the  sewers 
by  collecting  it  in  automatic  flushing  tanks,  which  tanks,  they  sug- 
gest, can  be  built  to  existing  sewers,  under  the  dirt-pit  of  the  road 
gratings,  without  disturbing  the  road  surface. 

Regarding  the  water  consumption,  the  results  at  Portsmouth 
show  that  for  each  cubic  foot  of  water  consumed,  1,246  cubic  feet 
of  air  can  be  introduced  into  and  carried  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance along  the  air-passage,  but  in  the  application  to  small  sewers 
less  water  would,  we  understand,  be  sufficient;  and  even  possibly 
more  striking  and  economical  results  may  be  obtained.  These  im- 
portant experiments  point  to  the  conclusion  that  while  the  section 
of  sewer  to  which  the  system  has  been  applied  is  thoroughly  ven- 
tilated by  the  systematic  introduction  of  fresh  external  air,  and 
stagnation  of  the  sewer  air  is  thereby  prevented,  the  important 
point — viz.  the  prevention  of  the  escape  of  sewer  air  at  the  road 
surface  grating — has  been  absolutely  secured;  and  they  also  show 
that  the  fresh  air  can  be  made  to  pass  regularly  and  uniformly 
down  road  gratings,  and  the  diluted  sewer  air  out  of  the  uptake 
shaft,  which,  of  iron  or  other  suitable  material,  similar  to  those 
already  existing  in  many  towns,  can  be  carried  up  the  front  or 
back  of  buildings,  or  in  other  places  adapted  for  the  purpose; 
such  pipes  could,  of  course,  have  their  outlets  above  the  strata  or 


125 


zone  of  the  atmosphere  which  must  be  breathed  by  the  popula- 
tions of  our  towns  and  villages. 

There  is  no  reason,  that  we  can  see,  why  in  any  special  case 
provisions  might  not  be  made  for  the  escaping  diluted  sewer  air 
to  pass  through  heat  and  flame  obtained  from  gas  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  uptake  shaft,  but  a  continual  change  of  the  sewer 
air  and  the  oxodizing  power  of  the  outer  air  on  numerous  points 
of  outlet,  judiciously  selected,  would  no  doubt  render  the  general 
adoption  of  such  additional  provisions  unnecessary. 

A  complete  installation  of  the  system,  with  the  "patent  venti- 
lating scwcr-i)i[)e,"  and  specially  arranged  manholes  and  auto- 
matic flushing  tanks,  designed  by  Mr.  Archibald  Ford,  C.  E.,  one 
of  the  inventors,  is,  we  understand,  now  approaching  completion 
on  a  building  estate  at  Cosham,  Hants,  and  we  hope  to  be  able,  in 
due  course,  to  give  the  results  of  the  arrangements,  which,  we 
gather,  are  especially  designed  to  secure  a  continuous  flushing  of 
the  sewers  with  fresh  air  every  hour  and  with  water  about  three 
times  a  day,  while  all  the  road  gratings  are  to  act  as  downtakes 
for  fresh  air;  we  may  also  be  able  to  illustrate  and  explain  what, 
under  a  general  term,  we  may  call  the  "double  tube  system  of 
ventilation,"  as  the  inventors  propose  to  apply  it  to  drains  and 
soil  pipes  in  connection  with  the  drainage  of  public  institutions 
and  houses. 

We  may  content  ourselves  now  by  saying  that,  so  applied,  the 
inventors  claim  the  following  advantage  to  result,  viz.,  the  protec- 
tion of  the  fresh  air  inlet  from  the  escape  of  sewer  or  drain  air, 
by  the  prevention  of  a  reversal  of  air  current  in  the  drains  and 
soil-pipes  on  discharge  from  the  house  fittings,  and  also  the  pre- 
vention of  the  unsealing  of  water  closet  and  similar  traps. 

The  records  we  have  referred  to  show  that  the  invention  has 
so  far  stood  the  test  of  practical  experiments  at  Portsmouth,  and 
it  appears  to  be  based  on  common  sense  principles.  The  invent- 
ors clearly  take  into  account,  amongst  other  points,  viz.,  the  well- 
known  fact  that  air  will  always  travel  in  the  easiest  direction,  and 
by  the  special  air  passage  they  provide  an  easy  and  natural  way 
for  it  to  travel;  also  that  water  flowing  with  velocity  in  sewers  or 
suddenly  discharged  down  house  drains,  and  wind  force  acting  in 
certain  ways,  constantly  upset  existing  sewer  and  drain  ventilating 
systems,  and  provide  by  means  of  this  air-passage  and  its  working 
details  protection  from  such  disturbing  influences. 


A  FEW  SIMPLE  SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  WATER  AND 
WATER-SUPPLIES.* 

IN  FOUR  PARTS. — I. 

Water  dignifies  the  name  of  this  institution,  and  places  its 
purpose  among  the  most  useful  and  praiseworthy  of  all  that  ever 
engaged  human  energy  and  intellect.  There  is  no  boon  like  a 
sufficient  supply  of  pure  water.  Wine,  women  and  wealth  have 
been  lauded  to  the  echo  by  gifted  men  of  all  ages.  The  sweetest 
of  songs,  the  loftiest  strains  of  eloquence,  and  the  greatest  out- 
bursts of  genius  in  all  known  arts  and  pursuits,  owe  their  immor- 
tality to  this  swayful  trinity.  Mighty  indeed  is  wine!  Mightier 
is  women!  Mightiest  is  wealth!  But  well-nigh  omnipotent  is  water. 
It  likely  constitutes  90  per  cent,  of  the  globe,  with  its  innumera- 
ble species  and  kinds  of  teeming  life.  It  is  the  essential  of  essen- 
tials. Yet  it  is  esteemed  and  craved  less  than  money,  less  than 
raiment,  less  even  than  obedience  to  the  dictates  of  fleeting 
fashion. 

This  indicates  a  social  disease.  It  should  be  cured.  To  this  end 
we  should  direct  a  goodly  share  of  our  energy;  for  in  all  the  realms 
of  human  knowledge  there  seems  to  exist  nothing  more  useful 
and  desirable  than  pure  water.  Money  power,  kingly  rule,  well- 
balanced  brain  development,  culture  of  intellect,  grace  of  form, 
speech,  love  of  the  beautiful,  God-like  magnetism  of  leadership, 
and  profound  spiritual  insight,  are  either  gifts  or  acquirements 
greatly  to  be  desired.  But  none  of  them  all,  nor  all  of  them,  ap- 
proach in  desirableness  a  liberal  supply  of  pure  water;  for  water 
is,  at  least,  the  medium  of  life.  It  may  also  be  made  the  vehicle 
of  death.  It  often  has  been.  What  more  it  is,  no  science  has 
demonstrated.  But  there  appears  to  be  cause  for  indulgence  of 
many  conjectures,  and  even  with  such  as  incline  to  look  upon 
water  as  the  resort  of  the  spirits  of  their  dead. 

*  Paper  read  before  the  tenth  ;uiniial  meeting;  of  the  American  Water-Works 
Association  at  Chicago,  Mav  21,  189U,  by  C.  Monjeau,  Secretary  and  Manager  of 
the  National  Water-Supply  Company. 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


126 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


Certain  it  is  that  pure  water  is  the  chief  necessity  of  health,  as 
of  life,  and  that  life  without  health,  no  matter  what  other  gifts 
or  choice  acquirements  may  accompany  it,  is  an  ungrateful  bur- 
den. Hence,  it  is  difficult  to  overestimate  the  value  of  pure  water, 
or  the  services  of  such  as  devote  their  time  and  energy  to  its  pro- 
curement for  the  benefit  of  their  fellow-beings. 

It  is  granted  that  to  seek  and  struggle  for  those  things  which 
are  most  helpful  to  man  and  beast  is  the  highest  aim  of  truest  man- 
hood and  womanhood.  Now,  if,  for  this  reason,  law-making  and 
law-interpreting  be  considered  honorable;  if  bravery  in  battle  be 
long  and  loudly  lauded;  if  ministering  to  the  moral  and  religious 
sentiment  or  element  in  man,  and  to  the  health  of  limbs  and  life 
be  exalted  in  public  esteem,  then  what  honor  ought  not  he  to  de- 
serve who  devotes  all  his  powers  to  procure  and  serve  the  fluid 
without  which  not  a  known  form  of  life  can  begin  or  develop, 
without  which  not  a  single  sense  can  exercise  healthy  function — 
aye,  without  which  our  proud  land  of  teeming  beauty,  thrift  and 
might  were  a  waste,  our  now  prosperous  cities  but  dreary  tombs, 
the  great  countries  of  the  earth  vast  cemeteries,  and  the  globe 
itself  a  grave? 

As  a  rule,  the  honors  conferred  upon  workers  in  a  given  calling 
are  in  proportion  to  the  need  and  use  of  such  calling,  and  it  seems 
well  and  just  to  have  it  so.  Have  you,  then,  any  reason  to  neglect 
the  study  and  sciences  bearing  on  your  calling,  or  to  be  ashamed 
of  it  in  any  regard,  or  not  to  yearn  and  work  to  see  it  respected 
as  is  no  other  calling? — a  reward  which  it  richly  deserves. 

In  this  connection  it  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  state  in  de- 
tail what  tremendous  responsibility  rests  upon  you  as  water- 
works men.  It  may  suffice  to  say  that  the  health  of  the 
people,  the  most  valued  of  life's  innumerable  possessions,  is  in 
your  keeping.  Yea,  their  very  lives  are  more  completely  in  your 
hands  than  they  possibly  can  be  in  the  hands  of  any  other  class  or 
classes  of  men.  Hence,  I  trust  you  will  here  permit  me  to  digress 
in  a  few  words  which  much  of  nerve-taxing  experience  makes  me 
yearn  for  power  to  hurl  into  your  minds  with  the  piercing  glare  of 
lightning  and  impressiveness  of  thunder. 

Your  temptations  not  to  be  thoroughly  loyal  to  your  trust  are 
great.  Water-works  bondholders  want  full  interest,  stockholders 
dividends.  Private  owners  run  water-works  for  returns.  City 
councilmen  are  often  better  qualified  to  handle  the  tools  of  a  rail- 
way section  gang,  under  a  boss,  than  to  have  in  charge  the  interest 
that  most  concerns  the  health  and  lives  of  a  prosperous  and  happy 
but  in  a  degree  helpless  community.  And  capital,  greed  of  rapid  i 
gain,  and  ignorance  bordering  on  the  brutal  at  times,  are  apt  to  j 
exact  of  you  much  else  than  loyal  duty  to  your  great  trust.  When 
the  claims  of  such  superiors  clash  with  your  manhood  and  your 
sense  of  duty  to  the  health  and  life  of  your  community,  dare  to  be 
heroes!  No  soldier,  no  idol  of  public  admiration,  ever  battled  or 
suffered  for  a  worthier  cause  than  the  health  and  lives  of  a  trust- 
ing, confiding  community. 

Of  all  monuments  on  the  planet,  the  most  effective  and  help- 
ful I  know  of  is  that  unpretending  bronze  figure  of  General  Stein- 
metz,  standing  in  a  public  square  not  far  from  the  late  Berlin  resi- 
dence of  Prince  Bismarck.  That  monument  was  erected  in  com- 
memoration of  a  speech  of  one  word  thrice  repeated.  Once  upon 
a  time — so  the  story  runs — being  sorely  and  persistently  tempted 
to  betray  the  confidence  of  his  king,  Steinmetz,  who  seldom  ut- 
tered a  word,  simply  but  resolutely  answered:  "Never!  never! 
never!  "  May  his  course  prove  a  model  for  yours  and  mine  under 
similar  trials,  in  the  discharge  of  duty  to  our  calling. 

As  suppliers  of  water,  the  health  and  lives  of  your  respective 
communities  are,  to  a  very  large  extent,  in  your  keeping.  Hence, 
you  are  liable  to  sins  of  omission  as  of  commission.  For  instance, 
neglect  to  inform  yourselves  as  thoroughly  as  practicable,  and  to 
sec  that  your  water-supplies  are  securely  protected  from  danger- 
ous pollution,  would  and  should  place  you  in  the  attitude  of  crimi- 
nals before  the  community  whose  charge  of  confidence  you  would 
thereby  betray.  Therefore,  while  replete  with  honor  in  the  event 
of  your  faithfulness,  your  task  is  likewise  crowded  with  risks  of 
the  gravest  kind,  in  the  event  you  fail  to  prove  equal  to  every 
emergency. 

No  calling  needs  keener  culture  or  more  continued  study  of 
broadening  and  deepening  sciences  than  does  yours.  It  has  been 
held  that  the  water-works  man  should  know  how  to  fire  a  boiler, 
run  a  pump,  locate  a  hydrant,  set  gate-valves  and  collect  dues. 


These  are  but  the  A-B-C's  of  his- calling.  To-day  he  cannot  do  his 
full  duty  toward  public  health  without  he  follows  closely  such 
lights  as  Pasteur,  Chamberland,  Vidal,  Chantemesse,  Brouardel, 
and  the  leading  experts  in  chemistry  on  his  own  continent. 

The  remedy  for  the  chief  defect  in  our  country's  civilization 
must  be  looked  for  in  your  calling.  It  is  left  with  you,  and  to  you, 
to  cut  and  cull  and  appropriate  from  all  branches  of  learning  the 
data  you  need  to  guide  you  in  useful,  practical  experiments.  Don't 
delude  yourselves  by  waiting  for  the  help  of  "eminent  professors." 
They  seem  all  to  be  employed  fully — home,  stock  and  importa- 
tions alike.  The  American  fever  (as  foreign  scholars  term  our  in- 
ordinate love  of  wealth)  has  taken  so  firm  a  hold  upon  the  country 
that,  so  far,  we  can  boast  of  but  one  Agassiz.  He  seems  to  have 
been  the  only  American  genius  who  could  resist  the  temptation  of 
using  his  great  intellect  as  the  motive  power  of  a  money-making 
machine.  But  the  fact  that  he  now  sleeps  under  a  bowlder  from 
his  native  Alps  may  suggest  why,  when  offered  vast  sums  of 
money  for  the  writing  of  text-books  which  his  fame  would  readily 
sell,  he  promptly  answered:  "  I  have  no  time  to  make  money." 
Being  not  born  in  the  miasm  of  our  national  epidemic,  the  tissue 
of  his  brain  did  not  sufficiently  soften  and  relax  for  the  germ  of 
our  disease  to  find  lodgment.  Before  dismissing  this  branch  of 
our  subject,  it  should  be  repeated  that,  as  members  of  a  calling 
needing  the  free  and  constant  exercise  of  the  broadest  intelligence 
and  culture  attainable,  we  must  develop  more  self-reliance  by  de- 
pending more  upon  our  own  exertions,  research  and  experiments. 
The  task  is  by  no  means  a  light  one  to  assume.  It  involves  the 
more  or  less  complete  solution  of  many  problems  propounded  by 
the  philosophers  of  every  age  since  the  beginning  of  historic  rec- 
ords, and  that  still  remain  unsolved.  For  example,  among  the 
first  questions  for  us  to  answer  are  these: 

1.  What  is  life  which  needs  about  05  per  cent,  of  pure  water 
to  thrive  on,  and  yet  cannot  with  impunity  incorporate  impure 
water? 

2.  What  is  death,  and  what  the  nature  of  its  means  of  warring 
against  life? 

3.  What  are  the  respective  effects  of  the  different  kinds  of 
water  upon  human  and  domestic  animal  life?  This  question  alone 
involves  a  multitude  of  others,  and  is  one  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance morally,  religiously,  socially  and  financially,  as  well  as  medi- 
cally. Hen'ic,  we  can  feel  at  liberty  to  ask  farmers,  physicians, 
physicists,  states,  cities  and  capitalists  to  help  us  in  arriving  at  its 
many-sided  solution. 

4.  How  shall  we  continue  to  procure  and  serve  pure  water 
when  all  other  industries  but  ours,  despite  law,  and  spreading  dis- 
ease in  many  instances,  seem  to  conspire  with  the  rapid  increase 
of  population  to  infect  with  disease-germs  all  our  streams,  lakes, 
springs,  and  much  of  the  territory  that  bears  ground- water? 

But  enough.  Scores  upon  scores  of  other  cognate  queries 
crowd  together  with  these  upon  us,  and  urgently  exact  intelligent 
and  speedy  solution. 

To  the  first  question — namely:  What  is  life? — I  could  not  pre- 
tend to  offer  any  but  the  most  elementary  answer,  and  that,  too, 
\\  ith  unfeigned  consciousness  of  your  right  to  remind  me  that 
"  fools  oft'  boldly  leap  where  angels  fear  to  tread."  But  we  are 
forced  to  the  wall.  We  must  battle  or  bore  through.  Archimedes 
might  have  lifted  the  globe  out  of  its  orbit  had  he  but  had  a  ful- 
crum. If  we  are  going  to  lift  one  another  to  the  lofty  plain  of  our 
great  duty  to  humanity,  we  must  have  a  place  to  stand  on  and  pry 
from.  So  far,  no  one  has  built  such  a  place  for  us.  We  have  no 
alternative  but  to  build  for  ourselves.  True,  our  science  is  natur- 
ally interlinked  with  all  others,  and  we  derive  light  and  help  from 
all  others,  as  can  all  others  from  ours.  But  the  task  of  its  devel- 
ojjmcnt  remains  for  us  to  take  up  and  carry  to  the  front  of  all  hu- 
man achievements.  And  it  seems  to  me  that  the  first  duty  of  this 
growing  national  and  international  institution  is  to  impress  upon 
the  whole  people  of  America  the  fact  that  in  order  to  be  and  re- 
main possessed  of  healthful,  vigorous,  useful  life,  they  must  use 
pure  water.    For — 

First:  Judging  from  the  manner  in  which  being  in  every  form 
clings  to  life,  it  appears  safe  to  assume  that  that  inscrutable  gift 
is  the  most  precious  of  all  from  nature. 

Second:  It  appears  that,  subjectively  and  objectively,  strong, 
healthful  life  is  the  most  cherished  and  effective.    Hence — 

Third:    It  seems  to  appear  that,  having  life,  health  becomes 


July  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


127 


the  most  desirable  and  valuable  of  all  earthly  possessions;  and 
that  health  is  such,  all  efforts  in  civilization,  and  for  civilization, 
positively  assert.  So  do  all  efforts  at  legislation  and  the  noblest 
impulses  of  love,  labor  and  sacred  religion.  Therefore— 

Fourth:  It  appears  evident  that  to  conserve  life  in  fullest 
health  is  the  first  and  foremost  duty  of  intelligent  men  or  man. 
This,  pre-eminently,  is  the  task  and  duty  of  suppliers  of  water  to 
the  people.  It  follows  that  it  is  pre-emmently  the  task  and  duty 
of  this  association.  And,  therefore,  it  becomes  our  duty  to  en- 
deavor to  co-operate  more  closely  with  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  by  means  of  visiting  committees  or  otherwise, 
and  also  with  such  other  associations  as  are  closely  allied  with 
ours  in  their  objective  purposes. 


INSPECTION  OF  PLUMBING  AND  HOUSE  DRAINS. 
A.  Benefits  to  Householder.   B.  Benefits  to  Plumbing 
Business.* 

When  Galileo  announced  to  the  world  that  the  earth  moved  he 
was  put  to  torture  and  thrown  into  jail  for  uttering  such  a  heresy; 
and  when  those  who  were  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the 
inspection  of  plumbing  and  house  drainage,  in  order  that  the 
plumbers  might  move  from  the  old  paths  which  had  been  trodden 
by  them  and  their  predecessors  for  centuries,  there  were  those 
who  would  if  they  could  have  imprisoned  or  otherwise  punished 
such  further-seeing,  progressive  craftsmen,  for  their  efforts  in 
bringing  about  what  has  proved,  during  the  short  time  of  its  exist- 
ence, a  blessing,  not  only  to  the  householder,  but  to  the  plumbing 
business. 

One  of  the  benefits  is  that  inspection  of  plumbing  and  house 
drainage  secures  to  the  householder  good  plumbing;  for,  as  the 
rules  must  be  complied  with  the  plumber  must,  therefore,  be 
abreast  with  the  times,  for  if  he  does  not  know  how  to  work  prop- 
erly he  must  learn,  or  else  quit  the  business. 

The  inspection  of  plumbing  and  house  drainage  says  to  the 
householder:  "  Stand  by  the  department  in  seeing  that  the  plum- 
bers furnish  a  certificate  of  final  inspection,"  and  they  will  find 
that  the  department  is  the  means  through  which  has  been  avoided 
the  ventilation  of  the  drain  into  the  hot-air  pipe  of  the  heater,  or 
the  impregnation  of  the  ground  from  leaky  joints  in  soil  pipes.  It 
is  presumed  that  in  other  places  the  same  proportional  beneficial 
results  have  followed  the  establishing  of  plumbing  and  house 
drainage,  as  have  been  observed  in  Philadelphia. 

During  the  years  1884,  1885  and  1886,  the  three  years  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  establishment  of  house  plumbing  and  house 
drainage  in  Philadelphia,  the  number  of  deaths  from  the  princi- 
pal zymotic  disease  was  8,897,  and  during  the  years  1887,  1888  and 
1889,  the  three  years  immediately  succeeding,  the  deaths  from  the 
above  diseases  were  8,401,  showing  a  decrease  of  436,  a  yearly 
average  for  the  three  year's  life  of  the  department  of  16^}^. 

The  houesholders  are  fast  finding  out  that  the  conscientious, 
competent  plumber  does  not  deserve  the  abuse  that  so  often  has 
been  heaped  upon  him  by  those  who  are  ignorant  of  the  amount 
of  brains,  as  well  as  brawn,  which  is  necessary  to  properly  con- 
duct the  plumbing  business;  that  the  plumber  is  as  important,  if 
not  more  so,  than  the  physician,  for  his  work,  if  well  done,  pre- 
vents the  diseases  which,  when  once  contracted,  the  physician 
cannot  always  cure. 

Now  we  must  admit  that  whatever  benefits  the  householder 
must  benefit  the  plumber,  for  upon  such  customers  he  depends 
for  prosperity  in  his  business. 

The  inspection  of  plumbing  and  drainage  has  been  a  powerful 
lever  in  raising  the  plumbing  business  to  a  higher  standard  by 
showing  the  community  that  those  who  know  how  to  do  work 
properly,  were  among  the  number  active  in  establishing  the  in- 
spection of  plumbing  and  house  drainage,  having  that  commenda- 
ble pride  in  their  business  which  would  not  allow  the  death-rate 
of  the  city  or  town  in  which  they  lived  to  be  increased  through 
criminally  defective  plumbing,  if  such  could  be  prevented  by  the 
inspection  of  their  own  work  along  with  that  of  others  who  had  no 
further  interests  in  their  trade  than  the  amount  of  money  to  be 
made  out  of  each  job. 

The  establishing  of  rules  and  regulations  for  inspection  of 

*Paper  read  by  John  J.  Weaver,  of  Philadelphia,  before  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  iMaster  Plumbers  at  Denver,  June  !«,  1890. 


plumbing  by  tlic  board  of  health,  or  some  other  competent  de- 
partment, gives  such  a  security  to  our  customers,  that  where 
formerly  they  would  have  only  crude  and  cheap  fixtures,  they 
now  desire  not  only  to  increase  the  number  of  plumbing  conven- 
iencies,  but  to  have  them  of  elaborate  and  expensive  materia),  all 
of  which,  of  course,  tends  to  the  advantage  of  the  plumber. 

Finally,  inspection  of  plumbing  and  house  drainage  is  increas- 
ing the  number  of  plumbers  who  do  good  work,  for  no  plumber 
can  truthfully  say  that  he  alone  in  his  city  or  town,  where  such 
inspection  exists,  is  the  only  plumber  who  does  good  work.  It 
increases  the  number  of  those  who  believe  that  good  work  pays, 
and  have  learned  that  their  customers  are  willing  to  allow  them 
living  profit  for  the  same.  In  short,  those  who  conceived  and 
executed  the  thought  of  having  plumbing  and  house  drainage 
inspected  by  the  board  of  health,  or  some  other  responsible  au- 
thority in  which  the  customers  of  the  plumbers  may  have  confi- 
dence, did  it  better  than  they  knew. 


HEALTH  IN  MICHIGAN  FOR  JUNE. 
For  the  month  of  June,  1890,  compared  with  the  preceding 
month,  the  reports  indicate  that  typhoid  fever,  cholera  infantum, 
cholera  morbus,  dysentery,  diarrhea  and  intermittent  fever  in- 
creased, and  that  tonsillitis,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis,  typho-mala- 
rial  fever,  pneumonia,  pleuritis  and  whooping-cough  decreased  in 
prevalence. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  month  the  temperature  was 
much  higher,  the  absolute  humidity  and  the  relative  humidity 
were  more,  the  day  ozone  and  the  night  ozone  were  less. 

Compared  with  the  average  for  the  month  of  June  in  the  four 
years — 1886-1889 — membranous  croup  and  measles  were  more 
prevalent,  and  typho-malarial  fever,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis, 
puerperal  fever  and  whooping-cough  were  less  prevalent  than  in 
June,  i8qo. 

For  the  month  of  June,  1890,  compared  with  the  average  of 
corresponding  months  in  the  four  years — 1886-89 — ^he  tempera- 
ture was  higher,  the  absolute  humidity  was  more,  the  relative  hu- 
midity was  about  the  same,  the  day  ozone  and  the  night  ozone 
were  slightly  less. 

Including  reports  by  regular  observers  and  others,  diphtheria 
was  reported  present  in  Michigan  in  the  month  of  June,  1890,  at 
fifty-eight  places,  scarlet  fever  at  fifty-two  places,  typhoid  fever 
at  twenty-eight  places,  and  measles  at  one  hundred  and  eight 
places. 

Reports  from  all  sources  show  diphtheria  reported  at  four 
places  less,  scarlet  fever  at  three  places  less,  typhoid  fever  at  four 
places  less,  and  measles  at  five  places  less  in  the  month  of  June, 
1890,  than  in  the  preceding  month. 

Henry  B.  Baker,  Secretary. 

Lansing,  Mich.,  July  3,  1890. 


EXTRACT  FROM  BUILDING  ORDINANCE  OF  MINNE- 
APOLIS RELATIVE  TO  PLUMBING. 
(as  amended  march  28,  1890.) 

Section  23.  No  person  or  persons  shall  carry  on  the  business 
of  plumbing,  or  engage  in  conducting  plumbing,  house  drainage, 
building  cesspools  or  connecting  house  drainage  with  city  sewer- 
age or  cesspool  until  he  or  they  shall  first  obtain  a  license  as  such 
plumber  or  plumbers  from  the  City  Council. 

Every  plumber,  before  doing  any  plumbing  work  in  a  building 
(except  in  cases  of  repairs,  and  repairs  are  defined  to  consist  of 
leaks  in  drain,  soil,  waste  and  vent  pipes  and  repairs  on  faucets, 
valves  and  water  supply  pipes)  shall  file  with  the  Inspector  of 
Buildings  a  statement  showing  the  work  to  be  performed,  and  no 
part  of  such  work  shall  be  executed  until  the  Inspector  of  Build- 
ings has  issued  a  permit  authorizing  the  same  to  be  done. 

Every  dwelling  house,  hotel,  apartment  house,  tenement  house, 
factory,  store  or  other  building,  in  which  plumbing  arrangements 
are  to  be  placed,  shall  be  connected  with  the  city  sewer,  when 
such  sewer  is  provided,  and  when  such  sewer  is  not  provided,  with 
a  cesspool  in  a  location  to  be  approved  by  the  Inspector  of  Build- 
ings. 

The  plumbing  and  ventilation  in  every  building  shall  be  sepa- 
rate and  independent  from  the  roof  to  the  outside  of  foundation 
walls,  and  for  the  purpose  of  plumbing,  each  and  every  entrance 


128 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


from  the  street  through  the  wall  of  said  building,  to  a  row  of  tene- 
ments, shall  be  construed  to  mean  one  building;  every  flat,  apart- 
ment house,  hotel,  factory,  church,  hall,  opera  house  and  stable 
shall  be  construed  as  one  building,  provided  that  where  a  fire  wall 
in  any  building  divides  said  building,  then  each  part  so  divided, 
although  there  be  but  one  entrance,  shall  be  separately  and  inde- 
pendently plumbed;  and  provided  further,  that  private  stables 
may  be  connected  with  the  house  drain. 

That  portion  of  the  house  drain  which  is  inside  the  walls  and 
underneath  the  building,  and  three  feet  outside  the  area  or  found- 
ation walls,  shall  be  constructed  of  what  is  known  to  commerce  as 
extra  heavy  cast-iron  soil  pipe  and  extra  heavy  fittings,  the  weight 
of  pipe  to  be  as  follows: 

2  inch,  5  lbs.  per  foot.  7  inch,  26,'<    lbs.  per  foot. 

3  inch,  9  lbs.  per  foot.  8  inch,  33      lbs.  per  foot. 

4  inch,  I2>^  lbs.  per  foot.  10  inch,  44//^   lbs.  per  foot. 

5  inch,  i6>^  lbs.  per  foot.  12  inch,  53^   lbs.  per  foot. 

6  inch,  I9>^  lbs.  per  foot. 

Fittings  and  pipe  to  be  coated  outside  and  inside  with  coal  tar 
varnish,  or  oxidized  by  the  Baurbarff  process  or  any  coating 
equally  as  good,  they  shall  be  securely  ironed  to  the  walls,  laid  in 
trenches  of  uniform  grade,  or  suspended  to  the  floor  timbers  by 
strong  iron  hangers  to  be  approved  by  the  Inspector,  in  all  cases 
a  brass  clean  out  connection  shall  be  placed  in  drain,  near  the 
exit  of  drain  from  the  building  and  placed  in  an  accessible  loca- 
tion. 

The  end  of  all  drains  or  branch  drains  shall  be  provided  with 
a  brass  clean  out  connection,  of  a  size  not  less  than  two  inches, 
and  placed  in  an  accessible  position. 

Drain  and  soil  pipes  shall  have  a  uniform  fall  of  not  less  than 
one-eighth  of  one  inch  per  foot  towards  the  sewer  or  cesspool; 
when  such  grade  cannot  be  obtained  a  special  permit  may  be 
obtained  from  the  Inspector  of  Buildings  for  a  less  fall  per 
foot. 

No  privy  or  cesspool  shall  be  connected  with  the  sewer  or 
house  drain.  A  running  trap,  provided  with  a  fresh  air  inlet  and 
an  accessible  brass  clean  out  connection  may  be  inserted  into  the 
house  drain,  inside  or  outside  of  the  foundation  wall  and  as  near 
the  said  wall  as  practicable.  The  fresh  air  inlet  shall  not  be  less 
than  two  inches  in  internal  diameter,  connected  to  the  drain  on 
the  house  side  of  the  trap  and  not  more  than  eight  feet  nor  less 
than  four  feet  from  the  running  tiap  and  extend  to  the  exter- 
nal air.  All  drains  shall  be  run  as  straight  as  practicable;  changes 
in  direction  shall  be  made  with  regular  fittings  and  connections 
shall  be  made  with  Y's  or  sanitary  T's. 

Soil  pipes  receiving  the  discharge  from  one  or  more  water- 
closets  shall  be  extra  heavy  cast-iron  soil  pipe,  same  as  specified 
for  drains,  and  not  less  than  four  inches  in  internal  diameter  and 
continue  of  undiminished  size  to  the  highest  roof  of  building, 
above  and  away  from  any  opening  or  window,  and  left  open  at  the 
top.  To  extend  at  least  twelve  inches  above  the  roof,  the  top  to 
be  encased  with  a  pipe,  leaving  a  space  of  at  least  one  inch  be- 
tween the  outside  surface  of  soil  pipe  and  inside  of  casing,  casing 
to  extend  from  top  of  soil  pipe  down  to  roof  on  all  sides  and  made 
tight  at  the  top,  or  when  soil  or  vent  pipes  are  run  in,  up  and  out 
of  a  heated  flue,  the  casing  may  be  omitted. 

No  waste  pipe  shall  be  less  than  one  and  onc-c|uarter  inches 
for  one  fixture  and  not  to  exceed  two  fixtures,  one  and  one-half 
inches  for  three  fixtures  and  not  to  exceed  six  fixtures.  Lead 
waste,  or  vent  pipes  shall  not  be  of  less  weight  than  the  grade 
known  as  extra  light.  In  no  case  shall  the  waste  pipe  from  any 
other  fixture  connect  to  the  house  side  or  in  the  seal  of  the  water 
closet  trap;  such  connections  shall  be  made  so  that  the  dis- 
charge of  the  waste  will  not  disturb  the  seal  in  the  water  closet 
trap. 

yvll  waste  pipes  two  inches  or  less  in'diameter  shall  be  of  extra 
heavy  cast  iron  or  lead. 

No  refrigerator  or  other  receptacle  in  which  provisions  are 
stored  shall  be  connected  with  the  drain,  soil,  waste,  vent  pipe  or 
discharge  upon  the  ground  beneath  the  building,  but  in  every  case 
there  shall  be  an  open,  trapped  tray  beneath  the  refrigerator.  The 
waste  must  discharge  into  a  sink  or  other  fixture  and  be  provided 
with  a  flap  valve  on  the  discharge  end. 

.Standard  wrought  iron  pipe  and  the  fittings  thereon,  coated 
inside  and  outside  with  coal  tar  varnish,  may  be  used  for  tlic 


extension  of  soil  pipes  above  all  fixtures  and  for  ventilation 
pipes. 

Where  two  fixtures  connect  into  one  vent,  such  connection 
shall  be  made  with  not  less  than  one  and  one-half  inch  pipe,  and 
for  three  fixtures  not  less  than  two  inch  pipe,  and  for  a  water 
closet  not  less  than  two  inch  pipe  for  forty  feet  or  less,  and  two 
and  one-half  inch  pipe  may  be  used  for  an  additional  twenty 
feet. 

Provided  that  vent  pipes  of  three  or  more  fixtures  with  waste 
three  or  four  inches  in  diameter,  shall  not  be  less  than  three  inch 
for  twenty  feet  or  less;  over  twenty  feet,  four  inch. 

Vent  pipes  shall  be  run  straight  and  as  direct  as  practicable 
and  with  a  grade  to  avoid  trapping  of  condensation,  but  in  all 
cases  where  vent  pipes  connect  to  soil  pipes  such  connections 
shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  above  the  highest  fixture. 

Vent  pipes  may  be  run  out  separately  through  the  roof,  and 
shall  be  encased  the  same  as  soil  pipes  going  through  the  roof,  or 
when  run  in  up  and  out  of  a  heated  flue  the  casing  may  be 
omitted. 

No  steam  exhaust,  blow-off  or  drip  pipes  shall  be  connected 
with  sewer  or  any  drain,  soil  pipe,  waste  pipe,  vent  pipe  or  rain 
water  pipe  when  within  any  building,  but  must  discharge  into  an 
open  tank  or  a  condenser,  from  which  a  safe  connection  to  the 
sewer  or  house  drain  may  be  provided. 

Sewer,  soil  pipe,  waste  pipe  or  ventilation  pipe  shall  not  be 
constructed  of  brick,  earthen  ware  or  sheet  metal,  and  chimney 
flues  shall  not  be  used  for  such  ventilators. 

All  joints  in  cast  iron  pipes  shall  be  packed  with  picked  oakum 
and  run  with  molten  lead  well  calked. 

Connections  of  lead  pipes  with  those  of  iron  shall  be  made  with 
brass  or  combination  ferrules,  or  brass  soldering  nipples,  and  of  a 
size  not  less  than  the  lead  pipe,  with  properly  wiped  joints  and 
calked  or  screwed  to  the  iron  pipe. 

Every  sink,  bath  tub,  basin,  water  closet,  urinal,  wash  tray,  and 
every  fixture  having  a  waste  pipe  shall  be  separately  and  inde- 
per.dently  trapped  with  a  water  sealing  trap,  placed  as  near  the 
fixture  as  practicable;  traps  shall  be  protected  from  syphonage 
and  air  pressure  by  a  special  air  or  vent  pipe,  and  of  a  size  not 
less  than  the  waste  pipe,  up  to  and  including  two  inch.  Over  two 
inch  and  not  exceeding  four  inch,  not  less  than  two  inch  vents 
shall  be  used. 

Each  vent  pipe  shall  have  a  trap  screw  soldered  into  it,  and 
not  more  than  six  inches  above  where  it  connects  with  the  trap; 
such  connections  shall  not  be  on  the  crown,  but  kept  back  on  drain 
side,  not  more  than  two  inches,  and  made  with  a  Y  joint  where 
practicable,  and  extend  two  feet  above  the  fixture  it  serves,  before 
connecting  to  other  vent  pipes. 

Traps  must  be  placed  above  floors  or  in  accessible  locations. 

No  trap  shall  be  placed  at  the  foot  of  a  vertical  soil  or  waste 
pipe. 

Rain  water  leaders  running  down  on  the  outside  of  a  building 
shall  have  a  trap  or  back  pressure  valve,  before  entering  the  sew- 
er, drain  or  soil  pipe. 

Rain  water  leaders,  when  within  a  building,  shall  be  extra 
heavy  cast  iron  soil  pipe  or  standard  wrought  iron  pipe,  tarred  in- 
side and  outside.  Connection  of  rain  water  pipes  with  soil  and 
drain  pipes  shall  be  on  the  lower  side  of  the  highest  fixture;  a  soil 
or  ventilation  pipe  above  the  highest  fixture  shall  not  be  used  as  a 
rain  water  pipe;  and  rain  water  pipes  when  running  from  a  low 
roof  or  low  eaves  shall  have  a  trap  or  back  pressure  valve  before 
entering  drain  or  soil  pipe. 

Safe,  waste,  drip  or  overflow  pipes  from  tanks  or  cisterns  shall 
be  run  to  some  place  in  open  sight  and  provided  with  a  flap  valve 
on  the  lower  end,  and  in  no  case  shall  any  such  pipes  connect  with 
drain,  soil,  waste,  vent  pipe  or  rain  water  leader. 

Every  water  closet  or  line  of  water  closets  on  the  same  floor 
shall,  when  practicable,  be  supplied  with  water  from  a  tank  or  cis- 
tern and  the  flushing  pipe  shall  not  be  less  than  one  and  one-quar- 
ter inches  in  diameter. 

No  person  shall  place  in  any  building  a  whirlpool  wash  water 
closet,  or  a  pan  water  closet,  and  when  such  kind  of  closet  is  re- 
moved for  repairs  or  other  causes  it  shall  not  be  replaced. 

Where  additional  fixtures  are  required,  or  alterations  are  to  be 
made,  and  not  practicable  to  be  constructed  in  accordance  with 


July  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS 


129 


the  provisions  of  this  ordinance,  a  special  permit  may  be  issued 
by  the  Inspector  of  Buildings. 

The  Inspector  shall  be  notified  when  the  work  is  ready  for  in- 
spection and  test,  by  registering  the  number  of  the  permit  and  the 
location  of  the  work,  in  the  registrar  book  kept  for  that  pur[)ose  at 
the  office  of  the  Inspector  of  Buildings. 

All  work  shall  be  left  uncovered  for  examination. 

Nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  the  use  of  standard 
wrought  iron  soil  or  waste  pipe  with  proper  fittings  coated  outside 
and  inside,  as  provided  for  cast  iron  pipe. 

The  whole  system  of  drain,  soil,  waste  and  ventilation  pipes 
shall  be  filled  with  water  or  subjected  to  air  pressure  of  five 
pounds  to  the  square  inch,  and  in  all  cases  where  only  a  part  of 
the  system  has  been  tested  at  one  time,  the  Inspector  shall  require 
an  additional  test  of  the  whole  system,  and  it  shall  be  absolutely 
tight.  And  after  all  of  the  fixtures  have  been  placed  in  position 
;ind  the  work  completed,  a  final  test  ecjual  to  the  pressure  of  one 
inch  of  water  shall  be  applied,  and  if  foimd  to  be  tight  and  in 
accordance  with  this  ordinance;  the  Inspector  shall  so  certify  on 
the  face  of  the  permit,  and  no  plumbing  shall  be  used  until  such 
certificate  is  made  by  the  Inspector. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

Several  of  the  Chicago  party,  in  returning  from  the  Denver 
Convention,  were  unfortunate  enough  to  meet  with  a  railroad  ac- 
cident at  Joliet.  W.  S.  Verity,  Jr.,  and  wife,  and  N.  T.  Robinson, 
of  the  Western  Valve  Company,  were  pretty  well  shaken  up,  but 
were  not  seriously  injured. 

David  Whiteford,  of  372  West  Randolph  street,  remained  in 
Colorado  several  days  after  the  convention,  to  visit  one  of  the 
mines  in  which  he  is  interested. 

The  boys  are  all  back  now  from  their  great  trip,  and  are  settled 
down  to  work  once  more. 

The  New  York  Department  of  Public  Works  intend  to  exam- 
ine the  underground  steam-pipes,  in  order  to  discover  defects  that 
injure  the  sewers. 

The  Denver  Republican  speaks  of  J.  J.  Wade's  essay  and  the 
Chicago  Association  of  Master  Plumbers  as  follows:  "The  essay 
of  J.  J.  Wade,  of  Chicago,  will  no  doubt  be  listened  to  with  con- 
siderable attention,  inasmuch  as  it  must  be  an  unusually  good  one 
to  capture  the  prize  of  $50,  offered  for  the  best  essay  prepared  by 
this  association  of  orators.  The  subject  is:  'The  exhibition  of 
plumbing  materials  and  workmanship  at  the  World's  Fair  in  1893. 
What  method  can  be  adopted  to  make  it  an  attractive  feature  and 
of  general  benefit  to  the  plumbing  interests? '  "  This  able  paper 
was  printed  in  full  in  The  Sanitary  News  on  June  21st. 

Kelly  &  Daly  is  the  new  firm  at  114  East  Broadway,  New  York 
city — the  old  business  place  of  Chris  Byrnes. 

Lincoln,  Nebraska,  has  a  new  plumbing  establishment,  owned 
by  M.  Dean,  formerly  of  Ashland,  Neb. 

Hopkins  &  Saltmarsh,  of  Albany,  Oregon,  will  be  succeeded 
by  the  firm  of  Hopkins  Bros. 

William  McCoach,  one  of  the  prominent  delegates,  from  Phil- 
adelphia, at  the  Denver  Convention,  in  order  to  meet  the  demands 
of  his  rapidly-increasing  business,  has  removed  his  place  of  busi- 
ness from  2056  Market  street  to  his  new  and  handsome  building 
at  1607  Sansom  street.  Mr.  McCoach  always  keeps  on  hand*the 
latest  improved  sanitary  appliances  and  plumbing  supplies.  Vis- 
itors will  be  cordially  received  at  the  above  address. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  have  just  organ- 
ized an  association  with  a  membership  of  ten.  The  officers  are: 
B.  M.  Ellerbeck,  president;  T.  H.  Dale,  secretary;  J.  J.  Parrel, 
vice-president;  H.  C.  James,  treasurer.  The  association  was  very 
ably  represented  at  the  Denver  Convention  by  H.  C.  James  and  J. 
J.  Farrel.  Mr.  Parrel  presented  to  the  convention  the  claims  of 
Salt  Lake  City  as  the  place  for  holding  the  next  National  Conven- 
tion, but  the  delegates  thought  this  locality  too  far  west. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Oakland,  Cal.,  have  organized  with  a 
membership  of  thirty,  and  J.  W.  Bonham  writes  us  that  he  thinks 
all  the  master  plumbers  in  the'  county  will  unite  with  the  new  or- 
ganization. 

The  Herning  Plumbing  Company  is  a  new  firm  just  started  at 


Chattanooga, Tenn.  Julian 'l"s(  lK)[)ik,  I'.  1).  Cotter  and  Thomas 
Wilcox  are  interested. 

The  John  Douglas  Company  has  been  incorporated  at  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  with  a  capital  of  ^30,000.  The  i)lace  of  business  is  at 
346  Main  street,  where  all  kinds  of  plumbing  goods  and  sanitary 
appliances  may  be  seen. 

A  large  amount  will  be  expended  in  rchauling  the  plumbing 
in  the  Tremont  House. 

A.  A.  Campbell,  at  842  West  Madison  street,  has  a  large  amount 
of  work  on  hand.  Among  the  buildings  that  he  is  just  complet- 
ing are  twenty-five  two-story  and  basement  flats  and 
twenty  two-story  and  basement  residences  on  Kedzie  ave- 
nue, Madison  and  Lincoln  streets;  four  two-story  flat  buildings 
on  Warren  avenue,  near  Lincoln  street,  and  eleven  three-story  and 
basement  buildings  on  Sixty-third  and  Winter  streets.  He  also 
has  the  contracts  for  the  plumbing  in  fifty  two-story  and  basement 
residences  and  fifty  flat  buildings  to  be  erected  on  Dickey  avenue, 
near  Humboldt  Park.  He  also  reports  the  jobbing  and  over- 
hauling work  better  than  at  any  time  since  he  has  been  in  the 
plumbing  business. 

Johnston  &  Lawrence,  of  Portland,  Oregon,  write  us  that  busi- 
ness is  very  good  at  present  in  their  city.  They  requested  their 
advertisement  in  The  Sanitary  New.s,  for  plumbers,  discon- 
tinued, as  they  now  have  all  the  men  they  require,  and  applica- 
tions are  pouring  in  from  all  over  the  country. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 
Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  Carroll  &  Kern  have  plans  for  a  S40,ooo 
ofiice  building,  on  South  and  Main  streets;  also  plans  for  a  four- 
story  brick  and  stone  block  to  be  erected  on  Main  street  near 
Second;  cost,  $40,000;  also  plans  for  a  $56,000  storehouse  to  be 
built  near  the  D.  &  R.  G.  tracks;  also  plans  for  a  store  and  office 
building  to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Second,  South  and  Fifth, 
West;  cost,  $20,000.  C.  H.  LaBelle  is  preparing  plans  for  a  five- 
story  stone  business  block,  to  cost  $200,000.  East  Aurora,  N. 

Y.;  A  bank  building,  R.  A.  &  L.  Bethume,  architects;  St.  Pat- 
lick's  Catholic  church  at  Enslie  _and  Seymour  streets;  cost,  $75,- 

000;  C.  D.  Swan,  architect.  Wilmington,  Del.:   Ninth  and'Mar- 

ket  streets,  office  building;  cost,  $100,000;  Baker  &  Dallet,  502 

Walnut    street,    Philadelphia,   architects.  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

Fifth  street  above  Cumberland,  Lutheran  church  building,  F.  B. 
Watson,  518  Walnut  street,  architect;  corner  Wharton  and  Ward 
streets,  new  edifice  for  St.  Paul's  German  Reformed  Congrega- 
tion; John  F.  Stuckert,  524  Walnut  street,  architect.  Salt  Lake 

City,  U.:    Carroll  &  Kern  have  plans  for  a  seven-story  office 

building,   which  will  cost  $250,000.  East  St.  Louis:  Corner 

Seventh  and  Walnut  streets,  five-story  brick  factory;  cost,  $50,- 

000.    Address  Kingman  &  Co.  Ashville,  N.  C:    Geo.  \'ander- 

bilt  will  erect  a  residence  to  cost  $250,000.— Marburg,  Pa.: 
Fred  Motz  will  erect  four  large  houses,  E.  Schaefer  &  Co.,  of 

Philadelphia,  architects.  Haddonfield,  N.  J.:    Paul  Brandner, 

of  Philadelphia,  has  plans  for  a  large  school  building.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:    R.  C.  Ballinger  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  will  erect 

one  hundred  and  fifty  dwellings,  costing  about  $8,000  each.  

Harmony ville,  Pa.:    James  Morrison  will  erect  a  stone  residence. 

 Darby,  Pa.:    The  St.  John's  Reformed  church  will  erect  a 

parsonage.  Wilmington,  Del.:    The  Wesley  M.  E.  church  will 

erect  a  new  edifice.  Tacony,  Pa.:    Thomas  Water  will  erect  a 

number  of  dwellings.  Camden,  N.  J.;  John  D'Arcy  has  pre- 
pared plans  for  extensive  alterations  and  improvements  in  the 

residence   of  ex-Judge  Pancoast.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    Mrs.  E. 

Schneider  will  erect  a  three-story  brick  flat;   cost,  $22,000.  

Bridgeport,  Conn.:    Longstaff  &  Hurd  are  preparing  plans  for  a 

large  store  and  flat  building;  cost,  $80,000.  Danbury,  Conn.: 

Jos.  A.  Jackson,  of  Waterbury,  has  plans  for  a  four-story  residence 

on  Elm  street.  Waterbury,  Conn.:    Theo.  B.  Peck  is  architect 

for  the  Waterbury  Industrial  School  building.  Detroit,  Mich.: 

Guoin  street,  near  Campau  avenue,  new  laboratory;  cost,  $50,000. 
A.  C.  Varney  &  Co.,  architects.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  36th  and  But- 
ler streets,  office  building;  cost,  $15,000.  Bickel  &  Brennen, 
architects.    S.  W.  Baker  will  erect  a  two-story  dwelling  on  Hiland 


130 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


avenue;  cost,  SiS.ooo.    O'Neil,  Rook  &  Imhoff  will  erect  seven 

two-story  brick  dwellings  on  Boquet  street;  cost,  $35,000.  

Washington,  D.  C:  The  U.  S.  Government  will  erect  public 
buildings  at  the  following  places:  Altoona,  Pa.;  Muskegon, 
Mich.;  Jacksonville,  111.;  Clarksville,  Tenn.;  Ogden,  U.;  Madison, 
Ind.,   and  Ailentovvn,   Pa.    For  information,   address  Jas.  H. 

Windrum.  St.  Paul,  Minn.:    Iglehart  street,  near  Arundel,  two 

two-story  dwellings;  cost,  $16,000.    Address  Decks  P.  Witteck. 

 Topeka,  Kan.:    Perkins  &  Adams  have  plans  for  the  new 

house  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Hageboom;  cost,  $15,000.  Chicopee,  Mass.: 

F.  R.  Richmond,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  has  plans  for  a  two-story 

brick  school  building;  cost,  $18,000.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    The  St. 

Louis  College  of  Physicians  will  erect  a  $35,000  building.  The 

Marion  Sims  Medical  College  will  erect  a  $30,000  building.  

Topeka,  Kas.:    Seymour  Dams  has  plans  for  a  new  building  to 

be  erected  by  the  Methodist  University.  Hartford,  Conn.:  A 

new  hotel  will  be  erected,  Barrett  Bros.  &  Co.,  architects;  corner 
Main  and  Cannon  Streets,  six-story  office  building;  cost,  $75,000. 
Longstaff  &  Hurd,  architects;  Bank  and  State  streets,  four-story 

brick  block;  cost,  $30,000.  New  London,  Conn.:  Government 

building;  cost,  $75,000.  North  Adams,  Mass.:    The  Univer- 

salist  Society  will  erect  a  handsome  new  church  building.  

Newton,  Mass.:    Memorial  building;  cost,  $50,000.    Hartwell  & 

Richardson,   architects.  Somerville,    Mass.:     School  house; 

cost,  §50,000.  Loring  &  Phipps,  of  Boston,  architects.  Fair- 
field, Conn.:  Address  Stephen  Morehouse  for  information  con- 
cerning the  new  Congregational  church  building.  Brooklyn, 

N.  Y.:  Northwest  corner  of  Throop  avenue  and  Hart  street,  five 
2>^-story  dwellings;  cost,  $30,000.  Isaac  D.  Reynolds,  architect. 
Halsey  street  near  Throop  avenue,  six  2>^-story  dwellings;  cost, 
$30,000.  David  Weild,  architect.  Pacific  street  near  Utica 
avenue,  eight  two-story  dwellings;  cost,  $16,000.  Address  Joseph 
Hopkins.  Bergen  street,  near  Ralph  avenue,  thirteen  two-story 
dwellings;  cost,  $19,500.  Frank  W.  Ames,  architect.  Floyd 
street,  near  Nostrand  avenue,  five  three-story  tenements;  cost, 
$21,000.  John  Platte,  architect.  McDougal  street,  near  Hopkin- 
son  avenue,  fourteen  two-story  dwellings;  cost,  $35,000.  Joseph 
Hopkins,  architect.  Macon  street,  near  Saratoga  avenue,  five 
two-story  dwellings;  cost,  $17,500.  John  E.  Dwyer,  architect. 
Greene  avenue,  near  Central  avenue,  eight  two-story  dwellings; 
cost,  $20,000.  V.  R.  Case,  architect.  Southeast  corner  of  Wash- 
ington and  Johnson  streets,  eight  and  nine-story  office  building; 

cost,  $300,000.    George  L.  .Morse,  architect.  Chicago:  265-271 

Dearborn  street,  sixteen-story  office  building;  cost,  $400,000. 
Holabird  &  Roche,  architects.  2827  Prairie  avenue,  three-story 
residence;  cost,  $30,000.  C.  D.  Frost,  architect.  Drexel boulevard, 
near  46th  street,  three-story  residence;  cost,  $30,000.  C.  S. 
Frost,  architect.  Ellis  avenue,  near  43rd  street,  four  two-story 
dwellings;  cost,  $20,000.  Patton  &  Fisher,  architects.  Burnham 
&  Root  have  plans  for  the  new  Herald  building  on  Washington 
street,  near  Fifth  avenue.  2300-2308  Michigan  avenue,  new  hotel, 
cost,  $500,000.     418-420  Dearborn  street,  six-story  factory;  cost, 

$60,000.  New  York  City:    R.  W.  Gibson  is  the  architect  for  a 

church  and  music  hall  to  be  built  for  the  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor  at 
Staten  Island.  102-106  Wooster  street,  five-story  brick  warehouse; 
DeLemos  &  Cordes,  architects.  88th  near  loth  avenue,  five-story 
stable;  Geo.  H.  Griebcl,  architect.  S.  79th  near  Amsterdam 
avenue,  two  five-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $22,000.  Jas.  W.  Cole, 
architect.  24th  street.  West,  341-345,  five-story  brick  flats;  cost, 
$66,000;  James  W.  Cole,  architect.  151st  St.,  near  3rd  ave.,  five- 
story  brick  flats;  Adolph  Pfeiffer,  architect.  South  st.,  near  Jeffer- 
son St.,  warehouse;  R.  P.  Staats,  architect.  Corner  West  End  ave. 
and  72nd  street,  four-story  brick  and  stone  dwelling;  cost,  $20,- 
000;  J.  H.  Taft,  architect.  301  Broome  street,  five-story  brick 
store;  cost,  $19,000;  L.  F.  Hemiche,  architect.  68th  street,  near 
loth  avenue,  two  brick  buildings;  cost,  $80,000;  N.  D.  Bush, 
architect.  181  East  Broadway,  five-story  brick  store  and  flat; 
cost,  $23,000;  Schneider  &  Herter,  architects.  136  Madison 
street,  five-story  tenement;  cost,  $18,000;  Alex.  J.  Finkel,  architect. 
336  West  15th,  five-story  brick  flat;  Geo.  F.  Pelham,  architect. 
S.-W.  corner  of  12th  street  and  7th  avenue,  four-story  brick 
hospital;  cost,  $60,000;  William  Schickel  &  Co.,  architects. 
Greene  street,  near  Bleecker  street,  six-story  brick  stores;  cost, 
$150,000;  Cleverdon  &  Putzel,  architects.  61  Grove  street  and  74 
Christoper  street,  five-story  brick  flat;  cost,  $64,000;  Franklin 


Baylies,  architect.  41st  street  and  Broadway,  three-story  brick 
hotel;  cost,  $25,000;  Theo.  E.  Thomson,  architect.  102-6  Wooster 
street,  five-story  brick  store;  cost,  $50,000.  Corner  of  82nd  street 
Riverside  Drive,  nine  three  and  four-story  brick  dwellings;  cost, 
$90,000;  Rose  &  Stone,  architects.  n6th  street,  near  8th  avenue, 
two  five-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $20,000;  Andrew  Spence,  architect. 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Dover  street,  north  of  Master  street,  six- 
ty-four new  dwellings.  Address  W^.  T.  B.  Roberts.  Oakland, 
near  15th  street,  twenty-six  dwellings  and  two  stores.  Address 
William  C.  Carman.  Fairhill,  north  of  Wolf  street,  ten  houses. 
Address  William  J.  Ross.  8th  street,  north  of  Spruce,  parish 
building  for  St.  Andrew's  Protestant  Episcopal  church;  G.  W.  & 
W.  D.  Hewitt,  architects.  South  side  of  Cayuga  street,  west  of 
Germantown  avenue,  seventeen  new  dwelling  houses.  Address 
James  Mole.  Woodline  street,  north  of  Chew  .street,  eight  dwell- 
ings and  one  store.  Address  George  Harrison.  Westmoreland 
street  near  35th,  eight  three-story  houses.  Address  John  Dobson, 
2 1  St  street,  south  of  Spring  Garden,  four-story  factory;  address 
William  Wood  &  Co.  The  Front  street  M.  E.  church  will  make 
extensive  improvements.  The  Trinity  Presbyterian  church  will 
erect  a  parsonage  at  Chestnut  Hill.  Harrison  street  near  Wayne, 
twenty-five  dwellings;  address  William  S.  McNabb.  Glenwood 
street,  near  Ontario  street,  thirty  dwellings,  one  store  and  one 
stable;  address  A.  M.  Zane.  McKean  street  near  Front,  twenty- 
four  dwellings;  address  John  J.  Cassidy.  Willow  Grove  avenue, 
near  27th  street,  two  three-story  dwellings;  address  Lydia  H. 
Partenheimer.  Bleigh  street  near  Oxford  Pike,  two  three-story 
dwellings;  address  J.  E.  Maths.  The  Faculty  of  Jefferson 
Medical  College  will  erect  an  addition  to  the  college  building. 
28th  and  Diamond  streets,  a  handsome  residence;  Will  H. 
Decker,  architect.  43rd  street,  north  of  Wyalusing  avenue,  eleven 
houses;  address  Charles  Bateson.  Broad  street  near  Dauphin, 
fifteen  three-story  dwellings;  address  C.  C.  Moore.  Powelton 
avenue  near  42nd  street,  nine  three-story  dwellings;  address 
William  Bunce,  Jr.  High  street,  east  of  Morton,  several  large 
dwelling  houses;  address  Arthur  Freeston.  39th  and  Walnut 
street,  school  building;  Smith  &  Pritchitt,  architects.  3531 
Germantown  avenue,  new  residence;  address  Dr.  J.  R.  Rand. 
221  north  1 2th  street,  factory  building.  15th  street  and  Lehigh 
avenue,  factory;  address  the  Moore-White  Machine  Co. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Binghamton,  N.  Y.:  The  Binghamton  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Company  has  been  organized  with  a  capital  stock  of  $200,000. 

The  trustees  are  Geo.  J.  Morse,  G.  W.   Dunn  and  others.  

Keokuk,  la.:  The  Keokuk  Hydraulic  and  Electric  Company  has 
been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.    A.  Collier  is 

president,  and  Hugh  Robertson  is  secretary.  Kittanning,  Pa.: 

The  Kittanning  Electric  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $12,000.    R.  P.  Marshall, 

Henry  J.  Hays  and  R.  .A..  McCullough,  are  directors.  Camden, 

N.  J.:  The  Accumulator  Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $5,000,000.  Geo.  R.  Webb  is  one  of  the  incor- 
porators. Ware,  Mass.:    The  Ware  Power  and  Improvement 

Company  has  been  organized  with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000.  E. 

H.  Gilbert  is  president,  and  R.  H.  Loomis  is  secretary.  Jasper, 

Mo.:    The  Jasper  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been 

incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $150,000.  Utica,  N.  Y.: 

The  Utica  Electric  Manufacturing  and  Supply  Company  has 

been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $15,000.  Philipsburg, 

Mont.:    An   electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  Alameda, 

Cal.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  constructed.  Hamilton, 

Wash.:  The  Hamilton  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated.  Louisville,  Ky.:  The  Louisville  Gas  Com- 
pany will  erect  an  electric  light  plant  and  will  light  the  city  by 

electricity.  Wardsville,  N.  H.:    A  new  electric  li  ,ht  plant  is  to 

be  erected.  Baltimore,  Md.:  The  \'olta  Electric  Battery  Com- 
pany has  been  organized  with  a  capital  stock  of  $300,000.  Address, 

for  information,  T.  E.  Hambleton,  Washington,  D.  C.  Fort 

Worth,  Tex.:  E.  E.  Fosdick  wants  prices  f.  o.  b.  on  two  2o-horsc- 
power  Thomson-Houston  electrical  motors  4  feet  8>4  inches 

gauge.  Selma,  Ala.:    The  Mathews  Cotton  Mills  Company 

will  erect  an  electric  light  plant  this  summer.  Waycross,  Ga.: 

An  electric  light  company  has  been  organized.  Address,  for  in- 
formation, J.  S.  Bailey.  Frankfort,  Ky.:    The  Capital  Gas  and 


July  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


131 


Electric  Light  Company  will  enlarge  its  plant.^  Chattanooga, 

Tcnn.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  established  and  operated 
on  the  French  system.    Address  J.  A.  Hart,  S.  R.  Read  and  R. 

M.  Barton,  Jr.,  for  information.  Trenton,  Tenn.:    An  electric 

plant  will  be  established.    Address  the  mayor.  Chatham,  N. 

Y.:    The  electric  light  plant  will  be  increased  and  the  buildings 

will  be  enlarged.  Centreville,  la.:    Electric  lights  are  wanted. 

Address,  for  information,  W.  G.  Clark.  New  Orleans,  La.: 

Estimates  have  been  prepared  for  the  erection  of  an  electric 
light  plant  at  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital.  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.:  The  National  Electric  Development  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.    Address  Geo. 

A.  Davis  for  information.  Rockaway,  N.  Y.:    The  Rockaway 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $100,000.    Jos.  A.  Taylor,  of  Plainfield,  N.  Y.,  is  one  of 

the  incorporators.  Cairo,  111.:    Citizens'  Electric  Light  and 

Power  Company  has  been  incorporated.  Address,  for  informa- 
tion, Henry  Wells.  Rock  Hill,  S.  C:    The  Rock  Hill  Electric 

Light  Company  has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of$io,- 

000.  Johnson  City,  Tenn.:    A  large  electric  light  plant  will  be 

erected.    K.  W.  Hill,  of  Waterbury,  Conn.,  is  preparing  the  plans. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Mobile,  Ala.:    Col.  G.  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  has  planned  a  system  of 
sewerage.  East  Oakland,  Cal.:    A  sewer  will  be  built  on  Com- 
mercial street  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $45,000.  Berlin,  N.  Y.: 

Berlin  proposes  to  build  sewers  costing  in  all  $15,000.  Hoosic 

Falls,  N.Y.:  The  committee  appointed  to  report  upon  the  pro- 
posed system  estimate  the  cost  at  $40,000.    E.  D.  Smalley  will 

prepare  the  plans  and  specifications.  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.: 

Poughkeepsie  will  probably  build  a  trunk  sewer  at  an  estimated 

cost  of  $20,000.  Passaic,  N.  J.:  Passaic  has  ordered  a  complete 

Waring  sewerage  system.  Washington,  Pa.:  The  Waring  sew- 
erage system  will  be  adopted  and  $150,000  will  be  expended  on 

improvements.  Battle  Creek,  Mich.:    At  the  Michigan  State 

Sanitary  Convention,  held  at  Battle  Creek  the  last  week  in  June, 
it  was  resolved  that  the  convention  urge  the  Battle  Creek  City 
Council  to  provide  the  city  with  a  system  of  sewerage  at  once. 
The  method  recommended  by  Prof.  Brigden  is  the  separate  sew- 
erage system,  dividing  a  city  into  four  or  more  distinct  sections. 

He  estimated  the  cost  of  such  a  system  at  about  $6,000  a  mile.  

Columbus,  Ga.:  Col.  Geo.  E.  Waring  in  a  report  upon  the  sewer- 
age system  of  Columbus,  Ga.,  strongly  recommends  the  -establish- 
ment of  a   sewage  farm.  Highland,  Ala.:     $50,000  will  be 

expended  on  the  sewerage  system  at  South  Highland.  Stock- 
ton, Cal.:  $85,000  will  be  expended  for  sewers  and  surface  drainage. 

 Hoboken,  N.  J.:    Plans  have  been  ordered  prepared  for  a 

complete  sewerage  system.  Orange,  N.  J.:  F.  P.  Stearns,  Chief 

Engineer  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  Boston,  Mass.,  has  been 
employed  as  consulting  engineer  on  the  plans  for  the  proposed 
sewerage  system  submitted  by  C.  P.  Bassett  of  Newark.  Lons- 
dale, R.  I.:    The  Lonsdale  Company  will  construct  an  efficient 

sewerage  system  for  this  place.  Northampton,  Mass.:  The 

sewers  are  to  be  extended.  Marlboro,  Mass.:  $125,000  will  be 

expended  on  sewers.  Troy,  N.  Y.:  New  sewers  will  be  con- 
structed. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

West  Indianapolis,  Ind.:    New  mains  will  be  laid  soon.  

Michigan  City,  Ind.:  A  new  system  of  water-works  will  soon  be 
constructed.  Cleburne,  Tex.:  S.  E.  Moss  will  want  a  stand- 
pipe,  to  be  20  feet  at  base  and  100  feet  high;  also  4,  6,  and  8-inch 
water-pipe.  Waxahachie,  Tex.:  The  Waxahachie  Water  Com- 
pany will  purchase  a  stand-pipe,  hydrants,  piping  from  to  8 
inches,  etc.,  for  water-works;  also  a  boiler  and  engine.  Ken- 
sington, Ga.:  The  Kensington  Water-Works  Company  has  been 
incorporated  by  F.  R.  Pemberton,  C.  E.  James  and  F.  Harris,  of 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  About  3,000  yards  of  brick- 
work in  tunnel  will  be  let  by  September.    Address  for  information 

McCormick  &  O'Meara,  No.  904  Olive  street.  Gatesville,  Tex.: 

Richard  Potts  can  give  information  concerning  the  new  water- 
works. Amherstburg,  Can.:    Water- works  will  be  constructed. 

 Buena  Vista,  Va.:  $5,000  will  be  expended  on  the  water- 
works. Crewe,  Va.:    The  Crewe  Land  and  Improvement  Com- 


pany has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $150,000.  It  will 
erect  water-works,  an  electric  light  plant  and  gas-works.  Address 

for  information  M.  W.  Ryan,  Roanoke,  Va.  Concord,  N.  C: 

$20,000  will  be  expended  in  extending  the  water-works  system.  

Warrior,  Ala.:  A  stock  company  will  soon  be  organized  to  con- 
struct a  water-works  system.  The  Pearson  Coal,  Iron  and  Rail- 
road Company  can  give  information.  Union,  S.  C:  A  water- 
works system  will  be  constructed  soon.    Address  the  Mayor.  

Dallas,  Tex.:    9,700  feet  of  14-inch  water-main  will  be  laid.  

Springfield,  Mass.:  The  report  and  plans  submitted  by  the  Water 
Commissioners  have  been  accepted  by  the  city  council.  The  re- 
port calls  for  an  appropriation  of  $100,000  to  purchase  water  rights 
and  privileges  and  pay  land  damages,  to  bring  7,000,000  minimum 
and  25,000,000  maximum  gallons  of  pure  water  per  day  through 
1,700  feet  of  53-inch  wrought-iron  pipe,  and  three  miles  additional 
canal,  to  a  ten-acre  reservoir  at  the  head  of  the  Ludlow  structure, 
which  is  to  be  fed  principally  by  Jabish  and  Broad  brooks  and 
seven  smaller  streams.  The  plan  also  contemplates  a  waste-gate 
and  sluices  for  drawing  down  dry  the  Ludlow  reservoir  when  the 
independent  system  is  perfected,  and  the  cleansing  of  its  bed  by 

fresh-water  slushing  and  other  methods.  Central  Falls,  R.  I.: 

A.  P.  Carpenter,  J.  E.  Thomson  and  M.  Maloney  have  been  ap- 
pointed committeemen  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  question 

of  obtaining  a  water-supply  outside  of  Pawtucket.  Union,  S.C.: 

Address  the  Mayor  regarding  the  projected  works.  Macon, 

Ga.:  A  site  for  erecting  a  stand-pipe  and  constructing  a  dam  is 
being  located.    Mr.  McBurney,  President  of  the  Ocumlgee  Land 

and  Improvement  Company,  has  charge  of  this  work.^  Houston, 

Tex.:    The  charter  of  the  Houston  Water  Company  has  been 

amended  to  allow  it  to  increase  the  capital  stock  to  $150,000.  

Fargo,  N.  D.:  The  city  has  voted  to  issue  bonds  for  the  proposed 

improvements.  Goshen,  Ind.:    The  improvements  to  the  water 

plant  will  consist  of  putting  in  a  new  pumping  engine,  increasing 
the  supply,  and  laying  about  1,500  feet  of  14-inch  cast-iron  pipe 

and  setting  two  new  hydrants.  Parkland,  Ky.:  At  a  recent 

mass-meeting  to  consider  the  question  of  a  water-supply,  and  of 
having  the  water  company  lay  mains  to  the  town,  a  committee  on 
"  ways  and  means  "  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  matter. — — 
Council  Bluffs,  la.:    The  question  of  constructing  a  high-service 

system  is  being  discussed.  Lowell,  Mass.:    The  Locks  and 

Canal  Company  will  extend  its  water-works  system.  Edgewa- 

ter,  N.  Y.:  The  Crystal  Water  Company  has  been  incorporated, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000.    J.  W.  Gumming  and  J.  N. 

Stearns,  of  Greenpoint,  are  among  the  incorporators.  Sioux 

City,  la.:    Surveys  are  being  made  for  a  system  of  water-works. 

 Seattle,  Wash.:  The  Northwestern  Water  Company  has  been 

incorporated  at  Olympia,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Ed- 
son,  Wash.:    It  is  reported  that  the  Samish  Water  Company  will 

put  in  works.-  Goldendale,  Wash.:    Contracts  will  be  let  about 

August  I.  The  works  are  to  be  built  by  the  city.  The  estimated 
cost  is  $12,500,  to  be  procured  by  town  bonds.  Water  will  be 
pumped  from  Klukstat  River  to  a  stand-pipe.  The  following  ma- 
terials will  be  purchased:  30  hydrants,  1,050  feet  8-inch  pipe,  3,300 
feet  6-inch,  10,700  feet  4-inch;  two  pumps,  one  boiler,  valves,  etc. 

 Mount  Tabor,  Ore.:    The  Mount  Tabor  Light  and  Water  Co. 

has  been  incorporated  by  J.  D.  Hart,  C.  F.  Swigert  and  H.  C. 

Campbell,  to  furnish  water  and  light.    Capital  stock,  $20,000.  

Los  Angeles,  Cal.:  At  a  recent  mass-meeting  a  resolution  was 
passed  stating  it  to  be  the  immediate  duty  of  the  city  to  take  such 
action  as  will  result  in  the  city  establishing,  maintaining  and  con- 
trolling its  own  works,  and  a  committee  consisting  of  C.  N.  Earl, 
E.  W.  Jones,  William  Niles  and  others,  has  been  appointed  to  have 

charge  of  the  matter.  Provo  City,  Utah:    A  company  will  put 

in  a  system  of  works  to  cost  $300,000.  Chicago:    The  American 

Water-Purifying  Company  has  been  formed,  with  a  capital  stock 

of  $350,000.    Address  E.  W.  Dewey  for  information.  St.  Johns, 

Mich.:  $15,000  will  be  expended  on  water-works.  Lowell,  Mass.: 

$60,000  will  be  expended  for  pumping  machinery.  Shelbyville, 

Ky.:    A  water- works  system  will  be  constructed.  Peru,  111.: 

$6,000  will  be  expended  on  the  water-works  system.  Address  W. 
G.  Reene.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  This  city  is  to  have  a  new  water- 
works system.  Waupaca,  Wis.:    Water-works  will  probably  be 

erected  this  year.  Richmond,  Ky.:    The  capital  stock  of  the 

Richmond  Water  and  Light  Company  is  $200,000.  A  stand-pipe 
is  to  be  erected.    The  officers  are:   President,  E.  A.  Boardman, 


132 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


Macon,  Ga.;  treasurer,  E.  H.  Gorke,  Portland,  Me.;  secretary, 

Charles  S.  Powell.  Lake  Geneva,  Wis.:    The  Lake  Geneva 

Water  and  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $40,000.  James  E.  Heg  and  Edward  P.  Wheeler  are  in- 
corporators. Sandy  Creek,  N.  Y.;  Water-works  will  be  estab- 
lished. Attleboro,  Mass.:  A  stand-pipe  of  600,000  gallons  ca- 
pacity will  be  erected. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Athens,  Ga.:  Bids  for  building  and  furnishing  40,000  feet  of 
pipe  for  separate  sewers  are  open  until  July  20.    For  information 

address  D.  C.  Barrow,  Jr.  Omaha,  Neb.:  Bids  are  wanted  until 

July  30th  for  laying  1,400  feet  of  sewers.  Watkins,  N.  Y.:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  by  the  Board  of  Water  and  Sewer  Com- 
missioners until  2  o'clock  p.  M.,  July  23,  1890,  at  their  office,  for 
the  material  and  labor  required  to  construct  water-works  in  the 
village  of  Watkins.  Proposals  must  be  made  upon  blank  forms 
furnished  by  the  Commissioner,  and  be  accompanied  with  cash, 
certified  check  or  draft  for  Sioo,  payable  to  the  Treasurer  of  the 
Board  of  Water  and  Sewer  Commissioners,  as  a  guarantee  for  the 
execution  of  a  contract  if  the  proposals  shall  be  accepted.  The 
right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  and  all  proposals  not  considered 
for  the  interest  of  the  village.  Specifications  may  be  had  on 
application,  or  seen  at  the  office  of  the  Commissioners  in  this  vil- 
lage. Address  Daniel  Beach.  Snake  Hill,  N.  Y.:  Sealed  pro- 
posals will  be  received  by  the  Board  of  Chosen  Freeholders  of 
Hudson  County,  N.  J.,  at  their  meeting  to  be  held  Thursday,  July 
17,  i8qo,  at  3  P.  M.,  for  furnishing  and  delivering  on  the  proposed 
site  at  Snake  Hill  a  new  fire  pump  and  about  1,000  lineal  feet  of 
8-inch,  6-inch  and  4-inch  iron  water  main  and  necessary  specials, 

according  to  specifications.    Address  John  Boyd.  Key  West, 

Fla.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  City  Clerk  of  Key 
West,  Fla.,  until  the  ist  of  September,  i8go,  for  furnishing  the 
necessary  material  and  putting  in  an  underground  system  of  sew- 
erage; also  for  grading  and  paving  the  streets  of  said  city  and 
furnishing  the  material  for  same;  also  for  furnishing  and  laying 
of  water  mains.  Address  Wm.  L.  DeLaney,  city  clerk.  Attle- 
boro, Mass.:  Bids  will  soon  be  wanted  for  furnishing  a  new  stand- 
pipe.  Stockbridge,  Mass.:  The  water  committee  has  decided 

to  construct  works  costing  $125,000;  a  1,000,000  gallon  reservoir 

will  be  erected.    Bids  will  soon  be  wanted.  Camden,  S.  C: 

Correspondence  with  contractors  is  solicited  by  J.  W.  Corbett  for 

estimates  for  constructing  works.  Pineville,  Ky.:  The  school 

trustees  will  pay  $250  for  acceptable  plan  and  specifications  com- 
plete, for  a  $12,000  school-house,  of  brick  with  stone  foundation, 
for  graded  school,  to  hold  340  to  400  pupils.  Architects  wishing 
to  submit  plans,  will  do  so  at  once,  or  write  for  further  informa- 
tion. Rejected  plans  returned  free  of  charge.  John  Q.  Pearce, 
chairman  building  of  trustees.  Gloversville,  N.  Y.:  Sealed  pro- 
posals for  the  construction  of  sewer  extensions  and  sewer  appur- 
tenances, and  for  furnishing  material  for  the  same  in  the  city  of 
Gloversville,  N.  Y.,  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  city  clerk, 
and  should  be  addressed  to  Chairman  of  Committee  on  Sewers 
and  marked  "Bids  for  sewer  extensions."  No  bids  will  be  re- 
ceived after  6  p.  m.,  July  21,  1890.  The  work  will  comprise  in 
general  the  following  quantities:  lo-inch  vitrified  pipe,  about 
1,050  feet;  8-inch  vitrified  pipe,  about  7,290  feet;  6-inch  vitrified 
pipe,  about  1,750  feet;  4-inch  vitrified  pipe,  about  4,800  feet;  man- 
holes, about  26;  lamp  holes,  about  33.  Hinton,  W.  Va.:  Pro- 
posals for  the  erection  of  a  system  of  water-works  will  be  received 
by  the  undersigned  until  August  i,  1890.  .Plans  can  be  seen  on 
personal  api^lication.  Specifications  furnished  if  desired.  It  is 
preferred  that  parties  bidding  make  a  personal  examination.  The 
right  to  reject  any  or  all  bids  is  reserved.    F.  R.  \'an  Antwerp, 

Pres.  Hinton  Water-Works  Co.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Archi- 
tect, Treasury  Department,  until  2  o'clock  p.  M.,  on  the  23d  day  of 
July,  1890,  for  the  iron  stairways  and  iron  work  of  interior  finish 
for  the  U.  S.  Court  House  and  Post  Office  building  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specification,  copies  of 
which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the 
superintendent.  liach  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified 
check  for  $300.  The  Department  will  reject  all  bids  received 
after  the  time  fixed  for  opening  the  same;  also  all  bids  which  do 


not  comply  strictly  with  the  requirements  of  this  invitation.  Pro- 
posals must  be  sealed  and  endorsed,  "Proposals  for  iron  stairways 
and  iron  work  of  interior  finish  for  the  U.  S.  Court  House  and 
Post  Office  building  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,"  and  addressed  to  Jas.  H. 

Windrim,  Supervising  Architect.  David's  Island,  N.Y.:  Sealed 

proposals,  in  triplicate,  will  be  received  until  11.30'A.  M.,  Wednes- 
day, July  30,  1890,  and  opened  immediately  thereafter,  for  supply- 
ing and  fitting  up  bath  tubs,  water  closets  and  urinals  in  basement 
of  1888  brick  barrack  at  this  place.  Plans,  specifications,  general 
instructions  to  bidders  and  blank  forms  of  proposals  will  be  fur- 
nished to  bidders  on  application  to  this  office.  The  right  to  reject 
any  or  all  bids  is  reserved  to  the  United  States.  Captain  J.  Mc- 
Hyde,  Assistant  Quartermaster,  U.  S.  Army,  Depot  Quartermas- 
ter. Holyoke,  Mass.:  The  electric  light  company  will  call  for 

plans  and  specifications  for  its  new  building  as  soon  as  represen- 
tatives of  the  company  have  looked  over  model  plants  in  some  of 
the  large  cities.  Such  a  tour  will  be  made  the  middle  of  this 
month.   The  officers  of  the  company  are  F.  A.  Wyman,  president, 

and  A.  S.  Palfry,  treasurer.  Carthage,  111.:    Proposals  are 

wanted,  no  date  specified,  for  4,000  feet  of  water  mains  and  10  fire 

hydrants.  Washington  la.:  Bids  are  wanted  for  a  water-works 

system  to  supply  not  less  than  75,000  gallons  of  water  per  day.  

Yaredo,  Tex.:  Estimates  for  a  large  quantity  of  12-inch  cast  iron 

pipes  are  wanted  by  William  Oliver.  H.  M.  Rhodus,  mayor, 

Waxahachie,  Tex.,  will  receive  bids  for  the  construction  of  water- 
works. 

THE  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

The  first  bi-monthly  meeting,  in  July,  of  the  Chicago  Master 
Plumbers' Association,  was  held  in  Grand  Army  Hall  on  Thursday 
evening,  July  10. 

A  large  number  had  assembled  at  the  usual  hour  for  calling 
the  meeting  to  order,  in  response  to  the  notice  sent  out  by  the  sec- 
retary, A.  F.  Irons,  to  the  effect  that  J.  R.  Clark,  the  handsome 
Secretary  of  the  National  Association  of  Master  Plumbers,  would 
present  to  the  home  association  his  impressions  of  the  trip  to 
Denver.  The  gentleman,  however,  was  indisposed  when  called 
upon,  and  at  the  request  of  his  partner,  Mr.  Moylan,  this  exercise 
was  postponed  until  the  next  meeting. 

\'ery  little  business  was  done  as  there  seems  to  be  a  reaction 
among  the  members  since  the  Denver  Convention,  or  as  one  of 
the  members  appropriately  expressed  it  when  called  upon  for  his 
report  as  chairman  of  one  of  the  regular  committees,  he  said, 
"  Mr.  President,  I  am  not  down  to  business  yet."  After  the  meet- 
ing was  called  to  order  by  the  president,  Mr.  Hugh  Watt,  the 
minutes  of  the  last  meeting  were  read  by  the  secretary,  and 
adopted  by  the  association. 

The  president  then  introduced  to  the  association  the  two  new 
members  who  were  voted  in  at  the  last  meeting.  These  two  new 
members  are  H.  C-  Negley,  456  and  474  North  Clark  street,  and 
Ignas  J.  Geiss,  at  546  Sedgwick  street.  They  are  fine  appearing 
young  men  and  will,  no  doubt,  make  valuable  members  in  the  as- 
sociation. When  called  upon  for  a  speech,  Mr.  Negley  re- 
sponded in  a  very  felicitous  manner,  and  said  that  he  was  proud 
to  meet  with,  and  be  called  one  of,  such  an  honorable  and  able 
body  of  men.  Mr.  Geiss  stated  that  he  had  never  made  a  speech 
but  he  acquitted  himself  very  becomingly  in  his  maiden  effort. 

The  Sanitary  Committee,  through  J.  J.  Wade,  had  nothing  to, 
report,  except  the  fact  that  a  great  treat  is  in  store  for  the  master 
plumbers  at  their  next  meeting  in  the  way  of  an  excellent  paper 
by  M.  L.  Mandable,  on  the  subject,  "  In  What  Relation  Should 
the  Intelligent,  Trustworthy  Plumber  Stand  Toward  His  Client  in 
Choosing  Sanitary  Appliances." 

The  only  regular  report  given  was  the  second  quarterly  report 
of  the  treasurer  and  financial  secretary.  This  report  was  approved 
and  adopted  by  the  association.  After  a  lengthy  and  somewhat 
animated  discussion  over  initiation  fees  and  annual  dues  the 
society,  upon  motion  of  William  Bowdcn,  adjourned. 

"  The  Southwestern  Limited  "  via  the  C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  (Big 
Four  Route)  from  St.  Louis,  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  to  New 
York  and  Boston  is  tlie  finest  train  in  America,  and  provides  the 
best  and  iiuickest  service  ever  offered  between  the  East  and  West, 
landing  passengers  in  the  heart  of  New  York  City  without  ferry 
transfer.  "The  Southwestern  Limited"  is  a  solid  vcstibulcd  train, 
heated  by  steam,  lighted  by  gas  and  provided  with  an  elegant 
dining  car  service. 


July  12,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


•    GRANITE  NOT  A  FIRE  PROOF  MATERIAL. 

Of  all  building  stones,  and,  aside  from  wood,  of  all  building 
materials,  granite  is  the  most  susceptible  of  injury  by  fire.  This 
is  due  to  its  complex  structure— quartz,  feldspar  and  mica.  Of 
these  the  quartz  is  a  crystal,  composed  of  pure  silica,  and  the  in- 
tense heat  of  a  great  conflagration  destroys  the  crystaline  struct- 
ure and  the  quartz  falls  to  pieces  as  fine  sand,  which,  of  course, 
disintegrates  the  entire  rock,  leaving  it  crumbly  and  weak. 

This  weakness  has  become  so  strongly  manifest,  during  the 
recent  Boston  fire  and  in  other  cases  of  less  note,  that  it  is  seri- 
ously objected  to  by  builders  of  fire-proof  structures  as  a  fit  build- 
ing material,  and  it  is  quite  likely  that  its  use  will  largely  be  con- 
fined to  isolated  structures,  or  for  foundations,  and  purely  orna- 
mental purposes.  These  objections  are  becoming  of  national  im- 
portance, as  evidenced  by  the  agitation  of  the  subject  among 
architects  and  builders  in  the  larger  cities  of  the  country,  and, 
indeed,  have  gone  so  far  as  to  seriously  affect  the  granite  industry, 
and  causing  operators  of  granite  quarries  to  agitate  in  rebuttal. 

There  is  conceded  to  be  a  difficulty  in  making  a  fire-proof 
structure  out  of  any  material,  where  the  conditions  of  common 
street  architecture  are  followed.  There  are  so  many  windows, 
doors,  traps  and  elevators  where  strong  draughts  of  air  find  ad- 
mittance, and  which  in  great  fires  become  veritable  blasts,  acting 
upon  interiors  filled  with  combustible  materials,  that  when  a  fire 
is  raging  within,  and  another  is  raging  around  it  without,  the 
result  is  certain  to  be  that  the  usefulness  of  the  structure  will  be 
destroyed.  With  granite  the  destruction  of  the  walls  will  be  com- 
plete, and  no  use  can  be  made  either  of  the  standing  walls  nor  the 
material. 

Brick  itself  will  receive  no  injury  from  fire,  and,  if  the  walls 
be  heavily  built,  there  is  no  conceivable  fire  that  will  materially 
injure  them.  We  have  heard  objections  that  while  brick  did  not 
burn  the  expansion  of  floor  girders  tore  the  walls  to  pieces.  This 
is  due  to  the  flimsy,  cheap  construction  of  the  walls  and  in  no 
ways  to  the  material.  A  builder  using  granite  would  not  think  of 
laying  it  up  in  such  thin  walls  as  is  almost  universally  common 
with  brick,  and  if  brick  were  used  in  heavy  buildings  and  laid  up 
in  walls  that  such  large  structures  demand  of  any  other  material, 
we  should  hear  little  of  crumbling  walls  in  great  fires.  And  if 
the  construction  of  the  floors  were  so  arranged  that  the  floor  and 
roof  supports  were  set  into  the  walls,  so  as  to  allow  for  expansion, 
we  should  hear  of  no  falling  brick  walls.  Even  where  wooden 
floor  supports  were  used  as  in  ordinary  cheap  structures,  if  the 
walls  were  heavily  built,  they  would  burn  out  without  springing 
the  walls. —  The  Clay  Worker. 


THE  CAUSE  OP  DIPHTHERIA. 

The  New  York  Times  says  the  investigations  and  experiments 
made  by  Dr.  Klein  and  others  for  the  enlightenment  and  guidance 
of  the  health  authorities  of  London  have  attracted  attention  and 
been  of  service  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Especially  interesting 
and  important  have  been  the  facts  thus  collected  which  relate  to 
the  transmission  of  certain  infectious  diseases  from  animals  to 
man  or  from  human  beings  to  animals.  Dr.  Klein  has  recently 
read  before  the  Royal  Society  an  account  of  his  researches  con- 
cerning the  transmission  of  diphtheria  by  means  of  the  character- 
istic microbe  of  that  disease,  which  is  called  Kiebs  Lofiler  bacil- 
lus, from  the  names  of  the  two  men  w^ho  first  described  it  and 
made  experiments  to  test  its  powers.  While  this  disease,  which 
caused  the  death  of  more  than  38,000  persons  in  this  country  in 
the  census  year  of  1880,  is  easily  communicated  from  one  human 
being  to  another,  there  have  been  many  epidemics  in  which  the 
origin  of  the  infection  could  not  be  clearly  shown.  The  result  of 
Dr.  Klein's  experiments  may  throw  much  light  on  cases  that  have 
baffled  ordinary  inquiry. 

In  human  diphtheria  the  baccilli  are  found  only  in  the  diph- 
theritic membrane,  and  it  is  now  believed  that  the  exhausting  dis- 
ease is  caused  by  a  poison  excreted  by  these  minute  organisms  at 
that  place  and  absorbed  into  the  system.  Dr.  Klein  found  that 
when  guinea  pigs  or  cats  were  inoculated  with  the  bacillus  of  hu- 
man diphtheria  the  microbes  were  confined  to  the  seat  ot  inocula- 
tion and  there  was  caused  a  severe  and  fatal  disease  of  the  lungs. 
For  some  years  the  London  health  officers  had  been  telling  him 
about  a  '"curious  relation  existing  between  a  mysterious  cat  dis- 
ease and  human  diphtheria  in  this  manner,  that  a  cat  or  cats  were 
taken  ill  with  a  pulmonarv  disease  and  while  ill  were  nursed  bv 


theria.  Our  children  were  taken  ill  with  diphtheria  and  either  at 
the  same  time  or  afterward  the  cat  or  cats  sickened."    He  says: 

The  disease  in  the  cat  was  described  as  an  acute  lung  trouble. 
In  one  instance-  in  the  north  of  London,  in  the  spring  of  1889— 
this  cat  malady,  occurring  in  a  house  where  diphtheria  soon  after- 
ward appeared  among  the  children,  was  of  a  widespread  nature; 
a  veterinary  surgeon,  Mr.  Daniel,  informed  me  that  at  that  time 
he  had  several  patients  among  cats  affected  with  the  disease  con- 
sisting of  an  acute  catarrhal  affection,  chiefly  of  the  respiratory 
passages.  He  furnished  me  with  two  such  animals;  one  that 
after  an  illness  of  several  weeks  had  died,  another  that  was  sent 
to  me  in  a  highly  emaciated  state,  affected  with  a  severe  broncho- 
pneumonia; this  animal  was  paralyzed  on  the  hind  limbs.  In 
both  instances  the  post-mortem  examination  showed  severe  Jung 
disease,  broncho-pneumonia  and  large  white  kidneys,  due  to  the 
fatty  degeneration  of  the  entire  cortex.  A  similar  condition  is 
met  with  in  the  human  subject  in  diphtheria.  Further,  I  received 
from  Dr.  Thursfield,  of  Shrewsbury,  the  body  of  a  cat  that  had 
died  after  a  few  days'  illness  from  pneumonia  in  a  house  in  which 
children  were  ill  with  diphtheria;  another  cat  in  the  same  house 
that  next  became  ill  with  the  same  lung  trouble  also  succumbed. 

He  discovered  that  cats  inoculated  with  the  bacillus  of  human 
diphtheria  died  in  the  same  way — of  lung  disease  and  fatty  degen- 
eration. His  conclusion  was  that  in  the  cat  the  natural  disease  of 
diphtheria  was  a  lung  disease,  and  that  the  lung  is  the  organ  in 
which  the  diphtheria  process  in  the  cat  has  its  seat.  Further  ex- 
periments confirmed  this  conclusion. 

During  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  certain  epidemics  of  diph- 
theria in  or  near  London  have  been  traced  to  the  milk  supply,  but 
it  could  not  be  shown  in  what  manner  the  milk  had  become  con- 
taminated. The  evidence  was  strong  that  there  had  been  no  direct 
pollution  from  a  case  of  diphtheria  in  a  human  subject.  The 
cows  were  reported  to  be  in  good  health.  But  it  was  admitted 
that  two  or  three  of  them  exhibited  symptoms  of  some  disease  on 
the  udder.  This  fact  and  the  experiments  with  other  animals  sug- 
gested to  Dr.  Klein  a  course  of  inquiry.  Two  milch  cows  were 
inoculated  in  the  shoulder  with  a  culture  of  the  bacillus  of  human 
diphtheria. 

Beginning  with  the  fifth  day  each  cow  exhibited  on  the  udder 
an  eruption  like  that  which  had  been  reported  in  the  unexplained 
epidemics.  One  died  on  the  fifteenth  day,  the  other  became  ill 
and  was  killed  on  the  twenty-fifth  day.  It  should  be  noted  that 
the  fatal  disease  appeared  to  be  broncho-pneumonia  and  necrotic 
change  in  the  liver,  and  that  it  really  was  diphtheria  in  the  form 
in  which  this  disease  is  manifested  in  a  cow.  The  eruption  on  the 
udder  continued  for  about  seven  days.  The  description  of  it  re- 
called the  descriptions  of  the  similar  disease  discovered  in  the 
herds  in  the  case  of  the  diphtheria  epidemics. 

But  while  the  diphtheria  baccillus  in  the  human  being,  the 
guinea-pig  and  the  cat  is  confined  to  the  seat  of  inoculation,  in  the 
cow  it  passes  into  the  system.  In  milk  taken  with  the  greatest 
care  from  one  of  these  cows  there  were  found  thirty-two  colonies 
ot  the  diphtheria  bacillus  in  one  cubic  centimeter  of  the  fluid.  The 
presence  of  the  bacillus  in  the  eruption  on  the  udder  was  also 
demonstrated,  both  by  microscopic  examination  and  by  experi- 
ment. Two  calves  inoculated  from  the  udder  exhibited  the  same 
disease  near  the  seat  of  inoculation  and  then  became  affected 
with  "severe  broncho-pneumonia  and  with  fatty  degeneration  of 
the  cortex  of  the  kidney." 

The  last  experiment  mentioned  was  an  accidental  one.  At  the 
beginning  of  last  April  two  cats  died  at  the  Brown  Institution — 
where  these  investigations  were  made — after  having  been  ill  for 
several  days,  "with  symptoms  like  those  of  natural  cat  diphtheria." 
Before  the  end  of  April  fourteen  cats  became  similarly  affected, 
and  some  of  them  died.  At  first  Dr.  Klein  could  not  account  for 
this.  The  two  cats  that  were  the  first  to  die  had  been  healthy 
when  they  were  brought  to  the  place.  Careful  inquiry,  however, 
left  no  room  for  doubt  as  to  the  origin  of  the  infection,  and  gave 
to  this  accidental  experiment  considerable  value.  In  the  latter 
half  of  March  there  were  in  the  stables  of  the  Brown  Institution 
the  two  cows  already  mentioned,  which  were  ill  with  diphtheria 
induced  by  inoculation  with  the  bacillus  of  human  diphtheria.  As 
soon  as  the  bacillus  was  found  in  the  milk  taken  from  these  cows, 
the  attendant  was  directed  to  throw  this  milk  away.  He  had  dis- 
obeyed his  instructions  and  had  given  some  of  it  to  the  two  cats, 
vhich  soon  became  sick,  and  from  which  the  disease  seems  to  have 


v; 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  336 


CATARRH. 

CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS. — HAY  FEVER.— A  NEW  HOME 
TREATMENT. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B.— This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. — Christian  Advocate, 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  carefully  read  the 
above. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  1:00  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 

THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 
of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hmndred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  pay- 
ment of  $2  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  H.,  886  Dudley  street. 

The  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Win.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street.. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  4451  State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  43  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  72  W.  Randolph  street. 
Brever,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J..  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  *  Culloton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

liickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Hartmann,  L.  II.,  2208  Archer  avenue. 

Kelly,  Thomas  .t  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  713  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meanv,  John,  .5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Movlan  &l  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madfson  street. 
_Naceyi  P.,  339  Wabash  avenue. 
"Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Josenh  Si  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  H.,  308  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Qumcv  street. 

Kuh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders.  P.  &  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  191  E.  Indiana  street. 

Sullivan,  John.  320  Division  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2351  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  Sk  Wep])ner.  344  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  373  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzcrt  *  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


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CITUATION  WANTED. —  AS  A  SALESMAN 
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with  one  of  tlie  largest  plumbing  supply  houses  in  the 
West.  Best  of  references  furnished.  Address,  "W. 
F.  E."  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


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Sanitary  Nevcs. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES. 


POR  S.\LE.-ONE  lO-HORSE  VERTICAL 
^  Steam  Boiler;  complete.  One  9  ft.  x3  ft.  Wilks 
Hot  Water  Boiler,  with  105  ft.  1  in.  brass  heating  coil 
inside.  Been  used  .30  days  only.  Apply  to  R.  P.  Pro- 
uasco,  35  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


-pOR  SALE.— A     PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.     Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "Stock,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


rjENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Hoail,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspecta 
houses  find  furnishee  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  iiioderatp.  lieferences.  London  agent 
for  The  Sanitauy  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  111.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  orderc and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  Thu  Sanitary 
News. 


RUDOLPH  HERING, 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E  ,  M  Inst.  C.  E 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton.  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Constrac- 
tion  Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING.  Jr  .  M  Inst  C-  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Siiiiitiiry  and  AgriculturaJ 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  A.  FARQUHAR, 

Civil  ENCINeERS,  Newport,  R.  1. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  tif  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Di  ainngo,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 


JITM.  PAUL  GERHARD.  CIVIL  ENGINEER, 
author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
inc,"  "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc.. 
offers  advice  and  superiiitondencp  in  work^  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Siiecialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  Corres- 

?ondence  solicited  89  Dnion  Square,  West,  New 
ork  City.  


PROPOSALS. 


Ollice  of  HiNTON  Water  Works  Comi'ANY. 

Hinton,  W.  Va.,  July  1,  1890. 
PROPOSALS  FOR  THE  EKECITON  OF  A 
■•■  system  of  Water  Works  will  be  received  by  the 
undersigned  until  August  1,  18!I0.  Plans  can  be  seen 
on  personal  application.  Specifications  furnished  if 
desifcd.  It  is  preferred  that  parties  bidding  make  a 
personal  Sxaminalion.  The  right  to  reject  any  or  all 
Dids  is  reserved. 

K.  R.  Van  Antwert, 
Presl.  Hinton  Water  Works  Company. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


r-)AV/D   WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  I'LU'i- 
ber  and  Gas-titter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
373  W.  Randolph  Street,  t  hicago.  111. 


p  HARVEY,  SCIE^^TiriC  AND  PRACTICAL 
■f-  '  Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mi- h- 
igan  and  I-  diana  Avenue",  Chicago.  Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


Patrick  Monihan,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fit, 
25x80,  265  Indiana  st  

Geo.  Turnhue,  2  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  50x57, 
322-24  Hermitage  ave;  a,  Elmslie  

R.  Henderson,  2  3  sty  brk  fits,  42x70,  428-30 
Cleveland  st;  a,  A.  F.  Hassond  

William  II.  Emerson,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and 
fits,  25x65,  1904  Wabash  ave;  a,  F.  L.  Cham- 
ley  

M.  E.  Tabor,  6  3  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  tits, 
50.\b5x40,  64  x22x46,  Milwaukee  and  Hoffman 
sts;  a,  J.  E.  Pridmorc  

E.  D.  Murray,  4  3  sly  brk  .sts  and  fits,  86x55, 
Cottage  Grove  ave  and  S  Chicago  ave ;  a,  W. 
D.  Coles  

William  Sivyer,  2  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs, 
38x60  Jackson  ave  near  56th  st;  a,  M.  L. 
Beers  

A.  Mandel,  2  and  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwilg, 
22x44x42,  18x46x32,  4.^46  Grand  Boulevard ;  a, 
R.  G.  Pentecost  

E.  Rich,  2  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  50x70,  6545-49 
Yale  st;  a,  £.  Rich  

P.  J.  McGinnis,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  30x60, 
Diversey  and  Frank  sts;  a,  Chas.  F.  Mc- 
Afre  

Gustave  Hoffmann,  2  sty  and  bst  and  attic  brk 
dwllg,  :53.\68,  2007-9  Surf  st;  a,  E.  R.  Krouse 

Jno.  .S.  Newmiester,  2  stv  and  eel  and  .attic  brk 
dwllg,  49x70,  19-21  Sidney  ave;  a,  August 
Fiedlei 


J.  II.  Moe,  2  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits.  37x54,  282-64 

N  Carpenter  st;  a,  Ludkin  &  Thorslen  

Chicago  Edison  Co.,  6  stv  and  bst  brk  fctry, 

70x147,  363S-42,  Wab.ish'ave;  a,  S.  S.  Bemon 
Chiincev  Keep,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  30x100, 

2825  l*rairie  ave;  a,  Chas.  Frost  

J.  and  A.  Warsdell,  2  3  sty  fits,  22x52,  Humbolt 

and  Armsberg  sts  

Geo.  Tegmeyer,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  23x62, 

Union  and  Marsh  sts;  a,  F.  Ahtschlager  

Mrs.  A.  C.  DeLuce,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  tits,  22x54, 

197  California  av;  a,  J.  M.  Hoskins  

L.  C.  Whitney,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  23x60, 

4249  Wabash  .av;  a,  J.  McGrath  

Mrs.  L.  L.  Fabor,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  40x59, 

4340-42  Laiigley  ave.'  

John  W.  Conley,'3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  21x72, 

42nd  stand  Grand  boul  

A.  H.  Trotter,  2  sty  bst  and  attic  dwllg,  29x60, 

4921  Madison  ave;  a,  F.  W.  Perkins  

E.  L.  Yarlott,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  22x62, 

562:1  Drexel  boul;  a,  J.  A.  .Miller  

II.  W.  Ames,  6  1  sty  and  bst  frm  cttgs,  20x48, 

56th  and  Wright  sts  

H.  W.  Ames,  2  1  sty  and  bst  frm  cottages,  20x48, 

.57tli  and  Wall.acc  sts  

Biabon  Bushee,  2  2  sty  and  bst  fnn  dwllgs, 

24x20,  45x43,  Maple  and  Wright  sis  

R.  M.  Hitchcock,  3  and  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllgs, 

33x42x38,  33x22x26,  1224' Wrightwood  st;  a, 

A.  M.  Cotton  

Scholinger  iV  (>rant,  2  sly  and  bst  brk  gymna- 
sium, 50x40,  21st  and  Indiana  ave;  a,  Vrevs 

&  Bartlett  '.. 

Joseph  Kotrba,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits, 

21x62,  174  W  I'.llh  st;  a.  F"rank  Tver  


10,000 
7,000 
12,000 

8,aio 

33,000 

12,000 

10,000 

10,000 
15,000 

20,000 
14,000 

21,000 
10,000 
.30,000 
20,000 
5,000 
6,000 
6,500 
5,000 
6,600 
5,000 
8,000 
8,000 
7,200 
7,400 
6,000 

7,000 

6,000 
7  000 


THREE  RADIATORS  IN  ON  El 


:  PATENT : 


partition  I^adiatoi' 

Saves  Fuel.    Insures  Great  Comfort. 

T.  H.  BROOKS  &  CO. 
CLEVELAND  O. 


July  19,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  I'UIU.ISIIED  EVERY  SATURDAY 


No,  90  La  Sai.le  Street,      -       -       -  Chicago, 


Thomas  Hudson,       _       _  - 

-----  PUBLISIIEK. 

A.  H.  Harryman, 

------  Editor. 

Henry  R.  Allen,      -       _  _ 

-       -       -       -        London  Agent. 

Entered  as  second-class 

matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 

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subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  ----------133 

An  Important  Decision  133 

Transmission  of  Typhoid  Fever  by  the  Air           _         _         _         _  134 

American  Public  Health  Association      -          _          _         -  134 

A  Few  Simple  Suggestions  as  to  Water  and  Water  Supply           -          -  134 

Apparatus  for  Preventing  Smoke           _____  136 

Protection  from  Epidemics      _______  135 

A  New  Sewage  Disinfectant       ______  137 

The  Modern  Dwelling             _______  137 

Caulking  Lead  Joints         _______  137 

State  Board  of  Health  of  West  Virginia     -----  138 

A  Smoke  Annihilator         _______  138 

Jerry  Plumbing              ________  139 

The  Public  Health              _______  140 

The  Maryland  Plumbing  Law  Sustained      _____  140 

Among  the  Plumbers          -         -         -         -         -     .    -         -  144 

Municipal  Silliness        .___-_-         -  144 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done        _____  141 

Heating  and  Lighting         ______  143 

Sewerage  Notes   --___         -         __  142 

Water  Works  Notes           ______  142 

Bids  and  Contracts         _______  143 


The  Board  of  Health  of  Kansas  City  have  found  themselves 
without  any  appropriation  for  janitor  services,  and  they  have  to 
pay  $12  a  month  out  of  their  pockets  to  keep  their  office  clean,  or 
prosecute  themselves  for  maintaining  a  nuisance. 

The  New  York  health  officers,  says  an  exchange,  are  to  have 
special  aid  this  summer,  in  their  efforts  for  the  relief  of  hot 
weather  distress  among  the  people  of  the  crowded  tenement- 
house  districts.  The  usual  health  office  details  have  been  made 
for  visitation,  medical  attendance  and  the  distribution  of  pre- 
ventives of  and  remedies  for  summer  diseases,  and  this  good  work 
is  to  be  accompanied  by  the  efforts  of  a  number  of  those  women 
who,  under  the  title  of  Daughters  of  the  King,  govern  their  de- 
votion to  deeds  of  charity  and  mercy  by  the  motto,  "  In  His 
Name."  Appreciation  of  the  beneficial  results  of  the  summer 
work  of  the  New  York  health  office  corps  of  young  men,  in  the 


usually  too  much  neglected  nooks  and  corners  of  the  great  city, 
has  been  always  and  everywhere  accorded.  Now  that  women  arc 
to  particii)ate  in  the  work,  as  a  labor  of  love,  there  is  reason  to  ex- 
pect that  it  will  be  performed  more  thoroughly  and  effectively 
than  usual.  The  leports  of  former  years  are  in  evidence  as  to 
how  frec|uently  and  how  greatly  there  is  need  of  a  "ministering 
angel "  in  a  sweltering  New  York  tenement  district. 


The  mains  of  the  New  York  Steam  Company  in  a  down-town 
section  of  Broadway,  have  been  formally  declared  a  nuisance  by 
the  City  Board  of  Health,  and  their  use  ordered  discontinued. 


biR  Edwin  Chadwick,  "Father_,of  Sanitary  Science,"  is  dead, 
and  with  him  the  cause  of  sanitation  has  lost  one  of  the  strongest 
forces  which,  not  only  England,  but  the  world  ever  felt.  At  the  ripe 
old  age  of  ninety  years  he  took  his  departure  from  a  people  whom  he 
had  served  no  less  as  a  philanthropist  than  as  sanitarian.  While 
he  was  not  strictly  a  man  of  science,  his  liberal  education  and  the 
love  of  mankind  made  him  a  benefactor  from  whose  ministry  the 
world,  especially  the  poorer  class,  has  been  bettered. 


The  Philadelphia  Health  Board  have  made  sweeping  condem- 
nations of  quite  a  number  of  school-houses  and  lodged  recommen- 
dations with  the  Board  of  Education.  If  this  Board  fail  to  adopt 
them  and  apply  proper  remedies,  the  schools  will  be  closed  by 
September  i,  at  the  time  of  the  beginning  of  the  schools.  The 
Board  of  Education  should  not  hesitate  regarding  its  duty  in  the 
matter,  for  it  has  but  one  thing  to  do,  and  that  is,  make  the  re- 
pairs. School  houses  are  too  often  neglected,  and  we  are  glad  to 
see  a  set  of  health  officers  good  enough  to  take  the  matter  up. 


Effects  of  the  Denver  convention  and  the  impression  it  made 
upon  the  whole  country  have  been  most  salutary,  and  should  be 
followed  up  by  energetic  work  of  all  parties  interested.  The  plan 
that  received  some  consideration  of  placing  a  man  on  the  road 
lecturing  and  organizing,  is  one  that  should  not  be  dropped.  It 
seems  to  have  in  it  the  elements  of  success  in  the  advancement  of 
the  plumbers'  cause.  The  country  outside  of  the  plumbing  fra- 
ternity is  ready  to  indorse  and  support  this  cause,  which  has  in  it 
such  material  force  in  the  further  advancement  as  sanitary  science 
and  the  better  construction  of  healthful  homes.  No  convention 
ha?  ever  been  held  that  had  such  an  effect  on  the  public.  It  has 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  public  and  press  from  all  quarters 
of  the  country,  and  comments  have  been  in  the  nature  of  praise. 
This  should  be  followed  up  when  arrangements  have  been  prop- 
erly completed,  and  the  gospel  of  health  and  happiness  preached 
unto  the  ends  of  the  earth. 


AN  IMPORTANT  DECISION. 

Elsewhere  in  this  issue  is  published  the  decision  of  the  Appel- 
ate Court  of  Maryland  sustaining  the  plumbing  law  of  that  state 
regarding  the  registration  of  plumbers.  The  decision  could  not  . 
have  been  different,  yet  it  gives  greater  force  to  the  law,  and 
speaks  with  the  voice  of  authority  to  other  plumbers  who  might 
be  likewise  inclined  to  disregard  the  law.  The  decision  turns  on 
the  duty  of  each  individual  to  regard  the  rights  and  welfare  of 
the  general  public.  While  the  decision  relates  to  a  particular 
case  and  a  particular  law,  it  is  made  broad  enough  to  cover  all 
cases  in  which  public  welfare  is  concerned.  The  decision  is  not 
new,  for  such  has  been  recognized  from  the  birth  of  the  Republic. 
But  it  is  a  law  good  enough  to  be  repeated  from  the  bench  very 
often,  and  as  long  as  violators  are  to  be  found  there  is  necessity 
for  its  iteration.  The  fact  is  established  that  when  a  statute  is 
enacted  requiring  the  registration  of  plumbers  no  plumber  can 
follow  his  trade  unregistered  without  laying  himself  criminally' 
liable.  There  are  perhaps  those  who  are  not  qualified  to  pass  an 
examination,  who  would  attempt  to  follow  their  trade  without 
being  registered.  Registration  is  presumed  to  be  acceptable  evi- 
dence that  the  one  holding  a  registration  certificate  is  fully  quali- 
fied to  do  work  properly.  Those  who  do  not  hold  such  certificate 
are  presumed  to  be  unqualified  to  do  plumbing  work,  and  are 
dangerous  to  public  health.  Hence  it  becomes  a  matter  of  public 
importance  that  they  should  not  attempt  to  do  any  plumbing  until 
qualified  to  be  registered  according  to  the  form  provided.    It  is 


134 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  337 


not  strange  that  under  these  circumstances  the  decision  of  the 
court  was  as  presented. 

No  man  has  a  right  to  follow  any  trade  or  calling  that  in  any 
way  menaces  public  interests.  No  man  has  any  right  to  follow 
any  legitimate  pursuits  in  such  a  manner  that  the  prosecution  of 
his  labors  may  become  dangerous  to  public  welfare.  It  is  well 
known  that  plumbing  work  is  capable  of  but  two  things:  it  either 
promotes  health  or  is  injurious  to  it.  The  reputable  and  properly 
qualified  plumber  is  a  blessing  wherever  his  art  is  applied,  but  the 
bad  plumber  brings  more  suffering  and  woe  into  being  than  any 
other  one  thing.  It  is  then  but  a  simple  question,  whether  the 
unqualified  plumber  has  a  right  to  pursue  the  trade  in  detriment 
to  the  public  health.  Public  interest  is  always  higher  than  that 
of  the  individual,  and  must  be  the  first  served.  It  of  necessity 
must  subordinate  individual  rights  to  the  public  good,  and  all  of 
this  cry  about  "personal  rights"  has  no  appeal  to  justice  or  senti- 
ment. No  individual  is  disturbed  until  his  presumed  rights  become 
detrimental  to  the  public  good,  and  then  they  are  not  of  the  indi- 
vidual, but  public  concern.  The  only  trouble  with  our  plumbing 
laws  is  they  are  not  enforced  strictly  enough.  Poorly  qualified 
men  should  not  do  plumbing  work,  for  they  menace  health  and 
take  contracts  that  should  go  to  those  who  have  spent  time  and 
money  to  qualify  themselves  to  do  good  work. 


The  death-rate  in  England  in  i88g,  according  to  Medical  News 
of  July  5,  was  17.9  per  1,000;  in  1888,  17.8  per  1,000.  For  each  of 
the  nine  years  1881-89  the  rate  was  lower  than  in  any  year  prior 
to  1 88 1,  and  the  average  annual  rate  for  that  period  was  only  18.9 
per  1,000.  For  the  ten  years  1871-80,  the  average  annual  rate  was 
21.4  per  1,000.  This  shows  a  saving  of  2.5  in  every  1,000  of  the 
population,  comparing  the  last  two  decades  with  each  other.  The 
registrar-general  of  England  estimates  that  not  less  than  600,000 
people  in  England  and  Wales  at  present  survive  by  reason  of  the 
declining  mortality  rate;  that  is,  if  the  rate  21.4  per  1,000  had  per- 
sisted in  the  past  nine  years  instead  of  falling  to  18.9,  there  would 
have  been  600,000  more  deaths.  The  improvement  is  no  doubt 
largely  referrible  to  the  improved  sanitary  condition  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  more  especially  in  the  great  cities.  One  proof  of  this 
is  seen  in  the  decreasing  mortality  from  zymotic  diseases,  such  as 
small-pox,  scarlet-fever,  and  typhoid  fever.  Infant  mortality,  also, 
has  shown  a  marked  decline,  and  is  another  index  of  the  life-sav- 
ing results  of  an  improved  sanitation. 

AMERICAN  PUBLIC  HEALTH  ASSOCIATION. 
Secretary's  Office,  Conx'ord,  N.  H.,  July  i,  1890. 
(Preliminary  Circular.) 

The  eighteenth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Public  Health 
Association  will  be  held  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  December  16,  17,  18 
19,  1890. 

The  Executive  Committee  have  selected  the  following  topics 
for  consideration  at  said  meeting: 

1.  Sanitary  Construction  in  House  Architecture,  (a)  Heating; 
(b)  Lighting;  (c)  Drainage;  (d)  Ventilation. 

2.  Sewage  disposal. 

3.  Maritime  sanitation  at  ports  of  arrival. 

4.  The  Prevention  and  Restriction  of  Tuberculosis. 

5.  Isolation  hospitals  for  infectious  and  contagious  diseases. 

6.  Establishments  in  favorable  climates  for  persons  having 
tuberculous  predispositions,  (a)  Schools  for  children  and  adoles- 
cents; (b)  Sanatoria;  (c)  Permanent  residence. 

7.  Papers  on  miscellaneous  sanitary  and  hygienic  subjects. 

All  papers  will  be  received  by  the  Executive  Committee  sub- 
ject to  the  requirements  of  the  by-laws.  Preference  will  be  given, 
however,  to  papers  upon  the  subjects  selected  by  the  committee 
in  making  up  the  daily  programme  of  the  meeting. 

All  persons  who  propose  to  present  papers  at  the  next  meeting 
of  the  association  will  be  governed  by  the  following  by-laws  of 
the  Executive  Committee: 

"4.  All  papers  presented  to  the  association  must  be  either 
printed,  type-written,  or  in  plain  handwriting,  and  be  in  the  hands 
of  the  secretary  at  least  twenty  days  prior  to  the  annual  meeting, 
to  insure  their  critical  examination  as  to  their  fulfilling  the  re- 
quirements of  the  association. 

"5.  If  any  paper  is  too  late  for  critical  examination,  said  paper 
may  be  so  far  passed  upon  by  the  Executive  Committee  as  to 


allow  its  reading,  but  such  paper  shall  be  subject  to  publication  or 
non-publication  as  the  Executive  Committee  deem  expedient. 

"6.  All  papers  accepted  by  the  association,  whether  read  in 
full,  by  abstract,  by  title,  or  filed,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  secre- 
tary as  soon  as  thus  disposed  of,  as  the  exclusive  property  of  the 
association.  Any  paper  presented  to  this  association  and  accepted 
by  it  shall  be  refused  publication  in  the  transactions  of  the  asso- 
ciation if  it  be  published  in  whole  or  in  part  by  permission  or 
assent  of  its  author  in  any  manner  prior  to  the  publication  of  the 
volume  of  transactions,  unless  written  consent  is  obtained  from 
the  Publication  Committee. 

"7.  Day  papers  shall  be  limited  to  twenty  minutes,  and  even- 
ing papers  to  thirty  minutes  each." 

Invitations  extended  to  individuals  to  prepare  papers  for  the 
association  do  not  imply  their  acceptance  by  the  committee,  merit 
alone  determining  that  question. 

All  communications  relating  to  local  matters  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  H.  B.  Horlbeck,  M.  D.,  Chairman  Local  Committee  of 
Arrangements,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Another  circular  will  be  issued  before  the  meeting,  giving 
transportation  rates,  hotel  rates,  etc. 

Blank  applications  for  membership  can  be  obtained  by  ad- 
dressing the  secretary. 

Irving  A.  Watson,  Secretary. 


TRANSMISSION  OF  TYPHOID   FEVER  BY  THE  AIR. 

A  translator  from  La  Revue  Medico  Pharniaceutique  for  the 
Marine  Hospital  Bureau,  says  that  experiments  have  been  insti- 
tuted to  determine  the  relation  between  the  humidity  of  the  at- 
mosphere and  the  transmission  of  the  typhic  bacillus.  A  current 
of  dry  air,  completely  devoid  of  germs,  was  conducted  through  a 
vessel  containing  a  beef-broth  culture  of  the  typhic  bacillus  and 
into  a  second  vessel  containing  sterilized  beef  broth.  The  second 
vessel  remained  sterile.  The  result  was  the  same  when  a  dry  at- 
mospheric current  was  passed  over  pumice  stone  saturated  with  a 
culture  of  the  typhic  bacillus.  When  moist  air  was  passed 
through  the  same  vessels  a  very  different  result  was  obtained. 
The  sterile  beef  broth  culture  was  found,  after  the  lapse  of  a 
quarter  of  an  hour,  to  be  thickly  planted  with  the  typhic  ba- 
cillus. 

In  nature  this  state  of  humidity  is  supplied  by  mist  or  fog,  and 
statistics  show  an  increase  of  typhoid  fever  in  Paris  during  the 
months  of  October,  November,  December  and  January.  The 
most  general  mode  of  propagation  of  typhoid  fever  is  by  the  con- 
tamination of  the  soil  or  water,  but  there  are  cases  in  which  it  is 
manifested  by  pulmonary  localization.  The  typhic  germ  may 
penetrate  into  the  bronchial  system  in  spite  of  every  means  of 
defense  possessed  by  the  organism.  Metchnikoffs  studies  prove 
that  the  lungs  are  a  phagocyte  battle  ground.  In  typhoid  infec- 
tion, due  primarily  to  pulmonary  lesion,  it  would  seem  that  the 
phagocytes  of  the  lungs  are  ordinarily  sufficient  to  prevent  the  de- 
velopment of  the  infectious  germ,  and  that  contagion  by  means  of 
the  air  can  take  place  only  when  the  macrophagic  cells  cease  to 
offer  an  obstacle  to  the  invasion  of  the  microbe. 


A  FEW  SIMPLE  SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  WATER  AND 
WATER-SUPPLIES.* 

IN  FOUR  PARTS. — II. 

Among  the  first  obstacles  to  overcome  whilst  persistently  pur- 
suing our  lofty  object,  is  popular  inability  to  appreciate  what  is  for 
the  best.  The  average  water  committee  of  city  councils  knows 
almost  nothing  of  the  task  it  is  elected  or  api)ointed  to  perform. 
For  this  no  one  blames  such  committee.  The  fault  lies  primarily 
in  our  unfortunate  habit  and  principle  of  pushing  everything  into 
politics,  even  to  the  health  and  lives  of  the  people,  and  allotting 
most  vital  interests  to  the  best  vote-getter,  no  matter  what  his 
other  disqualifications  may  be.  The  results  are  more  or  less  of  a 
kind  with  the  following  samples,  which  are  culled  from  among 
hundreds  of  similar  ones,  and  here  cited  as  practical  illustrations 
and  warnings,  and  not  in  the  least  with  intent  to  reflect  upon  any 
individual  or  locality. 

•  Taper  read  lieforc  the  tenth  :innu:il  mcetint;  of  the  American  W.atcr-Works 
Association  at  Chicago,  May  21,  18!)U,  by  C.  Monjcau,  Secretary  and  Man.ager  of 
the  National  Water-Supply  Company. 


July  19,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


135 


The  average  town,  after  deciding  to  have  water-works,  usually 
appoints  or  elects  what  is  known  as  a  water  committee,  or  water 
trustees.  This  committee  is  usually  taken  from  among  the  council. 
You  know  how  councils  are  elected.  The  members  of  the  committee, 
as  a  rule,  are  totally  unqualified  for  the  task  allotted  them.  I 
have  known  some  to  go  and  consult  an  electrician;  others  a 
machinist;  others  a  railroad  grader;  and  one,  a  trio  of  jolly  good 
lellows  from  Indiana,  to  go  and  consult  a  milliner  for  a  water 
supply.  "  The  lowest  bidder"  is  the  man  who  gets  the  license  or 
the  contract  to  supply  the  "  dear  people  "  with  the  prime  essential 
of  life  and  health.  Of  his  qualifications  the  committee  knows  very 
little. 

Actual  cases  in  point: 

Last  year  a  goodly  town  in  Indiana  resolved  to  have  water- 
works. The  "franchise"  or  "bond  system"  was  decided  upon. 
A  Texas  pony  peddler  proved  the  lucky  bidder.  But  he  could 
not  raise  the  funds,  and  the  franchise  lapsed.  Within  the  past 
four  months  another  franchise  was  awarded.  This  time  to  a  man 
whose  qualifications  for  such  work  I  have  not  been  able  to  as- 
certain any  further  than  this:  Upon  asking  a  water-works  con- 
structor of  good  standing  and  long  experience,  "Who  is  the  suc- 
cessful bidder  this  time?  Had  I  better  write  to  him?"  The 
answer  1  received  points  a  moral.  It  was  this:  "No!  Don't 
touch  him.  He's  a  penniless  scrap-iron  speculator.  This  is  his 
first  job.    He's  a  Scoundrel!" 

Another  illustration  in  point  I  met  with  in  Alabama.  It  was  in 
a  nice  town  of  the  old  Southern  style,  just  waking  up  amid  the 
boom  that  rushed  through  that  historic  old  state,  and  in  the 
hands  of  energetic,  able  young  business  men.  There  alighted, 
fresh  from  the  national  metropolis,  an  exquisite  of  faultless  attire. 
Even  the  famous  Paris  man  milliner  could  not  have  turned  a 
waist  or  curved  a  flank  more  elegantly  and  gracefully  than  this 
water-works  constructor  on  the  franchise  plan  exhibited  at  this 
appearance.  He  was  a  picture  to  behold.  In  smoothness  of 
speech  he  was  unexcelled.  In  fact,  it  did  seem  as  if  Lord 
Chesterfield  himself  might  have  improved  by  a  few  points  in  his 
famous  bearing,  had  he  but  been  permitted  to  look  upon  this,  the 
Honorable  Apollo  Archimedes  Croesus  from  New  York,  in  the 
act  of  addressing  a  lady.  His  card  and  letter  head  unmistakably 
indicated  financial  strength  fully  equal  to  supporting  the  tiny-toed 
boots,  much  cloth,  corset,  English  cane,  Derby  hat  and  cropped 
hair,  which,  as  it  afterwards  transpired,  constituted  much  over 
nine-tenths  of  the  firms'  capital.  He  got  the  franchise,  and  firmly 
established  his  claim  upon  the  municipality  by  digging  a  ditch  a 
hundred  feet  long  and  eighteen  inches  in  width  and  depth,  along 
the  principal  street.  He  ordered  costly  expert  inspections  made 
for  water;  contracted  for  a  water  supply;  bought  pumps  and 
stand-pipe,  boilers  and  other  things  necessary.  But  for  all  this  he 
never  paid  a  dollar.  To  be  brief,  upon  careful  investigation  it 
was  found  that  his  qualifications  as  a  water-works  constructor  en- 
titled him  to  a  place  in  the  foremost  rank  of  confidence  men,  and 
his  social  status  to  state's  prison.  The  works  which  he  owned  and 
operated  at  that  time  have  not  yet  been  built.  Nevertheless,  he 
duped  at  least  four  city  councils  in  as  many  different  states  into 
granting  his  firm  franchises.  His  best  friends,  and  three  wives,  I 
was  informed  last  week,  are  now  looking  and  longing  for  him. 

Over  in  Texas,  another  of  these  specially  qualified  constructors 
obtained  a  contract;  got  a  water  supply  by  draining  a  bog  with 
driven  wells,  and  everything  worked  to  his  heart's  content  until 
he  was  compelled  to  test  his  water  supply  as  to  quantity,  though 
not  as  to  quality,  when  Nemesis  overtook  him.  His  driven  wells 
clogged  up  somewhat  sooner  than  is  usual,  and  he  found  it  con- 
venient to  visit  a  relative  in  Canada.  The  city  has  since  con- 
tracted with  one  or  two  other  adepts  of  similar  qualifications,  but, 
so  far,  it  has  not  succeeded  in  securing  anything  more  than  ex- 
perience for  its  money  and  the  valuable  time  of  its  Solomons. 

In  the  next  state  on  the  circle,  a  council  went  up  a  hill  and 
dug  a  large  well  in  loam  and  sand  right  in  the  water  shed  of  the 
town  cemetary.  They  could  and  did  dip  out  the  water  by  hand 
whilst  digging  the  well  to  the  very  bottom.  But  that  was  not  suf- 
ficient warning.  They  walled  the  well  and  set  two  nice  million 
pumps  in  it;  roofed  the  whole,  built  a  substantial  boiler  house, 
and  finished  the  works.  Then  they  made  the  test.  Their  well 
was  expected  to  yield  at  least  500,000  gallons  per  day,  but  they 
did  well  when  they  pumped  40,000.    In  pumping  that  much  they 


drew  all  the  neighboring  wells  dry,  to  say  nothing  of  the  vaults. 
The  works  were  in  a  populated  part  of  the  city.  The  worthy 
parish  priest,  whose  residence  was  in  the  same  square  with  the 
works,  finding  his  well  drained  by  the  city  pumps,  went  to  taking 
water  of  the  city,  and  converted  his  own  well  into  a  vault.  But 
this  successful  bit  of  close  economy  did  not  last  much  more  than 
a  year.  The  grave-yard  and  the  private  wells  and  vaults  once 
drained,  a  drought  set  in,  and  the  city  had  to  look  for  a  new 
supply.  But  the  honorable  council  had  been  changed  in  the 
natural  order  of  events,  and  the  incoming  wise  men  began,  in 
turn,  to  gather  experience  by  moving  their  works  before  making 
certain  of  a  sufficient  and  sure  water  supply.  By  turning  east- 
ward, where  cleanliness  should  at  least  equal  professed  godliness, 
and  where  more  care  of  health  and  life  is  expected  than  in  new 
states,  we  find  the  city  of  Brotherly  Love,  where,  it  seems,  love  is 
so  strong  and  enduring  that  they  don't  "eat  up,"  but  drink  down, 
one  another.  Only  the  other  day  a  talented  and  practical  Phila- 
delphian  said  to  me;  "  Actually,  every  time  I  drink  I  imagine  I 
smell  my  grandfather."  "How  so?"  I  asked.  "  Why,  I've  seen 
the  black  stuff  ooze  from  the  grave-yard  into  the  Schuylkill  river 
so  long  that  I  can't  help  that  queer  sensation."  The  liberal  sur- 
face sewerage  of  the  city  and  near  surburbs,  most  of  which 
empties  into  the  source  of  water  supply,  amply  warrants  this  keen 
criticism  on  the  part  of  the  Carncross  Minstrels.  Two  supposed 
escaped  convicts,  claiming  to  be  former  employees  of  the  city, 
come  clandestinely  to  ask  the  honorable  commissioners  for  posi- 
tions, which,  it  seems,  can  be  granted  only  to  citizens  of  Phila- 
delphia. Various  ways  were  tried  to  determine  whether  the  two 
claimants  of  this  honor  are  truly  genuine.  All  tests  were  success- 
fully withstood  till  this,  the  supreme  one,  came.  A  glass  of 
Schuylkill  water  was  handed  to  each  claimant  with  the  request  to 
drink  it.  The  first  one  made  a  desperate  effort.  He  gagged, 
pulled  from  his  glass  a  remnant  of  suspenders,  tried  again,  dipped 
out  a  lizard,. again  tried,  and  spurted  out  an  indescribable  com- 
pound, exclaiming  that  he  could  not  stand  that  test  if  he  died  in- 
stead.   "  He's  a  fraud." 

The  other  as  calmly  swallowed  his  as  Captain  Cameron  would 

a  glass  of  Memphis   water.     "  Hurrah!   he's  a  genuine 

citizen,"  all  shouted  in  chorus,  "for  none  but  a  true  Philadelphian 
can  drink  that."  ■ 

Over  the  Delaware  sits  another  city  of  equally  brave  in- 
habitants. They  also  pump  direct  from  the  river,  which  receives 
much  of  the  sewage  of  Philadelphia,  the  waste  of  a  boat,  barge 
and  wharf  population  estimated  at  100,000,  and  its  own  sewage, 
together  with  that  of  Gloucester,  Pavonia,  and  some  ten  more 
considerable  towns. 

In  the  cluster  of  cozy  suburbs  that  flank  Manhattan  Island  on 
the  Jersey  shore,  the  conditions  of  water  supplies  are  little  if  any, 
better  than  at  Philadelphia  and  Camden.  Out  of  one  source  of 
supply,  you  may  have  read  in  the  local  press,  a  committee  of 
council  fished,  within  less  than  two  years  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  cats,  calves,  hogs,  much  other  carrion  and  filth,  and  one 
boy.  So  say  the  papers.  This  I  did  not  witness  personally.  Al- 
though, after  seeing  what  I  have  in  surface  water  supplies,  the  re- 
port does  not  seem  to  me  at  all  strange  or  exaggerated. 

In  New  York  state  there  are  several  curiosities  of  this  kind; 
in  Ohio  also,  and  in  Indiana.  But  we  are  in  this  grand  common- 
wealth, and  should  show  it  courtesy,  even  if  at  the  cost  of  neglect 
to  others. 

It  would  amply  repay  this  congress  to  go  and  look  at  the 
stream  that  tumbles  over  the  dam  at  Joliet.  It  is  a  sight  for  a 
water  supply  man  to  remember  all  his  life  long.  It  looks  much 
like  a  torrent  of  oil  and  ink,  and  in  odor  forcibly  reminds  one  of 
this  memorable  couplet  on  Europe's  famed  city  of  scents — which 
ladies  call  Cologne.  Standing  on  the  bridge  that  spans  Father 
Rhine  near  the  center  ot  the  Cathedral  City,  Coleridge,  Cousin 
John's  most  practical  poet  after  Shakespeare,  taking  in  the  horri- 
ble situation  through  sight  and  smell,  as  no  one  endowed  with 
these  useful  senses  can  help  doing,  calmly  drawled  out: 

"  The  River  Rliine  doth,  indeed,  wash  the  city  of  Cologne; 
But  who,  in  turn,  shall  wash  the  River  Rhine!  *' 

Beyond  Joliet,  in  a  railway  center  of  note,  a  franchise  company 
constructed  water-works  for  the  city.  A  large  gang  of  driven 
wells  was  used  as  a  source  of  supply.  But  they  clogged  up  be- 
fore the  pumping  test  was  made  by  the  city.  The  contractor,  who 


130 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  337 


seemed  not  to  be  harassed  by  scruples  concerning  either  veracity  or 
the  health  of  the  people,  clandestinely  laid  a  suction  pipe  to  a  hole  in 
a  swamp  near  by,  and  was  ready  to  supply  perfectly  pure  tube- 
well  water.  The  council  and  the  people  reasoned  that  tube-well 
water  in  such  a  place  must  be  pure  and  good,  and  they  were 
easily  deceived.  Needless  to  state  that  this  contractor  "unloaded." 
In  the  course  of  summer  the  supply  of  "pure  water"  grew  in- 
tolerable. It  is  of  record  that  its  odor  became  so  offensive  that 
even  the  workmen  in  the  railroad  shops  could  not  wash  in  it  with- 
out stopping  their  noses  with  patent  clothes-pins.  Yet,  the  bond- 
holders and  the  city  have  been  meeting  occasionally  in  the  suc- 
cessive courts  for  the  last  two  years,  whilst  the  water-works  are 
rusting  in  utter  idleness,  and  a  thriving  city  is  not  alone  greatly 
inconvenienced,  but  is  constantly  exposed  to  destruction  by  fire. 

Dare  we  look  nearer  for  chances  of  improvement  in  methods 
related  to  our  great  calling?  We  should.  It  behooves  us  to  be 
just.  Permit  me  to  be  more  true  to  humanity  and  the  object  of 
this  association  than  to  immediate  exigence  of  ordinary  etiquette. 


APPARATUS  FOR  PREVENTING  SMOKE. 

A  new  kind  of  mechanism  for  preventing  smoke  has  lately 
been  tried  under  boilers  with  satisfactory  results,  the  principle 
being  in  this  case,  as  in  others,  the  supplying  of  the  furnace  with 
the  proper  amount  of  air  at  the  proper  spot.  The  apparatus  con- 
sists of  a  cast-iron  cylinder,  six  inches  in  diameter,  extending 
horizontally  clear  across  the  fire-box,  about  six  inches  above  the 
grate  bars,  and  immediately  in  front  of  and  below  the  boilers;  in 
the  cylinder  are  two  rows  of  apertures,  about  three  inches  long 
and  half  an  inch  wide,  the  cylinder  itself  being  divided  in  the  mid- 
dle by  a  solid  partition.  At  each  end  of  this  arrangement  is  an 
opening  through  the  wall  of  the  fire-box,  into  which  a  steam  jet 
forces  air  from  without,  and  the  air  playing  on  the  bed  of  coals, 
through  the  slits  in  the  cylinder,  induces  an  almost  perfect  com- 
bustion, consuming  all  the  volatile  gases  and  carbon  which  ordin- 
arily escapes  in  the  form  of  smoke. — Bostonjo'irnal  of  Commerce. 


PROTECTION  FROM  EPIDEMICS. 

The  following  is  taken  from  a  lengthy  article  by  Dr.  Cyrus 
Edson,  in  the  Forum  for  June: 

The  term  contagion  is  applied  to  those  disease  poisons  that  re- 
quire direct  contact  with  the  person  suffering  from  them  to  effect 
their  reproduction,  while  infection  is  transmissible  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  air  or  some  other  agent,  as  water  or  food.  The  poison  of 
glanders,  malignant  pustule  and  venereal  disease  is  contagious 
while  that  of  cholera,  yellow  fever,  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers,  tu- 
berculosis, small-pox,  scarlet  fever  and  other  eruptive  fevers  of 
childhood,  is  infectious.  The  poison  of  the  infectious  diseases  in- 
terests us  most,  for  these  diseases  are  most  common  and  most 
fatal.  The  power  they  have  of  infecting  the  air  we  breathe  and 
the  food  and  water  we  take  into  our  systems  makes  them  rank 
among  the  deadliest  enemies  of  mankind. 

The  characteristics  of  the  infective  principle  of  the  different 
diseases  are  in  some  respects  identical.  For  instance,  all  the  in- 
fective diseases  require  a  certain  period  of  time  to  elapse  between 
the  entrance  of  the  poison  into  the  system  and  the  appearance  of 
the  disease.  This  shows  that  in  the  case  of  each  disease  the 
poison  is  reproduced  in  and  by  the  human  system,  until  a  sufficient 
quantity  is  present  to  effect  the  derangements  known  as  the  symp- 
toms of  the  disease.  Until  recently  we  knew  the  infective  diseases 
only  by  these  symptoms;  now  we  know  some  of  them  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  germs  that  cause  them.  We  know  the  conditions 
under  which  they  thrive  and  multiply. 

Collections  of  organic  matter  in  a  state  of  decomposition,  and 
undisturbed  accumulations  of  filth,  are  the  hot-beds  of  these 
germs.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  cleanliness  and  fresh  air  are 
their  natural  foes.  Ventilation,  by  diluting  an  infected  atmos- 
phere, prevents  the  concentration  of  the  poison.  This  is  the  rea- 
son why  the  eruptive  diseases  do  not  prevail  in  summer,  when 
windows  and  doors  are  kept  open.  We  know  the  conditions  by 
which  disease  poisons  are  transmitted,  and  the  media  by  which 
they  infect.  It  is  possible  to  exclude  them  from  our  food  and 
drink,  and  to  do  this  with  certainty. 

If  we  do  not  exercise  the  care  necessary  to  prevent  the  i)ollu- 
tion  of  our  water-supplies  and  food-supplies,  by  compelling  effi- 


cient governmental  supervision  of  them,  we  must  expect  to  suffer 
from  infectious  disease.  Heat  will  destroy  all  forms  of  life;  there- 
fore, during  the  prevalence  of  infectious  disease,  we  can  reduce 
the  danger  to  a  minimum  by  thoroughly  cooking  our  food,  and  by 
avoiding  uncooked  articles  of  diet;  by  boiling  our  milk  and  water 
before  drinking  them;  by  washing  our  persons  and  our  table  and 
kitchen  utensils  with  water  that  has  been  boiled.  Different  per- 
sons are  susceptible  in  different  degrees  to  the  disease  poisons, 
and  even  the  susceptibility  of  the  same  person  differs  at  different 
times.  A  depressed  state  of  the  system  seems  to  favor  the  devel- 
opment of  the  disease  germs.  Heredity,  too,  appears  to  influence 
susceptibility.  We  often  meet  with  families  that  seem  to  be  spe- 
cially protected  against  infection  and  contagion,  while  others 
"catch"  everything  that  comes  in  their  way.  The  power  of  re- 
sistance in  the  former  would  appear  to  be  due  to  the  invulnerability 
to  disease  poisons. 

The  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  have  received  the  name 
of  "zymotic;"  indeed,  the  term  zymotic  covers  all  diseases  that 
have  what  is  called  a  period  of  incubation — that  is,  a  space  of  time 
between  the  reception  of  the  poison  into  the  system  and  the  devel- 
opment of  the  disease.  Zymotic  means  fermentative,  and  the 
peculiarities  of  most  of  the  infectious  and  contagious  diseases 
would  indicate  that  this  epithet  is  not  a  misnomer.  Take,  for  ex- 
ample, small-pox,  and  see  how  closely  its  poison-infective  princi- 
ple resembles  the  yeast  fungus.  The  latter  attacks  and  destroys 
sugary  matter  in  dough  or  in  wine,  and,  having  "  worked  "  a  batch 
of  dough  or  a  cask  of  wine,  can  never  again  effect  fermentation 
in  it.  Small-pox  does  not,  as  a  rule,  attack  an  individual  a  second 
time,  even  though  his  exposure  to  it  be  extreme.  The  material 
in  his  system  upon  which  the  infectious  principle  works  seems  to 
be  exhausted  by  it,  just  as  saccharine  matter  is  exhausted  by 
yeast.  Vaccination  probably  destroys  in  a  milder  way  the  matter 
upon  which  the  more  deadly  disease  feeds.  As  the  human  body 
is  alive,  and  is  constantly  wasting  and  reproducing  itself,  it  comes 
about  that  in  time  the  food  for  the  disease  is  reproduced  and  then 
the  system  needs  to  have  its  susceptibility  again  destroyed  by  re- 
vaccination.  So  close  is  this  resemblance  between  yeast  and  the 
small-pox  principle  of  infection  that  observers  have  attempted  to 
prove  that  the  yeast  fungus,  acclimatized  in  the  human  body,  is 
the  cause  of  small-pox. 

Three  theories  have  been  advanced  by  leading  students  of  the 
zymotic  diseases  to  account  for  their  peculiarities.  These  theories 
are  all  ingenious,  but  they  are  based  only  upon  circumstantial 
proof.  They  are  known  as  the  "  vital  germ  theory,"  the  "  nervous 
theory,"  and  the  "  microphyte  theory."  The  latter  at  present  is 
the  most  widely  accepted.  I  will  take  each  up  separately,  and  in  a 
few  words  describe  it. 

The  vital  germ  theory,  propounded  by  Dr.  Lionel  Beale,  is 
based  upon  the  doctrine  that  the  human  system  consists  of  vital 
germs,  separate  particles  of  matter,  each  less  than  onc-one-thou- 
sandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  described  as  soft,  without  color 
or  structure,  surrounded  by  an  envelope  or  capsule  through  which 
liquid  food  passes  to  maintain  growth.  These  germs,  or  bioplasts 
as  they  arc  called,  multiply  when  they  have  arrived  at  a  certain 
age,  by  splitting  into  halves,  each  half  forming  a  new  bioplast. 
Disease  germs  are  believed  by  the  advocates  of  this  theory  to  be 
unhealthy  or  corrupted  bioplasts;  and  they  have  the  same  power 
of  development  and  growth  as  healthy  bioplasts,  both  in  a  dis- 
eased body  and  in  the  body  of  any  healthy  person  that  they  hap- 
pen to  enter.  The  contagious  bioplast  is  said  to  be  less  than 
one-one-hundred-thousandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  though 
each  disease  has  its  specific  germs,  their  differences  cannot  be  de- 
termined by  the  microscope  or  by  analysis. 

The  nervous  theory,  defended  by  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  is 
based  upon  the  analogy  between  the  action  of  serpent  poison  and 
the  poison  of  zymotic  disease.  Its  advocates  claim  that  disease 
poisons  are  developed  in  the  secretions  of  the  sick  by  changes  in 
their  character.  They  believe  that  secretions  previously  healthy 
may  sometimes  become  changed  into  the  poison  of  some  of  the 
various  infectious  and  contagious  diseases,  without  previous  in- 
fection. The  development  of  the  abnormal  secretions  they  believe 
to  be  due  to  nervous  impression  upon  the  various  glands.  Thus, 
say  they,  h/dro[)hobia  is  due  to  abnormal  saliva  from  the  salivary 
glands,  scarlet  fever  to  diseased  secretions  of  the  lymphatic 
glands,  and  diphtheria  to  those  of  the  throat  glands. 


July  19,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


187 


The  third  and  most  generally  accepted  theory  is  the  germ  the- 
ory proper.  Its  many  advocates  hold  that  the  poisons  of  disease 
are  microbes  belonging  to  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Competent 
observers  have  found  in  almost  all  of  the  infectious  and  contagious 
diseases  microbes  that  are  always  present,  and  that  arc  different 
for  each  disease.  In  some  cases  they  have  isolated  these  mi- 
crobes, cultivated  them,  and  produced  symptoms  of  the  several 
diseases  in  animals  artificially  infected  by  them. 

The  first  and  second  theories  account  only  partially  for  the 
peculiarities  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases;  the  last  seems 
almost  perfectly  to  cover  the  ground. 

Infectious  and  contagious  matter  is  not  difficult  to  destroy, 
though,  if  it  be  left  undisturbed,  it  retains  its  activity  for  a  long 
period.  The  following  case  is  illustrative  of  this:  A  servant  was 
employed  in  a  house  where  two  children  sickened  with  scarlet 
fever.  After  their  recovery  she  lost  her  situation,  and  not  till 
seven  months  later  did  she  obtain  a  new  place.  She  was  several 
times  engaged  before  she  found  a  family  with  whom  she  seemed 
likely  to  have  permanent  employment.  She  then  sent  for  her 
trunk,  which  meanwhile  had  remained  undisturbed  in  the  care 
of  a  friend.  This  trunk  contained  some  wearing  apparel  that  had 
been  in  direct  contact  with  the  scarlet-fever  patient.  Within  a 
week  after  she  had  donned  this  apparel,  three  children  of  her 
employer's  family  were  attacked  by  the  fever,  and  two  of  them 
died. 

Let  us  now  consider  the  means  by  which  we  may  prevent  and 
destroy  the  causes  that  produce  zymotic  disease.  The  first  effort 
of  the  sanitarian  is  to  compel  people  who  are  gathered  together 
in  cities  and  towns  to  live  in  a  way  conducive  to  health;  to  con- 
struct their  dwellings  so  that  they  shall  be  well  ventilated;  to  pre- 
vent filth  from  accumulating;  to  regulate  noisome  industries; 
above  all,  to  protect  the  food  and  water  supplies.  To  effect  all 
this,  an  elaborate  system  of  police  has  been  devised,  which  en- 
forces the  laws  relating  to  health  matters.  But  notwithstanding 
all  precautions  that  can  be  taken,  zymotic  or  filth  diseases  will 
creep  in  and  destroy  Itfe.  These  diseases  can  be  kept  under  con- 
trol only  by  isolation  of  the  patients,  and  by  thorough  disinfection 
of  all  rooms,  clothing,  etc.,  infected  by  them.  In  the  case  of 
small-pox,  we  have  an  additional  safeguard  in  vaccination. 


■    A  NEW  SEWAGE  DISINFECTANT. 

What  promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  useful  discoveries  of  the 
age,  particularly  in  reference  to  sanitary  science,  and  one  affect- 
ing every  living  being,  is  that  made  by  Mr.  Woolheim.  of  London, 
Eng.  This  is  a  new  method  of  precipitating  sewage,  and  has 
been  well  tested  in  that  country.  Amminol  gas  is  the  disinfect- 
ing power  used,  and  it  is  said  that  when  it  is  introduced  into  sew- 
age it  very  quickly  destroys  the  microbes  of  putrefaction  and  of 
many  diseases;  the  odor  of  the  sewage  is  carried  away,  and  in 
less  than  an  hour  it  is  both  deodorized  and  sterilized.  Dr.  Klein 
supports  the  discovery  and  confirms  all  the  claims  made  by  the 
discoverer.  If  the  discovery  should  be  thoroughly  verified,  it  will 
practically  revolutionize  the  sewage  question. 


THE  MODERN  DWELLING. 

For  many  years  houses  have  been  built  on  as  restricted  an  area 
as  the  law  would  permit,  not  only  in  this  city  but  in  the  many  sub- 
urban places  which  abound  in  the  environs  of  New  York. 

In  this  city  stringent  measures  have  been  found  necessary  to 
prevent  owners  from  building  their  property  to  its  fullest  extent. 
The  extraordinary  cost  of  land  in  the  city  itself  has  afforded  some 
show  of  reason  for  this  tendency.  The  example  of  overcrowding 
and  concentration  here  has  had  a  kindred  influence  in  Brooklyn, 
Yonkers,  Jersey  City,  Newark  and  other  towns.  This  concentra- 
tion has,  however,  about  reached  a  climax  in  some  of  these  towns, 
notably  in  Newark,  N.  J.  In  that  city  it  has  been  the  practice, 
not  only  of  the  speculative  builder  class,  but  of  the  class  who  build 
for  private  residence,  to  place  three  houses  on  two  lots,  lots  having 
twenty-five  feet  frontage,  and  such  houses  having  been  built  at  a 
low  cost,  without  the  interposed  skill  of  an  architect,  are  as  a  rule 
miserably  lighted,  poorly  arranged,  inhospitable  in  appearance, 
and  inconvenient  to  live  in.  This  sort  of  building  has  continued 
to  an  insufferable  extent  until  at  last  there  is  a  cry  for  more  room. 


more  air,  and  houses  that  are  ably  planned  and  comfortable  to 
live  in. 

A  local  paper  in  commenting  on  this  condition  of  things  wisely 
remarks  that  a  decided  benefit  is  obtained  by  greater  yard  room 
for  houses,  as  it  affords  an  architect  a  much  greater  opportunity  to 
increase  the  attractiveness  and  beauty  of  the  house,  inside  and 
out,  without  any  undue  additional  expense.  The  sameness  and 
common-place  expression  of  the  ordinary  house  is  depressing. 
Attention  is  called  to  the  steep,  narrow  stairs  which  have  become 
typical  of  the  narrow  dwelling.  Unless  builders  and  owners  real- 
ize this  modern  demand  they  will  find  their  property  tenantlcss. 
The  amount  of  vacant  houses  in  Newark  is  greater  to-day  than  for 
any  period  within  the  last  ten  years;  in  a  like  ratio  this  statement 
is  true  of  other  cities  in  this  vicinity. 

It  has  been  claimed  by  real  estate  men  that  this  is  due  to  a 
large  extent  to  the  opportunities  offered  by  the  various  building 
and  loan  associations  to  people  to  build  their  own  homes.  This 
opportunity  has  been  accepted  to  a  greater  degree  this  than  last 
year,  and  the  first  houses  to  be  vacated  are  those  which  are  hud- 
dled together  in  solid  blocks. 

What  is  now  true  of  New  York  city  will  soon  be  true  of  all  the 
smaller  cities  about  here,  that  they  will  be  the  homes  of  only  the 
very  rich  or  the  very  poor,  unless  a  change  be  made  in  the  man- 
ner of  building. — Architecture  and  Bitilding. 


CAULKING  LEAD  JOINTS. 

The  recent  issue  of  The  Technic  gives  the  following  on  the 
above  subject: 

The  lead  joint,  when  properly  made,  is  considered  by  all  author- 
ities to  be  the  best  yet  devised  for  water,  gas  and  oil  pipes.  Al- 
though in  the  recent  laying  of  natural-gas  mains  in  Detroit  and 
elsewhere  in  the  West  the  screw-joint  wrought-iron  pipe  has  been 
used,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  this  will  succeed  the  lead  joint  in 
popular  favor.  The  writer  was  informed  by  one  of  the  skilled 
laborers  employed  on  a  line  where  both  the  screw  and  lead  joint 
were  used  that  in  a  test  of  about  200  pieces  of  each — the  only  test 
made  on  the  entire  line — it  was  found  that  eighty  joints  of  the 
screw  pipe  leaked,  while  not  a  leak  was  developed  in  the  lead. 

In  the  lead  joint,  a  great  deal  depends  upon  the  skill  of  the 
workman  who  does  the  caulking.  Anybody  can  pound  lead,  but 
anybody  cannot  make  a  tight  joint.  In  making  lead  joints  on  oil 
and  gas  lines  little  or  no  yarn  is  used,  but  in  water  it  is  customary 
to  fill  from  one-quarter  to  one-half  the  bell  with  yarn,  as  it  has 
been  found  that  two  inches  of  lead,  well  driven,  is  ample  to  with- 
stand any  ordinary  pressure.  The  yarn  put  in  should  be  rammed 
in  solidly  with  the  yarning-iron.  If  the  joint  be  very  cold  or  at 
all  damp,  it  is  always  a  good  plan,  and  sometimes  a  very  neces- 
sary one,  to  pour  in  a  little  oil.  The  heavier  the  oil  the  better. 
This  prevents  the  lead  chilling  too  soon,  and  also  prevents  its 
spattering  into  the  face  of  the  man  pouring.  The  opening  of  the 
joint  may  be  closed  for  pouring,  either  by  a  rope  rolled  in  wet 
clay  or  by  some  one  of  the  patent  jointers.  The  latter  consist  of 
a  rubber  band  on  the  inner  side  of  an  inclosed  hoop  of  spring 
steel.  At  the  ends  of  the  hoop  are  riveted  two  lugs,  by  means 
of  which,  either  with  a  clamp  or  tongs,  the  jointer  is  closed  around 
the  pipe.  A  small  piece  of  clay  is  used  as  a  gate  around  the 
opening  between  the  ends  of  the  band,  which  allows  of  pouring. 
The  rubber  should  be  kept  well  smeared  with  clay,  and,  when  so 
used,  will  last  for  the  pouring  of  five  or  six  miles  of  pipe. 

The  use  of  the  jointer  will  be  found  quite  economical,  as  it 
saves  the  services  of  the  boy  who  makes  the  rolls,  and  a  joint 
having  been  run  with  a  jointer  on  requires  less  time  to  caulk  than 
one  where  the  roll  is  used.  The  tongs  will  be  found  much  more 
serviceable  than  the  clamp,  although  we  have  not  yet  been  able 
to  find  a  house  which  furnishes  tongs,  but  always  have  to  take 
clamps  and  have  the  tongs  made  by  a  blacksmith. 

The  pouring  having  been  successfully  accomplished,  the  caulk- 
ing proper  begins.  A  good  caulker  will  always  caulk  the  bottom 
of  his  joints  first,  because  it  is  more  difficult  to  do  a  good  job 
there,  and  if  the  top  is  caulked  last,  the  spigot  is  forced  down 
against  the  lead  at  the  bottom,  so  tightening  the  joint  there.  In 
nearly  twenty  miles  of  pipe  where  this  rule  was  followed,  although 
leaks  were  occasionally  found  on  the  top  and  upper  sides,  not  one 
was  found  on  the  bottom.    If  a  joint  leaks  on  top,  it  is  a  very 


138 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  337 


easy  matter  to  drive  the  lead  a  little  more,  and  usually  to  close 
it  up;  but  a  leak  at  the  bottom  is  much  more  difficult  to  get  at. 
This  is  one  of  the  best  tests  we  know  of,  of  the  ability  and  ex- 
perience of  a  caulker.  Another  good  test  is  to  have  a  man  ac- 
knowledge that  he  cannot  tell  by  looking  at  a  joint  whether  it 
will  hold  or  not.  If  a  man  says  that  he  can,  it  can  generally  be 
relied  upon  that  he  has  not  seen  a  great  deal  of  work  tested. 

The  tools  used  in  caulking  are  the  yarning-iron,  having  an  edge 
about  i  i6of  an  inch  by  about  Js;  a  cold  chisel,  to  cut  off  the 
superfluous  lead  and  to  start  up  a  tight  joint,  and  from  four  to  ten 
sets  varying  in  thickness  from  1-16  of  an  inch  to  %  of  an  inch,  and 
about  %  of  an  inch  broad  at  the  face.  Some  caulkers  prefer  those 
with  the  offset,  others  those  with  the  single  bend.  The  hammer 
used  should  weigh  to  2^  or  3  pounds,  and  should  not  be  over 
ten  inches  in  length  over  all. 

In  caulking  the  joint,  there  should  first  be  used  a  narrow  tool 
next  to  the  spigot,  then  one  a  size  wider,  and  so  on  until  one  is 
reached  which  about  fills  the  joint  and  leaves  a  smooth  face  to  the 
lead.  In  this  way  the  lead  is  forced  into  the  recess  in  the  bell, 
and  is  also  thoroughly  consolidated  next  to  the  spigot.  If  the 
joint  was  not  run  full,  so  that  the  lead  drives  back  away  from  the 
reach  of  the  tools,  the  joint  must  be  run  over  again,  and  under  no 
circumstance  in  a  case  of  this  kind  should  a  cold  lead  plug  be  put 
in.  If,  however,  there  is  some  one  point  where  the  joint  failed  to 
fill  at  the  front  and  is  filled  behind,  it  is  then  admissable  to  put  in 
a  plug  of  cold  lead,  a  chisel  having  been  driven  into  the  lead  in 
the  joint  to  form  a  cavity  for  the  union  of  the  two  pieces  of  lead; 
but  a  plug  should  never  be  inserted  against  a  flat  surface  of  lead. 
It  must  always  go  in  like  a  wedge  in  order  to  be  reliable. 

STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  West  Virginia  State  Board  of 
Health,  held  July  9,  at  Charleston,  W.  P.  Ewing  was  unanimously 
re-elected  President  of  the  Board,  and  Dr.  M.  D.  Baker,  Secre- 
retary. 

The  number  of  persons  admitted  to  practice  during  the  year 
was  57,  of  which  9  were  examined  and  48  admitted  on  diplomas 
from  medical  colleges.  The  recommendations  of  the  secretary 
that  a  code  of  rules  having  special  bearing  on  the  spread  of  con- 
tagious diseases  be  prepared  and  distributed  among  the  local 
boards  of  health  were  adopted.  The  secretary  was  ordered  to  in- 
struct the  local  health  officers  to  co-operate  with  transportation 
companies  in  carrying  out  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  associ. 
ation  of  general  baggage  agents  in  the  transportation  of  dead 
bodies,  and  preventing  the  spread  of  contagious  diseases.  The 
salary  of  the  secretary  was  fixed  at  $500  per  annum,  and  that  of 
the  registrar  of  vital  statistics  at  $300. 

The  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were  presented  and 
adopted  at  the  request  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  Health: 

WnEKEAS,  The  growinff  importance  of  the  careful  preparation  of  medical  stu- 
dents for  entering  upon  the  responsible  positions  of  physicians  .md  surgeons,  and 
as  a  means  of  protecting  the  citizens  of  West  Virginia  against  the  ignorant  prac- 
tice of  quacks  and  to  encourage  and  fasten  the  laudable  efforts  of  reputable  medical 
schools  and  colleges  to  raise  the  standard  of  medical  education;  therefore 

Resolved,  That  this  board  earnestly  reconunends  that  all  medical  schools  and 
colleges  require  attendance  upon  three  full  courses  of  lectures,  besides  satisfactory 
evidence  of  preparatory  education,  attested  liy  diploma  or  ccrtiticate  from  a  reputa- 
ble college,  academy  or  high  school,  and  a  certificate  from  a  regular  physician  as  to 
a  full  course  of  professional  study  as  requisites  for  graduation. 

The  following  resolution  was  also  adopted: 

Whk.kkas,  It  is  well  known  that  the  point  of  in-take  for  the  water-works  of 
the  city  of  Wheeling  is  below  the  outlet  of  many  sewers;  and 

Whereas,  This  is  believed  to  be  a  prolific  source  of  disease  and  death  to  the 
inhabitants  of  that  city;  therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  in  the  interest  of  the  lives  and  health  of  the  people  of  the  city 
the  in-take  for  the  said  water-works  should  be  removed  to  a  point  above  all  imme- 
diate sources  of  sewerage  contamination,  and  that  the  State  Board  of  Health  of 
West  Virginia  urge  upon  the  municipal  authorities  of  Wheeling  to  immediately 
take  the  necessary  steps  to  secure  the  above  important  change. 

A  resolution  was  introduced  and  adopted  in  regard  to  the  pol- 
lution of  the  West  Fork  river,  as  follows: 

WiiEHEAs,  The  Legislature  having  made  an  appropriation  in  accordance  with 
the  recommendation  of  this  Board,  to  prevent  the  pollution  of  the  water  of  the 
West  Fork  river  by  the  asylum  at  Weston;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  great  danger  to  the  health  of  the  citizens  living  on  the  Wes-t 
Fork  river  below  Weston,  and  especially  to  the  citizens  of  Clarksburg,  who  draw 
their  water  supply  from  the  said  river,  warrant  us  in  urging  the  great  necessity 
upon  the  directors  of  the  asylum  of  taking  immediate  steps  to  prevent  the  pollution 
of  the  water  of  said  river  by  reason  of  sewage,  night  soil  and  waste  from  the 
asylum. 


A  SMOKE  ANNIHILATOR. 

The  following  from  the  London  Builder  will  be  of  interest  to 
the  people  of  this  country: 

Acts  of  Parliament  have  been  passed  and  fines  mflicted  for  the 
production  of  smoke  nuisances,  but  for  all  that  smoke  prevails; 
and  the  prosecutions  are  not  actively  waged  mainly  because — if 
the  truth  may  be  spoken — it  is  tacitly  admitted  as  rather  hard, 
if  not  actually  unjust,  to  fine  for  a  nuisance  when  the  offender 
cannot  be  directed  to  any  certain  or  efficient  remedy. 

Good  stoking  has  so  far  been  the  best  remedy,  but  as  good 
stokers  cannot  always  be  relied  upon,  there  is  need  for  some  relia- 
ble mechanism  which  will  neither  tire  nor  fail  in  its  operation.  In 
the  pretty  town  of  Newbury,  in  Berkshire,  an  important  industry 
has  recently  sprung  up  in  the  wood-joinery  establishment  of  Mr. 
S.  Elliott,  where  a  large  amount  of  admirable  artistic  work  has 
been  turned  out,  and  which  has  already  gained  gold  medals  from 
five  public  exhibitions  of  note.  Steam  power  had  to  be  employed 
for  these  works  to  dry  the  wood  and  drive  machinery.  The  saw- 
dust, shavings  and  other  waste  had  to  be  got  rid  of,  and  the  easiest 
and  cheapest  mode  was  of  course  to  burn  them  as  fuel.  The  in- 
habitants objected  to  this  process,  and  the  energetic  proprietor 
was  fined. 

It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  he  would  cease  the  consumption 
of  this  class  of  fuel,  but  it  was  not  agreeable  to  be  in  antagonism 
to  his  neighbors.  So  Mr.  Elliott  struck  out  a  course  for  himself — 
an  original,  simple  and  effective  one.  He  seizes  the  black  smoke 
as  it  comes  away  from  the  furnace,  and  washes  it  clean  before  he 
lets  it  go  into  the  atmosphere.  To  do  this,  he  stops  the  smoke  in 
the  chimney  by  a  trap.  He  then  draws  the  smoke  away  by  a  rap- 
idly revolving  fan  and  delivers  it  into  a  closed  tank  of  water, 
through  a  central  perforated  revolving  tube,  carrying  several 
beaters  which  expeditiously  commingle  the  water  and  the  smoke. 
The  carbon  and  solids  are  precipitated  and  the  sulphurous  and 
other  acids  absorbed  by  the  water.  The  heat  of  the  smoke  con- 
verts a  portion  of  the  water  into  steam;  and  there  passes  off  from 
the  tank  funnel  only  the  vapor  thus  caused  and  the  thoroughly 
cleansed  nitrogen  and  partially  consumed  air,  which  has  passed 
through  the  furnace.  This  vaporous  mixture  is  absolutely  inodor- 
ous, and  a  white  handkerchief  held  in  it  will  neither  become  im- 
pregnated with  fumes  nor  stained  with  smuts. 

A  very  numerous  party  of  engineers  and  experts  inspected  last 
week  the  invention  attached  to  a  100  horse-power  boiler  in  Mr. 
Elliott's  works;  and  all  concurred  that  the  apparatus  was  justly 
entitled  to  the  name  of  "smoke  annihilator"  which  the  inventor 
has  applied  to  it.  Dense  columns  of  smoke  were  allowed  to  arise 
in  the  ordinary  way  from  the  chimney.  The  apparatus  was 
switched  on,  and  the  black  smoke  ceased,  an  equal  volume  of 
pure  white  steam  supplanting  it.  This  quickly  dispersed  like  the 
steam  from  a  locomotive  on  a  hot  summer  day.  The  carbonaceous 
and  other  products  may  be  from  time  to  time  removed  from  the 
water  and  applied,  if  worth  the  trouble,  to  some  economical 
purpose. 

Numerous  specimen  boards  were  shown,  painted  in  various 
greys,  greens  and  browns,  both  in  flat  and  varnished.  The  carbon 
thus  obtained  is  exceedingly  fine,  and  may  probably  be  on  a  par 
with  the  finest  lampblack.  We  are  not  inclined,  however,  to  lay 
stress  upon  the  commercial  value  of  these  bye-products,  which,  if 
turned  into  the  drains,  can  do  no  harm  and  may  do  good  in  pro- 
portion to  the  quantities  of  smoke  washed  and  the  amount  of  ma- 
terials extracted. 

The  annihilating  apparatus  neither  occupies  much  space  nor  is 
it  costly.  The  dimensions  of  the  tank  in  the  present  instance  are 
4  feet  in  length,  4  feet  6  inches  high,  and  2  feet  6  inches  broad. 
The  fan  is  a  small  one,  adapted  to  its  duty,  and  runs  at  about  2,000 
revolutions  per  minute,  whilst  the  beaters  run  at  about  200  revolu- 
tions. About  lYz  horse-power  is  probably  the  extent  of  steam 
drawn  from  the  boiler  for  working  the  fan  and  the  beaters — so  the 
expense  of  running  the  apparatus  is  slight.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  fan  acts  as  an  exhaust  to  draw  through  the  furnace  a  regular 
and  good  supply  of  air,  and  as  a  consequence  the  combustion  is 
improved  to  the  extent,  as  has  been  tested,  of  4  per  cent,  of  the 
fuel  required. 

Another  ])oint  is  worthy  of  notice.  The  iron  chimney  which 
was  80  feet  high  previously  has  been  reduced  to  40  feet.  The 
Mayor  and  several  members  of  the  Corporation  of  Newbury  wore 


July  19,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


139 


present,  and  gave  satisfactory  testimony  to  the  local  appreciation 
of  the  invention.  It  would  be,  indeed,  a  pity  if  the  increasing  de- 
velopments of  industries  should  be  incompatible  with  the  reten" 
tion  of  rurality  of  the  town;  but  by  this  novel  Smoke-washing  pro- 
cess the  untarnished  beauty  of  the  country  and  the  welcome  j^rofits 
of  industry  may,  seemingly,  thrive  side  by  side  without  antago- 
nism. On  shipboard  the  new  process  may  well  receive  attention- 
for  the  smoke  of  steamers  on  the  water  is  scarcely  a  less  nuisance 
than  the  smoke  of  factories  on  the  land — from  the  smallest  launch 
on  the  river  to  the  finest  "greyhound"  liner  afloat  on  the  seas.  To 
the  naval' leviathan  and  the  swift  torpedo  boat  the  desirability  of 
getting  rid  of  their  smoke  is  equally  obvious  and  important. 


TERRY  PLUMBING.* 

Sir  Philip  Magnus  and  his  confreres  have  of  late  done  their 
best  to  encourage  the  plumber  to  rise  to  a  correct  sense  of  his  dig- 
nity and  the  importance  of  his  office,  neither  can  too  much  empha- 
sis be  placed  upon  the  necessity  for  his  working  with  intelligent 
appreciation,  and  the  fullest  realization  of  the  immense  issues  in- 
volved. 

But  work  of  registration  has  done  much  to  stimulate  the  rising 
generation  of  plumbers  on  the  one  hand,  whilst  the  education  ot 
the  public  by  science  classes,  and  the  general  enlightenment  with 
the  ever  increasing  power  of  inspectors  on  the  other,  will  necessi- 
tate the  plumber's  advance  if  he  is  to  avoid  the  often  well-merited 
criticism  and  abuse,  and  to  regain  a  part  even  of  that  confidence 
which  the  trade  has  at  present  entirely  lost. 

The  devil  is  said  to  hate  holy  water,  but,  if  possible,  Mrs. 
Grundy  hates  a  plumber  to  a  greater  degree,  and,  speaking  from 
daily  experience,  there  is  no  trade  which  has  acquired  so  much 
obloquy.  Old  women — of  both  sexes — throw  up  their  hands  with 
pious  horror  at  the  mere  mention  of  his  name;  and  the  medico 
scientist  condemns  him  in  toto.  Now,  of  course,  this  must  be  dis- 
counted, and  the  authorities  considered;  but  all  such  impres- 
sions have  a  cause,  and  in  all  probability  that  cause  is  Jerry 
Plumbing. 

Jerry  Plumbing  implies  scamping,  tricky,  wicked  work;  work 
which  generally  betrays  the  knave,  but  sometimes  the  foolwork; 
the  seriousness  of  which  cannot  be  overstated.  The  sequel  of 
such  work  is  invariably  sickness  and  death.  This  responsibility 
for  human  miseries  and  human  life  should  be  heavy  on  the  con- 
sciences of  all  who  practice  such  work,  and  foster  the  desire  in 
every  honest  man  to  prevent  it.  There  are  three  classes  of  this 
jerry  work:  first,  insufficient  and  imperfect  materials;  second, 
defective  appliances;  third,  scamped  and  blunderin  workman- 
ship. 

In  the  first  are  included  smaller  and  lighter  pipes  than  neces- 
sary, cheap  valves,  unions  and  fittings  made  from  thin  and  porous 
castings,  screws  and  nuts  with  poor  threads  and  springs,  and  rub- 
bers of  the  poorest  descriptions,  none  of  which  bear  any  name, 
have  any  characters,  and  have  never  been  tested  for  soundness. 

By  defective  appliances  is  meant,  seconds,  thirds,  and  fourths 
of  reputed  makers,  or  copies  of  such,  answering  in  every  respect, 
except  one  (quality),  to  specification,  but  obtainable  at  a  much 
lower  price  than  tested  rehable  fittings. 

The  third  point  includes  work  done  in  a  slip-shod  way  by  care- 
less and  incompetent  men,  and  work  bungled  by  honest,  well-in- 
tentioned but  ignorant  men. 

Mr.  I.,  as  a  rule,  is  a  smart  man,  up  to  all  the  dodges  on  the 
board,  one  who  can  work  like  a  "nigger"  himself,  and,  if  he  is  in  a 
pretty  good  way  of  business  "sweats"  a  number  of  very  indifferent 
workers.  He  generally  contracts  to  do  the  work  at  per  house,  and 
often  is  in  partnership  with  the  builder  in  running  up  a  row  of 
houses,  so  that  he  has  free  scope;  no  such  things  as  clerk  of  works, 
architects,  or  clients  trouble  him.  He  is  all  these  to  himself,  writes 
his  own  specification  and  certificate. 

Naturally  he  goes  to  the  cheapest  market  for  his  fittings  and 
labor.  All  he  cares  about  is  the  profit  he  can  make  with  just 
enough  show  to  deceive  the  district  surveyor,  and  purchaser  of  the 
house.  What  does  he  care  for  the  consequences  of  his  small,  light 
pipes?  If  they  burst  or  quickly  become  corroded,  why  it  will  make 
good  for  the  trade,  says  he. 

*H.  H.  Kniglit,  A.  S.  I.,  in  the  Plumber  atid  Decorator  and  Journal  oj  Gas 
and  Sanitary  Engineeriug ,}\\nb  2,  1890. 


If  he  happens  to  have  a  specification  to  work  to,  and  finds  him- 
self tied  to  some  well-known  make  of  appliances,  he  finds  a  loop- 
hole (this  is  very  easy  to  do,  the  architect  having  left  the  matter 
beautifully  vague),  and  invariably  he  knows  where  to  get  "wast- 
ers," or  "all-buts,"  at  two-thirds  the  cost  of  the  best. 

The  outcome  of  such  a  position  must  be,  and  is,  the  success  of 
dishonest  tradesmen,  who  are  enabled  to  practice  their  tricks  and 
work  at  a  profit  where  sound  workers  would  starve. 

Jerry  work  is  often  done  by  plumbers  of  the  older  school — men 
who  profess  to  be  above  learning  the  new  way,  being  content  with 
the  old — men  who  worked  as  their  fathers  before  them,  by  "rule  of 
thumb,"  and  never  troubled  themselves  about  a  princi[)le.  Now,  of 
all  men,  these  are  the  most  intolerant,  because  as  a  rule  they  do 
not  feel  or  know  their  ignorance,  and  are  most  "cocksure."  They 
can  generally  find  an  opportunity  of  ridiculing  these  "newfangled 
notions,"  and  the  blunt  ring  of  honesty  about  these  men  captivates 
the  ear  (especially  the  mercenary  one),  such  as  that  carried  by  the 
small  property  owner  [a  la  retired  shop-keeper),  and  thus  he  goes 
on  spoiling  materials  and  violating  principles,  which  the  merest 
tyro  of  a  mate  now-a-days  would  laugh  at,  filling  sanitary  muse- 
ums with  ingenious  specimens  of  window  cesspools,  trapless  traps 
and  typhoid-breeding  arrangements. 

Object  lessons  in  modus  operandi  are  to  be  found  in  any  new, 
growing  district  or  any  large  town,  and  in  no  class  of  houses  are 
they  more  glaring  than  in  the  villa  of  about  ^30  rental. 

Examine  one  of  these  and  you  will  invariably  find  the  water 
system  too  small  for  the  size  of  the  family,  of  the  lightest  and 
often  leaky  description,  stowed  away  in  some  inaccessible  space, 
with  no  cover,  and  after  twelve  months'  use  containing  a  thick  de- 
posit of  dirt  blown  in  through  the  roof,  and  perhaps  the  dead  car- 
cass of  birds,  mice  and  cockroaches,  no  stopcock  or  service  pipe 
to  prevent  freezing  and  bursting,  the  ball  valve  of  the  commonest, 
and,  of  course,  nothing  done  to  prevent  the  disagreeable  noise 
while  filling. 

The  upstairs  w.  c.  is  of  a  simple  "wash-down"  type,  but  with  no 
maker's  name  upon  it,  untrue  in  shape,  and  imperfectly  glazed. 
The  water  seal  of  trap  varies  from  %.  inch  to  ^  inch,  and  the  rough- 
est, clumsiest  and  most  unsound  joint  made  with  red  lead  or  putty 
and  a  piece  of  coarse  sacking  bound  with  twine,  the  closets  en- 
closed with  a  casing  which  could  not  be  taken  down  for  inspec- 
tion, and  the  flushing  arrangements  (a  galvanized  plug  cistern 
with  a  i-inch  flush  pipe)  are  so  poor  that  the  pan  is  incrusted  with 
sewage  salts,  and  foul. 

The  soil  pipe  enters  the  sewer  direct,  without  interceptor,  and 
consequently  the  risks  of  sewage  gas  through  such  joints  and  seals 
as  described  must  be  great. 

Ventilation  of  soil  pipe  is  now  attempted  by  all,  and  nothing  is 
more  interesting  and  ridiculous  (if  one  may  be  allowed  to  view  it 
from  these  standpoints)  than  the  ideas  carried  thus  into  practical 
shape;  but  at  present  the  necessity  for  disconnection  by  intercep- 
tion, and  inlet  as  well  as  outlet  for  air,  is  seldom  realized,  and  not 
one  in  a  hundred  soil  pipes  are  thus  properly  ventilated. 

The  bath  is  a  light,  rough,  small,  japanned,  cheap  class, 
boarded  round  so  that  inspection  of  joints,  traps,  or  waste  is  im- 
possible; but  a  glance  at  the  ceiling  below  is  sufficient  to  prove 
the  worst.  Bib  cocks  from  wall  over  end  of  bath  are  both  leaking, 
and,  of  course,  the  japanning  has  gone,  and  a  nasty  streak  of  cor- 
rosion extends  from  top  to  bottom  and  round  the  plug.  The 
small  lavatory  basin  in  the  corner  is  trapped,  and  the  overflow 
enters  beyond  the  trap,  and,  further,  the  waste  is  carried  into  bath 
waste,  so  that  probably  it  is  untrapped  at  every  discharge  of  bath, 
unless  preventd  by  overflow,  which  might  have  this  beneficient 
result.  These  wastes  empty  over  a  gully  in  the  prescribed  form, 
but  still  they  should  be  used  (as  evidently  they  are)  for  supplying 
air  to  the  house. 

The  scullery  sink  is  generally  right  in  principle,  but  invariably 
misshapen,  cracked,  badly  fitted,  untrapped,  and  poorly  supplied 
by  small,  leaky  "Brummagem"  taps. 

The  outside  w.  c.  is  a  common  hopper  set  in  brickwork  and 
bad  mortar,  entering  sewer  direct  with  no  ventilation,  a  mere  drib- 
ble of  a  flush  from  a  small  zinc  cistern  on  brackets  that  have  given 
way,  retired  from  business  and  thrown  all  responsibility  on  the 
supply-pipe,  which  at  best  too  small,  is  further  crippled  by  the 
double  duty.  The  drainage  is  on  all  fours  with  the  other  work, 
but,  forsooth,  the  plumber  has  enough  to  answer  for  without 


140 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  337 


charging  this  to  his  account.  The  only  thing  to  be  wondered  at 
is  how  such  a  state  of  things  could  be  passed  by  any  district  sur- 
veyor or  water  company. 

The  remedy  for  this  culpable  negligence  and  ignorance  is  only 
to  be  found  in  strict  sujiervision  by  competent  men.  If  builders 
are  allowed  to  work  in  their  own  way,  and  inexperienced  capitalists 
will  buy  houses  on  a  mere  interest-paying  basis,  then  the  occupiers, 
who  are,  as  a  rule,  totally  ignorant  in  these  matters,  will  be 
subject  to  such  risks.  But  given  a  practical  inspector  who  would 
act  conscientiously,  then  the  public  would  get  what  they  now  pay  for 
but  seldom  receive,  protection.  And  why  don't  they  get  it? 
Simply  because  political  pensioners,  not  practical  men,  are  jobbed 
into  these  offices,  and  the  vestryman  is  frequently  the  paymaster 
of  these  men  and  the  owner  of  the  property. 

Registration  of  plumbers  will  do  a  little,  but  thorough  inspec- 
tion would  do  much  more,  especially  if  investors  would  make  use 
of  it,  before  purchasing  these  death-traps,  by  calling  in  an  expert 
and  asking  his  opinion  of  the  bargain. 

If  a  few  houses  were  refused  occupation  jerry  work  would  be 
found  not  to  pay,  and  the  extra  ^lo  (which  is  all  that  is  required) 
would  be  spent  to  put  in  decent  fittings  and  sound  work. 

The  remedy  for  so  terrible  an  evil  is  simple  and  to  hand,  and 
should  be  urged  by  sanitarians,  press,  and  legislature,  upon  an 
indifferent  but  suffering  public. 


THE  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

The  President  has  transmitted  to  Congress  a  letter  from  Secre- 
tary Blaine  regarding  the  protection  of  public  health  among  the 
American  Republics,  in  which  the  Secretary  says: 

The  sanitary  officers  of  the  gulf  cities  in  the  United  States 
have  hitherto  found  great  difficulty  in  protecting  the  public  health 
against  contagious  diseases  brought  by  shipping  from  South  Amer- 
ica, Central  America,  Mexico  and  West  Indian  ports  without  re- 
stricting the  freedom  of  commerce.  At  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  the  quarantine  regulations,  which  they  have  been  compelled 
to  adopt,  have  often  placed  an  absolute  embargo  upon  communi- 
cation with  the  tropical  countries  where  such  diseases  originate. 
The  same  difficulties  have  been  experienced  in  a  like  measure  by 
the  neighboring  nations,  and  sanitary  specialists,  both  in  Europe 
and  America,  have  been  for  years  engaged  in  the  task  of  devising 
some  remedy. 

International  sanitary  conventions  were  held  at  Rio  de  Janeiro 
in  1887,  and  at  Lima,  Peru,  in  i88q,  and  were  composed  of  emi- 
nent scientists  who  gave  the  subject  the  closest  investigation.  At 
both  these  conventions  regulations  were  framed  for  the  protection 
of  shipping  and  of  ports  exposed  to  infection  which  agree  in  all 
their  essential  provisions. 

Those  of  the  convention  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  were  adopted  by 
Brazil,  Paraguay,  Uraguay,  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  are 
now  enforced  in  the  ports  of  those  nations.  The  recommenda- 
tions of  the  Lima  conference  have  not  been  carried  into  effect. 
Columbia,  Venezuela,  and  the  nations  of  Central  and  North  Amer- 
ica were  not  represented  at  either  convention,  but  they  are  equally 
interested  in  securing  the  results  desired;  and  the  international 
American  conference  recommends  the  acceptance  and  enforce- 
ment by  them  of  the  regulations  of  the  Rio  de  Janeiro  convention 
or  those  adopted  at  Lima  as  the  best  systems  that  have  been  de- 
vised yet.  • 


THE  MARYLAND  PLUMBING  LAW  SUSTAINED. 

The  following  is  the  decision  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Mary- 
land, regarding  the  plumbing  law  of  that  state,  in  the  case  of 
Frank  O.  Singer  vs.  the  State  of  Maryland,  in  which  the  judgment 
of  the  lower  court  is  affirmed: 

'"A  government  has  the  inherent  right  to  impose  such  restraint 
and  to  provide  such  regulations  in  regard  to  the  pursuits  of  life  as 
the  public  welfare  may  require." 

Writ  of  error  of  the  Criminal  Court  of  Baltimore. 

John  Stewart  and  David  Stewart  for  appellant;  Attorney-Gen- 
eral Whyte  and  Chas.  G.  Kerr  for  appellee. 

Argued  before  Alvey,  C.  J.,  Miller,  Bryan,  Fowler,  Briscoe, 
McSherry  and  Robinson,  J. 

Robinson,  J.  The  traverser  is  a  plumber  by  trade  and  was  in- 
dicted for  refusing  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  the  Act  of 


1886,  chapter  439,  which  provides  that  no  person  shall  engage  in 
the  business  of  plumbing  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  unless  such 
person  shall  have  received  from  the  State  Board  of  Commission- 
ers of  practical  plumbing  a  certificate  as  to  his  competency  and 
qualification. 

This  act  the  traverser  contends  is  in  violation  of  his  constitu- 
tional rights  under  the  14th  amendment  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  the  Constitution  of  this  State,  both  of  which 
declare  that  no  person  shall  be  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty  or 
property  without  due  process  of  law.  These  constitutional  safe- 
guards have  been  so  fully  considered  and  discussed  by  the 
supreme  court,  especially  since  the  adoption  of  the  14th  amend- 
ment, by  which  the  restraint  upon  the  power  of  the  states  to  pass 
laws  affecting  personal  and  private  rights  was  made  a  part  of  the 
federal  constitution,  that  it  can  only  be  necessary  to  refer  to  the 
conclusions  reached  by  that  court  as  affecting  the  question  before 
us.  Dent  vs.  West  Virginia,  129  U.  S.,  114;  Barbler  vs.  Connolly, 
113  U.  S.,  27;  Mugler  vs.  Kansas,  123  U.  S.,  623;  Soon  vs.  Con- 
nolly, 1 13  U.  S.,  703;  Ponsel  vs.  State,  127  U.  S.,  678.  No  one 
questions  the  right  of  every  person  in  this  country  to  follow  any 
legitimate  business  or  occupation  be  may  see  fit.  This  is  a  priv- 
ilege open  alike  to  every  one.  His  own  labor  and  the  right  to  use 
it  as  a  means  of  livelihood  is  a  right  as  sacred  and  as  fully  pro- 
tected by  the  law  as  any  other  personal  or  private  right. 

But  broad  and  comprehensive  as  this  right  may  be,  it  is  sub- 
ject to  the  paramount  right  inherent  in  every  government  to  im- 
pose such  restraint  and  to  provide  such  regulations  in  regard  to 
the  pursuits  of  life  as  the  public  welfare  may  require.  This  para- 
mount right  rests  upon  the  well  recognized  maxim,  "  Salus  populi 
est  suprcma  lex"  and  whatever  difficulty  there  may  be  in  defining 
the  precise  limits  and  boundaries  by  which  the  exercise  of  this 
power  is  to  be  governed,  all  agree  that  laws  and  regulations  nec- 
essary for  the  protection  of  the  health,  morals  and  safety  of  society 
are  strictly  within  the  legitimate  exercise  of  the  police  power. 
Ponell  vs.  State,  127  U.  S.,  678;  Mugler  vs.  Kansas,  123  U.  S.,  623; 
Minneapolis  R.  R.  vs.  i  Beckwith,  129  U.  S.,26. 

As  to  the  common  and  ordinary  occupations  of  life  little  or  no 
regulation  may  be  necessary,  but  if  the  occupation  or  calling  be 
of  such  a  character  as  to  require  a  special  coarse  of  study,  or 
training,  or  experience,  to  qualify  one  to  pursue  such  occupation 
or  calling  with  safety  to  the  public  interests,  no  one  questions  the 
power  of  the  Legislature  to  impose  such  restraints  and  prescribe 
such  requirements  as  it  may  deem  proper  for  the  protection  of  the 
public  against  the  evils  resulting  from  incapacity  and  ignorance. 
And  neither  the  14th  amendment  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  nor 
article  23  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  of  the  Constitution  of  this  state,  were 
designed  to  limit  or  restrain  the  exercise  of  this  power.  It  is  in 
the  exercise  of  this  power  that  no  man  is  allowed  to  practice  law 
or  medicine  or  engage  in  the  business  of  a  druggist  unless  he  shall 
have  been  found  competent  and  qualified  in  the  mode  and  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  statue.  And,  although  the  business  and 
trade  of  a  plumber  may  not  require  the  same  training  and  experi- 
ence as  some  other  pursuits  in  life,  yet  a  certain  degree  of  train- 
ing is  absolutely  necessary  to  qualify  one  as  a  competent  and 
skillful  workman.  We  all  know  that  in  a  large  city  like  Balti- 
more, with  its  extensive  system  of  drainage  and  sewerage,  the 
public  health  largely  depends  upon  the  proper  and  efficient  man- 
ner in  which  the  plumbing  work  is  executed.  And  this  being  so, 
the  Legislature  not  only  has  the  power,  but  it  is  eminently  wise 
and  proper  that  it  should  provide  some  mode  by  which  the  quali- 
fications of  persons  engaged  in  that  business  shall  be  determined. 

In  considering  the  power  of  the  Legislature  to  impose  restraints 
upon  all  persons  engaged  in  certain  [)ursuits,  the  Supreme  Court 
say: 

"  The  nature  and  extent  of  the  qualifications  required  must  de- 
pend primarily  upon  the  judgment  of  the  state  as  to  their  neces- 
sity. If  they  are  appropriate  to  the  calling  or  profession  and 
attainable  by  reasonable  application  no  objection  to  their  validity 
can  be  raised.    Dent  vs.  West  V^a.,  129  U.  S.  Rep.  114. 

"The  act  of  1886,  now  before  us,  provides  in  the  first  place  that 
no  one  shall  engage  in  the  business  of  ])luinbing  except  those 
qualified  to  work  as  registered  plumbers;  and  further  that  no  one 
shall  be  tjualified  to  work  as  a  registered  plumber  unless  he  shall 
have  made  a])plication  to  and  received  from  the  State  Board  of 


July  19,  1890.] 


/THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


141 


Practical  Plumbers,  appointed  by  the  government,  a  certificate  as 
to  his  competency. 

"These  requirements  are  appropriate,  and  relate  to  the  busi- 
ness of  plumbing,  and  are  such  as  the  Legislature  deemed  neces- 
sary and  proper  for  the  protection  of  the  health  of  the  [jcople  of 
Baltimore,  against  the  consequences  resulting  from  the  work  of 
incompetent  and  inexperienced  plumbers.  They  are  in  them- 
selves fair  and  reasonable,  and  impose  no  restraint  or  qualifica- 
tion which  may  not  be  complied  with  by  reasonable  training  and 
experience.  Such  an  act  is  but  the  ordinary  exercise  of  the 
police  power  of  the  state,  and  does  not  violate  in  any  sense  the 
constitutional  rights  of  the  traverser." 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.:  Six  large  college  buildings  will  be  erected 
soon.  Address,  for  information.  Secretary  Wade.  Indianapo- 
lis, Ind.:  Several  large  railroad  shops,  a  freight  depot  and  an 
office  block  will  be  erected.  Address  President  Ingalls  for  infor- 
mation. Fayetteville,  N.  C:  The  Milling  and  Lumber  Com- 
pany will  erect  an  $18,000  mill.  Camden,  S.  C:    A  $25,000  mill 

will  be  erected.  For  information  address.  Mayor  James  R.  Ma- 
gill.  Maysville,  Ga.:    A  §30,000  mill  will  be  erected.  Address 

the  Farmers'  Alliance  of  Banks.  Pensacola,  Fla.:  The  Farm- 
ers' Alliance  will  erect  a  mill,  to  cost  $100,000.  Macon,  Ga.: 

The  Central  City  Guano  Company  will  erect  several  large  build- 
ings, to  cost  $100,000.  Batesville,  Ark.:    A  $25,000  mill  will  be 

erected.    Address  M.  McClure.  Highland  Park,  Ala.:  A  cotton 

mill,  costing  §1,000,000,  will  be  erected.  Monroe,  Ga.:  A  cotton 

mill  will  be  erected;  cost,  $250,000.    Address  J.  B.  Stone.  New 

London,  Conn.:    A  $75,000  building  will  be  erected.-  Racine, 

Wis.:  A  public  building  will  be  erected;  cost,  $100,000.  Har- 
per's Ferry,  W.Va.:  Alarge  pulp  mill  will  be  erected.  Lowell, 

Mass.:  The  Matthew  Temperance  Institute  will  erect  a  new  so- 
ciety building.  Lynn,  Mass.:    The  Methodist  Society  will  erect 

a  handsome  new  building  on  Hollingsworth  street.  Hallowell, 

Me.:  A  high-school  building  will  be  erected.  E.  Lewis,  of  Gar- 
diner, Maine,  is  the  architect.  Albany,  N.  Y.:    Thomas  Barry 

will  erect  a  new  theatre  on  the  site  of  the  old  Gaiety  Theatre; 

cost,  $40,000.  Shrewsbury,  Mass.:    The  German  Society  will 

erect  a  large  building.  Waterbuiy,  Conn.:    The  Benedict  & 

Burnham  Manufacturing  Company  will  make  extensive  altera- 
tions in  their  buildings.  Thos.  B.  Beck  is  the  architect.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  2231-41  I  street,  six  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $40,000. 
O.  Von  Nerta,  architect.  1423-37  W  street,  seven  two-story  brick 
buildings,  cost,  $30,000.  W.  L.  Conley,  architect.  Second  street, 
near  D  street,  nine  two-story  buildings;  cost,$26,ooo.  N.R.Grimm, 
architect.  Florida  avenue,  ten  two-story  brick  buildings;  cost,$25,- 

000.    C.  S.  Hunt,  architect.  Yonkers,  N.  Y.:    Church  building; 

cost,  $30,000;  E.  A.  Quick,  architect.  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. :  Three- 
story  stone  and  frame  residence;  E.  W.  Arnold,  Detroit,  archi- 
tect. Memphis,  Tenn.:  A  new  court-house  will  be  erected.  

Wilmington,  Del.:    A  large  bath-house  will  be  erected.  Address 

Job  H.Jackson.  Americus,  Ga.:   Peterson  &  Peacock  will  erect 

a  lumber  mill,  and  the  Savannah,  Americus  &  Montgomery  Rail- 
road will  erect  machine  shops.  Maiden,  Mass.:    The  Maiden 

Hospital  Association  will  erect  a  new  hospital;  cost,  $35,000.  

Norfolk,  Conn.:    A  large  hotel  will  be  erected.  Address  John  S. 

Wilson.  Chattanooga,  Tenn.:    The  Secretary  of  the  Chamber 

of  Commerce  can  give  information  concerning  several  new  build- 
ings. Lynchburg,  Va.:  An  office  building  will  be  erected.  Ad- 
dress  Roumlo  Vasquez,  Holmesburg,   Philadelphia.  Seattle, 

Wash.:  One  hundred  dwellings  will  be  erected,  to  cost  from  $3,000 
to  $6,000  each.  Robert  Rae,  Chicago,  is  the  architect.  Minne- 
apolis, Minn.:  John  Orth  Brewing  Company  will  expend  $300,000 
on  improvements  and  new  buildings.  Mt.  Clemens,  Mich.:  Six- 
story  hotel;  cost,  $15,000.    N.J.  Gibbs,  architect.  Providence, 

R.  I.:  Cranston  and  High  streets,  business  block;  cost,  $30,000. 
Address  Whittaker  &  Smith.    Business  block  on  Potter's  avenue; 

cost,  $20,000.    George  W.  Cady,  architect.  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

Frank  R.  Watson,  518  Walnut  street,  has  plans  for  a  large  hotel, 
to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Seventh  street  and  Germantown 
avenue.  Tamaqua,  Pa.:    The  Tamaqua  Bank  and  Trust  Com- 


pany will  erect  a  new  building.    A.  W.  Teh,  of  South  Bethlehem, 

Pa.,  is  the  architect.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:    Furness,  Evans  &  Co. 

are  architects  for  the  new  Sailors'  Home  on  the  northwest  corner 

of  Swanson  and  Catharine  streets.  Bellwood,  Pa.:  P.  &  N.  W. 

R.  R.  shops.  Charles  Balderston,  212  S.  Third  street,  Philadel- 
phia, is  architect.  Mt.  Airy,  Pa.:  The  Grace  M.  E.  Church  will 

erect  a  parish  building.  Chas.  M."  Burns.  717  Walnut  street,  Phila- 
delphia, is  architect.  Radford,  Va.:  A  large  hotel  will  be  con- 
structed. T.  Roney  Williamson,  138  S.  Fourth  street,  Philadel- 
phia, is  the  architect.  Pulaski,  Va.:    T.  Roney  Williamson,  138 

S.  Fourth  street,  Philadelphia,  has  plans  for  a  new  hotel  at  this 

place.  New  York  city:    St.  Bartholomew's  Swedish  Mission 

Church;  cost,  $60,000.  Owen  Lmdcroth,  Chicago,  is  architect.  

Decatur,  111.:  New  edifice  for  the  First  Presbyterian  Church;  cost, 
$50,000.  Henry  F.  Starbuck,  Chicago,  architect.  The  Episcopal 
society  will  erect  a  new  edifice;  cost,  $25,000.    Address  Henry  F. 

Starbuck,  Chicago.  Chicago,   111.:    Three-story  flat  building 

on  Forty-first  street;  cost,  $10,000.  Perley  Hale,  architect. 
Two-story  dwelling  at  Buena  Park;  cost,  $13,000.  H.H.  Evans,  ar- 
chitect. Michigan  avenue  and  Thirty-fourth  street,  three-story 
residence;  cost,  $25,000.  Oliver  W.  Marble,  architect.  Milwaukee 
and  Hoffman  avenues,  block  of  stores  and  flats;  cost,  $50,000.  J.E. 
O.  Pridmore,  architect.  Julius  Speyer  is  completing  plans  for  a 
new  Catholic  church  at  Lawndale;  cost,  $25,000.  He  Is  also  mak- 
ing plans  for  remodeling  St.  Pius  School  building,  on  Van  Horn 
street.  Three-apartment  building  on  Dearborn  avenue;  cost,  $60,- 
000.  Ostling  Bros.,  architects.  Garfield  boulevard  and  Went- 
worth  avenue,  St.  Anne's  Parish  School;  cost,  $50,000.  J. W. Acker- 
man,  architect.  Four-story  flat  building  on  W.Madison  street;  cost, 
$40,000.  Edward  Gallanner,  architect.  State  and  Madison  streets, 
remodeling  of  Streeter  Brothers'  store.  Geo.  Beaumont,  architect. 
R.  G.  Pentecost  has  plans  for  a  two-story  flat  building,  a  three- 
story  flat  building  and  a  two-story  residence.  Robbins  &  Charpie 
are  making  plans  for  remodeling  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  on  Des- 
plaines  street.  Robert  Rae  has  plans  for  two  residences,  to  be 
erected  on  Greenwood  avenue  and  Forty-fifth  street;  cost, $24,000. 
He  has  also  [plans  for  eight  residences,  to  be  built  on  Berkeley 
avenue,  near  Forty-fourth  street,  cost  $48,000;  for  five  dwellings 
on  Forty-fourth  street  and  Berkley  avenue,  cost  $300,000,  and  for 

a  two-story  residence  at  Kenwood,  cost  $15,000.  Cincinnati,  O.: 

Southwest  corner  Fifth  and  Vine  streets,  eight- story  store  and 
office  building;  cost,  $150,000.  Jas.  W.  McLaughlin,  architect. 
A  library  building  will  be  erected;  cost,  $200,000.    Address  J.  T. 

Carew.  Dennison,  Tex.:    Commercial  college  building;  cost, 

$60,000.    Bristol,  Thornburg  &  Bristol,  architects.  Galveston, 

Tex.:    Strand  and  Twenty-first  streets,  three-story  bank  building; 

cost,  $60,000.    W.  J.  Clayton,  architect.  Wissanoming,  Pa.:  The 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  will  erect  a  new  depot.-  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.:  The  First  Baptist  Church  at  Thirty-sixth  street 
will  erect  a  new  building.  Address  D.  P.  Leas.  Archbishop  R  yan 
can  give  information  concerning  the  Roman  Catholic  church  at 

Forty-seventh  and  Warrington  streets.  Hagerstown,  Md.:  A 

new  Baptist  church  will  be  erected.  Rev.  D.  D.  Clark,  pastor.  

Washington,  D.  C:  Rhode  Island  avenue  and  Seventh  street, 
three  stores;  cost, $20,000.  F.  Sneider,  933  F  street,  N.  W.,  archi- 
tect. -Baltimore,  Md.:    The  Wenstrom  Consolidated  Dynamo 

and  Water  Company  will  erect  a  building,  to  cost  $100,000.  

Washington,  D.  C:    I2ig  Sixteenth  street,  N.  W.,  residence;  cost, 

$18,000.    John  O.  Evans,  architect.  East  Orange,  N.  J.:  A  new 

high-school  building  will  be  erected.  Address  J.  Warner  Allen. 
 Trenton,  N.  J.:  $30,000  has  been  subscribed  for  the  new  gym- 
nasium building.  Sheffield,  Ala.:    H.  B.  Tompkins  and  others 

will  erect  pipe- works  costing  $100,000.  Seymour,  Tex.:  A  $40,000 

school  building  will  be  erected.  Florence,  S.  C:    A  new  school 

building  will  be  erected.  Iowa  City,  la.:    Y.  M.  C.  A. building 

will  be  erected  at  the  State  University;  cost,  $25,000.  Jersey 

City,  N.  J.:  Walter  Rae  will  erect  a  brick  building  on  Jersey  ave- 
nue; cost,  $26,000.  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  Grand  avenue  and  Twen- 
tieth street,  residence  for  Fred  Pabst;  cost,  $75,000.  Second  and 
Galena  streets,  brewery;  cost,  $100,000.  Wolf  &  Tehl,  architects. 
Southeast  corner  Broadway  and  Mason  streets,  business  block; 

cost,  $41,000.  H.Russell,  architect.  Brooklyn:   N.  Tenth  street 

and  Bulkhead  avenue,  grain  elevator;  cost,  $40,000.  P.  H.  Gill, 
architect,  nth  street,  east  of  8th  avenue,  five  brick  and 
stone  dwellings;  cost,  $25,000.   W.  M.  Coats,  architect.  Corner 


142 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  337 


Green  and  Sumner  avenue,  brick  and  stone  store  and  flat;  cost 
$20,000.  J.  D.  Reynolds  &  Son,  architects.  Noble  street,  west  of 
West  street,  brick  jute-mill;  cost,  $175,000.  Urew,  Baldwin  &  Co., 
architects.  Corner  First  and  Berry  streets,  brick  brewery;  cost, 
$40,000.  F. Under,  architect;  Adams  street,  south  of  Myrtle  avenue, 
brick  theater;  cost,  §40,000.  J.  De  LarHayes,  architect.  Corner 
Broadway  and  Covert  streets,  four  brick  stores;  cost,  $50,000.  F. 

Holtnesberg,  architect.  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.:    Bank  and  office 

building;  cost  $25,000.    W.  L.  Dow,  architect.  St.  Louis,  Mo.: 

Twelfth  street  and  Clark  avenue,  brick  city  hall;  cost,  $1,150,000. 
Eckel  &  Mann,  architects.  Southwest  corner  of  Fourth  and  Mor- 
gan streets,  brick  store;  cost,  $30,000.    John  Meier.  St.  Paul, 

Minn.:    Mound,  near  Thorn  street,  two-story  brick  dwelling;  cost, 

$28,000.    J.  F.  Eisinmenger.  New  York  city:    Wooster  street, 

brick  flat  and  store;  cost,  $50,000.  D.  L.  Enestein.  82d  street  and 
Riverside  Drive,  nine  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $90,000.  Rose  «&:  Stone, 
architects,  i  i6th  street  near  8th  avenue,  two  flats;  cost,  $40,000.  A. 
Spence,  architect.  57th  South  and  5th  avenue,  brick  store  and 
factory;  cost,  $25,000.  A.  J.Tinble,  architect.  226-32  E.26th  street, 
four  brick  flats;  cost,  $68,000.  W.Crane,  architect.  85th  street  and 
West  End  avenue,  five  brirk  dwellings;  cost,  $90,000.  R.  S.  Town- 
send,  architect.  127  Bleeker  street,  brick  factory  and  store;  cost, 
$35,000.  F.  Wendell,  architect.  11 5-1 17  E.  125th  street,  two  brick 
stores  and  flats;  cost,  $75,000.  A.  Spence,  architect.  70  Christopher 
street,  brick  store  and  flats;  cost,  $25,000.  F.  Baylies,  architect.  72 
Christopher  street,  brick  store  and  flats;  cost,  $25,000.  F.  Baylies, 
architect.  145th  street  and  Convent  avenue,  two  brick  flats;  cost, 
$70,000.  W.  A.  O'Hea,  architect.  Madison  avenue  and  83d  street, 
brick  flat;  cost,  $1 10,000.  Weber  &  Drosset,  architects.  136  W.  12th 
street,  brick  flat;  cost,  $22,000.  96th  street  and  Amsterdam  avenue, 
three  brick  flats  and  stores;  cost,  $78,000.  A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son, 
architects.  96th  street,  east  of  Amsterdam  avenue,  three  brick 
flats;  cost,  $60,000.  A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son,  architects.  99th  street, 
west  of  8th  avenue,  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $40,000.  J.  H.  Valentine, 
architect.  210-214  W. 4th  street,  brick  flat;  cost,  $96,000.  F.Bay- 
lies, architect.  Boston,  Mass.:  51  Portland  street,  brick  manu- 
facturing building;  cost,  $30,000.  Tristam  Griffin,  architect.  18-28 
Dundee  street,  six  brick  apartment  houses;  cost,  $48,000.  George 
W.  Adams,  architect.    Sumner  street,  near  Seaver  street,  brick 

parochial  school;  cost,  $30,000.    Herman  Drake,  architect.  • 

Evanston,  111.:  Stone  church;  cost,  $44,000.  C.  J.  Warren,  archi- 
tect. Fairbury,  Neb.:  Court-house  and  jail;  cost,  $52,000.  Ad- 
dress John  Comlise,  County  Clerk.  Kilgore,  Tex.:    A  $25,000 

mill  will  be  erected.    Address  W.  P.  Martin,  Jr.  Paterson,  N.J.: 

Business  block  will  be  erected;  cost,  $80,000.  J.  H.  Post,  archi- 
tect. Rockford,  111.:    New  church  building;  cost,  $80,000.  D. 

S.  Schureman,  Rock  Island,  architect. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Oxford,  Ala.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  Address 

the  mayor  for  information.  Woodville,  N.  H.:    $10,000  will  be 

expended  on  electric  light.    Ezra  B.  Mann  can  give  information. 

 Pittsfield,  Mass.:    The  Pittsfield  Illuminating  Company  will 

erect  its  new  electric  light  station  very  soon.  Binghamton,  N. 

Y.:  The  Binghamton  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.    George  T.  Morse 

and  Col.  G.  W.  Dunn  are  among  the  trustees.  Greenbush,  N. 

Y.:    The  Electric  Manufacturing  Company  has  voted  to  increase 

its  capital  stock  from  $25,000  to  $75,000.  New  York  City:  The 

Kings  County  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  stock  of  $300,000.  Mirabeau  L.  Towns, 
Michael  J.  (2uinnand  James  T.  Lewis  are  trustees.— — Chatanooga^ 
Tenn.:  The  Farrell  Electric  heating.  Lighting  and  Power  Com- 
pany has  been  organized.  Birmingham,  Ala.:  The  Birming- 
ham Fuel  Gas  Company  has  been  organized,  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $250,000.    W.  J.  Moodie,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  is  interested. 

 Talladega,  Ala.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected. 

Address  J.  A.  Wright,  Richmond,  Va.  Laurel,  Md.:  An  elec- 
tric light  plant  will  be  erected.    Address  John  Chollar.  En- 

nis,  Tex.:     An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  Address 

Thomas  &  Gorman,   of  Houston,   Texas.-  Nashville,  Tenn.: 

W.  T.  Glasgow  desires  to  communicate  with  parties  concerning 

an  electric  light  plant.  Frankfort,  Ky.:    The  Capital  Gas  and 

Electric  Light  Company  will  put  in  two  benches  of  sixes,  boiler 


and  engine,  condenser,  purifiers  and  other  machinery;  also  erect  a 

holder  60  x  18  feet.  Tarpon  Springs,  Fla.:    The  Occidental  and 

Improvement  Company  will  erect  an  electric  light  plant. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Brocton,  Mass.:    The  Board  of  Alderman,  last  week,  passed 
an  order  calling  for  the  appointment  of  a  special  committee  to 
act  with  the  sewerage  commissioners,  and  the  employment  of  a 
consulting  engineer  to  determine  the  details  of  the  proposed 

sewerage  system  for  the  city.  Monmouth,  III.:    A  system  of 

sewerage  will  be  constructed.    Dr.  John  H.  Rauch,  Secretary  of 

State  Board  of  Health  can  give  information.  Salisbury,  N.  C: 

A  sewer  system  will  be  constructed;  cost,  $25,000.  Worcester, 

Mass.:    A  number  of  new  sewers  are  to  be  built.  Chicago,  111.: 

Several  new  sewers  will  be  constructed  in  the  town  of  Lake.  

Boston,  Mass.:  The  common  council  of  this  place  has  authorized 
the  appointment  of  a  special  committee,  and  employment  of  an 
expert  engineer  to  locate  a  sewage  pumping  station  and  irrigation 
field.  Galion,  O.:  Proposals  will  soon  be  wanted  for  construct- 
ing about  9,000  feet  of  sewers.  Address  J.  B.  Weddell.  Chi- 
cago:   Chief  Engineer  Cooley  will  employ  several  assistants  on 

the  new  drainage  work.  New  Orleans,  La.:    A  bill  likely  to 

become  a  law  of  Louisiana  seeks  to  create  a  drainage  system  for 
this  city,  by  establishing  a  commission  of  public  works,  with  the 
mayor  at  the  head,  which  shall  have  power  to  adopt  and  carry  out 
a  comprehensive  sewerage  scheme,  levying  a  tax  of  one  mill  on 
the  dollar  for  two  years  for  the  purpose,  and  borrowing  not  more 
than  $100,000.  The  city  engineer  is  to  be  chief  engineer  of  the 
commission. 

WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

Hagerstown,  Ind.:  A  system  of  water-works  will  be  con- 
structed. Owosso,  Mich.:  The  water-works  system  will  be  ex- 
tended to  Corunna.  Toronto,  O.:    An  additional  appropriation 

for  water-works  has  been  voted.  Ludington,  Mich.:   a  20-inch 

pipe  will  be  extended  into  Lake  Michigan  for  one  mile,  as  a  source 

of  water  supply.  Wichita,  Kan.:    The  Wichita  Falls  Water 

and  Improvement  Company  has  been  incorporated. — Gananoque. 
Can.:  $40,000  will  be  expended  on  a  new  system  of  water-works. 
 Little  Rock,  Ark.:  The  mayor  can  give  information  concern- 
ing the  issuance  of  $200,000  water-works  bonds.  Rochester,  N. 

Y.:  $25,000  will  be  expended  for  meters.  Marianna,  Ark.:  Peter 

Buckley,  J.  A.  Plummer  and  J.  W.  Hayes  have  been  chosen  a 
committee  to  superintend  the  construction  of  water-works. — Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.:  The  Board  of  Aldermen  has  authorized  City  Works 
Commissioner  Adams  to  issue  bonds  for  $196,000,  the  proceeds  to 
be  used  in  extending  the  water  su[)ply  system.  It  also  sanctioned 
the  expenditure  of  $65,000  for  a  stand-pipe  on  the  grounds  of  the 
Prosj)ect  Park  reservoir  for  the  relief  of  the  residents  of  the  park 

slope.  Waycross,  Ga.:    Waycross  will  issue  bonds  for  $30,000 

for  construction  of  water-works  and  sewerage  system.  Hemp- 
stead, L.  I.:  The  Hempstead  Township  Water  Company  has 
been  incorporated.  The  capital  stock  is  $20,000.  The  trustees  are 
John  Lockwood,  John  C.  Lockwood  and  George  W.  Lockwood  of 
Jamaica,  D.  D.  Williams  of  Haverstraw,  Frank  G.  Lockwood  and 
Paul  Campaignac  of  Brooklyn,  and  Samuel  A.  Souther  of  Bay 

Shore.  Princeton,  Ind.:    Water-works  and  electric  lights  will 

be  constructed.  Tacoma,  Wash.:    The  Town  Light  and  Water 

Comi)any  will  construct  a  new  system  of  water- works.  Inde- 
pendence, Kan.:    The  water-works  system  will  be  improved. 

Louis  E.  Haws,  C.  E.,  Boston,  is  the  engineer.  Augusta,  Me.: 

The  water  company  will  extend  their  system  several  hundred  feet_ 

 Goffstown,  N.H.:  $30,000  will  be  exjicnded  on  the  water-works 

system;  Hon.  D.  A.  Taggart  and  Hon.  Samuel  Upton  have  charge 

of  the  matter.  Kalkaska,  Mich.:    A  system  of  water-works  will 

soon  be  constructed.  .Sioux  City,  la.:    Steps  have  been  taken 

towards  the  building  of  new  water-works  that  will  draw  the  sup- 
ply from  the  Missouri  river.  Yoakum,  Tex.:    It  is  proposed  to 

construct  a  system  of  water-works  at  this  place;  address  M.  G. 

Ranney,  City  Clerk.  Boston,  Mass.:  At  a  meeting  of  the  Board 

of  Aldermen,  held  on  July  7,  a  petition  was  received  from  the 
Water  Board  asking  for  an  a|)[)ropriation  of  from  $100,000  to  $150,- 

000  for  the  extension  of  its  water  mains.  Gouverncur,  N.  Y.: 

Plans  arc  being  jjrepared  for  the  construction  of  a  system  of  wa. 
ter-works  at  this  place;  address  C.  N.  Reynolds,  City  Clerk.  


Jui-Y  19,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


143 


Bar  Harbor,  Me.:  The  Eden  Water  Company  has  consulted  with 
M.  M.  Tidd,  the  Boston  engineer,  in  the  matter  of  constructing  a 

new  system  of  water-works  for  this  place.  Madison,  N.  J.:  The 

Common  Council  has  decided  to  locate  the  water-works  at  Union 
Mill,  and  S6o,ooo  in  bonds  will  be  issued  for  that  purpose.  Mel- 
rose, Mass.:    Water  bonds  will  be  issued  to  the  amount  of  $50,- 

000.  San  Diego,  Cal.:    $326,000  in  bonds  will  be  issued  for  the 

l)urpose  of  constructing  water-works.  Frankfort,  Mich.:  Tlie 

water-works  system  will  be  extended.  Muskegon,  Mich.:  The 
plans  of  Chester  B.  Davis  for  the  proposed  water-works  system 
have  been  approved.- — New  Bedford,  Mass.:    A  large  number 

of  new  service  pipes  will  be  laid.  Chicago,  111.:    The  Union 

Stock  Yards  Company  will  expend  about  $i,ooo,oooon  a  system  of 

water-works.  Windsor  Locks,  Conn.:   A  large  amount  of  water 

pipe  and  several  hydrants  will  be  constructed.  Salt  Lake  City 

U.:  All  bids  for  the  conduit  system  from  Parley  Creek  are  de- 
clared off,  and  Emigration  creek  will  furnish  the  supply  for  the  city; 
$50,000  will  be  expended  on  the  new  system,  and  bids  will  soon  be 

wanted;  for  information  address   A.   F.  Doremus.  Oshkosh- 

Wis.:    The  water-works  system  will  be  extended;  John  W.  Hill  of 

Cincinnati  has  been  employed  as  consulting  engineer.  Mechan- 

icsville,  N.  Y.:  The  question  of  water-works  is  being  discussed. 
 Springfield,  Mass.:  $125,000  will  be  expended  on  the  water- 
works system.  Scottdale,  Pa.:   A  new  water  company  has  been 

formed. 

BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Albany,  Ga.:  Bids  are  requested  for  a  stand-pipe  iooori2ox 
20  feet,  or  a  brick  tower  with  a  tank  20x35  feet  on  top.  Tower  to 
be  100  feet  high.  Also,  for  an  engine,  boiler  and  a  pump  and 
pipes  sufficient  to  elevate  the  water  to  said  tank  500  gallons  per  min- 
ute. Address  Nelson  Tift,  water-works  commissioner.  Hunting- 
ton, Ind.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  until  noon  of  Tues- 
day, July  2g,  1890,  by  the  Water-works  Manufacturing  Company 
of  Huntington,  Ind.,  for  the  follov  ing  items  for  the  Huntington 
water- works:  One  thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy-seven 
(1,577)  tons  of  cast-iron  water  pipe,  ranging  from  four^(4),to  sixteen 
(16)  inches  diameter;  sixty-two  thousand  two  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-six (62,276)  pounds  of  special  castings;  eighty-four  (84)  six 
(6)  inch  double-nozzle  fire  hydrants;  fifty  (50)  four  (4)  inch  double- 
nozzle  fire  hydrants;  ninety-seven  (97)  stop  valves,  from  four  (4) 
to  fourteen  (14)  inches  diameter;  ninety-seven  (97)  stop  boxes  for 
above  valves;  laying  of  above  pipe,  and  setting  of  above  special 
castings,  fire  hydrants,  stop  valves  and  stop  boxes;  one  brick 
pumping  station;  one  brick-lined  circular  pump  well;  one  timber 
intake  pier;  one  or  two  systems  of  driven  wells;  two  (2)  com- 
pound duplex  direct  acting  pumping  engines,  each  of  one  million 
five  hundred  thousand  (1,500,000)  gallons  daily  capacity,  together 
with  two  (2)  return  tubular  boilers,  sheet-iron  chimney  and  all 
appurtenances  necessary  to  complete  said  machinery.  Address 

William  ;McGrew.  Carrollton,  111.:   Sealed  proposals  will  be 

received  by  the  mayor  and  city  council  until  12  o'clock  m.,  July 
25,  1890,  for  the  construction  of  a  system  of  water-works,  accord- 
ing to  plans  and  specifications  for  the  same,  which  may  be  seen  at 
the  office  of  the  city  clerk,  Carrollton,  111.,  or  at  the  office  of  the 
engineer,  Geo.  Cadogan  Morgan,  15  Major  block,  Chicago.  Bids 
may  be  for  the  entire  system,  or  for  any  specific  part  thereof,  and 
bids  will  be  received  for  material  and  workmanship  separately. 

Address  Ed.  Miner.  Philadelphia,  Pa.:   It  has  been  decided  to 

reopen  the  time  for  the  building  of  the  new  addition  to  the  Aca- 
demy of  Natural  Sciences  on  Nineteenth  street  near  Race.  For 
Information  address  James  H.  Windrim.  Addison  Hutton,  400 
Chestnut  street,  is  receiving  estimates  on  a  dwelling  house  to  be 
erected  on  Nineteenth  street  near  Rittenhouse  square;  cost  $40,- 
000.  Chicago:  J.  T.  Silsbee  desires  bids  for  a  six-story  ware- 
house on  Canal  and  Jackson  streets;  cost,  $50,000.  George  Gross- 
ing desires  estimates  for  a  block  of  eight  two-story  flat  buildings 
to  be  built  on  Davlin  avenue  near  Lake  street.  The  same  archi- 
tect is  ready  for  bids  on  a  three-story  flat  building  to  be  erected 
at  No.  756  Washington  boulevard.    R.  G.  Pentecost  desires  bids 

for  a  three-story  residence  at  No.  4246  Grand  boulevard.  Hin- 

ton,  W.  Va.:  Proposals  for  the  erection  of  a  system  of  water-works 
will  be  received  by  the  undersigned  until  August  i,  i8go.    F.  R. 

Van  Antwerp.  Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be 

received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  De 


I)artment,  until  2. o'clock  V.  M.,  on  the  2d  day  of  August,  1890,  for 
all  the  labor  and  material  required  to  comjjlete  the  approaches  to 
the  U.  S.  court-house,  post  office,  etc.,  building  at  Williamsport, 
Pa.,  in  accordance  with  drawings  and  specification,  copies  of 
which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office,  or  the  office  of  the 
superintendent.  Address  James  H.  Windrim.  Sealed  proposals 
will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treas- 
ury Department,  until  2  o'clock  i".  m.,  on  the  29th  day  of  July,  1890, 
for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  do  all  the  general  exca- 
vations and  concrete  work  for  the  foundations  of  the  United  States 
custom-house  and  post  office  building  at  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  in 
accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which 
may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  super- 
intendent.   Address  James  H.  Windrim.-  Jamestown,  N.  Y.: 

Proposals  are  wanted  until  August  i,  for  the  erection  of  a  stone 
church.    Address,  for  particulars,  Jerome   Preston,  chairman 

building  committee,  as  above.  Cincinnati,  O.:   Proposals  are 

wanted  until  August  2,  for  the  construction  of  a  greenhouse  at 
Longview  Insane  Asylum,  Carthage,  Hamilton  county,  Ohio.  Ad- 
dress Fred  Raine,  Board,  Hamilton  county  Commissioners.  

Key  West,  Fla.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  September  i,  for  the 
construction  of  an  underground  system  of  sewerage,  also  for  lay- 
ing water  mains.  Address  William  L.  De  Laney,  city  clerk. — — 
St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  September  i,  for  the 
construction  of  about  3,000  yards  of  tunnel.  Address  McCormick 
&  O'Meara,  904  , Olive  street.  Sault  St.  Marie,  Can.:  The  On- 
tario and  Sault  St.  Marie  Water,  Light  and  Power  Company 
desires  bids  for  the  construction  of  a  water-power  canal,  covering 
all  the  necessary  works  required  in  the  construction  of  a  10,000 
horse-power,  involving  the  building  of  masonry,  puddled  em- 
bankment, head  and  waste  gates,  etc.  -Bingham ton,  N.  Y.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  for  lighting  the  city  with  electricity  for  one 
year  from  July  14,  1890,  and  for  135  more  arc  electric  lights,  to  be 
placed  at  such  points  as  the  council  may  designate.    W.  J.  Flani- 

gau  is  city  clerk.  Sulphur  Springs,  Tex.:  The  mayor,  W.  F. 

Henderson,  desires  proposals  for  constructing  water-works  and  a 

sewerage  system.  Dallas,  Tex.:  The  city  will  receive  bids  for 

1,500  feet  of  15-inch  sewer,  1,200  feet  of  12-inch  sewer,  and  660  feet 
of  8-inch  sewer.  The  mayor  can  give  information.  Washing- 
ton, D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the 
Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department, until  2  o'clock  p.m., 
on  the  6th  day  of  August,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials 
required  in  the  erection  and  completion  of  the  U.  S.  post  office 
building  at  Lowell,  Mass.  (approaches  and  heating  apparatus 
not  included),  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specification, 
copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office  or  the 

office  of  the  superintendent.    Address  James  H.  Windrim.  

New  York  Harbor:  Sealed  proposals,  in  triplicate,  will  be  received 
until  II  :30  A.  M.,  Wednesday,  July  30,  1890,  and  opened  immedi- 
ately thereafter,  for  supplying  and  fitting  up  bath  tubs,  water-clos- 
ets and  urinals  in  basement  of  1888  brick  barracks  at  this  place. 
Plans,  specifications,  general  instructions  to  bidders,  and  blank 
forms  of  proposals  will  be  furnished  to  bidders  on  application  to 
this  office.  The  right  to  reject  any  or  all  bids  is  reserved  to  the 
United  States.    Captain  J.  McE.  Hyde,  Assistant  Quartermaster, 

U.  S.  Army,  Depot  Quartermaster.  Fort  Keogh,  Mont.:  Sealed 

proposals,  in  triplicate,  subject  to  the  usual  conditions,  will  be 
received  at  this  office  until  12  o'clock  noon,  on  the  5th  day  of 
August,  1890,  and  then  opened,  for  furnishing  all  the  labor  re- 
quired in  making  service  connections  with  water  mains  at  this 
post.  Specifications,  instructions  to  bidders,  and  blank  forms  of 
proposals  will  be  furnished  on  application  to  this  office.  M.  C. 
Martin,  ist  Lieut.  &  R.  Q.  M.  22d  Infantry;  A.  A.  Q.  M.,  U.  S.  A. 

 Xenia,  O.:  Proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the 

financial  'officer  of  the  Ohio  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Orphans' 
Home  until  August  11,  for  furnishing  the  material  and  doing  the 
work  of  building  one  double  cottage.  Address  J.  D.  Clark,  finan- 
cial officer.  Columbus,  O.:  Proposals  will  be  received  at  this 

office  until  August  5,  for  furnishing  the  materials  and  performing 
the  labor  necessary  for  the  construction  of  a  veterinary  hospital 
at  the  Ohio  State  University  in  this  city.  Address  Alexis  Cope, 
Secretary  Ohio  State  University. 

When  galvanized  iron  is  exposed  to  weather,  there  soon  forms 
on  the  surface  a  coating  of  the  oxide  of  zinc,  which  protects  it 
from  the  further  action  of  the  elements. 


144 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  337 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

The  rhiladclphia  Record,  of  July  5th,  contained  the  following 
article  concerning  the  late  fire  in  C.  A.  Blessing's  plumbing  estab- 
lishment. Fire  in  the  plumbers'  material  establishment  of  C.  A. 
Blessing,  corner  of  Randolph  street  and  Montgomery  avenue, 
caused  a  loss  of  $100,000  early  yesterday  morning.  Shortly  before 
2  o'clock  flames  were  discovered  issuing  from  a  third-story 
window  of  the  pattern-room,  which  is  in  the  rear  end  of  the  build- 
ing. The  engineer  at  McNeely's  morocco  factory  blew  his  steam 
whistle,  and  an  alarm  was  sent  in.  When  the  firemen  arrived  the 
flames  had  made  such  headway  that  the  third  floor  of  the  rear 
building  was  almost  consumed,  and  the  fire  was  gradually  eating 
its  way  to  the  new  four-story  extension  on  the  Montgomery  avenue 
side.  At  10  minutes  after  2  o'clock  the  main  building  caught  fire, 
and  a  second  alarm  was  sent  in.  The  amount  of  the  insurance  is 
not  known. 

William  Harkness,  Jr.,  of  Philadelphia,  reports  his  business 
good  at  present  and  the  prospects  exceedingly  bright.  He  thinks 
there  is  a  disposition  to  increase  and  better  the  comforts  of  the 
modern  houses,  which  fact,  of  course,  benefits  the  plumber. 

The  Streeter  Brothers'  store,  on  the  corner  of  State  and  Madi- 
son street,  will  be  remodeled,  and  new  plumbing,  sewerage  and 
steam  heat  will  be  wanted.  George  Beaumont  is  letting  the  con- 
tract. 

M.  J.  Corboy,  after  spending  a  few  weeks  at  Manitou  Springs, 
Colorado,  has  gone  to  Salt  Lake  City.  He  reports  a  glorious  time, 
and  expects  to  stop  a  short  time  in  Ogden,  Utah,  before  he  re- 
turns to  Chicago.  Mr.  Corboy  was  much  in  need  of  a  rest  and  we 
are  glad  to  hear  that  this  trip  is  doing  him  so  much  good. 

J.  J.  Wade  has  just  received  the  latest  improved  pattern  of  his 
flushing  appliance.  This  pattern  seems  to  be  perfect  in  every  re- 
spect, and  will  no  doubt  give  general  satisfaction  when  thorougly 
tried.  Mr.  Wade's  triumphs,  therefore,  are  not  confined  to  essay 
writing. 

T.  C.  Boyd  will  take  a  trip  east  sometime  this  summer. 

M.  J.  Corboy  will  do  the  plumbing  work  in  the  Farwell  build- 
ing, on  Jackson  street.  He  also  has  charge  of  the  plumbing  work 
in  the  new  building  belonging  to  Mr.  Harris,  on  Drexel  Boule- 
vard. 

Owing  to  an  oversight  of  the  proof-reader  a  mistake  in  the 
name  of  J.  R.  Alcock  appeared  in  our  last  report  of  the  Chicago 
Master  Plumbers'  meeting.  While  every  one  knew  the  person 
referred  to,  yet  the  mistake  was  very  annoying,  and  was  one  for 
which  there  is  no  excuse  except  when  a  report  must  be  rushed 
through  in  order  to  appear  in  the  same  week's  issue  of  the 
meeting.  We,  however,  guarantee  the  worthy  Secretary  of  the 
National  Master  Plumbers'  Association  that  the  same  mistake  will 
never  occur  again,  since  the  proof-reader  who  made  the  error  is 
now  suffering  from  softening  of  the  brain,  and  the  probability  is 
that  the  fatal  malady  will  soon  relegate  him  to  those  regions  "from 
whose  bourne  no  traveler  returns." 

David  Whiteford  said  that  he  forgot  all  about  Chicago  and  his 
past  life  when  he  reached  the  top  of  Pike's  Peak. 

The  wife  of  Ex-President  Hannan  contemplated  remaining  at 
Manitou  Springs  for  several  weeks,  but  unfortunately  the  high  alti- 
tude affected  her  throat  so  much  that  she  was  compelled  to  return 
to  her  home  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

Charles  T.  Byrne,  Harry  Black,  the  Geary  Brothers,  H.  Roche 
and  William  Gay  say  that  the  eight  days  spent  at  Manitou  Springs 
were  among  the  plcasantest  of  their  lives. 

Robert  Goudon  of  Bloomington,  111.,  was  in  the  city  this  week 
looking  over  the  field  here.  He  reports  everything  in  a  flourishing 
condition  at  Bloomington. 

The  J.  L.  Mott  Iron  Works  will  make  extensive  improvements 
in  their  show  rooms  on  Wabash  avenue. 

The  plumbers  are  all  enthusiastic  in  their  praise  of  the  treat- 
ment received  from  the  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad  on  their 
recent  trip  to  Denver. 

Gay  &  Culloton  have  two  large  jobs  of  plumbing  for  Mr.  Har- 
ris on  Sangamon  and  Green  streets.  They  also  have  two  jobs  on 
Ogden  avenue  and  California  avenue,  one  on  Market  street,  one  on 
North  Wells  street,  one  on  Bissell  street,  one  on  Clifton  avenue. 


near  Noble  street,  and  three  on  Wentworth  avenue  near  Fifty- 
ninth  street.  Their  work  in  the  fine  residence  of  Tom  Mackin,  on 
Lake  avenue  and  Diversey  avenue,  will  be  a  model  in  the  plumb- 
ing business. 


MUNICIPAL  SILLINESS. 

Sometimes  we  see  those  whom  we  have  been  led  to  believe 
great  doing  silly  and  little  things,  and  then  we  wonder  if  they 
could  be  great,  and  if  there  are  any  great  men.  A  case  is  to  be 
found  in  Cincinnati  in  the  Board  of  Public  Improvements.  Last 
spring  the  flood  disabled  the  pumping  machinery  in  that  city.  A 
board  of  expert  engineers  was  appointed  to  inspect  the  machinery 
and  report  its  condition,  J.  J.  de  Kinder  of  Philadelphia  being  one 
of  the  board.  Mr.  de  Kinder  was  afterward  invited  by  the  Board 
of  Public  Improvements  to  go  to  Cincinnati  and  take  charge  of 
the  works  for  ninety  days,  and  repair  the  machinery.  The  invita- 
tion was  accepted  and  Mr.  de  Kinder  took  charge  of  the  works, 
but  soon  found  obstacles  in  his  way,  and  matters  soon  took  such  a 
shape  that  he  threw  up  his  position  and  returned  to  Philadelphia. 
The  controversy  embraces  many  things,  but  none  of  them  has  any 
bearing  on  the  action  of  the  Board  of  Public  Improvements 
which  met  soon  after  Mr.  Kinder's  departure  and  whereased  and 
resolved  as  follows: 

"  Whereas,  J.  J.  de  Kinder,  hydraulic  engineer  and  disciplin- 
arian, was  engaged  by  this  Board,  with  his  right-hand  man,  to 
take  charge  of  the  machinery  and  repairs  of  the  Front  street 
pumping  house  for  a  period  of  ninety  (90)  days;  and 

"Whereas,  The  said  J.  J.  de  Kinder  arrived  in  this  city  on  the 
19th  of  June,  and  from  that  date  to  the  time  of  his  departure, 
Monday,  the  30th,  he  devoted  the  greater  part  of  his  energy  and 
ability  in  endeavoring  to  get  this  Board  to  permit  him'  to  contract 
with  Robert  Wetherill  &  Co.  for  new  pump  ends  for  the  Wetherill 
engines  for  the  sum  of  $34,000,  without  submitting  plans  or  spec- 
ifications, and  with  the  request  that  such  contract  be  closed  with- 
out receiving  bids  from  others,  all  of  which  is  contrary  to  law; 
and 

"Whereas,  Said  de  Kinder,  failing  to  secure  authority  from 
this  Board  to  make  such  contract,  proceeded  to  devote  a  portion 
of  his  energy  and  ability  in  another  direction,  without  complaint 
of  any  kind  to  this  Board,  from  the  time  of  his  taking  charge.  He 
sent  his  assistant  to  Philadelphia  on  Saturday,  June  28,  and  on  the 
same  day  he  appeared  in  his  chief  role  as  the  great  disciplinarian. 
He  announced  to  the  public  through  the  press,  prior  to  any  no- 
tice to  this  Board,  the  stumbling-block  thrown  in  his  way,  and 
his  inability  to  secure  entire  control  of  the  Water- Works  Depart- 
ment, which  he  was  determined  to  have,  so  that  his  methods  of 
discipline  should  govern  the  entire  department  in  its  purchases, 
etc.;  and, 

"  Whereas,  Said  J.  J.  de  Kinder,  in  filing  paper  to  the  same 
effect  to  this  Board,  having  failed  to  receive  the  indorsement  and 
recognition  he  felt  his  due,  he  retired  gracefully  to  the  bar  of  the 
Gibson  House,  and  with  kindred  spirits  he  dwelt  on  the  miracu- 
lous ability  of  his  favorite  subject — de  Kinder.  He  then  canceled 
his  engagement  and  took  the  train  to  Philadelphia  in  search  of 
his  right-hand  man,  from  whom,  it  is  presumed,  he  kept  all  knowl- 
edge of  what  his  left  was  doing.    Now,  therefore,  be  it 

"  Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Board  be  and  are  hereby 
tendered  to  Mr.  de  Kinder  for  the  entertainment  he  has  afforded 
us  in  his  great  role  as  disciplinarian,  and  for  the  relief  he  has 
given  by  his  voluntary  retirement." 

We  arc  not  acquainted  with  Mr.  de  Kinder's  personal  h.ibits, 
and  arc  not  concerned  about  them,  for  we  cannot  imagine  any- 
thing which  could  have,  in  any  manner,  justified  this  Board  in 
acting  the  fool  as  it  did.  Any  one  reading  the  above,  adopted  by 
the  Board,  will  believe  that,  not  Mr.  de  Kinder,  but  the  Board  re- 
tired to  the  bar  of  the  Gibson  House,  and,  after  mingling  with 
spirits  of  some  kind,  adopted  this  silly  gibberish.  One  can  almost 
smell  its  breath  and  hear  it  hiccough. 


For  preventing  rust,  coal  tar  and  asphalt  are  much  used 
by  manufacturers  of  iron  goods.  The  articles  are  dipped 
while  heated  in  a  trough  of  melted  tar  and  asphalt,  mixed 
to  make  a  tough  coating.  This  process  is,  no  doubt,  one  of 
the  best  substitutes  for  galvanizing. 


Jl'ly  19,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


WORTH  REMEMBERING. 

A  piece  of  zinc  put  on  the  live  coals  in  the  stove  will  clean  out 
the  stove-pipe. 

A  crack  in  the  stove  may  be  mended  by  mixing  ashes  and  salt 
with  water. 

Whiskey  will  take  out  every  kind  of  fruit  stain.  A  child's 
dress  will  look  entirely  ruined  by  the  dark  berry  stains  on  it,  but 
if  whiskey  is  poured  on  the  discolored  places  before  sending  it 
into  the  wash  it  will  come  out  as  good  as  new. 

Dampen  your  duster  slightly  before  wiping  off  wood-work  and 
marble.  Use  a  cloth  as  well  as  a  feather  duster  if  you  would  be 
thorough. 

A  little  borax  put  in  water  in  which  scarlet  napkins  and 
red-bordered  towels  are  to  be  washed  will  prevent  them  from 
fading. 

Molasses  rubbed  on  grass  stains  on  white  dresses  will  bring  out 
the  stains  when  the  clothing  is  washed. 

Nothing  is  better  than  turpentine  for  the  banishment  of  carpet 
worms,  buffalo  moths  and  msects. 

To  make  paper  stick  to  a  wall  that  has  been  whitewashed,  wash 
in  vinegarj^or  salaratus  water. 

The  juice  of  raw  onions  applied  to  the  stings  of  insects  will 
destroy  the  poison. 

Cool  rain  water  and  soda  will  remove  machine  grease  from 
washable  fabrics. 

Never  put  away  food  in  tin  plates.  Fully  one-half  the  cases  of 
poison  from  the  use  of  canned  goods  is  because  the  article  was 
left  or  put  back  into  the  can  after  using.  China,  earthenware  or 
glass  is  the  only  safe  receptacle  for  "left-over." 

A  small  box  filled  with  lime  and  placed  on  a  shelf  in  the  pantry 
or  closet  will  absorb  dampness  and  keep  the  air  in  the  closet  dry 
and  sweet. 

Oil  of  peppermint  in  water  diluted  even  to  one  part  in  one  mil- 
lion will  kill  cockroaches  in  an  hour,  they  dying  of  convulsions. 
One  drop  of  the  oil  placed  under  a  bell  jar  covering  a  cultivation 
cholera  bacilli  will  kill  both  bacilli  and  spores  in  forty-eight 
hours. 

Stale  bread  crumbs  and  plaster  of  Paris  mixed  with  water  to 
the  consistency  of  dough  and  then  left  to  dry,  make  a  most  effect- 
ive preparation  for  cleaning  old  wall  paper. 

A  little  petroleum  added  to  the  water  with  which  waxed  or 
polished  floors  are  washed  improves  their  looks. 

To  brighten  the  inside  of  a  tea  or  coffee  pot,  fill  with  water, 
add  a  piece  of  soap,  and  boil  for  about  forty-five  minutes. 

Alum,  dissolved  in  water  and  applied  to  a  bedstead  with  a 
feather,  will  exterminate  bed-bugs. 

To  prevent  mustard  plasters  from  blistering,  mix  with  the 
white  of  an  egg. 

To  remove  grease  from  wall-paper,  cover  the  spots  with  blot- 
ting-paper, and  hold  a  hot  iron  near  it  until  the  grease  is  absorbed. 

A  teaspoonful  of  pounded  borax  put  in  the  last  water  in  which 
clothes  are  rinsed  will  whiten  them  wonderfully. 

Never  hang  wet  flannels  in  the  sun.  They  should  be  dried  in 
the  air  and  shade  to  keep  them  white. 

Dissolve  a  few  pearl  buttons  in  the  juice  of  a  lemon.  A  creamy 
ointment  will  be  produced  in  a  few  days,  and  this,  applied  with 
a  rag  for  a  few  days,  is  a  perfect  cure  for  corns. 

A  tablespoonful  of  powdered  alum  sprinkled  in  a  barrel  of 
water  will  precipitate  all  impure  matter  to  the  bottom. 

Kerosene  oil  will  make  tea-kettles  as  bright  as  new. 

Lime-water  is  good  for  chilblains. 

Never  polish  windows  while  the  sun  shines  on  them. 


THE  SALE  OF  NOSTRUMS  IN  ITALY. 

The  British  Medical  Journal,  May  24,  refers  to  the  conse- 
quences in  Italy  of  certain  new  laws  for  the  suppression  of  the 
sale  of  patent  medicines  and  other  "  specialties."  The  article 
says  "  the  golden  age  of  nostrums  in  Italy  is  past  and  the  iron 
age  has  begun.  No  proprietary  nostrums  may  now  be  offered  for 
sale  in  that  country  unless  they  are  favorably  passed  upon  by  the 
Superior  Sanitary  Council.  Over  200  such  articles  have  been  re- 
jected, and  at  a  meeting  on  May  13th  every  article  then  before 


the  council  was  disallowed,  and  the  grounds  of  this  action  were 
made  public,  namely,  that  all  these  rejected  'specialties'  con- 
tained remedies  which  cannot  be  used  with  safety  except  under 
the  directions  of  a  medical  man;  that  many  of  the  articles  were 
actually  dangerous,  and  that  many  others  possessed  none  of  the 
virtues  attributed  to  them." 


The  following  small  boy's  essay  on  "  Breathing  "  may  have  a 
hygienic  effect  in  some  way,  if  only  m  exercising  the  "diagram: " 
"  Breath,"  says  the  writer,  "  is  made  of  air.  We  breathe  with  our 
lungs,  our  lights,  our  liver,  and  our  kidneys.  If  it  wasn't  for  our 
breath,  we  would  die  when  we  slept.  Our  breath  keeps  the  life 
agoing  through  the  nose  when  we  are  asleep.  Boys  that  stay  in  a 
room  all  day  should  not  breathe.  They  should  wait  till  they  get 
out  of  doors.  Boys  in  a  room  make  bad,  unwholesome  air.  They 
make  carbonicide.  Carbonicide  is  poisoner  than  mad  dogs.  A 
heap  of  soldiers  was  in  a  black  hole  in  India,  and  a  carbonicide 
got  in  that  there  black  hole  and  killed  nearly  every  one  afore 
morning.  Girls  kill  the  breath  with  corsets  that  squeezes  the  dia- 
gram. Girls  can't  run  or  holler  like  boys,  because  their  diagram 
is  squeezed  too  much.  If  I  was  a  girl  I'd  rather  be  a  boy,  so  I  can 
holler  and  run,  and  have  a  great  big  diagram." 

A  FIRM  in  Munich  (Bavaria)  is  making  carriages  to  be  propelled 
by  gas  generated  from  benzine.  Several  of  the  new  vehicles  are 
in  successful  operation,  and  the  company  is  securing  patents  in  all 
the  big  nations  of  the  world.  I  rode  in  one  of  the  carriages  only 
two  months  ago.  On  the  country  roads  we  went  at  the  rate  of  ten 
miles  an  hour,  but  in  the  crowded  street  we  moved  about  as  slowly 
as  a  horse  car.  The  motor  is  placed  in  the  rear  over  the  main 
axle,  and  the  benzine  carried  in  a  receptacle  under  the  seat.  It 
holds  enough  for  a  trip  of  80  miles.  The  gas  mixture  is  ignited  in 
a  cylinder  by  an  electric  spark.  The  motor  is  started  by  simply 
turning  a  lever.  A  link  chain  belted  to  a  wheel  on  the  real  axle 
supplies  the  power.  In  its  make-up  the  carriage  is  something  like 
a  tricycle,  has  only  three  wheels,  and  is  guided  precisely  the  same 
way.  It  is  easy  to  increase  or  diminish  the  speed,  and  the  carriage 
can  be  stopped  in  a  moment.  The  system  can  be  applied  to  small 
or  large  vehicles.    The  cost  is  comparatively  low. 

To  BUILD  a  chimney  that  will  draw  forever  and  not  fill  up  with 
soot,  you  must  build  it  large  enough — 16  inches  square;  use  good 
brick  and  clay  instead  of  lime,  up  to  the  comb;  plaster  it  inside 
with  clay  mixed  with  salt;  for  chimney-tops,  use  the  very  best  of 
brick,  wet  them  and  lay  them  in  cement  mortar.  The  chimney 
should  not  be  built  tight  to  beams  and  rafters;  there  is  where  the 
cracks  in  your  chimneys  come,  and  where  most  of  the  fires  orig- 
inate, as  the  chimney  sometimes  gets  red-hot.  A  chimney  built 
from  the  cellar  up  is  better  and  less  dangerous  than  one  hung  on 
the  wall.  Do  not  get  your  stove-pipe  hole  too  close  to  the  ceiling, 
but  about  18  inches  from  it. 


A  NEW  kind  of  water-pipe  which  has  recently  been  put  upon 
the  European  market  is  described  in  a  German  journal.  The  pipes 
are  made  of  glass  about  0.2  inch  thick,  and  have  an  asphalt 
coating  about  0.4  inch  thick,  with  fine  gravel  on  the  outside.  The 
purpose  of  the  asphalt  coating  is  to  prevent  fracture  of  the  pipes. 
The  latter  are  designed  to  supplant  wooden,  earthenware  or  ce- 
ment pipes,  and  also  lead  and  iron  service-pipes,  the  advantages 
claimed  for  them  being  thorough  resistance  against  the  moisture 
in  the  ground  and  against  the  action  of  acids  and  alkalies.  They 
are,  moreover,  impervious  to  gases,  and  are  claimed  to  afford  little 
opportunity  to  the  formation  of  incrustations.  What  results  will 
give  in  practice  remain  to  be  determined. — Chicago  yourttal  of 
Commerce. 

HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

A  NEW  METHOD  OF  TREATING  DISEASES. 

What  are  they?  There  is  a  new  departure  in  the  treatment  of 
disease.  It  consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics  used  by  noted 
specialists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment  pursued  by  special  phy- 
sicans  who  treat  indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles  only,  was 
obtained  and  prepared.  The  treatment  of  other  physicians,  cele- 
brated for  curmg  catarrh  was  procured  and  so  on  till  these  incom- 
parable cures  now  include  disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility.  The  new  method  of 
"one  remedy  for  one  disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have  experienced  the  ill  effects, 
and  thoroughly  realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of  Patent  Med- 
icines which  are  guaranteed  to  cure  every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle, 
and  the  use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  mined  more  stomachs 
than  alcohol.  A  circular  describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by  Hospital  Remedy  Company, 
Toronto,  Canada,  sole  proprietors. 


VI 


777^  SANITARY  NEWS. 


tVoL.  XVI.    No.  337 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 
of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hundred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 

TO  THE  SEASHORE 

AND  THE  EASTERN  SUMMER    RESORTS    ON    THE    FINEST  TRAIN 
IN  THE  WORLD. 

The  great  popularity  of  the  "  Seaside  and  White  Mountain 
Special "  was  further  shown  Wednesday  last,  when  this  magnifi- 
cent train  pulled  out  of  Dearborn  Station,  Chicago,  with  all  the 
accommodation  thereon  occupied  by  the  best  class  of  summer 
tourist  travelers. 

The  next  train  leaves  Chicago  at  5  p.  m.,  Wednesday.  Pas- 


sengers for  Niagara  Falls,  the  Thousand  Islands,  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  the  White  Mountains,  Portland,  Me.,  and  all  the  seaside 
resorts  of  the  North  Atlantic  coast,  going  East,  should  secure  ac- 
commodations early.  The  train  leaves  Chicago  every  Wednes- 
day at  5  p.  M.  during  the  tourist  season.  Make  application  to  E. 
H.  Hughes,  General  Western  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago  &  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  No.  103  South  Clark  street,  Chicago,  111. 

BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  1:00  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  pay- 
ment of  $3  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  H.,  886  Dudley  street. 
The  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  151  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wra.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
Babcock  Plumbing  Co.,  4451  .State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  43  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  73  W,  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  513  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  &  CuUoton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  183  North  avenue. 

Hickej,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Kelly,  Thom.is  >t  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  713  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Me.any,  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 

Nacey,  P.,  339  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reillv,  Joseph  *  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  H.,  208  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Rub,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders,  P.  &  .Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  145  Michigan  street. 

Sullivan,  John.  37  Siegel  street. 

Tumulty,  J-  W.,  2351  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  113  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  it  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  373  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzert  &  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street. 


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pERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  tradesor  businesses 
to  -which  this  journal  is  devoted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  -will  be  inserted  free, 
and  ansivers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  'I  hk  Sanitary 
Nkws,  88  and  90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicag-o. 


CrrUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
^  competent  heating  engineer.  Can  do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.  I^oc.ation  no 
object.    Address,  "  H.  E.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  YOUNG  MAN, 
30  years  of  age,  as  salesman  for  a  wholesale  plumb- 
ing house,  or  to  sell  some  specialty  in  the  plumbing  line. 
Has  had  four  years  experience  with  plumbing  goods. 
Address  ".Sales,"  care  The  Sanitary  New.s. 


onUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  HUSTLER,  23 
^  years  of  age,  six  years'  experience  in  the  Plmnbing, 
Gas  and  Steam  Supply  business,  as  city  solicitor  for 
some  Al  Supply  house.  Would  lake  position  in  house 
for  a  while  to  show  that  I  am  well  mialified.  Address, 
"C.  A.  C,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 

CITUATION  WANTED. —AS  A  SALESMAN 
by  a  young  man  who  has  had  ten  years'  experience 
with  one  of  the  largest  plumbing  supply  houses  in  the 
AVest.  Best  of  references  furnished.  Address,  "  W. 
F.  E."  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  FIRST-CLASS 
^  plumber  in  some  Western  city.  Address,  "Tiffany," 
care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 

collector  for  some  plumbing  house.  Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.  Address  "L,"  The 
Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


POR  SALE.— ONE  lO-HORSE  VERTICAL 
Steam  Boiler;  complete.  One  9  ft.  x  3  ft.  Wilks 
Hot  Water  Boiler,  with  105  ft.  1  in.  brass  heating  coil 
inside.  Been  used  30  days  only.  Apply  to  R.  P.  Pro. 
B.\sco,  38  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
POR  SALE.— A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.  Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "Stock,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


JfENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Boad,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  f urnislies  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  References.  London  agent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  III.,  TJ.  8.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitary 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING, 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E  ,  M.  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton.  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Construc- 
tion Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING.  Jr.,  M- Inst.  C  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  A,  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  R.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns. 


gAML.  O.  ARTIKGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGI^'EER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Seworage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Kialto  Building, 
Chicajio. 


}^M.  PAUL  GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  House  Inspection,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  snperiutendeiu^e  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation.  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plnnibing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  particularly  desired.  Corres- 
pondence solicited.  89  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City. 


PROPOSALS. 


Office  of  HiNTON  Wateh  Wokks  CoMI'ANY. 

HiNTON,  W.  Va.,  July  1,  1890. 
PROPOSALS  FOR  THE  ERECTION  OF  A 
^  system  of  Water  Works  will  be  received  by  the 
undersigned  until  August  1,  1890.  Plans  can  be  seen 
on  personal  application.  Specifications  furnished  if 
desired.  It  is  preferred  tliat  parties  bidding  make  a 
personal  examination.  The  right  to  reject  any  or  all 
bids  is  reserved.  F.  R.  \'an  Antwkri", 

Prest.  Hinton  Water  Works  Company. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


TyAVlD  WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLU^l- 
ber  and  Gas-fitter.  Sanitarv  plumbing  a  specialty. 
372  W.  R.andolph  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

p  HARVET,  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PRACTICAL 
•    Plumher,  540  Thirtv-Ninth  Street,  between  Mi'  h- 
igan  and  Indiana  Avenue*,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 
Oearbon  .'^trerr. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


Fraser  ct  Chalmers.  2  and  4  sty  brk  fndrv,  538x 

150;  1267-1317  W.  12th  st;  a,  Raeder,  Cbffin  & 

Crocker  $  15,000 

Fraser  &  Chalmers,  1  sty  brk  shp,  400x133  ;  495- 

535  Wash  ave;  a,  Raeder,  Coffin  &  Crocker..  80,000 
Mrs.  Marie  Schuettler,  5  3  sty  and  bst  brk  strs 

and  fits,  43x100,  56x80,   1552-62  Milwaukee 

ave;  a,  Henry  Sierks   .56,000 

E.J.  Monaghan,  9  4  stv  and  eel  brk  strs  and 

flts:100x50.\40,  50x40x40,  2a3-7  Halsted  st,  194- 

202  \  an  Buren  st;  a,  Lamson  &  Newman   80,000 

Mrs.  Marv  Jones,  2  stv  brk  addnl  strs,  23x80, 

119  Dearborn  st;  a,  Burnham  it  Root   50,000 

Peter  Fahrney,  4  sty  and  bst  hrk  fctry,  40x100, 

114-16  lloyne  ave;  a.  C.  A.  Weary   20,000 

Mrs.  Marv  A.  Smith,  4  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and 

fits,  24xS3,  270  Sedgwick  st;  a,  A.  H.  Sierks.  12,000 
Fifth  Presbyterian  Church,  1  sty  brk  church, 

68x64  ,  3005  Indiana  .ave;  a,  J.  T.  Lon   18,000 

Oliver  .S.  Tyford,  2  sty  and  attic  brk  dwllg,  33x 

70,  2968  Lake  ave;  a,  J.  J.  Egan   12,000 

L.  Klein,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  str,  24x118,  552  Hal. 

sted  st;  a,  Furst*  Rudolph   10,000 

G.  A.  Springer,  4  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  30x 

30,  :«01-11  Prairie  ave;  a.  Pond  Bros   30,000 

Judge  M.  F.  Tulev,  4  3  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and 

fits,  68x73,  866-70  W.  Madison  st;  a,  W.  Z. 

Strii)plemon   20,000 

Chapman  Bros.,  3  3  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  68x60, 

222-26  Campbell  ave";  a,  V.  B.  Townsend   10,(»0 

Herman  F.  Lundgson,  4  stv  and  bst  brk  str 

and  fits,  26xl(X),  267  Franklin  st;  a,  Ostling 

Rros   15,000 

N.  W.  Harris,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  36x70, 

4528  Drexel  boul;  a,  C.  S.  Frost   15,000 

McCauley  &  Swartout,  2  and  3  stv  and  eel  brk 

100x40,  60x60,  Sherman  and  60th  sts;  a,  J. 

Eightien   46,000 

CJriftin  Wheel  and  Foundry  Co.,  1  sty  brkfndry 

200x300,  n  California  av  and  Kinzie  st;  a,  E. 

Lee  Heidewreilh   25,000 

M.  Vogelgesang,  4  str  and  bst  brk  fits  22x68, 

367  Clc\  cland  st;  a.  Brainan- &  Jeskins   10,000 

Bethel  A.  M.  E.  Church,  1  stv  and  bst  brk 

church,  60x100,  2977-79  Dearborn  st;  a,  E.  H. 

Turner   32,000 

Mrs.  C.  F.  Johnson,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and 

fits,  25x63,  4231  Cott.age  Grove  av;  a,  J.  C. 

Mun.son    9,000 

Adam  Schneider,  2  2  sty  and  eel  brk  fits  48x60, 

1722-24  York  pi;  a,  From.ann  tt  Jehsen   8,000 

Shields  .t  Cook,  2  2  stv  brk  dwllg,  22x38,  Terry 

av  and  73d  st;  a,  Robt  Rea   6,500 

Joseph  M.ancusos,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  20x60, 

148  N.  Sangamon  st:  a,  Geyer  iV  Schuiz   5,500 

Manual  Training  School,  1  sty  brk  addn,  44x88, 

345  53  Michigan  av;  a,  S.  S.  Beman   6,000 

!■•  rank  Warren,  2  sty  brk  stble,  40x120,  1077-79 

W.  Il.arrison  st;  .a,  Edbrook  \'  Burnham   8,000 

Anna  M.  Luessenhop,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg, 

21x82,  604  Austin  av   5,000 

H.  A.  Cole,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  25x62,  1.562 

W.  Monroe  st;  a,  J.  J.  Jones  &  Co   5,000 

Martin  Olson,  3  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and  flats, 

21x88, :«)8  W.  Enc  st;  a,  Lutkins  &  Co   8,000 


THE  "GORTON"  BOILER. 

"Perfection  in  Modern  House  Heating." 

Automatic,  Self-Feeding,  Wrouglit-lron,  Tubular,  and  Sectional. 

Tlu'  position  of  llio  co:il  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  l>c  as  easily  Tilled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  nse,  ^ivinp  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book,  on  Modern  lloiise-IIcating,  furnished  on  application. 


IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!  THE  &ORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 

GORTON  &  LIDGERWOOD  CO., 

34  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 
96  Liberty  St.,  NEW  YORK.  197-203  Congress  St.,  BOSTON, 


July  26,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


145 


The  Sanitary  News 


IS  PUBLISHED  EVKRY  SATURDAY 


No.  yo  La  Salle  Street, 


Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson, 
A.  H.  Harryman, 
Henry  R.  Ai.len, 


Publisher. 
Editor. 
London  Agent. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 

SUBSCRIPTION  RATES. 
The  subscription  price  of  The  Sanitary  News,  in  the  United  States,  Canada 
and  Mexico  is  $2.00  a  year,  payable  strictly  in  advance;  foreign,  12s.  6d.  a  year. 
The  number  witli  wliicli  the  subscription  expires  is  on  the  Address-Label  of  each 
paper,  the  change  of  which  to  a  subsequent  number  becomes  a  receipt  for  remit- 
tance. When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  the  old  address  should  accompany 
tlic  new. 

ADVERTISING  RATES. 
The  advertising  rates  are  reasonable,  and  will  be  furnished  on  application. 

"WANT"  ADVERTISEMENTS. 
Persons  so  desiring  may  have  replies  to  small  advertisements  sent  to  this 
office,  when  they  will  be  promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless  made  by  check,  express 
order,  money  order,  or  registered  letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 
Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the  office  of  its  London  agent, 
Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 
A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary  News,  from  the  first  issue,  are  still 
left.    The  price  of  these  is  $2.00  a  volume,  except  for  the  first  volume,  which  is 
$3.00.     The  entire  fifteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  library    on  sanitary 
subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  -------- 

Jerry  Plumbing 

Notes  on  the  Care  of  Sewers  _         _         _  _ 

Gas  Light  and  Electric  Light  ----- 

Reviews  and  Notes  ------ 

A  Fevir  Simple  Suggestions  as  to  Water  and  Water  Supplies 
The  Master  Builders  of  Detroit         -         _         -  - 
Drugs  in  Food        -  ------ 

Jerry  Plumbing  Work  _  _  _         _  _ 

Cellar  Tanks 
The  Aseptic  Suit 

The  Theory  of  Microbes  ------ 

Among  the  Plumbers  ------ 

Chicago  Master  Plumbers  _____ 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done        -         _  _ 
Heating  and  Lighting         _         _         _         _  _ 

Sewerage  Notes  ------ 

Water  Works  Notes  -         _         _         _  _ 

Bids  and  Contracts  _____ 


145 
146 
146 
14T 
148 
149 
150 
150 
151 
152 
152 
153 
154 


154 
155 
156 
156 
156 


The  authorities  are  after  the  smoke  nuisance  in  this  city  in 
earnest.  A  number  of  firms  were  called  up  in  court  this  week  to 
answer  to  the  charge  of  maintaining  a  nuisance  in  the  form  of 
smoke.  One  firm  pleaded  guilty  and  was  fined  S50  and  costs; 
seven  others  were  fined  the  same  amount,  but  the  justice  gave 
each  of  them  a  reasonable  time  in  which  to  abate  the  nuisance — 
the  same  being  done,  the  fine  would  be  remitted  on  the  payment 
of  costs;  one  firm  was  excusable  in  the  eyes  of  the  court,  it  hav- 
ing a  device  for  preventing  attached  to  the  boilers,  but  the  engi- 
neer was  not  attentive  to  its  operation;  and  two  cases  were  con- 
tinued. This  prosecution  will  produce  good  results,  for  it  shows 
that  the  authorities  intend  to  enforce  the  law,  and  those  maintain- 
ing the  nuisance  will  so  understand  it.  It  has  been  demonstrated 
that  these  black  clouds  of  smoke  can- be  prevented;  and  now  that 


the  i)rosccutions  have  been  begun,  wc  believe  the  proper  efforts 
will  be  made  to  comply  with  the  law. 


There  are  useless  bickerings  and  delays  in  regard  to  the 
World's  Fair  site.  There  seems  to  be  a  jealousy,  prejudice, 
greediness,  or  suspicions  which  puts  a  very  bad  face  on  the  pro- 
ceedings, and,  however  well  this  is  understood  here,  a  bad  effect  is 
produced  al^road.  A  reckless  haste  cannot  be  commended,  but 
the  time  in  which  the  great  work  is  to  be  done  is  too  short  for  con- 
tentions which  a  hearty  co-operation  should  avoid.  Business  is 
business  at  all  times,  but  the  Council,  the  Directorate,  and  the 
Legislature  should  recognize  that  the  business  immediately  in 
hand  is  to  get  to  actual  work  on  the  fair  grounds  and  buildings 
with  the  greatest  dispatch.  This  is  no  affair  of  any  one  person  or 
body  of  persons.  It  is  an  enterprise  in  which  all  are  equally  in- 
terested or  should  be.  Under  no  other  circumstances  will  the  ex- 
position be  a  success  and  that  should  be  now  understood  for  all  time. 
Personal  jealously  or  interest  has  no  business  in  the  affair,  and 
should  be  kicked  clear  out  of  sight  wherever  found. 


How  CAN  the  jerry  plumber  be  eliminated  from  the  plumbing 
trade  ? 

Prof.  V.  C.  Vaughn  has  discovered  the  poison  which  pro- 
duces cholera  infantum  and  diphtheria,  and  hopes  to  be  able  to 
discover  an  antidote  which  may  be  introduced  into  the  system  as 
vaccine  is  introduced  in  case  of  small-pox,  and  which  will  in  like 
manner  fortify  the  system  against  the  attack  of  these  two  diseases. 


Whatever  will  advance  the  trade  of  plumbing  as  a  business, 
will  advance  household  sanitation  which  is  so  largely  dependent 
on  proper  plumbing.  The  progress  of  plumbing  is  the  promotion 
of  health. 

It  is  all  well  enough  to  talk  of  educating  the  plumber,  but  an 
equally  important  matter  is  the  educating  of  the  public  up  to  a 
proper  understanding  and  appreciation  of  good  plumbing.  The 
great  majority  of  our  plumbers — all  real,  genuine  plumbers  are 
educated,  but  the  ignorant  public  keep  on  employing  men  who 
know  nothing  about  plumbing  to  save  a  few  dollars  at  the  ex- 
pense of  health. 

The  Canadian  Architect,  in  speaking  of  the  appointment  of  a 
plumbing  inspector  for  the  city  of  Hamilton,  says: 

"  The  civic  Health  Committee  of  the  city  of  Hamilton  have 
approved  of  a  by-law  providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  plumb- 
ing inspector,  and  defining  his  duties.  The  Finance  Committee, 
however,  has  refused  to  provide  the  paltry  sum  of  four  or  five 
hundred  dollars  required  to  pay  the  official's  salary.  Consequently 
it  is  presumed,  disease  will,  unchecked,  continue  to  lay  low  its  vic- 
tims. This  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  sample  of  the  economy  prac- 
ticed by  city  representatives.  If  some  one  should  propose  a  junk- 
eting trip  to  the  United  States  for  the  ostensible  purpose  of  gath- 
ering information,  but  really  in  order  that  the  aldermen  might 
enjoy  an  outing  at  the  expense  of  the  tax-payers,  it  would  be  safe 
to  assume  that  four  or  five  hundred  dollars,  or  even  twice  that 
sum,  would  readily  be  forthcoming  for  the  purpose.  The  refusal 
of  the  Finance  Committee  appears  to  be  little  short  of  criminal,  in 
view  of  the  insignificance  of  the  sum  asked  for,  and  the  important 
work  which  by  its  means  could  be  accomplished.  A  city  of  50,000 
inhabitants  cannot  afford  to  do  without  plumbing  inspection.  The 
result  of  such  false  notions  of  economy  must  be  a  death-rate  that 
will  cause  the  city  to  be  regarded  as  anything  but  a  desirable  place 
of  residence.  The  citizens  who  pay  the  taxes  should  insist  upon 
the  appropriation  of  the  small  sum  required  to  secure  official 
oversight  of  plumbing." 

This  is  another  example  demonstrating  the  need  of  public  edu- 
cation regarding  sanitary  matters.  The  Sanitary  News  ffas  all 
along  claimed  there  was  greater  need  of  educating  the  public  than 
there  was  for  special  education  of  plumbers  and  sanitarians. 
Sanitary  appliances  and  sanitary  knowledge  are  at  hand,  ready  to 
supply  the  needs  of  cities  and  communities;  but  the  prejudices, 
false  economy  and  dense  ignorance  of  the  public  are  confronted 
as  an  insurmountable  wall.  It  is  true,  as  our  contemporary  says, 
that  the  councils  will  appropriate  money  for  all  sorts  of  foolish- 
ness, but  in  the  high  interest  of  health  they  are  dumb — dumb  be- 


146 


cause  they  are  ignorant.  We  have  yet  to  hear  of  a  council  that 
has  been  or  is  religiously  saving  of  the  people's  money.  Who  can 
point  to  a  council  that  has  not  been  prodigal  with  the  city's  funds? 
They  have  wasted  treasure  where  no  pleasure  or  profit  resulted. 
Yet  an  appropriation  for  the  promotion  of  health,  the  highest  inter- 
est to  a  people,  is  not  made.  Then  is  when  they  pull  the  city's  purse- 
strings  the  tightest  and  cry  economy  the  loudest,  and  disease  and 
death  continue  as  the  result  of  ignorance  and  dull-headed  pig- 
gishness.  The  greatest  task  now  before  sanitarians  of  all  classes 
is  the  education  of  the  public. 


JERRY  PLUMBING. 

That  portion  of  the  press,  or  of  mankind,  which  have  nothing 
but  blame  for  plumbers  generally  must  necessarily  base  their 
opinion  on  the  work  of  the  unskilled,  unscrupulous  jerry  plumber. 
They  do  not  take  into  consideration  the  larger  portion  of  work 
done  by  reputable  and  proficient  workmen  which  gives  satisfac- 
tion to  the  ablest  and  highest  authority  called  to  pass  judgment 
on  it.  The  whole  is  condemned  on  account  of  the  few.  There 
are  bad  papers,  but  the  entire  press  4S  not  condemned  on  that 
account.  There  are  bad  men,  and  yet  the  human  family  is  not 
condemned  on  account  of  the  few  members.  If  any  class  should 
be  condemned  because  a  few  inefficient  and  dishonest  persons 
were  in  it,  we  could  find  none  worthy  of  commendation.  It  is  all 
well  enough  to  denounce  the  disreputable  and  dishonest,  but  a 
wholesale  denunciation  of  a  class  is  a  characteristic  of  weak  or 
malicious  minds. 

No  one  will  deny  that  there  are  men  doing  plumbing  work  who 
ought  not  be  permitted  to  do  so,  but  it  may  be  a  surprise  to  many 
to  learn  that  some  of  those  doing  jerry  work  are  driven  to  it  by 
house-builders  and  house-owners — people  who  should  be  the  last 
to  sanction  and  encourage  this  class  of  work.  The  contractor  or 
builder  undertakes  to  build  a  house  complete  for  a  certain  sum, 
which  is  all  the  owner  has  to  give  or  will  give.  The  contractor 
sublets  the  plumbing  for  a  lump  sum  and  some  plumber  is  found 
who  will  use  material  poor  enough  and  workmans'nip  bad  enough 
to  enable  him  to  do  the  work  for  the  money  and  make  a  little 
profit.  Bad  plumbing  is  the  result,  and  the  owner  is  responsible. 
In  such  cases  two  profits  are  paid  where  there  should  be  but  one. 
The  contractor  makes  his  on  the  plumbing  sub-contract,  and  the 
plumber  who  does  the  work  makes  his.  What  is  left  goes  into 
the  house  in  the  shape  of  cheap  and  dangerous  and  worthless 
material  and  workmanship. 

There  is  no  use  to  deny  that  jerry  plumbing  exists.  The 
question  is  how  to  eliminate  it  from  the  trade.  It  may  be  im- 
possible to  eliminate  it  entirely,  but  the  evil  is  surely  capable  of 
being  materially  lessened.  There  are  two  good  reasons  why  such 
work  should  be  effectually  prohibited.  One  is  it  is  dangejous  to 
both  domestic  and  public  health.  The  other  is  it  encourages  and 
promotes  jerry  building  and  takes  from  reputable  and  efficient 
plumbers  work  that  should  be  done  by  them  only.  It  is  certainly 
time  that  people  were  better  protected  from  the  evils  of  this  class 
of  plumbing.  Sickness  and  death  have  been  often  enough  traced 
to  poor  plumbing,  to  condemn  it  and  arouse  public  sentiment  to 
the  point  of  the  employment  of  some  means  to  prevent  it.  It  is 
not  now  a  subject  of  dispute  that  bad  plumbing  is  dangerous  to 
health,  but  the  question  is,  how  shall  it  be  prevented? 

It  is  certainly  unfair  for  those  plumbers  who  have  spent  time 
and  money  in  qualifying  themselves  to  do  good  work  to  have  the 
work  that  only  they  should  do,  given  to  men  who  have  spent 
nothing  in  learning  the  trade  and  who  know  nothing  of  the  work. 
These  considerations  suggest  at  least  two  things:  That  boards  of 
health  and  all  associations  and  people  interested  in  the  promotion 
of  health  should  unite  in  the  establishment  of  some  means  that 
would  have  for  its  purpose  the  elimination  of  the  jerry  plumber; 
and  that  the  plumbers,  as  of  importance  to  the  trade,  and  aside 
from  considerations  of  health,  should  unite  in  an  effort  to  prevent 
the  jerry  plumber  from  continuing  his  fraudulent  pretenses  as  a 
qualified  workman.  The  master  plumbers  of  this  country  have 
solved  more  difficult  problems  than  this,  and  should  they  set  to 
work  about  this  we  would  expect  nothing  but  good  results. 

An  English  inventor  offers  a  system  by  which  coal  gas  com- 
pressed to  one-eighth  its  natural  bulk  can  be  carried  about  and 
utilized  as  an  illuminant  when  desired. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


NOTES  ON  THE  CARE  OF  SEWERS.* 
Assuming  first  that  the  sewer  or  system  of  sewers  has  been 
well  designed  for  the  work  it  is  to  do,  and  properly  located,  the 
care  given  to  the  sewer  or  system  should  begin  when  the  first  brick 
or  pipe  is  laid,  and  should  continue  so  long  as  the  sewer  is  in  use. 
The  average  "city  father"  of  the  average  city  is  not  educated  up 
to  the  point  of  believing  that  anything  more  is  necessary  to  the 
procuring  of  a  sewer  than  the  employment  of  some  one  to  build 
it.  He  thinks,  in  brief,  that  a  sewer  is  an  elongated  hole  in  the 
ground,  surrounded  by  brick  or  pipe,  laid  in  some  shape  by  some- 
body, and  that  any  special  oversight  or  skilled  labor  used  in  be- 
half of  the  city  during  construction  is  an  unnecessary  refinement 
of  engineering,  and  any  money  spent  afterwards  for  supervision 
or  care  of  the  work  is  so  much  additional  and  useless  tax  upon  the 
citizens.  Such  is  about  the  belief  of  the  average  city  father,  but  I 
am  happy  to  say  that  my  lot  has  been  usually  cast  among  those  of 
a  better  belief.  We,  as  engineers,  know  that  almost  any  man  can 
lay  pipes  in  the  ground  or  pile  up  bricks  and  mortar;  that  it  takes 
a  skillful  man  and  a  mechanic  to  make  a  good  sewer  of  the  same 
materials. 

The  first  great  care  of  the  engineer  in  building  a  sewer  is  to  see 
that  his  alignment  and  grade  are  true,  and  the  second  is  to  see 
that  the  materials  are  of  the  best  description  and  properly  placed. 
In  the  matter  of  alignment  and  grade,  it  seems  almost  imperative 
that  each  pipe  should  be  laid  to  a  line  in  order  to  get  the  best  re- 
sults. It  is  the  practice  in  some  places  to  give  a  stake  on  the  side 
of  the  proposed  trench,  from  which  to  measure  for  both  line  and 
grade,  and  in  other  places  the  line  is  marked  out  in  advance  by 
stakes,  and  the  grade  afterwards  given  in  the  bottom  of  the 
trench.  In  still  other  places  the  approximate  line  is  worked  on 
the  ground  in  advance,  and  the  grade  is  given  as  about  so  much 
below  the  surface  here,  and  about  so  much  there,  leaving  the  sewer 
builder  to  regulate  affairs  in  between  points  as  suits  him  best,  re- 
gardless of  results.  Any  method  which  will  secure  a  straight  and 
true  line  of  sewer  is  a  good  one;  the  one  of  placing  grade  points 
on  line  and  at  an  even  number  of  feet  above  and  parallel  to  the 
water  line  seems  to  be  the  best.  From  these  points  a  line  can  be 
stretched,  and  from  this  line  each  length  of  pipe  should  be  set  by 
a  plumb  line  and  a  measured  pole  or  steel  tape.  In  case  of  very 
large  or  deep  sewers  the  details  may  be  varied  to  suit  the  case  in 
hand. 

The  grade  line  having  been  established  and  the  contractor 
ready  to  begin,  the  engineer  (unless  he  has  no  other  employment) 
will  need  a  competent  and  reliable  inspector  to  see  that  the  mate- 
rials are  what  have  been  agreed  upon.  And  upon  this  same  in- 
spector rests  a  large  part  of  the  burden  of  securiHg  an  excellent 
piece  of  work.  He  must  be  ever  present  and  ever  watchful,  or 
something  may  go  wrong,  and  after  lying  buried  for  years,  per- 
haps, that  wrong  spot  will  show  itself  in  some  way  to  bring  dis- 
credit upon  both  engineer  and  inspector.  He  must  see  that  each 
pipe  is  sound  and  true  before  it  is  lowered  to  the  bottom.  He  must 
know  that  the  pipe  to  follow  will  fit  well  to  make  a  true  and 
smooth  water  line,  even  if  the  two  pipes  are  not  exactly  concen- 
tric. He  must  see  that  the  cement  is  good  and  properly  mixed. 
He  must  see  that  each  pipe  is  laid  to  line  and  grade,  the 
joint  carefully  made  with  cement  all  around  the  pipe,  and  not  dis- 
turbed until  it  is  well  filled  around  and  over.  He  must  tell  the 
pipe  layer  at  least  a  hundred  times  a  day  to  tamp  well  around  the 
pipe  and  to  wipe  it  out  so  as  to  remove  loose  cement  or  sand  which 
may  be  inside,  and  finally  cleared  of  all  rubbish.  He  must  meas- 
ure to  locate  each  Y  branch  or  house  connection  from  the  nearest 
manhole.  He  must  look  to  it  that  the  manholes  are  built  true  in 
form,  smooth  in  inside  finish,  well  plastered  on  the  outside,  steps 
built  in  at  the  proper  distance.  He  must  see  that  the  trench  is 
filled,  tamped  or  puddled,  and  left  in  good  condition  for  travel. 
So  much  care  at  least  must  be  given  to  the  pipe  sewer  to  insure 
anything  like  a  good  job. 

In  building  a  brick  sewer  even  more  details  are  to  be  looked 
after  and  greater  skill  required  on  the  part  of  builder  and  over- 
seer than  in  the  case  of  a  pipe  sewer.  Some  one  must  be  on  the 
work  to  note  the  character  of  the  foundation  as  the  digging  pro- 
gresses, for  a  good  piece  of  brickwork,  built  on  a  poor  foundation, 

*A  papur  read  by  F.  Floyd  Weld,  I'rcbidciit  of  tlic  Conneclicut  Asstxria. 
tion  of  Civil  ICngjncers  an^  Surveyors,  pulili>lK"0  in  the  Transactions  of  llie  Asso- 
ciatioii. 


T//B  SANITARY  NEWS. 


July  26,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


147 


is  no  better  than  a  poor  one,  and  there  is  no  better  time  to  see  what 
may  be  needed  in  the  foundation  than  when  the  excavation  is  go- 
ing forward.  Some  one  must  be  on  hand  to  see  that  the  timber 
foundation,  or  whatever  may  be  used,  is  properly  placed  and  se- 
cured. Then  there  is  care  to  be  taken  in  setting  the  profiles  or 
forms  for  the  brickwork;  in  noting  the  quality  and  mixture  of  the 
cement;  in  selecting  the  hardest,  smoothest  and  best  bricks  for  the 
invert;  in  watching  the  masons  to  see  that  they  lay  each  brick  to 
the  line  with  a  full  mortar  joint,  and  without  unnecessary  pound- 
ing or  pushing  after  it  is  in  place  to  break  the  bond  of  the  cement; 
in  having  the  bricks  wet  in  dry  weather  and  not  too  wet  in  wet 
weather;  for  cement  hates  a  dry  brick  and  will  not  cling  to  it,  nor 
can  it  hold  a  soaked  one  to  its  place.  Then  care  must  be  taken 
in  setting  the  slants  for  house  connections,  lest  they  have  insuffi- 
cient support  at  the  back  and  are  not  able  to  stand  the  weight  of 
earth  on  top. 

The  arch  must  be  turned  on  a  good  and  true  center  in  lines 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  sewer,  and  so  spaced  that  a  full  number 
of  courses  will  make  the  arch  without  splitting  a  course.  The 
earth  must  be  filled  in  and  tamped  solidly  at  the  haunches  to  keep 
the  arch  from  cracking,  and  at  the  same  time  so  placed  as  not  to 
tear  off  the  plastering  on  the  outside.  If  there  is  inside  or  second 
sheeting,  some  one  must  see  that  it  is  drawn  above  the  crown  of 
the  arch  before  filling,  for  there  will  most  likely  be  a  crack  in  the 
brickwork  if  it  is  left  to  be  drawn  afterwards.  In  case  of  water  in 
the  trench  great  care  must  be  used  to  keep  it  away  from  the  brick- 
work until  the  cement  is  thoroughly  set.  I  never  yet  saw  a  con- 
tractor who  would  voluntarily  keep  water  from  flowing  over  the 
freshly  laid  invert,  even  if  the  water  could  easily  be  taken  care  of, 
and  would  be  a  nuisance  to  the  masons  if  allowed  to  run,  and  would 
make  him  more  expense  in  repairs  and  delays  than  the  cost  of 
pumping  or  bailing. 

Manholes  must  be  laid  out  with  care  to  have  the  foundation 
firm  and  substantial,  the  injunctions  for  lateral  sewers  built  in  a 
smooth  and  workmanlike  manner,  the  head  of  the  sewer  cut  in 
good  shape,  and  the  walls  carried  up  to  the  surface  in  a  symmet- 
rical and  smooth  piece  of  work.  Finally  the  sewer  should  be  left 
clean,  free  from  all  rubbish,  loose  cement,  brick  chips,  sand,  mud, 
or  other  accumulations.  And  now,  having  built  our  sewers  with 
some  considerable  care  and  attention,  shall  we  consider  the  duty 
of  the  engineer  done,  his  occupation  gone  so  far  as  these  particu- 
lar sewers  are  concerned,  and  the  sewers  no  longer  in  need  of  su- 
pervision from  any  one  for  all  time  to  come?  I  think  not.  The 
work  of  building  is  over,  but  the  work  of  running  the  machine 
is  to  come.  It  would  be  as  reasonable  to  expect  a  complicated 
piece  of  machinery  to  care  for  and  run  itself  as  to  expect  a  system 
of  sewers  to  do  their  duty  without  some  intelligent  oversight. 
A  perfect  sewer,  used  always  with  the  utmost  care,  with  a 
stream  of  water  of  constant  and  ample  volume  flowing  through  it, 
might  need  no  care  for  a  number  of  years,  but  perfection  in  this 
world  of  sewers  is  rarely  attained,  and  a  steady  flow  of  water  is  not 
always  to  be  had. 

As  with  persons,  "Cleanliness  is  next  to  Godliness,"  so  with 
sewers,  cleanliness  is  next  to  success.  A  dirty  sewer  is  an  abomi- 
nation, and  if  allowed  to  continue  dirty  is  a  failure.  It  all  depends 
upon  the  care  and  oversight  given  to  sewers  whether  they  shall  be 
clean  or  dirty,  whether  they  shall  do  in  a  regular  and  continuous 
way  the  work  they  were  designed  to  do,  without  offense  or  danger 
to  the  people,  or  shall  fail  to  carry  off  promptly  the  refuse  from 
our  homes,  and  so  become  a  receptacle  of  filth,  disgusting  to  clean 
out  and  a  menace  to  health. 

There  is  nothing  like  water  to  keep  sewers  clean.  If  there  is  a 
lack  of  it  the  heavier  parts  of  the  sewage  settle  to  the  bottom,  to 
cling  there  to  decompose  and  send  off  noxious  gases.  This  trouble 
is  most  often  found  in  the  separate  system  on  lateral  sewers,  or  on 
the  ends  of  main  lines  where  but  few  houses  are  connected.  A 
flush  tank  at  the  end  of  such  lines,  arranged  to  discharge  several 
hundred  gallons  at  intervals  of  4,  6  or  even  12  hours,  will  usually 
keep  the  pipe  clear.  If  an  automatic  tank  is  not  used,  frequent 
flushings  from  a  hydrant  or  from  a  portable  tank  on  wheels  is  very 
effective.  Sometimes,  on  light  grades,  even  where  there  is  a  good 
flow,  it  becomes  necessary  to  clean  out  the  sediment,  and  often- 
times a  flush  of  water  is  not  sufficient.  In  such  cases  scrapers  or 
brushes  have  to  be  employed.    I  have  used,  with  very  good  re- 


sults, a  scraper  made  of  two  wooden  disks,  between  which  a  flange 
of  rubber  is  bolted. 

This  rubber  fits  the  pipes  and  is  drawn  from  one  manhole  to 
another  by  a  rope,  the  rubber  being  flexible  enough  to  easily  yiass 
any  inequalities  in  the  pipe.  Where  street  water  is  admitted  to 
the  sewers  the  cleaning  is  sometimes  quite  an  item;  for  in  spite  of 
traps  on  catch  basins,  some  sediment  will  be  carried  over  by  the 
rush  of  water  in  heavy  storms,  and  will  settle  at  the  light  grades. 
To  remove  this,  something  more  than  water  is  necessary  at  times. 
I  have  used  on  large  pipes  and  small  brick  sewers  a  metal  scra- 
per, made  of  galvanized  iron,  shaped  like  a  tube,  with  one  end 
funnel  shape,  and  the  other  pointed.  This  is  drawn  from  manhole 
to  manhole  by  a  rope,  and  raised  to  the  surface  by  a  small  der- 
rick. Where  the  sewers  are  large  enough  to  admit  a  man,  the 
cleaning  of  sand  or  heavy  sediment  can  best  be  done  by  using  a 
wheeled  truck,  adjusted  to  fit  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  sewer. 
This  truck  carries  buckets,  which,  when  filled,  are  lifted  to  the 
surface. 

In  making  connection  \a  ith  sewers  care  should  be  taken  to  see 
that  the  pipe  is  properly  fitted  and  jointed  with  the  branch  left  for 
such  use.  Neglect  in  this  respect  makes  much  trouble  for  those 
in  charge  of  sewers.  Mud  and  sand  often  come  in  from  an  open- 
ing made  to  connect  with  a  house,  because  it  is  easier  to  let  it  run 
into  the  sewer  than  to  bail  it  out.  Unless  there  is  some  system  of 
license  and  permit  for  connections,  and  inspection  of  work,  there 
will  be  frequent  tapping  of  sewers  at  places  other  than  the  proper 
branches,  with  the  attending  results  of  broken  sewer  pipes,  muti- 
lated brick  sewers,  and  pipes  projecting  inside  to  make  stoppages. 
Careless  work  of  this  kind  has  been  known  to  almost  ruin  a  sys- 
tem of  sewers.  It  happened  where  it  was  thought  no  one  was 
needed  to  look  out  for  sewers  after  they  were  once  built. 

The  best  of  care  on  the  part  of  those  in  charge  of  sewers  will 
not  prevent  misuse  of  them  by  others,  and  a  complete  choking  of 
small  pipes  may  result  from  the  admission  of  sand  or  improper 
articles  to  the  sewer  from  occupied  houses  or  cellars  in  course  of 
construction.  In  case  of  stoppage,  prompt  action  is  imperative 
to  prevent  damage  to  adjoining  property.  A  useful  implement  to 
have  is  a  rod  for  cleaning. 

Water  pipe,  i  inch  in  diameter,  cut  into  lengths  short  enough 
to  be  handled  in  a  manhole,  may  be  cut  with  a  screw  thread  on 
each  end,  to  be  joined  together  with  a  union.  These  pieces,  fitted 
together,  will  make  a  good  rod  for  forcing  an  opening  through  the 
obstruction,  and  will  usually  start  a  flow  of  water  which  will  grad- 
ually enlarge  the  opening  until  the  sewer  is  cleared. 

Where  storm  water  is  taken  into  the  sewers,  the  catch  basins 
need  attention  from  the  same  person  who  has  the  care  of  the  sew- 
ers; for  the  basins  are  a  part  of  the  sewer  system,  and  should  be 
cleaned  frequently  and  with  care,  to  work  in  harmony  with  the 
whole.  The  less  sand  found  in  basins  at  the  beginning  of  a  storm 
the  less  sediment  found  in  the  sewers  at  the  end. 

Sewers  will  wear  out  in  time;  but  a  careful  inspection  of 
all-weak  and  hard-used  places,  with  a  little  work  here  and  there, 
will  prevent  a  break,  perhaps,  and  save  many  times  the  cost  of 
such  inspection  and  work. 

GAS  LIGHT  AND  ELECTRIC  LIGHT. 

(By  Dr.  Von  Pettenkofer,  Munich.) 

In  the  fierce  struggle  which  is  going  on  between  gas  light  and 
electric  light,  it  is  hard  to  tell  which  of  the  two  will  finally  be  the 
conqueror.  This  question  is  of  the  highest  importance  from  a 
hygienic  point  of  view,  the  qualities  of  the  three  principal  sources 
of  light,  day  light,  gas  light  and  electric  light,  having  a  material 
influence  on  the  clearness  of  vision.  It  has  been  proved  that  gas- 
light reduces  the  latter  by  about  one-tenth,  while  electric  light, 
especially  in  the  distinction  of  colors,  increases  it  in  comparison 
with  daylight.  Unfortunately,  electric  light  is  considerably  im- 
paired by  haziness,  although  this  inconvenience  might  be  remedied 
by  increasing  the  intensity  of  the  light.  Numerous  complaints 
have  been  heard  also  about  the  glariness  of  electric  light  and  con- 
sequent molestation  of  the  eye;  yet  this,  too,  might  be  remedied  by 
means  of  a  glass  bell,  although  only  at  the  expense  of  clearness, 
which  is  reduced  by  20  per  cent,  through  the  operation  of  dim- 
ming. On  the  other  hand,  the  prominence  of  pale  and  violet  rays 
in  the  electric  light  may  be  arrested  by  a  yellow  eyeglass,  the 
yellow  and  red  gaslight  by  a  blue  eyeglass.    While  in  gaslight  the 


148 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


source  of  light  is  always  to  be  removed  to  a  certain  distance  on 
account  of  the  enormous  quantity  of  heat  it  develops,  electric 
light,  having  only  a  small  heating  power,  may  be  applied  in  im- 
mediate proximity  to  the  place  of  occupation  and  then  dimmed 
sufficiently  to  avoid  all  molestation  by  its  intensity;  or,  in  other 
words,  the  illuminating  power  being  equal,  molestation  through 
the  products  of  combustion  is  infinitely  small  in  electric  light, 
when  compared  with  gaslight.  According  to  Renk's  investigation 
an  Edison  burner  of  17-candle  power  develops  46  kilocalories  in 
one  hour;  a  gas  flame  of  the  same  lighting  power  develops  qo8 
kilocalories  in  one  hour,  or  nearly  20  times  as  much.  Experiments 
in  the  Munich  Court  Theater  (in  absence  of  the  public)  showed 
that  the  temperature  in  the  gallery  was  raised  by  gaslight  from 
16  deg.  R.  to  27  deg.  R.,  in  the  space  of  one  hour,  by  electric  illu- 
mination from  16  to  16.8  deg.  in  the  same  time.  With  a  full  house 
the  difference  is  not  quite  as  large,  men  themselves  producing 
much  heat.  With  gaslight,  the  temperature  in  the  gallery  rose 
finally  to  22.8  deg.  R.,  while  in  the  next  performance,  which  was 
given  with  electric  illumination,  it  reached  17.6  deg.  R. — a  temper- 
ature which  is  easily  supported,  while  22.8  deg.  R.  becomes  highly 
uncomfortable. 

A  comparison  of  the  quantities  of  heat  furnished  by  one  man 
with  the  quantities  of  heat  produced  by  our  different  modes  of 
illumination  gives  the  following  results: 

An  adult  furnishes  approximately  92  kilocalories  per  hour;  a 
stearine  candle,  although  giving  very  little  light,  furnishes  94  kil- 
ocalories; a  gas-flame  of  17-candle  power,  795  kilocalories  per 
hour;  in  trying  to  produce  the  same  illumination  by  stearine  as  by 
gas,  the  heat  produced  would  be  1,589  calories  in  one  hour,  or  the 
same  quantity  of  heat  as  given  out  by  17  men.  Petroleum,  if  the 
same  quantity  of  light  is  desired,  produces  634  calories,  or  a 
little  less  than  gas,  and  seven  times  more  than  from  a  man.  But 
through  an  incandescent  light  of  17-candle  power,  not  more  than 
46  calories  are  produced — i.  c,  half  of  the  heat  given  out  by  one 
man. 

A  much  more  important  superiority  of  electric  light  over  the 
other  sources  of  light  is  to  be  found  in  its  action  on  the  change  of 
air  in  the  space  subjected  to  illumination.  Our  usual  lighting  ma- 
terials consume  a  large  quantity  of  oxygen,  and  produce  at  the 
same  time  carbonic  acid  and  water  in  various  quantities,  deterio- 
rating the  air  in  the  same  way  as  consequent  on  the  respiration  of 
a  certain  number  of  men.  On  the  other  hand,  electric  light,  be- 
sides its  trifling  influence  on  heat,  leaves  the  air  entirely  un- 
changed in  this  respect. 

According  to  V.  Voit,  a  man  takes  about  38  grm.  oxygen  from 
the  air  in  one  hour;  a  stearine  candle  about  30  grm.;  a  gas-flame 
of  17-candle  power  needs  only  214  grm.  oxygen,  and  the  same 
proportion  prevails  with  regard  to  C  O2  produced.  A  man  expires 
about  44  grm.  per  hour;  a  stearine  candle  causes  the  production 
of  28  grm.,  a  gas  flame  150  grm.,  and  a  petroleum  flame  of  the 
same  lighting  power  (17  candles)  even  280  grm.  C  O3  . 

It  is  true  that  these  inconveniences  of  gaslight  may  be  limited 
in  part  by  proper  ventilation;  but,  from  a  specially  medical  stand- 
point, the  inconveniences  of  gaslight  have  been  noticed  recently 
in  a  striking  way.  It  has  been  observed  that  in  rooms  where  sur- 
gical operations  had  been  performed  when  illuminated  by  gas- 
light, the  use  of  larger  quantities  of  chloroform  caused  the  air  to 
assume  a  condition  which  compelled  the  interruption  of  the  oper- 
ation on  account  of  continued  coughing  and  nausea  m  the  oper- 
ating physician  and  his  assistant.  By  proper  experiments,  Pet- 
tenkofer  has  demonstrated  that  these  phenomena  result  from  a 
decomposition  of  chloroform  under  the  influence  of  the  open 
flame,  chlorid  and  hydrogen  bioxyd  being  formed,  while  at  the 
same  time  sooting  takes  place  through  increased  elimination  of 
carbon  from  the  flame.  For  this  reason  electric  illumination 
might  be  used  to  greater  advantage  in  all  places  where  surgical 
operations  have  to  be  performed. 

A  still  greater  inferiority  of  gas  consists  in  the  dangers  of 
explosion  and  poisoning  connected  with  it.  The  dangers  of  ex- 
plosion are  the  lesser  of  the  two,  because  the  odor  becomes  in- 
supportable, and  therefore  is  noticed  much  before  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  gas  has  leaked  out  to  render  it  explosible;  for  this  re- 
quires additions  of  over  5  per  cent,  to  the  air,  while  the  strongest 
explosions  result  when  air  is  mixed  with  10  to  15  per  cent,  of  gas. 
From  15  per  cent,  upwards  explosions  diminish,  to  disappear  en- 


tirely with  25  per  cent.,  when  only  a  quiet  combustion  succeeds. 
On  the  other  hand  air  containing  as  little  as  3  per  cent,  pit  coal 
gas  is  already  highly  poisonous.  Its  poisonous  action  is  caused 
by  the  presence  of  C  O,  which,  when  mixed  with  the  air  for 
breathing  in  small  quantities  of  not  more  than  o.i  per  cent.,  is 
already  highly  dangerous,  and  pit  coal  gas  contains  as  much  as  10 
per  cent.  C  O.  Small  proportions  of  C  O  are  supported  for  a  long 
time,  which  explains  the  fact  that  trifling  leakages  in  the  gas-pipes 
will  cause  indisposition,  without  causing  actual  poisoning.  The 
greatest  danger  results  from  ruptures  of  gas  conducts  in  the 
streets  near  dwelling  houses,  the  houses  being  in  a  higher  condi- 
tion of  temperature,  especially  in  winter,  acting  on  the  ground 
saturated  with  gas  in  the  guise  of  a  suction  pump,  and  drawing 
the  gas  towards  the  apartments.  By  this  kind  of  filtration  through 
the  soil,  the  gas  loses  its  specific  odor,  without  losing  its  contents 
in  C  O,  and  the  inhabitants  inspire  the  poison  without  any  fore- 
warning from  the  odor.  Investigations  have  shown  that  the 
penetration  of  gas  through  the  soil,  or  its  "  suction "  had  taken 
place  to  a  distance  of  54  inches  from  the  place  of  rupture  in  the 
pipe.  It  is  obvious  that  for  this  further  reason  the  use  of  gas  will 
remain  very  dangerous,  as  long  as  there  is  no  means  (and  it  is  still 
wanting)  to  remove  C  O  from  the  gas  in  an  economical  way.  Nor 
is  the  electric  light  exempt  from  all  danger,  there  being  a  number 
of  casualties,  which  are  on  the  increase,  resulting  from  careless 
or  accidental  contact  with  the  conducting  wires.  Yet  these  dan- 
gers will  be  removed,  or  at  least  limited  to  the  machine  houses,  as 
soon  as  only  under-ground  wires  will  be  employed  as  far  as 
feasible. 

Taking  all  things  together,  with  respect  to  visual  clearness  and 
color  perception,  electric  light,  especially  arc  light,  has  an  ad- 
vantage over  gaslight.  Gladness  is  less  in  gaslight;  quivering  is 
common  to  both.  In  the  production  of  heat  the  difference  is 
enormous,  1.20.  Deterioration  of  air  entirely  absent  in  electric 
light;  very  considerable  in  gas,  the  latter  presenting  at  the  same 
time  the  great  danger  of  poisoning  and  explosion. 

It  results  from  all  this  that  both  species  of  light  are  still  rivals, 
and  it  is  probable  that  they  will  remain  so.  Gas  has  the  great 
advantage  of  being  producible  and  preservable  in  large  quantities, 
so  as  to  preclude  any  want  in  case  production  should  be  inter- 
fered with  or  stopped  for  some  time.  Electric  light  disappears 
the  very  moment  the  machinery  for  producing  it  is  arrested  or  the 
conduction  interrupted. 

While  the  manufacture  of  gas  may  be  continued  day  and 
night  without  interruption,  apparatus  for  the  production  of  electric 
light,  have  to  stand  idle  during  daytime,  the  consequence  is  that 
electric  light  is  still  much  too  dear.  According  to  investigations 
instituted  by  Fischer,  Erisman,  Soyka  and  Rubner,  by  far  the 
cheapest  light  of  equal  power  is  still  produced  by  a  petroleum 
lamp  of  good  construction,  gaslight  is  at  least  twice  as  dear, 
Edison  light  3  times,  rapes  seed  oil  7  times,  spermaceti  and  wax 
60-70  times  as  dear  as  petroleum. 


REVIEWS  AND  NOTES. 

Practical  Sanitary  and  Economic  Cooking.  By  Mrs. 
Mary  Hinnian  Able.  (Published  by  the  American  Public  Health 
Association,  Dr.  Irving  A.  Watson,  Concord,  N.  H.,  Secretary.) — 
There  is  nothing  of  more  importance  in  the  human  economy  than 
healthful  food.  It  is  not  enough  to  procure  the  proper  articles 
of  food,  but  of  greater  value  is  the  art  of  properly  preparing  those 
articles.  Whether  it  is  true  or  not  that  woman  can  reach  man's 
heart  most  easily  via  his  stomach,  one  thing  is  certain— that  the 
cook  can  largely  add  to  man's  health  and  happiness  by  means  of 
properly  cooked,  healthful  food.  This  book  is  intended  to  meet 
the  wants  of  persons  of  moderate  and  small  means,  and  it  should 
not  be  regarded  as  a  luxury  only  for  the  rich.  The  work  is  prac- 
tical, can  be  easily  understood  by  any  one,  and  is  easily  farahcad  of 
any  book  on  the  subject.  It  is  the  essay  that  took  the  Lomb  prize 
in  competition  with  seventy  essays  on  this  subject.  The  high 
character  of  the  association  through  which  the  prize  was  offered, 
and  the  ability  and  reputation  of  the  judges  by  whom  the  prize 
was  awarded,  are  sufficient  to  guarantee  the  high  order  and  great 
value  of  the  book — a  commendation  which  should  place  the  work 
in  every  lil>rary  in  the  country.  Besides,  the  book  speaks  for  itself, 
and  we  feel  warranted  in  saying  that  it  will  receive  endorsement 


July  26,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


149 


wherever  read.  The  economy  taught,  to  say  nothing  of  the  un- 
coniputable  value  of  health,  is  a  recommendation,  and!  will  make 
its  possession  one  of  material  value.  It  should  be  in  every  house- 
hold. For  particulars  address  Essay  Department  American  Pub- 
lic Health  Association,  P.  O.  Drawer  289,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Builders'  and  Tradkrs'  Hand-Book.  Comi)ilcd  by  James 
John,  Secretary. — It  is  useless  to  dwell  on  the  convenience  and 
value  of  a  hand-book  of  this  character.  Those  interested  have 
long  been  acquainted  with  such  works,  and  know  their  value.  The 
merits  of  this  are  up  with  the  best.  It  is  systematically  arranged, 
convenient  for  reference,  contains  much  valuable  information,  and 
is  handsomely  printed  and  bound.  It  contains  the  by-laws  and 
business  classification  of  members  of  the  Builders'  and  Traders' 
Exchange  of  Chicago;  rules  of  measurement  of  mason-work; 
building,  fire  and  sanitary  ordinances  of  the  city;  lien-laws  of  Il- 
linois; a  list  of  Chicago  architects,  and  the  catalogue  and  rules  of 
the  library  of  the  Exchange,  with  other  information. 

Catalogue  of  American  and  Foreign  Periodicals  on 
Architecture  and  the  Kindred  Arts,  with  Club  Rates  to 
Architects,  Designers,  Builders,  etc.  1890.  By  Palliser,  Palliser 
&  Co. — This  firm  offer  on  specially  favorable  terms,  to  those  in- 
terested in  matters  pertaining  to  architecture,  building  and  the 
related  arts,  the  opportunity  of  subscribing  to  every  journal  of 
note  having  a  bearing  on  the  subjects  named.  The  journals  em- 
braced in  their  clubbing-list  catalogue  number  over  one  hundred, 
and  selections  from  these  may  be  made  to  suit  the  subscriber's 
fancy.  A  very  advantageous  feature  of  this  clubbing  arrange- 
ment is  the  offer  to  send  the  magazines  and  journals,  at  clubbing 
rates,  to  different  addresses,  thus  permitting  a  number  of  persons 
to  select  what  each  one  prefers,  and  at  the  same  time  to  reap  the 
advantage  of  the  reduced  subscription  rates.  The  new  catalogue 
for  1890  will  be  mailed  to  any  address,  free  of  charge,  on  applica- 
tion to  Palliser,  Palliser  &  Co.,  24  East  42d  street.  New  York. 

Mr.  Bernard  Hollander,  of  London,  will  contribute  to  The  Pop- 
ular Science  Monthly,  for  August,  an  illustrated  paper  on  "Centers 
of  Ideation  in  the  Brain."  It  will  show  how  the  experiments  of 
modern  physiologists  support  some  of  the  observations  of  the 
early  phrenologists,  though  by  no  means  indorsing  all  that  the 
name  phrenology  implies. 


A  FEW  SIMPLE  SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  WATER  AND 
WATER-SUPPLIES.* 

IN  FOUR  PARTS. — III. 

Still  raw  with  recent  bereavement,  my  heart  would  ache  if  I 
dared  not  remind  the  beloved  countrymen  who  constitute  this 
mighty  city  of  the  dangers  that  threaten  them.  But  few  moons 
since,  here  fell  a  friend  who  was  most  dear  to  me.  Cherished  as  a 
younger  brother  in  my  family;  adored  by  a  trusting  wife  and  four 
devoted  daughters;  esteemed  by  his  business  associates  as  most 
manly — a  success  and  a  force  in  finances,  creating  work  for  thou- 
sands of  his  fellow  men— he  was  as  near  a  sample  citizen  as  any 
who  to-day  treads  the  soil  of  this  towering  republic.  But  we  took 
him  hence,  with  his  strongest  daughter,  to  bury  him  at  his  old 
home.  Some  of  you,  doubtless,  have  already  inferred  that  I  al- 
lude to  the  late  lordly,  manly,  energetic,  elegant,  generous,  brave. 
God-fearing,  just  and  kindly  George  L.  Phillips,  President  of  your 
Central  Union  Telephone  Company,  who,  with  his  darling  child, 
was  here  stricken  to  death  by  typhoid  fever.  Yes,  typhoid  fever, 
of  which  the  celebrated  Dr.  Edson,  Health  Officer  of  New  York 
city,  says:  "  Nothing  is  more  discreditable  to  the  civilization  of  the 
nineteenth  century."  He  also  says,  and  ably  maintains,  that 
"  typhoid  is  due  to  a  f,erm,  the  bacillus  typhosus,"  and  that  "this 
germ  is  contained  in  the  sputa  and  stools  of  typhoid-fever  pa- 
tients." 

Yet,  right  here  we  behold  what  we  are  compelled  to  witness  in 
so  many  cities  watered  from  surface  supplies.  Here  is  Chicago,  a  city 
whose  name  is  as  widely  known  as  the  United  States;  Chicago,  the 
most  thrifty,  energetic  and  enterprising  city  on  the  globe;  Chicago, 
the  very  synonym  of  American  push  and  pluck;  Chicago,  a  city 
of  but  forty  years,  and  already  eclipsing  most  of  the  oldest  cities 

*  Paper  read  before  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Water-\Vor]<s 
Association  at  Chicago,  May  21,  1890,  by  C.  Monjeau,  Secretary  and  Manager  of 
the  National  Water-Supply  Company. 


of  the  Union  in  religious,  educational,  scientific  and  architectural 

achievements;  Chicago,  the  young  giantess  who  so  recently 
downed  the  powerful  Dutch  dame  of  the  coast  in  the  halls  of 
Congress,  and  who  is  now  preparing  soon  to  pose  as  the  proud 
hostess  of  the  entire  world  of  activity  and  intellect  in  every  realm 
of  progress,  is,  this  day,  literally  enacting  the  pathetic  part  of 
the  famed  bird  of  fable,  namely:  feeding  her  trusting  brood  out 
of  her  own  bowels. 

What  comes  of  this  great  city's  sewage?  It  mainly  returns  to 
the  water-supply.  It  empties  into  the  lake;  every  one  knows  it, 
nor  can  it  be  concealed.  You  throw  from  your  shore  chips  or 
blocks  under  a  given  wind,  and  in  three  or  four  days  you  will  find 
them  about  the  mouth  of  the  supply-tunnel,  two  or  three  miles 
distant.  Chips  and  blocks  are  not  sailing  vessels.  It  is  well 
known  that  they  can  go  only  with  the  water  that  bears  them.  This 
of  itself  seems  sufficient  proof  of  where  the  city's  sewage  goes, 
and  what  comes  of  much  of  it.  The  current  from  the  shore  to 
the  crib,  which  the  pumping  of  a  hundred  millions  per  day  inevi- 
tably generates,  affords  another  seemingly  conclusive  proof. 
Hence,  this  sentiment,  uttered  by*a  great  London  divine  on  be- 
ginning a  funeral  oration,  seems  aptly  to  suit  the  present  situa- 
tion: "  Brethren,  in  the  midst  of  life  we  are  in  death."  To  illus- 
trate, please  mark  this  statement  of  Dr.  Edson's:  "After 
investigation  of  my  patients,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
typhoid  fever  is  rarely  due  to  any  other  cause  than  polluted  water, 
milk,  ice  or  meat.  The  first  named  is,  of  course,  the  most  com- 
mon The  typhoid  germ  is  not  destroyed  by  extreme 

cold.  The  germs  that  caused  the  Plymouth  epidemic  were  ex- 
posed to  a  temperature  of  22  degrees  below  the  Fahrenheit  zero, 
on  the  banks  of  the  stream  subsequently  infected  by  them  after  a 
thaw  occurred."  So  speaks  this  high  authority,  backed  by  Pas- 
teur, Kohler,  Vidal,  Chamberland,  and  a  host  of  other  competent 
experts. 

Can  you,  then,  tell  me  what  more  is  needed  than  an  initial  case 
of  this  or  any  other  epidemic  disease  to  convert  this  or  any  of  a 
hundred  other  cities,  similarly  watered,  into  a  general  hospital  and 
charnel-house?  To  the  dangers  arising  from  the  impurity  of  wa- 
ter-supplies is  to  be  added  another  and  very  grave  one.  I  allude 
to  the  appallingly  limited  number  of  sewerage  systems  as  com- 
pared with  the  number  of  water-works  plants  within  our  ter- 
ritory. 

For  the  following  data,  taken  from  information  collected  by  the 
Engineeri7ig  News  for  its  forthcoming  "  Manual  of  American 
Water-Works,"  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  M.  N.  Baker,  associate  editor 
of  said  journal,  and  editor  of  that  valuable  manual.  In  a  com- 
munication dated  May  10,  1890,  Mr.  Baker  says: 

The  total  number  of  water-wor'KS  on  our  list  at  the  time  the 
following  figures  were  collected  was  1,600.  Inquiries  were  sent  to 
each  of  these  works,  and  replies  from  about  1,400  were  returned. 
Of  this  number  a  few  failed  to  state  whether  or  not  they  had  a  sew- 
erage system;  but  as  these  works  were  generally  in  small  towns, 
the  probabilities  are  that  they  had  none.  Some  towns  reported  a 
partial  system,  and  are  given  in  a  separate  list.  These  partial 
systems  vary  in  importance  from  a  few  feet  of  pipe  leading  from 
a  single  house  to  a  line  of  pipe  the  length  of  a  street,  or  possibly 
to  several  short  lines.  Doubtless  many  towns  reporting  systems 
should  have  qualified  them  as  "  partial;"  for  an  engineer  who  has 
built  several  systems,  and  collected  considerable  data  on  the  sub- 
ject, recently  told  me  that  he  doubted  if  there  were  250  systems 
worthy  the  name  in  the  United  States.  The  geographical  distri- 
bution of  the  systems  and  partial  systems  reported  are  as  follows: 


Group. 

Systems. 

Part.  Syst. 

Total. 

  67 

21 

88 

Middle  "   

26 

136 

South  Atlantic  "   

  14 

5 

19 

  17 

4 

21 

  99 

25 

124 

Northwestern  "   

  51 

ID 

61 

Southwestern  "   

  23 

8 

31 

  30 

6 

36 

Totals  for  United  States . . . 

 411 

105 

516 

There  were  also  reported  as  under  construction  31  systems. 
If,  then,  we  add  together  the  systems,  partial  systems  and  those 
under  construction,  we  have  a  total  of  547.    Then,  allowing  that 


150 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


there  are  53  systems  in  the  towns  which  did  not  report,  we  have 
but  600  towns  and  cities  with  any  kind  of  sewerage  system,  out  of 
1,600  towns  with  water- works. 

It  should  be  stated  that  there  are  now  over  1,800  water-works  in 
the  United  States,  and,  of  the  200  built  since  the  above-named  in- 
quiries were  sent  out,  it  is  known  that  none  could  have  had  sew- 
erage prior  to  construction  of  water-works,  and  that  not  more  than 
half  a  dozen  have  taken  steps  to  put  in  sewers.  Such  figures  and 
facts  need  no  comments.  Nor  does  it  need  to  be  said  that  they 
are  a  most  urgent  warning  to  the  people — yes,  a  warning  pointed 
with  disease  and  death,  and  one  which  it  behooves  the  nation  to 
heed,  if  states  and  municipalities  will  not. 

In  thus  abruptly  dismissing  so  important  a  subject,  it  is  assumed 
that  at  least  the  oldest  of  you  have  watched  and  are  familiar  with 
the  results  of  imperfect  sewerage  systems,  and  of  no  sewerage  at 
all,  in  towns  and  cities  having  water-works,  during  the  last  thirty 
years,  and  that,  consequently,  it  is  not  necessary  here  to  rehearse 
the  horrors  through  which  so  many  cities  in  all  parts  of  our  re- 
public, and  the  Canadian  Dominion  and  Mexico,  have  passed  in 
that  space  of  time. 

Before  hastening  on,  however,  it  might  be  best  to  suggest  that 
too  many  municipalities,  and  even  individual  homes,  trust  to  what 
they  are  pleased  to  call  "  salubrious  climate,"  "  the  best  of  natural 
drainage,"  or,  mayhap,  "impervious  clay-beds,"  for  protection. 
All  are  but  as  songs  of  sirens.  They  can  but  delude  to  destruc- 
tion. If  a  town  like  Troy,  Alabama,  situated  on  a  high,  narrow 
ridge  (so  narrow  that  it  can  have  but  one  proximately  level  street, 
and  that  lengthwise  of  the  town),  in  one  of  the  most  healthful  sec- 
tions of  the  South,  with  wells  from  80  to  90  feet  deep,  bricked  in 
cement,  and  substantially  roofed — if  a  small  town  so  located,  and 
having  no  water-works  save  a  20-barrel  tank  which  is  used  for  fire 
purposes  only,  can  be  overtaken  with  typhoid  fever  to  such  an  ex- 
tent as  to  be  compelled  to  remove  every  vault  from  and  stop  all 
waste  of  water  in  its  business  parts,  there  would  seem  to  be  very 
thin  chances  of  escape  for  towns  on  level  prairies,  flat  bottoms, 
in  hollows  and  on  marshy  lands  that  are  not  thoroughly  and  well 
sewered,  and  yet  have  comparatively  large  water-works  in  con- 
stant and  liberal  use.  Pure  water  and  perfect  sewerage  are  the 
two  essentials  of  civilization,  whose  chief  task  is  strict  economy, 
of  useful  human  life  in  the  fullest  possible  strength  and  effective- 
ness. These  two  essentials  form,  in  turn,  the  prime  essential  of 
human  progress.  But  pure  water  is  no  longer  directly  obtainable 
from  natural  streams  in  populated  sections  of  country.  With  the 
rapid  increase  of  our  population,  manufacturing,  and  the  farming 
industry,  the  most  of  our  rivers  are  becoming  little  else  than  mere 
sewers.  It  is  seriously  doubted  whether  any  but  a  few  mountain 
streams  afford  other  than  water  largely  polluted  with  disease 
germs.  Ninety-five  per  cent,  of  the  streams  examined  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  contain  organic  and  vegetable  matter  in  quan- 
tities dangerous  to  health. 

In  its  report  to  the  session  of  1887,  the  committee  of  the  Amer- 
ican Public  Health  Association  on  pollution  of  water  supplies  (of 
which  no  less  authority  than  Prof.  Charles  Smart  is  chairman), 
summarized  most  valuable  information  as  follows: 

"  Bringing  these  considerations  to  bear  on  the  sewage  pollu- 
tion of  rivers  and  other  large  bodies  of  fresh  water,  your  committee 
is  inclined  to  the  belief  that  the  failure  of  the  chemical  process  to 
detect  minute  traces  of  the  contaminating  matter  is  of  no  practical 
importance.  For  protection  and  prevention  purposes,  the  knowl- 
edge that  sewage  entered  the  water  seems  all  that  is  required. 
The  sewage,  if  not  infected  at  one  time,  may  become  infected  at 
another,  and  is  therefore  an  ever-present,  impending  danger  to  the 
health  and  lives  of  the  consumers.  But  when  the  constant  and 
extensive  prevalence  of  typhoid  fever  is  taken  into  consideration, 
with  the  vast  numbers  of  contributors  to  the  sewage  outflow  of  a 
large  city,  the  sewers  of  that  city  cannot  be  safely  assumed  to  be 
uninfected.  Nor  can  reliance  be  placed  on  the  dilution  which 
takes  place  in  a  large  stream.  Recent  exijeriments  on  the  causa- 
tive essential  of  typhoid  fever  point  to  matter  in  particulate  form 
as  the  element  of  danger.  Dilution  does  not  dissolve  and  dissi- 
pate into  innocuity,  as  the  typhus  miasm  is  dissipated  by  ventila- 
tion. It  is  there,  and  although  one  tumblerful  may  not  contain  it, 
another  may." 

No  less  significant  is  this  sturdy  statement,  made  by  the  late 
learned  president  of  this  association  at  the  Cleveland  session:  "  It 


is,"  he  says,  "  the  vegetable  organic  and  especially  the  sewage 
organic  matters  in  dissolution  that  we  have  most  to  fear,  and  these 
multiply  as  the  populations  increase.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  these 
that  the  disease-inducing  germs  chiefly  generate." 

"  But,"  it  may  be  retorted  by  disbelievers  in  the  germ  theory, 
"  what  of  such  proofs  and  calculations  if  [diseases  are  not  propa- 
gated by  germs? " 

I  can  only  reply  by  referring  to  what  has  already  been  stated, 
and  also  say  that  scientists  adhering  to  the  germ  theory  seem  to 
have  nature  on  their  side,  while  it  is  well-nigh  positively  and  con- 
clusively demonstrated  that  their  opponents  have  not. 

1.  Pasteur's  treatment  of  hydrophobia  on  the  basis  of  the 
germ  theory  is  as  positive  proof  of  the  correctness  of  that  theory 
as  is  the  analysis  of  ordinary  leaven,  which,  in  turn,  is  as  clearly 
explicit  as  are  the  light  of  noon  and  the  darkness  of  night. 

2.  A  strong  majority  of  the  Paris  Medical  Academy  recognize 
no  longer  any  theory  of  disease  germs,  but  a  fact. 

3.  Dr.  Salmon's  work  with  the  "  hog  cholera  "  investigation  at 
Washington  shows  the  germs  as  plainly  in  diseased  intestines  as 
Professor  Dana  showed  trilobites  in  blue  limestone. 

4.  In  the  Pasteur-Chamberland  laboratory  you  can  see  the 
bacilli  of  germs  with  your  own  eyes,  under  the  microscopes. 

5.  You  can  do  the  same  at  the  Leipsic  laboratory. 

6.  The  same  at  Berlin. 

7.  There  scarcely  remains  a  government  worthy  the  name 
that  does  not  recognize  practically  the  germ  theory  as  a  reality. 

8.  Very  few,  if  any,  properly  educated  physicians  fail  to  do 
likewise. 

And  why  should  they?  Let  us  interrogate  the  first  and  fore- 
most teacher  for  a  moment. 


THE  MASTER  BUILDERS  OF  DETROIT. 

The  Master  Builders'  Association  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  expresses 
the  following  regarding  the  status  of  the  labor  question: 

Whereas,  In  the  existing  state  of  society,  when  all  classes  of 
mechanics  are  forming  unions  for  the  promotion  of  their  peculiar 
interests,  and  the  protection  of  their  rights  in  the  community,  it  be- 
comes the  duty  of  the  employers  also,  to  unite  in  protecting  them- 
selves against  any  unjust  or  unreasonable  demand  that  may  be 
made  upon  them;  therefore,  we,  the  carpenter  contractors  and 
manufacturers  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  do 

Resolve,  I.  That  we  assert  our  right  to  employ  workmen  re- 
gardless of  their  being  members  of  societies  or  not.  2.  That  we 
assert  our  right  to  fix  the  compensation  of  labor  and  to  pay  work- 
men according  to  their  usefultiess  and  according  to  the  amount  of 
labor  they  can  perform.  3.  We  shall  not  tolerate  any  authority 
in  our  shops  or  buildings  but  our  own.  4.  All  work  exceeding  ten 
hours  shall  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  time  and  one-half,  or  50  per 
cent,  additional  pay  per  hour.  5.  That  for  the  year  1890,  9  hours 
shall  constitute  a  day's  work.  6.  That  for  the  year  1890  carpen- 
ters shall  be  paid  according  to  their  efficiency,  but  in  no  case  more 
than  30  cents  per  hour  nor  less  than  20  cents  per  hour.  7.  That 
we  will  treat  with  our  men  as  individuals  only.  8.  That  we 
assert  our  right  to  employ  as  many  apprentices  as  we  deem 
proper.   

DRUGS  IN  FOOD. 
The  Retail  Grocers  Advocate  pointedly  says:  A  great  deal  of 
misdirected  effort,  of  wasted  energy,  is  put  out  by  so-called  scien- 
tific men  in  the  endeavor  to  find  some  method  of  i)rcserving  meats 
and  milk  by  other  ways  than  refrigeration.  We  have  been  repeat- 
edly told  of  plans  for  indefinitely  preserving  milk  by  the  use  of 
boracic  acid,  and  the  same  drug  is  used  sometimes  to  preserve 
meat.  A  salt  for  preserving  butter  is  widely  advertised,  which 
contains  a  portion  of  salicylic  acid.  These,  and  kindred  plans, 
are  much  talked  of  by  uninformed  people,  who  do  not  understand 
the  ill-effects  of  administering  drugs  with  our  daily  food,  no  mat- 
ter how  minute  the  quantity  may  be.  All  such  methods  should 
be  vigorously  prohibited.  It  is  not  a  pleasant  reflection  to  think 
as  we  give  the  baby  a  drink  of  milk,  that  we  have,  at  the  same 
time,  administered  a  dose  of  boracic  acid,  or  to  think,  as  we 
spread  our  bread,  that  we  are  about  to  take  a  dose  of  poison  in 
the  shape  of  salicylic  acid.  The  American  people  cat  drugs 
enough  knowingly.    They  pay  out  money  enough  for  patent  mcd- 


July  26,  1890. J 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


151 


icines  every  year  to  cancel  the  national  debt,  to  the  great  demor- 
alization of  their  stomachs,  and  the  shortening  of  their  lives. 
Then  pray,  Messrs.  Experimenters,  keep  it  out  of  our  food;  do  not 
dose  us  unnecessarily. 


JERRY  PLUMBING  WORK. 

Daniel  Hartley  Bostcl,  R.  P.,  writes  The  Plumber  and  Deco- 
rator as  IoWo^ms:  Many  who  have  not  experienced  the  evil  con- 
sequences that  often  ensue  from  the  effects  of  jerry  plumbing 
work,  think  that  it  is  a  matter  of  slight  importance.  No  worse 
perhaps  than  jerry  building,  jerry  painting,  etc.,  but  in  my  opinion 
there  is  no  crime  that  can  be  compared  with  it,  and  I  am  con- 
vinced that  the  condition  of  affairs  at  present  is  absolutely  dis- 
graceful to  a  people  who  profess  to  set  some  value  on  human  life. 

The  burden  cannot  be  thrown  entirely  on  to  the  jerry  plumber; 
there  are  many  implicated.  First  of  all,  and  possibly  worst  of 
all,  comes  the  "  speculating  builder."  I  do  not  wish  to  include  all 
speculating  builders  in  my  indictment,  as  I  know  there  are  some 
who  really  know  the  importance  of  having  the  sanitary  arrange- 
ments of  their  houses  done  in  a  safe  and  proper  manner,  but  there 
are  very  few,  I  am  sorry  to  say.  The  great  aim  of  the  majority  is 
to  run  the  work  up  as  cheap  as  it  possibly  can  be  done,  not  the 
slightest  thought  of  the  consequences  as  long  as  no  immediate 
damage  is  done  to  the  precious  decorations,  etc.,  and  all  the  work 
out  of  sight  covered  and  cased  up. 

Only  the  other  day  I  was  called  by  a  client  to  examine  a  house 
which  he  proposed  taking.  He  had  in  a  former  house  suffered 
from  blood  poisoning,  and,  of  course,  was  most  careful  to  ascertain 
that  everything  was  all  right  in  this  one.  The  builder  had  shown 
him  a  certificate  from  the  local  Inspector  of  Nuisances  wherein 
he  stated  that  he  had  examined  the  house,  tested  with  pepper- 
mint, etc.,  etc.,  and  begged  to  report  that  it  was  in  perfect  sanitary 
condition;  and,  from  an  outside  look,  it  certainly  would  appear  to 
be  so.  The  house  was  a  corner  terrace  house,  with  basement,  and 
the  first  thing  was  to  see  that  the  drains  were  properly  discon- 
nected from  the  main  sewer,  as  from  experience  I  know  there  are 
many  who  do  not  take  the  trouble  to  have  even  that  done,  or  they 
put  in  one  of  those  abominable  brick  dip-traps,  which  are  very 
little  better  than  a  cesspool.  The  outside  area  was  splendidly 
tiled,  but  no  trace  of  the  drains  could.be  seen.  I  accordingly 
went  inside  and  had  a  few  boards  taken  up  near  foot  of  soil-pipe 
in  order  to  ascertain  which  way  they  ran;  it  was  a  clay  soil,  and 
imagine  my  surprise  on  probing  down  with  an  iron  bar,  to  find  the 
whole  of  it  (the  earth)  saturated  with  water.  Further  investiga- 
tion proved  that  instead  of  a  gully-trap  which  received  waste  and 
rainwater  being  properly  connected  to  drain,  it  had  been  so  fixed 
that  the  whole  of  the  contents  actually  discharged  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  under  floor.  The  house  had  been  built  for  three 
years,  and  I  learnt  afterwards  that  the  former  tenant,  after  in- 
habiting the  house  for  a  year  had  died  of  a  severe  attack  of  rheu- 
matic fever.   Who  can  wonder  at  it? 

In  another  case  I  found  that  the  pipe  intended  to  act  as  a 
ventilating-pipe  had  simply  been  stuck  on  top  of  soil-pipe,  not 
connected  in  any  way  whatever,  but  disguised  by  red  lead  joint 
round  bottom  of  it. 

Once  I  discovered  that  the  soil-pipe  had  actually  not  been 
connected  with  the  drains,  but  simply  stuck  into  a  hole  in  the 
ground,  and  that  the  soil  had  for  some  time  been  simply  saturat- 
ing the  earth  around  it;  then  a  fearful  smell  was  observed  inside, 
and  I  was  called  in  to  examine  the  cause  of  it.  My  client  had  un- 
fortunately taken  the  house  on  a  repairing  lease,  and  as  the 
builder,  who  was  at  the  time  in  rather  impecunious  circumstances, 
would  do  nothing,  he  had  lo  bear  the  expense  himself. 

It  is  this  throwing  the  onus  of  making  a  house  fit  tor  human 
habitation  on  the  unhappy  tenant  which,  to  my  mind,  is  so  in- 
famous. 

I  could  go  on  relating  hundreds  of  cases  that  I  have  seen  of 
these  houses  built  by  speculating  builders,  where  all  sorts  of 
dodges  are  carried  out  in  order  to  save  expense,  but  space  will 
not  permit.  If  one  could  only  realize  the  tragedies,  the  ruined 
homes,  the  blasted  lives,  and  the  misery  which  this  dealing  in 
death-trap  houses  means,  something  would  be  done. 

So  much  for  the  builder;  now  comes  the  house  agent.  I  never 
knew  one  yet  that  took  the  slightest  trouble  to  ascertain  if  the 


houses  they  are  endeavoring  to  let  are  in  proper  order — in  fact  it 
is  the  other  way  about.  They  positively  hate  the  sight  of  a  sani- 
tary expert — I  mean  one  who  is  above  taking  many  of  the  bribes 
that  are  offered.  An  agent,  as  a  rule,  will  be  very  [<articular  to 
see  that  the  decorations,  internal  and  external,  are  all  right,  but 
as  for  the  sanitary  arrangements  that  is  quite  a  different  matter. 
Any  one  inquiring  of  them,  "  Is  the  house  in  good  sanitary  condi- 
tion?" "Oh,  yes,  the  last  tenant  lived  there  with  his  family  for 
twenty  years,  and  always  enjoyed  good  health."  Something 
similar  is  the  invariable  reply,  and  the  proposed  tenant,  thinking, 
of  course,  that  the  agent  being  in  such  a  large  way  of  business 
would  not  disguise  if  there  was  anything  wrong,  signs  the  agree- 
ment, but  he  generally  finds  out  afterwards  to  his  cost.  . 

1  am  afraid  that  I  am  rather  diverging  from  the  subject  of 
jerry  plumbing,  but  what  I  am  endeavoring  to  show  is  that  if  the 
builder,  the  architect,  and  the  house  agent  did  their  several 
duties  as  they  should  be  done,  we  should  never  hear  of  jerry 
plumbing.  There  are  many  architects  and  surveyors  who  do  not 
attach  sufficient  importance  to  the  plumbing  and  drainage  work — 
look  for  instance  at  the  scandalous  state  some  of  the  Board 
Schools  of  London  were  found  to  be  in,  simply  because  they  were 
not  properly  supervised. 

I  knew  of  a  case  of  one  who  was  in  treaty  for  a  house,  the  rent 
of  which  was  ^280  a  year.  He  agreed  to  take  it  subject  to  a  cer- 
tain architect's  report.  He  sent  the  architect,  who  probably  sent 
a  clerk;  for  afterwards  it  was  ascertained  that  the  young  gentle- 
man merely  looked  into  a  cistern  and  sniffed  in  a  corner,  and  the 
report  was:  "Everything  all  right  except  a  trifling  alteration, 
which  can  be  made  for  a  few  pounds."  On  that  the  proposed 
tenant  wrote  to  his  lawyers  to  complete,  and  they  sent  word  to  the 
solicitor  and  the  owner  that  they  accepted  tiie  house,  and  would 
sign  the  lease  on  a  certain  day.  In  the  meantime  a  particular 
friend  of  the  proposed  tenant  strongly  advised  him  to  let  the 
writer  examine  the  house  before  he  went  into  it,  and  I  in  due 
course  received  instructions  to  do  so,  and  this  is  what  I  found. 

In  the  back-yard  an  old  cesspool  full  up  and  overflowing  into 
a  12-inch  buck  drain,  running  right  under  house  into  sewer. 
Butler's  pantry  smk  in  centre  of  basement  discharging  direct  into 
it;  pan  closets  on  each  floor  with  defective  soil-pipe  running  down 
inside  house,  and  through  one  or  two  bedroom  floors.  On  taking 
up  a  portion  of  floor  under,  near  where  a  bed  would  stand,  and 
examining  the  soil-pipe,  a  hole  was  found  in  the  pipe — in  fact  the 
foul  draught  came  up  with  sufficient  force  to  blow  out  the  candle 
which  I  was  holding.  Bath  waste  ran  direct  into  soil-pipe.  Same 
cistern  supplied  closets,  drinking  surface,  and  everything. 

On  receiving  the  report  my  client  at  once  wired  to  his  solicitor, 
"  I  refuse  to  take  the  house — drains  bad."  Solicitor  replied,  "  Im- 
possible to  give  it  up;  we  are  bound  by  our  letter,"  and  so  it 
proved.  He  had  agreed  to  take  the  house  on  a  lease  14  years 
subject  to  his  architect's  report,  and  further  stated  the  date  to 
sign  the  lease.  The  owner  refused  to  budge,  and  so  my  client  had 
to  lay  out  ^150  to  make  another  man's  property  inhabitable. 

I  am  afraid  that  I  am  devoting  too  much  space  to  this  paper, 
and  had  therefore  better  conclude  by  stating  the  remedies  which 
I  think  ought  to  be  adopted  to  prevent  jerry  plumbing. 

First. — No  man  should  be  allowed  to  carry  on  the  work  of  a 
plumber  who  did  not  hold  a  certificate  from  some  competent 
authority  that  he  was  a  duly  qualified  tradesman,  similar  to  the 
diploma  of  a  chemist. 

Second. — No  man  should  be  allowed  to  practice  as  an  architect 
or  surveyor  unless  he  had  passed  a  stiff  examination  in  "hygiene," 
etc.,  similar  to  the  diploma  of  a  doctor. 

Third. — It  should  be  a  criminal  offense  for  any  one,  builder, 
agent,  or  otherwise,  to  let  a  house  which  was  not  in  perfect  sani- 
tary condition  or  fit  for  human  habitation. 

Fourth. — There  should  be  a  Board  of  Health,  and  all  public 
sanitary  inspectors,  medical  officers  of  health,  etc.,  should  be 
under  the  direct  control  of  this  board,  in  the  same  manner  as 
revenue  officers  are  under  control  of  Board  of  Trade.  As  a  rule, 
the  local  sanitary  authorities  are  composed  of  the  owners  of  pro- 
perty of  the  district,  and  sanitary  inspectors  do  not  dare,  even 
when  they  know  defects  exist,  to  condemn  them — in  fact  very 
often  policemen,  porters,  etc.,  are  promoted  to  the  job,  and  a 
pretty  mess  they  make  of  it. 


152 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


I  am  convinced  that  even  if  the  last  recommendation  was  car- 
ried out  it  would  go  a  long  way  to  prevent  jerry  plumbing  in  the 
future. 


CELLAR  TANKS. 
A.  H.  Napier  has  the  following  in  Architecture  and  Build- 
ing : 

A  recent  article  in  the  daily  press  strongly  advocates  the  use 
of  "cellar  tanks"  in  large  buildings  as  a  partial  remedy  for  the 
familiar  evils  of  low  pressure  and  scanty  water  supply.  Mr. 
Birdsall,  Chief  Engineer  in  the  Department  of  Public  Works,  is 
quoted  as  having  long  favored  this  arrangement,  and  suggesting 
that  a  law  be  passed  that  all  buildings  using  pumps  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  cellar  tanks.  It  is  also  stated  that  among  such  tanks 
in  recent  buildings,  that  in  the  new  If^or/d  huildrng  has  a  capacity 
of  12,000  gallons,  or  one  day's  supply,  thus  rendering  the 
tenants  independent  in  case  of  a  temporary  failure  in  the  public 
supply. 

These  statements  serve  to  call  attention  to  the  recent  practice 
in  this  direction,  which  we  believe  contains  an  element  of  danger 
which  should  be  carefully  guarded  against.  The  tanks  alluded 
to  are  an  extreme  but  logical  development  of  the  lead  suction 
chamber  on  the  small  hand  pump  with  which  the  householder  of 
the  last  decade  increased  his  water  supply.  But  with  the  growth 
of  the  city,  the  increased  requirements  of  modern  plumbing  appli- 
ances, the  advent  of  tall  buildings,  and  the  consequent  decrease 
in  pressure  and  supply  in  the  mains,  other  and  more  efficient  meth- 
ods became  necessary. 

The  great  majority  of  buildings  of  all  kinds  in  the  city  to-day 
have  two  systems  of  supply,  one  direct  from  the  mains  for  the 
lower  floors,  and  another  from  a  house  tank  for  the  upper  floors- 
In  favored  localities,  and  for  private  houses,  this  tank  may  be 
filled  during  the  night  by  the  increased  pressure  due  to  decreased 
consumption.  But  in  most  cases  some  kind  of  pump  is  necessary. 
For  private  houses  and  flats  the  various  gas  and  hot-air  engines 
are  commonly  used,  while  for  the  larger  buildings,  and  wherever 
steam  is  available,  the  steam  pump  is  more  economical  and  effi- 
cient. 

Nothing  is  more  annoying,  nor  yet  more  common,  than  to  find, 
in  any  of  these  buildings  with  a  double  system,  that  no  water  can 
be  drawn  at  fixtures  supplied  direct  from  the  street  pressure  while 
the  pump  is  in  operation.  And  as  the  house  tank  often  requires  to 
be  filled  twice  a  day,  the  inconvenience  to  tenants  is  considerable. 
The  expedient  most  frequently  adopted  in  an  attempt  to  overcome 
this  difficulty,  is  the  provision  of  a  small  suction  chamber.  This 
generally  consists  of  a  piece  of  heavy  four-inch  lead  pipe,  four  or 
five  feet  long,  placed  on  the  branch  supply  to  the  pump.  Some- 
times galvanized  pipe  is  used,  and  the  chamber  placed  upright 
and  above  ground.  However,  these  are  of  little  use  in  preventing 
the  decreased  pressure  and  supply  described. 

Making  a  large  bow  near  the  street  top,  and  carrying  in  two 
house  mains,  one  for  the  pump  alone,  or  placing  a  pipe  reservoir 
similar  to  that  noted  near  the  front  wall,  and  taking  separate 
mains  from  that,  probably  are  somewhat  more  effective  methods. 
The  best  arrangement,  however,  with  which  we  are  familiar,  either 
for  the  private  house  or  the  apartment,  at  least  where  the  work  to 
be  done  is  comparatively  small,  is  the  use  of  a  small  galvanized 
iron  range  boiler  as  a  pumping  reservoir.  This  should  hold  from 
twenty  to  thirty  gallons,  according  to  the  size  of  the  pumping  en- 
gine, and  may  be  placed  in  any  convenient  position  near  the 
pump.  Where  the  "speeds"  are  only  three-quarter  inch  and 
a  larger  suction  is  desired,  the  two  in  the  boiler  head  may  be 
connected  together.  We  have  frequently  seen  this  plan  in  use 
and  successfully  overcoming  the  usual  difficulties  of  low  pressure 
and  noisy  pumpmg. 

For  the  large  office  building,  apartment  hotel,  etc.,  where  the 
daily  consumption  of  water  is  much  greater,  and  the  work  to  be 
done  demands  a  steam  pump  of  fair  size,  having  probably  a  two- 
inch  suction  and  discharge,  another  arrangement  is  rapidly  grow- 
ing in  favor  with  architects  and  plumbers.  This  is  the  "cellar 
tank"  referred  to  in  the  newspaper  article  already  quoted.  An 
open  tank  of  boiler  iron,  suitably  braced  and  supported,  is  placed 
in  the  cellar  or  basement,  preferably  above  the  floor  level,  to  facil- 
itate emptying  and  cleaning.  The  size  commonly  varies  from  half 
that  of  the  house  tank  to  one  of  equal  caijacity,  the  larger  one 


having  certain  advantages.  The  supply  is  taken  from  the  main 
through  a  ball  cock. 

The  suction  pipes  for  boiler  and  house  pumps  being  taken 
from  this  open  tank,  the  least  possible  effect  is  produced  on  the 
pressure  and  supply  of  the  house  Croton  mains.  This  is  distinctly 
a  suction  rather  than  a  storage  tank,  and  general  practice  has  not 
as  yet  gone  beyond  this.  In  the  article  quoted,  however,  it  is  pro- 
posed to  increase  the  capacity  of  this  tank,  thus  introducing 
the  principle  of  cellar  storage  for  water.  The  idea  being  that 
the  supply  shall  be  drawn  from  the  mains  at  night,  when  the  gen- 
eral demand  is  at  a  minimum,  so  that  the  pumping  during  the  day 
shall  not  affect  the  pressure  in  neighboring  buildings,  also 
that  each  may  be  independent  of  temporary  failures  in  the  public 
supply. 

The  special  danger  connected  with  arrangement,  to  which  we 
wish  to  call  attention,  is  the  possible  contamination  of  the  water 
while  stored  in  these  cellar  tanks.  With  the  smaller  reservoirs 
first  noted  this  danger  does  not  exist,  as  they  are  necessarily  air 
and  water  tight  because  under  Croton  pressure,  but  with  the  open 
tanks  it  is,  we  believe,  a  practical  and  serious  one,  because  of  the 
well-known  rapidity  with  which  water  absorbs  impurities  from 
the  air.  The  possibility  of  such  contamination,  even  when  the 
tank  is  placed  on  the  roof  or  an  upper  floor,  is  acknowledged  and 
simple  precautions  taken,  such  as  covering  the  tank,  ventilating 
the  compartment,  etc. 

How  much  greater,  then,  is  the  danger  when  the  water  is  to  be 
stored  in  cellars  and  used  as  engine  and  boiler  rooms,  janitors' 
apartments,  press-rooms,  storage,  workshops,  toilet  rooms,  etc., 
provided  with  little  or  no  ventilation,  and,  as  a  rule,  less  cleanly 
than  any  other  part  of  the  building.  Undoubtedly,  if  proper 
precautions  be  taken,  all  this  may  be  prevented,  but  we  wish  to 
emphasize  the  necessity  for  the  utmost  care  in  each  case. 

If  possible  this  cellar  tank  should  be  placed  in  a  special  and 
well-ventilated  compartment,  free  from  the  objectionable  condi- 
tions of  the  rest  of  the  cellar.  As  this  will  seldom  be  practicable, 
the  tank  should  always  be  carefully  covered.  For  the  smaller 
suction  tanks,  where  the  water  is  frequently  changed,  a  perfectly 
tight  wooden  cover  would  perhaps  be  sufficient.  For  the  large 
storage  tanks,  however,  it  would  be  wise  to  use  practically  closed 
tanks,  except  for  proper  manholes,  with  tight  covers,  overflow  and 
relief  pipes,  etc.,  the  covering  to  be  of  the  same  material  and  con- 
struction as  the  tank  proper.  Of  course,  other  and  equally  effi- 
cient methods  can  doubtless  be  devised. 

We  fear,  however,  that  such  precautions  have  not  been  gener- 
ally adopted,  though  their  necessity  seems  apparent,  and  the  sub- 
ject is,  therefore,  worthy  the  careful  attention  of  architects  and 
owners  who  may  adopt  the  system  described. 


THE  ASEPTIC  SUIT. 

The  following  description,  with  illustration,  presents  an  inven- 
tion by  J.  P.  Rollins,  M.  D.,  Auburn,  Cal.: 

An  asei)tic,  so  far  as  the  writer  is  aware,  has  hitherto  been  un- 
known to  the  medical  world. 

In  presenting  this  article  the  new  application  of  an  old  truth, 
viz.,  that  cotton  is  impervious  to  germs,  is  all  that  is  attempted. 
Without  entering  into  details  of  the  evolution  of  this  idea,  I  will 
proceed  at  once  to  a  brief  description  of  it. 

This  invention  consists  of  an  aseptic  suit  or  dress,  the  object 
being  to  provide  means  of  protection  to  physicians  and  others 
against  contagium  while  attending  persons  afllicted  with  conta- 
gious diseases. 

The  device  consists  essentially  of  a  suit  or  dress  adapted  to  be 
readily  adjusted  over  the  ordinary  clothing,  so  as  to  entirely  cover 
the  wearer,  said  dress  being  made  almost  entirely  of  material  im- 
pervious to  atmospheric  air,  such  parts  as  do  admit  the  passage 
of  atmospheric  air  consisting  of  germ  proof  material. 

A  further  object  of  this  device  is  to  provide  said  dress  with 
mechanism  adapted  to  be  actuated  by  the  wearer  for  supplying  an 
ample  quantity  of  filtered  air  for  respiration,  and  to  provide  said 
dress  with  the  necessary  facilities  for  using  the  stethoscope  and 
laryngoscope,  and  also  with  removable  gloves,  in  addition  to  a 
suitable  glass-protected  opening  in  the  front  part  of  the  head-cov- 
ering, so  that  while  protecting  the  wearer  against  contagium  he 
may  have  the  use  of  his  eyes,  ears  and  hands. 


July  26,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


153 


With  these  ends  in  view,  this  invention  consists  in  certain  de- 
tails of  constructions  and  coinlDinations  of  parts  as  illustrated  in  the 
drawings. 

Fig.  I  is  a  side  elevation  of  the  suit  or  dress,  showing  the  foot 
and  face  parts  in  section.  Fig.  2  is  a  front  elevation  of  the  head 
part  of  the  dress,  and  Fig.  3  is  a  plan  view  of  the  under  side  of  the 
foot  part  of  the  dress. 


Fig.  1. 

Referring  to  the  drawings,  A  represents  the  dress,  which  is 
preferably  made  of  rubber  goods  and  in  two  parts,  joined  together 
at  the  waist  by  flanges  aa,  one  of  which  is  secured  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  dress  and  the  other  to  the  lower  part  thereof,  said 
flanges  being  secured  to  the  dress  by  cement  or  otherwise  and 
clamped  together,  preferably  by  swing-bolts  S,  pivotally  secured 
to  the  under  side  of  the  lower  flange  a,  and  provided  with  thumb- 
nuts  as  shown,  said  bolts  being  adapted  to  swing  upon  their  piv- 
ots, as  indicated  by  the  arrows  i  and  2,  into  slots  provided  for  their 
reception  in  both  flanges,  as  shown  at  c.  Fig.  i,  thus  affording  a 
ready  means  for  clamping  together  or  separating  the  two  parts  of 
the  dress.  (For  the  thumb-nut,  an  eccentric  is  substituted,  which 
admits  of  a  more  rapid  adjustment  of  the  suit.)  A  flat  rubber  or 
other  elastic  band,  b,  is  interposed  between  the  two  flanges  for  the 
purpose  of  making  an  air-tight  or  germ-proof  joint. 

Each  hand  of  the  wearer  of  the  dress  is  protected  by  a  remov- 
able covering  or  glove,  B,  secured  to  the  sleeve  of  the  dress  by 
means  analogous  to  that  employed  for  securing  together  the 
two  parts  of  the  dress  at  the  waist. 

In  the  crown  of  the  head-piece  is  secured  a  disc,  e,  consisting 
of  two  perforated  metallic  plates,  made  slightly  concave  toward 
each  other  for  the  purpose  of  securing  in  position  between  them  a 
wadding  of  cotton  or  other  germ-proof  material,  a  similar  disc  be- 
ing secured  opposite  the  mouth  in  the  face  part  of  the  head-piece, 
as  shown  at  r  in  Figs,  i  and  2. 

Near  the  ear  is  a  circular  opening,/,  over  which  is  cemented  a 
very  thin  disc  of  rubber,  backed,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the 
requisite  strength,  with  a  piece  of  woven  linen.  This  thin  but  air- 
tight disc,  one  of  which  is  located  on  each  side  of  the  head-piece, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  is  to  afford  the  required  facility  for  using  the 
ear  and  stethoscope,  which  is  done  by  simply  pressing  the  latter 
against  the  disc  and  the  disc  against  the  ear. 

For  the  purpose  of  admitting  light  to  the  interior  of  the  head- 
piece, the  upper  front  part  thereof  is  provided  with  a  glass-cov- 
ered opening,  q  (shown  in  Figs,  i  and  2),  said  glass  cover  being 
supported  at  the  required  distance  from  the  face  by  a  light  metal- 
lic frame,  o,  secured  to  a  brow-band,  n,  which  fits  the  upper  part 
of  the  head  like  a  hat,  of  which  the  crown  is  the  germ-proof  disc  e 
(see  Fig  i). 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  part  of  the  dress  below  the  waist  is 
formed  like  a  pair  of  trousers  and  boots  combined — that  is  to  say, 
all  in  one  piece.  In  each  foot  part  is  a  bellows,  of  which  the  upper 


movable  board,  is  adapted  to  receive  the  foot  of  the  operator, 
which  is  secured  thereto  by  an  instep  strap,  Said  board  /  is 
hinged  at /to  the  toe  part  of  the  dress,  the  rear  part  being  free  to 
vibrate  upon  said  hinge  in  a  vertical  plane,  the  heel  part  resting 
upon  the  u[)per  end  of  a  spiral  spring,  t,  of  which  the  lower  end 
rests  upon  the  internal  heel  part  of  the  foot  of  the  dress,  a  little  in 
advance  of  which  is  a  germ-proof  disc, similar  to  that  in  the 
crown  of  the  head-piece  and  secured  in  the  hollow  of  the  foot  part 
of  the  dress,  as  shown  in  Figs,  i  and  3.  On  the  upper  side  of  the 
germ-proof  disc, ;«,  is  an  inlet  check  valve,  J,  as  shown  in  P'ig.  i, 
and  there  is  also  a  similar  but  smaller  valve,  v,  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  movable  board  i,  just  beneath  the  hollow  of  the  foot  of  the 
operator. 

Matters  being  thus,  the  wearer  of  the  dress  can  supply  himself, 
by  an  easy  treading  motion  of  the  feet,  with  an  ample  quantity  of 
filtered  air,  drawn  in  from  beneath  the  feet  and  forced  upward, 
thus  maintaining  an  upward  current  of  purified  air  for  respiration, 
as  indicated  by  arrows,  and  also  driving  out  through  the  discs  r 
and  e  the  air  that  becomes  vitiated  in  the  head  part  of  the  dress. 

The  movable  upper  bellows  board  i  needs  only  to  be  pressed 
downward,  the  upper  stroke  being  accomplished  by  the  resilient 
action  of  the  spring  t. 

The  mouthpiece  of  a  funnel-shaped  rubber  tube,  attached  to  a 
portion  of  the  disc  r  (Figs,  i  and  2),  may  be  placed  in  the  mouth 
during  any  necessary  inaction  of  the  bellows,  temporary  respira- 
tion being  conducted  through  the  disc  r,  thus  avoiding  any  con- 
densation of  pulmonary  vapor  on  the  glass-covered  opening  ^^that 
might  occur. 

To  the  frame  of  the  glass-covered  opening  q  is  attached  a  de- 
vice to  support  an  ordinary  head  mirror,  for  otoscopic,  rhinoscopic 
and  laryngoscopic  examinations  and  minor  operations. 

A  pair  of  suspenders  are  attached  to  the  trowsers  within  and 
supported  by  the  upper  flange,  a  (Fig.  i).  For  ladies  a  rubber 
skirt  may  be  provided. 

The  discs  are  composed  of  cotton  treated  antiseptically,  and 
may  be  removed  at  will  and  sterilized  by  heating  in  an  oven. 

The  aseptic  suit  in  the  treatment  of  isolated  cases  of  conta- 
gious disease  is  designed  to  be  transported  in  a  convenient  casing 
to  within  safe  limits,  when  the  dress  is  adjusted,  the  patient  visited 
and  the  exterior  of  the  suit  disinfected  by  the  atomizer,  when  it  is 
removed  after  having  left  the  premises. 

In  epidemics,  such  as  yellow  fever,  that  scourged  the  Southern 
states  in  1888,  the  residence  of  the  physician  may  be  subjected  to 
sanitary  measures,  the  aseptic  suit  adjusted  on  issuing  therefrom, 
and  the  exterior  disinfected  on  returning. 

The  aseptic  suit,  it  is  believed,  offers  to  the  wearer  immunity 
from  all  specific  causative  agencies  productive  of  contagious  dis- 
ease. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  end  for  which  this  invention  is  de- 
signed is  secured  by  the  exclusion  of  specific  contagium,  thus 
placing  the  operator  in  effectual  insulation,  regaling  his  being  in 
atmospheric  air  as  pure  as  that  of  the  Alpine  heights,  safe  behind 
the  barrier  of  impregnable  cotton  that  repels  the  attack  of  mias- 
mata and  cannon-ball  alike. 

The  aseptic  suit,  while  preserving  every  sense  for  accurately 
diagnosticating  and  treating  all  contagious  diseases,  and  offering 
positive  immunity  to  the  wearer  and  to  transportation  of  infecting 
germs  to  others,  may  it  not  be  reasonably  expected  that  in  this  in- 
vention is  found  a  device  which  in  the  hands  of  intelligent  physi- 
cians will  absolutely  stay  the  spread  of  contagion. 

THE  THEORY  OF  MICROBES. 

For  a  long  time,  says  the  Paris  Hearld,  it  was  believed  that 
microbes  followed  the  same  course  of  action  in  the  economy  as  true 
parasites — that  is  to  say,  that  they  effected  it  by  their  mutiplication 
and  by  their  progressive  invasion  of  the  tissues  and  organs. 

But  this  idea  was  promptly  abandoned  when  it  was  discovered 
that  microbes  secrete  soluble  ferments,  to  the  charge  of  which  were 
then  laid  the  various  mishaps  with  which  the  microbes  themselves 
had  in  the  first  place  been  blamed. 

In  both  of  these  hypotheses  the  reaction  of  the  organism  infected 
by  the  microbes  was  left  out  of  consideration.  The  body  was  merely 
treated  as  a  soil  more  or  less  favorable  for  the  development  of  dif- 
ferent species  of  microbes.  So  much  so  that  what  was  called  the 
reciptivity  of  the  organism  was  nothing  but  a  condition  in  which  it 


154 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


became  either  a  good  or  a  bad  ground  for  their  development. 
But  the  question  has  recently  changed  its  aspect  entirely  since 
the  discovery  of  MM.  Brieger  and  Fraenkel.  These  two  workers 
have  brought  into  light  the  existence  of  substances  to  which  they 
have  given  the  name  of  toxalbumines,  and  which  are  endowed  with 
a  high  degree  of  virulence  and  reproduce  with  greater  certainty  the 
microbian  disease  than  does  the  microbe  itself  of  the  soluble  ferment 
which  it  has  manufactured.  These  toxalbumines  are  not  created  by 
the  microbe  itself,  but  arise  from  the  destruction  of  the  very  sub- 
stance of  the  infected  organism.  The  latter — that  is  to  say,  the 
ground  on  which  the  disease  pursues  its  course — plays,  according  to 
this  idea,  a  more  important  part  than  had  formerly  been  thought  in 
the  development  and  evolution  of  the  infectious  disease. 

Toxalbumines,  therefore,  sources  of  disease  in  the  higher  sense  of 
the  word  and  capable  of  the  direst  mishaps,  are  created  in  the  con- 
flict between  the  living  cell  and  the  microbe.  But  all  living  cells 
are  not  capable  of  furnishing  toxalbumines  when  they  are  attacked 
by  a  microbe.  Certain  organisms  cannot  furnish  any  at  all,  and  ac- 
cording to  this  theory  morbid  immunity  is  nothing  but  this  absence 
of  toxalbuminous  reaction. 

The  toxalbumines  that  have  so  far  been  discovered  divide  them- 
selves naturall3'  into  two  classes.  Those  of  the  first  group  are  insol- 
uble in  water  (albuminous  substances  derived  from  the  bacillus  of 
typhoid  fever,  of  cholera,  and  from  the  staphylococcus  aureus). 
Those  of  the  second  class  are  soluble  in  water  (tetanus,  anthrax, 
diphtheria,  etc.). 

The  study  of  these  new  substances,  which  is  only  at  its  begin- 
ning, promises  to  give  results  of  the  highest  interest. 

As  soon  as  we  shall  have  discovered  the  reason  why  certain  liv- 
ing cells  of  certain  organisms  do  not  produce  any  toxalbumines,  and 
it  is  quite  possible  that  we  may  discover  this,  prophylaxis  of  conta- 
gious diseases  will  have  made  a  decided  step  in  advance. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  will  be  necessary  now  to  ascertain  what 
drugs  modify  the  organism  in  such  a  way  that  it  is  no  longer  apt  to 
manufacture  toxalbumines. 

It  is,  therefore,  no  longer  a  question  of  seeking  for  antiseptic  sub- 
stances to  kill  microbes,  but,  on  the  contrary,  we  must  try  to  find  the 
means  tliat  will  enable  the  organism  to  resist  their  attack. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  the  sad  intelligence  of  the  death  of  Mr. 
Henry  C.  Green,  of  the  firm  of  Leamy  &  Green,  21  West  Madison 
street.  Mr.  Green  was  taken  with  Bright's  disease  some  weeks 
past,  but  remained  with  his  business  until  about  four  weeks  ago 
when  he  returned  to  Buffalo,  his  former  home.  His  illness  grew 
more  malignant,  and  on  Sunday  the  13th  inst.  he  died  in  his 
father's  house  where  he  had  gone  to  recover.  He  was  twenty- 
nine  years  old,  genial  and  warm-hearted,  and  with  the  most  flatter- 
ing prospects  before  him.  He  and  Mr.  Leamy  had  been  in  part- 
nership four  years,  and  had  built  up  a  business  most  satisfactory. 
But  now  Mr.  Green  with  his  bright  future  is  gone,  and  sadness 
broods  where  hope  rejoiced.  He  was  laid  to  rest  by  the  hands 
that  nursed  him,  and  only  the  peace  of  the  grave  and  rest  from  the 
burdens  and  cares  of  life  are  left  to  console  the  bereaved. 

The  L.  Wolff  Manufacturing  Co.  are  in  receipt  of  a  letter  from 
H.  Kelly  &  Co.,  Minneapolis,  making  inquiries  regarding  the 
whereabouts  of  William  O'Neil,  a  former  employee,  stating  that 
Mr.  O'Neil's  mother  is  much  worried  over  his  absence. 

We  were  favored  this  week  with  a  call  from  James  T.  Conran, 
who  represents  James  Barrett,  the  dealer  in  sanitary  specialties  in 
Boston,  Mass.  Mr.  Conran  has  just  returned  from  a  very  extended 
business  trip  throughout  the  west,  having  traveled  this  territory 
since  the  first  of  January.  He  reports  business  good  on  the  Pacific 
slope. 

The  newly  elected  officers  of  the  New  York  Journeymen 
Plumbers'  Union  are  as  follows:  President,  John  McKenna;  Vice- 
President,  John  A.  Lee;  Treasurer,  Frederick  Maples;  Record- 
ing Secretary,  Mathew  Donahue;  Financial  Secretary,  Thomas 
Deners;  Sergeant-at-Arms,  Joseph  Mooney. 

The  master  plumbers  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  recently  held  their 
semi-annual  election,  and  through  the  kindness  of  G.  A.  Kees  we 
are  favored  with  a  complete  list  of  the  new  officers.  S.  A.  Dillon 
was  elected  President;  J.  P.  Adamson,  Vice-President;  G.  A. 
Kees,  Secretary;  P.  W.  Hudson,Treasurer,  and  J.  H.  McKee,  Ser- 


geant-at-Arms. The  Executive  Committee  is  composed  of  the 
following  members:  J.  H!  Shea,  J.  J.  Dunnigan  and  M.  J.  O'Neil. 
The  Arbitration  Committee  contains  the  names  of  W.  J.  Hawkins, 
P.  Gleich  and  J.  J.  Ward,  while  M.  J.  O'Neil,  G.  A.  Kees  and  J.  R. 
McKee  constitute  the  Auditing  Committee. 

The  Builde7-s  Gazette  gives  the  following  standard  of  a 
plumber:  "To  be  a  plumber  under  the  influences  of  the  progress- 
ive spirit  of  reforms,  means  education  and  the  use  of  general  in- 
formation for  all  who  expect  to  be  allowed  to  work  for  plumbers' 
wages.  It  means  also  sanitary  protection  to  our  homes  and  cities 
such  as  we  have  never  had  in  the  past." 

Thomas  Gulden  of  Chattanooga  writes  us  that  they  are  form- 
ing an  association  of  master  plumbers  in  that  city.  He  desires 
the  constitution  and  by-laws  of  some  existing  organizations  and 
information  concerning  forming  a  new  association. 

M.  P.  Allen  has  joined  the  plumbers'  band  in  Spokane  Falls, 
Washington. 

J.  P.  Adamson  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  who  represented  that  city  in 
the  essay  contest  at  the  Denver  convention,  was  recently  elected 
Vice-President  of  the  St.  Paul  Master  Plumbers'  Association. 

Mr.  Davis  of  the  firm  of  Johnson  &  Davis  at  Denver,  Col.,  is  in 
the  city  on  a  business  trip. 

C.  A.  Blessing,  who  was  recently  burned  out  at  Philadelphia, 
will  open  a  new  store  at  625  Arch  street,  for  the  display  of  his  san- 
itary specialties. 

The  Master  Plumbers'  Association  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  has 
elected  the  following  officers:  S.  E.  Dipple,  President;  John  D. 
Eldridge,  First  \'ice-President;  F.  A.  Carlton,  Second  Vice-Presi- 
dent; Andrew  J.  Clerkin,  Recording  Secretary;  Noble  P.  Bishop, 
Secretary;  William  Keane,  Treasurer,  and  James  M.  English  Ser- 
geant-at-Arms. 

Col.  George  D.  Scott  of  New  York  is  very  loud  in  his  praise  of 
the  Denver  people  and  the  entertainment  they  gave  the  master 
plumbers  during  the  convention. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE.  DONE. 
Portland,  Ore.:    Stone  city  hall;  cost,  8500,000.    H.  J.  Hefty, 

architect.  Sholes,  Ind.:    M.  Q.  Wilson,  architect,  Louisville, 

Ky.,  has  prepared  plans  for  a  hotel  near  here,  to  cost  $30,000;  also 

for  another  hotel  in  an  Indiana  town.  Southerland,  Fla.:  A 

hotel  will  be  erected  here  at  a  cost  of  Sroo.ooo.    Address  C.  T. 

Taylor,  Barker  block,  Omaha,  Neb.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    N.  W. 

corner  Second  street  and  Clark  avenue,  brick  store;  cost,  $30,000. 
Address  M.  F.  Foster,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Mound  street,  near  Earl, 
2-story  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $28,000.  Address  J.  F.  Eisenmeyer. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  Store  building;  cost,  $25,000.   Joseph  Leina, 

architect.  Wilmington,  Del.:    New  building  for  the  Equitable 

Title  and  Trust  Com])any.  Baker  &  Dallett,  Philadelphia,  archi- 
tects. Cleveland,  O.:    Madison  avenue.  West  Cleveland,  stone 

building;  cost,  $25,000.  Columbus,  O.:    Long  street,  stone  and 

brick  business  block;  cost,  $30,000.  Address  M.  G.  Lilley  Com- 
pany.  Long  street,  seven  dwellings;  cost,  $192,000.  Denver, 

Col.:  Sherman  avenue,  near  Twelfth  street,  brick  and  stone 
dwelling;  cost,  $15,000.  Varian  &  Sterner,  architects;  Union  de- 
pot, brick  and  stone  addition;  cost,  $30,000.  Varian  &  Sterner, 
architects.  Car  shops  for  U.  P.  Railroad  Company;  cost,  $30,000. 
Machine  shops  for  U.  P.  R.  R.  Co.;  cost,  $44,000.  Wazee,  near  Six- 
teenth street,three-story  brick  building;  cost,  $22,000.  Brick  dwell- 
ing on  Greeley  street,  near  Weldon;  cost,  $18,000.  Address  Effie 
Foster.  Two-story  stone  and  brick  business  block  on  Sixteenth 
street,  near  Platte  street;  cost,  $20,000.  Address  Dr.  A.  K.Mor- 
ris. Dwelling  on  lots  21,  22  and  23  Seventeenth  avenue;  cost,  S35,- 

000.    Address  John  C.  Gallup.  LaSalle,   111.:    St.  Vincent 

School  building;  cost,  $25,000.    Burling  &  Whitehouse,  Chicago, 

architects.  La  Porte,  Ind.:    A  two-story  residence.  Flanders 

&  Zimmerman,  Chicago,  architects.  Edgerton,  111.:  Residence. 

S.  M.  Randolph,  Chicago,  architect.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  Ex- 
tensive bathing  houses  will  be  established  at  this  place,  to  cost 
$300,000.  Detroit,  Mich.:  Kanter,  Hamlin  and  Baltimore  ave- 
nues, forty-one  two-story  dwellings;  cost,  §82,000.    Address  R.  M. 


July  26,  1890.1 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


155 


Bahan.^  Duluth,  Minn.:    High  school  building;  cost,  $250,000. 

Palmer  &  Hall,  architects.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:    A  brewery; 

cost,  $95,000.    Frank  W.  Kane,  architect.  Minneapolis,  Minn.: 

S.  E.  corner  Main  and  liank  streets,  five-story  piano  factory;  cost, 
$50,000.  C.  F.  Struch,  architect.  88-98  Central  avenue,  three-story 
brick  stores  and  flats;  cost,  $20,000.  J.  H.  Record,  architect.  Thir- 
ty-fifth street  and  Twentieth  avenue,  police  station;  cost,  $15,000. 

 Mt.  Clemens,  Mich.:    A  $150,000  hotel  will  be  erected  here. 

Address  N.  J.  Gibbs.  Peoria,  111.:    Plans  have  been  prepared 

for  the  erection  of  a  $90,000  hotel  at  this  place.    Address  N.  J. 

Gibbs,  architect,  Mt.  Clemens,  Mich.  Washington,  D.  C:  T.  P. 

Chandler  of  Philadelphia  is  preparing  plans  for  a  large  hotel  to  be 
erected  at  Glen  Echo  Heights;  cost,  $250,000.  Harvey  L.  Page  has 

plans  for  a  printing  office  building;  cost,  $250,000.  New  York 

City:  160  Henry  street,  brick  flat;  cost,  $20,000.  C.  Rentz,  archi- 
tect. S  s  ii8th  street,  60  e  Madison  avenue,  five  brick  flats;  cost, 
$cp,ooo.  Address  N.  Comforis.  iigth  street,  125  w  Eighth  ave- 
nue, three  brick  flats;  cost,  $45,000.  J.  C.  Kelt,  architect.  156-60 
Hester  street,  brick  factory;  cost,  $95,000.  A.  Wagner,  architect. 
S  s  128th  street,  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $36,000.  Thorn  &  Wilson, 
architects.  N  W  corner  72d  street  and  Lexington  avenue,  brick 
hotel;  cost,  $50,000.  F.  Koehler,  architect.  S  E  corner  107th 
street  and  Madison  avenue,  brick  flat  building;  cost,  $20,000.  G. 
H.  Greibel,  architect.  107th  street,  near  Madison,  seven  brick  flats; 
cost,  $126,000.  G.  H.  Greibel,  architect.  Blackwell's  Island,  brick 
lunatic  asylum;  cost,  $25,000.  Withers  &  Dickson,  architects.  N 
s  95th  street,  brick  dwelling;  cost  $15,000.  F.  A.  Minnith,  archi- 
tect. 762-766  Broadway,  brick  and  stone  warehouse;  cost,  $65,000. 
Schneider  &  Hester,  architects.  4-6  W.  4th  street,  brick  and 
stone  building;  cost,  $40,000.  R.  S.  Townsend,  architect.  South  5th 
avenue,  near  Bleecker  street,  brick  store  building;  cost,  $45,000. 
Cleverdon  &  Putzel,  architects.  410  W.  48th  street,  brick  and  stone 
flats;  cost,  $20,000.  M.  V.  B.  Ferdon,  architect.  75th  street,  five 
stone  dwellings;  cost,  $125,000.  G.  H.  Budlong,  architect.  gSth 
street,  near  Columbus  avenue,  stone  flat;  cost,  $20,000.  H.  Da- 
vidson, architect.  98th  street,  near  Columbus  avenue,  stone  flat, 
cost,  22,000.  H.  Davidson,  architect.  300  e  loth  avenue,  three 
brick  flats;  cost,  $69,000.- — Boston,  Mass.:  Huntington  avenue, 
near  W.  Chester  park,  brick  club  house;  cost,  $65,000.  L.  Weis- 
hein  and  W.  H.  H.  Jones,  architects.  Bridgeport,  Conn.:  Cor- 
ner North  avenue  and  Parallel  street,  brick  and  stone  dwelling; 
cost,  $60,000.  Murphy  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  architect.  Char- 
lotte, N.  C:  An  auditorium  building;  cost,  $15,000.  A.  C.  Nash 
and  H.  E.  Siter,  architects.  Vine  and  Mulberry  streets,  four  story 
brick  store  and  flat  building;  cost,  $16,000.  G.  &  R.  Brinck,  arch- 
itects. Pittsburg,  Pa.:  The  Pittsburg  Times  Publishing  Com- 
pany will  erect  a  large  building.  F.  J.  Osterling,  architect.  H. 
S.  h..  Stewart  will  erect  twelve  houses  on  Negley  avenue.  Wm. 
H.  Sims,  architect.  F.  J.  Osterling  has  completed  plans  for  the 
new  Westminster  Church  building.  Third  avenue,  seven- 
story  office  and  store  building;  cost,  $149,000.  George  S. 
Orth,  architect.  Third  avenue,  two-story  stone  bank  build- 
ing; cost,  $194,000.  Longfellow,  Alden  &  Harlow,  archi- 
tects. Three  three-story  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $21,000.  Ad- 
dress M.  Winter  &  Bros.  Six  story  brick  building;  cost, 
$25,000.  Address  Geo.  Kappel,  Larimer  avenue,  one-story  brick 
church;  cost,  $47,000.  A.  Druiding,  Chicago,  architect.  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.:  N.  W.  corner  of  Bushwick  and  DeKalb  avenues,  two- 
story  brick  and  stone  church;  cost,  $32,000.  Bradford  L.  Gilbert, 
architect.  Washington  avenue,  near  Gates  avenue,  five-story 
brick  and  stone  flat;  cost,  $18,000.  Henry  Olmsted,  architect. 
Sumpter  street,  near  Saratoga  avenue,  twelve  two-story  frame 
dwellings;  cost,  $30,000.  John  E.  Dwyer,  architect.  Decatur 
street,  near  Patchen  avenue,  five  two-story  brick  dwellings;  cost, 
$15,000.  F.  W.  Ames,  architect.  EUery  street,  near  Marcy  ave- 
nue, four  brick  flats;  cost,  $28,000.    Frank  Holmberg,  architect. 

 Philadelphia,  Pa.:    Ten  dwelling  houses  will  be  erected  at 

Chestnut  Hill.  G.  W.  &  W.  D.  Hewitt,  architects.  Front  and  Ti- 
oga streets,  seventy  dwelling  houses.  Address  Catnach  &  Mur- 
dock.  Green  street,  near  School  lane,  alumni  and  gymnasium 
building  for  the  Germantown  academy.  Address  J.  D.  Caldwell. 
Christian  and  Tenth  streets,  Emmanuello  Italian  Episcopal 
Church.  Frank  R.  Watson,  architect.  S.  E.  corner  of  Carpenter 
and  Tenth  streets,  new  building  for  the  Hebrew  Educational  So- 
ciety.   Woodland  avenue  and  Seventy-first  street,  new  building 


for  the  Odd  Fellows'  Association.  T.  Frank  Miller,  architect. 
Rutledge  street  near  Cambria,  fifty-eight  dwellings.  Address 

James  M.  Fitzsimmons.  Chicago,  111.:    Franklin  and  Whiting 

streets,  four-story  flat  building;  cost,  $10,000.  H.  M.  Hansen, 
architect.  2934  Michigan  avenue,  residence;  cost,  $30,000.  L.  B. 
Dixon,  architect.  Sixty-ninth  street  and  Forrest  avenue,  two-story 
residence;  cost,  $11,000.  W.  G.  Barfield,  architect.  Prairie  ave- 
nue and  Eighteenth  street,  three-story  residence;  cost,  $75,000.  S. 
S.  Beman,  architect.  Carroll  avenue,  near  Sheldon  street,  six- 
story  factory;  cost  $65,000.  H.  B.  Wheelock,  architect.  Western 
avenue,  near  Pleasant  place,  three-story  flat  and  store  building; 
cost,  $100,000.  Perley  Hale,  architect.  412  and  414  Twenty-sev- 
enth street,  three-story  flat  building;  cost,  $12,000.  Simeon  B. 
Eisendrath  &  Co.,  architects.  Rockwell  and  Division  streets, 
three-story  store  and  flat  building;  cost,  $20,000.  J.  V.  Benes,  ar- 
chitect. Noble  street,  four-story  store  and  flat  building;  cost,  $22,- 
000.  Bauer  &  Hill,  architects.  Bradley  street,  two-story  engine 
house.  Bauer  &  Hill,  architects.  Washington  boulevard,  near 
the  park,  two-story  residence:  cost,  $30,000.  Flanders  &  Zimmer- 
man, architects.  The  same  architects  have  plans  for  the  foUow- 
mg  buildings:  Two-story  residence  on  Grand  boulevard,  near 
45th  street;  cost,  $16,000.  A  two-story  flat  building  on  State  street, 
near  27th  street,  and  a  three-story  flat  building  on  45th  street,  near 
Cottage  Grove  avenue.  S.  M.  Randolph  has  plans  for  the  follow- 
mg  buildings:  Two-story  residence  on  Washington  boulevard, 
near  Paulina  street;  cost,  $10,000.  Store  on  Canal  street,  near 
Lake;  cost,  $10,000,  and  a  residence  on  Monroe  street,  near  Ked- 
zie  avenue.  Louis  Martens  has  plans  for  the  following  buildings: 
A  four-story  apartment  house  on  the  corner  of  Twelfth  and  Hull 
streets;  cost,  $75,000.  A  three-story  residence  on  Warren  avenue, 
near  Paulina  street;  cost,  $15,000.  A  four-story  store  and  flat 
building  on  the  corner  of  Belmont  and  Hoyne  avenue;  cost,  $10,- 
000,  and  a  four-story  store  and  apartment  building  on  Ogden  ave- 
nue, near  Randolph  street;  cost,  $25,000.  Leadville,  Col.:  The 

Odd  Fellows  will  erect  a  $17,000  building.  Trinidad,  Col.:  A 

new  Union  depot;  cost,  $50,000.  A  First  National  Bank  building; 
cost,  $100,000.  Cheyenne,  Wyoming:  The  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church  will  erect  a  $25,000  edifice. 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
Fort  Payne,  Ala.:    The  Fort  Payne  Gas  Light  Company  has 
been  organized.    S.  W.  Johnson  is  president  and  S.  D.  Monroe  is 

secretary.  Sanger,  Cal.:    Electric  lights  will  be  constructed. 

 Kansas  City,  Mo.:  Improvements  will  be  made  to  the  electric 

plant  at  this  place.  Trenton,  Mo.:  The  Trenton  Thomson- 
Houston  Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated  here,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $10,000.    Incorporators,  James  Anderson,  Robert 

M.  Cook  and  others.  Millvale,  N.  J.:    This  place  is  to  have  an 

electric  lighting  plant.  Lawrence,  N.  Y.:    The  committee  on 

streets  has  been  authorized  to  contract  for  Jhe  lighting  of  the 
streets  of  that  city,  for  a  period  not  to  exceed  three  years,  begin- 
ning October  i,  1890.  Las  Vegas,  N.  M.:  A  plant  is  to  be  es- 
tablished at  this  place  by  the  Las  Vegas  Electric  Light  Company. 
About  $100,000  will  be  the  outlay.  T.  B.  Catron  will  furnish  de- 
tails. Independence,  Ore.:     The  people  of  this  place  have 

decided  in  favor  of  establishing  an  electric  light  plant.  Amster- 
dam, N.  Y.:    The  people  of  this  place  have  decided  in  favor  of 

electric  lights  and  a  plant  will  be  established  at  once.  Tampa, 

Fla.:  The  Florida  Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated  and 
a  plant  will  be  established.    J.  R.  Ritter  can  furnish  particulars. 

 Tecumseh,  Mich.:  An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  established 

by  the  Tecumseh  Electric  Company,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $50,000. 

 Morrison,  111.:   An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be  established.  

Slator,  Mo.:    Bonds  in  the  sum  of  $7,750  have  been  voted  here  for 

the  purpose  of  establishing  an  electric  lighting  plant.  Albany, 

Ga.:    C.  G.  Barf oot  desires  prices  and  particulars  for  a  central 

equipment  of  a  capacity  of  800  lights.  Greensboro,  N.  C:  The 

Luther  C.  Watkins  corporation  has  been  formed  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $1,000,000,  and  will  erect  electric  light  works.  Pitts- 
field,  Mass.:  The  Pittsfield  Electric  Light  Company  has  been 
organized  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  The  officers  are  Alex- 
ander Kennedy,  president;  W.  A.  Whitlesey,  treasurer,  and  W. 

L.  Adams,  clerk.-  Pittsburg,  Pa.:    The  Burrill  Gas  Company 

has  been  organized.  The  directors  are  Joseph  P.  Coppman,  Wm. 
C.  Stewart,  Robert  L.  Henderson,  John  D.  Boyle  ar.d  Joseph  E. 


156 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


Clark.  Chicago,  111.:  The  Economy  Light  and  Power  Company 

has  been  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  §400,000.  W.  H. 
McSurely,  C.  H.  Briat  and  George  C.  Holmes  are  the  incorporators. 

 Maryville,  Tenn.:    An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  

Plaquemine,La.:  An  electric  light  plant  will  be  erected.  Corwith, 

Miss.:  R.  P.  Bainhill  will  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  Wake- 
field, Mass.:  The  people  of  this  place  have  decided  in  favor  of 
electric  light,  and  a  plant  will  be  established  by  the  Citizens'  Gas 

Co.  Seattle,  Wash.:    The  Seattle  Electric  Light  Company  has 

been  incorporated  and  will  establish  a  plant  to  cost  $500,000.  J. 
H.  McGraw  will  furnish  particulars.  Passaic,  N.  J.:  The  Passaic 
Electric  Light  Company  will  add  two  engines,  125  horse-power 
and  100  horse-power,  80  horbC-power  generator  and  1,300  lights. 

 Lafayette,  Ind.:     The  Lafayette  Electrical  Manufacturing 

Company  has  been  iflcorporated  and  will  expend  $50,000  on  a 

plant.    The  secretary  is  C.  G.  Longyear.  Waycross,  Ga.:  An 

electric  light  plant  and  gas  works  will  be  established  and  operated 
by  the  Satilla  Manufacturing  Company.    For  details,  address  M. 

Albertson.  Batesville,  Ark.:    An  electric  light  plant  is  to  be 

established  by  J.  W.  Hamilton  and  others.  Marysville,  O.: 

This  place  is  to  have  electric  lights.  Millersburg,  O.:  The 

Millersburg  Electric  Light  Company  will  establish  a  plant.  For 

details,  address  P.  B.  Chase,  Secretary,  Mount  Vernon,  O.  

Laredo,  Tex.:    J.  S.  Taylor  will  erect  an  electric  light  plant.  

Paducah,  Ky.:    The  Paducah  Gas  Light  Company  will  erect  an 

electric  light  plant.  Navasota,  Tex.:    An  electric  light  plant 

will  be  erected.    Address  E.  H.  Haner.-  Pinner's  Point,  Va.: 

The  Norfolk  and  Carolina  Railroad  Company  will  erect  an  elec- 
tric light  plant. 

SEWERAGE  NOTES. 

St.  Joseph,  Mo.:  Sewers  will  be  constructed  in  Calhoun  street 
and  Grand  avenue.  Concord,  N.  H.:  $12,000  has  been  appro- 
priated for  sewerage  purposes.  Harriman,  Tenn.:  A  sewerage 

system  will  be  constructed.   Address  M.  M.  Tidd,  of  Boston,  for 

information.  Sulphur  Springs,  Tex.:    A  sewerage  system  will 

be  constructed.  Brockton,  Mass.:    Dr.  E.  A.  Dean  has  been 

appointed  chairman  of  the  sewerage  commission.  La  Salle,  111.: 

F.  W.  Mattison  can  give  information  concerning  the  new  sewer 

system.  Cote  St.  Antoine,  P.  Q.:    A  new  sewerage  system  will 

be  constructed.  San  Antonio,  Tex.:  A  system  of  sewerage  will 

be  constructed.  Ogden,  U.:    The  estimated  cost  of  the  new 

sewerage  system  is  about  $95,000.  Bridgetown,  N.  S.:  A  new 

system  of  sewerage  will  be  constructed.  Mechanicsville,  N.  Y.: 

The  American  Fibre  Pipe  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.    The  trustees  are  John  L.  Brownell, 

Jonathan  Brownell  and  John  C.  Cruickshank,  of  New  York.  

Lowell,  Mass.:  Engineer  Evans  is  making  surveys  for  a  new  sew- 
erage system,  which  will  take  the  sewerage  now  flowing  into  Mid- 
dlesex yard  and  discharge  it  into  the  Merrimack  river.  Mon- 
mouth, 111.:    John  F.  Wallace,  of  Chicago,  will  make  a  survey  for 

the  new  sewerage  system.  Springfield,  Mass.:  The  new  system 

of  flushing-sewers  will  be  extended.  Nashville,  Tenn.:  The 

Board  of  Public  Works  has  decided  to  construct  a  trunk  sewer 

on  the  western  slope  of  the  city,  at  a  cost  of  about  $75,000.  

Knoxville,  Tenn.:   The  Cherokee  Land  Company  will  construct 

a  sewerage  system.    Address  C.  J.  Williams  for  information.  

Galion,  O.:  About  9,000  feet  of  pipe  sewers  will  be  constructed. 
 Grand  Forks,  N.  D.:  A  special  city  election  resulted  in  car- 
rying proposition  for  bonding  the  city  for  sewers  for  $50,000. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

Nangatuck,  Conn.:    A  large  storage  reservoir  will  be  built  soon. 

 Sault  St.  Marie,  Can.:    The  contemplated  canal,  inachinery, 

etc.,  will  cost  $125,000.  Owosso,  Mich.:  W.  R.  Coats,  C.  E.,  has 

plans  for  the  new  water-works.    The  cost  of  the  works  will  be 

$20,000.  Harvard,  111.:    W.  R.  Coats,  C.  E.,  of  Owosso,  Mich., 

can  give  information  concerning  the  water  supply.  Monmouth, 

111.:  An  election  will  be  called  to  decide  the  question  of  extend- 
ing the  water-works  system.    The  estimated  cost  is  $25,000.  

Providence,  R.  I.:  J.  Herbert  Shedd  has  plans  for  repairing  the 
Fruit  Hill  reservoir.  He  estimates  the  cost  at  $75,000.  Win- 
chester, Ky.:    Wheeler  T.  Parks  will  construct  water-works.  

Morgan  town,  N.  C:    A  company  has  been  formed  to  construct 


water-works.  The  cost  wi41  be  $20,000.  Ophelia,  Ala.:  Water- 
works will  be  constructed.  Piedmont  Springs,  Ala.:  Water- 
works will  be  constructed.  Richland,  Va.:  The  Richland  Tube 

Works  has  been  organized,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.    F.  J. 

Kimball,  J.  H.  Dingee  and  H.  S.  Grove  are  interested.  Ocala, 

Fla.:  An  election  will  be  held  on  August  13  to  consider  the  issu- 
ance of  $100,000  in  bonds  to  purchase  the  water-works  of  the  Ocala 
Water  Company.  Knoxville,  Tenn.:  The  Cherokee  Land  Com- 
pany will  construct  water-works.  Address  C.  J.  Williams  for  in- 
formation. Parkersburg,  W.  Va.:    Water-works  will  be  needed 

very  soon.  Address  the  mayor  for  information.  Roxbury,  N.Y.: 

New  water- works  will  be  constructed.  Asheville,  N.  C:  A  sto- 
rage system  will  probably  be  constructed  soon.  Quincy,  111.: 

A  new  5,000,000-gallon  pump  will  be  put  in  at  the  water-works. 
 Sulphur  Springs,  Tex.:  New  water-works  will  be  con- 
structed. Maiden,  Mass.:    A  new  brick  pumping  station  will 

be  erected  at  Spot  Pond.  La  Salle,  111.:    F.  W.  Mathson  can 

give  information  concerning  the  new  water-works.  Chambers- 
burg,  Pa.:   $35,000  has  been  voted  for  a  better  and  purer  water 

supply.  La  Crosse,  Wis.:  Abetter  water  supply  is  badly  needed. 

 Americus,  Ga.:    It  has  been  voted  to  expend  $25,000  on  a 

system  of  water-works.  Dayton,  Wash.:    $55,000  in  bonds  will 

be  issued  for  water-works.  Astoria,  Ore.:    Improvements  will 

be  made  to  the  water-works,  at  a  cost  of  $100,000.  Lincoln, 

Neb.:    The  Lincoln  Water  Company  will  lay  four  miles  of  mains, 

construct  fifty  new  hydrants  and  establish  a  filtering  system.  

Portland,  Ore.:    E.  E.  Miller  can  give  information  concerning  the 

improvements  to  the  water-works   system.^  Cheney,  W^ash.: 

James  Steel  can  give  information  concerning  the  improvements  to 
the  water-works  system.  Chicago,  111.:  The  Harvard  Water- 
Works  Company  has  been  incorporated,  to  construct  and  maintain 
a  system  of  water-works  for  the  town  of  Harvard;  capital  stock, 
$15,000;  incorporators,  Henry  A.  Keith,  Mark  A.  Thompson  and 

James  T.  Hosford.  Austin,  Tex.:    John  Bogart,  of  New  York, 

is  engineer  for  the  new  water-works.  Akron,  O.:    $20,000  will 

be  expended  on  the  new  water-works  system.  Cote  St.  Antoine, 

P.  Q.:  An  election  has  just  been  held  to  decide  the  question  of 
borrowing  money  for  the  construction  of  water-works;  $350,000 

will  be  expended  on  the  new  system.  Portland,  Ore.:    The  Mt. 

Tabor  Light  and  Water  Company  will  construct  water-works  at 

Mount  Tabor.  Shelby ville,  Ky.:  An  election  will  be  held  Aug. 

1 2th  to  decide  the  question  of  water-works.  Frost,  Tex.:  A 

stock  company  has  been  formed  to  construct  water-works.  

Norwalk,  Conn.:    $30,000  will  be  expended  for  water-mains.  

Pulaski,  Va.:  A  water-works  system  is  proposed  for  this  place. 
Information  can  be  had  of  J.  H.  Dingee,  Secretary  Virginia  Invest- 
ment Association,  330  Walnut  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.— ^ — Harri- 
man, Tenn.:  M.  M.  Tidd,  C.  E.,  of  Boston,  has  made  report  on  a 
water-works  system  for  this  place,  which  contemplates  a  pumping 

plant  of  6,000,000  gallons  and  a  reservoir.  Manchester,  N.  H.: 

M.  M.  Tidd,  C.  E.,  of  Boston,  is  making  plans  for  a  high-service 
.=ystem  of  water-works  for  the  city,  involving  pumping  plant  and 

reservoir  and  additional  mains.  Norfolk,  \'a.:    An  extended 

water-works  system  is  proposed  for  this  place.  Information  can 
be  had  of  J.  H.  Dingee,  Secretary  Virginia  Investment  Associa- 
tion, 330  Walnut  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.-  Ceredo,  W.  Va.:  A 

water-works  system  is  proposed  for  this  place.  Information  can 
be  had  of  J.  H.  Dingee,  Secretary  Virginia  Investment  Arsocia- 

tion,  330  Walnut  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Moose  Jaw,  Can.: 

The  town  council  is  raising  money  for  the  new  water-works. — — 
Statesville,  N.  C:  A  unanimous  vote  has  been  given  for  water- 
works. Bar  Harbor,  Me.:   M.  M.  Tidd,  of  Boston,  is  advising 

the  Eden  Water  Company  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  the 

new  wat°r-works  system.  Macon,  Ga.:    The  Georgia  Water 

Company  has  asked  to  increase  its  capital  stock  to  $500,000.  S. 
R.  Jacques,  W.  H.  Ross,  J.  W.  Cabaniss,  H.  S.  Edwards  and  J.  F. 

Hanson  are  the  incorporators.  Gait,  Ont.:  Eighty-six  hydrants 

will  be  constructed. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
Washington,  D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the 
office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Department,  until  2 
o'clock  p.  M.  on  the  12th  day  of  August,  1890,  for  furnishing  all 
labor  and  material  required  for  the  erection  and  completion  of  the 
U.  S.  court-house  and  post-office  building  at  Monroe,  La.  (except 


July  26,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


heating  apparatus),  including  approaches,  outhouses,  etc.,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  drawings  and  specifications,  copies  of  which 
may  be  had  at  this  office  or  at  the  office  of  the  superintendent. 

Address  Jas.   H.  Windrim.  Governor's  Island,   N.   Y.  H.: 

Sealed  proposals,  in  triplicate,  subject  to  usual  conditions,  will  be 
received  here  until  12  o'clock  noon,  August  12,  1890,  and  then 
opened  for  construction  of  one  (i)  double  set  of  officers'  quarters. 
All  information  can  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  undersigned 
The  Government  reserves  the  right  to  reject  any  or  all  bids.  En- 
velopes containing  proposals  should  be  marked  "  Proposals  for 
Construction  of  Building  at  Governor's  Island,  N.  Y.  H.,"  and  ad- 
dressed to  Chas.  H.  Tompkins,  Assistant  Quartermaster  General, 

U.  S.  Army.  Cleveland,  O.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until  July 

31,  for  the  construction  of  certain  sewers.    Address  C.  G.  Force, 

City  Civil  Engineer.  Cambridge,  O.:    Proposals  are  wanted, 

no  date  specified,  for  lighting  the  public  streets,  etc.,  of  this  place 

for  a  term  of  three  years.    Address  James  R.  Barr.  Wheeling, 

W.  Va.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until  August  11,  for  the  erection 
of  a  county  jail  at  this  place.    Address  H.  H.  Pendleton,  Clerk  to 

the  Commissioners  of  Ohio  Co.  West  Troy,  N.  Y.:  Proposals 

are  wanted  until  August  7,  for  furnishing,  etc.,  a  heating  plant  in 
the  Army  Gun  Factory  at  Watervliet  Arsenal.    Address  Lieut. - 

Col.  F.  H.  Parker,  U.  S.  A.  Goshen,  Ind.:    Sealed  proposals 

will  be  received  at  the  office  of  Lew  Wanner,  superintendent, 
until  10  o'clock  a.  m.  August  7,  i8go,  for  one  compound  non-con- 
densing duplex  pump,  capacity  1,500,000  gallons  in  twenty-four 
hours.  Also  heater,  feed  pump,  steam  and  water  connections,  in 
accordance  with  the  specifications  now  on  file,  copies  of  which  can 
be  had  by  applying  to  W.  R.  Ellis.  Jamestown,  N.  Y.:  Pro- 
posals are  wanted  until  August  i,  for  the  erection  of  a  stone 
church.     Address,  for  particulars,   Jerome  Preston,  Chairman 

Building  Committee.  Flushing,  L.  I.:    Proposals  are  wanted 

until  August  I,  for  the  erection  of  a  school  building  at  this  place. 
Address  Frank  A.  Collins,  architect,  Lawrence  street.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  this  office 
until  12  o'clock  m.,  on  Thursday,  July  31,  1890,  for  constructing  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  terra  cotta  pipe  sewers,  brick  sewers  and 
receiving  basins.  Blank  forms  of  proposals  and  specifications 
can  be  obtained  at  this  office  upon  application  therefor,  together 
with  all  necessary  information,  and  only  bids  upon  these  forms 
will  be  considered.  The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  and  all  bids, 
or  parts  of  bids.    J.  W.  Douglass,  L.  G.  Hine,  H.  M.  Robert, 

Commissioners,  D.  C.  Boston,  Mass.:   Sealed  bids  for  building 

sections  8  and  9  of  the  Metropolitan  sewerage  system  (East 
Boston),  and  Sections  C  and  D  (Brighton),  all  in  the  city  of 
Boston,  in  accordance  with  the  form  of  contract  and  specifications 
to  be  furnished  by  the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Sewerage  Commis- 
sioners, will  be  received  by  said  board  at  its  office,  93  Lincoln 

street,  until  12  o'clock  m.  of  Wednesday,  August  13,  1890.  

Cartersville,  Ga.:   W.  M.  Graham  &  Co.  wants  prices  on  a  dynamo 

with  a  capacity  for  from  12  to  16  candle  power  light.  Dennison, 

O.:  W.  H.  Camp,  of  Gainesville,  Ga.,  wants  two  boilers,  two 
steam  pumps,  stand-pipe  and  mains  for  the  water- works  here. 

 Farmingham,  Mass.:    The  Farmingham   Water  Company 

wants  bids  for  laying  over  8,000  feet  of  water  mains.  East 

Aurora,  N.  Y.:    Bids  are  wanted  for  a  Holly  works  system.  

Augustine,  Fla.:    The  W.  Lyon  Company  wants  a  small  dynamo 

for  electric  lighting.  Beatrice,  Neb.:    Plans,  specifications  and 

proposals  are  wanted  to  furnish  2,000,000  gallons  of  water  per  day. 


HAVE  YOU  HAD  YOUR  VACATION? 

If  not,  send  a  postal  card  to  F.  A.  Palmer,  201  Clark  street, 
Chicago,  for  a  copy  of  Wabash  Tourist  Folder,  containing  com- 
plete information  regarding  routes  and  rates  from  Chicago  to  the 
White  Mountams,  Adirondacks,  and  all  Eastern  and  Canadian 
seaside  resorts. 

The  Wabash  Line  now  offers  to  the  public  the  choice  of  two 
through-car  routes  to  the  East:  One  via  the  Wabash  to  Detroit 
and  thence  via  the  famous  Great  Western  Division  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  to  Niagara  Falls;  thence  via  the  West  Shore 
Road  to  New  York,  and  the  West  Shore  and  Fitchburg,  Hoosac 
Tunnel  Route,  to  Boston.  Through  sleepers  from  Chicago  to 
both  points.  The  other  route  is  via  Wabash  to  Detroit,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  from  there  via  Toronto 
and  Montreal.  Through  sleepers  from  Chicago  to  Montreal, 
where  direct  connection  is  made  with  the  through-car  lines  to  all 
principal  New  England  points,  and  with  St  Lawrence  River 
steamers. 

All  trains  leave  from  Dearborn  Station,  Chicago.  Berths  re- 
served in  advance.  For  further  information,  pamphlets,  etc., 
apply  at  City  Office,  201  Clark  street. 


CHICAGO  MASTER  PLUMBERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

The  regular  semi-monthly  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumb- 
ers' Association  was  held  in  Grand  Army  Hall  on  Thursday  evening, 
July  24th.  Owing  to  it  being  a  rainy  evening,  only  a  small  number 
attended  the  meeting.  The  association  was  called  to  order  at  the 
usual  hour  by  the  president,  Mr.  Hugh  Watt.  A.  P'.  Irons,  secre- 
tary of  the  association,  read  the  minutes  of  the  last  meeting,  whic*^ 
were  adopted  and  spread  upon  the  records  of  the  association. 
The  President  stated  that  Mr.  J.  R.  Alcock,  on  account  of  not  feel- 
ing well,_desired  to  read  his  paper  on  the  Denver  Trip  before  the  as- 
sociation took  up  the  regular  order  of  business;  and,  by  consent  of 
the  members,  Mr.  Alcock  read  his  paper  out  of  the  usual  order. 
This  excellent  paper,  which  will  appear  in  full  in  our  next  issue,  was 
well  received  by  the  members  of  the  association,  as  it  contained 
many  jokes  that  were  enjoyed  on  the  trip.  On  motion  of  J.J.  Wade, 
the  paper  was  accepted  by  the  association,  and  a  vote  of  thanks  was 
tendered  the  author  for  his  kind  favor  to  the  Chicago  master  plumb- 
ers. The  regular  order  of  business  was  now  resumed,  and  upon  the 
report  of  the  Sanitary  Committee  through  its  chairman,  J.  J.  Wade, 
M.  L.  Mandable,  of  the  Chicago  Association  of  Master  Plumbers, 
read  the  regular  paper  of  the  evening,  on  the  subject,  "  In  What 
Relation  Should  the  Intelligent,  Trustworthy  Plumber  Stand  Toward 
His  Client?"  This  paper,  which  will  appear  in  the  next  issue  of 
The  Sanitary  News,  was  well  written,  and  brought  out  many 
new  points  concerning  the  duty  of  the  plumber  toward  his  patrons. 
On  the  motion  of  J.  J.  Wade,  the  paper  was  accepted,  and  a  vote  of 
thanks  was  given  to  Mr.  Mandable  for  his  splendid  production. 

Among  the  committees  to  report,  Mr.  Robert  Griffith,  chairman 
of  the  Warehouse  Committee,  gave  a  short  report.  Mr.  Griffith 
stated  at  the  beginning  of  his  remarks  that  he  had  no  special  report 
to  make,  and  he  merely  made  an  extemporaneous  speech  on  the 
standing  of  the  Warehouse  Committee.  Under  new  business,  the 
treasurer  informed  the  association  that  the  organization  had  been 
presented  with  two  checks  by  Robert  Griffith,  one  calling  for  $75 
and  the  other  for  $330.53.  On  a  motion  by  Mr.  Sanders  and  a  sec- 
ond by  Mr.  Hamblin,  the  association  adjourned. 

After  the  adjournment,  Mr.  Whiteford  distributed  among  the 
boys  the  pictures  which  were  taken  on  the  Denver  trip. 


The  Paris  Academy  of  Medicine  has  voted  to  offer  a  prize  of 
1,000  francs  for  the  best  essaj'  on  hygiene  of  infancy.  It  is  open  to 
all  comers  and  will  be  awarded  in  March,  1891. 


The  perfection  of  ventilation  is  now  attained  by  electricity.  The 
new  United  States  man-of-war  Baltimore  is  supplied  with  an  elec- 
trical ventilator  which  will  change  the  atmosphere  of  the  engine 
room  completelv  in  two  minutes. 


The  C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  (Big  Four  Route)  is  the  best  line  to 
Chattanooga,  Atlanta,  Savannah,  Charleston,  Jacksonville,  St. 
Augustine,  Thomasville,  Pensacola,  Mobile,  New  Orleans,  Phila- 
delphia, Baltimore,  Washington,  Richmond,  Va.,  Newport  News, 
Old  Point  Comfort  and  all  points  East  and  South.  Elegant  din- 
ing car  service  on  all  through  trains.  Steam  heat,  gas  light  and 
no  transfers. 


THE  GREAT  MONON  ROUTE. 

The  magnificent  trains  of  Pullman's  Perfected  Safety  Vesti- 
buled  Cars  run  over  the  Monon  Route  every  day  in  the  year  from 
Chicago  to  Indianapolis,  Cincinnati  and  Louisville.  Passengers 
are  not  bothered  with  transfers,  and  direct  connection  is  made 
with  all  roads  running  south.  This  is  the  only  road  running  direct 
to  the  healing  waters  of  West  Baden  and  French  Lick  Springs, 
in  Orange  County,  Indiana. 


CATARRH. 

CATARRHAL  DEAFNESS. — HAY  FEVER.— A  NEW  HOME 
TREATMENT. 

Sufferers  are  not  generally  aware  that  these  diseases  are  con- 
tagious, or  that  they  are  due  to  the  presence  of  living  parasites  in 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eustachian  tubes.  Micro- 
scopic research,  however,  has  proved  this  to  be  a  fact,  and  the 
result  of  this  discovery  is  that  a  simple  remedy  has  been  form- 
ulated whereby  catarrh,  catarrhal  deafness  and  hay  fever  are 
permanently  cured  in  from  one  to  three  simple  applications  made 
at  home  by  the  patient  once  in  two  weeks. 

N.  B. — This  treatment  is  not  a  snuff  or  an  ointment;  both  have 
been  discarded  by  reputable  physicians  as  injurous.  A  pamphlet 
explaining  this  new  treatment  is  sent  free  on  receipt  of  stamp  to 
pay  postage,  by  A.  H.  Dixon  &  Son,  337  and  339  West  King  street, 
Toronto,  Canada. — Christian  Advocate. 

Sufferers  from  catarrhal  troubles  should  carefully  read  the 
above. 


VI 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  338 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 
of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hundred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 

TO  THE  SEASHORE 

AND  THE  EASTERN  SUMMER    RESORTS    ON    THE    FINEST  TRAIN 
IN  THE  WORLD. 

The  great  popularity  of  the  "  Seaside  and  White  Mountain 
Special "  was  further  shown  Wednesday  last,  when  this  magnifi- 
cent train  pulled  out  of  Dearborn  Station,  Chicago,  with  all  the 
accommodation  thereon  occupied  by  the  best  class  of  summer 
tourist  travelers. 

The  next  train  leaves  Chicago  at  5  p.  m.,  Wednesday.  Pas- 


sengers for  Niagara  Falls,  the  Thousand  Islands,  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  the  White  Mountains,  Portland,  Me.,  and  all  the  seaside 
resorts  of  the  North  Atlantic  coast,  going  East,  should  secure  ac- 
commodations early.  The  train  leaves  Chicago  every  Wednes- 
day at  5  p.  M.  during  the  tourist  season.  Make  application  to  E. 
H.  Hughes,  General  Western  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago  &  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  No.  103  South  Clark  street,  Chicago,  111. 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  1:00  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  subscribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  pay- 
ment of  $2  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  H.,  88fi  Dudley  street. 

The  Whittalier  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Wm.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Anderson,  M.,  69  Thirty-Fifth  street. 
Bahcock  Plumbing  Co. J  4451  State  street. 
Baggot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Blake,  John,  1348  State  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  43  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  73  W.  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  B33  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brooks,  C.  J.,  512  Ogden  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Biu  cn  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  *  CuUoton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

Ilickey.  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Kelly,  Thomas  &  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  713  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twenty-Second  street. 

Murray,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 

Nacey,  P.,  339  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  .38  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Joseph  ,1»  Bro.,  517  \V.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  II.,  208  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders,  P.  &  Son.  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T..  145  Michigan  street. 

Sullivan,  John,  .37  .Siegel  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  I.,  112  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  .t  Weppner,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whitcford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Win.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzert  A-  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street.  

HELP  WANTED.  

)UR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLr  INVITED 
to  use  t/iis  column  ■when  in  need  of  help  in  any  of  the 
profexsioiis,  trades  or  businesses  to  -which  this  jonrnnl 
is  devoted.  Such  advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  o/TiiE  S.XNITARV 
Nbws,  88  and 90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago.  

WANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 
Address,  "  F.,"  The  Sanitary  News.  

WANTED.  —  A  TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 
Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Wm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.   


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
alions  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
to  which  tins  Journal  is  devoted  arc  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  con  be  sent  in  cure  of  'l  iiE  SANITARY 
.News,  88  niid  90  Ln  .'^alle  Street,  Cliicago. 

Qi  rUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGMLY 

competent  heating  engineer.     Can   do  anything 


from  soliciting  to  practically  cl<)ing  work 
object.    Address,  "II.  E.," 


Location  no 
Till!  Sanitary  News. 


SITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  YOUN(;  MAN, 
20  years  of  age,  as  salesman  for  a  wholesale  plumb- 
ing house,  or  to  sell  some  specialty  in  the  plumbing  line. 
Has  had  four  years  experience  with  plumbing  goods. 
Address  "  .Sales,"  care  The  .Sanitary  News. 


SITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  m'STLKR,  22 
years  of  age,  six  years'  experience  in  the  Plumbing, 
Gas  and  Steam  Supply  business,  as  city  solicitor  for 
some  Al  Supply  house.  Would  lake  position  in  house 
for  a  while  to  show  that  I  am  well  qualified.  Address, 
"C.  A.  C,"  care  of  Tun  Sanitary  News.  


SITUATION   WANTED.  — AS    A  SALESMAN 
by  a  young  man  who  has  had  ten  years'  experience 
with  one  of  the  largest  plumbing  supply  houses  in  the 
West.    Best  of  references  furnished.    Address,  " 
F.  K."  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


SITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  FIRST  CLASS 
plumber  in  some  Western  city.  Address,  "Tiffany," 
care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


OITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 

^  collector  for  some  plumbing  house.  Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.  Address  "L,"  The 
Sanitary  News. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES, 


UOR  SALE. -ONE  10-HORSE  VERTICAL 
^  Steam  Boiler;  complete.  One  9  ft.  x  3  ft.  Wilks 
Hot  Water  Boiler,  with  105  ft.  1  in.  brass  beating  coil 
inside.  Been  used  30  days  only.  Apply  to  R.  P.  Pro. 
basco,  3»  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  III.   


■pOR  SALE.— A    PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.     Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "Stock,"  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


rjENBY  ROBERT  ALLEN.  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  50  Finsbury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Road,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  References.  Loudon  agent 
for  The  Sanitart  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Chicago,  ill.,  U.  S.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitabt 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 
Mem.  Am.  8oc.  C.  E.,  M.  Inst.  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Constmc- 
tion  Superintended. 


GEO-  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M-  Inst  C  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIvTaN  A.  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  B.  I. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  the  Laying  out  of  Towns- 


QAML.  G.  ARTIAUSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 
"lans  and  estimates  for  Water  SuDoly,  Sewerage^ 

to  Building, 


Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municiptd  Works.  28  Rialt 


Chicaso. 


UTM.  PAUL   GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  Mouse  Inspection,"  etc.. 
oilers  advice  and  8uperint(>ndence  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Phinibing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  part  icularly  desired.  Corres- 
pondence solicited  39  Union  Square,  West,  New 
York  City^  


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


J-^AVID   WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 


ber  and  (ias-litter.  Sanit.iry  plumbin 
•Xl-i  W.  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. 


a  specialty. 


p  HA  R  VEY,  SCI  EN  TIFIC  A  NO  PR  A  CT/CA  L 
•    Plumber,  640  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mich- 
igan and  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.    Residence,  3629 
Dearborn  Street. 


Magnetic  Building  Co.,  1  8  sty  brk,  addl,  116x 

46,  192.VT2,  ;9-8fl  Adams  st,  191-207  Dearborn 

st;  a,  Holabird  &  Roch  $  350,000 

J.  Cook,  4  4  sty  and  bst  brk  ilts,  78x76,  131-137 

W.  Erie  st;  a,  J.  F.  &  J.  P.  Doerr   25,000 

Bemis  &  Curtis  Malting  Co.,  4  sty  and  bst  brk 

malt  hse,  100x125,  Bliss,  Hickory  and  Cherry 

sis;  a,  S.  Linderoth   48,000 

F.  J .  Denies,  4  4  sty  and  eel  brk  str  and  fits, 

100x92,748-56  W.  Chicago  ave;  a,  Bettinghofer  35,000 
George  Brandt,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  28x77, 

1314  Michigan  ave;  a,  Burnham  &  Root   20,000 

Drake,  Parker  &  Co.,  1  and  2  sty  brk  addl,  260x 

145,  Grand  Pacific  Hotel; a, W.  W.  Boyington  30,000 
Robt.  J.  Walsh,  2  sty  and  bst  brk  str  and  ware- 

hse,  70x120,  1,  .3,  5  Emma  st;  a.  C.  Nelson.. .  10,000 
Lowther's  Hall,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  strs,  offices 

and  hall,  70x94,  2-6  Colorado  ave   60,000 

Jacob  Kramer,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  Hts,  27x72,  756 

Washington  boul:  a,  George  Greussing. . ..  10,000 
Charles  W.  Partridge,  1  sty  l>rk  addl,  90x105, 

llS-24  State  st;  a,  J.  J-  Egan   10,000 

George  H.  Bliss,  2  3  and  2  sty  and  bst  brk 

dwllg,  64x33x40,  51x32x30,  4536-40  Lake  ave; 

.a,  W.  H.  Drake   12,000 

W.  E.  Palmer,  4  IJ^  sty  and  bst  frme  cottge, 

20x40,  St.  Lawrence  and  68th  sts   10,000 

Andrew  J.  Toolen,  2  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg, 

40x56,  79-81  44th  st   10,000 

A.  R.  Beck,  3  sty  and  attic  brk  planing  mill, 

68.X97,  Harbor  and  92d  sts;  a,  F.  Deithalen. ..  12,000 
Iroquois  Furnace  Co.,  1  stv  and  bst  brk  and  iron 

engine  hse,  85x64x45x43",  200xlti5x  123x70,  32x 

24xl8x  36,  95th  and  Calumet  River   100,000 

J.  L.  Swan,  5  2  sty  brk  dwllgs,  21x40,  Peoria 

and  56th  st   12,000 

Ed.  W.  Lee,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

25x60,  535  W.  Van  Burcn  st;  a,  I.  II.  Morn.  5,.500 

P.J.  Killeen,  3  sty  brk  fits,  22x57,"  !H)1  Park  ave  6,000 
Agner  Bros.,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  22x55, 

1250  Washington  boul;  a,  C.  A.  AVcarv   7,000 

Chas.  Jessen,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  tits,  20x50,178 

N.  Mav  st;  a,  (5.  Isaacson   7,000 

August  Gabriel,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  fits.  22x54,  226 

Larrabeest;  a,  N.  Kronenburger   5,000 

Joseph  O.  Stroske,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x64, 

994  Springer  ave   5,000 

\"ictor  Falkenar,  1  sty  brk  addl,  40x115,  174-76 

S.  State  st   8,000 

Jno.  Monighan,  1  sty  brk  machine  shop,  50x124, 

819  Carroll  ave;  a,  C.  Kolfocd   5,000 

Jos.  Masch,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  str  and  fits,  25x80, 

569  W.  I9th  st   6,000> 

Andrew  Tries,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x?2,  ;»8 

N.  Robev  st;  a,"Luetkcn      Thisslen   5,000 

Wm.  Stark",  4  sty  and  bst  brk  strs  and  fits,  28x.56, 

108  Wells  st;  a,  Bargerburk  *  Roster   7,500 

Chas.  Kraats,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  Hts,  23x75,  428 

N.  Robey  st;  a,  H,  Clay   6,000 

V.  Chawrkal.  4  stv  and  eel  brk  strs  and  fits, 

24x64,  6.52  W.  12th  st;  a,  Buehl  *  Gommlick  . .  5,500 
Jno.  Schwver.  3  stv  and  bst  brk  addl,  41x58, 

609-n  W.  12ih  st;  a.  H.  Hildinger   6,500 

Mrs.  S.  J.  Grubbs,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  Hts,  20.\60, 

378  Bissell  st   6,000 

E.  F.  Dodson,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  22x70,  268 

Racine  ave;  a,  T.  W.  Thomsen   7,500 

A.  B.  Wail.  2  stv  and  bst  brk  fits,  24x81,  85 

Fowler  st;  a,  W.  Ohlhabcr   8,000 

Andrew  Weingar,  2  2  sty  and  bst  brk  tits,  42x65, 

422-21  S.  Paulina  st   7,500 

Daniel  J.  Riordan,  1  sty  bidg,  64x150,  Wabash 

and  41st  st   6,0(») 

Louis  Lange,  3  sly  and  bst  frme  dwllg,  25x42, 

925  Goodwin  st   5,0a) 

D.  E.  Hartwell,  2  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  33x46, 

4624  Emerald  ave;  a,  Bcman  iV:  Parnienler   6,000 


THE  "GORTON"  BOILER. 

"Perfection  in  Modern  House  Heating." 

Automatic,  Self-Feeding,  Wrougtit-lron,  Tubular,  and  Sectional. 

T  he  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  he  as  easily  tilled 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Hundreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfaction. 
Our  new  book  on  Modern  I  louse. Heating,  furnished  on  ap|>licalion. 


IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!  THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 

GORTON  &  LIDGERWOOD  CO., 

34  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 
96  Liberty  St.,  NEW  YORK.  197-203  Congress  SI  ,  BOSTON. 


August  2,  1890.] 


157 


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CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  ----------157 

Sanitation  in  Relation  to  Business           -----  157 

New  York  Trade  Schools  158 

In  What  Relation  Should  the  Intelligent  Trustworthy  Plumber  Stand 

Toward  His  Client  in  the  Selection  of  Sanitary  Appliances  158 

The  American  Trade  Press  Association       -         -         _         _         _  159 

A  Few  Simple  Suggestions  as  to  Water  and  Water  Supplies         -  159 

Suburban  Architecture             _______  igi 

The  Trip  to  Denver  and  the  Convention           -         -         _         -  162 

A  Study  of  the  Hygienic  Condition  of  our  Streets           _         _         _  163 

Among  the  Plumbers         -------  165 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done        -----  166 

Heating  and  Lighting         ______  137 

Sewerage  Notes   -------         -  167 

Water  Works  Notes           _         l         _         _         _         _  167 

Bids  and  Contracts         -         --         --  --168 


The  people  should  give  a  united  support  to  the  Smoke  In- 
spector in  his  efforts  to  remove  the  smoke  nuisance.  A  good 
work  has  already  been  done,  and  a  marked  improvement  is  the 
result.  There  are  of  course  those  who  oppose  the  work  from 
selfish  motives,  but  the  inspector  should  receive  public  support 
regardless  of  these  protests.  It  is  a  sorry  reflection  that  one  of 
our  evening  papers,  which  should  set  a  good  example  in  obeying 
the  law,  should  be  among  the  first  to  be  brought  into  court  for  its 
violations;  but  probably  said  paper  had  not  yet  heard  of  the  law 
or  smoke  nuisance. 

From  a  letter  from  a  plumber  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  we  extract 
the  following: 

"  It  may  interest  some  of  your  readers  to  know  that  while  there 
is  a  faw  to  regulate  the  plumbing  and  sewage  of  the  city  of  Colum- 


bus, the  plumbers  have  received  no  benefit  from  it  as  yet,  for  the 
B.  P.  W.  can  find  no  politician  with  the  necessary  knowledge  to 
fill  the  position  of  Building  Inspector.  Therefore  we  have  no 
plumbing  inspectors  and  hundreds  of  jobs  are  being  put  in  by  the 
class  of  men  known  as  jerry  jjlumbers,  of  which  class  we  have  a 
large  per  cent.  The  reputable  plumbers  can  hardly  get  any  con- 
tract work  at  a  fair  profit,  and  almost  every  week  some  new  firm 
of  jerry  plumbers  receives  a  license  to  put  in  more  of  the  same 
class  of  work  which  has  given  the  plumber  his  unsavory  reputa- 
tion as  a  '  thief  and  robber.'  " 

We  publish  the  above,  as  we  have  other  extracts  of  a  like 
character  as  evidence  of  a  fact  which  The  Sanitary  News  has 
long  held  forth,  and  that  is,  the  reputable  plumbers  of  this  coun- 
try are  urging  for  good  cause  a  much  needed  reform  in  the 
practice  of  letting  plumbing  work.  Despite  all  that  some  may 
say,  there  has  been  a  marked  progress  in  this  direction  within  the 
last  few  years,  and  for  this  progress  the  public  have  the  plumbers 
themselves  to  thank.  That  the  reform  is  not  complete  is  no  won- 
der when  we  find  such  instances  as  our  correspondent  cites  at 
Columbus.  Here  we  find  a  law  enacted  to  regulate  plumbing, 
and  yet,  for  political  reasons,  no  arrangements  are  made  for  carry- 
ing that  law  into  effect.  If  all  the  danger  to  health  arising  from 
the  jerry  work  permitted  by  the  authorities,  could  be  turned 
against  authorities  only,  there  would  not  be  great  reasons  to  ob- 
ject to  their  criminal  neglect  in  the  matter  of  plumbing  inspec- 
tion. If  the  poisons  entering  the  private  homes  through  all  this 
skin  work,  could  be  turned  on  the  "jerry"  authorities  and  "  skin  '■ 
politicians,  the  evil  of  such  plumbing  might  be  borne  for  a  few 
months.  At  the  end  of  that  time  there  might  be  room  for  better 
politicians  and  municipal  authorities  whose  regard  for  public 
health  would  be  more  highly  developed.  The  people  cry  out 
against  bad  plumbing  and  yet  they  themselves  are  largely  re- 
sponsible for  it.  The  history  of  the  plumbing  fraternity  of  late 
years  shows  the  reputable  plumbers  are  in  favor  of  good  work, 
and  have  done  more  to  perfect  plumbing  work  than  all  else  com- 
bined. The  public  employ  and  encourage  the  jerry  plumber  to  the 
great  detriment  of  honest,  efficient  plumbing.  If  the  public  and 
city  officials  would  co-operate  with  the  plumbing  fraternity  in  its 
efforts  to  provide  only  first-class,  honest  work,  the  jerry  plumber 
would  soon  find  himself  without  an  occupation. 


May  we  ask  again,  how  shall  the  jerry  plumber  be  eliminated  ? 


SANITATION  IN  RELATION  TO  BUSINESS. 

In  every  community  there  is,  aside  from  all  others,  a  business 
interest.  Where  there  is  no  business,  no  commercial  activity,  and 
no  effort  to  produce  something,  there  can  be  no  prosperity  and  no 
happiness.  People  must  live,  and  in  order  to  do  so  they  must 
have  that  on  which  to  subsist.  To  enjoy  more  than  a  simple 
existence,  more  must  be  had  to  enjoy.  None  of  these  things  pro- 
duce themselves,  but  must  be  secured  by  some  endeavor.  This 
endeavor  will  be  commensurate  with  the  ability  to  do  and  the 
doing. 

A  community  is  the  aggregate  of  individual  units — a  multiplica- 
tion of  the  individual.  The  aggregate  of  business  prosperity 
is  the  sum  of  individual  industry  and  productiveness.  A  com- 
munity can  be  no  more  than  its  individual  members.  Its  char- 
acter and  collective  energy  is  the  whole  of  its  individual  parts. 
A  race  is  savage  because  its  members  are.  An  army  is  strong 
because  its  individual  soldier  is.  A  ship  is  durable  because  of 
the  durability  of  its  component  parts.  The  character  of  every- 
thing depends  on  that  of  the  parts  of  which  it  is  composed.  So, 
the  business  prosperity  of  a  community  depends  on  that  of  the 
individuals  composing  it.  But  on  what  does  the  prosperity  of  the 
individual  depend?  Everything  else  being  equal  it  depends  on 
his  physical  ability  to  render  some  service,  his  ability  to  do  some- 
thing, his  health.  Consider  the  individual  case.  Other  things 
equal,  his  prosperity  depends  on  his  physical  capacity  for  work. 
Render  him  physically  incapacitated  and  his  personal  means  for 
gaining  a  livelihood  cease.  Make  him  strong  and  healthful,  and 
he  has  the  elements  to  attain  prosperity.  What  is  true  of  the  in- 
dividual is  true  of  a  collection  of  individuals,  and,  hence,  the 
prosperity  of  a  community  depends  on  its  healthfulness. 

Health  has  a  money  value  outside  of  every  other  considera- 
tion, and  those  interested  in  the  industrial  and  business  progress 


158 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


of  a  community  cannot  ignore  the  important  element  of  health 
and  attain  the  highest  prosperity.  Notwithstanding  this  fact  we 
must  confess  to  a  lack  of  interest  in  the  preservation  and  promo- 
tion of  health  on  the  part  of  that  portion  of  a  community  gener- 
ally designated  as  "  our  leading  business  men."  These  "leading 
business  men  "  seem  not  to  recognize  the  importance  of  health  as 
an  element  of  great  value  in  the  business  progress  of  a  com- 
munity. They  give  that  over  to  municipal  machinery,  which  too 
often  is  run  by  political  motors  in  the  interest  of  party  ascendency. 
It  would  seem  unreasonable  that  business  men,  interested  in  the 
means  of  developing  industrial  progress,  would  neglect  so  im- 
portant a  factor  as  health,  but  they  do.  It  probably  results  from 
a  lack  of  proper  realization  of  the  value  of  this  element,  or  an 
ability  to  see  wealth,  or  the  means  of  producing  it,  as  only  tangible 
objects.  To  such  an  extent  is  this  true  that  we  often  see  our 
business  men  opposing  schemes  for  the  promotion  of  the  general 
health  on  account  of  their  cost,  and  too  often  prove  themselves 
unfriendly  to  health  boards,  building  inspectors,  inspectors  of 
plumbing,  smoke  inspectors  and  the  like  offices  maintained  for  the 
promotion  of  health.  Of  so  much  importance  is  the  factor  of 
health  in  the  general  progress  of  industrial  and  business  interests, 
that  the  most  cordial  co-operation  should  enlist  itself  in  support 
of  health  ordinances  and  agencies  designed  for  its  promotion. 
This  liberal  spirit  should  be  so  thoroughly  and  actively  operative 
as  to  set  the  bounds  of  political  influence  and  interference  to  the 
extent  of  establishing  independent  and  unhampered  administra- 
tion of  health  laws. 

The  progress  of  a  community  depends  on  the  individual  units 
of  progressive  force.  These  units  in  this  instance  are  human  be- 
ings who  can  be  weakened  by  insalutary  surroundings,  or  strength- 
ened by  proper  sanitary  conditions.  It  is  the  office  of  sanitary 
science  to  preserve  and  promote  health.  It  has  its  agencies 
through  which  it  operates  to  this  end.  It  asks  at  the  hands  of  the 
state  and  city  laws  and  ordinances  by  which  officers  may  be 
selected  to  enforce  the  observance  of  hygienic  laws.  The  efficacy 
of  these  depends  largely  on  public  support  and  the  co-operation 
of  all  citizens.  The  business  interest  of  every  community  should 
enlist  itself  in  this  cause,  and  lend  its  support  as  a  profitable  in- 
vestment. Sickness  is  not  only  a  cost  to  be  borne,  but,  by  lessen- 
ing the  power  of  production,  it  retards  business  progress.  As  a 
business  proposition  the  healthfulness  of  a  community  is  worthy 
of  the  deepest  consideration. 

NEW  YORK  TRADE  SCHOOLS. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  the  catalogue  of  the  New  York  Trade 
Schools,  with  which  the  name  of  Colonel  Auchmuty  is  so  widely 
associated  and  well  known.  These  schools  give  training  in  the 
departments  of  bricklaying,  plastering,  plumbing,  carpentry, 
house  and  sign  painting,  fiesco  painting,  blacksmi thing,  stone- 
cutting  and  tailoring.  The  tenth  season  opens  the  22d  of  next 
October,  and,  judging  from  the  past,  a  good  attendance  will  be 
present.  A  review,  as  illustrated,  of  last  year's  work  in  each  of 
these  departments  makes  a  cordial  recommendation  of  these 
schools  not  only  a  pleasure,  but  a  duty,  and  we  regret  that  we 
have  not  more  space  to  devote  to  the  different  departments. 

The  department  of  plumbing,  in  which  a  great  portion  of  our 
readers  are  interested,  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  trade-school 
committee  of  the  New  York  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  and 
consists  of  evening  and  day  classes.  The  manual  instruction 
embraces  the  following:  i,  lead  seams;  2,  overcast  joints;  3, 
cup  joints;  4,  S  traps;  5,  horizontal  wipe  joints;  6,  horizontal 
branch  joints;  7,  upright  wipe  joints,  and  joints  on  pipe  placed  at 
various  angles;  8,  upright  branch  joints;  g,  wiping  on  stop-cock; 
10,  wiping  a  flange  on  a  two-inch  pipe;  11,  wiping  a  ferule;  12, 
caulking;  13,  putting  an  overflow  pipe  in  a  safe  waste.  At  the 
conclusion  of  this  course,  miscellaneous  and  fancy  work,  sand 
bends,  etc. 

The  scientific  instruction  will  be  upon  the  proper  arrangement 
of  service  and  waste  pipes,  and  ujjon  drainage  and  ventilation,  as 
follows:  I,  soil  and  drain  pipes;  2,  trapping  and  ventilation  of  soil 
and  drain  pipes;  3,  supply  pipes;  4,  boilers;  5,  tanks;  6,  fixtures; 
7,  trapping  and  ventilation  of  fixtures;  8,  mistakes  in  plumbing; 
g,  pumps. 

Instruction  in  other  departments  is  as  thorough  as  the  above, 
and  will  prove  of  great  value  to  the  pupils.    Trade  schools  have 


passed  the  experimental  age,  and  these  schools,  now  entering  on 
the  tenth  season,  have  been  arranged,  through  experience  and 
actual  practice,  to  meet  the  wants  of  pupils  in  the  various  depart- 
ments. 

IN  WHAT  RELATION  SHOULD  THE  INTELLIGENT, 
TRUSTWORTHY  PLUMBER  STAND  TOWARD  HIS 
CLIENT  IN  THE  SELECTION  OF  SANITARY  APPLI- 
ANCES?* 

Mr.  President  and  Members  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plmnbers  As- 
sociation : 

It  was  with  considerable  hesitancy  that  I  accepted  the  position 
assigned  me  by  the  chairman  of  the  Sanitary  Committee,  Mr. 
Wade,  as  one  of  his  colleagues,  to  assist  in  the  work  of  the  com- 
mittee for  1890,  for  the  advancement  of  ideas  for  the  best  interests 
of  those  in  the  trade.  I  felt  that  I  was  incapable  of  doing  justice 
to  the  position,  and  that  older  members  could  accomplish  the 
work  with  greater  satisfaction  to  the  association.  The  work  allot- 
ted me  requires  years  of  experience  as  a  master  plumber;  how- 
ever, I  believe  that  it  is  incumbent  upon  every  one  to  do  his  share 
of  committee  work,  and  if  he  does  not  intend  to  do  it,  he  should 
not  accept  the  honor.  Committee  work  is  a  feature  of  all  organ- 
izations which  is  worthy  of  more  attention  than  it  receives,  espe- 
cially in  our  own,  as  its  prosperity  depends  upon  the  activity  of 
the  members  and  the  care  and  attention  they  give  to  the  perform- 
ance of  the  tasks  required  of  them. 

The  subject  assigned  me  for  this  evening  is:  "  In  What  Rela- 
tion Should  the  Intelligent,  Trustworthy  Plumber  Stand  Toward 
His  Client  in  the  Selection  of  Sanitary  Appliances?" 

The  plumber  of  to-day  should  stand  in  the  same  relation  with 
his  client  as  the  family  doctor  does  with  his  patient,  as  an  adviser. 
He  should  first  inquire,  when  consulted  about  undertaking  the 
plumbing  of  a  house,  what  kind  of  a  structure  his  client  is  going 
to  erect,  about  the  amount  of  money  he  proposes  to  expend  in 
building  a  home  for  himself  and  family.  After  the  information 
has  thus  been  obtained,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  plumber  to  advise  his 
client  of  what  he  considers  best  for  him  to  do,  and  which  he  thinks 
best  for  him  to  use  in  the  line  of  sanitary  appliances.  This  may 
prove  a  very  difficult  task,  and  it  requires  considerable  experi- 
ence. The  plumber  of  to-day  is  not  what  he  was  twenty  years 
ago.  His  surroundings  are  changed,  and  the  trade  has  changed. 
At  that  time  they  all  had  the  same  ideas  as  to  which  was  the  best 
closet;  now  they  have  at  least  fifty  or  more  to  select  from,  and 
they  all  seem  to  do  the  work  for  which  they  are  intended.  There- 
fore, I  think  the  plumber  should  use  great  care  in  advising  what 
goods  to  select.  He  should  not  let  his  prejudice  against  any  firm, 
which  for  some  reason  or  other  may  have  fastened  itself  in  his 
mind,  enter  into  the  transaction  at  all.  He  should  by  all  means 
advise  his  client  to  buy  the  best  that  money  can  get,  as  it  is  the 
cheapest  by  far  in  the  end. 

And  now  I  come  to  a  feature  of  the  business  which  some  of 
you  may  be  inclined  to  slight,  and  think  of  no  real  value  to  the 
business.  Every  master  plumbgr  should  have  his  own  show- 
room, with  a  complete  line  of  his  favorite  fixtures  set  up  all  com- 
plete and  under  water,  so  that  he  will  be  able  to  show  his  client 
the  advantages  claimed  for  the  various  designs  to  be  correct. 

As  it  is  to-day,  the  plumber  is  null  and  void  three  times  out  of 
five,  as  the  manufacturer  is  standing  in  the  plumber's  place.  The 
manufacturer  goes  to  great  expense  in  fitting  up  a  grand  show- 
room, pays  big  rent  and  employs  expensive  clerks — who,  by  the 
way,  deserve  great  credit  for  the  able  manner  in  which  they  dis- 
play themselves  when  your  client  happens  to  fall  into  your  hands. 
Seldom  do  they  lose  their  sale,  for  they  have  got  just  what  the 
plumber  sliould  have — their  own  specialties  to  show  the  public. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  expressing  myself  malic- 
iously toward  any  of  our  manufacturers  while  on  this  subject,  but 
I  do  feel  as  though  the  plumber  of  to-day  should  endeavor  to 
|)ractice  the  good  example  which  the  manufacturer  and  jobber 
have  placed  before  us.  We  can  readily  see  how  easy  it  is  to  make 
a  sale  when  we  have  the  goods  to  show.  The  plumber  should 
liavc  his  goods  to  exhibit  just  the  same  as  any  other  retail  mer- 
chant has  his  goods,  and  I  feel  that  we  are  coming  more  and  more 

*  Paper  prepared  by  the  direction  of  the  Sanitary  Committee,  and  read  before 
the  Chicafjo  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  July  '-!4, 181I0,  by  Matthew  L.  Mnndabic, 
member  of  the  Chicago  Association,  • 


August  2,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


to  this  feature  of  the  business  every  year.  We  have  good  exam- 
ples of  a  dozen  or  more  of  our  members  who  are  awaking  to  the 
fact  that  it  is  a  good  thing  to  have  a  show-room  fitted  up  with  a 
nice  line  of  sanitary  goods.  It  is  highly  necessary  at  the  present 
time  for  the  plumber  to  stop  and  consider  what  position  he  occu- 
pies with  his  patrons  and  the  public.  A  great  many  times  he  is 
ignored  altogether,  and  often  he  is  not  considered  the  proper  per- 
son to  consult  concerning  the  class  of  fixtures  to  be  used.  This 
should  not  be  the  case.  The  plumber  should  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  plumbing  is  the  most  important  work  that  is  put  into 
a  building,  and  he  should  endeavor  to  influence  his  client  in  the 
matter  of  the  selection  of  the  best  material.  He  should  not  be 
afraid  to  tell  his  client  that  certain  goods  which  he  is  about  to  put 
in  are  not  what  he  ought  to  have,  that  they  are  not  the  best  fix- 
tures, and  try  and  have  him  get  nothing  but  the  best,  so  far  as  it 
lies  in  his  power. 

The  curse  of  the  plumber  to-day  is  the  cheap,  shoddy  goods, 
a  big  discount  as  their  only  recommendation,  which  supply  deal- 
ers endeavor  to  foist  upon  the  trade,  the  use  of  which  should  not 
be  permitted;  but  as  long  as  they  can  find  buyers  they  will  live 
and  get  rich,  at  the  cost  of  the  plumber.  But  he  is  himself  to 
blame  for  this,  as  he  well  knows  that  a  good  article  cannot  be 
bought  for  the  ridiculously  low  prices  which  some  manufacturers 
make.  It  is  the  sale  of  to-day  which  they  are  after,  and  not  the 
plumber's  benefit;  and  as  long  as  you  buy  their  goods,  they  will 
continue  to  live.  It  would  be  a  blessing  to  the  public,  as  well  as 
the  plumber,  should  the  cheap  man  be  wiped  out  of  existence  and 
buried  forever,  to  return  no  more.  Once  upon  a  time  goods  were 
sold  on  their  merits,  but  now  the  cry  is,  "  How  cheap  can  I  sell 
them?"   

THE  AMERICAN  TRADE  PRESS  ASSOCIATION. 
An  association  of  the  American  trade  papers,  with  the  above 
name,  was  formed  at  Delmonico's,  New  York,  July  21,  and  the  fol- 
lowing officers  were  elected :  President,  C.  R.  Clifford,  of  Philadel- 
phia; first  vice-president,  Henry  R.  Elliot,  of  New  York;  second 
vice-president,  Clarence  E.  Stump,  of  New  York;  secretary,  Wm, 
M.  Patton,  of  Philadelphia;  treasurer,  Benjamin  Lillard,  of  New 
York.  The  Board  of  Directors  are:  W.  L.  Terhune  of  Boston. 
Thomas  Hudson  of  Chicago,  and  Joseph  W.  Gibson,  of  New 
York. 

The  association,  as  formed,  is  composed  of  the  following  papers : 
The  Paper  and  Press^  ol  Philadelphia,  published  by  W.  M.  Patton; 
The  American  Exporter,  of  New  York,  published  by  Root  &  Tinker; 
The  Boot  and  Shoe  Recorder,  of  Boston,  published  by  W.  L.  Ter- 
hune; The  Inland  Architect,  of  Chicago,  published  by  Louis  Muller, 
Jr. ;  Confectioners'  Journal,  of  Philadelphia,  published  by  E.  A.  Hintz; 
The  Upholsterer,  of  Philadelphia,  published  by  Clifford,  Scott  & 
Lawton  ;  Builder  and  Decorator,  of  Philadelphia,  published  by  Frank 
Wood  &  Son  ;  Carriage  Monthly,  ol  Philadelphia,  published  by  Ware 
Bros.;  The  Sanitary  News,  of  Chicago,  published  by  Thomas 
Hudson;  Dry  Goods  Econotnisi,  of  New  York,  published  by  the 
Textile  Publishing  Company;  Electrical  World,  of  New  York,  pub- 
lished by  Johnson  &  Bro. ;  Farm  Implement  A'eitvs,  of  Chicago,  pub- 
lished by  the  Farm  Implement  News  Company;  The  Haberdasher, 
of  New  York,  published  by  Joseph  W.  Gibson,  and  the  Clothing 
Gazette,  published  by  the  same  publisher;  The  Druggist  Circular,  of 
New  York,  edit-ed  by  Benjamin  Lillard ;  Light,  Heat  and  Pozver,  of 
Philadelphia,  published  by  George  W.  Graeff ;  The  Western  Brewer, 
of  Chicago,  published  by  H.  B.  Rich  &  Co.;  Bon/ort's  Wine  and 
Liquor  Circular,  ol  New  York,  published  by  Charles  McK.  Leoser; 
Jevjelers'  Circular,  of  New  York,  edited  by  L.  J.  Mulford,  and  the 
American  Miller,  of  Chicago,  published  by  Mitchell  Brothers'  Com- 
pany. 

The  association  underwent  a  preliminary  organization  on  June 
17th,  when  representatives  of  several  of  these  journals  met  at  the 
Upholsterer,  in  Philadelphia,  and  George  W.  Graeff,  Jr.,  was  elected 
chairman;  I.  B.  Scott,  secretary;  C.  R.  Clifford,  treasurer;  and  F.  B. 
De  Berard,  John  Cochrane  and  Benjamin  Lillard  were  elected 
directors. 

A  constitution  was  drawn  up  at  that  meeting  in  which  was 
stated  the  intention  of  the  organization,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
unite  trade  publications  by  a  common  interest,  and  to  extend  to  such 
publications  any  of  the  benefits  which  from  time  to  time  it  shall  be 
within  the  power  of  the  association  to  create. 


Only  legitimate  trade  publications  are  eligible  to  membership  in 
the  association,  and  no  paper  shall  be  admitted  that  in  any  way  con- 
flicts with  a  publication  that  is  already  on  the  roll.  It  further  neces- 
sitates the  unanimous  vote  of  the  association  to  obtain  member- 
ship. 

The  association  will  be  represented  by  agents  in  as  many  cities  as 
shall  be  deemed  necessary,  and  their  duties  are  to  canvass  for  sub- 
scriptions and  contribute  news  to  any  or  all  of  the  publications  rep- 
resented in  the  association.  The  Board  of  Directors  will  appoint 
the  agents,  and  shall  exercise  the  right  to  appoint  a  sub-committee 
in  the  various  cities,  whose  duties  it  shall  be  to  secure  the  agent  for 
their  respective  city. 

As  it  is  now  organized,  the  association  represents  different  Amer- 
ican industries  to  the  extent  of  about  $900,000,000,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  other  trade  journals,  representing  other  trades  and  industries, 
have  made  application  for  membership. 

At  the  organization  proper,  which  took  place  at  this  meeting,  the 
following  members  were  present:  Frank  Wood,  of  Philadelphia; 
W.  L.  Terhune,  of  Boston;  Thomas  Hudson,  of  Chicago;  Benjamin 
Lillard,  S.  P.  Fowler,  L.  J.  Mulford,  Joseph  Rubincan,  Clarence  E. 
Slump,  Henry  R.  Elliott,  John  C.  Cochran  and  John  W.  Gibson,  all 
of  New  York;  C.  R.  Clifford,  I.  B.  Scott,  Wm.  M.  Lawton  and 
Wm.  M.  Patton, all  of  Philadelphia. 

A  number  of  other  papers  were  placed  before  the  meeting,  but 
no  action  was  taken  regarding  them.  Several  amendments  were 
made  to  the  constitution,  and  it  was  decided  to  hold  the  next  annual 
meeting  of  the  association  in  Boston  on  the  last  Thursday  of  August 
next  year,  and  also  establish  a  special  system  of  exchange  of  all  the 
trade  journals  in  the  organization. 

The  object  of  the  association  is  mutual  aid  and  facilities  in  gath- 
ering news  and  general  information,  and  will,  no  doubt,  prove  the 
means  of  rendering  greater  service  and  value  to  the  constituency  of 
the  several  papers.  The  association,  while  a  new  venture  in  trade 
journalism,  starts  out  with  flattering  prospects,  and  its  success  can 
well  be  assured. 

A  FEW  SIMPLE  SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  WATER  AND 
WATER-SUPPLIES.* 

IN  FOUR  PARTS. — IV. 

It  certainly  appears  that  man  does  not,  and  can  not,  actually, 
create,  but  simply  invent,  come  upon  or  discover.  In  reality,  we 
only  discover  means  to  ends.  And  means  to  ends  apparently 
preconceived  and  predestined,  or  provided  for  by  seemingly  eter- 
nal and  invisible  omnipotence.  For  instance,  it  is  inferred  that 
Columbus  discovered  America.  It  must  have  already  existed.  It 
did.  Mr.  Thomas  Edison  has  discovered  how  to  catch  and  fix 
sounds  in  a  repeatable  condition.  He  calls  his  machine  or  inven- 
tion a  phonograph.  Great,  laudable  and  useful  as  is  this  mighty 
grasp  of  a  most  piercing  mind,  what  is  the  phonograph  but  an 
echo  machine?  But  echo  is  no  new  creation.  The  phonograph  is 
only  a  means  to  wake  at  will. 

Watt  and  Stevenson  discovered  the  steam  engine,  we  are  told. 
And  a  thousand  others  have  improved  it.  But  there  remains  for 
inventors  in  this  field  a  future  greater  than  the  past.  Man  and 
the  horse  are  far  more  complete  engines  than  any  ever  yet  fash- 
ioned by  man.  These  living  frames  are  full  of  suggested  but  still 
undiscovered  facts,  preconceived  and  predestined  means  to  ends, 
waiting  the  command  of  such  a  commune  closely  with  nature. 
Ship-builders  might,  if  they  would,  find  the  best  plans  and  models 
in  the  various  kinds  of  fish  for  freight  and  fast  fleets.  But  the 
first  builder  seems  to  have  patterned  his  craft  after  a  swan  or  a 
goose,  and  his  innumerable  followers  have  only  too  closely  imi- 
tated him.  Nature  emphatically  suggests  the  pickerel  as  a  model 
for  the  swift  cleaving  of  waters.  She  has  amply  provided  the  best 
practical  teachers  in  that  art;  and  likewise  in  all  others  that  we 
yet  know  of.  Any  way  we  turn,  in  whatever  sphere  of  knowledge 
and  work  we  enter,  we  may  and  can  find  ample  provision  already 
made  for  all  incident  wants.  As  the  mature  parent  for  the  child, 
or  the  teacher  for  the  pupil,  even  so  a  seemingly  All-wise  and  Om- 
nipotent force  seems  to  have  gone  before  man  in  all  terrestrial 
creations,  at  least,  and  prepared  and  provided  for  all  the  wants 
anticipated  by  human  existence.    Man  seems  to  have  only  to  take 

*  Paper  read  before  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Water- Works 
Association  at  Chicago,  May  21,  1890,  by  C.  Monjeau,  Secretary  and  Manager  of 
the  National  Water-Supply  Company. 


160 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


and  use  according  to  laws  which  impel  him  incessantly  to  increas- 
ing development,  in  his  strongest  efforts  towards  which  he  finds 
his  greatest  happiness. 

Now,  if  it  be  true  that  all  visible  things  and  known  wants  are 
anticipated  and  provided  for  (and  certain  it  is  that  all  recorded 
history  seems  to  affirm  it),  it  may  become  easy  to  vastly  improve 
health,  longevity  and  the  power  and  expense  of  life  itself.  One 
step  further:  It  appears  positive  enough  in  all  known  creation 
that  like  produces  like.  The  whole  world  of  science  and  practice 
fully  agrees  with  Him  who  asserted  that  "Whatsoever  man  soweth 
that  shall  he  also  reap."  Not  something  else.  But  that  which  he 
sows.  And  no  sage  or  god  of  any  generation  or  age  seems  ever 
to  have  questioned  that  this  utterance  of  Jesus,  the  Son  of  Mary, 
was  as  true  to  the  truth  as  the  needle  to  the  pole. 

It,  therefore,  appears  safe  to  assume  that  man  does  not  and  can 
not  create,  but,  on  the  contrary,  that  all  things  are  preconceived, 
and,  in  a  sense,  predestined,  or  under  w-aiting  orders,  so  to  speak, 
to  spring  into  active  use  at  the  bid  of  man.  It  appears  undenied 
and  undeniable  that  such  is  the  case  in  the  vegetable  and  animal 
kingdoms.  It  appears  equally  undeniable  that  the  same  is  true  as 
regards  the  elements  and  agents  in  what  is  now  assumed  to  be  in- 
animate existence. 

When,  then,  all  visible  life  and  things  recognizable  with  the 
unaided  eye  are  known  to  be  governed  by  the  same  general  and 
firmly  established  laws,  what  possible  reason  can  common  sense 
produce  to  show  cause  why  the  microscopic  world  should  be  gov- 
erned by  a  separate  and  totally  different  set  of  laws  and  methods? 
None  but  lack  of  necessary  information.  What  could  there  be? 
Could  it  be  that  this  nature  that  fixed  the  kinds  and  purposes  of 
life  in  herb  and  bird  and  rock;  in  creeping  things  and  the  mam- 
millaries  of  land  and  sea,  that  immutably  set  limits  to  the  globe  at 
our  feet,  and  filled  immensity  with  worlds  and  systems  of  worlds 
in  orbits  and  spaces,  from  which  they  have  stirred  not  an  iota  in 
thousands,  and,  mayhap,  millions  of  years,  could  proclaim  one 
thing  in  leaping  human  blood  and  bone  and  sinew  and  soul,  and 
contradict  it  in  microscopic  existences?  Why  infer  such  a  trick? 
Nowhere  on  the  globe  has  that  nature  been  observed  to  set  hill 
and  hollow  on  one  and  the  same  spot.  Nowhere  barrenness  and 
fruitfulness  in  one  and  the  same  place.  Nowhere  darkness  and 
sunshine  at  one  and  the  same  time  in  a  given  space. 

Besides,  the  microscope,  as  far  as  improved  (as  before  inci- 
dentally shown),  positively  proves  that,  as  far  as  the  aided  eye 
has  seen,  there  is  no  difference  whatever,  and  that  the  world  is  a 
unit. 

This  being  true,  it  follows  that 

1st.  You  may  and  can  breed  diseases  if  you  will,  or  not  if  you 
won't. 

2d.  That  as  you  sow  you  must  reap,  in  your  water  supply  as  in 
your  garden. 

3d.  That  the  weeds  of  disease  will  spring  up  and  bear  their 
deadly  fruit  except  you  carefully  watch  and  check  or  eradicate 
them.  Your  field  is  subject  to  precisely  the  same  laws  as  that  of 
the  farmer  on  your  water-shed.    You  know  the  rest. 

Let  me  suggest  that  my  humble  experience  convinces  me  that 
death,  in  the  absence  of  absolute  silence,  or  sleep,  is  a  mere 
fancy.  In  fact,  there  is  no  silence  in  what  is  called  death,  nor  can 
there  be. 

You  see  life  is  only  dependent  existence  engrossing  or  accu- 
mulating by  feeding,  etc.;  whilst  death,  so  called,  appears  to  be 
the  same  existence  or  life  reversed,  and  becomes,  in  a  sense,  inde- 
yiendent,  save  from  its  own  body,  which  it  seems  now  active  in 
fining  back  to  dust,  and,  possibly,  experience  bodied  into  form 
impalpable  to  our  present  senses.  Hence,  it  appears  that  health- 
fulness  is  life  active,  whilst  unhealthfulness  is  life  not  passive, 
quite,  but  at  or  about  the  turning  stage  towards  destructure,  or 
gradual  fining.  That  is  why  it  may  be  safe  (until  we  can  do  bet- 
ter) to  consider  and  treat  diseases  as  colonies  of  microscopic 
creatures  whose  life  task  is  predestined  to  foster  destruction  and 
decay. 

As  for  a  more  practical  definition  of  life  per  ct  in  se,  there  is 
none  as  yet.  "  'Tis  a  pity  'tis  true,  and  true  'tis  a  pity,"  but  even  at 
this  hour  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  our  physicists  and  metaphys- 
icists  seem  not  a  whit  more  qualified  to  speak  than  were  the  Egyp- 
tians under  King  Asah  and  his  administrator,  I'ta  Hotep,  who  are 
at  times  taken  to  have  believed  that  the  diseases  of  humans  were 


but  the  spirits  of  their  dead  contending  with  the  living  for  the 
exclusive  companionship  of  mutual  friends  or  relatives.  But  be 
that  as  it  may,  we  do  not  know  that  nature  is  so  immutable  in  her 
exactment  that,  at  her  counter,  every  rational  creature  must  pay 
for  what  he  takes  and  take  what  he  pays  for,  and  also  render  an 
account  of  his  every  act,  whether  of  omission  or  commission,  and 
that  in  any  and  every  event  your  reward  will  and  must  be  the  log- 
ical result  of  your  act. 

Again,  assuming  that  it  is  accepted  as  indubitably  established, 
that  every  normal  creature  is  endowed  with  seed  of  his  kind,  it 
must  follow  that  disease,  which  seems  unquestionably  to  appear 
and  exist  like  a  life,  producing  effects  of  an  active,  waxing  and 
waning  life,  and  being  in  fact  an  essential  means  of  perpetuating 
life,  as,  for  instance,  in  gestation  and  birth,  should  be  treated  as 
are  all  other  kinds  of  life  whose  increase  or  existence  it  appears 
desirable  to  stop  either  partially  or  totally.  Here  is  a  proof  that 
it  can  be  sa  treated  effectively. 

A  remarkable  operation  took  place  before  the  Surgical  Con- 
gress in  Berlin,  Prussia.  The  anterior  chest  wall  and  the  lower 
wing  of  the  affected  lung  were  removed,  and  the  heart  could  be 
seen  beating  in  the  chest  cavity.  The  patient  is  doing  well,  and 
the  Congress  declares  that  consumption  is  now  curable. 

Is  not  this  precisely  like  removing  the  piece  of  leavened 
dough  from  the  lump  in  order  to  stop  the  process  of  leaven- 
ing? Or  plucking  the  dandelion  from  the  lawn  to  prevent  its  rapid 
seeding? 

But  you,  having  control  of  the  chief  medium  of  life,  can  do 
better  than  did  the  operators  for  the  Berlin  Congress.  You  can, 
to  a  great  extent,  avoid  the  breeding  of  consumption,  and  of  many 
another  fatal  disease  by  keeping  their  germs  out  of  water  supplies 
or  by  sterilizing  them. 

In  this  connection  it  would  be  of  great  importance  to  learn 
what  the  germs  of  a  given  disease  are  descendants  of,  or  ascend- 
ants to.  You  of  course  understand  that,  as  before  intimated,  life 
is  much  like  a  pendulum,  swinging  to  and  fro  from  finest  bits  to 
largest  bulks  and  the  reverse,  incessantly.  And  disease  germs, 
like  their  results,  are  assumed  to  seed  for  decay,  whilst  active 
life  or  health  germs,  so  to  speak,  seed  for  growth  from  stage  to 
stage  of  a  given  line  of  developing  existence,  such,  for  example, 
as  man's,  which  passes  through  at  least  three  equatic  stages  of 
life  to  the  present,  and  in  the  present  probably  is  seeded  and  de- 
veloped what  is  called  the  spiritual  state.  So  nature  indicates. 
If  you  would  kindly  urge  this  matter  on  the  attention  of  your  re- 
spective chemists,  to  the  end  that  the  researches  of  many  may 
soon  result  in  the  light  needed,  you  will  confer  a  genuine  benefit 
upon  mankind. 

A  highly  learned  and  able  body,  the  Paris  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, early  this  year  substantially  proved,  through  long  and  vigor- 
ous discussion,  that  if  you  wish  to  check  the  progress  of  consump- 
tion (or  what  is  scientifically  known  as  phthisis  pulmonaris),  which 
appears  obviously  contagious,  you  carefully  destroy  the  patient's 
sputa  and  the  rest  will  take  care  of  itself. 

Last  month  a  peasant  from  the  Servian  village  of  Bcljavaer 
drew  700  ducats  from  a  bank  in  an  adjoining  tov  n.  On  his  way 
home  in  his  wagon  he  offered  a  night's  lodging  to  six  furloughed 
soldiers  whom  he  overtook  on  the  road.  He  gave  them  a  good 
supper  and  lodged  them  in  his  barn.  During  the  night  a  gang  of 
burglars  with  blackened  faces  entered  the  house  and  tortured  the 
peasant  by  singeing  his  feet  and  hands  to  force  him  to  give  up  his 
money.  His  wife  ran  to  the  barn  and  aroused  the  soldiers,  who 
captured  and  bound  the  robbers  to  a  tree.  At  daybreak  they 
washed  the  robbers'  faces  and  discovered  in  them  the  county  clerk 
and  his  constables. 

In  too  many  cases  of  deadly  epidemics,  if  you  were  to  wash 
away  the  popular  darkness  of  ignorance  back  of  which  are  safely 
hidden  the  parties  responsible  for  all  the  horrors  of  wide-spread 
disease  and  scores  of  untimely  deaths,  you  would  likely  behold  the 
city's  mayor  and  his  water  committee,  or,  maybe  the  chief  engin- 
eer and  superintendent,  and  with  the  latter  a  plausible  franchise 
co.mpany,  too  greedy  of  gain  to  have  any  restraining  regard  for 
human  health  or  life. 

As  a  final  suggestion,  let  me  say  that  if  anything  is  more  clearly 
indicated  than  all  others  in  nature,  it  is  that  water  is  to  the  globe 
what  blood  is  to  our  bodies;  and  that  as  blood  is  purified  and  util- 
I  ized,  so  water  is  to  be. 


August  2,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


161 


Evidently  nature's  intent  is  that  surface  streams  shall  be  sew- 
ers, or  as  conveyors  of  the  crude  blood  in  the  livinf^  body;  and 
that  subterranean  streams  shall  be  as  the  veins  that  distribute  the 
pure  blood  to  the  capillaries. 

If  it  be  so,  then  water  supplies  for  drinking  purposes,  at  least, 
are  to  be  looked  for  in  the  ground,  or  seized  and  closely  confined 
as  they  issue  therefrom,  and  before  they  become  contaminated  or 
impregnated  by  contact  with  air  and  the  earth's  surface.  Nature 
speaks  this  in  the  great  briny  ocean  and  the  effect  of  sun  heat 
thereon;  in  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  seas;  in  the  fields  and  forests, 
whose  striving  billions  of  fixed  lives  feed  on  the  fat  of  rains;  in 
the  great,  branching  streams  that  return  the  earth  waste  and  decay 
to  the  seas,  whereby  the  globe  renews  its  form  and  power,  and  the 
watery  kingdom  is  fed;  in  crystal  springs,  leaping  geysers,  heal- 
ing artesian  waters,  and  the  stubborn  fact  that  they  who  fail 
to  hear  her  speech,  and  obey  her  voice,  never  escape  with  im- 
punity.   

SUBURBAN  ARCHITECTURE. 
The  change  in  the  popular  idea,  says  the  New  York  Sim,  of 
what  constitutes  good  architecture  has  been  as  thorough  in  the 
case  of  country  houses  as  with  city  houses.  The  stiff  and  conven- 
tional in  design  is  no  longer  tolerated.  The  new  school  of  archi- 
tects are  artists  now  as  well  as  practical  builders.  Given  the 
amount  of  money  he  is  willing  to  spend,  and  the  prospective  build- 
er's idea,  if  he  has  any,  of  what  he'wants  his  house  to  be  like,  the 
architect  allows  full  play  to  his  fancy  and  genius,  because  he  knows 
the  more  beautiful  he  makes  the  house  within  the  cost  given,  the 
better  satisfied  will  be  the  householder  and  the  more  reputation 
the  architect  will  get.  Almost  anybody  can  see,  or  at  least  be  im- 
pressed by,  the  beautiful  in  architecture;  and  as  the  beautiful  in 
architecture  is  all  the  fashion,  everybody  with  the  money  for  a 
house  is  willing  to  pay  for  it.  Even  if  he  gets  less  room  in  his 
modern  house  than  if  he  followed  the  simple  design  of  a  dry-goods 
box  with  another  and  smaller  box  on  top  for  a  cupula,  the  cus- 
tomer knows  that  his  neighbors  will  admire  his  taste,  and  he  is  as 
anxious  for  their  admiration  as  a  painter  for  the  approval  of  his 
friends. 

The  modern  country  house,  outside  of  the  towns,  is  a  shingle 
and  clapboard  arrangement  of  six  or  seven  rooms  and  a  micro- 
scopic attic.  It  is  hot  in  summer  and  cold  in  winter,  and  no 
attempt  is  made  to  shelter  it  with  trees.  "  Fifty  years  ago,"  said 
a  well-known  architect,  "the  well-to-do  countryman  built  a  square 
house,  with  large,  high  rooms  and  plenty  of  windows  to  let  in  the 
sun  and  air.  Now  we  too  often,  with  an  economy  first  of  lumber 
and  second  of  fuel — both  of  which  savings  are  added  to  the  doc- 
tor's bill — erects  a  cottage  with  low,  stifled  sleeping-rooms  tucked 
away  under  the  roof,  while  the  other  apartments  are  smaller  than 
those  of  the  old  house  by  three  feet  in  every  dimension." 

From  the  old  houses  modern  architects  have  learned  two 
things — that  a  broad,  low  house  makes  a  better  country  house  than 
a  high  one,  and  that  a  beamed  ceiling  is  an  attractive  feature  of 
modern  rooms.  The  quaint  double  doors  also  are  being  imitated 
with  the  bench  seats  outside,  and  the  cubby-hole  windows  of  the 
old  farm-house  find  their  place  in  the  most  expensive  of  modern 
houses. 

The  architectural  ideas  of  fifty  years  ago  were  very  simple. 
Town-houses  were  modeled  after  farm-houses.  The  shingles 
which  covered  it  once  have  been  replaced  by  a  tin  roof,  but  the 
arrangement  of  the  windows,  the  shelter  over  the  doorways,  and 
the  bench  seats  on  each  side  of  the  doors,  make  it  as  old-fashioned 
as  it  ever  was.  On  other  town-houses  a  small,  square  porch,  with 
four  thick,  square  pillars  and  steps  leading  to  the  street,  is  com- 
mon enough.  There  are  brass  knockers  on  the  doors  of  these 
houses,  and  the  doors  are  in  odd  panel  designs. 

The  very  top  notch  reached  by  the  architectural  skill  of  those 
times  is  shown  in  a  very  old  house  in  a  very  old  part  of  the  town. 
A  half  dozen  giant  evergreens  shield  it  from  the  roadway,  and 
you  have  to  approach  quite  close  to  see  the  massive  porch  with 
its  gable  roof  modeled  after  the  Parthenon.  Four  great  fluted 
pillars,  three  feet  apart  and  each  about  thirty  feet  high  and  a  foot 
in  diameter,  support  the  roof.  They  have  rounded  bases  and 
Ionic  capitals.  The  house  is  of  wood,  like  the  porch  and  pillars, 
and  is  surmounted  by  a  cupola.  On  one  side  an  addition  has  been 
built,  with  a  tiny  porch  and  pillars  in  ludicrous  contrast  to  the 


porch  over  the  entrance.  The  house  belongs  to  that  period  ni 
American  architecture  when  classic  models  were  followed,  as  in 
the  Capitol  at  Washington  and  the  Sub-Treasury]  in  New  York. 
So  far  as  known,  there  is  but  one  other  private  residence  like  it, 
and  that  is  three  miles  from  the  town. 

After  the  farm-house  and  the  classic  period  in  architecture 
came  the  era  of  the  box  house. 

The  box-house  era  extended  over  a  long  time,  and  was  reached 
by  endless  variations  of  the  simple  design.  The  aim  of  the  archi- 
tects was  to  furnish  the  largest  house  with  the'  largest  rooms  for 
the  money  that  the  customer  was  willing  to  spend.  The  position 
of  the  house  with  respect  to  light  and  air  was  carefully  studied, 
and  the  possibilities  of  beautifying  and  ornamenting  it  as  care- 
fully neglected.  The  sawmill  was  depended  upon  to  furnish  the 
brackets  and  fretwork  with  which  to  line  the  roof  and  eaves  like 
the  frills  on  a  woman's  gown-  An  architect  who  contrasted  the 
old  and  new  country  house  said: 

"The  suburban  does  no  better.  To  be  sure, he  builds  a  square 
house  and  cuts  it  into  numerous  apartments.  Then  he  must  have 
a  fine  paper,  marble  mantels  and  such  other  luxuries  as  belong  to 
a  well-built  house;  so  he  makes  wooden  walls  and  shivers  all  day 
when  the  thermometer  is  less  than  15  below  zero.  Moreover,  in- 
stead of  making  the  exterior  beautiful  by  the  use  of  noble  mate- 
rials, he  covers  copings,  doors  and  windows  with  brackets,  mould- 
ings, [lozenges — wood  sawed  into  every  conceivable  form — and 
then  foolishly  dreams  that  his  house  is  so  much  the  handsomer  by 
every  block." 

Miles  of  streets  in  every  large  suburban  town  are  built  up  with 
these  box  houses. 

When  the  box-house  model  had  been  worked  to  death,  the 
architects'  fancy  and  genius  were  just  ready  to  wake  up  for  the 
boldest  flights.  First,  the  flat  and  French  roofs  were  discarded, 
and  some  experiments  made  with  the  high,  narrow  gable.  Be- 
sides their  inconvenience  because  the  gables  made  the  chamber 
walls  sloping,  such  a  house  was  unsatisfactory  as  an  architectural 
model.  Not  many  variations  could  be  made  upon  the  original 
design,  and  the  architects  finally  for  this  reason  gave  it  up. 

Then  the  architects  began  to  study  old  English  houses,  and  to 
make  experiments  on  their  lines.  This  was  about  1880,  and  from 
that  time  on  an  endless  succession  of  new  and  original  designs 
have  appeared.  Prospective  builders  demanded  houses  with 
peaks  and  gables,  towers  and  turrets,  panel  and  shingle  work  on 
the  front  instead  of  clapboards,  and  the  interior  arranged  with 
nooks  and  corners  innumerable  instead  of  big  square  spaces 
called  rooms.  New  building  material  has  been  invented.  Tiles 
are  now  designed  to  fit  into  the  exterior  walls  and  to  line  the 
ridge  of  the  roof.  Shingles  were  turned  out  with  rounded  or 
pointed  ends  'and  stained  and  permanent  colors.  The  shingles 
sprang  into  instant  popularity,  and  there  is  now  scarcely  a  sub- 
urban cottage  which  does  not  have  its  second  story  covered  with 
shingles  instead  of  clapboards.  A  red  color  is  almost  always 
used  to  stain  the  shingles,  and  they  are  made  to  look  old  and  rain- 
washed  by  staining  each  shingle  dark-red  at  the  sides  and  light  in 
the  middle. 

In  the  latest  designs  the  architects  have  adopted  the  plan  of 
making  some  one  part  of  the  house  so  unique  or  prominent  as  to 
arrest  the  attention  of  the  observer. 

The  rounded  turret  is  becoming  a  popular  feature  of  suburban 
houses.  In  small  houses,  when  it  is  raised  but  a  little  way  above 
the  roof,  it  appears  to  bring  the  straight  sides  of  the  building  into 
harmony  with  its  own  curved  lines.  The  newest  designs  have  a 
big  round  turret  in  the  corner,  and  the  rest  of  the  house  in  almost 
any  arrangement  that  will  not  draw  attention  from  the  beauty  of 
the  turret. 

It  is  not  easy  to  picture  graphically  the  interior  arrangement 
of  many  suburban  homes.  In  the  box  house  a  mathematical  ar- 
rangement was  followed,  so  that  if  you  saw  the  outside  of  the 
house  you  could  tell  pretty  well  where  the  parlor,  library  and  din- 
ing-rooms were.  In  modern  houses  architects  give  the  vestibule 
and  hallway  more  air  and  light,  and  make  it,  with  the  stairway, 
larger  than  in  the  old  houses.  A  stairway  which  winds  by  land- 
ings to  the  second  floor  is  preferred  to  the  straight  stairway. 
There  must  also  be  one  or  a  set  of  rooms  in  the  house  with  a 
rounded  side;  hence  the  popularity  of  towers  built  from  the  ground 
floor.  Endless  arrangements  can  be  made  of  the  remainder  of 
the  house. 


162 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


THE  TRIP  TO  DENVER  AND  THE  CONVENTION.* 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers' 
Association. 

Gentlemen: — Having  been  notified  that  I  would  be  ex- 
pected to  make  a  report  on  the  convention  and  our  trip  to  and 
from  Denver,  I  hereby  submit  the  following: 

The  time  of  our  departure  has  almost  arrived.  All  is  bustle 
and  confusion;  new  clothes  must  necessarily  be  purchased  to- 
gether with  their  accompaniments;  many  little  details  pertaining 
to  business  require  attention;  friends  ask  us  to  call  on  some  rela- 
tive; we  have  letters  of  introduction  and  postal  cards  must  be 
secured  to  drop  into  the  most  convenient  letter  box  on  our  journey. 
The  day  has  at  last  arrived. 

The  good  wife,  sister  or  some  one  else's  sister  helps  in  the  pack- 
ing of  the  valise,  which  only  a  woman  knows  how  to  pack;  noth- 
ing is  forgotten  and  all  are  carefully  arranged  in  their  proper 
place. 

The  afternoon  arrives;  we  have  visited  the  barber,  a  bath  has 
been  taken,  clean  clothes  are  donned,  good-byes  have  been  said 
at  home,  and  now  we  start  with  barely  time  enough  on  our  hands 
to  catch  the  train.  Friends  and  wives  are  gathered  together  all 
anxious  to  say  a  fond  farewell,  steam  hisses  from  the  escape  valve; 
the  ponderous  engine  heaves  as  if  with  emotion  as  the  last  good- 
byes are  spoken;  "All  aboard"  is  heard  above  the  din;  the  bell 
tolls;  slowly  the  iron  monster  moves  out  of  the  depot  amid  the 
waving  of  handkerchiefs,  and  soon  friends  are  out  of  sight.  Then 
thoughts  are  centered  on  securing  the  most  appropriate  location 
in  the  car  for  a  long  trip. 

So  many  young  men  were  in  the  company  it  was  deemed  best 
to  make  a  distinction  and,  in  order  to  forestall  any  other  arrange- 
ment, the  transportation  committee  awarded  each  man  his  berth. 
Our  president  was  allowed  to  occupy  a  section  in  the  ladies'  car, 
and  for  convenience  the  secretary  was  given  a  berth  in  the  same 
car  and  he  never  even  murmured. 

Quiet  soon  reigned  in  our  car,  but  not  so  in  the  other  one.  A 
visit  to  said  car  revealed  to  the  onlooker  a  scene  such  as  might 
have  been  witnessed — well,  perhaps,  on  an  old  Mississippi 
steamer,  so  dense  was  the  smoke  arising  from  the  fumigators,  and 
so  harsh  were  the  strains  of  music  from  Jones'  band  as  he  played 
and  we  sang  "Saw  my  leg  off,  short,"  that  it,  the  smoke,  waved 
and  eddied  like  the  billows  of  our  fond  Lake  Michigan,  thereby 
almost  shutting  off  the  players  in  the  farther  end  of  the  car,  and 
yet,  notwithstanding  they,  or  we,  all  played  cards.  Jokes  were 
indulged  in  and  the  band  played,  "  We  won't  go  home  'til  morn- 
ing," while  Dr.  Bowden  attended  to  the  prescriptions.  A  member 
soon  succumbed  to  the  noxious  and  poisonous  vapors  and  was  re- 
moved to  a  ventilated  apartment,  where,  with  careful  nursing  and 
the  doctor's  instructions,  he  soon  recovered  sufficiently  to  be  put 
to  bed;  and  still  the  game  went  on,  for  how  long  I  do  not  know, 
but  they  were  still  sawing  off  his  leg  at  Davenport,  Iowa,  where 
we  were  reinforced  by  Jas.  Cameron  with  two  bottles  of  Scotch 
whiskey  which  he  placed  in  charge  of  our  commissary. 

Our  amiable  and  most  esteemed  friend  Gay  had  the  misfortune 
to  be  poisoned  in  his  endeavors  before  leaving  to  renovate  his 
person  in  a  Turkish  bath  house.  What  at  first  appeared  to  be  a 
simple  scratch  soon  developed  into  quite  a  serious  case,  causing 
him  intense  pain,  quite  a  good  deal  of  annoyance,  and  loss  of 
sleep  as  well  as  cash  by  way  of  paying  a  doctor  fee,  and  purchas- 
ing a  new  pair  of  shoes,  having  had  to  cut  his  other  one  to  accom- 
modate the  swollen  member.  These  were  the  only  accidents  of 
serious  nature  that  occurred  during  the  outward  trip.  I  had  almost 
forgotten  one  other  incident,  namely,  the  loss  of  an  $85.00  suit  of 
clothes  by  H.  Culbertson;  and  how  he  did  mourn  their  loss!  No 
mother  could  bewail  the  death  of  a  child,  no  plumber  the  loss  of  a 
good  job,  as  did  this  poor  deluded  victim  the  loss  of  his  clothes. 
But  all  things  come  to  him  who  waits,  and  so  it  proved  in  this 
case.  The  suit  was  returned  all  in  good  shape,  and  accepted  with 
a  thankful  heart. 

Mr.  Cameron  was  allotted  a  berth,  I  think,  in  the  same  section 
with  our  worthy  president  and  it  was  hard  to  tell  which  one  out- 
rivalled  the  noise  of  the  train  in  his  endeavor  to  procure  the  much 

*Reiid  before  the  Chic.ifjo  Master  Phiiiibcrs'  Association  July  24,  1890,  I)y  J. 
R.  Alcock,  member  of  the  Chicago  Master  I'lumbers'  Association  and  Secretary 
of  the  N.  A.  .M.  I». 


needed  rest.  Even  the  furious  storm  that  prevailed  for  most  of 
the  night  was  nothing  to  the  noise  from  this  section.  No  wonder 
we  have  all  been  so  sleepy  since  our  return. 

Sunday  p.  M.  the  sun  came  down  in  all  her  splendor  and  she 
seemed  to  suck  up  and  dry  all  the  moisture  there  was  in  the  air. 
Arriving  at  Kansas  City  many  of  the  delegates  availed  themselves 
of  the  privilege  of  a  stroll  up  and  down  the  platform,  the  while  to 
gaze  at  the  viaducts,  steep  grades  of  cable  lines,  and  the  houses 
perched  on  the  very  apex  of  surrounding  bluffs. 

Leaving  Kansas  City  we  passed  through  a  not  very  interesting 
part  of  the  country,  and,  if  it  had  been  interesting,  it  was  too  hot 
to  enjoy  it. 

The  second  night  on  the  train  was  of  rather  a  subdued  char- 
acter. All  were  tired  out  with  the  previous  night's  exertions,  and 
many  retired  early,  and  yet  the  temptation  for  a  peep  at  new 
objects  was  so  irresistable  that  at  intervals  of  a  few  minutes  the 
curtains  would  go  up,  and,  amid  the  flashing  of  lightning  and  the 
crash  of  thunder,  a  glimpse  of  the  grandeur  would  reveal  itself  to 
us  for  a  moment  only,  and  we  would  pull  down  the  curtain  and 
again  listen  to  the  snorting  of  the  engine  and  the  frantic  efforts  of 
the  occupants  of  No.  7  to  outdo  her. 

The  morning  once  more  dawned  and  with  it  were  revealed  to 
us  the  snow-capped  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Prairie 
dogs  eyed  us  from  every  side  but  received  from  us  only  passing 
comment,  for,  in  the  distance,  we  could  perceive  Denver,  and 
finally  we  rolled  into  the  depot  where  we  were  met  by  our  Denver 
friends,  who  escorted  us  to  the  Windsor  Hotel,  at  the  head  of 
which  procession  waived  the  stars  and  stripes  in  the  hands  of  our 
worthy  sergeant-at-arms.  The  ladies  were  driven  up  in  car- 
riages. 

Pleasure  was  at  once  abandoned  and  business  was  the  order 
from  this  time  until  the  convention  adjourned.  I  should  have 
mentioned  that  the  special  assessment  bureau  was  so  well  handled 
and  calculated  on,  that  it  was  only  necessary  to  make  one  assess- 
ment. Dr.  Bowden  received  praise  from  all  on  board,  even  by  the 
porters  and  conductors  who  occasionally  partook  of  his  hospitality; 
he  in  turn  took  possession  of  the  ice-cooler  in  which  to  store  his 
perishable  goods. 

Denver  is  a  dry,  hot,  dusty  city,  there  being  no  paved  streets, 
and  so  fast  does  the  ground  absorb  water  from  the  sprinkling 
carts  that  it  seems  to  have  little  effect;  dust  reigns  supreme. 
Our  first  day  was  spent  in  observation  and  calculation.  New 
York,  St.  Louis  and  others,  were  delayed  by  a  washout,  and,  al- 
though due  here  at  night,  did  not  arrive  until  next  morning. 
Time  seemed  to  be  limited;  the  programme,  as  laid  out,  brought 
the  convention  to  a  close  Thursday  evening,  therefore  no  time 
was  to  be  lost,  as  indeed  President  Hannar)  realized,  for  his 
decisions  were  sharp,  and  no  unnecessary  discussions  were  allowed. 

President  Hannan  called  the  convention  to  order,  and  intro- 
duced the  Rev.  Father  Kaw  who  invoked  divine  blessing  on  the 
action  of  the  assemblage.  Mayor  Wolff  Londoner  was  then  in- 
troduced, and  in  the  true  western  style  extended  to  us  a  hearty 
welcome  and  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and  also  an  invitation  to 
view  the  fire  department,  and  other  interesting  surroundings. 
President  Dolan,  of  the  Denver  Association,  welcomed  the  dele- 
gates in  a  neat  little  sj)eech,  and  then  we  settled  down  to  busi- 
ness, while  the  credential  committee  was  at  work.  The  programme 
for  the  entertainment  of  Denver's  guests  was  given  out,  and  so 
elaborate  was  it  that  I  am  afraid  it  had  a  tendency  to  attract  our 
attention  from  the  main  object  for  which  we  were  asscmbletl. 
True,  much  good  had  been  done  during  the  past  year,  as  was  ap- 
parent from  the  yearly  reports,  and  prominent  and  paramount 
among  them  in  all  its  tested  qualifications  stood  forth  the  H.  R. 
unscathed  by  the  many  attacks  made  upon  it;  like  a  mighty  giant 
it  stands  to-day  ready  at  any  moment  to  hurl  back  its  adversaries 
in  the  cause  of  justice  and  right. 

Many  may  say,  and  many  have  said,  what  good  do  wc  accom- 
plish by  this  assembly  year  after  year,  spending  the  association 
money  and  going  around  for  a  good  time?  What  good  we  ac- 
complish can  only  be  estimated  when  the  remedy  is  applied  as  in 
the  Omaha  case  and  others,  among  them  being  Indiana,  Iowa, 
District  of  Columbia,  Minnesota,  Delaware,  Maryland,  ?  lorida, 
Ohio,  Wisconsin  and  Massachusetts  in  the  general  upbuilding  of 
our  minds  as  we  meet  and  exchange  views,  and  in  our  endeavors 
to  outdo  our  neighboring  cities  by  striving  to  do  l)cttcr  work,  by  get- 


August  2,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


163 


ting  better  laws  for  the  governing  of  plumbing,  by  proclaiming 
ourselves  a  power  in  the  community  in  which  we  live.  Many 
things  occur  to  the  minds  of  men  who  will  stop  to  think  why  we 
should  foster  our  interests  by  assembling  yearly. 

The  association  was  kind  enough  to  pay  our  expenses  for 
hotel  and  car  fare,  but  for  every  dollar  of  the  association's  money 
spent,  two  of  our  own  followed  it;  therefore  it  is  not  a  very  profit- 
able trip  for  anyone  to  undertake.  But  I  am  diverging  from  my 
subject. 

Our  photos  were  solicited  by  reporters  who  were  only  con- 
tented when  they  corralled  us  in  the  photographer's  where  the 
oldest  living  plumber's  expression  was  taken  sideways.  The 
handsomest  delegate  smiled  and  blushed  as  he  cracked  the 
camera.  Others  had  to  be  taken  by  special  sketches  from  special 
artists. 

So  cramped  were  we  for  time  that  it  was  decided  to  read  the 
essays  in  the  evening,  where  a  goodly  crowd  gathered  despite  the 
warm  evening,  quite  a  sprinkling  of  ladies  being  in  the  assemblage. 

Telegrams  were  sent  to  our  representatives  in  Congress  to 
favor  a  bill  in  our  interest  then  before  the  house. 

Many  interesting  subjects  were  touched  upon,  but  so  difficult 
was  it  to  hear,  that  their  beauty  was  marred  and  their  effect  lost 
upon  all  but  those  in  their  immediate  vicinity.  You  have  all  read 
the  result  of  the  election;  the  difficulty  in  arranging  the  slate  will 
probably  be  known  only  by  those  who  took  part.  If  it  is  satis- 
factory to  this  association  then  all  we  have  to  say  is  that  we  will 
do  all  we  can  consistently  to  uphold  the  exalted  position  it  has 
attained. 

On  Wednesday  evening  the  ladies  turned  out  in  goodly  num- 
bers, as  did  the  gentlemen,  and  the  evening  was  spent  in  dancing 
followed  by  a  supper. 

Friday  evening  occurred  the  grandest  feast  in  the  way  of  a 
banquet  that  we  ever  had.  There  were  present  the  Governor  of 
the  State  Corporation  Counsel,  and  other  distinguished  guests. 

Mr.  Fleming,  with  the  R.  I.  R.  R.,  who  had  been  untiring  in 
his  efforts  to  please  all  on  board,  parted  from  us  at  Denver  to 
visit  Salt  Lake  City,  and  I  for  one  feel  like  extending  him  and  his 
wife  a  vote  of  thanks. 

Friday  A.  M.  we  assembled  at  the  depot,  a  merry  party  all  an- 
ticipating a  pleasant  trip  up  Clear  Creek  canon,  around  the  loop, 
and  up  to  Silver  Plume,  passing  on  our  way  Idaho  Springs, 
Georgetown,  Silverton,  all  of  which  places  had  water  systems 
which  seemed  almost  increditable  in  view  of  their  elevation. 
Silver  Plume  being  some  9,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

Some  two  hours  were  spent  wandering  around  the  town,  visit- 
ing mines,  etc.  A  lunch  was  spread  on  the  grass,  and  beer  fol- 
lowed plentifully  I'or  those  who  desired  it.  Nothing  seemed  too 
good  for  us  and  all  seemed  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  please. 
Many  carried  away  samples  and  specimens  of  the  locality,  and  all 
went  back  astonished,  pleased  and  satisfied,  but  the  best  was  yet 
to  come. 

Saturday  we  again  assembled  at  the  depot  and  traveled  some 
eighty-five  miles  down  through  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado  City, 
to  the  quiet  little  city  built  on  the  side  of  the  mountains,  namely, 
Manitou  Springs,  situated  at  the  base  of  Pike's  Peak.  Here,  too, 
a  water  system  was  in  force,  one  plumbing  shop  being  located 
there.  Here  every  house  is  a  hotel,  a  boarding  house,  or  has 
rooms  to  rent.  The  entertainment  committee  on  this  trip  were 
untiring  in  their  efforts  to  see  that  all  were  supplied  with  plenty  to 
drink,  almost  outrivaling  our  own  famous  Dr.  Bowden. 

Upon  our  arrival  at  the  springs,  we  were  met  by  carriages 
which  conveyed  us  around  to  the  different  kinds  of  springs  where 
we  drank  freely,  the  water  resembling  soda  water.  Thence  we 
were  taken  for  a  drive  of  twelve  miles  through  the  Garden  of  the 
Gods,  whose  entire  distance  was  subject  for  ejaculations  of  won- 
der and  surprise.  Rocks  passed  distinctly  resembled  familiar  ob- 
jects as  follows:  A  frog,  a  man's  face,  an  elephant,  and  other 
things.  The  drive  was  delightful,  over  roads  like  our  boulevards 
in  level  places,  so  hard  and  smooth  were  they.  Arriving  at  a 
point  in  the  mountains  resembling  an  amphitheatre,  horses  were 
hitched,  a  lunch  was  spread,  lemonade  by  the  barrel  was  dispensed 
to  the  thirsty  crowd. 

Mr.  Culbertson  having  formed  the  acquaintance  of  one  of  the 
handsomest  young  ladies  in  the  party  became  oblivious  to  every- 


thing else.  Indeed  so  chained  was  he  that  he  paid  for  the  photos 
for  each,  and  is  anxiously  awaiting  their  arrival. 

From  this  time  the  party  wandered  apart,  some  returning  to 
Denver  while  others  stayed  at  Manitou  Springs,  where  they  went 
sight-seeing,  many  doing  the  dangers  of  a  climb  to  the  top  of 
Pike's  Peak,  through  snow  banks  ten  feet  deep.  Grand  Cavern 
and  the  Cave  of  the  Winds  were  both  features  of  interest,  being 
most  wonderful  formations  of  nature.  Even  the  canons  were 
grand  in  their  diversified  beauty  as  they  towered  above  us  thou- 
sands of  feet,  down  whose  rocky  sides  rushed  a  mountain  stream. 

Wagons  to  Pike's  Peak  cost  only  about  $45-00.  The  start  is 
made  early  in  the  morning,  allowing  a  stop  of  one-half  hour  on 
the  top.  The  return  trip  is  made  on  the  gallop,  and  so  narrow  is 
the  road  in  places  that  it  is  actually  horrifying  to  look  down  as 
you  dash  along.  While  there  the  thermometer  registered  102  de- 
grees. Our  return  trip  was  uneventful,  and  glad  wc  were  when 
we  reached  home  after  the  pleasantest  trip  we  ever  experienced. 

Thus  ends  another  convention;  may  the  coming  one  in  Cin- 
cinnati next  year  accomplish  even  more  excellent  results  than  did 
this  one.  It  will  be  useless  to  try  to  excel  so  far  as  entertainment 
is  concerned,  but  we  wish  her  a  grand  success.  With  feelings 
full  of  thankfulness  to  the  Denver  boys,  we  will  leave  them. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE   HYGIENIC  CONDITION   OF  OUR 
STREETS.* 

During  the  last  few  months  the  making  of  subways  for  electric 
wires  and  the  relaying  of  gas  and  water  pipes  have  occasioned  a 
very  unusual  upturning  of  the  streets  in  this  city  (New  York). 
This  has  called  forth  many  popular  protests,  many  complaints 
that  upturning  of  so  much  earth,  the  liberating  of  so  much  bad- 
smelling  gas,  and  the  spreading  of  so  much  dust  and  dirt  are  inju- 
rious to  public  health.  It  is  the  purpose  of  this  paper  to  discuss 
the  true  sanitary  influence  of  this  upturning  of  earth  in  the 
streets. 

Is  it  really  injurious  to  public  health?  If  so,  in  what  way  does 
its  influence  act?  There  are  two  ways  in  which  it  may  be  supposed 
to  be  injurious. 

I.  By  the  liberating  of  disease  germs  which  were  contained  in 
the  soil. 

II.  By  the  deleterious  effect  of  disagreeable  odors  and  of  dust 
and  dirt  which  do  not  contain  disease  germs. 

Let  us  consider  these  two  ways  in  turn. 

First.  If  disease  germs  exist  in  the  soil  they  would  be  scat- 
tered with  the  dust  which  comes  from  the  upturned  soil  as  it  dries, 
and  so  would  have  abundant  access  to  the  body.  We  must,  there- 
fore, study  the  bacterial  content  of  the  soil. 

Ordinarily  there  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of  bacteria  in  each 
cubic  inch  of  soil  at  the  surface.  This  number  diminishes  below 
the  surface,  so  that,  at  a  depth  of  eight  or  ten  feet  there  are 
hardly  any.  Just  what  the  life  history  of  these  forms  is  we  do  not 
know;  many  of  them  exist  in  the  soil  in  the  form  of  spores.  When 
placed  in  nutrient  gelatine  they  grow  in  great  profusion.  Most  of 
them  are  probably  harmless  when  introduced  into  the  human  body; 
but  the  bacilli  of  tetanus^  typhoid  fever  and  cholera  have  been 
found  in  the  soil. 

In  order  to  study  these  earth  bacteria,  small  measured  portions 
of  earth  are  mixed  in  sterilized  water  so  as  to  thoroughly  dissem- 
inate the  particles,  nutrient  gelatine  is  then  poured  over  the  mix- 
ture and  the  bacteria  allowed  to  grow  in  it.  A  little  colony  of 
bacteria  grows  from  each  bacterium  which  is  capable  of  develop- 
ing in  this  gelatine. 

To  ascertain  the  number  of  bacteria  which  were  in  the  speci- 
men, we  count  the  colonies. 

To  ascertain  their  characteristics,  further  cultivations  must  be 
made,  the  bacteria  must  be  planted  in  various  culture  media  and 
exposed  at  different  temperatures,  and  they  must  be  inoculated  in 
different  kinds  of  animals. 

The  labor  of  separating  each  variety  and  studying  it  thus  in 
detail  would  be  stupendous— it  would  be  somewhat  like  going  into 
a  forest  filled  with  unknown  vegetation  and  attempting  to  describe 
all  the  peculiarities  of  each  group  of  plants. 

Hence  bacterial  earth  examinations  have  largely  been  con- 

*Char]es  M.  Dowd,  M.D.,  of  New  York,  in  Medical  Record  oi  June  27,  1S90. 


104 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


fined  to  the  determination  of  the  number  of  bacteria,  not  to  the 
peculiar  kinds. 


Date. 


1889 

1 

Oct. ' '  S 

2 

Oct.  8 

3 

Oct.  30 

4 

Oct.  30 

X^ 

Nov.  6 

% 

Nov.  7 

Nov.  12 

8 

Nov.  14 

9 

Nov.  18 

10 

Nov.  20 

11 

Nov.  23 

\X 

Nov.  2ti 

13 

Nov.  2ti 

14 

Dec.  2 

15 

Dec.  4-5 

1() 

Dec.  4-5 

Gaseocs  Earth. 


I-ocality. 


East  Fiflh-mnth  street  near  Third  avenue  

East  Fifty-ninth  street  near  Park  avenue  

East  Fifty-ninth  street  near  Fiftli  avenue.... 
East  Fifty-ninth  street  near  Madison  avenue. 

EiEfhth  avenue  and  Fifty-seventh  street  

Tenth  avenue  and  Sixty-fifth  street  

Eighth  avenue  near  Fifty-sixth  street  

Eighth  avenue  and  Fifty-fifth  street  

Fifty-ninth  street  and  Si.xth  avenue  

Fiftietli  street  and  Eighth  avenue  

Sixth  avenue  near  Fifty-eightli  street  

Seventh  avenue  and  Fiftv-foiirth  street  

Seventy-first  street  near  Eighth  avenue  

Forty-nintli  street  and  Eleventh  avenue  

Third  avenue  near  Forty -second  street  

Third  avenue  near  Forty-second  street  


Average. 


No.  of  bac- 
teria per  c.  c 


V 
1' 
15' 
131 
29 
2!) 
8, 
3 

10, 

33. 
15, 
20. 
24. 
28. 


,675 
.950 
,200 
,100 
700 
,250 
,585 
,800 
650 
;87 
150 
250 
150 
900 
850 
500 


37,243 


Date. 


1 

Oct. 

8 

2 

Oct. 

8 

3 

Oct. 

30 

4 

Oct. 

30 

5 

Nov 

5 

6 

Nov 

7 

7 

Nov. 

12 

8 

Nov 

14 

9 

Nov. 

18 

10 

Nov. 

20 

11 

Nov. 

23 

12 

Nov. 

26 

13 

Nov. 

26 

14 

Dec. 

2 

15 

Dec. 

4-5 

16 

Dec. 

4-5 

Non-Gaseous  Earth. 


Locality. 


Seventy-second  street  near  West  End  avenue,  s,  side 
Seventy-second  street  near  AVest  End  avenue,  n.  side 

Seventy---econd  street  and  Riverside  dri\  e  

Tenth  ave.  near  Sixty-second  St.,  middle  of  street. ., 

Fifty-ninth  street  near  Grand  Circle,  sidewalk  

Sixty-third  street  bet.  Tenth  and  Eleventh  aves  

Sixty-third  street  near  Tenth  avenue  

Sixty-se\  enth  st.  bet.  Tenth  and  Eleventh  aves  

Eleventh  ave.,  sidewalk  near  Sixty-second  st  

Open  field.  Eighth  ave.  near  Fifty-fourth  st  

Tenth  ave.  and  Sixty-fifth  st  

Sixty-fifth  St.  near  Eleventh  ave  

Sixty-fifth  St.  near  Tenth  ave  

Park  subway.  Ninety-seventh  st  

One  Hundred  and  Sixth  st  and  Eighth  ave  , 

Eighth  ave.  and  108th  st.,  sidewalk  


Average . 


No.  of  bac- 
teria perc.  c 


43,100 
78,075 
48,450 
32,200 
118,300 
55,350 
.51,300 
22,350 
11,850 
13,050 
16.800 
9,850 
19,400 
67,000 
;«,2.50 
17,650 

39,873 


In  determining  the  significance  of  such  examinations  we  must 
remember  the  following  facts: 

1.  The  number  of  bacteria  does  not  necessarily  indicate  the 
number  of  disease  germs.  Most  of  the  disease  germs  as  yet  dis- 
covered are  bacteria,  and  the  study  of  bacteria  as  a  class  bears  on 
the  subject  of  pathogenic  bacteria;  but  pathogenic  bacteria  do  not 
necessarily  e.xist  where  the  other  ones  do. 

2.  Small  specimens  of  earth  may  show  marked  variations  in 
the  number  of  bacteria  owing  to  minor  local  influences. 

3.  There  may  be  certain  bacteria  which  are  injurious  in  the 
body  but  which  do  not  grow  in  gelatine,  and  these,  of  course, 
would  escape  observation. 

In  order  to  gain  data  which  apply  to  the  special  soil  under  con- 
sideration, I  have  made  a  series  of  comparative  bacterial  examin- 
ations. The  ditches  which  give  the  strong  odor  of  gas  are  the 
ones  which  the  people  most  fear;  they  force  themselves  upon  us 
by  the  very  offensiveness  of  the  odors  which  come  from  them  and 
their  suggestions  of  uncleanliness  and  disease.  I  have,  therefore, 
compared  sixteen  specimens  of  gaseous-smelling  earth  from  these 
ditches  with  sixteen  similar  specimens  from  ditches  far  removed 
from  the  gas  mains,  where  there  was  no  odor  of  gas.  The  condi- 
tions have  been  as  nearly  identical  as  possible  in  all  respects,  ex- 
cept the  presence  of  gas. 

All  the  specimens  were  taken  from  new  ditches,  and  were  ex- 
amined immediately.  The  two  specimens  for  each  comparison 
weie  taken  at  about  the  same  depth,  usually  twenty-four  inches, 
and  were  taken  on  the  same  day,  excepting  Nos.  15  and  16,  where 
one  day  intervened  between  the  taking  of  the  gaseous  and  the 
non-gaseous  earth. 

The  technique  was  based  on  that  recommended  by  Frankel 
and  Reimers.  In  each  case  one-twenty-fifth  c.  c.  of  earth  was 
used. 

The  work  was  done  in  the  bacterial  laboratory  of  the  Alumni 
Association  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  City,  with  the  strict  precautions  necessary  in  bacterial  work. 
The  studies  were  comparative,  and  the  same  technique,  in  all  de- 
tails, was  used  for  the  specimens  compared,  hence  the  lial:)ilily  to 
technical  errors  was  reduced  to  the  minimum. 


The  records  of  the  earth  examinations  are  given  in  the 
above  table.  All  examinations  were  duplicated  for  control, 
but  the  duplicates  corresponded  so  closely  with  the  others  that 
they  are  not  inserted  in  the  table. 

In  this  table  the  variations  in  the  individual  results  is  very  no- 
ticeable. Results  of  this  kind  must  be  expected  in  bacterial  earth 
examinations,  they  may  be  due  to  differences  which  only  extend 
through  very  small  portions  of  earth. 

The  result  of  a  single  examination  is,  therefore,  of  little  impor- 
tance. We  can  only  reason  from  the  combined  results  of  a  large 
number  of  examinations. 

The  averages,  37,243  and  39,873,  are  almost  exactly  the  same, 
so  that  from  these  results  we  cannot  argue  that  there  is  any  dif- 
ference in  the  number  of  bacteria  in  gaseous  and  non-gaseous 
earth. 

I  isolated  and  studied  several  species,  but  found  them  the  same 
in  gaseous  and  non  gaseous  earth,  excepting  in  one  instance,  where 
I  found  the  tetanus  bacillus.  It  was  found  in  non-gaseous  earth, 
and  was  verified  by  being  carried  through  six  generations  by  inoc- 
ulation in  mice. 

EFFECT  OF  PASSING  GAS  THROUGH  EARTH. 

To  further  test  the  effect  of  illuminating  gas  on  bacteria,  I 
made  another  series  of  experiments  by  passing  it  through  earth 
in  sterilized  cotton-plugged  glass  tubes,  and  counting  the  bacteria 
before  and  afterward.  To  prevent  the  undue  drying  of  the 
earth,  the  gas  was  first  passed  through  water  which  was  slightly 
warmed. 

The  results  of  these  tests  may  be  tabulated  as  follows: 


NlMUER  OF  EXPHKIIIF.NTS. 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

Number  of  bac- 

teria per  c.  c. 

before  expos- 

ure to  gas  

55,350 

51,800 

22,350 

11,850 

13,050 

9,8.50 

19,400 

6,700 

Number  of  days 

0  £  exposure 

ii 

1 

5 

4 

6 

6 

5 

Number  of  bac- 

teria per  c.  c. 

after  expos- 

ure t'>  gas .... 

19,985 

33,0.50 

162,300 

5,400 

7,788 

12,825 

70,700 

32,706 

As  a  further  control  of  these  results  other  specimens  of  the 
earth  used  for  Nos.  Ill,  I\'  and  V  were  examined  after  they  had 
lain  in  cotton-plugged  flasks  in  the  laboratory,  unexposed  to  gas, 
for  three,  five  and  six  days,  respectively;  they  gave  17,300,  10,500, 
7,300  bacteria  per  c.  c,  a  diminution  in  every  case. 

If  wc  now  study  these  results  we  find  that  there  was  a  diminu- 
tion in  tiie  number  of  bacteria  in  one-half  the  cases  and  an  in- 
crease in  one-half.  In  one  case,  No.  VIII,  where  this  increase  was 
especially  great,  the  earth  was  very  damp  when  put  in  the  tube, 
and  in  general  we  think  the  conditions  of  heat  and  moisture  had 
much  influence. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  the  gas  had  any  influence  on  the  bac- 
teria in  the  earth  in  the  tubes. 

EFFECT  OF  GAS-PERM  FATED  WATER  ON  TYPHOID  BACCLLI. 

To  Still  further  test  the  action  of  gas  on  bacteria,  I  made  a 
third  scries  of  experiments  by  placing  typhoid  bacilli  in  gas-per- 
meated water. 

One  half-pint  of  water  was  sterilized  and  gas  from  the  city  gas 
system  was  passed  through  it  one  month  for  series  I,  II  and  III, 
and  twenty-two  days  for  series  I\'.  The  ingress  of  bacteria  was 
prevented  by  sterilized  cotton  in  the  tubing.  Mixtures  of  fresh 
growths  from  so  much  of  the  mixture  as  could  be  withdrawn  by 
one  dip  of  a  given  fine  platinum  wire  loop. 

Similar  quantities  of  the  mixture  were  then  put  in  the  gas 
water,  two  c.  c.  for  each.  They  were  left  there  stated  times,  and 
then  planted  in  gelatine  and  the  growths  counted.  Dujjlicate 
estimations  were  made  each  time  for  control.  The  gas  water 
was  planted  in  gelatine  and  found  to  be  sterile  before  it  was 
used. 

The  results  of  the  four  series  of  observations  may  be  tabulated 
thus: 


Au(;usT  2,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


105 


TABLE  SHOWING    THE  EFFECT  OF  GAS-I'ERMEATED    WATEK  ON 
TYPHOID  BACILLI. 


Number  of  l);icilli  planted  

Exposed  to  gaseous  water,    %  hour.. 

II        II       li          II       o  hours. 

"3  "  . 

"       4-^  "  . 

 Vi%  "  . 

 24  "  . 


Number  of  Experiments. 


68,280 
3a,.'i44 


lO.HOO 
4,160 


21,120 
18,440 


III 


10,420 
■■'366 


IV 


13,600 
3,280 
1,896 

21,212 
7,990 


848 


This  shows  a  dimunition  in  bacteria  under  the  action  of  the 
gaseous  water,  but  the  diminution  is  not  much  more  marked  than 
shown  in  water  itself  in  the  tests  made  by  Prudden,  M.  Meade 
Bolton,  Wolffhugel  and  Reidel,  Straus  and  Dubarry. 

If  we  now  compare  the  results  of  the  three  series  of  observa- 
tions, we  find  that  they  give  no  reason  for  believing  that  the  gas 
has  a  very  marked  effect  on  the  bacteria  in  the  soil.  The  number 
of  observations  is  not  large,  and  our  only  available  methods  of 
observation  leave  a  large  margin  of  variation;  still,  so  far  as  they 
go,  they  lead  us  to  think  that  the  illuminating  gas  neither  in- 
creases nor  diminishes  the  number  of  bacteria  to  any  marked 
degree. 

Since  we  find  no  marked  difference  in  the  bacterial  content  of 
gaseous  and  non  gaseous  earth,  we  must  consider  the  effect  of  up- 
turning the  earth  without  reference  to  the  gas. 

So  long  as  the  soil  is  wet  it  cannot  spread  the  bacteria  in  the 
air;  but  the  soil  does  not  long  remain  wet.  It  dries  beside  the 
ditches,  it  adheres  to  the  implements,  the  clothes  and  boots  of  the 
workmen,  to  the  planks  and  the  wagons,  and,  in  fact,  to  everything 
which  comes  in  contact  with  the  ditches,  and,  finally,  much  of  it  is 
left  on  the  surface  when  the  pavement  is  relaid. 

In  all  these  conditions  it  may  be  carried  away  as  dust.  The 
bacteria  goes  with  the  dust,  and  access  to  the  body  is  then  made 
easy. 

The  amount  of  dust  is  certainly  much  increased  by  these 
ditches,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  deeper  layers  of  earth  from 
which  this  dust  comes  do  not  contain  nearly  so  many  bacteria  as 
the  surface  layer. 

Grancher  and  De  Champs,  in  filtering  water  containing  ty- 
phoid bacilli  through  the  soil,  found  no  bacilli  lower  than  twenty 
inches. 

Observers  have  uniformly  reported  a  marked  diminution  in  the 
number  of  bacteria  in  the  lower  layers,  and  Reimers  found  that 
they  were  also  less  vigorous  in  growth. 

Hence,  although  the  ditches  must  increase  the  spread  of  bac- 
teria, this  increase  cannot  be  as  great  as  the  increase  in  dust. 

Whether  they  increase  malarial  disease  we  do  not  know,  but 
there  is  very  little  malaria  reported  from  people  who  live  in  New 
York.  Moreover,  it  is  believed  that  the  organism  which  causes 
malaria  belongs  to  a  different  class  from  those  here  considered, 
and  other  kinds  of  experiments  would  be  necessary  in  studying 
them. 

CONCLUSIONS  CONCERNING  BACTERIA. 

We  think  that  the  spread  of  disease  germs  may  be  increased 
by  this  upturning  of  the  streets,  but  we  cannot  think  that  this  in- 
crease is  very  dangerous. 

Second.  Let  us  now  consider  the  second  influence  which  these 
excavations  may  have,  namely,  the  reducing  the  tone  of  the  system 
by  disagreeable  odors,  and  by  the  spread  of  dust  and  dirt  not  con- 
taining disease  germs. 

The  subject  of  hygenic  surroundings  is  no  less  important  be- 
cause it  is  indefinite.  No  one  will  deny  that  the  air  is  more  invig- 
orating and  wholesome  in  a  well-selected  spot  in  the  Adirondacks 
than  in  the  crowded  streets  in  the  lower  part  of  our  city.  The 
crowding  of  the  people  together,  and  the  consequent  insufficiency 
of  oxygen,  the  contaminating  of  the  air  from  the  odor  of  cooking, 
the  tenement  house  filth  and  garbage,  and  the  general  uncleanli- 
ness,  all  have  their  unwholesome  effect.  They  do  not  necessarily 
produce  active  disease,  but  they  debilitate  the  system.  Hun  has 
recorded  and  referred  to  numerous  cases  where  headache,  digest- 
ive disturbance,  and  debility  followed  exposure  to  air  contami- 


nated from  leaky  sewers.  Both  reason  and  experience  teach  us  to 
expect  such  a  result. 

Now  the  filling  the  air  with  the  odor  of  a  gaseous  ditch  is  cer- 
tainly another  clement  in  the  unwholesomeness  of  the  city.  If 
our  houses  and  places  of  business  were  exposed  to  it  for  long  peri- 
ods it  would  be  a  very  serious  matter.  When  we  see,  for  instance, 
the  difference  in  the  course  of  summer  diarrhoea  of  children  here 
and  in  the  country,  we  feel  that  there  is  good  reason  for  taking  all 
possible  precautions  against  every  element  which  adds  to  the  un- 
wholesomeness of  the  city. 

A  child  who  has  been  debilitated  by  bad  hygienic  surround- 
ings has  less  vigor  to  resist  summer  diarrhciia  than  a  child  of 
equally  good  constitution  who  has  not  been  so  debilitated;  if  he 
must  remain  in  these  surroundings  while  suffering  from  disease  it 
is  still  worse.  A  man  whose  resisting  power  is  unimpaired  can 
grapple  better  with  any  exhausting  disease  than  one  who  has  been 
debilitated;  the  severe  course  of  pneumonia  in  drunkards  illus- 
trates this.  There  are  also  results  of  animal  experiments  which 
bear  on  the  question. 

Charrin  and  Roger  inoculated  with  attenuated  anthrax  virus, 
eight  white  rats  which  had  been  thoroughly  fatigued  by  running 
in  a  rotating  cage  seven  hours  a  day  for  four  days.  They  also  in- 
oculated four  rats  in  a  normal  condition.  Seven  of  the  tired  ani- 
mals died  of  anthrax,  while  all  the  others  survived. 

Trudeau  inoculated  ten  rabbits  with  tubercle  bacilli;  five  of 
them  he  turned  loose  on  an  island  where  they  were  in  the  open  air 
and  were  well  fed;  five  he  put  in  a  box  in  a  dark  cellar  and  studied 
them  in  the  amount  of  food  given.  At  the  end  of  four  months 
four  of  the  rabbits  which  had  been  in  the  open  air  were  killed; 
they  showed  no  signs  of  tuberculosis  but  were  remarkably  fat  and 
muscular.  The  fifth  one  died  of  tuberculosis  one  month  after  in- 
oculation. Four  of  those  in  the  cellar  died  of  tuberculosis  within 
three  months;  the  fifth  was  killed  after  four  months;  he  had  far 
advanced  tuberculosis. 

These  experiments  certainly  show  that  the  condition  and  sur- 
roundings of  animals  have  an  influence  on  their  power  of  resist- 
ing disease.  Clinical  experience  teaches  us  the  same  in  regard  to 
men.  We  should,  therefore,  take  all  due  precaution  to  shut  out 
debilitating  influences.  No  one  of  us  would  wish  to  have  a  ditch 
dug  in  front  of  his  office,  which  would  fill  it  with  the  odor  of  gas- 
permeated  earth  for  even  a  few  days;  not  that  it  would  bring  out 
an  attack  of  typhoid  fever  or  diphtheria  or  any  other  severe  dis- 
ease, but  it  might  cause  malaise  or  digestive  disturbance  of  such 
severity  as  to  add  one  more  element  to  those  which  lessen  the  re- 
sisting power  at  any  time  to  throw  off  disease  to  which  we  have 
been  exposed  or  to  carry  us  through  an  exhausting  illness. 

We  cannot  take  the  position  of  alarmists  in  this  matter.  We 
do  not  expect  that  ditches  in  the  street  will  cause  an  epidemic  of 
any  kind.  We  do,  however,  believe  that  the  upturning  of  the 
streets  increases  in  a  moderate  degree  the  liability  to  disease,  both 
by  the  spreading  of  bacteria  and  by  otherwise  producing  bad  san- 
itary surroundings. 

Mr.  Stetson  tells  us,  in  the  May  Scribner,  that  a  "safe,  clean 
and  smooth  roadway  and  sidewalk  is  the  right  of  every  citizen." 
On  sanitary  grounds  we  have  a  right  to  claim  from  the  city  author- 
ities that  much  care  should  be  taken  about  allowing  the  streets  to 
be  upturned. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Texas  are  awakening  to  the  needs  of 
organization,  and  held  a  meeting  at  Waco,  on  July  15,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  forming  a  state  association.  The  following  officers  were 
elected:  F.  J.  Maddin,  of  Sherman,  President;  J.  A.  McW'hirk, 
of  Dallas,  Vice-President;  J.  S.  Brazleton,  of  Waco,  Secretary; 
G.  W.  Preiut,  of  Waco,  Sergeant-at-Arms;  Frank  Pettit,  of 
Denison,  Treasurer;  D.  J.  Sullivan,  of  Dallas;  D.  J.  May,  of 
Galveston,  and  F.  A.  Campbell,  of  Dallas,  Executive  Committee. 
They  adjourned  to  meet  at  Dallas  next  October. 

E.  F.  Kane,  Plumbing  Inspector,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
will  occupy  the  position  of  Secretary  of  the  Wilmington  Board  of 
Health,  while  Secretary  Lee  is  absent  on  his  trip  to  Europe. 

Last  Monday's  Tribune  is  very  severe  in  its  criticism  of  a  cer- 
tain plumbing  inspector,  who,  it  is  alleged,  has  been  taking  an 
active  part  in  inaugurating  a  strike  among  the  North  Side  cable 


166 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


employes.  We  are  informed  by  good  authority  that  there  is  noth- 
ing in  this  uncalled  for  attack  upon  the  plumbing  inspector,  and 
the  whole  thing  is  a  lot  of  bosh. 

Robert  Griffith,  President  of  the  National  Association  of  Master 
Plumbers,  left  the  city  last  Thursday  for  a  few  days'  outing  at  Fox 
Lake,  where  his  family  is  summering. 

We  are  very  sad  to  learn  of  the  death  of  the  wife  of  R.  H.  Lear, 
a  master  plumber  on  Cottage  Grove  avenue.  Mrs.  Lear  was  appar- 
ently well  last  Tuesday  morning,  but  was  taken  away  very  suddenly 
during  the  day  with  heart  disease.  The  fiineral,  which  was  held  last 
Thursday,  v^as  largely  attended  by  the  members  of  the  Ladies' Aux- 
iliary Society  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association.  Among 
the  number  of  the  society  attending  were  Mrs.  J.  J.  Hamblin,  Mrs. 
M.  L.  Mandable,  Mrs.  J.  H.  DeVeney  and  Mrs.  Hugh  Watt. 

The  picnic  of  the  journeymen  plumbers  last  Sunday,  at  Colum- 
bia Park,  was  well  attended,  and  a  good  time  is  reported  by  all 
present,  with  the  exception  of  a  raid  by  the  picnicers  from  Willow 
Springs  in  the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon.  The  Willow  Springs 
crowd  came  over  to  the  plumbers'  ground  about  4  p.  m.  and  pro- 
ceeded to  run  the  plumbers'  picnic  to  suit  themselves,  whereupon  the 
plumbers  resented,  and  a  few  friendly  blows  were  e.xchanged.  Dur- 
ing the  excitement  the  crowd  from  Willow  Springs  succeeded  in 
getting  away  with  about  twenty-five  of  the  plumbers'  watches  and 
some  other  valuables.  The  Willow  Springs  crowd  justly  deserve 
not  only  the  disapprobation  of  the  journeymen  plumbers,  but  of  the 
whole  community,  for  the  way  in  which  they  conducted  themselves 
on  their  own  grounds  before  visiting  the  happy  picnicers  at  Colum- 
bia Park. 

Tlie  enterprising  firm  of  Mandable  &  De  Veney,  at  2306  Cottage 
Grove  avenue,  have  several  fine  jobs  of  plumbing  on  hand.  They 
are  doing  the  plumbing  work  in  the  new  houses  of  D.  E.  Corneau 
and  F.  Siegel,  on  Michigan  avenue.  They  have  just  finished  the 
plumbing  work  in  the  new  residence  at  3326  Michigan  avenue. 

The  licenses  of  Joseph,  John  and  Jacob  De  Wall,  on  Southport 
ave.,  near  Worthington  street,  were  taken  away  from  them  by  the  city 
some  time  ago,  for  doing  work  contrary  to  the  city  ordinance  gov- 
erning plumbing.  These  gentlemen  continued  in  the  plumbing  busi- 
ness nevertheless,  and  fitted  up  tome  thirteen  buildings.  Plumbing 
Inspectors  John  Long  and  Dennis  White  had  the  men  arrested,  and 
the  case  was  called  for  the  first  time  on  July  23d,  but  was  continued 
one  week  by  the  city  in  order  that  the  inspector  might  investigate 
the  work  more  thoronghly.  The  second  hearing  was  had  on  July 
30th,  when  the  defendants  asked  for  a  continuance,  and  promised  to 
take  out  their  work,  do  it  all  over  again,  and  comply  with  the  city 
ordinance  in  every  detail. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Cincinnati,  O.:     Fourth   street  and   Broadway,  remodeling 

Christ's  church;  cost,  $25,000.    W.  Martin  Aiken,  architect.  

Denver,  Col.:  Seventeenth  and  Stout  streets,  stone  building;  cost, 

$1,000,000.  London,  Ont.:    >^.ddition  to  and  remodeling  of  stone 

cathedral;  cost,  $50,000.  Spier  &  Rohns,  Detroit,  Mich.,  architects. 

 Portland,  Ore.:    Brick  warehouse,  on  Fourth  and  D  streets. 

Address  the  Overland  Warehouse  Company.  Salt  Lake  City, 

U.:  Corner  of  State  street  and  Second  South  street,  three-story 
business  block;  cost,  $60,000.  Huddart  &  Jacobson,  architects. 
Main  street,  near  First  South,  five-story  stone  office  building; 

cost,    $80,000.     R.    Bowman,    architect.  Milwaukee,  Wis.: 

Oneida  and  River  street,  power  house;  cost,  $60,000.  E.  T.  Mix, 
architect.     Power  house   on  Commerce  street;  cost,  $20,000. 

Charles  Kirchofi,  architect.  Albany,  Ore.:    A  hotel;  cost,  $50,- 

000.  Address  Charles  Pfeiffer.  Springfield,  Mass.:  An  addi- 
tion to  Cooley's  hotel;   cost,  $25,000.    Jason  Perkins,  architect. 

 Dallas,  Tex.:    St.  Matthew's  Episcopal  Cathedral;  cost,  S50,- 

000.  Address  Bishop  A.  C.  Barrett  for  information.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.:  Broad  and  Morris  streets,  the  Southern  Home  for 
destitute  children;  cost,  $75,000.  James  H.  Windrim,  architect. 
 Uniontown,  Pa.:  The  Presbyterians  will  erect  a  $50,000  edi- 
fice and  the  Disciples  will  erect  a  $20,000  building.  Morrisville, 

Pa.:    Three-story  brick  building;  cost,  $20,000.    Address  Charles 


Robinson,  of  Baltimore,  Md.  New  York  City:    $500,000  will  be 

spent  on  improvements  to  the  Western  Union  building.  White- 
water, Wis.:    A  three-story  hotel;  E.  T.  Mix  &  Co.,  Milwaukee, 

architects.  Worcester,  Mass.:    A  new  high  school  building; 

cost,  $100,000.    Address  the  School  Committee.   A  public  school 

building  will  be  erected  to  cost  $125,000.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.: 

North  Market  street,  brick  office  building;  cost,  $50,000.  E. 

Franzheim,  architect.  Vancouver,  B.  C:    Plans  have  just  been 

adopted  for  the  erection  of  a  temperance  hall  and  coffee  tavern 
in  this  town,  to  cost  $30,000.  Address  Charles  E.  Hope,  architect 
and  engineer.  Boston,  Mass.:  St.  Boolph  street,  near  Garri- 
son, brick  gymnasium;  cost,  $36,000.  Rand  &  Taylor  architects. 
172  Fremont  street,  brick  store  and  office  building;  cost,  $50,000. 
Peabody  &  Stearns,  architects.  633-638  Warren  street,  three  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $20,000.  C.  H.  Beals,  architect.  1154-58  Fre- 
mont street,  brick  mercantile  building;  cost,  $28,000.  G.  W.  Pope, 
architect.  Bradbury  street,  near  Mansfield,  five  brick  dwellings; 
cost,  $iQ,ooo.  Address  Hugh  Ringer.- — Chicago:  Julius  H. 
Huber  has  plans  for  a  two-story  store  and  flat  building  on  Chicago 
avenue;  cost,  $10,000.  He  also  has  plans  tor  a  two-story  flat 
building  that  will  cost  $28,000,  and  for  nine  two-story  residences 
to  be  erected  on  Superior  street  at  a  cost  of  $45,000.  Four-story 
laboratory,  corner  Madison  street  and  Hoyne  avenue;  cost,  $20,- 
000.  C.  A.  Weary,  architect.  Three-story  flat  building  on  west 
Fulton  street;  cost,  $12,000.  Henry  F.  Starbuck,  architect.  J.  S. 
Villere  is  making  plans  for  one  hundred  frame  dwellings  to  be 
erected  at  Auburn  Park.  Three-story  and  basement  residence 
on  Drexel  boulevard;  cost,  $25,000.  Clinton  J.  Warren,  architect. 
Stone  front  residence  on  Michigan  avenue;  cost,  $20,000.  O.  W. 
Marble,  architect.  Bedford  stone  front  residence  on  Ellis  ave- 
nue. O.  W.  Marble,  architect.  Three-story  building  on  Halsted 
street,  near  Forty-seventh;  cost,  $20,000.  R.  J.  Newberry,  archi- 
tect. Three-story  store  and  flat  building  on  Twelfth  street,  near 
Morgan;  cost,  $15,000.  Charles  Geyer,  architect.  •  Four-story 
apartment  building  on  Ellis  avenue,  near  Forty-second  street; 
cost,  $75,000.  Ostling  Bros.,  architects.  Two-story  residence  to 
be  erected  at  York  place;  cost,  $20,000.  Ostling  Bros.,  architects. 
Two  residences  on  Drexel  boulevard,  near  Forty-seventh  street; 
cost,  $50,000.  L.  G.  Halberg,  architect.  Three-story  flat  building 
on  Stanton  avenue,  near  Thirty-eighth  street;  Henry  F.  Starbuck, 
architect.  M.  L.  Beers  is  making  plans  for  a  two-story  residence 
to  be  erected  in  Hyde  Park;  cost,  $10,000.  He  also  has  plans  for 
remodeling  the  Washington  Heights  school;  cost,  Sio.ooo,  and  for 
a  two-story  residence  to  be  erected  on  Jefferson  avenue,  near 

Fifty-fourth  street.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:    250  E.  Marcy  avenue, 

four  tenement  buildings;  cost,  $28,000.  B.  Holmberg,  architect. 
Broadway  and  Covert  streets,  four  brick  stores;  cost,  $50,000.  F. 
Holmberg,  architect.  75  S.  Myrtle  avenue,  brick  theatre;  cost, 
$40,000.  J.  De  LaHayse,  architect.  Hamburg  avenue  and  Har- 
man  street,  five  brick  tenements;  cost,  $180,000.  Schrempf  & 
Loeffler,  architects.  Atlantic  Basin,  near  Williams  street,  store- 
house; $20,000.  E.  W.  Perry,  architect.  Bushwick  and  DeKalb 
avenues,  brick  Sunday-school  building;  cost,  $32,000.  549-5' 
Nany  street,  two  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $24,000.  C.  Lincoln, 
architect.  197  W.  8th  avenue,  five  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $32,500. 
J.  D.  Reynolds,  architect.  165  W.  Brooklyn  avenue,  four  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $24,000.  A.  E.  White,  architect,  in  E.  Henry 
street,  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $45,000.  E.  P.  C.  Gilbert,  architect. 
100  E.  Flatbush  avenue,  four  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $22,000.  R. 
Dixon,  architect.    25  E.  Marcy  avenue,  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $20,- 

000.    P.  J.  Lanritzen,  architect.  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  Corner 

Grant  street  and  First  avenue,  stone  church;  cost,  $100,000.  W. 
J.  Hayes,  architect.  110-118  Second  street,  brick  store  building; 
cost,  $24,000.  F.  A.  Clark,  architect.  Fourth  avenue,  near  Fifth 
street,  two  brick  freight  houses;  cost,  $29,000.  W.  B.  Hixson, 
architect.  Corner  of  Eighth  avenue  and  Fourth  street,  stone 
church;  cost,  $31,000.  James  Carlisle  &  Son,  architects.  Corner 
Jackson  street  and  Twenty-fifth  avenue,  two-story  brick  tenement; 

cost,   $21,000.   Jas.  S.   Record,  architect.  Owatonna,  Minn.: 

Court-house;  cost,  $40,000.    Address  Commissioners  of  Steele 

County.  Marseilles,  111.:    Two  school  buildings;  cost,  $20,000. 

Alfred  Smith,  Chicago,  architect.  Geneva,  111.:    Kane  county 

court-house,  sheriff's  residence  and  jail;  cost,  $250,000.  Edbrookc 

&  Burnham,  Chicago,  architects.  Peoria,   111.:  Four-story 

building  and  opera  house;  cost,  $40,000.    Edbrookc  &  Burnham, 


August  2,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


167 


Chicago,  architects.  Seattle,  Wash.:  Trinity  Methodist  Epis- 
copal church,  rectory  and  school  building.    Henry  F.  Starbuck, 

Chicago,  architect.  Milton,  N.  C:    An  Episcopal  chapel. 

Henry  F.  Starbuck,  Chicago,  architect.  New  York  City.;  500 

E.  Eight  avenue,  two  brick  flats;  cost,  $56,000.  J.  C.  Burne,  archi- 
tect. 213-215  E.  44th  street,  brick  shop;  cost,  $22,000.  B.  E. 
Lowe,  architect.  Allen  and  Slanton  streets,  brick  flat  building; 
cost,  $60,000.  Herter  Bros.,  architects.  Broome  and  Tompkins 
streets,  five  brick  flats;  cost,  $97,000.  E.  Wenz,  architect.  87  E. 
9th  avenue,  four  brick  flats;  cost,  $100,000.  E.  E.  Grandolph, 
architect.  Hudson  and  Franklin  streets,  brick  office  building; 
cost,  $220,000.  Carrere  &  Hastings,  architects.  3022  Third  ave- 
nue, brick  store;  cost,  $225,000.  J.  C.  Babcock,  architect.  235 
W.  Fifth  avenue,  four  brick  and  stone  flats;  cost,  $20,000.  J.  C. 
Burne,  architect.  17-19  Greenwich  avenue,  two  brick  flats;  cost, 
$44,000.  F.  Bayles,  architect.  260  W.  Lenox  avenue,  seven  brick 
dwellings;  cost,  $140,000.  Cleverdon  &  Putzel,  architects.  215 
Madison  street,  brick  and  stone  flat  building;  cost,  $23,000.  R.  S. 
Pollock,  architect.  316  S.Jackson  street,  brick  flat;  cost,  $50,000. 
J.  C.  Burne,  architect.  150  W.  Third  avenue,  four  brick  flats; 
cost,  $21,000.  J.  C.  Burne,  architect.  402  E.  Eightieth  street, 
brick  and  stone  dwelling;  cost,  $20,000.  M.  J.  Fitz  Mahoney, 
architect.  180  E.  Ninth  avenue,  two  brick  and  stone  dwellings; 
cost,  $26,000.  Bueh  &  Co.,  architects.  100  W.  Central  Park  West, 
stone  dwelling;  cost,  $28,000.    J.  Stroud,  architect. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 
St.  Johns,  N.  B.:    The  New  Brunswick  Heat  and  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  with  $250,000  capital.  London, 

Ont.:  This  city  proposes  to  introduce  1,000  and  2,000  CP  street 
arc  lamps.  Beverly,  Mass.:  This  city  will  put  in  a  street  light- 
ing plant.    F.  J.  Crowell  is  interested.  Charlottesville,  Va.: 

Electric  lights  will  be  erected.  Chicago,  111.:     The  Archer 

Electric  Light  Company  has  been  incorporated  to  furnish  electric 
light  and  power;  capital  stock,  $15,000;    incorporators,  Henry 

Schmidt,  Peter  Schmidt  and  Charles  F.  Kroll.  Brunswick,  Ga.: 

The  Brunswick  Light  and  Water  Company  proposes  to  expend 
$75,000  in  improvements,  the  chief  of  which  will  be  the  enlarge- 
ment of  its  gas  works.  Syracuse,  N.  Y.:  The  Onondaga  Elec- 
tric Company  has  been  organized,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $250,000, 
for  the  manufacture  and  distribution  of  electricity  and  for  furnish- 
ing light  and  power.  The  trustees  for  the  first  year  are:  William 
B.  Kirk,  George  M.  Barnes,  Anson  N.  Palmer,  Alvin  J.  Belden, 

Lucius  S.  Denison,  Anson  E.  Alvord  and  Peter  B.  McLennan.  

Monongahela  City,  Pa.:  The  Monongahela  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $40,000.  E.  G.  Ashe- 
son,  S.  A.  Duncan  and  W.  W.  Ascheson  of  Pittsburg  are  the  di- 
rectors. Arkadelphia,  Ark.:  The  Arkadelphia  Methodist  Col- 
lege will  purchase  an  electric  plant.  Address  J.  McLanchlan. 
 Tazewell  Court  House,  Va.:  The  Tazewell  Court  House  Im- 
provement Company,  organized  with  B.  W.  Stras,  President,  and 
Joseph  Stras,  secretary,  contemplates  erecting  an  electric  light 
plant.  This  company  owns  152  acres  of  land  and  has  a  capital 
stock  of  $100,000.- — Cleveland,  Tenn.:  W.  S.  Beckner  desires  to 
purchase  an  electric  light  plant.  Dawson,  Ga.:  The  city  is  ne- 
gotiating for  the  establishment  of  an  electric  light  plant.  The 

mayor  can  give  information.^  Alexandria,  Va.:    An  electric 

light  company  will  be  , organized  within  a  few  days.  Carters- 

ville,  Ga.:  A  small  dynamo,  of  12  to  16  incandescent  light  capac- 
ity, is  wanted  by  M.  M.  Graham  &  Co. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Haverhill,  Mass.:    The  construction  of  a  sewer  on  Kenoza  av- 
enue, at  a  cost  of  $4,000,  has  been  ordered.  Kimball,  Tenn.: 

Plans  have  been  prepared  by  Nier,  Hartford  &  Mitchell  of  Chat- 
tanooga for  the  construction  of  a  sewerage  system.  Dansville, 

N.  Y.:    A  new  sewerage  system  will  be  constructed.  Crescent 

Beach,  Mass.:  The  joint  committee  on  sewerage  representing  the 
shore  villages  of  Crescent  Beach  and  Beachmont,  Mass.,  have 
united  on  a  plan  for  the  relief  of  those  localities,  which  are  suffer- 
ing from  a  lack  of  proper  drainage.  It  is  proposed  to  discharge 
sewage  into  Sale's  creek;  the  estimated  cost  is  $75,000.  Rich- 
mond, Va.:  The  committee  on  street  improvements  will  ask  for 
$75,000  in  bonds  for  sewer  construction.  San  Francisco,  Cal.: 


Superintendent  of  streets,  Ashworth,  in  his  annual  report  urges 
the  need  of  an  improved  system  of  sewerage  for  the  whole  city. 

 Charlottesville,  Va.:    A  sewerage  system  will  be  constructed^ 

Address  J.  M.  Levy.  Hastings,  Neb.:    Plans  and  specifications 

have  been  adopted  for  a  sewerage  system.  Wilmington,  Del.: 

A  new  sewer  will  be  constructed  at  Twenty-eighth  street,  between 
Tatnall  and  West.  LaSalle,  111.:  The  City  Council  has  appro- 
priated the  sum  of  $30,500  to  be  expended  on  sewers  during  the 

year  1890.   A  letting  will  take  place  about  August  5.  Grand 

Rapids,  Mich.:  The  board  of  health  has  ordered  the  establish- 
ment of  numerous  additional  sewers.  Salisbury,  N.  C:  This 

city  will  soon  hold  an  election  to  decide  upon  the  issuance  of 
$100,000  of  bonds  for  a  sewerage  system.  Norwood,  O.:  Con- 
siderable sewer  work  is  to  be  done  at  this  place.  For  details  ad- 
dress the  Sewerage  Commission.  Lowell,  Mass.:    The  sum  of 

$50,000  has  been  appropriated  by  the  aldermen  for  the  purpose  of 
furthering  the  sewerage  work.  Southboro,  Mass.:  A  new  sys- 
tem of  sewerage  by  downward  intermittent  filtration  is  being  con- 
structed for  St.  Mark's  School,  from  plans  furnished  by  the  engin- 
eer, F.  L.  Fuller  of  Boston.  Troy,  N.  Y.:    Numerous  sewer 

extensions  are  to  be  established  in  this  city.  Woonsocket,  R.  I.: 

This  city  contemplates  building  a  chemical  sewage  purification 

plant  or  purchasing  land  for  filtration  beds.  Washington,  D. 

C:  Plans  for  a  complete  system  of  sewerage,  costing  $3,598,000, 
have  been  prepared  by  Rudolph  Hering,  F.  M.  Gray  and  F.  P. 

Stearns.  Florence,  Ala.:    This  city  has  had  a  complete  system 

of  sewerage  planned  by  Nier,  Hartford  &  Mitchell  of  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.  Walkerville,  Mich.:    The  City  Council  intends 

to  engage  an  engineer  to  design  a  sewage  purification  system.  

Quincy,  Mass.:  Percy  M.  Blake  has  made  plans  for  a  sewerage 
system,  to  cost  about  $140,000. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 
Manchester,  N.  H.:  A  high  service  system  will  be  constructed 
to  supply  Wilson  Hill.  Franklin  Falls,  N.  H.:  The  water  com- 
mittee, composed  of  W.  F.  Daniell,  chairman;  Daniel  Barnard 
and  Walter  Aiken  has  submitted  the  following  report:  The  com- 
mittee is  unanimously  in  favor  of  building  water-works,  but  has 
not  decided  whether  they  should  be  built  at  once,  nor  whether  it  is 
best  for  the  town  to  build  and  maintain  the  works,  or  allow  private 
parties  to  construct  them.    A  pumping  plant  and  reservoir  will  be 

necessary,  which  will  cost  $80,000.  Attleboro,  Mass.:  $18,000 

of  4  per  cent,  bonds  have  been  issued  for  constructing  water- 
works. The  question  of  water-works  was  carried  by  a  large 

majority,  and  the  work  of  surveying  and  making  maps  will  be  be- 
gun at  once.  Kimball,  Tenn.:  This  place  is  to  have  water- 
works. Unionville,  Conn.:    The  subject  of  building  a  reservoir 

and  water-works  at  this  place  is  being  agitated.  Greensbor- 

ough,  Ala.:    A  system  of  water-works  is  to  be  estabhshed  at  this 

place  at  once.  Florence,  Ala.:    The  sum  of  $200,000  is  to  be 

issued  in  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  system  of  water- 
works. St.  Petersburg,  Fla.:    A  system  of  water-works  is  to  be 

established.  Fulton,  Ky.:    The  people  of  this  place  will  hold  a 

public  election  at  an  early  day  to  decide  for  or  against  expending 
the  sum  of  $25,000  on  establishing  a  water-works  plant.  Edward 

Starks  can  furnish  particulars.  Duquoin,  111.:    The  people  of 

this  place  held  a  public  meeting  recently  to  discuss  the  water- 
works question,  and  the  result  was  that  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  look  into  the  matter  and  report  at  another  meeting  to  be  held 
later.  The  Clerk  of  the  City  Council  can  furnish  particu- 
lars. Statesville,  N.  C:    The  people  of  this  place  have  voted 

for  water-works.  Neenah,  Wis.:   Water- works  are  wanted.  

Freehold,  N.  J.:  A.  Harvey  Tyson  of  Reading,  Pa.,  has  been  en- 
gaged as  engineer  in  constructing  the  water-works.  Newark, 

N.  J.:  The  George  F.Blake  Manufacturing  Company  has  been 
inaugurated.  The  capital  stock  is  put  at  $2,000,000.  The  objects 
of  the  company  are  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  pumps,  water 
meters  and  other  machinery,  and  the  company  will  acquire  the 
business  of  the  George  F.  Blake  Manufacturing  Company  of 
Massachusetts  and  establish  a  factory  at  Newark.  The  incorpor- 
ators are:    George  H.  Stover,  Charles  L.  Broadent,  Marcus  Stein 

of  New  York  and  Frederick  M.  Wheeler  of  Montclair.  Cur- 

wenville.  Pa.:  The  question  of  water-works  is  being  discussed. 
 Springfield,  Mo.:    The  city  is  to  have  six  additional  miles  of 


168 


water  mains  and  fifty-two  additional  fire  plugs.  Ellsworth, 

Kan.:   A  system  of  water-works  is  to  be  established  at  this  place, 

by  H.  M.  Hadley  of  Topeka,  Kan.  Garnett,  Kan.:    The  people 

of  this  place  have  voted  the  sum  of  §30,000  for  the  purpose  of  estab- 
lishing a  system  of  water-works.  Quincy,  111.:    The  Quincy 

High   Water  Pressure  Company  has  been  incorporated.  

Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.:    A  new  water  company  is  to  be  formed  at 

this    place.  Van    Wirt,  O.:     John  W.  Hill  of  Cincinnati 

is  making  preliminary  surveys  and  investigations  for  a 
source  of  supply  and  the  work  will  soon  be  ready  for  letting. 
— i — Bloomington,  Ind.:  Five  and  one-half  miles  of  main  pipe 
will  be  laid.  Union,  S.  C:  The  town  council  is  making  esti- 
mates on   establishing   water-works.  Tarboro,  N.  C:  The 

cleansing  of  all  the  aqueducts,  improved  arrangements  for  sup- 
plying water  and  a  better  sewerage  system  are  demanded  by  the 
board  of  health.  Shelton,  Wash.:  The  city  council  is  consid- 
ering the  proposition  to  bond  the  city,  for  the  purpose  of  putting 

in  a  water  system  for  domestic  and  fire  purposes.  Gatesville, 

Tex.:  The  Gatesville  Water  Supply  Company,  capital  $25,000, 
has  been  chartered.  N.  M.  Uuffie  is  president  and  J.  W.  Saunders 
secretary.  Ozark,  Ala.:  Negotiations  for  water-works  construc- 
tion are  in  progress.  Fall  River,  Mass.:  $25,000  will  be  ex- 
pended in  extending  the  water  service.  Webster,  Mass.:  S75,- 

000  will  be  expended  on  the  water  supply.  Woburn,  Mass.: 

$6,000  will  be  expended  for  an  improved  water  supply.  Address 

the  Treasurer  of  the  City  Council.  Franklinville,  N.  Y.:  An 

election  will  be  held  July  31  to  decide  the  question  of  expending 
$32,000  on  the  water  supply.  West  Troy,  N.  Y.:  An  applica- 
tion has  been  made  for  more  hydrants.  West  Point,  Ga.:  A 

system  of  water- works  will  be  constructed.  Waverly,  la.:  An 

election  will  be  held  August  ist  to  settle  the  water-works  question. 
 Hill  City,  Tenn.:  There  is  a  project  being  discussed  to  sup- 
ply this  place  with  water  from  the  plant  at  Chattanooga.  Wa- 
ter-Works Superintendent  Wingfield  of  the  latter  place  can  fur- 
nish details.  Toledo,  la.:    The  question  of  issuing  bonds  for 

the  purpose  of  establishing  a  system  of  water-works  is  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  people  of  this  place  at  an  early  day.  Houston, 

Tex.:  It  is  probable  that  improvements  will  soon  be  made  to  the 
plant  of  the  Houston  Water-Works  Company.    For  particulars 

address  J.  Guinney.  Salem,  Mass.:    Complaint  is  made  of  a 

shortage  in  the  water  supply  of  this  city,  and  steps  will  probably 

be  taken  to  remedy  the  difficulty.  Morgantown,  N.  C:  The 

sum  of  $20,000  will  be  expended  on  establishing  a  system  of  water- 
works for  this  place.    For  particulars  address  S.  R.  Collett.  

Crewe,  Va.:  The  Crewe  Land  and  Improvement  Company  has 
been  incorporated  here,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.    Objects:  to 

construct  water-works,  electric  light  plants  and  gas  works.  

Quebec,  Can.:  It  is  reported  that  the  water  supply  of  this  place 
is  to  be  filtered  and  that  an  extensive  plant  for  that  purpose  is  to 

be  established.  Seattle,  Wash.:  The  city  trustees  have  decided 

to  purchase  a  Worthington  pump,  with  capacity  of  1,250,000  galls. 

per  day.  Petaluma,  Cal.:    The  Petaluma  Water  Company  is  to 

build  a  reservoir  on  Sonoma  Mountain,  to  hold  50,000,000  galls,  of 

water.  Lumber  City,  Ga.:    There  is  a  project  being  discussed 

to  establish  a  system  of  water-works  at  this  place.  Knoxville, 

Tenn.:  The  Knoxville  Water  Company  will  enlarge  and  im- 
prove its  water-works  system.  Florence,  Ala.:    The  Florence 

Water  Company  will  issue  $200,000  of  bonds.  Dallas,  Tex.: 

Plans  for  the  new  pumping  station  have  been  prepared  by  J.  D 
Cook  of  Toledo,  O.,  and  submitted  to  the  city  council.  The  esti- 
mated cost  of  building  and  ecjuipping  the  station  is  $215,500.— — 
Trmidad,  Col.:  The  city  council  has  passed  an  ordinance  author- 
izing the  issue  of  $100,000  of  bonds  for  constructing  a  new  system 
of  water-works.    The  ordinance  passed  last  year  granting  the 

company  a  30-years'  franchise  has  been  repealed.  Dayton 

Wash.:  A  large  vote  has  been  cast  in  favor  of  the  city  issuing 
$55,000  of  bonds  for  putting  in  a  complete  system  of  new  water- 
works. Oregon  City,  Ore.:  The  city  council  has  passed  an  or- 
dinance ordering  a  special  election  on  July  28,  to  vote  a  special 
tax  for  raising  funds  for  erecting  and  furnishing  a  pumping  station 

to  furnish  an  adequate  supply  of  water  for  fire  protection.  

Charlotte,  Va.:    A  system  of  water-works  will  be  constructed.  

Gainesville,  Ga.:  The  Georgia  Development  Company  has  been 
incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.    T.  J.  Cheney,  Wm. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


Hughes  and  John  Martin  are  the  incorporators.  Florence,  Ala.: 

$200,000  in  bonds  will  be  issued  for  the  benefit  of  the  water-works 
supply.  North  Springfield  111.:  The  village  trustees  have  con- 
sidered informally  a  proposition  to  organize  a  stock  company  to 
furnish  water,  and  several  persons  expressed  a  willingness  to  take 
stock.   A  committee  of  four  has  been  appointed  to  investigate  the 

matter.  Correctionville,  la.:    A  system  of  water-works  will 

probably  be  established.  Dr.  A.  J.  Weeks  and  George  Fitchner 
are  investigating  different  systems.  Hiawatha,  Kan.:  An  en- 
gineer is  perfecting  plans  for  bringing  water  to  the  city  from  wells 
on  the  Schilling  farm,  a  good  supply  of  water  having  been  se- 
cured from  that  source.  Oswego  and  El  Dorado,  Kan.:  The 

Oswego  Water- Works  Company  has  been  incorporated  by  J.  F. 
Thompson,  C.  L.  Harris,  G.  H.  Parkhurst,  D.  W.  Weidman  and  A. 

B.  Ewing,  all  of  Eldorado.    Capital  stock,  $50,000.  Topeka, 

Kan.:  The  Interstate  Water  and  Electric  Power  Company  of 
Wyandotte  County,  Kan.,  and  Jackson  County,  Mo.,  has  been  in- 
corporated at  Topeka.  Capital  stock,  $1,000,000.  The  directors 
are:  John  B.  Colton  and  John  G.  Johns  of  Kansay  City,  Mo.: 
Nicholas  McAlpine,  David  N.  Carlisle  and  Robert  McAlpine  of 
Kansas  City,  Kan.  Cheyenne,  Wyo.:  Improvements  and  ex- 
tensions to  the  water  system  are  being  discussed,  and  the  press  of 
the  city  is  urging  the  expenditure  of  $200,000  in  the  work. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 
\'enice.  111.:    Plans  and  specifications  for  the  extension  of  the 
Venice  (111.)  water-mains  to  East  Venice  have  been  completed, 

and  bids  for  the  work  will  be  asked  for.  New  York  city:  Bids 

are  wanted  for  materials  and  work  required  for  construction  of 
pipe  sewers,  etc.,  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  East  26th  and  East  28th 
streets.    Address  Department  Public  Charities  and  Corrections 

until  August  6th.  Mohawk,  N.  Y.:    Proposals  will  be  received 

by  the  Board  of  Water  Commissioners  up  to  2:30  o'clock  v.  .M., 
Wednesday,  August  13,  1890,  for  the  material  and  labor  required 
for  constructing  water-works  for  the  village  of  Mohawk.  Plans 
may  be  seen  and  specifications  and  blank  proposals  obtained  at 
the  office  of  the  commissioners  after  August  1,  1890.  V.  Brown, 
M.  F.  Kaples,  G.  P.  Rasbach,  E.  L.  Hurley,  F.  Byers,  Board  of 

Water  Commissioners.  Tacoma,  Wash.:  Sealed  proposals  will 

be  received  at  the  office  of  the  undersigned  until  12  o'clock,  noon, 
on  the  28th  day  of  August,  1890,  for  the  several  works  required 
for  the  erection  and  completion  of  a  stone  and  brick  court-house 
for  Pierce  county.  State  of  Washington,  to  be  built  in  the  city  of 
Tacoma.  Plans  and  specifications  may  be  seen  on  and  after  the 
28th  day  of  July  1890.  Plans,  specifications  and  all  information 
obtained  from  Proctor  &  Dennis,  architects,  600-1-2  Washington 

Block,  Tacoma,  State  of  Washington.  Macon,  Mo.:    Bids  will 

be  received  until  August  14th  for  the  furnishing  of  materials  and 
performing  the  labor  necessary  to  construct  a  combined  electric 
light  and  w  ater-works  plant.  Plans  and  specifications  can  be  seen 
and  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  city  clerk,  or  at  the  offices  of  the 
Western  Engineering  Company  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.  Estimated 

cost  of  plant,  $40,000.  Conneaut,  O.:    Correspondence  with 

supply  manufacturers  is  solicited  by  H.  D.  C.  Richards,  General 
Manager  of  the  Hydraulic  Constructing  Company,  Equitable 
Building,  New  York  city,  this  company  having  been  awarded  the 
contract  to  build  the  new  works.  There  will  be  8  miles  of  12  to  4 
inch  mains,  75  to  90  hydrants;  2  compound  duplex  pumping  en- 
gines, each  of  1,000,000  gallons  daily  capacity;  two  70-horse-power 
boilers;  stand  pipe,  20  feet  in  diameter  by  100  feet  high.  Prelim- 
inary surveys  have  been  made,  and  contracts  will  be  awarded  as 
soon  as  prices  from  manufacturers  can  be  secured.    The  works 

are  to  be  completed  this  year.  Terre  Haute,  lad.:    Bids  are 

being  received  for  constructing  a  reservoir.  It  is  to  be  is  feet 
deep,  10  feet  below  the  surface  and  5  feet  above.    It  is  to  be  a 

storage  reservoir,  and  will  be  filled  with  filtered  water.  Shallcr, 

la.:  Advertisements  for  bids  for  (jutting  in  water-works  have  been 
published.  Boulder,  Colo.:  Bids  will  soon  be  wanted  for  con- 
structing a  50  by  100  feet  reservoir,  in  accordance  with  plans  and 
specifications  which  have  been  ordered  to  be  prepared  by  the  city 
council.  The  walls  will  be  of  concrete  and  the  tloor  cemented. 
It  is  to  furnish  water  for  the  main  reservoir,  near  the  city,  by  grav- 
ity. Ellensburgh,  Wash.:  The  city  council  has  passed  a  reso- 
lution directing  that  bids  be  invited  at  once  for  $150,000  of  bonds 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


August  2,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


V 


for  completing  the  water-works.-  Newark,  N.  J.:    Proposals  are 

wanted  for  400  feet  of  2>^.\3>^  feet  brick  sewer,  650  feet  of  15-inch 
and  550  feet  of  12-inch  salt-glazed  pipe  sewer,  10  man-holes,  7 

basins.    E.  B.  Gaddis.  Boston,  Mass.:  Scaled  bids  for  building 

sections  8  and  g  of  the  Metro[)olitan  Sewerage  System  (East  Bos- 
ton) and  sections  C  and  D  (Brighton),  all  in  the  city  of  Boston,  in 
accordance  with  the  form  of  contract  and  specifications  to  be  fur- 
nished by  the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Sewerage  Commissioners, 
will  be  received  by  said  Board  at  its  office,  93  Lincoln  street,  until 

12  o'clock  M.  of  Wednesday,  August  13,  1890.  Greenboro,  N.C.: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  by  the  Sewage  Committee  of  the 
Board  of  Aldermen,  at  the  mayor's  office  of  said  city,  until  three 
o'clock  p.  M.  of  Thursday,  August  21,  1890,  for  constructing  a  part 
of  the  proposed  system  of  pipe  sewers  for  said  city.  Address 
Wm.  M.  Houston.  Village  of  Rogers  Park,  111.:  Sealed  pro- 
posals addressed  to  the  village  clerk  will  be  received  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  village  of  Rogers  Park  until  5  o'clock 
p.  M.,  August  9,  1890,  for  furnishing  materials  and  labor  and  doing 
the  work  required  to  construct  a  system  of  sewerage  and  drainage 
in  and  for  the  said  village,  in  accordance  with  plans  and  specifi- 
cations prepared  by  Urban  H.  Broughton.  The  work  to  be  exe- 
cuted is  divided  into  the  following  contracts,  and  proposals  will 
be  received  for  each  contract  or  for  the  whole  work:  Contract 
No.  I — 13,185  feet,  more  or  less,  of  circular  brick  sewers,  varying 
in  diameter  from  24  inches  to  66  inches;  34  manholes;  63  catch- 
basins;  lake  outlet  on  Pratt  avenue,  to  be  constructed  of  wrought- 
iron  pipe  3  feet  in  diameter  and  timber  work.  Contract  No.  2 — 
25,090  feet,  more  or  less,  of  vitrified  stoneware  pipe  sewers,  vary- 
ing in  diameter  from  9  to  20  inches;  70  manholes;  68  catch-basins. 
Contract  No.  3 — 19,235  feet,  more  or  less,  of  8- inch  vitrified  stone- 
ware pipe  sewers,  with  special  sockets;  22  manholes;  24  lamp- 
holes;  18  automatic  flushing-tanks.  Contract  No.  4 — 1,550  feet, 
more  or  less,  of  circular  brick  sewers,  varying  in  diameter  from 
24  to  36  inches;  12,655  feet,  more  or  less,  of  vitrified  stoneware 
pipe  sewers,  varying  in  diameter  from  12  to  20  inches;  29  man- 
holes; 74  catch-basins;  24-inch  wrought-iron  lake  outlet  on  Lunt 
avenue.  Plans,  specifications  and  drawings,  duplicates  of  which 
are  on  file  at  the  office  of  village  clerk  of  said  village,  may  be 
seen  at  the  office  of  the  engineer,  72  Commerce  Building,  Chicago. 
The  work  embraced  in  each  contract  is  to  be  completed  on  or  be- 
fore August  31,  1891.    Fred.  J.  Donihoo,  village  clerk.  West 

Point,  N.  Y.:  Sealed  proposals,  in  duplicate,  subject  to  the  usual 
conditions,  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  Capt.  Charles  W.  Wil- 
liams until  12  o'clock,  noon,  on  the  8th  day  of  August,  1890,  for 
gas  coal,  anthricite  coal,  hard  wood,  charcoal,  building  materials, 
paints,  plumbing  materials,  gas  and  steam  fittings,  pulleys,  belt- 
ing, arch  plates  for  steam  boilers,  fire  brick,  fire  clay,  stationery, 
printing  materials,  office  furniture,  brooms,  soap,  brushes,  range 
parts,  and  other  miscellaneous  stores  specified  on  schedules  to  be 
had  upon  application.  Inclose  proposals  in  envelope  marked 
"Proposals  for  Military  Supplies,"  and  addressed  to  Charles  W. 

Williams,  Captain  and  A.  Q.  M.,  U.  S.  A.  Washington,  D.  C: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  of  Thurs- 
day, August  7,  1890,  for  the  construction  of  a  life-saving  station 
at  Cold  Spring,  near  Cape  May  City,  N.  J.  Plans  and  specifica- 
tions, containing  full  information  and  forms  of  proposal,  can  be 
obtained  of  the  Collector  of  Customs,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Fourth  Life-Saving  District,  Point  Pleasant,  N.  J.; 
Keeper  Cold  Spring  Life-Saving  Station,  Cape  May  City,  N.  J.; 
Superintendent  of  Construction,  Life-Saving  Station,  Atlantic  and 
Lake  Coasts;  No.  24  State  street.  New  York  city,  and  upon  appli- 
cation to  the  office  of  S.  I.  Kimball,  General  Superintendent,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Galion,  O.:    Proposals  are  wanted  until  noon  of 

August  20,  1890,  for  the  construction  of  about  g,ooo  feet  of  pipe 

sewers.    J.  B.  Weddell,  city  civil  engineer.-  Wilmington,  N.  C.: 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising 
Architect,  Treasury  Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock 
p.  M.  on  the  i6th  day  of  August,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  mate- 
rials required  for  the  approaches  to  the  U.  S.  post-office,  custom- 
house, etc.,  building  at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  in  accordance  with  the 
drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  superintendent.  Address 

Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Charlotte,  N.  C:    Sealed  proposals  will  be 

received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  De- 
partment, Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  7th  day 
of  August,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  required  to  com- 
plete the  plumbing  for  the  U.  S.  court-house  and  post-office  at 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specifiation. 
Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.-  Fayetteville,  N.  C:  The  Water- 
Works  Committee  is  ready  to  receive  proposals  for  the  construc- 
tion of  water-works.  For  details  address  J.  D.  Neill,  chairman. 
- — -La  Salle,  111.:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office 
of  the  city  clerk  until  8  o'clock  p.  M.,  August  5, 1890,  for  construct- 
ing about  25,000  feet  of  sewers — 1,500  feet  of  brick,  the  remainder 
8  to  24  inches  pipe,  together  with  manholes,  catch-basins  and  other 
appurtenances.  The  work  is  divided  as  follows:  Division  A,  15,000 
feet;  Division  B,  tunneling  740  feet;  Division  C,  6,180  feet;  Di- 
vision D,  4,500  feet.  Each  division  will  require  a  separate  bid, 
and  each  bid  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  deposit  bond  or  certified 


check  Sor  $500,  and  the  contractor's  bond  shall  equal  the  full 
amount  of  the  contract.  The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  or  all 
bids.    Mr.  W.  P.  Rounds  is  the  constructing  engineer.    Y .  W. 

Matthiessen,  mayor.  Eastport,  Me.:    .Sealed  proposals  will  be 

received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  De- 
partment, Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  15th  day 
of  August,  i8(p,  for  all  the  labor  and  material  required  for  the 
excavation,  concrete  foundations,  stone  and  brick  work  of  the 
basement  and  area  walls  of  the  United  States  custom-house  and 
post-office  building  at  Eastport,  Maine,  in  accordance  with  the 
drawings  and  specification,  copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation at  this  office  or  the  office  of  the  superintendent  at  East- 
port,  Maine.    Address  Jas.  H.  Windrim.  Houston,  Tex.:  Sealed 

proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Archi- 
tect, Treasury  Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.m. 
an  the  8th  day  of  August,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  re- 
quired for  the  extension  of  the  U.  S.  post-office,  etc.,  building  at 
Houston,  Texas,  in  accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specifica- 
tion, copies  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  at  this  office  or  to 

the  superintendent.  Columbia,  Pa.:  Proposals  are  wanted  until 

August  12  for  lighting  the  public  streets,  etc.,  of  this  place  by  gas 
or  electricity  for  a  term  of  one  or  three  years.    Address  Frank  H. 

Gileen.  Cincinnati,  O.:    The  Board  of  Education  are  asking 

for  plans  for  school-buildings,  one  to  cost  S7o,ooo,  and  one  to  cost 
$40,000.    They  will  pay  §500  for  plans  accepted  for  first  building, 

and  $300  for  second.  Chicago:    J.  E.  Schedler  desires  bids  for 

a  three-story  store  and  flat  building,  to  be  erected  at  the  corner  of 
Plum  and  Laflin  streets.  The  cost  will  be  $15,000.  C.  A.  Weary 
desires  bids  on  a  four-story  flat  building,  to  be  erected  on  Car- 
penter street,  near  Washington   boulevard;    cost,  $15,000.  

Bridgeport,  Conn.:  The  plans  for  the  Barnum  School  Building 
are  now  ready  to  be  estimated.  Parties  desiring  to  bid  upon  said 
building  can  apply  to  Longstaff  &  Hurd,  architects,  325  Main 
street,  Bridgeport,  on  and  after  July  14,  1890.  Due  notice  will  be 
given  as  to  the  date  of  receiving  and  opening  bids. 


HAVE  YOU  HAD  YOUR  VACATION.? 

If  not,  send  a  postal  card  to  F.  A.  Palmer,  201  Clark  street, 
Chicago,  for  a  copy  of  Wabash  Tourist  Folder,  containing  com- 
plete information  regarding  routes  and  rates  from  Chicago  to  the 
White  Mountains,  Adirondacks,  and  all  Eastern  and  Canadian 
seaside  resorts. 

The  Wabash  Line  now  offers  to  the  public  the  choice  of  two 
through-car  routes  to  the  East:  One  via  the  Wabash  to  Detroit 
and  thence  via  the  famous  Great  Western  Division  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  to  Niagara  Falls;  thence  via  the  West  Shore 
Road  to  New  York,  and  the  West  Shore  and  Fitchburg,  Hoosac 
Tunnel  Route,  to  Boston.  Through  sleepers  from  Chicago  to 
both  points.  The  other  route  is  via  Wabash  to  Detroit,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  from  there  via  Toronto 
and  Montreal.  Through  sleepers  from  Chicago  to  Montreal, 
where  direct  connection  is  made  with  the  through-car  lines  to  all 
principal  New  England  points,  and  with  St  Lawrence  River 
steamers. 

All  trains  leave  from  Dearborn  Station,  Chicago.  Berths  re- 
served in  advance.  For  further  information,  pamphlets,  etc., 
apply  at  City  Office,  201  Clark  street. 


"The  Great  Florida  Route."  This  is  the  verdict  of  all  who  have 
gone  to  Florida  and  the  South  over  the  Big  Four  Route,  which  is 
the  only  lii-e  running  solid  vestibuled  trains  through  between  Chi- 
cago, LaFavette,  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati,  and  making  connec- 
tions in  Central  Union  Depot,  Cincinnati,  with  trains  of  the  Queen 
and  Crescent  Route  for  the  South  and  Southeast.  Elegant  dining 
car  service  on  all  through  trains.  Steam  heat,  gas  light  and  no 
transfers. 


Four  trains  daily  by  the  Monon  Route  between  Chicago,  La 
Fayette,  Indianapolis,  Cincinnati  and  all  points  South.  Pullman 
Perfected  Safety  Vestibule  Coaches  on  all  night  trains;  Parlor 
Chair  Cars  on  day  trains.  For  sanitarium  resorts  visit  West  Baden 
or  French  Lick  Springs.  The  medicinal  qualities  are  curative  for 
all  skin  and  blood  diseases.  For  rates,  schedules  and  any  other  in- 
formation, address  F.  J.  Reed,  City  Passenger  Agent,  73  Clark 
street,  or  James  Barker,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Monon  Block, 
Chicago. 


HOSPITAL  REMEDIES. 

A  NEW  METHOD  OF  TREATING  DISEASES. 

What  are  they?  There  is  a  new  departure  in  the  treatment  of 
disease.  It  consists  in  the  collection  of  the  specifics  used  by  noted 
specialists  of  Europe  and  America,  and  bringing  them  within  the 
reach  of  all.  For  instance  the  treatment  pursued  by  special  phy- 
sicans  who  treat  indigestion,  stomach  and  liver  troubles  only,  was 
obtained  and  prepared.  The  treatment  of  other  physicians,  cele- 
brated for  curing  catarrh  was  procured  and  so  on  till  these  incom- 
parable cures  now  include  disease  of  the  lungs,  kidneys,  female 
weakness,  rheumatism,  and  nervous  debility.  The  new  method  of 
"one  remedy  for  one  disease"  must  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  all  sufferers,  many  of  whom  have  experienced  the  ill  effects, 
and  thoroughly  realize  the  absurdity  of  the  claims  of  Patent  Med- 
icines which  are  guaranteed  to  cure'every  ill  out  of  a  single  bottle, 
and  the  use  of  which,  as  statistics  prove,  has  ruinednwre  stomachs 
than  alcohol.  A  circular  describing  these  new  remedies  is  sent  free 
on  receipt  of  stamp  to  pay  postage  by  Hospital  Remedy  Company, 
Toronto,  Canada,  sole  proprietors. 


vi 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  339 


BURLINGTON  ROUTE.— BUT  ONE  NIGHT  TO  DENVER. 

"The  Burlington's  Number  One"  daily  vestibule  express 
leaves  Chicago  at  i  :oo  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Denver  at  6:30  p.  m. 
the  next  day.  Quicker  time  than  by  any  other  route.  Direct  con- 
nection with  this  train  from  Peoria.  Additional  express  trains, 
making  as  quick  time  as  those  of  any  other  road,  from  Chicago, 
St.  Louis  and  Peoria  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Cheyenne,  Denver,  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Houston  and 
all  other  points  West,  Northwest  and  Southwest. 


THE  NORTHERN  SUMMER  RESORTS 

of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Dakota,  not  forgetting  the 
famous  Excelsior  Springs  of  Missouri,  are  more  attractive  during 
the  present  season  than  ever  before. 

An  illustrated  guide  book,  descriptive  of  a  hnndred  or  more  of 
the  choicest  spots  of  creation,  on  the  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway,  will  be  sent  free  upon  application  to 
A.  V.  H.  Carpenter,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  111. 


DIRECTORY. 

The  names  of  sub.scribers  inserted  in  this  list  on  paj'- 
nient  of  $2  per  year. 


PLUMBERS'  SUPPLIES. 
Shilvock,  W.  IL,  88fi  Dudley  street. 
The  Whittaker  Supply  Co.,  151  W.  Washington  street. 

SEWER  BUILDERS. 
Dee,  Wm.  E.,  154  La  Salle  street. 
Dee,  Win.  M.,  164  Adams  street. 
O'Brien,  T.  M.,  5,  84  La  Salle  street. 

SEWER  PIPE. 
Connelly,  Thomas,  14  Fourth  avenue. 

CHICAGO  PLUMBERS. 
Baggfot,  E.,  171  Adams  street. 
Boyd,  T.  C,  43  Dearborn  street. 
Breyer,  E.,  73  W.  Randolph  street. 
Breyer,  C,  833  Milwaukee  avenue. 
Brosnan,  T.  J.,  6S3  W.  Lake  street. 
Canty,  John,  3105  State  street. 

Cameron,  Alexander  M.,  135  W.  Van  Buren  street. 

Denniston,  J.  A.,  148  N.  Clark  street. 

Gay  *  CuUoton,  50  N.  Clark  street. 

Gundermann  Bros.,  182  North  avenue. 

Hickey,  A.  C,  75  S.  Clinton  street. 

Kelly,  Thomas  A  Bros.,  75  Jackson  street. 

Klein,  Stephen,  713  and  714  Milwaukee  avenue. 

Meany,  John,  5745  Wentworth  avenue. 

Moylan  &  Alcock,  103  Twent_y-Second  street. 

Murr.ay,  A.  W.,  811  W.  Madison  street. 

Nacey,  P.,  .339  Wabash  avenue. 

Neustadt,  Fred.,  300  North  avenue. 

Probasco,  R.  P.,  36  and  38  Dearborn  street. 

Reilly,  Joseph  &  Bro.,  517  W.  Madison  street. 

Roche,  J.  II. ,  308  Thirty  first  street. 

Roughan,  M.  J.,  25  Quincy  street. 

Ruh,  Valentine,  548  Wells  street. 

Sanders,  P.  ik  Son,  505  State  street. 

Schmidt,  Ira  T.,  145  Michigan  street. 

Sullivan,  John.  .37  Siegel  street. 

Tumulty,  J.  W.,  2251  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Wade,  J.  J.,  113  Dearborn  street. 

Weber  &  Weppiicr,  244  N.  Clark  street. 

Whiteford,  David,  372  W.  Randolph  street. 

Wilson,  Wm.,  3907  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

Young,  Gatzert  &  Co.,  995  W.  Madison  street.  

HELP  WANTED. 


WR  READERS  ARE  CORDIALLY  INVITED 
to  use  this  column  ■when  in  tieed  of  help  in  any  of  the 
professions,  trades  or  businesses  to  zohich  this  journal 
is  devoted.  Such  advertisements  luill  he  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  addressed  care  (t/'Tiie  Sanitary 
News,  88  and  9o  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


Address,""  F.,"  Th'k  Sanitaky  News. 


ANTED.— PLUMBERS  FOR  WORK  IN  CHI- 
cago.    Steady  work  for  sober,  industrious  men. 


-VJTANTED.  —  A    TRAVELING  SALESMAN. 

'  '  Give  reference,  experience  and  salary  expected. 
None  but  experienced  men  need  apply.  The  Wm.  G. 
Price  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


PROFESSIONAL. 


JJENRY  ROBERT  ALLEN,  MEM.  SAN.  INST. 

Surveyor,  .50  Finebury  Square,  and  319  Victoria 
Park  Koad,  South  Hackney,  E.  London,  inspects 
houses  and  furnishes  reports  of  their  sanitary  condi- 
tion. Terms  moderate.  References.  London  agent 
for  The  Sanitary  News,  published  at  88  and  90  La- 
Salle  street,  Ohicago,  111.,  U.  8.  A.  Money  orders  and 
checks  should  be  made  payable  to  The  Sanitary 
News.  

RUDOLPH  HERING. 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  M.  Inst,  C.  E. 

Civil  and  Sanitary  Engineer 

277  Pearl  St.,  near  Fulton,  New  York. 
Designs  for  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage.  Construc- 
tion Superintended. 

GEO-  E.  WARING,  Jr.,  M-  Inst.  C  E- 

Consulting  Engineer  for  Sanitary  and  Agricultural 
Drainage  and  Municipal  Work. 

WARING,  CHAPIWAN  &.  FARQUHAR, 

C  iviL  Engineers,  Newport,  R.  1. 
Plans  for,  and  Supervision  of  Construction  of  Sew- 
erage, Sewage  Disposal,  Drainage,  Plumbing, 
Water-works,  etc.;  also 
Topographical  Work  and  ths  Laying  out  of  Towns. 

SAME.  a.  ARTINGSTALL,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

Plans  and  estimates  for  Water  Supply,  Sewerage, 
Bridges  and  Municipal  Works.  28  Kialto  Building, 
Chicago.  

-^M.  PAUL  GERHARD,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 

author  of  "House  Drainage  and  Sanitary  Plumb- 
ing," "Guide  to  Sanitary  Ifouso  Inspection,"  etc., 
offers  advice  and  superintcmdonco  in  works  of  sewer- 
age, water  supply,  ventilation,  and  sanitation  Sani- 
tary arrangement  of  Plumbing  a  Specialty.  Work  in 
Chicago  and  the  West  part  icularly  desired.  Corres- 

5ondence  solicited  89  Union  Square,  West,  New 
ork  (;itv. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— AS  FOREMAN  BY  A 
^  practical  plumber;  can  estim.ate  from  plans  and  is 
competent  to  take  ch.arge  of  entire  business.  Address, 
"Plumber,"  1221  Wesley  Ave.,  Columbus,  Ohio. 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


PERSONS  DESIROUS  OF  SECURING  SITU- 
ations  in  any  of  the  professions,  trades  or  businesses 
to  -which  this  journal  is  devoted  are  cordially  invited  to 
use  this  column.  Advertisements  -will  be  inserted  free, 
and  answers  can  be  sent  in  care  of  The  Sanitary 
News,  88  and  90  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  THOROUGHLY 
competent  heating  engineer.     Can   do  anything 
from  soliciting  to  practically  doing  work.    Location  no 
object.    Address,  "  H.  E.,"  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  YOUNG  MAN, 
^  20  years  of  age,  as  salesman  for  a  wholesale  plumb- 
ing house,  or  to  sell  some  specialty  in  the  plumbing  line. 
Has  had  four  years  experience  with  plumbing  goods. 
Address  "Sales,"  care  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  HUSTLER,  23 
years  of  age,  six  years'  experience  in  the  Plumbing, 
Gas  and  Steam  Supply  business,  as  city  solicitor  for 
some  Al  Supply  house.  Would  take  position  in  house 
for  a  while  to  show  that  I  am  well  qualified.  Address, 
"C.  A.  C,"  care  of  The  Sanitary-  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED. —AS  A  SALESMAN 
^  by  a  young  man  who  has  had  ten  years'  experience 
with  one  of  the  largest  plumbing  supply  houses  in  the 
West.  Best  of  references  furnished.  Address,  "W. 
F.  E."  care  of  The  Sanitary  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  A  FIRST-CLASS 
plumber  in  some  Western  city.  Address,  "Tiffany," 
care  of  The  Sanitary'  News. 


CITUATION  WANTED.— BY  YOUNG  MAN  AS 
collector  for  some  plumbing  house.    Can  furnish 
bond  and  first-class  references.    Address  "L,"  The 
Sanitary  News. 


PLUMBERS'  CARDS. 


TyAVlD   WHITEFORD,  PRACTICAL  PLUM- 
her  and  (ias-fitter.  Sanitary  plumbing  a  specialty. 
372  W.  Randolph  Street,  Oiicago,  111. 


p  HA  R  VET,  SCIENTIFIC  A  ND  PRA  CTICA  L 
'■  •  Plumber,  540  Thirty-Ninth  Street,  between  Mich- 
igan :ind  Indiana  Avenues,  Chicago.  Residence,  3629 
Dearbori  Street. 


SEND  FOR  CIRCULARS  AND  PRICES 
OF  LATEST 

PLUMBING  SPECIALTIES, 

Combination  Pipe  Vises,  Hinged  Self-Locking  Pijie 
Vises,  Lead  Pipe  Benders,  Lead  Pipe  Formers  and 
Sizeis,  Soil  Pipe  Joint  Runners,  Plumbers'  Estimate 
Book — office  and  pocket  size — to 

WM.  VANDERMAN, 

21  Church  Street,  Willimantic,  Conn. 


INSTANTANEOUS  WATER-HEATING  CO. 

MANUKAOTXIRKRS  OF  THE 

DOUGLAS  PATENT 

nstantaneous  Water  Heater 

FOR 

Baths  and  Domestic  Purposes 


Can  be  used  any  place  where  gas 
water  can  be  obtained. 

210  Illinois  St. 
IP  CHICAGO.. 


BUILDING  PERMITS. 


Emma  B.  Cornean,  3  sty  and  bstbrk  dwUg,  28x 
77,  2934  Michigan  av  ;  a,  L.  B.  Dixon  $ 

Turner  &  Bond,  13  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fiats,  31x36 
each;  2911-49  Butler  st  

B.  Murciel,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  st  and  fits,  35x84, 
815  Madison  st;  a,  W.  F.  Lesher  

Horace  S.Chase,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  40x74, 
3401  Michigan  av;  a,  Edbrooke  it  Burn- 
ham   

Halnor  Hanson,  4  4  and  3  sty  and  bst  flats  44x 
55x51,  44x32x50,  325-37  W.  'Erie  st;  a,  Letche 
Walfred  

Walfred  F.  Eklund,  4  sty  and  eel  brk  fits,  21x 
117,  191  Townsend  st;  a,  John  Olter  

Mrs.  L.  Day,  3  sty  and  bst  dwllg,  24x68,  4413 
Drexel  boul;  a,  H.  H.  Evans  

J.  H.  Dunham,  14  2  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs  and 
barn,  21x16,  40x32,'  Madison  Park  and  W. 
Woodlawn   

Fairbank  Canning  Co,  4  sty  brk  addo  to  pack- 
ing hse,  120x125,  Exchange  av  and  N.  W.  R. 
R'.  ;  a,  R.  Osterle  

Ralph  L.  Price,  4  3  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  32x44, 
7000-6  Webster  av ;  a,  J.  F.  Long  

C.  K.  Offield,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  dwllg,  18x80, 
379  Ashland  av;  a,  John  Wames  

Pat  O'Connell,  3  sty  and  eel  brk  st  and  fits,  23 
x87,  15ti  Centre  st;  a,  A.  Woerner  

A.  Borgnier,  3  3  s*y  and  bst  brk  dwllg  and 
barn,  30x20,  53x31,  698-700  N.  Hoyne  av;  a, 
Henry  Kley  

Mary  A.  Walker,  4  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllgs,  76 
-x65,  3610-16  Ellis  av;  a.  Patten  A  Fisher  

Turner  .V:  Bond,  5  2  sty  and  bst  brk  fits,  21x36 
each,  2914-34  Butler  st  

H.  M.Martin,  2  4  sty  brk  flts  42x70,  110-12  Mor- 
gan st   

Rich.ard  Healey.  3  sty  and  bst  brk  st  and  flts,  25 
x90,  3464  Hafsted  st;  a,  L.  S.  Heing  

C.  E.  Carson,  2  3  stv  and  eel  flrk  flts,  34x46, 
2<14-6  Centre  av;  a,  W.  S.  Barfield  

Wm.  Woodman,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  flts,  2x460, 
113  S,  Morgan  st  

F.  A.  Prince,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  28x56,109 
Hammond  st:  a,  Holabird  A:  Roche  

L.  Nelson,  2  sty  brk  add,  34x74,  303  W.  Indiana 
st;  a,  Jno  Long  

Maplewood  av  M.  E.ch,  43x74,  783  Maplewcod 


St. 


John  Phillips,  2  stv  and  bst  brk  flts,  25x60,  2107 
Dearborn  st;  a,  15.  Stewed  

Joseph  Mudra,  3  stv  and  eel  brk  flts,  21x70,  18 
O'Brien  st  

A.  Anderson,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  flts,  33x65,  4310 
Birklcv  st  

N.  C.  Nilbaek,  3  sty  and  bst  brk  dwllg,  3;ix66, 
47th  and  W.  Woodlawn  sts;  a,  S.  S.  Bee- 
man  

J.  H.  Dunham,  12  1  sty  brk  cttgs,  16x32,  Wood- 
lawn and  W-  50th  sts  

E  L  Kendal  4  IJ^  gty  frame  cttgs  22x36  Mor- 
gan and  W.  57th  sts  


30,000 
34,700 
13,000 

40,000 

16,000 
15,000 
30,000 

36,000 

30,000 
16,000 
10,000 
10,000 

13,000 
9,000 
9,500 
6,o00 
7,000 
8,000 
6,000 
6,000 
6,000 
8,000 
5,300 
5,000 
6,000 

7,000 
6,000 
8,000 


SEALED  PROPOSALS. 


CF.A1.ED  PROPOS.VLS  WILL  BE  RECEIVED 
at  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect,  Treasury 
Department,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  2  o'clock  p.  ni., 
on  the  7th  day  of  August,  1890,  for  all  the  labor  and 
materials  required  to  complete  the  plumbing  for  the  U. 
S.  Court  House  and  Post  Office,  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  in 
accordance  with  the  drawings  and  specifications.  Each 
bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certifled  check  for  $100. 
I'he  Department  will  reject  all  bids  received  after  the 
time  flxed  for  opening  the  same;  also  bids  which  do  not 
comply  strictly  with  all  the  requirements  of  this  invita- 
tion. Priiposals  must  be  sealed  and  endorsed  "  Pro- 
posal for  Plumbing  for  (he  U.  S.  Court  House  and  I'ost 
OHicc,  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  and  addressed  to  J  as.  H. 
WiNDKiM,  Supervising  Architect.   July  34th,  1890. 


BUSINESS  CHANCES. 


FOR  SALE.-ONE  10-HOKSE  VERTICAL 
Steam  Boiler;  complete.  One  9  f t.  x  3  ft.  Wilks 
Hot  Water  Boiler,  with  105  ft.  1  in.  brass  heating  coil 
inside.  Been  used  80  days  only.  Apply  to  11,  P.  Pro. 
HASco,  38  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  III.  


POR  SALE.— A  PROSPEROUS  PLUMBING 
^  business  in  large  city  in  Iowa,  with  stock  and  con- 
tracts on  hand.  Reason  for  selling,  other  business. 
Address  "Stock,"  care  of  Tmk  Sanitary  News. 


THE  "GORTON"  BOILER. 

"Perfection  in  Modern  House  Heating." 

Automatic,  Self-Feeding,  Wrougiit-lron,  Tubular,  and  Sectional. 

The  position  of  the  coal  pockets  is  such  that  the  reservoir  can  be  as  easily  til 
as  an  ordinary  kitchen  range.  Himdreds  in  use,  giving  entire  satisfacli 
Our  new  book  on  Modern  House.Heating,  furnished  on  application. 


tilled 


IT  BURNS  THE  SMOKE!  THE  GORTON  SOFT-COAL  BOILER. 

GORTON  &  LIDGERWOOD  CO., 

34  and  36  West  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 
98  Liberty  St.,  NEW  YORK.  197-203  Congress  St.,  BOSTON. 


August  9,  1890.] 


/THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


169 


The  Sanitary  News 

IS  PUBIJSHED  EVERY  SATURDAY 

 -AT  

No.  90  La  Salle  Street,     -       -       -  Chicago. 


Thomas  Hudson,  -  Publisher. 

A.  H.  Harrvman,  -  Editok. 

Henky  R.  Allen,      -------        London  Agent. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  Chicago  Post  Office. 


SUBSCRIPTION  RATES. 
The  subscription  price  of  The  Sanitary  News,  in  the  United  States,  Canada 
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The  number  with  which  the  subscription  expires  is  on  the  Address-Label  of  each 
paper,  the  change  of  which  to  a  subsequent  number  becomes  a  receipt  for  remit 
t.mce.  When  a  change  of  address  is  desired,  the  old  address  should  accompany 
the  new. 

ADVERTISING  RATES. 

The  advertising  rates  are  reasonable,  and  will  be  furnished  on  application. 

"WANT"  ADVERTISEMENTS. 
Persons  so  desiring  may  have  replies  to  small  advertisements  sent  to  this 
office,  when  they  will  be  promptly  forwarded  to  the  advertiser  free  of  charge. 

REMITTANCES. 

Remittances  are  at  the  risk  of  the  sender,  unless  made  by  check,  express 
order,  money  order,  or  registered  letter,  payable  to  The  Sanitary  News. 

LONDON  OFFICE. 
Copies  of  this  journal  may  be  found  on  file  at  the  office  of  its  London  agent, 
Mr.  Henry  R.  Allen,  50  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. 

BOUND  VOLUMES. 
A  few  complete  sets  of  The  Sanitary-  News,  from  the  first  issue,  are  still 
left.    The  price  of  these  is  $3.00  a  volume,  except  for  the  first  volume,  vsrhich  is 
$.3.00.     The  entire  fifteen  volumes  constitute  a  valuable  library    on  sanitary 
subjects. 


CONTENTS  THIS  WEEK. 


Editorial  ----------169 

Notes  and  News      -         -                   -         -         -         -         -  169 

New  Haven  Plumbing  Ordinances     ------  170 

The  Drainage  of  Buildings,  Public  and  Private,  in  Relation  to  Health  170 
The  Ground- Water  and  Drinking- Water  Theories  of  the  Etiology  of 

Cholera         -        --        --        --  --173 

Which  is  the  Best  Material  for  Street  Mains   -         -         -         -  173 

Infectious  Diseases  and  Disinfection            -----  175 

Reviews  and  Notes            -------  175 

What  will  Benefit  the  Plumbers        ------  176 

The  Journeymen  Plumbers'  in  Convention        -         _         -         _  177 

Clean  Sweep  Non-Siphon  Sewer  Gas  Trap            -         -         _         -  177 

The  Denver  Journeymen  Plumbers'  Strike         -         -         -         _  178 

Among  the  Plumbers              -------  178 

How  to  Test  a  Wall's  Dryness    ------  178 

CONTRACTING  NEWS  

Where  New  Work  will  be  Done        -----  178 

Heating  ano  Lighting         ------  179 

Sewerage  Notes   -------        -  179 

Water  Works  Notes           ------  180 

Bids  and  Contracts         -         --         --  --180 


Dr.  C.  G.  Currier  says,  in  the  Medical  Record,  that  water  is 
easily  sterilized  by  keeping  it  at  or  near  the  boiling  point  for  fifteen 
minutes.  Five  minutes  heat  is  sufficient  to  destroy  all  harmful 
micro-organisms.  Still  less  time  suffices  to  destroy  the  disease- 
producing  varieties  which  are  recognized  as  liable  to  occur  in 
water.  Thus  merely  raising  to  the  boiling  point  a  clear  water  con- 
taining the  micro-organisms  of  malarial  disorders,  typhoid,  chol- 
era, diphtheria,  or  of  suppurative  processes,  and  allowing  it  to 
gradually  cool,  insures  the  destruction  of  these  germs.  They  are 
also  destroyed  by  keeping  the  water  for  from  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
to  half  an  hour  at  a  temperature  of  170S  C.  Occasionally,  how- 
ever, very  resistant  but  harmless  bacteria  may  get  into  water. 
The  brief  heating  renders  them  safe  for  eating  purposes;  but, 
when  it  is  desired  to  destroy  every  micro-organism  that  may  be 


present  in  a  contaminated  water,  it  should  be  heated  for  one  hour 
and  allowed  to  cool  slowly.  It  may  then  be  used  for  cleansing 
wounds,  or  tor  alkaloidal  solutions,  which  will  keep  indefinitely  if 
no  germs  be  introduced  after  the  solution  has  been  heated. 


No  ONE  would  employ  a  quack  for  want  of  faith  in  his  ability 
to  cure.  Why  then  employ  a  jerry  plumber  who  has  not  the 
ability  to  prevent  disease? 


Is  IT  not  reasonable  that  people  should  be  willing  to  pay  a 
little  more  for  the  prevention  of  disease  than  for  its  cure? 


If  the  plumber  is  nothing  more  than  a  mechanic,  who  will 
deliver  us  from  the  evils  that  arise  from  mechanically  perfect, 
but  unsanitary,  plumbing? 


The  lawfully  registered  plumber  holds  a  legally  authorized 
and  official  guarantee  of  his  efficiency,  which  protects  the  public 
against  the  unscrupulous  and  incompetent. 


The  State  Board  of  Health  of  Pennsylvania  have  issued  a 
series  of  circulars  entitled,  '.'Precautions  against  Consumption;" 
"Precautions  against  Contagious  and  Infectious  Diseases;"  "Pre- 
cautions against  Typhoid  Fever;"  "Precautions  against  Scarlet 
Fever;"  and  "School  Hygiene."  These  circulars  are  of  a  very  in- 
structive character,  and  will  be  of  value  both  to  the  physician  and 
the  general  public.  Copies  of  these  papers  can  be  obtained  by 
inclosing  a  2-cent  postage  stamp  to  Dr.  Benjamin  Lee,  Secretary 
of  the  Board,  Philadelphia. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS. 

According  to  Von  Esmarch  the  effects  of  steam  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  bacteria,  do  not  depend  so  much  upon  the  temperature  as 
upon  the  degree  of  saturation  of  the  steam.  If  there  is  air  with  it, 
the  power  of  destroying  organic  germs  is  greatly  diminished. 

The  death-rate  in  the  English  army  at  home  is  8  per  1,000,  and 
that  of  the  German  army,  5  per  1,000  per  annum. 

Prof.  Mallett,  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  has  been  making 
a  series  of  experiments,  some  of  which  were  upon  himself,  in  re- 
gard to  the  alum  powders.  While  on  occasions,  particularly  with 
the  smallest  doses,  there  was  no  observable  effect,  the  general 
tenor  of  the  experiments  seemed  to  establish  beyond  doubt  on  his 
part,  that  the  ingestion  of  aluminium  compounds  retarded  gastric 
digestion.  There  was  no  pain,  nor  symptons  of  gastric  or  intestinal 
irritation,  but  the  well-known  sensation  of  weight  or  oppression 
due  to  indigestion,  and  lasting  two  to  three  hours.  He  regards  it 
as  a  fair  conclusion  "  that  not  only  alum,  but  the  residues  which 
its  baking  powder  leaves  in  bread,  cannot  be  viewed  as  harmless, 
but  must  be  ranked  as  objectionable,  and  should  be  avoided  when 
the  object  aimed  at  is  the  production  of  wholesome  bread." 

The  British  Medical  Journal  says:  "  The  closure  of  schools  is 
at  all  times  a  measure  of  doubtful  value  for  the  limitation  of 
scarlet  fever,  seeing  that  the  children  are  sure  to  play  together  in 
the  streets  where  they  live.  Sometimes  the  number  of  absentees 
is  so  great  when  scarlet  fever  is  very  prevalent,  that  the  school 
naturally  closes  itself,  but  when  the  absentees  are  but  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  whole  number  of  school  children,  it  is  doubtful 
whether  in  towns  the  risks  of  the  spread  of  infection  are  diminished 
by  preventing  the  children  congregating  at  the  schools."  The 
congregation  of  children  upon  the  street  cannot  be  as  great  as  at 
school.    Children  at  home  can  be  isolated,  but  not  at  school. 

Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  of  Philadelphia,  recently  received  from 
a  woman  patient  the  singular  present  of  a  cord  of  white  oak  wood, 
chopped  down  and  sawed  up  by  her  own  hands.  He  had  recom- 
mended to  her  an  active,  outdoor  life  in  the  woods  for  nervous  in- 
validism. ■  She  had  followed  his  directions,  with  results  of  which 
the  cord  of  sawed  wood  was  one  of  the  evidences. 

Let  the  mechanic  who  thinks  that  plumbing  is  only  a  trade,  re- 
quiring only  mechanical  skill,  try  his  hand  at  plumbing  in  Chicago 
and  see  how  quick  he  will  be  brought  up  for  lack  of  scientific 
knowledge.  Skill  is  required  and  scientific  information  is  nec- 
essary. 

The  whole  civilized  world,  says  an  exchange,  is  ringing  with  the 


170 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  340 


praises  of  Stanley.  -That  which  this  intrepid  explorer  has  done 
for  a  handful  of  his  fellow-creatures,  the  sanitarian  is  doing  for  the 
whole  of  humanity — exploring  the  hitherto  "  Dark  Continent"  of 
disease  that  he  may  rescue  afflicted  humanity  from  its  slough  of 
despondency  and  bring  it  out  of  its  threatened  bondage  into  the 
glorious  happiness  of  a  sanitary  enlightenment. 

The  Lancet  says  of  the  influence  of  gastric  juice  on  pathrogenic 
germs:  Dr.  Kurlow  and  Dr.  Wagner,  in  a  paper  which  they  pub- 
lish in  the  Vrach,  describe  some  interesting  experiments  which 
they  have  made,  from  which  they  are  led  to  the  conclusion  that 
constant  or  specific  microbes  do  not  exist  in  the  stomach,  and 
those  which  enter  it,  together  with  sputum,  food,  or  other  ingesta, 
are  only  accidental  and  temporary  residents,  and  can  not  live  in 
normally  acid  contents  of  the  stomach.  Gastric  juice  is,  accord- 
ing to  the  author's  experiments,  an  exceedingly  strong  germicidal 
agent,  and  when  living  bacilli  get  into  the  intestinal  canal  it  is 
due  to  various  conditions  entirely  independent  of  the  gastric 
juice.  When  the  latter  is  normal  and  in  full  activity,  only  the 
rtiost  prolific  microbes — such  as  tubercle  bacilli,  the  bacilli  of 
anthrax,  and  perhaps  the  staphylococci — escape  its  destructive 
action;  all  others  are  destroyed  in  less  than  half  an  hour. 

Some  means  of  teaching  more  effectually  the  value  of  sanita- 
tion is  greatly  needed.  It  is  not  so  much  the  ignorance  of  hygiene 
as  the  ignorance  of  its  value  that  is  retarding  the  more  rapid  dis- 
semination of  health  laws  and  the  importance  of  right  living. 
Some  scheme  for  the  education  of  the  masses  is  needed. 

Dr.  Henry  B.  Baker,  Secretary  of  the  Michigan  State  Board  of 
Health  writes:  The  outbreak  of  dangerous  disease  which  has 
prevailed  in  Otsego  and  Montmorency  counties  since  last  spring, 
and  which  local  physicians  said  was  not  diphtheria,  and  per- 
mitted two  of  the  corpses  to  be  sent  to  Lapeer  County,  where  a 
case  of  diphtheria  occurred  in  a  person  who  viewed  the  remains, 
has  been  investigated  by  the  State  Board  of  Health,  the  investiga- 
tion having  been  requested  by  a  union  meeting  of  the  boards  of 
health  of  three  townships  in  those  counties.  Prof.  Vaughan,  of 
the  University,  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  went  and 
made  the  investigation.  He  has  also  made  bacteriological  ex- 
amination of  the  membrane  from  the  throats  of  two  of  the  patients, 
and  has  found  and  propagated  the  micro-organisms  which  are  be- 
lieved to  cause  diphtheria.  This  species  of  micro-organism  is 
known  as  Loffler's  bacillus.  Prof.  Vaughan  says:  "The  bacilli 
have  been  compared  with  the  Loffler  bacillus,  which  I  had  ob- 
tained in  the  laboratory  of  Dr  Koch  at  Berlin,  and  the  identity  of 
the  two  cannot  be  questioned."  He  reports  the  disease  to  be  un- 
mistakably diphtheria,  as  proved  by  symptoms,  physical  signs, 
throat  paralysis,  etc.;  and  the  diagnosis  is  sustained  by  the  bac- 
teriological examination.  It  is  now  hoped  and  expected  that  the 
local  authorities  will  take  thorough  measures,  and  stamp  out  the 
disease. 

Sanitary  Superintendent  Waring,  of  Kansas  City,  proposes  to 
have  a  clean  city,  and  has  requested  Chief  of  Police  Speers  to 
have  dll  persons  arrested  found  sweeping  trash  into  the  streets 
at  any  time  during  the  day  or  night.  This  nuisance  is  rather  dif- 
ficult to  abate  as  the  sweeping  is  done  either  after  dark  or  early 
in  the  morning;  yet  it  should  be  stopped  in  all  cities. 

Some  of  the  scavengers  of  Milwaukee  are  in  trouble  because 
they  have  been  in  the  habit  of  dumping  night  soil  on  other  per- 
sons' lands,  and  the  board  of  health  is  prosecuting  them.  Scav- 
engers are  in  a  position  to  do  a  great  deal  of  good  or  a  great  deal 
of  harm,  but  they  need  watching. 


NEW  HAVEN  PLUMBING  ORDINANCES. 

The  New  Haven  (Conn.)  Weekly  Record,  a  journal  devoted  to 
real  estate,  manufacturing,  building  and  financial  interests,  has 
time  and  space  to  speak  its  mind  regarding  health  as  affected  by 
plumbing.  The  soundness  of  the  Record's  mind  will  not  be  dis- 
puted, but  accepted  as  refreshing  evidence  of  the  progress  of 
plumbing  reform.  Its  opinion  regarding  the  imi)ortance  of  regu- 
lating plumbing  by  ordinances  is  worth  repetition  on  account  of 
its  sound  sense,  and  as  evidence  of  the  popularity  with  which  the 
plumbers'  movement  is  meeting.    It  says: 

We  are  sorry  that  the  plumbing  ordinances  now  before  the 
New  Haven  •ity  council  should  meet  with  any  opposition.  Th?se 


ordinances,  as  drawn,  seem  to  us  to  be  as  good  as  it  is  possible  to 
devise  at  present.  Experience  will  show  where  improvement  is 
needed.  There  might  be  some  who  would  find  the  necessary 
change  in  the  plumbing  arrangements  of  their  houses  a  heavy 
burden,  but  the  great  good  to  be  accomplished  would  in  the  aggre- 
gate greatly  offset  this  temporary  inconvenience. 

If  these  by-laws  are  passed,  they  must  be  enforced,  and  no  man 
who  has  not  a  scientific  and  practical  knowledge  of  the  subject  is 
fit  for  a  sanitary  inspector.  He  must  also  be  a  man  who  will  keep 
up  with  the  march  of  improvement.  There  is  almost  no  depart- 
ment of  science  in  which  'during  the  past  few  years  such  rapid 
strides  have  been  made.  Furthermore,  let  the  office  be  as  far  re- 
moved from  political  interference  as  possible.  Having  diagrams 
of  sewer  connections,  etc.,  on  file  at  the  city  hall,  will  go  a  long 
way  toward  paying  the  expense  by  the  saving  in  useless  digging 
after  a  connection,  the  location  of  which  has  been  forgotten.  Filth 
may  be  healthy.  We  are  not  prepared  to  contend  that  it  is  not; 
but  we  know  of  no  reason  why  cleanliness  should  not  be  healthy 
also.  We  have  good  authority  that  it  is  next  to  godliness  as  a 
virtue. 

It  is  hardly  right  that  the  majority  of  the  citizens  of  this  beau- 
tiful city  should  be  obliged  to  ignore  the  cultivation  of  this  virtue, 
and  to  have  uncleanliness  forced  upon  them  in  order  to  spare  the 
pocket-books  of  the  landlords  the  paltry  sum  necessary  to  comply 
with  these  ordmances.  It  is  claimed  that  the  plumbing  ordinance 
is  based  upon  two  false  theories — the  one,  that  the  sewers  are  filled 
with  a  poisonous  gas  containing  myriads  of  disease  germs,  and  the 
other,  that  property-owners  cannot  be  trusted  to  guard  against 
this  deadly  sewer-gas.  As  to  the  first,  it  may  be  that  no  such 
thing  as  sewer-gas  exists,  but  we  don't  believe  it.  And  we  are, 
moreover,  sure  that  a  smell  does  exist  in  the  sewers  and  connec- 
tions, which  no  properly  trained  olfactory  nerves  are  pleased  with. 
As  to  the  second,  they  might  as  well  argue  that  property-owners 
can  be  trusted  to  keep  their  sidewalks  cleaned  and  in  repair;  to 
protect  the  public  from  snow-slides;  to  provide  fire-escapes,  etc. 
Why  have  any  city  ordinances  at  all?  If  people  can  be  trusted 
in  one  of  these  respects,  they  can  be  trusted  in  all. 

No  improvement  was  ever  suggested  that  there  was  not  some 
one  to  oppose  it.  When  it  was  first  proposed  to  bring  city  water 
into  New  Haven,  one  of  the  old  residents  is  reported  to  have  said 
that  he  didn't  see  what  they  wanted  water  for,  unless  it  was  to 
bathe,  and  he  couldn't  see  the  use  of  that,  for  he  hadn't  taken  a 
bath  for  forty  years.  Perhaps  he  was  healthy  and  had  no  disease 
germs  about  him;  but  the  most  of  us  would  have  preferred  tha^ 
he  should  be  reasonably  isolated. 

It  may  be  a  "matter  of  sentiment"  that  causes  us  to  wash  our 
dishes,  clothes,  etc.;  but  there  are  those  of  us  who  respect  that 
sentiment  to  such  a  degree  that  we  should  resent  having  dirty 
dishes  and  dirty  clothes  constantly  thrust  upon  us.  Neither  do  we 
wish  the  dirty  odors  from  our  sewers  thrust  into  our  apartments. 
We  believe  that  our  people  can  afford  to  pay  the  extra  rent  neces- 
sary to  be  clean,  and  we  hope  that  the  city  fathers  will  consider 
that  this  kind  of  dirt  has  been  endured  long  enough.  Those  who 
want  dirt  can  easily  enough  accumulate  it. 


THE  DRAINAGE  OF  BUILDINGS,  PUBLIC  AND  PRI- 
VATE, IN  RELATION  TO  HEALTH.* 
As  you  are  well  aware,  there  are  several  recognized  systems 
adopted  for  the  drainage  of  buildings,  "both  public  and  private," 
and  each  one  according  to  its  advocate  is  the  best.  There  is  not  the 
least  doubt  they  all  answer  their  purpose  fairly  well;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  there  are  points  to  be  considered  why  one  should  have 
the  preference  over  another,  under  certain  conditions,  and  as  there 
appears  to  be  a  large  diversity  of  opinion  amongst  supposed 
experts  on  this  point  it  behooves  us,  as  "public  officers" 
administering  the  laws  of  health,  and  having  extensive  dealings 
in  advising  and  supervising  the  construction  of  drainage 
work,  both  in  "public  and  private  dwellings,"  that  we  should 
be  thoroughly  acquamtcd  with  what  may  be  termed  the 
correct  principles  pertaining  to  the  drainage  of  buildings.  Not 
only  does  the  subject  before  us  form  an  important  feature  in  the 
duties  of  local  surveyor  and  sanitary  inspector,  but  it  is  largely 

•Read  al  the  meeting  of  Public  Sanitary  Inspectors  of  Orcat  BriLiin,  Carpen- 
ter's Hall,  London,  by  Thomas  Lowther,  Curt.  Surv.  and  Insp.  of  San.  Inst,  Dept. 
\ity  Insp.  of  Nuisances,  Bristol. 


August  9,  1890.] 


171 


practiced  by  outside  engineers  and  architects;  and  generally 
speaking,  this  class  of  work  is  intrusted  into  some  local  trades- 
men's hands,  either  a  builder  or  a  plumber,  who  perhaps  has  had 
very  little  experience,  and  who  has  little  knowledge  in  this  partic- 
ular branch  of  sanitation;  and  even  in  cases  where  the  work  has 
been  intrusted  to  some  supposed  sanitary  engineer's  hands  the  re- 
sults are  often  far  from  being  satisfactory. 

Having  charge  of  a  very  fashionable  district,  and  having  had 
extensive  dealings  with  remodeling  of  drainage  of  some  import- 
ant buildings,  I  am  thus  brought  in  contact  with  tradesmen  and 
supposed  engineers,  and  am  in  a  position  to  know  the  characters 
and  abilities  of  those  who  are  usually  favored  with  the  preparing, 
carrying  out,  and  supervision  of  drainage  works;  and  I  have  found 
from  experience,  just  as  many  of  you  must  have  done,  that  their 
knowledge  of  drainage  and  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of 
the  various  sanitary  appliances  in  use  is  frequently  very  vague. 
In  many  cases  the  work  done  by  them  has  had  to  be  taken  out, 
which  means  a  second  expense  and  risk  to  health, 

There  are  several  systems  of  drainage  adapted  for  buildings 
which  I  may  enumerate  as  the  ordinary  sectional,  manhole  cham- 
ber system,  and  the  recent  introduction  of  cast-iron  pipes  in  con- 
junction with  either  of  the  above. 

What  I  mean  by  the  "ordinary  system,"  is  where  internal  ar- 
rangements are  carried  out  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  sectional 
and  manhole  chamber  systems,  but  no  means  of  inspection  pro- 
vided— an  important  matter  that  should  always  be  considered  in 
works  of  this  sort. 

An  intercepting  trap,  as  usual,  is  fixed  between  the  house  and 
public  sewer,  with  a  4-inch  or  6-inch  pipe  attached,  which  gener- 
ally is  brought  up  to  the  surface  of  ground,  and  which  is  the  only 
means  of  inspection  employed,  but  only  for  purpose  of  cleansing 
or  unstopping  the  trap;  the  same  shaft  is  utilized  for  the  fresh  air 
inlet,  either  directly  from  the  vertical  shaft  or  a  branch  carried  to 
some  other  suitable  place.  By  such  a  system  it  is  impossible  to 
inspect,  cleanse  or  test  any  part  of  the  drains,  either  from  the  trap 
to  the  sewer,  or  from  the  trap  to  any  other  part  of  the  system,  and 
I  have  found  that,  in  cases  of  stoppages,  expensive  excavations 
have  had  to  be  resorted  to.  It  is,  moreover,  difficult  to  tell 
whether  the  stoppage  is  in  the  main  drain  or  in  any  of  the 
branches. 

In  addition  to  great  expense  and  annoyance,  the  health  of  the 
nmates  is  also  exposed  to  considerable  risks  under  such  circum- 
stances. Under  a  well  arranged  system  of  drainage  these  disad- 
vantages do  not  arise,  and  therefore  it  is  worthy  of  consideration. 
I  may  at  this  stage  remark  that  to  construct  drainage  work,  at  the 
present  time,  without  ample  and  easy  means  of  inspection  to  it,  is 
an  ill-advised  proceeding,  as  bad  as  constructing  chimneys  or  flues 
without  access  for  cleanmg  purposes.  I  have  also  found  in  this 
system  that  the  fresh  air  inlets  at  times  are  very  troublesome,  and 
instead  of  being  inlets  become  outlets,  which  in  my  opinion,  is  not 
only  due  to  atmospheric  influences  as  generally  suggested,  but  in 
a  large  extent  to  the  column  of  cold  air  in  the  4-inch  or  6-inch 
shaft  over  the  intercepting  trap  being  insufficient  to  resist  any 
back  pressures  of  course  the  air  blowing  across  the  inlets 
in  certain  directions  will  produce  aspiration,  and  there  is  not 
the  least  doubt  that  this  assists  the  results  complained  of.  Mica 
flap  valves  diminish  the  nuisance,  but  they  do  not  carry  out  the 
object  aimed  at,  and  are  very  little  better  after  a  little  service 
than  the  ordinary  air  brick;  in  fact,  1  have  found  them  worse,  as 
they  become  rigid,  and  thus  interfere  with  the  through  ventila- 
tion. Where  this  system  of  drainage  is  carried  out  the  fresh  in- 
let should  be  carried  up  above  the  main  roof,  terminating  a  little 
below  the  outlets  either  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  drain  or  the  low- 
est point. 

Although  the  ventilation  would  be  slightly  sluggish  the  diffi- 
culty complained  of  would  be  obviated.  There  are  also  certain 
conditions,  especially  in  dull,  heavy  weather,  when  the  tempera- 
ture in  the  drains  is  less  than  the  outside  temperature — the  foul 
air  in  the  drains  thus  becomes  denser  than  the  outside  air  and  falls 
and  escapes  at  the  inlets.  Powerful  exhaust  cowls  should  always 
be  fixed  on  outlet  vent  pipes  to  assist  circulation. 

"Sectional  system  of  drainage"  may  be  understood  to  mean 
the  interception  of  the  drains  in  sections  by  fixing  an  intercepting 
trap  at  the  foot  of  each  soil-pipe,  as  advocated  by  Hellyer,  Ban- 
ner, Buchan  and  others.    The  air  inlet  generally  being  fixed  im- 


mediately over  the  trap,  the  remaining  underground  portion  of 
the  drain  being  separately  intercepted  and  ventilated. 

The  main  advantages  claimed  are  that  should  a  defect  present 
itself  in  any  part  of  the  internal  arrangements,  it  becomes  entirely 
isolated  from  the  foul  gases  of  the  remaining  drainage  system. 
This  may  be  worthy  of  our  consideration, but  in  my  opinion  it  is  a 
point  of  very  little  importance  in  ordinary  house  drainage,  and  I 
specially  object  to  the  manner  in  which  it  is  generally  practiced, 
as  in  many  cases  I  have  found  a  daily  nuisance  created  with  the 
idea  of  isolating  an  uncertain  one,  or  a  defect  that  may  happen  in 
years  to  come. 

I  have,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  found  the  traps  and  inlets  a 
most  serious  nuisance;  and  at  times  the  same  trap  has  served  for 
the  sinks,  lavatories  and  bath  wastes,  no  trap  at  the  same  time  be- 
ing under  or  attached  to  each  arrangement;  and,  speaking  under 
favorable  conditions,  that  at  each  time  the  w.  c.'s  are  used  a  rush 
of  foul  air  is  forced  out  of  the  foot  of  the  soil  pipes,  by  no  means 
pleasant  to  those  passing  at  the  time,  with  a  possibility  of  its 
blowing  into  the  windows — not  an  uncommon  occurrence;  and, 
should  the  motions  be  of  an  infectious  character,  it  becomes  a 
most  serious  consideration. 

The  cleansing  facilities  of  the  drains  are  also  seriously  inter- 
fered with,  the  body  of  water  is  broken  at  the  first  trap,  and  the 
body  of  water  and  the  velocity  of  flow  is  diminished  before  it 
reaches  the  main  interceptmg  trap. 

I  am  of  opinion  that  this  system  should  never  be  applied  to 
private  dwelling  houses,  but  should  be  confined  to  large  institu- 
tions such  as  infirmaries  and  hospitals,  more  especially  infectious 
hospitals. 

In  infectious  hospitals  it  becomes  an  absolute  necessity  that  the 
motions,  washings  and  dressings  of  the  different  diseases  should 
be  isolated  from  one  another,  by  each  dormitory  or  ward  having 
separate  and  distinct  drainage  and  other  sanitary  arrangements, 
which  can  only  be  accomplished  by  the  "sectional  system  of  drain- 
age," and  which  is  best  managed  by  laying  in  a  main  drain  from 
the  sewer  in  a  straight  line,  a  little  outside  of  the  dormitories,  with 
ample  means  of  inspection  provided;  and  in  all  cases  a  flushing 
tank  should  be  fixed  at  the  extreme  end  of  drain — disinfectants  to 
be  added  to  the  water  in  the  tank,  and  drains  flushed  every  twen- 
ty-four hours. 

The  drains  from  the  dormitories  to  be  separately  intercepted 
from  the  main  drain,  and  the  intercepting  traps  fixed  at  a  point 
most  suitable,  with  manhole  chambers  attached,  and  manholes  at 
such  points  as  may  be  found  necessary,  as  at  the  intersection  of 
the  different  branch  drains;  all  manholes  and  half-pipes  to  be 
white  enamel,  with  perfectly  air  tight  covers,  or,  better  still,  dupli- 
cate covers  with  4  inches  of  fine  sand  between. 

The  fresh  air  inlets  in  buildings  of  this  class  should  be  carried 
up  above  the  main  roof,  and  poweiful  exhaust  cowls  on  the  outlet 
pipes,  as  plenty  of  fresh  air  passing  through  the  drains,  &c.,  in 
these  buildings  forms  an  important  feature. 

The  sinks,  lavatories  and  baths  require  special  attention  in 
buildings  of  this  class;  they  should  be  trapped  close  up  under 
each  arrangement,  and  connected  outside  into  ventilated  waste 
pipes  and  ventilated  inspection  gullies  at  the  foot;  inspection  caps 
in  all  cases  should  be  provided  at  the  branch  waste  pipes,  and  in 
cases  where  several  branch  waste  pipes  meet  together  a  sealed 
down  head  ventilator  could  be  used. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  you  will  agree  with  me  that  the  drainage 
of  buildings  of  this  class  requires  special  and  careful  considera- 
tion, or  the  results  might  prove  serious  to  the  inmates  of  the  differ- 
ent wards  and  those  visiting  the  premises. 

You  will  also,  I  trust,  agree  with  me,  that  to  adopt  the  "sec- 
tional system"  by  trapping  each  soil-pipe  at  the  foot,  by  an  open 
trap  in  those  buildings,  or  I  may  boldly  say  any  other  building, 
would  be  a  serious  mistake;  and  I  should  advise  those  practicing 
this  system,  for  isolation  of  defects,  to  abandon  the  same,  and  use 
lead  traps  and  connection  pieces  and  wiped  lead  joints;  for  in 
a  good  system  of  drainage  the  only  joint  in  a  house  is  that  con- 
necting the  \v.  c.  with  the  soil-pipe  outside,  and  you  would  thus 
secure  a  perfect  tight  joint. 

The  theory  of  diffusion  of  gases  through  the  water  seal  of  traps 
has  been  introduced  by  individuals  practicing  this  system,  but  I 
should  like  to  remind  you  that  no  such  diffusion  can  take  place  in 
a  well  arranged  system  of  drainage,  as  the  system  of  ventilation 


172 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  340 


adopted  is  so  complete  as  to  make  it  impossible  for  this  to  happen, 
and  the  argument  only  applies  to  drainage  work  carried  out  by 
inexperienced  men,  in  whichair  locks  and  dead  ends  are  formed. 
Personally,  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  suggestion  I  have  recom- 
mended form  the  most  feasible  plans  for  the'drainage  of  build- 
ings of  this  class. 

I  shall  now  draw  attention  to  the  "Manhole  chamber  system  of 
drainage."  A  system  which  I  have  advocated  and  practiced  years 
previously  to  my  present  appointment,  and  largely  since,  and  which 
is  now  acknowledged  and  practiced  by  all  advanced  sanitarians, 
and  which  I  consider  is  the  only  system  that  overcomes  the  difficul- 
ties usually  experienced  in  drainage  works.  Following  similar  lines 
as  sewerage  works,  although  less  in  magnitude;  nevertheless, 
more  skilled  labor  has  to  be  employed  to  secure  its  success.  The 
drains  are  laid  out  in  straight  lines  from  manhole  to  manhole, 
with  manholes  constructed  over  the  intersecting  trap,  and  at  such 
other  points  as  may  be  found  necessary,  as  at  the  angles  and  the 
intersection  of  the  various  branch  drains. 

Too  much  importance  cannot  be  attached  to  this  system  of 
drainage,  as  danger  is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  When  properly 
constructed,  it  is  simple,  self-acting,  has  no  working  parts  to  get 
out  of  order,  and  permits  of  easy  inspection,  cleansing,  or  testing 
all  or  any  part  of  the  underground  works.  Daily  experience  proves 
the  easy  facilities  that  are  given  for  unstopping  the  intercepted 
traps  and  drains,  and  defects  sometimes  present  themselves  in  the 
underground  works  which  in  any  other  system  of  drainage  it  would 
be  difficult  to  localize  in  a  house  drain  or  in  a  branch;  conse- 
quently extensive  excavations  are  needed  to  find  the  defect.  To 
secure  success,  good  workmanship  and  materials  form  an  impor- 
tant feature,  which,  of  course,  applies  to  all  drainage  work,  but 
more  so  to  this  system.  If  either  stoneware  or  cast-iron  pipes  be 
used  for  the  underground  drain,  it  is  essential  that  they  should  be 
truly  laid  in  straight  lines  with  a  uniform  gradient,  and  that  they 
be  properly  jointed;  and  in  case  of  stoneware  pipes,  they  should 
rest  on  a  concrete  bed,  even  if  the  drains  are  outside  of  the  house, 
as  the  joints  are  so  numerous  that  some  of  them  may  get  started, 
not  only,  I  may  say,  from  unequal  settlement  or  bad  workmanship, 
but  sometimes  due  to  the  oscillation  or  vibration  of  the  ground's 
formation,  such  as  may  be  caused  by  heavy  traffic  in  the  streets. 
The  manholes  should  be  constructed  of  impermeable  material, 
with  perfectly  air-tight  covers;  the  bottoms  of  chambers  should 
be  well  formed  in  white  enamel  half-pipes,  and  well  raised  to  pre- 
vent the  bottoms  of  the  chambers  being  wetted  by  sewage.  The 
chamber  should  not  be  too  large,  but  just  large  enough  to  carry 
out  its  objects,  and  should  be  so  arranged  that  each  manhole  may 
receive  several  branches,  even  if  the  branch  drains  be  carried  some 
little  distance,  and  thus  avoid  as  many  manholes  as  possible,  on 
the  scope  of  expense.  There  is  another  point  worthy  of  considera- 
tion in  this  system,  that  the  inlets  are  not  troublesome  by  acting  as 
outlets,  which  appears  to  be  due  to  the  large  body  of  cold  air  in 
the  chambers,  which  thus  prevents  any  backpressure. 

A  new  system  of  drainage  has  recently  been  introduced  by  Mr. 
Scott  Moncrieff,  who  appears  to  have  taken  a  great  interest  in 
this  particular  branch  of  sanitation,  and  great  credit  is  due  him 
on  that  point  alone. 

Admitting  that  his  system  is  fairly  well  suited  for  domestic 
drainage,  it  appears  to  be  a  repetition  of  the  system  I  have  just 
advocated,  except  that  cast-iron  pipes  are  used  and  cast-iron 
frames  fixed  in  the  manholes,  bolted  down  close  over  the  half- 
pipes.  The  use  of  the  cast-iron  pipes  is  not  a  recent  idea,  but  was 
practiced  years  ago,  though  not  to  such  an  extent  as  at  present; 
therefore  the  main  feature  appears  to  be  in  the  cast-iron  frames  in 
the  manholes. 

The  advantages  claimed  are:  First,  that  the  whole  system  may 
be  tested  at  once  under  hydraulic  pressure;  second,  that  the  walls 
of  the  chamber  are  not  in  contact  with  the  foul  vapors  in  the  drain, 
so  as  to  be  absorbed;  third,  that  the  quantity  of  fresh  air  passing 
through  the  drains  is  in  excess  of  any  other  system,  and  considered 
an  important  feature. 

With  regard  to  the  first  point,  1  am  not  aware  that  it  is  essen- 
tial to  test  the  whole  system  at  once,  when  it  can  be  tested  in  sec- 
tions from  each  manhole  and  the  same  results  obtained,  which 
appears  to  me  to  be  the  most  practical  way  of  carrying  out  the 
tests;  a  defect  may  thus  be  detected  in  the  branch  drains,  which 
could  not  be  detected  if  the  whole  were  tested  at  once,  being 


aware  at  the  same  time  that  it  would  be  impracticable  to  leave  all 
the  trenches  open  until  the  whole  system  was  finished. 

With  regard  to  the  second  point,  which  principally  applies  to 
badly  constructed  manholes,  if  manholes  were  properly  constructed 
of  white  enamel  bricks  this  objection  would  not  prevail. 

With  regard  to  the  third  point,  I  agree  that  it  is  essential  that 
as  much  air  as  possible  should  be  passed  through  drains,  espe- 
cially in  the  drainage  of  hospitals;  but  I  am  not  aware  that  there 
has  been  much  improvement  in  this  system,  so  far  as  ventilation  is 
concerned,  over  the  ordinary  system,  as  I  mentioned  in  the  com- 
mencement of  the  paper,  and  it  is  liable  to  the  same  results  at  the 
inlets.  Mr.  Newman,  F.  R.  I.  B.  A.,  in  his  paper  at  the  late  Health 
Congress  at  Worcester,  entitled  "The  Danger  of  Exposing  Sew- 
age to  Light  and  Air,"  practically  denounced  ventilation  alto- 
gether in  connection  with  drainage.  Personally,  I  should  say  that 
his  paper  was  more  ignored  than  accepted. 

Professor  Attfield  also  denounced  through  ventilation,  main- 
taining that  the  introduction  of  fresh  air  into  drains  assisted  de- 
composition. In  this  opinion  he  is  backed  up  by  others;  therefore 
through  ventilation  has  been  recently  taxed. 

Speaking  generally  of  Mr.  Moncrieff's  cast-iron  frames  in  man- 
holes, I  am  seriously  afraid  that  if  periodical  inspections  are  not 
kept  up,  and  very  frequently,  too,  the  bolts  will  soon  become  so 
rigid  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  loose  them;  and  this  would  prac- 
tically make  the  system  aimed  at  useless. 

Simplicity  should  form  the  most  important  feature  in  drainage 
work;  and,  if  entrusted  to  an  able  engineer,  I  consider  that  the 
manhole  system  is  the  best  yet  brought  to  the  front,  on  the  ground 
I  have  previously  maintained,  either  in  conjunction  with  cast-iron 
or  stoneware  pipes. 

Too  much  value  cannot  be  attached  to  cast-iron  pipes  for  this 
work,  especially  internal  drainage,  as  you  acquire  great  strength, 
consequently  less  liability  to  fracture,  either  by  unequal  settle- 
ment, shock  or  accidents  during  the  drainage  operations.  You 
dispense  with  a  multitude  of  joints,  and  at  the  same  time  secure  a 
perfect  joint.  You  also  can  obtain  any  length  of  pipe  to  suit  spe- 
cial contingencies  ofttimes  encountered  in  this  work.  Its  disad- 
vantages are,  that  it  is  somewhat  costly;  more  liable  to  become 
foul  inside;  the  difficulty  at  times  to  get  suitable  bend  and  junction 
pieces  with  the  required  lead  or  sweep.  I  may  remark,  it  is  an 
easy  matter  to  lay  the  lines  on  plans,  but  another  matter  to  put 
them  together.  The  disadvantage  of  stoneware  pipes  is  almost 
entirely  obviated  if  they  are  imbedded  in  concrete.  The  size  in 
either  case  should  never  exceed  six  inches,  and  should  never  be 
less  than  five  inches  in  the  main  house-drain,  the  branches  not 
more  nor  less  than  four  inches. 

The  selection  of  suitable  intercepting  traps  for  this  work  re- 
quires careful  consideration.  The  advantage  these  traps  secure  is 
to  prevent  sewer  gas  from  entering  our  general  drainage  system, 
which  might  otherwise  prove  dangerous.  The  disadvantages  are 
many,  the  principal  of  which  is  that  it  forms  a  break  or  hindrance 
to  the  free  flow  of  sewage.  If  we  introduce  a  break  or  hindrance 
in  our  main  drainage  line  by  inserting  a  trap,  it  follows  that  the 
trap  should  be  of  such  shape  and  size  as  to  be  self-cleansing;  and 
as  we  cannot  rely  upon  more  than  two  gallons  at  each  flush,  then 
the  trap  should  contain  less  than  that  amount  to  be  self-cleansing. 
I  am  of  opinion  that  the  best  traps  yet  invented,  and  which  meet 
the  requirements  mentioned,  are  Winser's  4-inch  by  6-inch  taper 
intercepting  traps.  Rogers  Filed's  are  very  good  traps,  but  they 
contain  an  excessive  amount  of  water  (/.  e.,  more  than  Winser's); 
the  water-seal  is  also  rather  long;  consequently  more  force  is  re- 
quired to  drive  the  soil  through  the  trap.  Crapper'strap,  although 
possessing  some  good  points,  have  similar  objections  as  Filed's. 
Buchan's  traps  are  fairly  good  traps,  although  more  suited  for  the 
ordinary  system  of  drainage. 

It  is  also  a  very  familiar  practice  among  certain  engineers, 
when  undertaking  this  work,  to  carry  up  a  separate  ventilation 
shaft  from  the  sewer  side  of  the  trap,  to  so-call  ease  the  pressure 
of  sewer  gas  and  prevent  it  forcing  through  the  water-seal  of  the 
intercepting  traps.  This  I  do  not  altogether  agree  with.  But  if 
this  system  were  applied  and  made  compulsory  on  every  house  in 
the  district,  it  would  partially  solve  the  problem  of  sewer  ventila- 
tilation — i.  e.,  the  sewer  gas  would  then  be  more  equally  distrib- 
uted over  a  given  area  or  district;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  if  only 
one  house  were  done  here  and  another  house  somewhere  else,  it 


August  9,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


173 


would  be  no  advantage,  and  would  be  unfair  to  the  inmates  or 
neighbors  of  the  houses  so  treated,  I  think  we  could  rest  pretty 
comfortably  without  this  extra  vent-pipe,  as  the  amount  of  sewer 
gas,  if  any,  forced  through  our  intercepting  traps  in  a  well-arranged 
system  of  drainage  would  not  affect  us  much. 

In  relation  to  internal  fittings,  the  w.  c.  s.  should  be  of  the  sim- 
plest character,  such  as  the  washdown,  with  i>^-inch  flush-pipes 
and  syphon  cisterns,  fittings  in  all  cases]  to  be  movable,  or,  better 
still,  naked.  Positions  of  w.  c.  should  be  ventilated  by  inlet  and 
outlet  openings,  in  addition  to  the  external  windows.  The  sinks, 
baths  and  lavatories  should  be  trapped  close  up  under  each  ar- 
rangement, and  connected  to  ventilate-pipes  outside,  with  inspec- 
tion caps  attached  for  cleansing  purposes,  and  discharged  over 
water-seal  of  properly  trapped  gullies  at  the  foot — open  heads,  as 
far  as  possible,  to  be  avoided.  Soil-pipes  in  all  cases  should  be 
outside  and  ventilated,  their  full  size  above  main  roof  and  win- 
dows, and  provided  with  exhaust-cowls. 

There  js  one  other  point  to  which  I  would  like  to  draw  atten- 
tion, i.  e.,  the  subsoil  water,  frequently  met  with  where  houses  are 
built  upon  damp  sites,  or  where  the  subsoil  water  stands  high. 
Too  much  importance  cannot  be  attached  to  this,  as  the  health  of 
the  inmates  living  in  houses  under  such  conditions  would  be  seri- 
ously impaired  by  breathing  air  containing  an  excessive  amount 
of  watery  vapor;  and  I  may  say  I  am  of  opinion  these  conditions 
have  much  to  answer  for  in  connection  with  diphtheria,  consump- 
tion, and  probably  other  preventible  diseases.  I  am  sorry  to  say 
this  is  a  point  often  overlooked  by  all  parties  concerned,  though 
our  worthy  medical  officer  says:  "I  look  upon  damp  walls  and 
sites  almost  as  equally  dangerous  as  bad  drainage." 

Sucli  situations  should  be  carefully  prepared  by  being  effect- 
ually drained,  and,  if  possible,  be  distin-zt  from  the  house-drains, 
or  at  least  intercepting  from  same  by  discharging  the  subsoil 
water  into  open-trapped  gullies  outside  of  the  premises,  and  the 
whole  site  concreted. 


THE  GROUND-WATER  AND  DRINKING-WATER  THE- 
ORIES OF  THE  ETIOLOGY  OF  CHOLERA. 

The  following  is  translated  from  the  Aiinales  de  /'  Insiittit 
Pasteur,  and  published  in  the  Abstracts  of  Sanitary  Reports 
July  25: 

The  theories  of  the  etiology  of  cholera,  known  as  the  ground- 
water theory  and  the  drinking-water  theory,  and  which  are  repre- 
sented by  the  Berlin  and  Munich  schools,  continue  to  excite  much 
controversy  in  Germany.  The  question  of  practice  is  the  animat- 
ing motive  of  the  discussions.  The  theory,  which  attributes  mi- 
crobic  disease  to  the  transmission  of  germs  by  means  of  drinking 
water,  is  clear,  simple  and  definite  in  its  indications,  and,  conse- 
quently, in  the  prophylaitic  measures  it  suggests.  The  Petten- 
kofer  or  ground-water  theory  makes  the  evolution  of  a  sporadic 
case  or  of  an  epidemic  depend  on  a  host  of  factors  against  which 
it  is  impossible  to  guard. 

I'he  city  of  Munich  has  a  strong  underlying  body  of  subterra- 
nean water,  the  variations  in  the  level  of  which  are  constantly  in 
the  numerous  wells  of  the  city.  The  epidemic  at  Munich,  in  1854, 
was  preceded  by  a  remarkable  elevation,  and  accompanied  by  as 
remarkable  a  depression  of  the  level  of  this  subterranean  water. 
According  to  the  ground-water  theory,  a  close  relation  exists  be- 
tween these  facts  and  the  evolution  of  the  epidemic.  The  varia- 
tion of  level  allows  the  water  to  permeate  the  soil,  which  it  leaves 
humid  on  subsidence. 

The  danger  pomt  is  reached  when  the  soil  has  attained  the 
requisite  degree  of  humidity.  The  cholera  germ  is  innocuous 
when  it  leaves  the  human  organism,  and  to  infect  another  organ- 
ism it  must  mature  and  complete  a  new  phase  of  its  existence  out- 
side of  man  and  in  a  suitable  medium.  The  medium  is  the  soil, 
moist,  aerated,  and  saturated  with  impurities. 

The  school  represented  by  Koch  objects  to  this,  that  the  ma- 
turation of  the  cholera  germs  in  the  soil  is  purely  subjective,  and 
that  none  of  the  pathogenic  germs  known  offer  any  parallel  to  the 
conditions  claimed  for  the  germs  of  cholera.  The  germs  of  small 
pox  and  scarlet  fever  pass  directly  from  one  patient  to  another, 
and  one  individual  may  initiate  an  epidemic.  The  bacillus  an- 
thracis  is  not  only  virulent  when  it  leaves  the  organism  of  the  ani- 
mal whose  life  it  has  destroyed,  but  its  virulence  is  increased  by 


transmission  through  the  same  species,  as  has  been  demonstrated 
by  the  studies  in  septica.'mia  made  by  Coze,  Feltz  and  Davaine. 
It  is  true  that  anthrax  is  sometimes  of  telluric  origin,  and  Koch 
has  shown  by  what  means  the  virulent  microbe  is  conserved,  but 
there  is  a  vast  difference  between  the  possibility  of  the  conserva- 
tion of  the  bacillus  in  the  soil  and  the  necessity  for  it  to  pass 
through  the  soil  to  become  virulent.  It  rests  with  the  advocates 
of  the  ground-water  theory  to  show  the  mechanism  for  the  exodus 
of  the  morbid  influence  from  the  soil. 

Vogt  attributes  its  liberation  to  oscillations  in  the  jjressure  of 
the  atmosphere,  and  the  expulsion  has  been  accounted  for  by  an 
elevation  of  the  subterranean  level.  But  Noegeli,  Pumpelly, 
Renk  and  Miquel  have  shown  that  passage  through  a  layer  of 
humid  earth  filters  a  current  of  air,  instead  of  charging  it  with 
germs. 

When  the  soil  is  dry  the  air  current  may  take  up  dust  in  which 
there  are  germs,  and  attrition  under  the  influence  of  sun  and 
wind  may  create  whirlwinds  of  dust,  the  respiration  of  which  is 
dangerous.  But  in  this  case  the  microbe  must  support  dessica- 
tion,  and  supposing  it  retained,  living  and  virulent  in  the  air,  the 
means  by  which  it  is  introduced  into  the  human  organism  are  left 
undetermined.  The  way  of  pulmonary  inhalation  must  be  re- 
jected. 

Cholera,  as  at  present  understood,  is  localized  in  the  intestinal 
canal.  The  germs  might  be  arrested  by  the  saliva  and  conveyed 
to  the  stomach,  but  Koch  has  shown  that  they  can  support  only  a 
short  stay  there.  The  advocates  of  the  ground-water  theory,  how- 
ever, accept  penetration  of  the  germ  into  the  organism  by  way  of 
the  saliva  and  reject  the  transmission  by  food  and  water. 

Dr.  Hueppe,  in  a  recent  work,  has  undertaken  to  find  a  com- 
mon ground  on  which  the  two  theories  may  meet.  His  conception 
is  that  the  cholera  bacillus  may,  like  most  pathogenic  bacteria, 
exist  in  the  saprophytic  state.  Frankel  has  demonstrated  that  it 
finds  in  the  superficial  layers  df  soil  the  necessary  conditions  of 
temperature,  that  it  resists  dessication  and  putrefaction  and  the 
rivalry  of  other  species. 

It  leaves  the  soil,  not  matured,  as  Pettenkofer  claims,  but  vig- 
orous and  capable  of  resisting  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice, 
when  by  deglutition  of  saliva,  respiration,  drinking  water,  or  ali- 
mentary substances  it  has  reached  the  stomach.  It  develops  in 
the  intestinal  canal,  producing  the  toxic  agents  that  impart  to 
cholera  its  frightful  character.  When  it  leaves  the  human  organ- 
ism it  ceases  to  be  infectious  and  recovers  its  virulence  by  contact 
with  the  air  or  in  the  soil.  If  air  and  oxygen  are  deficient  the 
germ  perishes.  If  both  are  present  in  small  quantities  it  can  lead 
an  aerobic  existence  at  the  expense  of  the  materials  it  encounters. 


WHICH   IS  THE   BEST  MATERIAL  FOR  STREET 
MAINS  ?* 

In  answering  this  question  are  there  not  many  others  to  be 
taken  into  consideration?  The  particular  purpose  for  which  the 
main  is  to  be  used;  the  kind  of  soil  in  which  the  pipe  is  to  be  laid, 
that  is,  does  the  ground  contain  any  chemical  combination  that 
might  be  more  detrimental  to  one  kind  of  pipe  than  to  another  ? 
Has  the  pipe  in  its  manufacture  been  so  made  as  to  be  able  to  re- 
sist the  action  of  the  destructive  agents  that  may  be  on  the  ground? 
Then,  again,  the  cost  of  the  pipe  and  the  figure  at  which  it  can  be 
placed  in  positions,  and  the  cost  of  maintenance  thereafter,  are  se- 
rious matters  for  consideration.  Which,  if  either  kind  of  pipe, 
will  give  the  least  percentage  of  gas  unaccounted  for? 

Wrought-iron  mains  have  some  advantages  not  possessed  by 
cast-iron.  Owing  to  its  greater  strength,  it  will  resist  heavier  in- 
ternal pressures;  less  liable  to  fracture  by  sudden  jars  or  by  the  dis- 
turbance of  its  foundation;  can  be  joined  together  with  less  ex- 
pense and  greater  speed;  has  fewer  joints,  and  can  be  laid  in  some 
situations  where  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  lay  cast-iron;  but 
it  has  two  disadvantages  considered  serious  ones,  the  first  cost  of  the 
pipe  and  the  limited  life,  as  claimed  by  the  friends  of  cast  pipe 
when  compared  with  cast-iron  in  many  kinds  of  earth. 

Mains  have  been  made  of  cast  iron  ever  since  the  general  in- 
troduction of  gas  for  illumination,  and  when  examined  or  removed 
are  found  to  be,  as  far  as  the  texture  of  the  iron  is  concerned,  in  as 

*  A  paper  read  liy  Mr.  Eugene  Pinty  at  the  St.  Louis  meeting  of  the  Western 
Gas  Association. 


174 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.    No.  340 


perfect  condition  as  if  just  placed  in  the  ground.  There  are,  of 
course,  exceptional  cases,  but  not  many,  where  the  ground  has 
become  impregnated  with  some  foreign  matter  which  will,  and 
does,  act  on  and  destroy  the  cast-iron  in  a  comparatively  short 
time. 

Will  not  the  question  be  asked.  Why  is  it  that  one  kind  of  pipe 
will  last  so  much  longer  in  the  same  kind  of  earth  than  will  the 
other  kind  of  pipe?  A  gentleman  to  whom  I  put  this  question 
suggested — Is  it  not  that  cast-iron  and  wrought-iron  are  different 
in  their  construction,  different  in  their  chemical  formation?  In 
cast-iron  the  particles  of  iron  of  which  it  is  composed  retain  their 
crystaline  or  natural  shape,  and  contains  a  portion  of  carbon. 
These  crystals  are  in  nature  hard,  bright,  and  in  a  measure  pol- 
ished, and  are  more  or  less  coated  with  graphite,  depending  great- 
ly on  the  quality  of  the  iron,  all  tending  to  preserve  the  metal  from 
oxidation.  In  the  manufacture  of  wrought-iron  a  portion  of  the 
carbon  is  eliminated,  rendering  the  metal  softer;  the  crystal  or 
natural  form  is  broken  up;the  crystals  are  elongated  or  drawn  out, 
presenting  a  stringy  or  fibrous  appearance  through  the  length  of 
the  metal.  The  graphite  coating  or  protection  of  the  crystals  is 
removed,  rendering  the  pipe  more  open  to  the  action  of  the  de- 
structive agents. 

Again.  The  question  is  asked,  Why  will  the  same  kind  of  pipe 
last  longer  in  one  formation  of  earth  than  in  another?  Have  you 
not  noticed  when  your  pipe,  particularly  cast-iron,  was  buried  in 
sand  for  a  number  of  years,  that  a  thin,  hard  coating,  impenetra- 
ble to  almost  anything,  had  formed  on  the  outside  of  the  pipe  ? 
This  coating  forms  to  a  certain  thickness;  there  the  decomposi- 
tion stops.  Nature  in  this  case  has  provided  a  nearly  perfect  and 
perpetual  protector.  Is  not  this  combination  of  sand  and  iron, 
which  is  almost  like  glass  in  its  hard  appearance,  silicate  of  iron  ? 
And  have  you  not  further  noticed  that  where  this  formation  does 
exist  there  is  no  escape  of  gas  unless  it  be  at  the  joints,  the  coat- 
ing forming  a  gas-tight  covering? 

While  not  exactly  germain  to  the  question  we  have  before  us, 
yet  bearing  in  that  direction,  I  have  thought  it  might  be  of  interest 
to]some  of  our  members  to  examine  a  section  of  6-inch  wrought-iron 
pipe  which  I  submit  for  your  inspection.  This  piece  of  pipe  was 
in  use  just  two  years  and  seven  months  as  a  stand-pipe,  to  convey 
the  gas  from  the  retort  to  the  hydraulic  main.  You  will  observe 
that  it  is  completely  used  up.  In  the  same  gasworks  there  are 
cast-iron  stand-pipes  that  have  been  in  service  for  over  thirty 
years,  and  from  all  appearances  are  good  for  another  thirty  years. 
I  think  you  will  agree  with  me  in  the  statement  that  there  is  one 
purpose  for  which  it  is  surely  best  to  use  cast-iron  pipe. 

When  the  question  is  asked,  "Whicn  is  the  best  material  for 
street  mains,  cast-iron  or  wrought-iron?"  we  would  likely  answer 
at  once,  cast-iron.  Why?  Because  wc  have  been  accustomed  to 
purchase  the  same  for  a  great  deal  less  money;  it  is  cheaper,  and 
it  will  last  longer;  and  then,  we  say  again,  we  have  to  renew  our 
wrought-iron  services,  and  we  do  not  the  cast-iron  mains.  Have 
we  not  overlooked  the  fact  that  the  wrought-iron  services  are  less 
than  one-half  the  thickness  of  the  cast-iron  mains;  that  where  we 
have  had  occasion  to  make  renewals,  the  wrought-iron  had  been 
more  exposed  than  the  cast-iron?  The  services  mostly  gave  out 
at  gutter  crossings,  where  the  pipe  was  not  of  sufficient  depth,  and 
was  exposed  to  air  and  dampness  and  frost.  Is  it  not  true  that 
many  of  us  have  wrought-iron  services  in  use  to-day,  and  in  good 
condition,  that  were  connected  to  our  cast-iron  street  mains  when 
gas  was  first  introduced  to  our  towns  forty,  and  in  some  cases  six- 
ty years  ago?  We  know  what  to  expect  as  to  the  lasting  qualities 
of  cast-iron  pipe.  We  know  that  with  cast-iron  mains  the  leakage 
of  gas  will  average  as  much  as  lo  per  cent.  This  wc  gather  from 
the  reports  received  from  a  majority  of  the  gas  companies. 

Now,  we  will  see  just  what  is  claimed,  and,  we  may  say,  proven 
as  to  the  lasting  properties  of  wrought  mains;  also  as  to  the  leak- 
age where  they  have  been  used.  Under  date  of  November  14, 
1882,  we  have  the  following  : 

"Gents:  In  reply  to  yours  of  the  gth  inst.,  inquiring  about 
the  lasting  cjuality  of  wrought-iron  pipe  for  gas  mains,  I  would  say 
we  put  in  some  wrought-iron  main  in  1858;  before  laying  it  wc 
coated  it  with  tar  and  let  it  dry  in  the  sun  ;  used  tar  on  the  threads 
and  couplings  freely,  mixed  with  sand.  In  1874  we  had  some  of 
the  same  mains  taken  out,  being  too  small  to  supply  the  consump- 
tion.   In  ail  cases  the  pipe  was  sound  and  clean;  all  we  had  to  do 


was  to  re-tar  it,  and  then  relay  it  in  other  streets.  We  now  have 
in  use  over  eight  miles  of  wrought-iron  pipe  from  1)4  to  4  inches 
in  diameter,  and  all  of  it  giving  the  best  of  satisfaction.  Our  leak- 
age account  will  compare  more  than  favorably  with  any  other 
works,  and  we  claim  that  wrought-iron  pipe  is  the  cause  of  it." 

(Signed)  ThoiMAS  Butterworth,  Rockford,  111. 

The  following  is  a  telegram  from  Mr.  O.  P.  Shaffer,  treasurer, 
Standard  Gas  Light  Co.,  New  York  City: 

"We  find  wrought-iron  gas  mains  practically  stop  all  leakage; 
only  leaks  we  have  are  on  cast-iron  crosses  and  sleeves;  leakage 
in  cast-iron  lines  in  the  city  averages  14  per  cent.;  ours  does  not 
exceed  one  per  cent." 

Mr.  W.  W.  McCleary,  superintendent,  Gas  Company,  Brad- 
dock,  Pa.,  writes  the  following: 

"Our  whole  gas  system  is  composed  of  the  converse  light-lock 
joint  wrought-iron  pipe.  Is  giving  perfect  satisfaction;  less  than 
one  per  cent  leakage." 

I  have  here  a  report  from  Mr.  C.  E.  Manley,  chemist:  "The 
following  is  my  brief  report  relative  to  a  piece  of  wrought-iron 
taken  from  a  nine-mile  line  of  22-inch  rivetted  pipe,  working  un- 
der a  head  of  530  feet,  and  having  been  in  the  ground  thirteen 
years  at  the  mines  north  of  San  Francisco.  On  making  my  inspec- 
tion of  this  piece  of  iron  I  find  it  is  in  good  condition,  and  as  per- 
fect as  any  piece  of  iron  just  newly  rolled.  The  iron  is  smooth, 
and  has  a  uniform  gauge  of  No.  u.  I  notice  there  is  not  a  parti- 
cle of  rust  to  be  found  adhering  to  the  iron.  This  state  of  preserv- 
ation is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  protection  of  prime  asphaltum 
coating.  That  metallic  iron  will  rust  in  contact  with  water,  which 
latter  contains  free  oxygen  air  or  carbonic  acid  gas,  nature  demon- 
strates every  day;  and  no  matter  how  perfect  the  iron  may  be,  yet 
oxidation  will  show  itself  sooner  or  later  upon  unprotected  iron, 
especially  with  cast-iron,  due  to  the  impurities  therein.  These  im- 
purities amount  to  100  per  cent,  of  the  bulk  of  the  cast-iron,  due 
to  the  graphite,  silicon  and  sand;  and  it  is,  therefore,  possible  for 
the  entire  iron  to  be  dissolved  out  whenever  galvanic  action  exists 
in  patches  dustructive  to  cast-iron;  the  result  is  a  mere  shell  of 
graphite  and  silica,  representing  the  original  curve  and  thickness 
of  jiipe. 

With  wrought-iron  this  peculiarity  of  galvanic  action  is  un- 
known, due  to  its  purity  and  absence  of  crystallization;  but  to  in- 
sure perfect  safety  means  are  taken  to  prevent  any  disaster  of  this 
kind,  defecting  even  to  a  small  degree  the  surfaces  of  wrought- 
iron,  by  the  use  of  asphaltum  or  any  hard  surface  impervious  to 
moisture.  We  have  fourteen  years'  experience  to  substantiate  the 
above  statement,  and  as  the  iron  does  not  show  a  sign  of  blemish 
after  the  fourteen  years'  service,  I  consider  it  will  be  found  in  as 
good  condition  one  hundred  years  hence  as  it  is  to-day." 

(Signed  by  C.  E.  Manly,  chemist.) 

Is  it  not  a  serious  question,  "Which  is  the  best — wrought-iron 
or  cast-iron  for  street  mains?"  The  wrought-iron  costing,  in  the 
first  place,  from  50  to  100  per  cent,  more  than  docs  the  cast  pipe. 
(This  difference  is  greatly  reduced  in  proportion  as  you  get  farther 
away  from  the  points  of  manufacture.)  The  wrought  pipe  does 
not  cost  near  so  much  to  lay,  and  the  saving  in  leakage  will  in  a 
very  short  time  balance  the  extra  expense  for  the  wrought-iron 
pipe. 

The  most  important  question  appears  to  be,  Will  the  wrought- 
pipe  last?  On  the  other  hand,  why  not  have  our  cast-iron  pipe 
which  we  think  will  last,  properly  coated  with  some  material  that 
will  close  the  pores  and  protect  the  iron  beyond  a  doubt;  also, 
have  the  spigot  end  of  the  pipe  turned  or  ground  smooth  so  that 
a  permanent  and  tight  joint  could  be  made? 

Engineers  and  experts  are  of  the  opinion  that  to  weld  or  prop- 
erly join  two  pieces  of  steel  requires  that  blows  as  with  a  hammer 
should  be  given;  that  they  will  not  join  by  being  rolled  or  ciushed 
together,  as  will  wrought-iron,  for  the  reason  that  the  fibre  is  too 
short;  that  the  two  surfaces  merely  stick  together  as  w^ith  a  flux, 
just  as  two  boards  are  glued  one  upon  the  other.  Again,  it  is 
claimed  that  steel  being  short  in  the  grain  gives  a  great  deal  of 
trouble  by  fracturing  near  the  joints  at  the  threads.  For  these 
two  reasons  it  is  not  considered  advisable  to  use  steel  mains.  Our 
worthy  secretary  intimated  to  me  that  a  word  in  regard  to  the 
converse-jointed  pipe  would  likely  be  of  interest.  Not  knowing 
anything  of  it  personally,  I  visited  the  shops  of  the  manufacturers 


August  9,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


175 


to  learn  how  it  was  made,  what  it  was  made  of,  and  to  see  a  joint 
under  pressure. 

The  joint  I  saw  tested  was  made  in  my  incsence— two  short 
lengths,  about  four  feet  each,  of  6-inch  outside  diameter  pipes 
(the- thickness  of  the  metal  was  not  quite  one-eighth  of  an  inch) 
were  joined  with  the  short  sleeve  used  in  this  style  of  joint;  no 
yarn  or  tarred  rope  was  necessary,  just  simply  slide  the  ends  of 
the  pipes  in  the  sleeve;  give  them  a  slight  turn  to  tighten  the  lock, 
then  the  usual  clay  roll,  pour  in  the  molten  lead,  caulk  the  joint  in 
the  usual  manner,  which  appeared  to  be  very  easily  done, as  there 
was  not  the  old-time  yarn  cushion;  the  lead  was  driven  solid 
against  the  iron,  and  did  not  consume  so  much  time  as  the  ordinary 
joints  for  cast-iron  pipes.  After  the  com[)letion  of  the  joint  the 
open  ends  of  the  pipes  were  closed  with  bolted  blank  flanges,  the 
pipe  laid  loosely  on  trestles;  a  force  pump,  with  pressure  gauge, 
was  connected  to  an  opening  in  one  of  the  pipes,  and  water  forced 
in;  a  pressure  of  500  lbs.  to  the  square  inch  was  raised  and  allowed 
to  remain  for  some  time,  without  a  sign  of  leak  at  the  joint;  this 
was  a  thrusting  strain  of  14,000  lbs.  to  force  the  pipes  asunder. 
The  pressure  was  then  raised  to  800  lbs.  per  square  inch.  One  of 
the  pipes  at  this  began  to  slide  out  from  the  sleeve,  and  the  joint 
to  leak  slightly.  I  asked  that  the  pressure  be  reduced  and  the 
lead  recaulked,  which  was  done,  and  the  pressure  again  raised  to 
300  lbs.  before  a  leak  was  started.  Again  the  pressure  was  raised 
to  850  lbs.  per  inch,  or  a  thrusting  strain  of  22,800  lbs.  to  part  the 
joint. 

During  my  investigation  1  learned  the  pipe  was  manufactured 
of  the  best  Sfrade  of  wrought-iron,  similar  to  that  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  boiler  tubes  or  flues.  After  the  pipes  have  been  tested 
for  imperfections,  they  are  thoroughly  coated  inside  and  out  by 
being  boiled  in  a  mixture  called  "  kalamein.  Kalameining  con- 
sists in  "incorporating  upon  and  into  the  body  of  the  iron  a  non- 
corrosive  metal  alloy,  largely  composed  of  tin."  The  surface 
thus  formed  is  not  fractured  by  blows,  or  by  bending  the  pipe 
either  hot  or  cold.  The  sleeve  or  coupling  is  made  of  the  tough- 
est and  best  grade  of  cast-iron,  is  boiled  in  paraffin  to  close  up  the 
minute  pores  of  the  iron;  the  outside  of  it,  as  well  as  the  pipe,  is 
then,  if  desired,  coated  again  with  asphaltum. 

The  converse-jointed  pipe  is  used  very  extensively  by  a  num- 
ber of  water  companies  and  natural  gas  companies.  Engineers 
of  these  companies,  by  their  testimonials  freely  given,  speak  very 
highly  of  it  as  being  so  well  adapted  to  resist  the  high  pressures 
and  the  unusual  strains  brought  upon  it  by  the  slips  on  the  moun- 
tain sides.  They  refer  to  it  as  giving  less  trouble  from  leaky 
joints  than  any'other  pipe  they  had  ever  used  (not  excepting  the 
screw-jointed  pipe). 


INFECTIOUS  DISEASES  AND  DISINFECTION.* 
The  danger  limit  from  scarlet-fever  contagion  varies  with  the 
period  of  desquamation,  which  is  more  or  less  rapid  in  different 
subjects.  Hence,  the  isolation  of  convalescents  should  vary  ac- 
cordingly, and  should  in  no  case  derminate  until  desquamation  is 
complete.  It  is  rarely  accomplished  in  less  than  forty  days  from 
the  onset  of  the  disease,  and  may  not  be,  in  feeble  subjects,  in  less 
than  twice  that  period;  and  during  that  time,  no  matter  how  long 
it  may  be,  the  subjects  of  scarlet  fever  should  be  prohibited  from 
school  or  any  other  contact  with  other  children.  They  should  also 
be  prohibited  from  public  places  and  travel  in  public  convey- 
ances. 

Desquamation  is  promoted  and  the  danger  of  mfection  is 
diminished  by  daily  warm  bathing  and  the  plentiful  use  of  pure 
soap,  particularly  to  the  hairy  scalp,  followed  by  inunctions  of 
benzionated  (or  otherwise  aromatized)  lard,  during  the  whole  pe- 
riod of  convalescence.  Instead  of  such  cleansing  and  anointing, 
the  danger  is  frequently  prolonged  by  the  employment  of  anti- 
septic soaps  and  solutions  of  such  strength  only  as  to  be  worse 
than  useless,  because  they  prolong  the  period  of  disintegration 
and  destruction  of  the  desquamated  particles. 

Disinfection  is  quite  a  different  matter.  It  cannot  be  effectually 
applied  to  the  person  at  any  time,  or  to  the  room  of  the  sick  dur- 
ing occupancy,  without  danger.  But  it  can  be  measurably  applied 
and  the  danger  of  infection  mitigated.  The  rooms  occupied  by 
the  sick  and  the  convalescent  alike  should  at  all  times  be  kept 

*A.  N.  Bell,  M.  D.,  In  The  Sanitarian  for  July,  1890. 


thoroughly  ventilated.  I'liysicians  who  are  careful  to  require  this, 
who  do  not  spend  an  unnecessary  length  of  time  in  the  room  with 
the  sick,  and  who,  when  they  have  had  cause  to  handle  the  patient, 
are  careful  to  wash  their  hands  in  an  antiseptic  solution  of  corro- 
sive sublimate,  one  dram  to  the  gallon  of  water,  which  sliould  be 
kept  for  the  purpose,  rarely  carry  infection.  Nurses  and  all  other 
persons  much  in  the  rooms  with  scarlatinal  patients,  or,  indeed, 
any  other  infectious  disease,  should  keep  themselves  from  contact 
and  association  with  other  individuals,  sick  or  well,  who  are  liable 
to  contract  the  disease;  and  whenever  it  is  not  possible  for  them 
to  do  so,  they  should  be  especially  particular  with  regard  to  the 
septic  condition  of  their  hands  and  clothing.  Their  nursing- 
clothing  should  be  of  linen  as  much  as  practicable,  or  hard-fin- 
ished cotton.  They  should  always,  on  leaving  the  room  for  an 
outing  or  before  commingling  with  other  people,  wash  their  hands 
in  the  corrosive  sublimate  solution.  The  wearing  apparel  and 
bed-clothes  of  the  sick,  and  that  of  the  attendants  which  cannot 
be  promptly  sent  to  the  wash,  and,  in  the  first  place,  subjected  to 
boiling  water  for  not  less  than  one  hour,  should  be  kejjt,  in  the 
meantime,  in  an  antiseptic  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  of  twice 
the  strength  of  that  above  given.  Shoes  should  be  thoroughly 
washed  inside  and  out  with  the  same.  All  worthless  material 
should  be  promptly  burned. 

Disinfection  by  Steam. — As  soon  as  possible  after  the  removal 
of  the  sick,  the  room,  or  the  whole  house,  hospital  ward,  or  the 
whole  hospital,  as  the  case  may  be,  if  the  exposure  to  the  disease 
has  been  of  long  continuance,  still  retaining  all  the  bedding,  bed- 
steads, carpets  and  upholstered  furniture — everything  that  has 
been  exposed  that  is  worth  preserving  and  not  washable — should 
be  disinfected  by  steam  if  practicable;  and  it  is  much  more  easily 
so,  in  cities  especially,  than  persons  generally,  who  have  no  prac- 
tical knowledge  in  the  premises,  imagine.  India-rubber  hose  is 
now  made  to  stand  a  temperature  above  212  deg.  F.  By  means 
of  a  sufficient  length  of  it  coupled  to  the  boiler  of  an  ordinary 
fire-engine,  with  steam  under  such  pressure  as  any  of  the  boilers 
of  such  engines  is  abundantly  capable  of,  steam  at  the  tempera- 
ture of  175  to  212  deg.  F.,  which  is  high  enough,  can  be  applied 
and  kept  up,  as  long  as  necessary,  with  great  facility.  Primarily, 
the  room,  building  or  ship  to  be  disinfected  should  be  closed  up 
as  tightly  as  possible.  All  chimney-flues,  stovepipe-holes  and 
other  like  openings  should  be  plugged,  and  all  chinks  around 
windows  and  doors  carefully  stuffed.  Pieces  of  carpet,  quilts  and 
blankets  may  be  the  better  exposed  by  hanging  them  over  the 
windows,  which  may  by  this  means  be  made  all  the  tighter. 
Feather  beds,  mattresses,  pillows,  etc.,  should  be  thrown  across 
the  backs  of  chairs  or  otherwise  exposed  on  all  sides;  and  so,  too, 
carpets,  to  better  protect  them  against  excessive  moisture  from 
the  condensation  of  the  steam,  should  be  triced  up  through  the 
stairways  or  hung  on  lines  or  racks. 

The  length  of  time  required  for  disinfection  by  steam  depends 
somewhat  upon  the  nature  of  the  material  to  be  disinfected.  For 
the  steam  to  thoroughly  penetrate  feather  beds,  hair  mattresses 
and  upholstered  furniture,  it  should  be  kept  up  from  two  to  three 
hours.  Where  there  is  nothing  more  compact  than  carpets  and 
woolen  clothing,  from  twenty  minutes  to  half  an  hour  is  abun- 
dantly sufficient. 

Disinfection  by  SulpJiurous  Acid  Gas  is,  next  to  steam,  all 
things  considered,  the  most  effectual  and  least  destructive  agent 
to  clothing  and  furniture.  For  its  use  the  same  pains  should  be 
taken  with  regard  to  closing  all  openings  and  exposing  the  mate- 
rial on  all  sides  as  with  steam,  except  laid  carpets,  which  may  be 
allowed  to  remain.  But  extra  care  should  be  taken  to  protect 
against  fire.  The  pots  or  pans  to  hold  the  sulphur  should  not  be 
filled  up  to  the  brim,  and  every  one  should  be  set  in  or  over  an- 
other vessel  containing  water.  Thus  protected,  and  the  amount 
of  sulphur  proportioned  at  not  less  than  three  pounds  to  every 
one  thousand  cubic  feet  of  space  and  properly  distributed,  it  may 
be  easily  fired  by  the  addition  of  a  little  alcohol  or  kerosene  and 
a  match.  The  space  should  be  kept  tightly  closed,  subject  to  the 
fumes,  for  at  least  six  hours. 

A  good  deal  has  been  said  and  published  recently,  mostly  on 
theoretical  grounds  based  upon  [laboratory  experiments,  by  per- 
sons who  have  had  little  or  no  practical  experience  in  the  applica- 
tion of  disinfectants,' on  the  necessity  of  adding  more  moisture  to 
the  space  and  to  the  material  to  be  disinfected  by  sulphurous  acid 


176 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS.  [Vol.  XVI.   No.  340 


gas  than  that  provided  as  above  directed  for  protection  against 
fire.  Considerable  practical  experience  by  the  writer  in  the  use 
of  sulphur  to  disinfect  rooms,  furniture  and  clothing  used  by  the 
sick  witli  small-pox,  scarlatina,  diphtheria,  measles  and  whooping- 
cough,  without  any  such  addition  and  without  any  subsequent  re- 
currence of  the  disease  in  the  premises,  is  our  justification  for 
believing  additional  moisture  unnecessary,  while  it  greatly  adds 
to  the  bleaching  power  of  the  vapor,  despoils  carpets  and  uphol- 
stery, which  it  will  not  otherwise  do. 

Disinfection  of  t/ic  dejections  s\\o\i\d  always"  be  effected  in  in- 
fectious diseases  of  every  kind,  because  otherwise  they  are  a 
source  of  widespread  danger,  no  matter  what  the  means  of  final 
disposal.  One  of  the  most  easily  obtainable  as  well  as  one  of  the 
most  efficient  agents  for  this  is  a  solution  of  chloride  of  lime,  half 
a  pound  to  the  gallon  of_water.  Some  of  this  should  be  constantly 
kept  in  the  bed-pans  used  by  the  sick,  and  it  should  be  freely 
poured  into  the  water-closets  connected  with  the  house-drains 
every  time  they  are  used.  Quicklime,  in  the  same  proportion  as 
that  directed  for  the  chloride,  is  almost,  if  indeed  not  quite,  as 
efficient  used  in  the  same  way. 

Corrosive  Sublimate  Solution,  half  an  ounce  (with  an  equal 
quantity  of  muriate  of  ammonia  to  render  it  soluble)  to  the  gallon 
of  water,  sulphuric,  muriatic  and  carbolic  acids,  one  part  of  either 
to  two  parts  of  water,  are  also  efficient,  but  they  require  particu- 
larly careful  handling  on  account  of  their  corrosive  properties 
while  they  are  no  more  efficient  than  the  substances  previously 
named;  but  none  of  them  act  immediately.  The  dejections  should 
be  thoroughly  covered  by  and  stirred  into  the  solutions,  and  let 
stand  at  least  two  hours  before  they  can  be  considered  thoroughly 
disinfected  and  safe  for  the  compost  heap. 

Doubtless  there  are  many  physicians  whose  practice  is  too  ex- 
clusively confined  to  the  cure  of  disease,  and  some  health  officers 
whose  special  duty  it  is  to  protect  the  public  health  by  the  pre- 
vention of  disease,  who  will  consider  these  views  and  directions 
extreme.  But  to  all  such  more  attention  to  the  mortality  from 
infectious  diseases  and  the  value  of  human  life  is  urged  as  the 
reason  above  all  others  why  better  and  more  efficient  methods 
should  obtain.  If  preventable  mortality  is  indeed  criminal  mor- 
tality, as  now  generally  conceded,  surely  it  is  high  time  that  those 
who  are  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  preventing  mortality  should 
be  held  to  a  stricter  accountability  than  hitherto. 

The  safe  disposal  of  the  dead  from  infectious  diseases  requires 
the  utmost  care  from  the  outset.  Public  funerals  over  such  should 
be  absolutely  prohibited.  That  cremation — and  that  speedily — is 
the  safest  means  to  the  living  is  no  longer  an  open  question  among 
sanitarians.  When  this  cannot  be  accomplished  the  body  should 
be  encased  as  soon  as  practicable,  the  bottom  of  the  case  being 
first  covered  with  a  layer  of  quicklime,  and  the  same  substance 
stuffed  in  on  the  sides  and  over — completely  envelojjing  the 
corpse  on  being  laid  in.  The  case  should  then  be  tightly  closed, 
not  again  allowed  to  be  opened  under  any  circumstances,  and 
speedily  interred  at  least  six  feet  deep  and  not  less  than  two  hun- 
dred feet  from  any  well  or  water-course. 


REVIEWS  AND  NOTES. 

Babyhood  for  August  is  full  of  good  things  that  should  be  read 
in  every  home.  Devoted  to  the  care  of  children,  their  health, 
comfort,  etc.,  it  should  have  a  wide  circle  of  readers.  Our  vital 
statistics  always  shows  a  death-rate  among  infants  that  should 
direct  attention  beyond  the  fact  of  this  alarming  mortality.  Such 
periodicals  as  have  a  well  defined  mission  and  should 

receive  the  greatest  support  and  encouragement. 

"Facts  and  Suggestions  Relating  to  Municipal  Public  Works 
and  General  Information  of  the  subject  of  Sewerage,  Paving,  and 
Grades,"  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  issued  by  Rosewater  it  Chrys- 
ler, of  Omaha,  Neb.  The  title  comprehends  the  matter  contained 
in  the  work  which  is  plain  and  practical  and  of  value  to  muni- 
cipal officers.  The  authors  are  civil  and  sanitary  engineers  and 
have  had  extensive  practice  in  their  line  of  work. 

We  arc  in  receipt  of  Vol.  I.  No.  3,  of  the  Southern  Trucker  and 
Lumberman,  published  at  Macon,  Ga.  The  journal  is  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  the  industrial  interests  of  the  South,  and  fills 
its  mission  well.  As  you  turn  the  leaves  of  the  paper,  you  are 
taking  a  walk  through  the  fields  and  forests  of  the  South,  which  is 


both  pleasant  and  instructive.  There  are  many  manufacturers 
and  capitalists  in  the  North  who  could  read  this  portrayer  of  the 
vast  industries  and  resources  of  the  South  with  profit.  The  paper 
is  ably  conducted,  full  of  information,  attractive  in  appearance 
and  will  prove  an  important  factor  in  the  progress  of  the  South. 

L.  M.  Rumsey  Manufacturing  Company,  of  St.  Louis,  have 
just  issued  the  finest  and  most  extensive  catalogue  of  their  manu- 
factures that  has  been  placed  before  us  for  some  time.  The 
catalogue  contains  256  pages  filled  with  cuts  and  descriptions  of 
their  long  list  of  water-closets,  open  lavatories,  bath-room  appli- 
ances, marble  and  slate  work,  etc.  This  company  has  been  pro- 
gressive and  inventive.  It  has  progressed  beyond  the  old  and 
developed  the  new  which  experience  has  demonstrated  to  be 
good.  The  illustrations  are  works  of  art  and  will  attract  the  eye 
while  they  win  consideration.  An  important  feature  is  the  "plan" 
which  accompanies  the  illustrations.  It  will  prove  of  great  ser- 
vice to  the  architect,  enabling  him  to  allow  proper  space  for  any 
of  the  closets  when  drawing  his  plans,  and  will  also  allow  the 
plumber  to  rough  in  by  referring  to  the  plan  for  measurements. 
The  open  lavatories  and  bath-room  specialties  present  an  array  of 
fixtures  that  would  grace  any  house  and  serve  every  purpose  in 
the  important  work  of  the  plumber.  The  company  has  enlarged 
its  plant  and  made  improvements  until  it  is  able  to  supply  orders 
with  promptness  and  reliability. 

Babyland  for  August  is  a  welcome  visitor.  The  little  folks 
would  sadly  miss  this  delightful  companion  if  its  visits  should 
cease.    Only  50  cents  a  year.    D.  Lothrop  Co.,  Boston,  Publishers. 

Our  Little  Men  and  Women  is  especially  suitable  for  children 
just  beginning  to  read.  The  August  number  is  filled  with  short 
stories,  verses  and  pretty  pictures,  gi  a  year,  10  cents  a  number. 
D.  Lothrop  Co.,  Publishers,  Boston. 

The  Pansy  (edited  by  "  Pansy")  has  several  contributions  from 
the  pen  of  its  famous  editor,  in  the  August  number.  Children 
from  eight  to  twelve  will  enjoy  this  magazine.  $1  a  year.  The 
Publishers,  D.  Lothrop  Co.,  Boston,  offer  to  send  a  specimen  to 
every  reader  of  our  paper. 


WHAT  WILL  BENEFIT  THE  PLUMBERS? 

One  of  the  most  difficult  questions  the  plumbers  are  asking 
themselves  is,  "How  can  we  benefit  ourselves  financially?"  Dur- 
ing the  National  Convention  at  Denver,  a  telegram  from  New 
York  was  read  to  the  delegates  stating  the  failure  in  that  city  of  a 
fellow  plumber  who  had  been  elected  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Convention,  but,  on  account  of  his  financial  straits  was  unable 
to  meet  his  fellow-craftsmen  on  that  great  occasion. 

The  news  was  received  last  week  of  the  failure  of  an  indus- 
trious and  hard-working  Chicago  master  plumber;  who,  it  is  re- 
ported, had  put  fifteen  thousand  dollars  in  his  business  within  the 
last  two  years. 

These  instances  naturally  enough  make  the  plumber  inquire, 
"What  am  I  doing  for  myself  and  family?"  Or  as  one  of  the 
members  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Association  recently 
expressed  it  in  one  of  their  meetings,  "  Had  we  better  not  work 
for  ourselves  awhile  instead  of  working  altogether  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public?"  Every  man's  business  owes  him  a  living  and  the 
plumber  can  no  better  afford  to  work  for  nothing  and  board  him- 
self than  any  one  in  a  different  business. 

In  a  recent  conversation  with  some  of  the  leading  Chicago 
master  plumbers  the  following  suggestions  were  given:  J.  J. 
Wade,  the  prize  essay  writer  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers' 
Association,  recommended  a  lengthening  of  the  apprenticeship 
period  and  a  system  of  registered  journeymen  before  a  man  can 
enter  the  plumbing  business  for  himself.  Under  the  present 
system,  a  boy  after  working  two  years  for  a  master  plumber  can 
go  in  business  for  himself.  He  opens  a  shop  in  some  out  of  the 
way  place  where  rent  is  comparatively  nothing  and  his  other  ex- 
penses are  correspondingly  as  low.  He  figures  against  the  ex- 
perienced plumber  and  secures  the  job  for  a  mere  pittance,  where- 
as the  com[)etcnt  plumber  in  good  standing  must  figure  on  the 
basis  of  it  costing  him  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  his  profits  to  run 
his  business. 

J.  J.  Hamblin,  the  Financial  Secretary  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Master  Plumbers,  thought  that  the  greatest  detriment 


August  9,  1890  ] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


177 


to  the  plumbing  business,  is  contract  and  sub-contract  work. 
The  phimber  agrees  to  do  a  job  for  a  certain  amount  and  finds 
that  it  requires  more  labor  and  more  material  than  he  had  figured 
on,  and  is,  of  course,  compelled  to  finish  the  job  at  a  loss  to  him- 
self. Again,  the  city  ordinance  of  Chicago,  which  requires  re- 
venting,  etc.,  occasions  a  financial  loss  to  the  plumber,  who  in  fig- 
uring a  job  does  not  take  into  account  the  requirements  of  the 
ordinance. 

Mr.  Hamblin  would  therefore  abolish  contract  work  and  have 
the  plumber  do  a  job  for  exactly  what  it  is  worth,  which  can  only 
be  determined  after  the  work  is  completed,  when  he  can  ascertain 
definitely  what  work  he  has  to  do  and  what  it  cost  him  to  do  it. 
He  recommends  giving  the  approximate  estimate  of  a  job  rather 
than  agreeing  to  do  it  for  so  much,  and  after  the  work  is  done,  if 
it  cost  less  than  the  approximate  estimate,  then  give  the  owner 
the  benefit  of  the  difference  between  the  approximate  estimate 
and  the  real  cost,  while  on  the  other  hand,  if  the  work  cost  more 
than  the  approximate  estimate  then  the  plumber  will  not  be  com- 
pelled to  bear  the  loss. 

Mr.  Hamblin  thinks  that  some  remedy  should  be  devised  for 
the  loss  in  jobbing  work  in  the  resident  portion  of  the  city.  The 
plumber  in  doing  this  kind  of  work  must  count  on  losing  ten  per 
cent,  of  the  profits.  The  tenant,  who  some  times  is  not  worth  a 
dollar,  will  come  into  the  plumber's  shop  and  order  a  pipe  fixed; 
the  bill  is  presented  the  first  of  the  month  and  the  tenant  requests 
that  the  claim  be  presented  to  the  landlord.  The  landlord  does 
not  know  anything  about  the  bill  and  he  refuses  to  honor  it,  and 
thus  the  plumber  is  beaten  out  of  his  hard-earned  money. 

Robert  Griffith,  President  of  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Plumbers,  said  that  he  regarded  the  close  competition 
among  the  plumbers  the  greatest  detriment  to  the  trade  at  the 
present  time.  As  an  example,  he  said  some  plumbers  even  take 
a  job  at  a  loss  in  order  to  build  up  a  reputation  for  fine  plumbing 
work.  On  the  other  hand,  the  public  does  not  care  for  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  man,  but  it  wants  to  know  who  has  the  lowest  figures. 
Thus  the  plumber  who  did  the  low  figuring  fails  to  make  the 
longed  for  reputation,  and  the  trade  as  a  whole  loses  the  oppor- 
tunity to  make  a  reasonable  profit  on  the  work.  Mr.  Griffith 
stated  that  within  a  few  days  he  had  seen  figures  on  a  job  of 
plumbing  where  the  estimates  of  different  plumbers  varied  from 
four  hundred  to  eight  hundred  dollars.  The  party  who  figured 
the  job  at  eight  hundred  in  all  probability  only  figured  on  a  basis 
of  making  ten  per  cent,  profit.  The  man,  therefore,  who  figured 
it  at  four  hundred  would  be  compelled  to  complete  the  work  at  a 
loss.  Mr.  Griffith  said  that  some  remedy  should  be  devised  in 
this  direction,  and  thought  it  would  be  a  greater  benefit  to  the 
plumbing  trade  than  anything  else. 


THE  JOURNEYMEN  PLUMBERS  IN  CONVENTION. 

The  first  annual  convention  of  the  united  association  of  Jour- 
neymen Plumbers,  Gas  and  Steam  Fitters,  was  held  in  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  on  July  28th,  29th  and  30th. 

Nearly  all  the  principal  cities  in  the  United  States  were  repre- 
sented. 

The  delegates,  representing  fifty  local  unions,  numbered  about 
ninety. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  journeymen  plumbers  was  held  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  last  October,  when  the  following  officers  were 
elected:  President,  P.  J.  Quinlan,  of  Boston;  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent, H.  D.  McGhan,  Colorado;  Second  Vice-President,  M.  F.  Do- 
lan.  New  York;  Third  Vice-President,  A.  J.  Bowman,  Richmond, 
Va.;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Richard  A.  O'Brien,  Washington, 
D.  C;  Executive  Board,  John  M.  Haupt,  Baltimore,  Md.;  John  F. 
Murphy,  Washington,  D.  C;  E.  R.  Joyce,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  P.  H. 
Gleason,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

The  first  session  was  taken  up  with  perfecting  the  organization 
and  routine  business. 

The  Convention  discussed  some  very  grave  questions  during 
the  Convention,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  their  conference  to- 
gether will  facilitate  settling  future  differences  between  employ- 
ers and  employes. 

A  Board  of  Conference  will  be  established  in  each  city,  to 
which  all  disputes  between  employers  and  employes  will  be  re- 
ferred.   This  Board  of  Conference  will  consist  of  three  or  four 


members  from  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  and  a  like  num- 
ber from  the  Journeyman  Plumbers'  Association. 

This  plan  was  originated  with  the  Brooklyn  plumbers,  andwa£ 
advocated  very  strongly  by  them  in  the  Convention. 

The  apprentice  c[uestion  was  taken  up  and  discussed  in  a  mas- 
terly manner.  The  prevailing  sentiment  of  the  delegates  was  to 
bind  the  boys  for  five  years;  the  first  two  years  to  carry  the  plumb- 
ers' tools,  the  third  year  to  be  assigned  to  some  good  plumber  for 
instruction,  the  fourth  year  to  work  in  the  shop,  and  the  fifth  year 
to  do  out-of-door  jobs  under  the  direction  of  the  foreman. 

The  Convention  attempted  to  fix  an  uniform  scale  of  wages, 
and  discussed  the  question  of  the  number  of  hours  constituting  a 
day's  work. 

"CLEAN  SWEEP"  NON-SIPHON  SEWER-GAS  TRAP. 

The  following  cuts  represent  the  "Clean  Sweep"  Non-Siphon 
Gas  Trap,  manufactured  by  the  Detroit  Sanitary  Supply  Com- 
pany, Detroit,  Mich.  In  placing  this  trap  before  the  public,  the 
manufacturers  put  forward  the  following  claims:  We  claim  a 
trap  with  a  perfect  seal,  absolutely  non-siphoning,  which  we  be- 
lieve has  never  been  accompHshed,  although  often  claimed.  In 
the  "Clean  Sweep"  trap  we  obtain  what  has  been  aimed  at  since 
traps  have  been  used,  viz.:  an  absolute  and  positive  seal  which  will 
not  siphon.    The  accompanying  cut  (Fig.  i )  is  a  broken  view  of  the 

trap,  showing  a  chamber  with 
the  inlet  and  outlet  on  opposite 
side,  one  above  the  other,  the 
body  of  the  chamber  being  about 
twice  the  size  of  the  supply  and 
discharge  pipes.  For  example: 
In  the  I  trap  the  body  is 

lYz  inches  in  diameter,  extend- 
ing \%  inches  above  Ihe  top  of 
the  discharge  pipe,  thus  form- 
ing a  .supplementary  chamber, 
which,  as  we  will  demonstrate, 
will,  under  any  and  all  condi- 
tions, prevent  siphonage.  The 
trap,  when  not  in  action,  is  half 
full  of  water  and  half  full  of 
air,  and,  we  will  suppose,  con- 
nected to  a  fixture,  the  water 
from  which,  each  time  it  is  used, 
will  entirely  fill  the  trap  and 
pipes.  When  the  flow  from  the 
fixture  has  ceased,  the  water 
Fig.  I.  flowing  through  the  pipes  forms 

what  is  commonly  known  as  a  siphon.  This  siphon  will  act  until 
broken  by  air,  which  must  enter  through  the  trap.  When  this 
occurs  in  an  ordinary  trap  the  seal  is  broken,  enough  water  hav- 
ing been  siphoned  out  of  it  as  to  almost,  if  not  entirely,  empty  it. 

In  the  "Clean  Sweep  "  the  water  has  been  flowing  through  the 
trap,  it  being  entirely  full  of  water.  As  soon  as  the  air  following 
the  water  passes  through  the  trap,  the  siphon  is  broken,  and  the 
water,  which  has  been  held  in  the  supplementary  chamber,  falls 

to  the  bottom,  leav- 
ing the  trap  as  be- 
fore, half  full  of 
water  and  half  of 
air.  But  there  is 
still  another  and 
more  formidable  si- 
phon to  overcome, 
which  occurs  each 
time  a  water  closet 
is  used,  exerting  a 
strong  siphon  on 
any  and  all  fixtures 
connected  there- 
with. We  will  sup- 
pose the  trap  at  a 
fixture  which  is 
connected  with  a 
closet  is  used  the 


Fig.  2. 

stack  of  four-inch  soil  pipe. 


Each  time  the 


178 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  340 


water  which  has  been  discharged  into  the  soil  pipe  forms  a  strong 
siphon,  which  acts  until  broken  by  air.  As  in  a  siphoruby  circula- 
tion, the  air  must  enter  through  the  trap,  which  will  almost  inva- 
riably empty  the  ordinary  trap.  But  the  "Clean  Sweep"  is  es- 
pecially constructed  in  regard  to  this  siphon,  as  we  will  demon- 
strate. The  suction  of  the  water,  as  it  passes  down  the  soil  pipe, 
forms  a  slight  vacuum  in  the  air  chamber  of  the  trap  before  the 
air  will  pass  through  the  water.  In  passing  through  the  trap  the 
air  displaces  enough  water  to  admit  of  its  passage  in  a  slightly 
compressed  state,  and,  as  it  enters  the  air  chamber,  expands, 
which,  with  the  air  which  has  before  been  exhausted,  will  break 
any  siphon. 

THE  DENVER  JOURNEYMEN  PLUMBERS'  STRIKE. 

About  one  hundred  of  the  journeymen  plumbers  in  Denver 
have  been  out  on  a  strike  for  several  days,  on  account  of  a  differ- 
ence between  the  Journeymen  Plumbers*  Union  and  Hughes  & 
Keith  Sanitary  Supply  Company. 

Several  weeks  ago  the  Journeymen  Plumbers'  Union  called  all 
the  men  out  of  the  firm  of  Hughes  &  Keith  Sanitary  Supply  Com- 
pany. This,  of  course,  rendered  the  firm  unable  to  fill  their  con- 
tracts, and  it  was  compelled  to  turn  over  some  of  the  work  on 
hand  to  other  master  plumbers. 

The  Plumbers'  Union  resented  the  action  of  the  other  plumb- 
ing shops,  and  retaliated  by  calling  out  all  the  men  in  the  leading 
shops  of  Denver. 

The  result  is  that  nearly  all  the  plumbing  work  in  the  city  is 
stopped,  and  the  public  is  the  heavy  loser. 


AMONG  THE  PLUMBERS. 

John  C.  Meany,  of  574 Wentworth  avenue,  is  doing  the  plumb- 
ing work  in  the  following  buildings:  Seven  buildings  for  C.  C. 
Landt  at  44th  place;  seven  two-story  brick  flats  for  G.  B.  Upp,  at 
6ist  and  Wallace  streets;  one  two-story  building  for  M.  W.  Clin- 
ton, on  Vernon  avenue;  six  buildings  for  Wells  &  Scchrist  on 
Lake  avenue;  three  buildings  for  Wells  &  Sechrist  on  Madison 
avenue;  three  three-story  flats  for  W.  Walcott  on  54th  and  Jack- 
son streets;  seven  two-story  flats  for  M.  Wagner  on  57th  street 
and  Tracy  avenue;  one  four-story  flat  on  5yth  street  near  School; 
one  four-story  flat  for  M.  Schneider  on  59th  street,  near  School; 
one  two-story  flat  for  George  Wise  on  Cedar  street;  one  double 
flat  for  J.  Sinks  on  53d  street,  near  School;  fine  two-story  and 
basement  flats  for  J.  D.  Horton  on  38th  street  and  Vernon  avenue; 
one  building  on  55th  street  and  LaSalle;  one  building  for  Hood  & 
McCurbey  on  57th  and  Butterfield  streets;  one  three-story  build- 
ing for  W.  F.  Pierce  on  Bowen,  near  Vincennes  avenue;  and  two 
buildings  for  N.  P.  Cummings  on  59th  street  and  Wabash  avenue. 

The  master  plumbers  of  Pittsburgh,  Penn.,  seem  to  be  quite 
busy,  as  the  following  new  work  will  indicate:  White  &  Matler 
will  do  the  work  in  William  Bigge's  building,  on  Ward  street,  in 
the  Fourteenth  Ward,  and  in  W.  Wilmot's  bnilding,  on  Boquet 
street  in  the  same  ward.  Lambert  &  Becker  will  do  the  work  in 
seven  buildings  for  O'Neill,  Rook  and  Imhoff,  on  Boquet  street,  in 
the  Fourteenth  Ward,  and  in  1).  P.  Black's  building,  on  Negley 
avenue,  in  the  Twentieth  Ward.  Barnes  &  Cowling  will  do  the 
work  in  H.  C.  McEldowney's  building,  on  Wylie  avenue,  in  the 
Eleventh  Ward.  B.  F.  Call  &  Co.  will  do  the  work  in  the  follow- 
ing buildings:  D.  B.  Maxwell's,  on  O'Hara  street,  in  the  Twentieth 
Ward;  J.  W.  King's,  on  Wooster  street,  in  the  Eleventh  Ward; 
seven  buildings  for  the  City  Land  Company,  on  Cato  and  Julie 
streets,  in  the  Fourteenth  Ward,  and  five  l^uildings  for  M.  Schade, 
on  Trent  street,  in  the  Eleventh  Ward.  Jno.  M.  Eddy  will  do  the 
following  work:  John  Tiggett's  building,  on  Walnut  street,  in  the 
Twentieth  Ward;  C.  H.  Watkins'  building,  on  O'Hara  street,  in  the 
Twentieth  Ward;  John  Haller's  building,  on  Sheridan  avenue,  in 
the  Nineteenth  Ward,  and  Harry  Brown's  building,  on  Forbes 
street  in  the  Twenty-second  Ward. 

A.  F.  Jones,  .Secretary  of  the  Chicago  Master  Plumbers'  Asso- 
ciation, reports  a  busy  season  in  the  plumbing  line. 

HOW  TO  TEST  A  WALL'S  DRYNESS. 
Gelatine,  according  to  an  exchange,  is  a  capital  means  for  as- 
certaining whether  a  wall  is  thoroughly  dry  or  not.    The  sheet 
gelatine  of  commerce  is  the  best  for  the  purpose.    The  thinnest 


pieces  are  selected;  they  are  soaked  in  water  for  about  a  quarter 
of  an  hour,  until  they  are  quite  soft,  spread  out  flat  on  a  greased 
sheet  of  glass,  and  stretched  with  the  finers  until  any  folds  and 
creases  that  may  exist  are  smoothed  out  and  the  whole  is  made 
as  thin  and  as  uniform  as  possible.  The  sheets  are  then  dried  in 
the  air,  rough  or  uneven  edges  are  trimmed  off,  and  the  whole  cut 
into  strips  about  four  inches  long  and  two  inches  wide,  for  use  in 
testing.  If  kept  flat  in  a  dry  place,  these  gelatine  strips  are  very 
sensitive  to  moisture.  If  a  wall  is  suspected  of  being  damp,  with- 
out showing  it  outwardly,  a  slip  of  gelatine  is  moved  slowly  over 
it,  near  its  surface,  but  without  touching  it.  If  any  damp  spots 
exist,  they  are  immediately  indicated  by  the  curling  of  the  gela- 
tine as  it  passes  near  them. —  The  Western  MacJdncst. 


CONTRACTING  NEWS. 


WHERE  NEW  WORK  WILL  BE  DONE. 

Fergus  Falls,  Minn.:    A  public  building  will  be  erected;  cost, 

$100,000.  Snohomish,  Wash.:  A  public  building  will  be  erected, 

at  a  cost  of  §24,000.-  Madison,  Wis.:  A  building  will  be  erected 

by  the  alumni  for  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:   A  new 

opera-house;  cost,  §60,000.    Address  Frank  Mapes.  Paterson, 

N.  J.:  The  Emmanuel  Baptist  Church  will  erect  a  handsome  edi- 
fice at  Carroll  street  and  Broadway.  Goshen,  Va.:    A  large 

hotel  will  be  erected.    A.  E.  Yarnall,  Philadelphia,  architect. 

 Austin,  111.:    Three  frame  dwellings;  cost,  §15,000.    F.  R. 

Schock,  Chicago,  architect.  Lebanon,  Ky.:    A  brewery  plant; 

cost,  §15,000.  Griesser  &  Maritzen,  Chicago,  architects.  Evans- 

ville,  Ind.:    Brewery  plant;  cost,  $150,000.    Griesser  &  Maritzen, 

Chicago,  architects.  Fort  Worth,  Tex.:    Brewery  plant;  cost, 

§250,000.    Griesser  &  Maritzen,  Chicago,  architects.  Chicago: 

Ashland  avenue  and  Eleventh  street,  two-story  residence;  cost, 
§10,000.  Frederick  Ahlschlager,  architect.  Two-story  residence 
on  Washington  boulevard;  cost,  §12,000.  Hetherington  &  Warner, 
architects.  Five-story  warehouse  at  141  and  143  Ontario  street; 
cost,  §20,000.  R.  T.  Newberry,  architect.  Four-story  flat  building 
at  37  Whiting  street;  cost,  §12,000.  John  Otier,  architect.  Bel- 
mont avenue  and  Lake  Shore  drive,  three-story  residence;  cost, 
§15,000.  George  W.  Mahcr,  architect.  Forestville  avenue,  near 
P'orty-eighth  street,  two-story  residence;  cost,  §12,000.  F.  R. 
Schock,  architect.  Three-story  store  and  flat  building,  Madison 
street,  near  Hoyne  avenue;  cost,  §15,000.  W.  T.  Lesher,  archi- 
tect. W.  T.  Lesher  has  plans  for  a  three-story  flat  building  on 
Burling  St.;  a  three-story  store  and  flat  building  on  Van  Buren  st.> 
near  Ashland  boulevard;  cost,  §55,000;  a  three-story  flat  building 
on  DeKalb  street;  cost,  §10,000;  and  two  flat  buildings  on  Davlin 
street;  cost,  §1 1,000.  Snyder  &  Nothnagel  have  plans  for  a  five- 
story  warehouse,  Washington  and  Curtis  streets;  cost,  §40,000; 
and  a  fiat  building  on  Flournoy  street,  near  Hoyne  avenue.  Gries- 
ser &  Maritzen  have  plans  for  a  brewery  building;  cost,  §300,000; 

and  a  four-story  warehouse;  cost,  §70,000.  Arlington  Heights, 

Tex,:   The  Southern  Methodists  will  erect  a  college  building,  to 

cost  §100,000.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:    Carroll  &  Kern  have 

plans  for  a  §40,000  office  building  on  South  and  Main  streets;  also 
plans  for  a  four-story  brick  and  stone  block  to  be  erected  on  Main 
street,  near  Second;  cost,  §40,000;  also  plans  for  a  $56,000  store- 
house, to  be  built  near  the  D.  &  R.G.  tracks;  also  plans  for  a  store 
and  office  building,  to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Second,  South 
and  Fifth,  West;  cost,  §20,000;  also  plans  for  a  seven-story  office 
building  which  will  cost  §250,000.    C.  H.  LaBelle  is  preparing  plans 

for  a  five-story  stone  business  block,  to  cost  §200,000.  Denver, 

Colo.:  Seventh  and  Eighth  streets,  three-story  brick  terrace;  cost, 
§36,000.  Address  Sam  McClair.  Ashland  avenue,  near  May  st., 
four-story  business  block;  cost,  §30,000.  Address  Wheeler  Brown. 

 Northampton,  Mass.:    A  gymnasium  for  Smith  College.  W. 

C.  Brocklesby,  Hartford,  Conn.,  architect.         Holyoke,  Mass.: 

Five-story  tenement  building;  cost,  §36,000.  Address  A.  E.Crosby. 

 Conway,  Ark.:    The  plans  of  Orlopp  &  K'usencr  have  been 

aocepted  for  the  Hendrix  College  building  and  dormitory;  cost, 

§40,000.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  Second  South  street,  five-story 

stone  and  brick  building;  cost,  §60,000.  R.  Kletting,  architect. 
East  First  South  street,  five-story  stone  and  brick  office  buildiry,^ 
cost,  §60,000.    R.  Kletting,  architect.  Washington,  D.  C:  K 


August  9,  1890.] 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS, 


179 


street,  near  Fourteenth  street,  large  residence.  Address  General 
Sherman.  A  large  hotel  building  at  Eckington;  cost,  $250,000. 
McKim,  Mead  &  White,  New  York,  architects.  Fourteenth  and 
K  streets,  a  hotel  building;  cost,  $1^0,000.  Address  Geo.  Cochran. 
K  street,  near  Si.xtecnth  street,  brick  and  stone  building.  W.  Bruce 
Gray  has  charge  of  the  building.    1215  F  street,  four-story  store 

building.    Address  M.  W.  licveridgc.  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  Carson 

street,  Twenty-fourth  Ward,  brick  power-house;  §57,000.  F.  J.Os- 
terling,  architect.  Craig  street.  Fourteenth  Ward,  brick  car- 
house;  cost,  §70,000.  Wm.  H.  Simms,  architect.  Muriel  street. 
Twenty-ninth  Ward,  brick  machine-shop;  cost,  $65,000.  Address 

the  Oliver  Iron  and  Steel  Company.  Salt  Lake  City,  U.:  Third 

South  and  Fifth  East,  two-story  stone  terrace  of  eight  houses; 
cost,  $35,000.    North  Commercial  street,  four-story  brick  business 

block;  cost,  $25,000.    Carroll  &  Kern,  architects.  New  Haven, 

Conn.:    Addition  to  the   Government  building;    cost,  $60,000. 

Chapel  on  Davenport  avenue;  cost,  $25,000.  Pittsfield,  Mass.: 

Lincoln  and  Cherry  streets,  school  building;  cost,  $25,000.  

Brockton,  Mass.:    Belmont  and  Cottage  streets,  court-house;  cost, 

$65,000.  Boston,  Mass.:    The  United  States  Hotel  Company 

will  erect  an  addition  to  its  building,  at  a  cost  of  $1,500,000.  Ware- 
house on  Judia  street,  near  Central  wharf;  cost,  $2,500,000.  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  building;  cost,  $400,000.  Storage  warehouse  on 
Huntington  avenue,  near  Westchester  Park;  cost,  $500,000.  The- 
atreon  Bowdoin  Square;  cost,  $175,000.  Youth's  Companionbuild- 
ing,  Columbus  avenue  and  Berkley  street;  cost,  $500,000.  King- 
ston and  Essex  streets,  business  block;  cost,  $250,000.  Block  on 
Washington  and  State  streets;  cost,  $450,000.  Apartment  house, 
Westchester  Park  and  Marlboro  street;  cost,  $200,000.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.:  The  Franklin  Institute  will  erect  a  fire-proof  build- 
ing, at  a  cost  of  $400,000.  J.  G.  Buff  will  soon  erect  twenty-two 
houses  on  Forty-second  street,  near  Powelton  avenue.  Owen 
Mountenay  will  erect  fourteen  houses  on  Mantua  avenue  and 
Thirty-fourth  street.  Timothy  Gallagher  will  erect  nineteen  dwell- 
ing-houses on  Pierce  street,  near  West  Seventeenth  street.  Geo. 
Kessler  will  erect  twelve  dwellings  on  Howard  street,  near  Mont- 
gomery avenue.    Andrew  Mcllvaine  will  erect  eight  three-story 

houses  on  Franktord  avenue,  near  Tioga  street.  Brooklyn, N.Y.: 

Prospect  avenue,  near  Seventh  avenue,  two  four-story  brick  tene- 
ments; cost,  $21,000.  George  R.  Ueitrick,  architect.  Nine-story 
brick  and  granite  building,  189  Montague  street;  cost,  $250,000. 
George  H.  Edbrook,  architect.  Seigel  street,  near  Emen  street, 
three  four-story  frame  dwellings;  cost,  $14,000.  F.  J.  Berlinbach, 
architect.  Eighth  street,  near  Havemeyer  street,  three  four-story 
frame  tenements;  cost,  $20,000.  Henry  Vollweiler,  arcl^itect.  Two 
three-story  brick  and  stone  dwellings,  300  Jefferson  avenue;  cost, 
$20,000.  G.  A.  Schellinger,  architect.  Grove  street,  near  Central 
avenue,  nine  three-story  frame  tenements;  cost,  $36,000.  Henry 
VoUweiler,  ^architect.  Fulton  street,  near  Washington  avenue, 
three  four-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $30,000.  M.  Thomas,  architect. 
Pulaski  street,  near  Throop  avenue,  six  four-story  brick  dwellings; 
cost,  $36,000.  John  E.  Dwyer,  architect.  McDonough  street,  near 
Tompkins  avenue,  four-story  brick  and  stone  flat;  cost,  $35,000. 
F.  B.  Langston,  architect.  Vernon  avenue,  near  Tompkins  ave- 
nue, three  three-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $36,000.  F.  B.  Langston, 
architect.  Putnam  avenue,  near  Stuyvesant  avenue,'  three  three- 
story  brick  dwellings;  cost,  $27,000.  John  E.  Dwyer,  architect. 
Carroll  street,  three-story  brick  dwelling;  cost,  $20,000.    N.  Le- 

Brun  &  Sons,  architects.  New  York  City:    One  Hundred  and 

Twenty-seventh  street,near  Park  avenue, three  five-story  brick  flats; 
cost,$54,ooo.  Andrew  Spence,  architect.  100  and  Eight  street, 
near  First  avenue,  iron  gas-tanks;  cost,  $50,000.  Jas.  Flannery, 
architect.  100  and  Eighteenth  street,  near  Eighth  avenue,  six 
five-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $120,000.  Jno.  C.  Burne,  architect. 
Ninety-sixth  street,  near  Eighth  avenue,  four  four-story  brick  and 
stone  dwellings;  cost,  $100,000.  Edward  Kilpatrick,  architect. 
Washmgton  street,  near  Perry  street,  five-story  brick  store  and 
tenement;  cost,  $50,000.  John C.  Burne,  architect.  Ninth  avenue, 
near  Seventy-fifth  street,  two  five-story  brick  flats;  cost,  $60,000. 
R.  R.  Davis,  architect.  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  street,  near 
Madison  avenue,  six  five-story  brick  stores;  cost,  §140,000.  R.  R. 
Davis,  architect.  Eighty-fifth  street,  near  Tenth  avenue,  sixteen 
three  and  four  story  brick  and  stone  dwellings;  cost,  $256,000. 
John  G.  Prague,  architect.  Ninetieth  street,  near  Third  avenue, 
five-story  brick  flat;  cost,  $20,000.    A.  B.  Ogden  &  Son,  architects. 


Twenty-first  street,  near  Ninth  avenue,  two  four-story  brick  col- 
lege buildings;  cost,  $36,000.  Chas.  C.  Haight,  architect.  Nine- 
tieth street,  near  Second  avenue,  four  five-story  brick  flats;  cost, 
$72,000.  James  W.  Cole,  architect.  Teller  avenue,  near  One  Hun- 
dred and  Sixty-fourth  street,  seventeen  three-story  frame  dwell- 
ings; cost,  $59,500.  A.  Pfciffer,  architect.  St.  Ann's  avenue,  near 
One  Hundred  and  Sixty-first  street,  four  four-story  brick  stores 
and  tenements;  cost,  $48,000.  M.  J.  Garvin,  architect.  Eighty- 
eighth  street,  near  Tenth  avenue,  five-story  brick  stable;  cost,  $75,- 
000-    G.  H.  Griebel,  architect. 


HEATING  AND  LIGHTING. 

Louisville,  Ky.:  Campbell  Scott,  1231  Third  street,  desires  the . 
addresses  of  manufacturers  of  wooden  cross-arms,  pins,  cleats, 
brackets,  etc.,  for  electrical  use.- — Monroe,  N.  C:  The  erection 
of  an  electric  light  plant  is  being  agitated.- — Alexandria,  Va.: 
The  Equitable  Electric  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  J. 
M.  Glover,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  as  President,  and  C.  W.  Field,  Jr.,  of 

New  York  City,  Secretary.    The  capital  stock  is  $500,000.  Ash- 

ville,  N.  C:  A.J.Lyman,  the  National  Electric  Manufacturing 
and  Construction  Company,  J.  E.  Dickerson  and  others,  have  in- 
corporated the  People's  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company,  to  erect 
an  electric  light  and  power  plant,  etc.    The  capital  stock  is  $50,- 

000.^  Nevada,  Miss.:    The  Parrish  Electric-Light,  Power  and 

Heat  Company  has  been  organized,  with  Samuel  Brown  as  Presi- 
dent and  Eugene  Parrish,  Secretary.  The  capital  stock  is  $120,- 
000.  Havana,  N.  Y.:  This  city  is  about  to  vote  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  expending  $500  for  a  hand  engine  and  hose.  Chicago, 

111.:  Andrew  J.  Cooper,  Frederick  Y.  O'Connell  and  Charles  A. 
Unman  are  the  incorporators  of  the  Underground  Electric  Light- 
ing Company.    The  capital  stock  is  $1,000,000.  Watervliet, 

N.  Y.:   $4,400  have  been  appropriated  for  an  electric  light  plant. 

 Augusta,  Ga.:    D.  B.  Dyer,  R.  M.  Spivey,  R.  R.  Conklin  and 

others  will  incorporate  the  Augusta  Electric  Light  and  Motor 
Company,  to  supply  electric  light,  heat  and  power.    The  capital 

stock  is  to  be  §50,000.  Muncie,  Kan.:    A  company  with  §1,000,- 

000  Capital  has  been  formed  by  J.  B.  Colton,  N.  and  R.  L.  McAl- 
pine,  J.  G.  Johns  and  others,  for  building  a  dam  across  the  Kaw 
river,  and  utilizing  the  power  so  gained  for  generating  electricity, 
which  can  thus  be  obtained  in  sufficient  quantities  to  light  Kansas 

City  and  its  suburbs  at  a  very  low  cost.  Gainesville,  Ga.:  Anew 

dynamo  will  be  added  to  the  city  lighting  plant  in  the  fall.  

Cleveland,  Tenn.:  W.  S.  Beckner  and  others  contemplate  erect- 
ing an  electric  light  plant. 


SEWERAGE  NOTES. 
Sheepshead  Bay,  N.  Y.:    A  sewerage  system  costing  §148,000 
will  be  built.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:    Assessment  rolls  have  been  pre- 
pared for  brick  and  pipe  sewers,  costing  §52,678.  Ridgeland, 

111.:    City  Engineer  Alvord  has  prepared  plans  for  a  brick  sewer, 

costing  $200,000.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

has  under  discussion  the  bonding  of  the  city  for  $1,500,000  for 

building  a  complete  sewerage  system.  San  Francisco,  Cal.: 

Engineer  Schussler,  of  the  Spring  Valley  Water-Works,  has 
planned  an  extensive  sewerage  system  for  the  district  near  Lake 

Honda,  one  of  the  company's  reservoirs.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.: 

The  City  Engineer  has  prepared  plans  for  a  $20,000  storm  sewer. 

 Albion,  N.  Y.:    Ninety  thousand  dollars  is  the  estimate  made 

and  submitted  by  Waldo  &  Dobson,  Rochester  engineers,  as  the 
cost  of  construction  of  a  complete  system  of  sewers.  The  outlet 
according  to  the  report  would  be  Marsh  Creek,  and  it  is  proposed 
to  dispose  of  the  sewage  by  filtration.  Seven  acres  of  ground 
would  be  required.  The  plans  and  specifications  have  been  for- 
warded to  the  State  Board  of  Health  for  acceptance.  The  ques- 
tion will  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  Victoria,  B.  C: 

Rudolph  Hering  has  been  engaged  to  examine  into  the  merits  of 

the  scheme  proposed  for  the  sewerage  of  this  city.  Springfield, 

Mo.:  The  question  of  altering  the  plans  for  the  proposed  sewer- 
age system  is  under  discussion.  Henderson,  Ky.:    A  survey 

has  been  made  for  a  system  of  sewerage  along  Second  street. 
The  sewer  pipes  are  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  and  will  be  laid 
from  the  intersection  of  Elm  street  along  the  south  side  of  Second 
to  the  river,  ten  feet  from  the  curbing.  There  will  be  feeders  to 
this  sewer  laid  from  the  rear  end  of  the  new  Baldauf  block  along 


180 


THE  SANITARY  NEWS. 


[Vol.  XVI.   No.  340 


the  alleyway  to  Second  street,  and  also  one  from  the  new  hotel" 

 Richmond,  Va.:    This  city  will  probably  issue  §75,000  of 

bonds  for  the  construction  of  sewers.  Watervliet,  N.  Y.:  $10,- 

259  have  been  appropriated  for  a  sewerage  system.  Eagle 

Grove,  la.:  The  Eagle  Grove  council  has  decided  to  put  in  a 
sewer  system,  and  also  to  extend  the  water-works  system. 


WATER -WORKS  NOTES. 

Port  Angeles,  Wash.:  The  Port  Angeles  Water  Company,  the 
Port  Angeles  Light  Company  and  the  Port  Angeles  Construction 
Company  have  been  incorporated.    Combined  they  represent  a 

capital  of  $750,000.  Ashtabula,  O.:    Five  miles  of  water  mains 

will  be  laid  this  year.  Westminster,  Mass.:    A  better  water 

supply  is  sadly  needed  and  the  question  of  new  works  is  being 

agitated.  Sioux  City,  la.:  The  surveys  tor  the  new  water-works 

have  been  completed.  Oswego,  Kan.:  The  Oswego  Water- 
Works  Company  has  been  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$50,000.  Port  Huron,  Mich.:  Col.  William  Ludlow  has  recom- 
mended that  about  six  acres  of  Government  land,  above  Fort 
Gratiot,  be  sold  to  the  city  for  a  nominal  sum.  The  city  wishes  to 
secure  it  and  proposes  to  remove  the  pumping  station,  etc.,  to  this 

site  as  a  means  of  increasing  and  improving  the  water  supply.  

Benkleman,  Neb.:  Bonds  for §3,500  will  be  issued  for  putting  in  a 
system  of  water  supply.  A  small  pumping  engine  tank,  12  hy- 
drants, etc.,  will  be  purchased.  Sutton,  Neb.:    Works  are  to  be 

constructed.    Address  the  Mayor.  Canton,  S.  Dak.:  Works 

are  to  be  constructed.  Pierre,  S.  Dak.:    About  one  mile  of  new 

mains  will  be  laid  at  once.-  Butte  City,  Mont.:    A  certificate  of 

incorporation  of  the  Summit  Valley  Water  Company  has  been 
filed  at  Helena.  The  company  is  formed  to  supply  and  sell  water 
to  the  people  of  Butte  City  and  vicinity  for  domestic,  manufactur- 
ing, milling,  smelting,  reduction  and  irrigating  purposes.  Capital 
stock,  $500,000.  The  incorporators  are  William  A.  Clark,  Henry 
L.  Frank  and  Patrick  Talent.  Bastrop,  Tex.:  A  stock  com- 
pany is  to  be  formed  to  put  in  works.  A.  B.  McLevy,  J.  W.  Ken- 
nedy, R.  L.  Batts,  P.  O.  Elsenor  and  T.  A.  Hassler  have  been  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  decide  upon  the  system  to  be  adopted,  and 
to  secure  data  and  estimates  of  cost,  and  to  report  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible. Austin,  Tex.:    The  city  council  has  passed  an  ordinance 

authorizing  the  immediate  issue  of  $1,400,000  of  5  per  cent,  gold 
bonds  for  constructing  a  dam  across  the  Colorado  river  and  put- 
ting in  water  and  electric  light  works.  Galveston,  Tex.:  A 

special  committee  has  been  appointed  to  look  after  the  prelimi- 
nary '  iDrk  of  sinking  the  deep  well,  and  bids  will  soon  be  wanted. 

J.  M.  Brown  is  one  of  the  water  commissioners.  Boise  City, 

Idaho:  The  Artesian  Land  and  Water  Company  has  completed 
its  stock  subscription  to  nearly  $40,000,  and  w  ill  at  once  order  pipe 

sufficient  to  supply  the  entire  city  with  pure,  mountain  water.  

Lewiston,  Idaho:  Engineer  Bloomfield,  of  the  Lewiston  Water 
Company,  is  reported  as  stating  the  following:  After  investiga- 
tion, it  has  been  decided  to  take  the  supply  from  Clearwater  river. 
The  plant  will  consist  of  a  brick  engine  and  boiler  house,  40  by  40 
feet,  on  a  concrete  foundation  14  feet  high,  on  the  river  front,  into 
which  will  be  built  the  wrought-iron  inlet  pipe  and  pump  well, 
with  their  attached  screen,  gate  and  foot  valve.  The  pumping 
engine  will  be  one  of  the  modern  type  of  double  compound  con- 
densing engines,  and  have  a  daily  capacity  of  2,000,000  galls.  The 
boiler  will  be  of  steel,  85  h.  p.,  with  a  steam  pressure  of  120  lbs. 
The  reservoir  will  be  cement  lined  and  have  a  capacity  of  1,500,000 
gals.    There  will  be  about  9  miles  of  12,  10,  8,  6  and  4  inch  mains, 

with  hydrants,  valves,  etc.  Spokane  Falls,  Wash.:   The  water 

committee  has  recommended  the  construction  of  a  reserve  reser- 
voir to  guarantee  better  protection  against  hre.  Macon,  Ga.: 

J.  W.  Wilcox,  superintendent  of  the  Macon  Gas  Light  and  Water 
Company,  will  want  a  pulsometer  or  pump  with  capacity  for  from 
600  to  1,000  gallons  per  minute;  also  a  small  steam  hoist.  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.:    James  Mulligan  wants  one  or  two  donkey  pumps. 

 St.  Petersburg,  Fla.:    J.  R.  Hurst  wants  prices  on  3,000  feet  of 

3  or3>^-inch  spiral  pipe.  West  Point,  Ga.:    It  is  reported  that 

an  artesian  well  will  be  sunk,  an  electric  light  plant  erected  and 

water-works  constructed.  Lincoln,  Neb.:    The  city  council  has 

ordered  the  building  of  a  large  new  stand-pipe  for  the  water- 
works. Mr.  Rice  of  the  water  committee  can  give  information. 
 Watervliet,  N.  Y.:   $5,542  have  been  appropriated  for  a  water 


supply.  Warren,  111.:  This  city  has  decided  to  build  water- 
works at  a  cost  of  $7,000.  Norfolk,  Neb.  The  Norfolk  Water- 
Works  Company  will  remodel  and  make  extensive  improvements 

in  its  plant.  Arnold,  Neb.:  -The  town  council  has  ordered  an 

ordinance  drawn  up  to  vote  bonds  in  the  sum  of  $7,000  to 
build  another  well,  buy  a  second  boiler,  and  extend  water  mains  in 

the  city.  Fall  River,  Mass.:    An  appropriation  of  $10,000  has 

been  made  for  extending  the  water  service,  but  no  order  has  been 

yet  issued  specifymg  what  the  improvements  will  be.  Babylon.L. 

I.,  N.  Y.:  Dr.  Arnold,  J.  J.  Robbins  and  J.  R.  Reid  have  been  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  investigate  the  question  of  water  supply. 
The  Lockwood  Water  Company  offers  to  supply  water  for  $750 
per  year,  and  the  Long  Island  Water  Supply  Company  at  $900. 
The  question  of  the  town  building  and  maintaining  its  own  works 

is  also  to  be  considered.-  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:    Changes  are  to  be 

made  to  the  storage  reservoir  on  the  St.  Johnland  farm,  as  follows: 
Changing  the  slopes  to  a  slope  of  2  to  i ;  paving  the  sides  and  the 
dam;  raising  the  inlet  chamber  to  the  established  grade;  con- 
structing a  3,000-ft.  parapet.  This  work  will  require  10,000  cu. 
yds.  of  excavation,  17,500  yds.  of  reshaping,  17,000  sq.  yds.  of  stone 
repaying,  1,500  cu.  yds.  of  rubble  masonry,  6,000  cu.  yds.  of  con- 
crete, 5,000  cu.  yds.  of  gravel,  4,000  cu.  yds.  of  puddle  clay,  3,000 
ft.  of  coping,  and  a  wrought-iron  railing  6  ft.  high  to  go  around  it. 

The  estimated  cost  of  these  improvements  is  $225,000.  Norris- 

town.  Pa.:  Dr.  Charles  M.  Cresson  has  examined  the  water  sup- 
ply and  found  it  impure  and  unfit  for  use.  The  use  of  public 
wells  is  to  be  entirely  abandoned,  and  a  new  source  of  supply  will 

probably  be  secured.  Owen  City,  Md  :   Judge  Holland  has 

planned  to  secure  an  adequate  supply  of  pure  water  by  laying  a 
line  of  terra-cotta  pipe  across  the  Synepuxent  river  from  some 

point  in  Worcester  east  of  Berlin.  Wheeling,  W.  Va.:  A 

scheme  is  projected  to  lay  a  main  from  springs  in  Fourteenth  st. 

to  the  Public  Building  square.  Cincinnati,  O.:  Superintendent 

Tharp  has  been  instructed  to  prepare  plans,  specifications  and  es- 
timates for  an  additional  incline  at  the  West  End  pumping  station, 
on  which  are  to  be  placed  two  7,000,000-gal.  pumps.  Also  for  a 
circular  well  house,  in  which  will  be  placed  four  10,000,000  gal. 

vertical  pumps.  Montreal,  P.  Q.:    The  question  of  purer  water 

is  being  considered,  and  it  is  probable  that  a  new  source  of  supply 

will  be  adopted.  Branttord,  Ont.:    Mains  are  to  belaid  and 

hydrants  set  to  afford  fire  protection  to  the  Ontario  Institute  for 
the  Blind.  Windsor,  Ont.:  A  new  source  of  supply  is  pro- 
posed. North  Toronto,  Ont.:    J.  Vcnables  has  submitted  plans 

of  the  proposed  water  supply  scheme,  according  to  which  it  is  con- 
templated to  bring  the  water  from  Fox's  creek,  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  'distant,  and  construct  a  reservoir.  The  cost  will  be 
about  $50,000,  or  with  the  reservoir  and  appliances  about  $68,740. 


BIDS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

Chicago  :  J.  E.  O.  Pridmore  desires  bids  for  a  three-story  res- 
idence to  be  erected  on  Prairie  avenue,  near  Thirty-sixth  street; 
cost,  $10,000.  Snyder  &  Nothnagel  desire  bids  for  a  six-story 
apartment  building  on  Michigan  avenue,  near  Thirtieth  street; 

cost,  $160,000.  Greensboro,  N.  C:    Bids  for  the  construction  of 

a  part  of  proposed  sewerage  system  are  open  until  August  21. 

J.  L.  Ludlow,  engineer,  can  give  necessary  information.  

Greensboro,  S.  C:  Bids  for  constructmg  pipe  sewers  are  open 
until  August  21.    W.  M.  Houston,  Chairman  Sewerage  Conmiit- 

tee.  Galion,  O.:  Bids  for  pipe  sewers  are  open  until  August  20. 

J.  B.  Weddell,  City  Engineer.  West  Point,  N.  Y.:  Sealed  pro- 
posals, in  triplicate,  subject  to  the  usual  conditions,  will  be  re- 
ceived at  this  office  until  12  o'clock  noon,  on  the  13th  day  of  Au- 
gust, 1890,  for  the  erection  of  ten  sets  of  enlisted  men's  quarters, 
and  one  Quartermaster's  storehouse,  as  per  plans  and  specifica- 
tions to  be  seen  at  this  office.  Enclose  proposals  in  envelope 
marked  "  Proposals  for  Erection  of  Buildings,"  and  addressed  to 
the  undersigned.    Charles  W.  Williams,  Captain  and  A.  Q.  M., 

U.  s.  A.  Bridgeport,  Conn.:    The  plans  of  the  Barnum  School 

Building  are  now  ready  to  be  estimated.  Parties  desiring  to  bid 
upon  said  building  can  apply  to  Longstaff  &  Hurd,  architects,  325 
Main  street,  Bridgeport,  on  and  after  July  14,  1890.    Due  notice 

will  be  given  as  to  the  date  of  receiving  and  opening  bids.  

Wilmington,  N.  C:  Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  of- 
fice of  the  Sup